WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
Last Update: 2001.03.29

WOCE section designation
A09/AR15

Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)
06MT15_1-3

Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation
Gerold Siedler, IfMK

Dates
1991.02.10 - 1991.03.23

Ship
METEOR

Ports of call
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to Vitória, Brazil

Number of stations
121

Geographic boundaries of the stations
	10°29.90''S
0°19.60''W	9°31.70''E
	23°40.00''S

Floats and drifters deployed
30 Drifters

Moorings deployed or recovered
13

Contributing Authors
(In order of appearance)
K. Speer
K. Schultz Tokos 
W. Erasmi 
T.J. Müller 
J. Holfort 
N. Zangenberg
R. Onken 
B. Brügge 
A. Putzka 
P. Beining 
K. Bulsiewicz 
W. Plep
C. Goedicke 
L. Brink 
K. Heidland 
T. Bickert 
G. Meinecke 
S. Mulitza 
J. Pätzold
H.G. Andres 
H.-Ch. John 
C. Zelck 
L. Veiga 
D. Wallace 
K.M. Johnson 
R.J. Wilke 
D.L. Bos 
J.C. Jennings 
D. Nehring 
B. Wachs

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY

3	SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
	3.1 WOCE Programs
		3.1.1 Marine Physics
		3.1.2 Tracers
	3.2 Marine Geology
	3.3 Biological Oceanography and Marine Taxonomy
	3.4 CO2 Observations
	3.5 Air Chemistry
4	COURSE OF THE JOURNEY
	4.1 Leg one
	4.2 Leg two
	4.3 Leg three
5	 PRELIMINARY RESULTS
	5.1 Marine Physics
		5.1.1 Data acquisition and processing during M15/1-2
			(K. Speer, K. Schultz Tokos, W. Erasmi)
		5.1.2 Data acquisition and processing onboard during M15/3 
			(T.J. Müller, J. Holfort, N. Zangenberg)
		5.1.3 On the hydrography of the Brazil Current and the Deep Basin 
			Experiment (K. Speer)
		5.1.4 The WHP section  (G. Siedler, J. Holfort, T.J. Müller, R. 
			Onken)
		5.1.5 Surface drifters  (B. Brügge)
	5.2 Tracer Measurements and Sampling on M15/2-3
		(A. Putzka, P. Beining, K. Bulsiewicz, W. Plep)
	5.3 Marine Geosciences
		5.3.1 Profiling Shipborne Measurements
			5.3.1.1 Sediment Echosounder Parasound
				(C. Goedicke, L. Brink, K. Heidland)
			5.3.1.2 Bathymetric measurements with HYDROSWEEP (K. 
				Heidland)
			5.3.1.3 Navigation and Positioning
			5.3.1.4 HYDROSWEEP Postprocessing
		5.3.2 Equipment operation and sample collection 
			(T. Bickert, G. Meinecke, S. Mulitza, J. Pätzold)
			5.3.2.1 On-station geological work
			5.3.2.2 Sample Collection
			5.3.2.3 Multicorer Sampling
			5.3.2.4 Gravity core processing
		5.3.3 Water samples for 13C analysis (T. Bickert)
		5.3.4 Testing the Data storage - CTD (T. Bickert)
	5.4 Biological Oceanography and marine Taxonomy 
		(H.G. Andres, H.-Ch. John, C. Zelck)
		5.4.1 Introduction
		5.4.2 Taxonomy and Vertical Distributions
		5.4.3 Zoogeography and Ecology
		5.4.4 Conclusions
		5.4.5 Some Notes about the Tarball Pollution at the Water Surface 
			(L. Veiga, C. Zelck)
	5.5 CO2 Observations (D. Wallace, K.M. Johnson, R.J. Wilke)
		5.5.1 Activities
		5.5.2 Methods
		5.5.3 Preliminary Results
	5.6 Air chemistry 
	5.7 Nutrient Chemistry  (D.L. Bos, J.C. Jennings)
	5.8 Observations of dissolved oxygen (D. Nehring, B. Wachs)
6	LISTS
	6.1 XBT Drops
	6.2 CTD Stations
	6.3 XCP Drops (M15/3)
	6.4 Surface drifters
	6.5 Moorings
	6.6 List of geoscientific observations (M15/2)
		6.6.1 Station list Geosciences Bremen
		6.6.2 List of water samples from Multicorers for 13C 
			determinations
		6.6.3 List of water samples from the IfM Kiel Rosette for 13C 
			determinations
	6.7 List of plankton samples (M15/1 and M15/2)
7	CONCLUDING REMARKS
8	REFERENCES
9	LIST OF FIGURES
DQE Reports:
	CTD
	Nutrients
	CFCs

	Data History

ABSTRACT

The METEOR Expedition no. 15 to the South Atlantic combined the research 
programs of several different oceanographic disciplines. The main objective 
was to study the oceanic circulation in the framework of the World OCEAN 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The data sets will provide the foundation for 
the development and verification of improved climate change models. The 
physical and chemical observations, including tracer measurements, had two 
aims. First, to determine the transports in the shallow Brazil Current and the 
deep western boundary current, as well as in the inflow to the Brazil Basin 
through the Vema and Hunter Channels. Second, to obtain hydrographic and 
tracer data on the zonal WOCE hydrographic program section A9 at approximately 
19°S.

In addition to WOCE investigations the following programs were included: 
Geological coring in the Hunter Channel between the Rio Grande Rise and the 
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, ichtyoplankton sampling in the western South Atlantic, CO2 
measurements within the framework of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study 
(JGOFS), and air chemistry studies. Satellite-tracked drifters for current 
observations were launched in selected areas.

The present report summarizes the research goals and includes cruise 
narratives and tentative results from the observations. The text is 
supplemented by tables summarizing observations and stations.

SUMMARY

The METEOR Expedition No. 15 to the South Atlantic combined the research 
programs of several different oceanographic disciplines.  The main objective 
was to study the oceanic circulation in the framework of the World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment, WOCE, as part of the World Climate Research Program.  
The data sets are required as a foundation for the development and 
verification of improved climate change models. The physical and chemical 
measurements on this cruise had two aims.  The first was to determine the 
transports in the Brazil Current and the deep western boundary current, and 
also in the inflow from the Argentine to the Brazil Basin.  The related 
observations were part of the Deep Basin Experiment, DBE.  The second aim was 
to obtain hydrographic and tracer data on a zonal section between South 
America and Africa. These observations are part of the WOCE Hydrographic 
Program, WHP.  The section (A9) crossed the South Atlantic subtropical gyre.

In addition to the WOCE investigations the following programs were included: 
Geological coring in the Hunter Channel between the Rio Grande Rise and the 
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, biological sampling in the western South Atlantic, and CO2 
measurements within the framework of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, JGOFS, 
and also air chemistry observations on the trans-Atlantic zonal section. 
Satellite-tracked drifters for near-surface current observations were launched 
in different areas in the western and eastern South Atlantic. Participation 
included research groups from Germany, Brazil and the U.S.A.

The cruise started on December 30, 1990, in the Brazilian port of Rio de 
Janeiro. Work during the first leg was performed in the area south of the 
Santos Plateau up to the Vema Channel which is part of the Rio Grande Rise.  
Twelve moorings were set on a line between the continental slope and the Vema 
Channel.  They are designed to monitor the current and temperature changes in 
the transition zone between the Argentine and the Brazil Basin over two years.  
Furthermore, hydrographic and acoustic Doppler current measurements (ADCP) and 
biological sampling were part of the program.

Following a port call to Rio de Janeiro from January 16 - 18, 1991, the work 
continued in the area of the Hunter Channel, during leg 2.  The emphasis was 
laid on HYDROSWEEP echosounding to obtain an improved bottom topography, 
geological coring and hydrographic observations.  The geological studies are 
aimed at reconstructing the history of bottom water exchange between the 
Argentine and Brazil Basins during the last one million years.  The 
hydrographic data will be used to investigate the present bottom water flow.  
Biological sampling was also performed on leg 2.

After an exchange of most scientific personnel in the Brazilian port Vitória 
between February 7 and 10, 1991, the program started with current measurements 
in the Brazil Current at 19°S.  The shipborne acoustic Doppler current 
profiler, ADCP, and expendable current profilers, XCPs, were used.  This work 
was followed by the hydrographic WHP stations on the zonal section A9 at 19°S 
between South America and Africa.  In addition to the WHP observations there 
were CO2 measurements and an air chemistry program.  The cruise ended in 
Pointe Noire in the Peoples Republic of Congo on March 23, 1991.

TAB. 1:  Fahrtleiter und Fahrtabschnitte der METEOR-Reise Nr. 15
         Chief scientists and legs of METEOR Cruise no. 15

         Fahrtabschnitt 1 / leg 1
         Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, 30.12.1990 - 16.01.1991
         Dr. W. Zenk (Fahrtleiter, chief scientist)

         Fahrtabschnitt 2 / leg 2
         Rio de Janeiro - Vitória, 18.01.1991 - 07.02.1991
         Dr. W. Zenk (Fahrtleiter, chief scientist)

         Fahrtabschnitt 3 / leg 3
         Vitória - Pointe Noire, 10.02.1991 - 23.03.1991
         Prof. Dr. G. Siedler (Fahrtleiter, chief scientist)

         Koordination / coordination:  Prof. Dr. G. Siedler
         Kapitän / Master:             Kapitän H. Bruns

2        PARTICIPANTS

The participants are listed in table 2, the institutions in table 3.

TAB 2:	Fahrtteilnehmer der METEOR-Reise Nr. 15
	Participants of METEOR Cruise no. 15

METEOR 15/1

NAME				SCIENTIFIC FIELD OF INTEREST	INSTITUTION
Zenk, Walter, Dr., Fahrtleiter	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Andres, Hans-Georg, Dr.		Biologie			BAH
Brügge, Bernd, Dipl.-Oz.	Physikalische Ozeanographie	IfMK
Carlsen, Dieter, TA		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Döscher, Hans-Joachim, TA	Meteorologie			DWD
Erasmi, Wolfgang, Stud.		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Falcao Veiga, Letiçia		Biologie			PETROBRAS
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorologie			DWD
Hogg, Nelson, Dr. 		Physikalische Ozeanographie	WHOI
John, Hans-Christian, Dr.	Biologie			BAH
Kipping, Antonius, TA		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Moreira Lima, José A.		Abteilungsleiter		PETROBRAS
Neto, Daute P., TA		Meerestechnik			IOUSP
Paviglione, Ademildes M.	Physikalische Ozeanographie	IOUSP
Pereira Filho, Nuno 		Physikalische Ozeanographie	IOUSP
Pinck, Andreas, Dipl.-Ing.	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Rix, Nils, Stud.		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Simeneau, David, TA		Verankerungstechnik		WHOI
Souza Dias, Roberto		Beobachter			bras. Marine
Speer. Kevin, Dr.		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Worrilow, Scott, TA		Verankerungstechnik		WHOI
Zangenberg, Norbert, Dipl.-Oz.	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Zelck, Clementine, Dipl.-Biol.	Biologie			BAH


METEOR 15/2

NAME				SCIENTIFIC FIELD OF INTEREST	INSTITUTION
Zenk, Walter, Dr., Fahrtleiter	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Andres, Hans-Georg, Dr.		Biologie			BAH
Bickert, Torsten, Dipl.-Geol.	Geologie			UBG
Brück, Liane, TA		Geologie			UBG
Brügge, Bernd,Dipl.-Oz.		Physikalische Ozeanographie	IfMK
Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Dipl.-Phys.	Spurenstoffphysik		UBT
Döscher, Hans-Joachim, TA	Meteorologie			DWD
Erasmi, Wolfgang, Stud.		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Falcao Veiga, Letiçia		Biologie			PETROBRAS
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorologie			DWD
Gaedicke, Christoph, Dipl.-Geol.Geologie			UBG
Heidland, Klemens, Dipl.-Ing.	Geologie			UBG/AWI
John, Hans-Christian, Dr.	Biologie			BAH
Meinecke, Gerrit, Dipl.-Geol.	Geologie			UBG
Mulitza, Stefan, Stud.		Geologie			UBG
Pätzold, Jürgen, Dr. 		Geologie			UBG
Pinck, Andreas, Dipl.-Ing.	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Putzka, Alfred, Dr.		Spurenstoffphysik		UBT
Rix, Nils, Stud.		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Schultz Tokos, Kathy, M.Sc.	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Souza Dias, Roberto		Beobachter			bras. Marine
Speer, Kevin, Dr.		Meeresphysik			IfM
Zangenberg, Norbert, Dipl.-Oz.	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Zelck, Clementine, Dipl.-Biol.	Biologie			BAH


METEOR 15/3

NAME				SCIENTIFIC FIELD OF INTEREST	INSTITUTION
Siedler, Gerold, Prof. Dr.,	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Koordinator 
Andreae, Meinrat, Prof.		Spurenstoffchemie		MPI
Andreae, Tracey, B. A.		Spurenstoffchemie		MPI
Beckmann, Uwe, TA		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Beining, Peter, Dipl.-Phys.	Tracerozeanographie		UBT
Bos, David, B. Sc		Spurenstoffchemie		SIO
Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Dipl.-Phys.	Tracerozeanographie		UBT
Döscher, Hans-Joachim, TA	Meteorologie			DWD
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorologie			DWD
Hoffarth, Boris, Dipl.-Phys.	Meeresphysik			IUP
Holfort, Jürgen, Dipl.-Oz.	Meeresphysik			IfMK
Jennings, Joe C. Jr., M. Sc.	Spurenstoffchemie		OSU
Johnson, Kenneth, M. Sc. 	Spurenstoffchemie		UNY
Koy, Uwe, TA			Meeresphysik			IfMK
Kublenz, Kay, Stud		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Lass, Hans. U., Dr.		Meeresphysik			IfMW
Meyer, Peter, TA		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Mora, de, Stephen, Dr.		Spurenstoffchemie		MPI
Müller, Thomas J., Dr.		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Nehring, Dietwart, Prof.	Spurenstoffchemie		IfMW
Onken, Reiner, Dr. 		Meeresphysik			IfMK
Plep, Wilfried, TA		Tracerozeanographie		UBT
Souza Dias, Roberto		Beobachter			bras. Marine
Wachs, Bernt, TA		Spurenstoffchemie		IfMW
Wallace, Douglas, Dr.		Spurenstoffchemie		UNY
Wilke, Richard, M. Sc.		Spurenstoffchemie		UNY

TAB. 3:	Beteiligte Institutionen
	Participating institutions

AWI	Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar - und Meeresforschung
	Postfach 12 01 61
	W-2850 Bremerhaven 12
	Germany
BAH	Bundesforschungsanstalt Helgoland
	c/o Zoologisches Institut und Museum
	Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3
	W-2000 Hamburg 13
	Germany
DWD	Deutscher Wetterdienst - Seewetteramt - 
	Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76
	W-2000 Hamburg 36
	Germany
IfMK	Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel
	Düsternbrooker Weg 20
	W-2300 Kiel 1
	Germany
IfMW	Institut für Meereskunde
	Seestr. 15
	O-2530 Rostock-Warnemünde
	Germany
IOUSP	Universidade de Sao Paulo
	Instituto Oceanográfico Cidade Universitária
	CEP 055 08
	Sao Paulo
	Brazil
IUP	Institut für Umweltphysik der Universität Heidelberg
	Im Neuenheimer Feld 366
	W-6900 Heidelberg
	Germany
MPI	Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie 
	Postfach 30 60
	W-6500 Mainz
	Germany
OSU	Oregon State University
	Department of Oceanography
	Corvallis, Oregon 97331
	U.S.A.
PETROBRAS Petrobrás / CENPES 
	(Research and Development Center)
	Cidade Universitária Q7
	Ilha do Fundao
	21910 Rio de Janeiro-RJ
	Brazil
SIO	Scripps Institution of Oceanography
	University of California, San Diego
	P.O. Box 109, 
	La Jolla, California 92037
	U.S.A.
UBG	Universität Bremen Fachbereich Geowissenschaften
	Postfach 33 04 40
	W-2800 Bremen 33
	Germany
UBT	Universität Bremen Fachbereich Tracer-Ozeanographie
	Postfach 33 04 40
	W-2800 Bremen 33
	Germany
UNY	State University of New York , Stony Brook 
	Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000
	U.S.A.
WHOI	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
	Woods Hole, MA 02543
	U.S.A.
	

3	SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
3.1	WOCE Programs
3.1.1	Marine Physics

The work was related to two topics.  First, we investigated the Brazil Current 
and its hydrographic environment at the shelf edge east of Rio de Janeiro.  
Second, we aimed at observing the deep western boundary currents and water 
exchange between the Argentine and the Brazil Basins.  Both studies represent 
significant components of the international WOCE program.  Each was designed, 
however, in such a way that it could provide a contribution in itself to the 
study of the circulation in the western subtropical South Atlantic.

During the first two legs we planned up to five surveys of the Brazil Current 
by acoustic methods (ADCP).  Hydrographic stations across the current were 
added, and 20 satellite-tracked drifters were launched in the area.  Deep-
water surveys at the continental slope were included.

Work on METEOR was planned to be carried out in close co-operation with two 
other research vessels.  Onboard PROF W. BESNARD, oceanographers from the 
University of Sao Paulo wanted to perform CTD measurements in the Brazil 
Current.  The Brazilian program had to be cancelled because of technical 
problems.  The vessel VICTOR HENSEN also participated in the Brazil Current 
work south of Rio de Janeiro.  This project was part of the multidisciplinary 
research program, JOPS '90/91, carried out within the framework of the German-
Brazilian cooperation in marine science.

Salinity and temperature measurements were performed to determine the bottom 
water exchange at the southern entrance to the Brazil Basin, using CTDs and 
rosette samplers.  In addition we launched sub-surface current meter moorings.  
The German group from Kiel set 3 moorings each at the continental slope and in 
the Vema Channel.  The American group from Woods Hole connected these two 
observational areas with 6 moorings in the deep western boundary current.  The 
moorings were expected to be in place for almost two years.  Finally, we 
conducted a hydrographic survey in the Hunter Channel east of the Rio Grande 
Rise during leg 2.  This work was done in co-operation with the geological and 
the bathymetric groups.

The primary objective of work during the third leg was to carry out WHP 
section (A9) at 19°S.  The main goal of the WHP program of WOCE is to obtain a 
high-accuracy global hydrographic and geochemical tracer data set.  In 
connection with other WOCE data sets these will be used to determine the 
current field of the ocean and water mass spreading.  Such information can 
then be used for initial conditions and tests of oceanic circulation models 
and coupled oceanatmosphere models.  In addition, the section at 19°S covers 
the Atlantic from continent to continent and thus provided the opportunity to 
determine the meridional mass and heat fluxes in the area of the South 
Atlantic subtropical gyre.  Furthermore, the data from the western basin 
contributed to the Deep Basin Experiment, DBE, of WOCE.

Work during leg 3 started in the western boundary regime at 19°S.  After some 
test runs and acoustic and electromagnetic current measurements (ADCP, XCP) 
the WHP program followed.  Station distances were between 30 and 60 nautical 
miles, with smaller separation in frontal zones.  Short meridional sections in 
the Brazilian Basin, at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and at the Walvis Ridge were 
added.  An XBT program was performed in the Angola Dome area at the end of 
this leg.  

3.1.2	Tracers

Measurements of the CFC's F 11 and F 12 and sampling for 3He and tritium were 
carried out on legs 2 and 3 in connection with the hydrographic work.  
Measurable CFC and tritium concentrations were expected through the main 
thermocline down to about 1000 m depth, as well as in certain western boundary 
water masses such as those of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and Upper 
North Atlantic Deep Water (UNADW) on the South American continental slope, and 
also in deep waters near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  3He was expected in the 
Central Waters and of admixture of waters of Pacific origin within the deep 
and bottom waters due to Tritium decay.  The tracer data served to determine 
transport rates and for water mass analysis.  

The emphasis during leg 2 was in the depth range of deep and bottom waters 
where the tracer data provided information on the exchange of AABW through the 
Vema and Hunter Channels, and on the southward spreading of UNADW.  However, 
the main part of the program was WOCE section A9 to be carried out during leg 
3.  We measured the CFC's of the majority of the water samples obtained, i.e. 
up to about 30 per station.  3He and tritium sampling was restricted to about 
every third station, but with similar vertical resolution.  No large-volume 
work was done, because similar work had already been done in the SAVE program.  
CFC data were available in preliminary form within 24 h after sampling and 
could be used in selecting sampling depths further on.  Specific rosette casts 
were required to check CFC sampling blanks at the beginning of both legs.

3.2	Marine Geology

It was considered possible that, in addition to the Vema Channel, the Hunter 
Channel is another important deep-sea passage for the exchange of bottom water 
between the Brazil and Argentine Basins.  While the Vema Channel had already 
been studied intensively, only little information was available on the Hunter 
Channel.

During the second leg sediment samples were taken on 2 profiles with a total 
of 15 stations using box corer, multisediment sampler and gravity corer.  On 
the southern profile, a bathymetric and geophysical survey of the deepest 
passage in the Hunter channel was carried out and specific sediment samples 
were taken.  A second profile was chosen on the eastern margin of the Rio 
Grande Plateau, and the sediments in the Brazil Basin were sampled.  The exact 
positions of the core stations were selected after the HYDROSWEEP and 
PARASOUND surveys.

The aim of the geological sampling during the second leg was to obtain core 
material for the reconstruction of the history of the bottom water exchange 
between the Argentine and Brazil Basins during the last ca. 1 million years.  
The main interest is in the determination of the location of the boundary 
between the Antarctic Bottom Water and the North Atlantic Deep Water during 
interglacial and glacial periods.  Earlier results from the Vema Channel gave 
first indications of a shallower location during the glacial periods.

A prerequisite for this research is a high-resolution stratigraphy for the 
Quarternary which will be achieved using a combination of oxygen-isotope-, 
bio- and magneto-stratigraphy.

3.3	Biological Oceanography and Marine Taxonomy

The study was part of a long-term program to describe the taxonomy, 
zoogeography and ecology of ichthyoplankton, plantonic Gammaridea and some 
other selected invertebrates from the entire Atlantic Ocean.  (e.g. JOHN, 
1983; ANDRES and JOHN, 1984).  Quantitative horizontal plankton sampling was 
performed in two near-surface micro-layers using a neustonnet, and 5 strata 
between the surface and 200 m depth using a multi-net with integrated CTD.

During the first leg, the emphasis was on the analysis of the species 
composition, abundance and specific vertical distributions of the respective 
faunas of the shelf, continental slope and in the Brazil Current.  This 
included aspects of diurnal changes in the vertical distribution or sampling 
availability of certain taxa.  Sampling was therefore done with high 
horizontal and temporal resolution.  

The sampling extended into the central South Atlantic during the second leg.  
It was intended to characterize the differences in species composition, 
abundance and vertical distribution between the faunas of the Brazil Current 
and the Central Water regions.  A coarser resolution of sampling was selected, 
based on the experience gained from the first leg.

3.4	CO2 Observations

There is a growing consensus and alarm that the earth will experience a global 
climate change over the next 50 to 100 years in response to the increase in 
atmospheric greenhouse gases caused by human activities.  Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
now accounts for about half the greenhouse effect and is expected to be more 
dominant in the future.  The ocean stores some 50 times more CO2 than the 
atmosphere, and a relatively small change in the oceanic carbon cycle can have 
large consequences for the atmosphere and climate.  The international research 
program, JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study), has been designed to learn 
more about the oceanic carbon cycle, its sensitivity to change and the 
regulation of the atmosphere-ocean CO2 balance.

The scientific basis of the activities of the American CO2 group from Stony 
Brook was set by the central goal of JGOFS, that is to determine, and 
understand on a global scale, the processes controlling the time-varying 
fluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elements in the ocean, and to 
evaluate the related exchanges with the atmosphere, sea floor, and continental 
boundaries.  In particular, measurements were performed of total CO2 content 
(TC O2), CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and pH on the majority of water samples 
collected on the zonal section along 19°S during leg 3.  

3.5	Air Chemistry

The topics of this program concerned dimethylsulfide and cloud condensation 
nuclei over the South Atlantic Ocean.  The work during the third leg was 
devoted to the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur.  The hypothesis of the 
influence of dimethylsulfide produced in the marine biosphere on the number 
density of cloud condensation nuclei in the atmosphere was tested.

This hypothesis claims a connection between the following processes.  Marine 
phytoplankton, in the presence of sunlight is able to produce a compound which 
decomposes in seawater and enters the atmosphere as dimethylsulfide (DMS).  
DMS in turn, is unstable in the atmosphere and oxidizes to sulfate.  This 
sulfate forms particles and thus influences the cloud condensation nuclei 
density.  Ultimately, these nuclei modify cloud formation and consequently the 
albedo of the earth.  This influences the global radiation balance and 
temperature, and provides a feedback cycle between the ocean and atmosphere by 
biological processes.  The mass flux from the marine biosphere into the 
atmosphere is approximately 40 Tg sulfur/year and consequently is of global 
importance. Measurements taken in the South Atlantic Ocean can be used to 
verify this hypothesis since METEOR cruise no. 15 covered relatively 
unpolluted areas.  Work that had begun during METEOR cruise no. 11 was 
continued.

Concentrations of DMS in water of the surface layers and in air were 
determined.  Concentrations of total aerosol as well as of cloud condensation 
nuclei were measured continuously.  Stacked filter and impactor samples were 
taken for the determination of the sulfate content of the aerosol.


4 	COURSE OF THE JOURNEY
4.1	Leg one

During Christmas 1990 METEOR was moored at Praça Mauá in the port of Rio de 
Janeiro.  On December 22 the oceanographer B. Brügge as a scientific 
representative had embarked on METEOR.  After miscellaneous crew changes the 
new chief scientist arrived on December 27, the beginning of research cruise 
no. 15 SÜDATLANTIK WOCE 1991.  Until December 30 the following working groups 
embarked: Marine Physics (9 persons), Woods Hole (3), Planktology BAH Hamburg 
(3), 4 Brazilian colleagues and the official navy observer (cf.Table 2).

The time in port was used for extended loading activities including container 
loadings from Bremen, Kiel, and Woods Hole.  A conference with Dr. W. Ekau, 
AWI Bremerhaven, was held.  He was in charge of the VICTOR HENSEN cruise 
operating simultaneously in the Brazilian shelf waters.  Due to the holidays 
no contacts with the German embassy could be established.

The vessel left Rio in time on December 30, noon.  Everybody on board enjoyed 
the spectacular views of the port entrance of Rio.  First oceanographic 
instruments to be used were the acoustic Doppler profiler and the 
thermosalinograph.  On the evening of the same day we started a section with 
XBT probes perpendicular to the Brazil Current (see Fig. 2 and Chapter 6.1).

On New Years Day 1991 mooring BW from Kiel was launched on the continental 
rise of the Santos Plateau.  During the night we started a highly resolved CTD 
section, including plankton howls.  It connects the South American continent 
with the Vema Channel (cf. Fig. 2a).  Until January 2 we launched 10 WOCE 
drifters from Kiel.  Under favorable weather conditions we moored one current 
meter array per day.  Details are summarized in Chapter 6.5.  Between moorings 
we took three CTD stations (cf Chapter 6.2) in combination with biological 
sampling.

As planned, we finished the section towards the Vema with nine moorings on 
January 9 (Stat. 36).

In the following days we worked in a small area west and east of the Vema sill 
depth.  Supported by the crew electronics we obtained a preliminary HYDROSWEEP 
survey consisting of eight strips with 8 km width each.  According to the 
resulting bathymetric chart we launched three more moorings in the Vema sill.  
From the remaining reserve mooring components from Kiel and Woods Hole we 
compiled an excess mooring that originally was not planned.  This way we 
wanted to provide an adequate coverage of the eastern side of the Vema 
Channel.  However, the deployment failed due to technical problems on January 
11 (DBK1).  As a result we lost two instruments after we tried a recovery by 
acoustic release.  We suppose that the mooring line caught the current meter 
and the buoyancy elements.  In a further trial we put together a second 
mooring (DBK2) which finally was launched on January 12.  Strong winds and 
considerable waves made this procedure a difficult one (Stat. 38).  Shortly 
afterwards the two remaining moorings DB6 and VB were set together with a 
highly resolved CTD-section on January 13.  Station distances partly were in 
the order of the water depth.  In addition we tested the XCP receiver 
successfully for leg 3 (Stat. 53).  Until then we had moored 59 current 
meters, 7 transponders in 13 moorings (BW, BM, BE, DB1-6, VM, VM, VE, DBK2) 
with 16 acoustic releases.  We had occupied 53 hydrographic stations where we 
took CTD measurements, water samples for oxygen calibration, and biological 
probes.

On the return leg to Rio we stopped at Stat. 54, 60 nautical miles north of 
the Vema for taking further biological samples.  The journey was directly 
continued towards Rio.  On January 16 after two additional stations a final 
XBT section followed through the Brazil Current.  During early morning of the 
same day METEOR called for Rio, where she moored again on Praça Mouá, a 
privileged site close to the business city of Rio.  The Brazilian colleagues 
from Rio and Sao Paulo disembarked.

On January 17 Captain H. Bruns and the chief scientist in cooperation with the 
German consul Dr. Hans J. Dunker held a reception onboard the METEOR.  In 
spite of the unfavorable weather conditions approximately 150 guests followed 
our invitation.  Diplomatic representatives from the United States, the USSR, 
from France and Denmark were under the guests as were official representatives 
of the city of Rio, from the university as well as from the Brazilian Navy.  
Due to the tide schedule the chief scientist could not follow an invitation to 
give a lecture in the university.

4.2	Leg two

The mooring groups from Kiel and from Woods Hole had left the ship in Rio.  
Their bunks were taken by geologists and tracer physicists from Bremen.  
Immediately after their arrival they started installing their equipment that 
had been delayed due to a late container delivery on January 18.  In addition 
to the official Brazilian observer METEOR had a biologist from PETROBRAS on 
board.

On January 18, late afternoon, METEOR again left Rio de Janeiro.  On schedule 
was a CTD section southeast of Cabo Frio.  Parallel to the CTD section through 
the Brazil Current we sampled the plankton distribution here and farther east.

After two more crossings of the Vema sill we were able to compile a complete 
bathymetric chart of that region (Fig. 3).  The combined surveys M15/1 and /2 
revealed a so far unknown valley on the northwestern extension of the sill.  
We assume that this valley may play an active role in the mixing of bottom 
water after its passage across the sill depth of 4658 m (preliminary).

In spite of the difficulties with the multinet during M15/1, after a 
successful repair the biologists were able to combine this instrument with 
neuston hauls.  The obtained data considerably supplement their 
ichthyoplankton distributions in the Brazil Basin.  There was a clear 
correlation between species and natural environmental boundaries.

Unfortunately the geologists obtained only sediment samples with the 
multicorer on ODP site 516 on January 24.  The gravity corer failed three 
times.  This result was no surprise since the PARASOUND records from the Rio 
Grande Rise showed only "hard" reflectors.  Corer stations followed.

METEOR proceeded on an easterly course towards the Hunter Channel.  Numerous 
CTD stations were occupied.  On January 26 followed a meridional HYDROSWEEP 
survey through a morphological gap.  The associated CTD station 83 (cf Fig. 
3a), depth 5130 m, showed a lack of bottom water exchange between the 
Argentine and the Brazil Basin.

On search for additional deep passages north of the Hunter Channel a farther 
CTD section was occupied on 350 km, Stat. 87, 88, 89, 97.  We found repeatedly 
considerable inconsistencies in the used bathymetric charts on board.  The 
complete hydrographic section, partly supplemented by tracer observations of 
Freon11 and 12, finally presented clear evidence for a bottom water exchange.  
However, we would expect lower speeds then those observed in the Vema Channel.  
The PARASOUND records showed local sediment structures with wave length of 1 - 
2 km and heights of 6 - 20 m.  Potentially they represent mega ripples which 
confirm the northward bottom current in the Hunter Channel.

After miscellaneous bottom and core samples were taken on Stat. 88 in the 
southeast of the channel and in a further north south gap, METEOR left the 
Hunter Channel on January 29.  Everybody had the impression that we only had 
taken a glimpse at this morphologically and hydrographically very 
heterogeneous area.  We all left with the desire to return to the "Hunter 
Channel Zone" at a suitable later time to investigate its importance for the 
present and past bottom water exchange.

In the following days we concentrated on the geological profil (PARASOUND, 
multicorer, gravity corer) east of the Rio Grande Rise (Stat. 98 - 105).  In 
the CTD data we detected a northward bottom current labeled by an increased 
Freon signal.  We suppose to have discovered an unknown outflow path for the 
bottom water into the Brazil Basin (Stat. 97 - 101).  On Stat. 105 the 
biological work was terminated.

After the fast and successful sampling of the eastern Rio Grande Rise the 
remaining time allowed us a further geological station (106) on the northern 
plateau of the Rise.  Another small CTD section from there into the deep 
Brazil Basin followed.  On the afternoon of the same day METEOR left the Rio 
Grande Rise in a north westerly direction.

During the return METEOR stopped at ODP Site 515 to make more PARASOUND 
observations (Stat. 111).  On the afternoon of February 4, METEOR continued 
her journey towards Vitória/Brazil.  Final work consisted of an CTD section 
(Stat. 112 - 121) across the Brazil Current near the shelf margin off Vitória.  
As scheduled METEOR called for Vitória during the morning of February 7, 1991. 

4.3	Leg three

On 8 February 1991 Prof. Dr. G. Siedler took over from Dr. W. Zenk as chief 
scientist.  All other participants (except for one scientist staying on from 
leg 2) joined the ship on 9 February.  Preparatory work on board, however, 
already started on 8 February.  After customs formalities the expected 
container and all air freight arrived onboard.

The ship left Vitória on 10 February 1991, 9:00.  We went to the starting 
point of the zonal section at 19°S, 38°W and began on 11 February with a short 
section across the Brazil Current to 19°S, 27°25W (Fig. 4).  Narrowly-spaced 
XBT drops and acoustic ADCP current observations were carried out.  In 
addition the echosounder system HYDROSWEEP was operated during the whole 
section.  At the end point of the short section we performed a square pattern 
with 6 nautical miles side length for ADCP calibration.  A test station 
followed in order to check the two CTDs and the rosette samplers at 3000 m 
depth.

The XBT section data provided the information for the selection of the 
following station.  The ship returned to the 500 m isobath, with CTD stations 
and free-fall XCP current profiler drops on the track.  The ship then headed 
east, continuing the Brazil Current section beyond the earlier test station 
position.  A total of 8 CTD and 8 XCP profiles were obtained. 

These observations also contributed the first part of the WOCE Hydrographic 
Program (WHP) section A9 at 19°S.  We now began the standard WHP program with 
CTD stations at distances of 30 or 50 miles.  The sampling scheme changed from 
station to station because of the limited measurement capacity for tracer and 
CO2.  The complete series included sampling of the following properties: 
Freons, CCl4, He, O2, CO2, Tritium, DMS, nutrients, and salinity.  The minimum 
sampling included O2, nutrients, and oxygen.  When station distances were as 
large as 50 miles in the eastern Brazil Basin, XBT T5 (1800 m) were dropped 
half-way between CTD stations

At 25°W we added one station each to the north and south of 19°S on 19 and 20 
February, with the aim of comparing a total of 3 stations with earlier results 
of the U.S.  SAVE program.  The next additional observations followed at 15°W.  
A total of 7 stations were carried out on 25 to 27 February on a meridional 
section to 23°40S, with the aim of determining the Deep Water flow on the 
western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

A technical problem occurred during the night to 1 March.  Winch W2, used for 
CTD operations, developed a bearing defect.  The CTD could be recovered from 
1000 m depth.  Since we were just approaching the shallow depths of about 3000 
m at the upper Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we could first use the shallow-level CTD 
with Winch W3.  It turned out, however, that W2 could not be repaired at sea.  
Starting on 2 March, the deep CTD was lowered with W3 at the stern.  This 
turned out not to be the best way of operation.  With the up-and-down motion 
of the stern, the CTD had to be lowered faster than appropriate in order to 
avoid short-term upward motion of the sonde during lowering.  This led to 
errors in salinity determinations.  Beginning on 5 March we used the mid-ship 
winch W12 with the horizontal bar instead of an A-frame.  The operation was 
much improved.

South of the British island of St. Helena we moved further south on 3 to 6 
March in order to stay outside the 200 mile zone of that island.  In the 
Angola Basin at 4°W we started with AMS 14C sampling on 5 March and with the 
launching of 10 ARGOS-drifters in the eastern boundary current system at 1°W 
on 7 March.

At 5°E we added a meridional section towards the Walfish Ridge on 12 to 15 
March, performing 8 stations parallel to the ridge.  The zonal section at 19°S 
was then continued to 08°04.5E.  The ship then headed towards ENE from 17 
March, with a narrowly spaced observational program in the eastern boundary 
current at the continental slope.  The standard CTD stations every 30 miles 
were supplemented by XBT drops at 10-mile distances and XCP drops, with the 
section leading to the shelf edge.  The zonal 19°S section was finished on 19 
March.

We then went to position 10°30S, 90°00E where a test of a new CTD NB Mk5 was 
performed in deep water.  The ship then headed towards Pointe Noire.  XBTs 
were dropped from the end of the 19°S section to the shelf edge before 
arriving in Pointe Noire on 23 March.

All scientific personnel left the ship on 24 March.  The transfer of chief 
scientist duties was carried out during a meeting of Professors Siedler and 
Wefer in Brazzaville on 24 March.


5	PRELIMINARY RESULTS
5.1	Marine Physics
5.1.1	Data acquisition and processing during M15/1-2
	(K.Speer,K.Schultz Tokos, W. Erasmi)

Acquisition

All CTD stations were done using a Neil Brown Mark III instrument (IFM Kiel 
number NB3) with an oxygen sensor and bottom alarm.  Pressure, temperature, 
conductivity, oxygen current, and oxygen sensor temperature are recorded at 
the full 32 Hz sampling rate on a PC in binary form using in-house software 
(L. Bellach).  Data are also written on a magnetic tape as a back-up.  During 
the cast, plots of temperature and salinity appear on the PC and an HP 
plotter.  Another HP plotter plots oxygen.  In addition, data at the reduced 
sampling rate of 3 Hz are recorded by a MicroVax computer using IFM Kiel 
software.  All subsequent shipboard processing is made with this reduced data 
set, including filtering, laboratory calibration corrections, and adjustments 
to reflect water sample values.  No problems occurred with this system.  An 
electrical power blackout interrupted the system once, but fortunately this 
did not happen during a cast.

Water sampling

Samples were collected in a General Oceanics 24 10 l-Niskin bottle rosette.  
An extra one was available if necessary.  Usually the samples were collected 
at 12 levels for salinity and oxygen calibration purposes only.  Initially, 
double samples were taken at the surface and bottom, which provides a check on 
measurement accuracy and repeatability.  When the double samples were taken, 
only 8 levels were sampled.  On the second leg a number of tracer stations 
were made, and on these all 24 bottles were fired at different depths.  At 
these stations Freon, and occasionally Helium/Tritium (4 stns.), Carbon-13, 
and Oxygen-18 samples were also taken.

The choice of sample depths was governed by the oxygen structure, so that all 
major extrema could be measured including, for example, the oxygen maxima in 
the Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Deep Water, and the minima in 
between.

Salinity

Salinity samples were analysed on a Guildline Autosal model 8400A.  Two units 
were onboard for redundancy (IFM numbers 2 [8400] and 3 [8400A]).  
Standardizations were done once a week with IAPSO water, batch number P112.

A measure of the accuracy of the entire sampling procedure, including bottles, 
sample handling, laboratory conditions such as temperature variations, and 
finally salinometer technique can be obtained from the redundant samples.  For 
these, two bottles were fired at the same depth.  A total of 51 double samples 
showed a mean difference of 0.0009 psu and a standard deviation of 0.0032 psu, 
which is therefore the expected accuracy of the water sample values.

Both units operated normally until about halfway through leg 2, at which point 
they both broke.  The main salinometer was thought to have drifted by about 
0.0014 psu/day, but this was subsequently attributed to evaporation of the 
substandard.  The backup salinometer standardizations jumped around in a 
random fashion on leg 2 and it was not used.  Correction coefficients 
calculated using data analysed before these problems began were carried over to 
the later stations.

Oxygen 

Oxygen samples were collected in flasks of known volume and analysed according 
to the Winkler-Grasshoff method.  Again double samples were taken and used as 
an estimate of the total error for the entire sampling procedure, including 
handling.  A total of 45 double samples showed a standard deviation of 0.017 
ml/l in the absolute value of the differences, excluding three outliers.  This 
is the expected accuracy of the titrated water sample oxygen values.

Problems occurred using the dispensers when air bubbles were hidden in the 
tube tips.  This leads to lower oxygen values and is probably the reason for 
the biggest outliers.  As the device works satisfactorily after a few tries, 
most of the time only the first few samples are subject to this error (i.e. 
the deepest ones).

Calibration Pressure

The pressure sensor requires calibration (in addition to the correction for 
the offset on deck at zero (atmospheric) pressure) to give results better than 
about 10 db.  The calibration depends on temperature, though, so in principle 
temperature should be corrected first, then used in the correction formula for 
pressure.  This was not necessary here because the low temperature values all 
occurred at high pressure, and the correction at high temperatures and low 
pressure is not too different from that at low temperatures and low pressures.  
Thus a pressure correction for low temperatures (1°C) was applied to the raw 
data:

				Pcor = A*PCTD + B,

where A = 0.99940009974, and B = -0.3275937250 (assumes that 4.5 db has been 
subtracted already from the raw files; values obtained using polyfit in 
MATLAB).  The rms differences between the lab reference pressure and the 
corrected CTD pressure is 1.1 db.  This is not the absolute accuracy of the 
measurement, though, because of other problems with the pressure sensor 
encountered in situ, e.g. hysteresis and a mysterious 10 db pressure increase 
on certain casts.  In addition, the sensor exhibits a time dependent response 
to temperature changes, with a response time of several minutes.  The 
amplitude of this effect for the NB3 instrument is about 0.25 db/C, but since 
the unit spends many minutes in the rather uniformly cold deep water, this 
effect is tiny and does not need to be included.  Note for interested parties: 
this effect is at least 4 times greater in the NB MK5, and must therefore be 
included in the calibration of this instrument.  Also, an informal onboard 
dunk test of the SEABIRD SEACAT pressure sensor showed no apparent time 
dependent effect at all.

Excluding a few stations with special problems, the pressure values are 
expected to be accurate to ± 3 db.

Temperature

Laboratory calibration of the CTD temperature sensor indicated that a 
correction should be applied, which amounts to about 0.01°C near 0°C and -
0.01°C near 30°C on the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS 90), with a 
linear dependence in this range.  On all stations with bottle samples, 
reversing thermometers were also included on bottles 1 and 23, the deepest 
sample and the mixed layer sample.  Each rack consisted of three thermometers, 
so a total of 6 measurements are available for those stations.  This provided 
a sufficient quantity of data to actually provide a consistency check on the 
laboratory calibration.  According to the reversing thermometers on the bottom 
bottle at temperatures less than 4°C, the mean offset between their values and 
the CTD values was 0.017°C with a standard deviation of 0.008°C (Fig. 5).  
Although the scatter in the mixed layer is naturally higher, the temperature 
offsets may still be used as a check.  The mixed layer mean offset was +0.04°C 
with std = 0.248°C.  These offsets are consistent with the laboratory 
correction at both high and low temperatures within the error of the 
measurement.  Thus while the error is too great to justify using the 
thermometers as a calibration standard themselves, they can provide a check if 
there is some doubt about which calibration to use, or whether or not a 
correction has already been applied.  With TCTD corrected = A * TCTD + B, the 
laboratory calibration indicated A = 0.999235009 and B = 0.009361540, and 
these values were used to correct the raw data.  Within the above temperature 
range neither a quadratic nor a cubic polynomial fit the laboratory data with 
less error, the rms differences between the polynomial fit and the laboratory 
reference being about 0.001°C in all cases.  The maximum difference was 
0.002°C and this is considered to be the accuracy of the reported temperature 
values.

Salinity

Applying a laboratory conductivity calibration consisting mainly of an offset 
of about 0.02 mmhos (A = 1.00033857, B = 0.012687071) to the raw data results 
in values which are too salty by about 0.01 psu (Fig. 6).  Under typical 
oceanographic conditions the characteristics of the conductivity sensor change 
somewhat, and water sample values are used to calibrate the sensor to in situ 
data.  Thus the application of a laboratory calibration may appear to be 
irrelevant.  The following analysis of the water sample data will show that 
indeed making the lab correction alone is insufficient and in situ water 
samples must be used.

The first step was to choose good water samples based on the standard 
deviation of the salinity differences.  The criteria were to eliminate values 
outside a band of width 0.05 around the mean, and then those which were 
outside two standard deviations; this last step was done twice.  However, we 
did not correct the (hiev file) T and P with laboratory calibrations, nor have 
we corrected the pressure for the hysteresis effect.  We found no trend with 
station number (no drift), no trend with salinity (i.e. linear) in the 
salinity differences SCTD-SROS.  Same remarks are true for for conductivity.  
So no improvement is possible by taking other trends into account.  Fitting 
conductivity (A = 1.000406709612, B = 0.00068231988) and converting the result 
to salinity produces a standard deviation of 0.0047 psu (Fig. 7).

Surprisingly, the equivalent salinity error obtained from CTD conductivity 
corrected using water samples turned out to be the same (0.0047 psu) as the 
salinity error obtained by simply calibrating the CTD salinities directly 
using the water sample salinities (with calibration coefficients A = 
1.0005006456121, B = -0.00065685538; Fig. 8).  In principle this should not be 
the case but in practice since the conversion between conductivity and 
salinity depends on pressure and temperature the error in these variables 
(saved in files at the time of bottle firing) contributes and adds to the 
error in the conductivity differences.  [Note that this unfortunate situation 
does not depend on how the comparison between water sample values and CTD 
values is done: whether on pressure surfaces or density surfaces.]

Filtering raw data

Once calibration coefficients of P, T, C, and S were obtained, the raw data 
files were processed according to standard IfM Kiel procedure.  The calibrated 
data were despiked, made monotonic in pressure, and then sorted into 5 db 
bins.  This procedure should not remove any structure whose vertical scale is 
greater than about 50 db.

Oxygen

The CTD-O2 instrument measures the electrical current through the oxygen sensor 
(OC) and its temperature (OT).  The temperature of the oxygen sensor usually 
lags the ambient temperature (T) by a substantial amount, because of its 
thermal inertia.  The response time of the oxygen temperature sensor is of the 
order of several minutes.  In addition, the sensor response is thought to 
depend on pressure and ambient temperature as well, and including the 
temperature lag correction the relation between OC, OT, and oxygen (O2) has 
been modeled by the equation (OWENS and MILLARD, 1985):

    O2 = A*(OC + B dOC/dt + c)* Osat(T,S) * exp(D*T + E*(OT-T) + F*P)

where dOC/dt is the rate of change of OC with time (i.e. cycle number), Osat 
is the oxygen saturation obtained from a standard formula, S is salinity, and 
P is pressure.

A station dependent offset may be added to account for drift, or the 
coefficients may alternatively be calculated for smaller groups of, say, 5 
stations at time.  The time rate of change of OC is not recorded as a matter 
of standard practice by IfM Kiel acquisition software, so B is set to zero.  
The first factor can be written as (A*OC + AC) and AC regarded as a new 
parameter.  However, the IfM program CTDKAL which does the fitting does not 
take this bias term into account; the consequences of this on the goodness of 
fit are not known.  Four parameters are left: A, D, E, F, which must be 
determined by adjusting an initial guess until the O2 agrees with the water 
sample values to within some tolerance.

The ability of the algorithm to find satisfactory values of these parameters 
depends on having an adequate number of water samples with which a comparison 
can be made.  Not all the water sample values are used in the fitting 
procedure.  To discriminate "bad" values, a choice is made when the 
calibration program CTDKAL is run to set the limits of variation that a water 
sample value may have with respect to the computed CTD value.  If the 
difference is greater than 0.5 standard deviations of all the differences the 
water sample value is ignored.  About 30 percent of the bottle data were thus 
discarded.  As there are only 12 water sample values for each station to begin 
with this constitutes a serious loss of data, and undoubtedly makes the 
determination of the four parameters more difficult.  Sixteen should probably 
be considered a minimal number of water samples in future, so that a 
sufficient number of data are left over after the elimination of outliers.

To compare water sample oxygen to CTD measurements a file consisting of CTD OC 
and OT, P, T, and S is created when bottles are fired.  Standard practice has 
been to record OC and OT as the instrument is rising the final 20 m or so to 
the bottle firing level, in order to keep a steady flow past the oxygen 
sensor.  However, this procedure introduces substantial error because it 
connects OC and OT over some depth interval to an averaged temperature and 
pressure at the stopping level.  In fact the sensor values do not change 
significantly as the instrument comes to a halt, and all values should be 
recorded at this point only.

Despite the shortage of data points and unfortunate sampling procedures, the 
high quality of the water sample analysis allowed a satisfactory calibration 
to proceed.  Typically groups of about ten stations could be run together with 
the same set of coefficients, but it was occasionally necessary to divide the 
stations into smaller groups, and even give individual attention (this 
required much tedious twiddling of the calibration program).  The preliminary 
calibrated CTD values are thought to be accurate to 0.08 ml/l (about half the 
stations are substantially more accurate than this, but the offset in the 
others has not been removed).

5.1.2	Data acquisition and processing onboard during M15/3 
 	(T.J. Müller, J. Holfort, N. Zangenberg)

During this leg, station work with two conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) 
systems in combination with rosette water samplers built the frame for the 
WOCE hydrographic investigations.  While passing the western and eastern 
boundary currents, also absolute currents were measured down to 780 m using 
expendable current profilers, XCPs.

In between stations profiles of temperature down to 760 m and currents down to 
200 m were obtained from the moving vessel by means of expendable temperature 
profilers, XBTs, and an acoustically measuring shipborne current profiler, 
ADCP.  Position, time, meteorological data, bottom depth and near surface 
temperature and salinity were recorded on the ship's central data acquisition 
system, DVS.

CTD-rosette

One time sections of the WOCE Hydrographic Programme, WHP, require 30 nm 
nominal station spacing with high quality CTD measurements and up to 36 depth 
levels of small volume water samples to determine dissolved oxygen, nutrients 
and some tracers.  Two CTDs MKIIIB were combined with two rosette samplers 
carrying up to 24 bottles of 10 l volume each to achieve these requirements.

The main CTD-rosette, NB3 with 24 bottles, was lowered down to 10 m above the 
bottom to measure continuously the vertical stratification.  On the way up, 
bottles were closed at 20 of the prescribed depth levels, with double sampling 
at the three depths closest to the bottom and in the mixed layer near the 
surface.  The double samples built the basis for the in situ calibration of 
the CTD.  The second system with up to 18 bottles was used subsidiary on deep 
stations to achieve the WHP requirements for vertical resolution in water 
sampling, also with double samples at 2000 m depth and near the surface for 
calibration purposes.

Both CTDs were calibrated in the laboratory at IfM Kiel 6 months prior to leg 
15/3 and recalibrated 11 months after the pre-cruise calibration.  The large 
delay between pre- and post- cruise calibration was necessary for logistic 
reasons, and subsequently required careful in situ calibration not only of the 
conductivity cell but continuous in situ checks of temperature and pressure 
sensors with high resolution reversing thermometers as well.

For both CTDs, data were acquired in two systems: the full data rate of 16 Hz 
for each cycle (ca. 0.1 m vertical resolution) was stored on hard disk of a 
personal computer system using IfM Kiel software.  A subset of these were 
plotted on line.  As a backup, a subset with ca. 1 m vertical resolution was 
recorded on a Micro Vax computer.  Here also the CTD data at bottle depths 
were stored.  This subset built the basic data set for quality control, 
preliminary analysis onboard and determination of coefficients for the in situ 
calibration.

Salinometer

Two AUTOSAL 8400A made by Guildline were in use onboard since four months 
before leg 15/3.  Both salinometers showed unusual high noise level mainly due 
to low power on the electronics, but also due to badly protected cable 
connections to the computer resulting in noise of 0.008 in salinity.  In the 
future a separate power supply for the electronic parts, and optical 
connections to the computer will overcome these problems.

A total of 2000 samples were measured, and because the noise was almost 
normally distributed, the resulting error in calibrated CTD salinity is less 
0.002 PSU and thus fulfills the requirements of the WHP.

XBT measurements

Three types of XBT probes were launched half way between stations to acquire 
additional information about variations in the main thermocline.  The Deep 
Blue type is a special version of the T7 and measures the temperature profile 
down to 760 m provided the ship's speed is less 20 knots.  Also, deeper 
reaching probes T5 (1800 m, 6 knots) and T5-S (1000 m, 20 knots) were used.

All data from these instruments were recorded on personal computer systems 
with IfM Kiel software.  A subset of inflection points was transferred via the 
German Hydrographic Service into the international WMO network.

XCP measurements

With XCPs, vertical profiles of absolute currents can be obtained down to 1600 
m from a moving ship.  8 probes in the western boundary current and 6 in the 
eastern boundary current were launched.  The data were recorded as radio 
signals on audio tapes.  Such measurements of absolute currents are needed for 
control and adjustment of geostrophically calculated currents and thus for 
better estimates of heat transport.

Shipborne ADCP measurements 

An ADCP was mounted below the ship's hull.  Since one of four transducers 
failed completely there is no redundancy in the system, which is required to 
get high-quality current measurements.  Also, GPS positioning was not optimal 
in early 1992.  Data were recorded on a personal computer system using 
manufacturer's software.  Calibration, validation and processing is still 
ongoing.

Central Data Acquisition of METEOR, DVS

This systems collects data streams from several sources, the most important 
being time, positioning, water depth, meteorological data from both sides of 
the ship, and temperature and salinity from 4 m depth.  Salinity data at 4 m 
depth are calibrated using samples from the inlet on stations.  All data are 
reformatted and written on magnetic tape as well as supplied to laboratory 
computer sockets for user's applications.  A subset was recorded at 120 s 
intervals on a personal computer for later scientific investigations.
 
5.1.3	On the hydrography of the Brazil Current and the Deep Basin Experiment 
	(K. Speer)

The Rio Grande Rise is thought to have arisen over time from a point on the 
crest of the MidAtlantic Ridge where the upwelling of magma is especially 
strong.  The resulting topographic high subsequently propagates away from the 
crest as the ridge spreads, forming the Walvis Ridge on the eastern side and 
the Rio Grande Rise on the western side.  The Rio Grande Rise separates the 
Argentine Basin from the Brazil Basin and is the transition zone between the 
distinct water mass structures of the two basins.  The Argentine Basin 
hydrography is dominated by the multiple deep reaching fronts of the 
Confluence Zone and circumpolar current, which carry northwards the 
recirculating deep waters of the Southern Ocean.  Thus the traditional water 
masses of the Atlantic: Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, and 
Antarctic Bottom Water are supplemented on the southern side of the Rio Grande 
Rise by older, lower circumpolar deep water whose distinctive characteristic 
is low oxygen concentrations.  [Confusion often arises over the distinction 
between AABW and CPDW, since the AABW of the South Atlantic is mostly made up 
of entrained lower CPDW.] The Rio Grande Rise is also a transition zone for 
bottom water as it forms a substantial barrier to northward progression.  Two 
major passages exist across the rise, the Vema Channel in the west and the 
Hunter Channel in the east.  The Vema Channel has been known for some time to 
be the major passage for bottom water, whereas the Hunter Channel has remained 
relatively unexplored until this expedition.

A number of plots have been prepared to illustrate the water mass 
characteristics encountered, interesting features, and preliminary results.  
From the point of view of hydrography the division of the cruise into two legs 
was artificial, and therefore data from both legs are discussed together.  
First a general description is given, beginning with the near surface layers 
and proceeding downward.  Then special attention will be paid to the Vema 
Channel and Hunter Channel.

Thermocline

The Brazil current flows southward more or less along the shelf break of the 
South American continent.  In our profiles it lived up to its reputation as a 
shallow current and lay mostly over the shelf (Fig. 9a-b).  A total of three 
CTD sections and three XBT sections across the slope and outer shelf were 
carried out during legs one and two.  All of these were planned to extend far 
enough onto the shelf in order to quantify the Brazil current transport and to 
help unravel the dynamical reasons for the unusual ability of the current to 
flow on and off the shelf.  Surface temperatures dropped by about 2°C together 
with a salinity decrease of 0.6 psu near Stn. 21 (43°W), roughly 500 km 
offshore.  This appears to be the signal of the so-called Brazil Current 
Front, the inner recirculation of the subtropical gyre.

Farther offshore above the Rio Grande Rise, near 1600 km distance, a weak 
signal of a large eddy occurred centered at 300 m depth.  Its width is nearly 
300 km and its origin is unknown.  At this point along our track the station 
spacing was wide and four stations can only give a very incomplete resolution 
of this structure.

A regular feature of the potential temperature - salinity diagram was a 
salinity maximum just below the mixed layer, usually found near sigma-theta of 
25.5 g/cm3 (Fig. 10).  Its density seemed to be quite variable, though.  
Presumably its origin is the region of surface salinity (and temperature) 
maximum somewhat to the north, at 20°S.

Intermediate Water

The next deeper extremum on the temperature - salinity diagram occurs below 
the thermocline.  This is the salinity minimum of Antarctic Intermediate Water 
near 4°C.  A salinity section (Fig. 11) shows water fresher than 34.4 psu 
extending across the entire area measured.  No especially low values are 
apparent at the western boundary, where any meridional flow is expected to be 
concentrated.  Indeed, a deeper reference level suggests southward flow next 
to the boundary rather than northward flow, perhaps reflecting the extent to 
which intermediate water is driven around the gyre by the thermocline's 
circulation.

This layer also corresponds to an oxygen maximum with values typically of 5.2 
ml/l (Fig. 12).  The oxygen distribution suggests that younger, more highly 
oxygenated intermediate water occurs farther offshore, just west of the Vema 
Channel.  This is all the more puzzling when considered together with HOGG et 
al.'s (1982) remark about a southward flow of deep water in a narrow stream 
above the Vema Channel.  Freon was analysed on leg 2, and this may be of great 
help in answering this question.  A ubiquitous freon maximum was found at the 
level of intermediate water which could give clues about its age and origin.

North Atlantic Deep Water

At deeper levels the temperature increases slightly as salinity increases 
toward the salinity maximum of North Atlantic Deep Water.  This inversion of 
temperature (true as well for in situ temperature) is a dramatic effect of 
South Atlantic hydrography, caused by the very different sea-surface 
salinities in the respective formation regions of the two water masses.  The 
temperature - salinity plot also shows that despite the inversion, density 
increases with depth and the water column is stable.  While vertical mixing 
cannot have much effect on temperature since the vertical gradient is small, 
strong fluxes of salinity presumably exist between the two layers.

The deep water layer is the most highly oxygenated of all the water masses in 
the region, with values greater than 5.6 ml/l.  This is partly because the 
volume of this water mass is large, and thus the decrease of oxygen away from 
the source by vertical mixing is slow.  Also, the formation region of North 
Atlantic Deep Water is generally more highly oxygenated than the circumpolar 
current and it thus does not lose so much at the start through entrainment.  
At the same time it is low in freon (away from boundary currents) because of 
its large volume and long replenishment time.  Within the density range of the 
deep water but generally farther south, the circumpolar deep water makes 
occasional incursions north across the Rio Grande Rise.  Its presence is clear 
by its low oxygen concentrations and, to a lesser extent, by low salinity.  
One example of this water was found on stn. 97 within the Rio Grande Valley 
(Fig. 13).  Low oxygen near 1°C is correlated with low salinity, relative to 
the usual temperature - salinity relation for deep water.

Bottom Water, Vema Channel

Bottom water ultimately comes from sinking around Antarctica, although the 
water which eventually makes it into the Argentine Basin is mostly water which 
has been entrained along the way.  It is fresh relative to the water above it.  
In the Argentine Basin it has a high oxygen signal relative to circumpolar 
deep water while in the Brazil Basin it has a low oxygen signal relative to 
North Atlantic Deep Water.  Again the Rio Grande Rise is a transition zone for 
water characteristics.  The high freon signal of bottom has been measured in 
the past, but never before in the Vema Channel itself.  This will provide a 
nice initial condition for the downstream evolution to be measured during leg 
3 of M 15.

The coldest water found was -0.175°C (corrected) potential temperature at Stn. 
49.  This value seems to be warmer by 0.010°C than that measured by HOGG et 
al. (1982), although it is not clear if the very coldest water on the eastern 
side of the Channel was completely sampled (HOGG et al. (1982) did a tow-yo on 
this side).  The curious fact that the coldest water is on the right looking 
downstream, despite a negative Coriolis parameter was explained by HOGG et al. 
as a response of the lowest layers to accelerating flow in the layers above 
them.  The isotherm slope reversal would then be an attempt by the flow to 
conserve the mass flux.  We also observe this reversal in our cross-section 
close to the sill of the Vema Channel (Fig. 14).  Also evident on the section 
is the left turn made by some of the flow as the upper part of the western 
wall disappears (see hydrosweep map).  This seems to carry away some of the 
water into a previously uncharted side valley of moderate (about 4400 m) 
depth.

Bottom Water, Hunter Channel

The first section across the Hunter Channel shows the northward flow of Bottom 
Water through a passage roughly ten times broader then the Vema Channel (Fig. 
15).  The horizontal gradients are much weaker, and the transport is expected 
to be substantially less.  Nevertheless the flow through the Hunter Channel 
does appear to be a significant component of the circulation of bottom water 
in the South Atlantic.

Interestingly, the same pattern of isotherm (or isopycnal) slope reversal is 
observed in the Hunter Channel as in the Vema Channel.  That is, the coldest 
water is found on the eastern side of the passage.  However, the vortex 
stretching does not appear to be strong enough to go the next step and cancel 
the flow next to the eastern wall, thereby separating the middle layer from 
the eastern wall, as happens in the Vema Channel.

Within the Hunter Channel itself the topography turned out to be much more 
complicated than indicated on the Cherkis map.  This is an area which was 
previously rather poorly controlled by ship tracks and so the chart consisted 
almost entirely of (incorrect) interpolated contours.  The deepest passage 
came as a surprise and almost remained unsampled by a CTD station, because of 
time constraints.  Nevertheless a cast was made and the bottom temperature was 
found to be somewhat warmer than two stations on the easternside of the 
northern extension of the Hunter Gap (our section was some distance to the 
north of the indicated Hunter Gap, but similar depths were found).  Apparently 
water does pass through these deeper passages but only that which has spilled 
into them from a sill depth near 4100 m.  The main path is through the 
northern extension of the Hunter Gap.  The water in the deep Hunter Fracture 
Zone (stn. 83) is slightly warmer still, which probably reflects the time it 
takes for water entering at the eastern end to make its way to the western 
end, where the station was made.

The flow through the Hunter Channel continues north along the eastern flank of 
the Rio Grande Rise, as determined by a short section near 29°S.  It does not, 
however continue around the rise as a westward flowing boundary current on the 
northern flank, as we discovered with another short section.  The explanation 
for this flow may be that it is the western boundary current for the portion 
of the Brazil Basin to the east of the Rio Grande Rise, and therefore 
constitutes the source of mass for this area as a sort of mini Stommel and 
Arons circulation pattern.

5.1.4	The WHP section 
	(G. Siedler, J. Holfort, T.J. Müller, R. Onken)

The zonal section was positioned at 19°S between South America and Africa. 
Contrary to the earlier plan it had been displaced by 1° to the north in order 
to ensure sufficient distance to the seamount chain between Brazil and the 
island of Trindade.  The section included 112 stations with CTD measurements 
and rosette sampling for determining salinity, oxygen and nutrient 
concentrations.  In general the station distance was 30 miles.  In the central 
to eastern Brazil Basin the station distance was increased to 60 miles in 
order to save time.  In this case the CTD stations were supplemented by deep 
XBT drops half-way between stations. In three areas short meridional sections 
were added.  At 25°W one station each north and south of 19°S served as a data 
comparison with similar stations from the earlier U.S. SAVE program.  At 15°W 
the meridional section included 7 stations for a study of the Deep Water flow 
across the MidAtlantic Ridge.  At 6 to 7°W the meridional section was placed 
parallel to the Walvis Ridge for the investigation of Deep Water transports. 

Other than the standard measurements were performed at selected positions.  
Freons F11 and F12 were measured on 66 stations, Helium-3 and Tritium (see 
5.2.2) on 25 stations and CCl4, F113 and CO2 on several stations (see 5.5).  
In the region of western and eastern boundary currents water mass distribution 
and current field was further determined by XBTs, free-fall XCP current 
profilers and the ship-operated ADCP current profiler.

Temperature, salinity and oxygen sections for the western and eastern basins 
are presented in Figures 16 - 21.  The analysis is still in its initial phase 
now. We will here comment on some properties directly seen in the sections.  
Near the continental slope in the western basin (Figures 16 - 18) we recognize 
inclinations in the isolines in the Upper Deep Water below the Antarctic 
Intermediate Water, indicating a deep boundary current.  In the range of Lower 
Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water we find a bowl-shaped isoline 
distribution, indicating cyclonic circulation of Bottom Water in the Brazil 
Basin.  In the eastern basin (Figures 19 - 21) a southward boundary current is 
identified at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge below ridge levels, and the O2 
distribution indicates a spreading of North Atlantic Deep Water into the 
Angola Basin.

In Figures 22 and 23 we present temperatures and salinities on the first 60 km 
of the zonal section.  The inclination of isolines at 150 - 200 m between km 
100 and 30 is an indicator for the southward Brazil Current.  The results are 
consistent with the XCP observations from this section.  As examples we 
present the north-south components of XCP currents in Figure 24.  The Brazil 
Current is recognized between 50 and 200 m in profiles no. 2 - 4.

The measurements on WHP section A9 fulfil the international WOCE requirements. 
Further data evaluation for later publications in scientific journals is 
underway. 

5.1.5	Surface drifters 
	(B. Brügge)

During legs 1 and 2 METEOR contributed 20 satellite tracked surface drifters 
with drogues in 100 m depth.  This effort is part of WOCE Core Project 1 
global description of circulation and statistics of ocean variability.  The 
M15 drifters are a subset of earlier (35 buoys in 1990) and still planned 
(app. 150 buoys till 1994) launches.  We aim at a data set for the description 
of the near-surface circulation in the South Atlantic and its eddy statistics.  
These expected observational results are required for eddy resolving 
circulation models of the South Atlantic to be run in the near future.

All M15 drifter trajectories are compiled in Fig. 25 for the interval January 
to September 1991. 20 buoys operated in the Brazil Current.  The obtained 
trajectories indicate a narrow and strong boundary current south of 27°S.  All 
buoys followed the continental shelf southward towards 40°S.  There they were 
caught by the Confluenz-Zone of the Malvinas (Falkland) Current which is 
marked by high eddy kinetic energy (Fig. 26).

In contrast to the southern drifters we find a much weaker signal of the 
Brazil Current near 20°S (Fig. 27).  Buoys were caught there preferably within 
a 150 km wide cyclone.  The reason may be caused by a zonal chain of seamounts 
situated somewhat farther north.

Ten additional buoys were launched in the region between the Angola and the 
Benguela Currents.  Low buoy speeds indicate this region to be low in kinetic 
energy (Fig. 28).

An extended analysis of the drifter data can not be performed before the 
complete data set comes in with a sufficient density.  Nevertheless, for 
regional studies in context with the hydrographic data from METEOR cruise no. 
15 trajectories are already available now. 

5.2	Tracer Measurements and Sampling on M15/2-3
	(A. Putzka, P. Beining, K. Bulsiewicz, W. Plep)

The investigated tracers are Helium, Tritium and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) 
F-11, F-12.  Within the ocean the distribution of these substances are not in 
a steady state (transient tracer) and hence their measurement deliver 
information about time scales of transport and mixing processes.  The main 
part of Tritium (unstable hydrogen isotope decays to 3He and changes the 
3He/4He ratio) and the CFCs are man-made.  Their time dependent input at the 
ocean surface is well known.  The concentration is altered by mixing processes 
and by radioactive decay (in the case of Tritium) when the water descends to 
deeper levels of the ocean.

The atmospheric CFC content increases monotonously since the early forties.  
Therefore 'younger' (age since leaving the surface) water is generally tagged 
with higher CFC concentration compared with 'older' water.  The detection 
limit is 0.005 pmol/kg while the precision for surface water concentration is 
about 1%.

Sampling
Samples were taken according the WOCE scheme using the common procedures: CFC: 
glass syringes, Helium: copper tubes, Tritium: glass bottles.

M15/2
Helium/Tritium: On 4 stations (two within the Vema channel, two within the 
Hunter channel stations no. 71, 86, 95 98) 100 samples were taken for Helium 
and Tritium measurements. CFC: On twenty stations 500 samples were taken and 
measured.  The route of the M15/2 cruise was confined to the region of the Rio 
Grande Plateau with the aim to investigate the tracer distribution north (the 
Brasil Basin) and south (the Argentine Basin) of the Plateau.  Especially the 
two deep channels connecting the basins, the Vema and the Hunter Channel, were 
probed.

M15/3
Helium/Tritium: on 25 Stations 700 Helium and 700 Tritium samples were taken.  
CFC: At every third station a complete profile was measured.  On stations in 
between special depths were additionally sampled.  Altogether 1700 samples 
were analyzed.

Results
In the following only CFC measurements are shown since these measurements are 
done on board while the Helium and Tritium measurements are to be measured 
later on shore.

M15/2
Figure 29 shows two CFC profiles of station 71 (Vema Channel) and 86 (Hunter 
Channel).  Both profiles reveal at the bottom a slightly higher CFC 
concentration due to Antarctic bottom water.  There is also a CFC maximum at 
700 to 800 m depth just above the salinity minimum of the Antarctic 
intermediate water.  North as well as south of the Hunter Channel (stations 
95, 88) the bottom water CFC concentrations are also higher similar to station 
86 an indication that part of the Antarctic bottom water flows through the 
Hunter Channel.

CFC on M15/3
On the whole 19°South section shown in Fig. 30 CFC concentrations above zero 
were observed down to 1000 m depth.  Below 1000 m depth the concentrations are 
less than 0.01 pmol/kg except near the western boundary region where higher 
CFC concentrations in the Antarctic bottom water and in the Upper North 
Atlantic Deep water were found.

The Upper North Atlantic deep water show within the western boundary current 
at approx. 1800 m depth an intermediate CFC maximum (highest concentration: 
0.03 pmol/kg F-11, extending up to 29°W).  Below 4000 m depth the CFC-
concentration increases and reaches at 31°W 0.05 pmol/kg F-11.  At the western 
rise of the Midatlantic Ridge the CFC concentrations are below 0.01 pmol/kg.

Figure 31 shows the partial pressure ratios of F-11/F-12 versus the partial 
pressure of F-11 for the stations 160 to 200.  The partial pressure is the 
equilibrium pressure in air belonging to the measured CFC concentration.  For 
comparison the atmospheric ratios and their corresponding dates are also 
shown in Fig. 31.  The deviations between water and atmospheric ratios are 
caused by mixing processes, a subject of further investigation.  The variation 
of the ratios over the whole concentration scale is less than 15% which shows 
the precision demanded for this kind of measurement.

5.3 	Marine Geosciences
5.3.1	Profiling Shipborne Measurements
5.3.1.1 Sediment Echosounder Parasound 
		(C. Gaedicke, L. Brück, K. Heidland)

The echosounding system PARASOUND (developed by ATLAS ELEKTRONIK, Bremen) 
installed on board the research vessel METEOR was operated routinely during 
the whole expedition. 

The analogous output on the DESO 25 printer gives a first impression of the 
subbottom structure and the sediment.  PARASOUND is therefore inalienable for 
the selection of geological core stations.  The quality of the measurements 
depends on the sea bottom topography, over slopes decreases the quality of the 
backscattered signal because of the small sounding cone (angle of 4°).  The 
diameter of the footprint is nearly 7% of the water depth.

Beside the routinely analogous output on the DESO 25 print PARASOUND was 
connected to the data acquisition system PARADIGMA developed by SPIESS, 
University of Bremen. 

PARADIGMA runs on a HP 3036 computer with 1 MByte memory, which was modular 
assembled and was equipped during this expedition with a digital voltmeter 
(detection rate 100 kHz), a multiplexer (24 channels, 100 kHz) and an HP-IB 
controller.  For the high digital solution of the seismograms variable 
frequencies between 2.5 kHz - 5.5 kHz were detected.  The seismograms are 
sampled at a frequency of 40 kHz with a registration length of 133 ms, which 
represents a penetration of 100 m. 5320 values were registered for every 
seismogram.  The data were stored on hard disks and for permanent storage on 
magnetic tapes.  During the expedition 12 magnetic tapes each with 90 MBytes 
were written.

Main work was the registration of digital seismograms on the positions of 
gravity cores.  The registration was performed with various frequencies 
between 2.5 kHz - 5.5 kHz and different pulse lengths.  The correlation of the 
processed seismograms with the physical characteristics of the sediment is 
planned after the core processing on the determination of the sediment 
parameters sound velocity (Vp), water content, porosity, carbon content, 
density and grain size.  The correlation is limited to the core length.  
Figure 32 shows an sample for the PARASOUND analogous record of a frequency 
test of the sediment core station GeoB 1314 (station 105).  Figure 32 
indicates different penetration and solution of the sediment during different 
frequencies and pulse lengths.

Correlations to deeper sediment structures are planned to the deep sediment 
cores of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 515 located in the Brazil Basin 
and sites 516 and 517 located on the Rio Grande Rise.  Therefore frequency 
tests were carried out at these positions.  The comparison of these 
seismograms with the cores which are in good condition and excellent 
documented, will improve the connection of seismograms to the sediment 
characteristics.

The reflection of the seabottom of the Rio Grande Rise indicates a strong 
amplitude corresponding to the large impedance contrast between water and 
sediment.  Core sampling was very difficult in this area because of the 
binding carbon rich sediment.  Some sediment basins with good reflecting layers 
could be filled with turbidites form the slopes of the rise.

Figure 33 shows sediment waves north of the Vema Channel with different 
amplitudes between 5 - 18 m and wave lengths of nearly 500 m produced by 
bottom water current.  Sediment waves in the area of the Hunter Channel were 
obtained. Difficult sea state conditions during the survey in the Hunter 
Channel prevented the determination of the region configuration of sediment 
waves.

Most parts of the Brazil Basin which were crossed during the way to Vitória, 
show hemispelagic sedimentation.  Good stratified sediments covered with small 
waves indicate only small lateral sediment transport by Bottom Water. 

5.3.1.2 Bathymetric measurements with HYDROSWEEP 
	(K. Heidland)

During the expedition M 15/2 bathymetric surveys of the sea bottom with the 
HYDROSWEEP system were carried out in the areas of the Vema and Hunter 
Channel. HYDROSWEEP worked permanently during the whole expedition.  
Watchkeeping of HYDROSWEEP was performed together with the PARASOUND system.

Vema Channel
The survey of the Vema Channel was carried out already during the expedition M 
15/1 in December 1990.  The survey was expanded in the north of the surveyed 
area with two HYDROSWEEP profiles.  Morphological structures, which were 
discovered in the first survey, could be completed in the northern profiles.

The distance between the profiles was 4 nm, depending on the water depth of 
4000 m in this area. 

Hunter Channel
The Hunter Channel is beside the Vema Channel an important flow area for 
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) between the Argentine Basin and the Brazil 
Basin.  The Hunter Channel is located between the Mid Atlantic Ridge and the 
Rio Grande Rise.

The knowledge of the bathymetry in this area is very poor because only a few 
ship tracks were available for the interpolation of isolines in this area.  
The bathymetry is shown in the chart "Bathymetry of the South Atlantic Ocean", 
published in 1989 by the Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 
U.S.A.

Aim of the HYDROSWEEP survey was the validation of the bathymetry in the chart 
and the improvement of the bathymetry in the area of the Hunter Channel for 
the determination of bottom flow of Antarctic Bottom Water.  The main flow was 
expected between 29°W and 27°W.  The east boundary is the Mid Atlantic Ridge 
and the west boundary is the Rio Grande Rise.

A detailed survey of a small area of the Hunter Channel was carried out 
between 31°4'W - 30°52'W and 33°42'S - 34°32'S.  First results of the 
hydrographical measurements (station 83, profile 79) and the bathymetry show 
that bottom flow is not probable in this area.

The Hunter Channel was covered with four long profiles for discovering of the 
important morphological structures (fig. 3b).  Along the profile in south-
eastern direction between 27°40'W - 27°30'W and east of 27°30'W the sea bottom 
is deeper than 4000 m.  The northern profile shows depths which are deeper 
than 4000 m, between 27°35'W - 26°54'W.  This area is an important passage for 
the bottom flow of Antarctic Bottom Water.  Two profiles east of the station 
87 (34°24'S, 27°56'W) show depths of 4700 m (fig. 34).  It seemed possible 
that this area is connected to the northern fracture zone.  Therefore an 
additional CTD-profile was performed.  This measurement showed that bottom flow 
in this area seems not to be important.

The bathymetric survey offers together with the oceanographic measurements a 
good base for the balance of the water flow in the area of the Hunter Channel.  
A detailed survey in this area was not possible because of the bad sea state 
conditions for the HYDROSWEEP system.

For a detailed survey of the Hunter Channel in the area between 29°W 27°W and 
34°10'S - 35°20'S nearly 10 days with good sea state conditions are necessary.

5.3.1.3 Navigation and Positioning

Precise navigation and positioning is necessary for bathymetric surveys.  The 
Global Positioning System (GPS) is now the best tool for this work.  The 
status of GPS was good during the expeditions and for the most time enough 
satellites were available for the determination of positions.  If GPS was not 
available, navigation and positioning were carried out with INS, the 
Integrated Navigation System (INS), which works with satellite fixes of the 
TRANSIT system. 

5.3.1.4 HYDROSWEEP Post-processing

The HYDROSWEEP system is installed on board of METEOR for the postprocessing 
of the HYDROSWEEP measurements.  During the expedition M 15/2 the survey of 
the Vema Channel and a detail of the Hunter Channel were processed.  Results 
were 3D images of these areas (fig. 34).

5.3.2	Equipment operation and sample collection 
	(T. Bickert, G. Meinecke, S. Mulitza, J. Pätzold)
5.3.2.1 On-station geological work

The coring objectives for this cruise included the acquisition of sediment 
cores from the region of the Rio Grande Rise and the Hunter Channel in order 
to reconstruct the history of watermass circulation, especially the deep- and 
bottom-water circulation in the area of the Hunter Channel.  Another aim was 
to collect samples on the Central Rio Grande Rise in the area of Antarctic 
Intermediate Water influx.  The area of the Hunter Channel was to be sampled 
at three stations to the north and south of the central channel.  The 
collection of geological samples was concentrated on an east-west profile at 
about 31°S, running from the Brazil Basin over the eastern ridge of the Rio 
Grande Rise, and into a northward-oriented extension of the Argentin Basin.

In order to document the history of the water masses, stations were chosen at 
depth intervals of 300 - 400 m in water depths of 2900 to 4100 m.  It was also 
possible to take a sediment sample at 1950 m depth from the north slope of the 
eastern ridge of the Rio Grande Rise.  The choices for core locations were 
based on the results of PARASOUND and HYDROSWEEP records also obtained during 
this cruise.

5.3.2.2 Sample Collection

The collection of sediment samples was carried out by a combination of 
multicorer and gravitycore operations.  The multicorer served in the retrieval 
of undisturbed surface sediments, while the gravity corer provided for the 
collection of longer sediment cores.  A summary of the instruments used at 
individual stations is shown in the list in chapter 6.6.1.

The multicorer is outfitted with six tubes of 10.0 cm diameter and four tubes 
of 6.5 cm diameter.  This instrument was employed a total of 12 times, with 
100% successful acquisition of surface sediments.  As a rule, the penetration 
depth was 20 to 30 cm.  At one station the instrument was employed a second 
time, due to partly disturbed surface sediments on the first attempt.  In most 
tubes, the sediment column remained intact and allowed the retrieval of 
completely undisturbed surface sediments.  The overlying clear bottom water 
was sampled for the analysis of stable isotopes of dissolved carbon.  The 
multicorer proved itself to be a reliable sampling tool on this cruise in 
spite of sediments which were difficult to sample.

The gravity corer, with a 2.5 t weight and either 6 or 12 m long tubes, was 
fed by 12 cm diameter PVC lines and was employed for the retrieval of sediment 
cores up to 9.5 m long.  Four unsuccessful gravity-core attempts were made on 
the central Rio Grande Rise in water depths of about 1000 m and 1300 m.  
Parallel sampling in this area with the Multicorer retrieved fairly coarse 
unconsolidated foraminiferal sands.  In this material the gravity core 
presumably achieved only poor penetration, and the sediment obtained was 
probably further washed out as the core was raised to the surface.

During a coring operation in 1950 m of water on the northern slope of the Rio 
Grande Rise, a 12 m tube broke off at about 2.5 m above a 1.8 m long sediment 
core.  Depending to some extent on water depth, the core material obtained 
during this cruise is relatively coarse and in part tightly consolidated with 
consistently high carbonate content.  A 2 cm thick layer of pteropod shell 
fragments was encountered at the sediment surface at two stations on the 
eastern Rio Grande Rise in water depths of 1950 and 2900 m.  The sediment-core 
lengths ranged from 1.7 to 9.5 m.  A total of 14 core operations were carried 
out resulting in the retrieval of 57.9 m of core material.

5.3.2.3 Multicorer Sampling

After the Multicorer is brought to the deck the core tubes are removed and 
plugged with rubber stoppers.  After sampling of the overlying water for 13C 
analysis the individual cores are sampled according to the following routine:

	25 cm2 surface sediment for magnetic investigation
	20 cm2 surface sediment for clay-mineral analysis
	10 cm2 surface sediment for Be/Th analysis
	1 syringe sample (10 cm3) surface sample for faunal analysis (0-1 cm)
	240 cm2 for investigation of the distribution of bethic foraminifera, 
	preserving with ethanol and dying with Rose Bengal (in 1 cm layers from 
	0-10 cm, 12 - 13 cm and 15 - 16 cm.
	80 - 160 cm2 for radiolarian investigations (0 - 1 cm) preserving with 
	methanol 
	25 cm2 for diatom investigation (0 - 1 cm)
	2 series of syringe samples of 10 cm3 each for geochemical, isotope and 
	faunal investigations (1, 4, 7 cm, etc.)
	smear slides (parallel to syringe samples - 1, 4, 7 cm, etc)
	bag samples for large-fraction analysis (1 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 20 cm, 20 
	to total penetration depth), cooled to 4°C
	2 archive cores (6.5 cm), frozen at -18°C
	1 core (6.5 cm) for organic geochemistry, organic carbon, frozen at -
	18°C
	1 core (6.5 cm) for sediment physics, cooled to 4°C

5.3.2.4 Gravity core processing

Before insertion into the gravity-core tubes the liners are marked with 
vertical lines for later orientation of the individual core segments.  After 
retrieval of the cores, the liners are cut into 1 m lengths, capped at the 
ends, and inscribed according to figure 35.  The cores are then stored at a 
temperature of 4°C until further sampling and processing. Sedimentologic, 
sediment physics, faunal, and isotopic investigations are planned.

5.3.3	Water samples for 13C analysis 
	(T. Bickert)

The basis for paleoceanographic reconstruction is the image of the present-day 
circulation in the sediment.  One source of information for this is the 
13C/12C 
ratio, measured both in the dissolved carbon in the water and in the carbonate 
of foraminifera tests in the surface sediments. 

The clear overlying water in the multicorer tubes is sampled at every core 
station (chapter 6.6.2).  Additionally, water samples were drawn from the IfM 
Kiel rosettes from five stations in the area of the Hunter Channel and eastern 
Rio Grande Rise, at 20 chosen water depths (chapter 6.6.3).  For the 
respective water samples 250 ml of water is released bubblefree into brown 
glass bottles, poisoned with 1 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution, and the screw-
on tops sealed airtight with liquid wax.  Until further work on the samples in 
the laboratory - extraction and cleaning the CO2 out of the water under vacuum 
and subsequent isotope measurement with the mass spectrometer - they are 
stored at 4°C.

5.3.4	Testing the Data storage - CTD 
	(T. Bickert)

The combination of physical oceanographers from the IfM Kiel and geoscientists 
from Bremen University on this cruise allowed the opportunity to test the 
performance of the newly acquired Datastorage-CTD Seacat SBE 19-02 from Sea-
Bird Electronics, Inc. This probe is equipped with a pressure sensor (0 - 6800 
m), a conductivity cell (0 - 7 S/m), a temperature sensor (-1 - +31°C) and a 
sensor for dissolved oxygen.  The data are time-controlled with a pre-chosen 
measured frequency of 2/n Hz in a 256 kByte storage unit (corresponding to 
28,800 measured cycles), binary based, and subsequently output through a 
serial port.  The software package Seasoft 3.4 then allows the conversion of 
raw data to ASCII format with simultaneous interpolation of the data in 5 dbar 
intervals.

The IfM Kiel rosette samples were used to make a direct comparison between the 
Kiel CTD Mark III and the Datastorage-CTD.  The five test profiles resulted in 
good agreement of the measured values.  The deviations in the values - with 
measurements compared respectively for the same times - lay within the Seacat 
specified accuracy limits of 0.5% of the total pressure after the initial 
incidence of the "switch-on" offset of -13.5 dbar (after about 120 sec) is 
corrected for.  A temperature dependency of the pressure sensor could be 
rejected after a special test was performed (fig. 36).  The temperature and 
salinity deviations of the Datastorer probe were, on the average, smaller than 
0.02°C and 0.008 respectively.  Larger fluctuations of up to 0.15°C (fig. 37) 
and 0.12 respectively, occurred mainly in the profiles with large gradients, 
possibly as a result of the low pressure sensor deviation.  The oxygen values 
of the Seacat were surprisingly within +/-0.5 ml/l of values obtained by 
colleagues of the IfM Kiel using titration techniques.  It is necessary to be 
aware, however, that with increasing age of the sensor, the deviation can 
quickly become greater, so that continuous calibration is required.

On future expeditions the Datastorage-CTD will routinely give support to 
geologic sample collection with oceanographic data.  The probe will be 
fastened to the line about 100 m above the multicorer, boxcore or multinet, 
thereby saving time at the station.  The procedure has been successfully 
tested at one station.

5.4	Biological Oceanography and marine Taxonomy 
	(H.G. Andres, H.-Ch. John, C. Zelck)
5.4.1	Introduction

This report is based on a preliminary analysis of 41 surface plankton samples 
(upper neuston net, NEU) and 20 plankton tows (multiple closing net, MCN, 
generally 200 - 0 m) out of a total of 49 NEU hauls and 48 MCN tows actually 
made.  Details are listed in chapter 6.

The analysis lays emphasis on those stations forming a coast-normal transect 
from the shelf at about Santa Catarina to ship station no. 91 (27°01'W) plus 
some additional "reference stations" northwards of this transect.  The 
location of all analyzed stations together with respective surface 
temperatures is shown by Fig. 38.  Results from the transect are presented in 
Figs. 39, 40 and 41.

5.4.2	Taxonomy and Vertical Distributions

According to a recent synopsis by BARNARD and THOMAS (1989), fairly abundant 
catches of Synopia (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) were formed by a species to be 
described as new (Synopia sp. n.).  Of 71 fish taxa so far identified, larvae 
of the myctophids Hygophum hanseni and Symbolophorus barnardi were previously 
unknown.  Known to science, but lacking or rare in German collections were 
larvae of Bolinichthys sp., Lampanyctus pusillus and Myctophum selenops (all 
Myctophidae); Mola mola (Molidae) and Barathronus sp. (Aphyonidae).

Those MCN-samples with vertical resolution yielded a comparatively small total 
catch of fishes (N = 476) and Gammaridea (N = 15).  While Gammaridea appeared 
to be somewhat more abundant in the deeper strata, fish larvae occurred almost 
exclusively above 100 m depth, only 5.9% of their total catch came from 200 - 
100 m.  Fish larvae preferred the depth range above the thermocline even at 
the highest surface temperatures encountered.

5.4.3	Zoogeography and Ecology

Specific

Synopia sp. n. resembles its northern Atlantic congener Synopia scheeleana in 
morphology, dominance, nocturnal surface preference and affinity to warm, 
highly saline water masses, as elucidated by a comparison of Figs. 38, 39 and 
43 with respective data by ANDRES and JOHN (1984).  Probably Synopia sp. n. is 
the ecologically corresponding species in the South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre.  
A revision of those prevailing meridional transects made during "Walter 
Herwig" cruise 36 (December 1970; JOHN 1975) could test this hypothesis.

Halobates micans (Hexapoda, Gerridae) had high frequencies but generally low 
abundance.  This supports an earlier result by CHENG and SCHULTZ-BALDES 
(1981), where the sampling method previously was subject to discussion.  
Following SAVILOV (1967), the generally low abundance could be explained by 
the strong rainfalls encountered - both surveys fell into the rainy season, 
whilst the recent higher abundance values at the eastern part of the transect 
(Fig. 39e) as well as at reference station no. 100 (35.1 ind./1000 m2) 
coincided with the subtropical high-pressure-zone.

Holofaunistic

From an overall spectrum of 71 fish taxa and 3 Gammaridea, new or some 
conspiuous taxa have already been mentioned.  The two other Gammaridea belong 
to the family Pardaliscidae and genus Cyphocaris (Fam. Lysianassidae).  On 
board so far, some fish larvae of shelf biota were only identifiable to family 
level (Gadidae, Macrouridae, Mullidae, Callionymidae, Scombridae, Bothidae, 
Balistidae).  Among Myctophidae endemic species were encountered, according to 
HULLEY (1981) S. barnardi is a southern subtropical species, H. hanseni and 
Gonichthys barnesi are species of the southern subtropical convergence.  A 
further conspicuous feature of these samples was the paucity of subthermocline 
larvae (e.g. of family Sternoptychidae or suborder Alepisauroidei) even in the 
deep plankton tow. 

Nevertheless, the majority of taxa was conform with previous largescale 
surveys of the tropicalsubtropical Atlantic (JOHN, 1975) or faunistic 
inventories of the worldwide epipelagic zone (PARIN, 1970).  Therefore the 
following zoogeographical groups were defined by characteristic taxa listed in 
about their rank order:

Neritic-tropical complex:   Mullidae, Dactylopterus volitans, 
			    Balistidae, Makaira nigricans,
			    Coryphaena hippurus
Distant-neritic complex:    Clupeoidei, Maurolicus muelleri,
			    Callionymidae, Bothidae
Oceanic-tropical complex:   Halobathes micans, Vinciguerria nimbaria,
			    Oxyporhamphus micropterus, 
			    Hygophum reinhardti, Coryphaena equiselis,
			    Myctophum nitidulum, M. selenops,
			    Chiasmodontidae
Oceanic-subtropical complex:Synopia sp. n., Nanichthys simulans,
			    L. pusillus, S. barnardi, 
			    Myctophum phengodes
Thermophile (tropical and   Exoceotus volitans, E. obtusirostris, 
subtropical >20°C) complex: Lepidophanes spp.
Subtropical convergence:    Gonichthys barnesi, H. hanseni,
			    Protomyctophum sp.

According to the zoogeographical classifications given by HENTSCHEL 
(1944), our plankton survey (except for the reference stations nos. 56 - 
67) coincided with the "southern subtropical border area" along the 
"subtropical convergence" (BÖHNECKE, 1936).  In plankton abundance 
values presented by HENTSCHEL (1933) this boundary is pronounced as an 
extended zonal belt protruding from an otherwise narrow and meridional 
"central minimum area".  This border- or convergence area became not 
apparent in the more modern treatise on zoogeography by BACKUS et al. 
(1977), but results by HULLEY (op. cit.) on the very same family compare 
well with the above discussed data and generally (small scale deviations 
will be discussed below) our quantitative findings.  The data presented 
by HENTSCHEL (1933) seem to be the most detailed available so far.  It 
is suggested that the deviating findings by BACKUS et al. may have been 
hampered by their low data density from the SW-Atlantic.

Along the western part of our transect (Figs. 39, 40 and 41) average 
abundances of Amphipoda and fish have been found.  Lagging behind the 
decrease in surface temperature (sta. 21 - 22, about 43°W), the 
abundance values decrease by about one order of magnitude at sta. 27/28 
(about 42°W).  A similar zonal tongue in HENTSCHEL's data (1933), 
however, reached only to about 46°W and had minimum values.  In our 
data, this tongue is obviously discernible from the oceanic minimum 
zone, but it is in no way uniform in species composition (see tables 
below Figs. 40 and 41).

At nearshore stations several taxa of the combined neritic complexes 
dominated with specific percentages of often 16 - 35% of the total 
catch.  At the very same stations specimens of highoceanic taxa (of both 
the tropical and subtropical complex) were encountered as well as 
oceanicubiquitous taxa like Cyclothone spp., Diogenichthys atlanticus 
and Notolychnus valdiviae.  However, these prevailing oceanic 
Myctophidae nearshore had low percentages in total catch (Fig. 41).  
Otherwise our samples did not allow a reasonable quantitative 
description of the shelf and slope area: Stations above less than 2500 m 
bottom depth showed extremely variable abundance values from 7.0 - 439.9 
specimens/1000 m2 (NEU) or 2.0 - 95.3 specimens/1 m2 (MCN), and the NEU-
maximum at sta. 60 off Cabo Frio coincided with an MCN-minimum.  For 
this area HENTSCHEL (1933) depicted relatively high abundances.  The 
percentages of myctophids at these MCN-stations were 33.9 - 50.5%.

The percentages of myctophids along the transect increased almost 
linearly until sta. 18 and oscillated in the oceanic realm around about 
75%.  A literature study in progress (JOHN and ZELCK, in preparation; 
following a hint by LOEB, 1979) shows for the subtropical gyres in the 
world ocean percentages of myctophid larvae around 45% as normal.  NEU-
samples are due to the inherent diurnal periodicity less discrete than 
MCN-tows, but generally the abundance values along stations 10 - 27 
differed by less than one order of magnitude.  MCN-samples (only to sta. 
25) showed abundances between 65.8 - 111.9 fishes/ 1 m2. In contrast, 
NEU-samples yielded more discrete qualitative results or at smaller 
geographical scales (perhaps as a consequence of the higher data 
density).  The neritic-tropical complex showed a strong decline at sta. 
8 (that is the deeper slope), and vanished at sta. 11. At sta. 8 the 
oceanic-tropical indicator O. micropterus appears.  Thus the boundary 
described on base of the faunistic composition of NEU-samples was 
similar as found by HENTSCHEL (1933).  The thermophile complex, as well 
as the tropical H. micans, spread farther to the coast.  The western 
boundary of the tropical-oceanic complex was found at sta. 27.

From sta. 27 onwards faunistic elements of the subtropical and 
convergence complexes increased in frequency, but occasional intrusions 
backwards to sta. 12 occurred.  By quantitative terms this zone was 
relatively uniform at 1.6 - 13.5 specimens/1000 m2 (NEU) or 5.0 - 12.9 
spec./1 m2 (MCN) until sta. 91.  Two invertebrates regularly encountered 
before disappeared or became rare along the stations sequence 29 - <81 
(Fig. 39).  However, MCN sta. 83 deviates by 29.7 fish/1 m2 and only 
40.9% Myctophidae, MCN sta. 100 showed 38.0 fish/1 m2 and 46.6% 
myctophids. Gonostomatidae had percentages of 48.2 or 44.4.  Both 
stations had thus more "normal" values in the MCN, for NEU 100 a higher 
abundance of H. micans has already been mentioned.  Whilst the above 
discussed faunistic boundary between the neritic and tropical complexes 
can thus described from the samples at hand only qualitatively, low 
abundance values in the subtropical and convergence complexes can 
probably be statistically corroborated for both invertebrate- and 
ichthyoplankton.

To enhance understanding of these complex patterns, Fig. 42 reduces 
quantitative individual distributions to a two-dimensional qualitative 
figure of pooled distributions and overlap.  Besides the location of 
station surface temperatures (Fig. 38) and the vertical structure of 
salinity 0 - 200 m (Fig. 43; in situ MCN-CTD data stations 6 - 32, 
distances scaleless as for Figs. 39 and 40) facilitate interpretation.  
A comparison of this set of figures suggested, that the complex patterns 
encountered can only partly be related to the horizontal distribution of 
temperature alone.  Advective processes must have contributed.

5.4.4	Conclusions

Along the western part of the transect exclusively species of the 
neritical and oceanic-tropical complexes were found without intrusions 
of subtropical elements or the fauna of the convergence zone.  Together 
with teleplanktonic neritic larvae of probably higher ages (LOPES and 
JOHN, 1986) young larvae of oceanic origin co-occurred above the shelf.  
Beyond the 25°C isotherm along the transect proper subtropical species 
appeared, but closely adjacent reference stations yielded exclusively 
tropical indicators even when surface temperatures were distinctly lower 
(of <24°C).  The abundance values of Synopia sp. n. decreased 
immediately after declining temperatures by one order of magnitude.

Subsequently subtropical species occurred continuously besides tropical 
taxa (in reduced abundance), and neritic taxa were absent along the 
transect as well as at the northeastern reference stations.  There 
occurred scattered intrusions of the convergence fauna.  The centre of 
this belt coincides approximately with the 23°C surface isotherm, points 
approximately into the direction 100°, and extends probably beyond the 
easternmost stations sampled.

Conspicuous differences were found along the already discussed stations 
sequence 28 - 38 (probably including also 74), which yielded exclusively 
taxa of cooler waters.  The western boundary of this sequence 
corresponded at the surface with 36.2 psu, and below 60 m depth salinity 
was 36.0 psu.  From Fig. 43 (as well as very similar patterns of 
temperature and density) can be concluded, that up to sta. 27 water 
masses were sampled which had been transported southwards by the Brazil 
Current.  Faunistically these water masses did not have neither a 
distinct oceanic nor neritic character, but were mixed, and above 
described small scale discrepancies between these results and those by 
HENTSCHEL (1933) can be explained by temporary discontinuities of the 
Brazil Current (e.g. is the Cabo Frio area generally an upwelling area).  
The subsequent stations yielded indicators of cooler water, probably 
after advection from the south, as described for this geographical 
longitude by PETERSON and STRAMMA (1991, Fig. 18).  The southeasternmost 
stations then fell into an area of comparatively uniform hydrographical 
and faunistical conditions.  Probably a distinctly tropical fauna would 
have been encountered again only slightly north of reference station 
100.

5.4.5	Some Notes about the Tarball Pollution at the Water Surface 
	 (L. Veiga, C. Zelck)

Clumps of tar, representing aged petroleum, are found on all seas (GERLACH, 
1981; THEOBALD et al., 1987). 

On the METEOR cruise 15/1 and /2 tarballs (bigger than 0.3 mm) were found in 
91.8% of 49 biological surface water samples (for methods see chapter 5.4.1).

Figure 42 shows the distribution and the relative amount of tarballs in the 
sampling area. To get an idea how old the tarballs are, the classification 
included microscopic observations to indicate the presence of organisms living 
on the tarball surface (in figure shown with +).  The following groups of 
organisms used the tarballs as a substratum: Bryozoa, Lepas, Amphipoda, Algae 
and eggs from seaskater Halobates micans (in order of abundance).

Station with "many" to "a lot" of tarballs (in over 20% of the sampled stations) 
were mostly located in the Brazilian Current (see Fig. 44).

While "fresh", sticky tarballs were found in stations next to Cabo Frio, older 
tarballs (with organisms) were found only in the southern portion of the 
sampling area.

It is important to emphasize that the absence of tarballs does not necessarily 
mean there was no oil in the surface waters.

5.5	CO2 Observations 
	(D.Wallace, K.M. Johnson, R. J. Wilke)
5.5.1	Activities

A global survey of inorganic carbon in the world ocean is being coordinated by 
JGOFS in close collaboration with WOCE.  The aim of this survey is to collect a 
data set of sufficient quality and extent that the transport of carbon within 
the ocean and between the ocean and the atmosphere can be better estimated.  
Much of the survey will take place on WOCE legs.  The US Department of Energy, 
Office of CO2 Research, is playing a major role in supporting this survey 
through funding of sea-going analytical teams and shore- based quality control 
activities.  The M 15/3 cruise on WOCE line A9 represents the first cruise of 
DOE's new program, and also represents the first cruise for the recently-formed 
BNL-CO2 group.  The primary goal during this cruise was to collect a high 
quality data set for the parameters Ct (total dissolved inorganic carbon) and 
pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide).  For quality control, additional 
samples were collected from selected stations for shore-based manometric 
analyses at Dr. C.D. Keeling's laboratory at the Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography.  Analysis of these samples represents one stage of the DOE data 
quality-control procedures for the CO2 survey.  Samples were also collected from 
several stations for alkalinity analyses by Dr. Catherine Goyet of the Woods 
Hole Oceanographic Institution.  In addition to Ct and pCO2, experimental 
measurements of pH, and some new transient tracers were attempted.

The experimental tracer program was undertaken in close collaboration with the 
Bremen University Freon program.

5.5.2	Methods

CO2

The Ct analyses were performed using an automated, dynamic headspace, 
coulometric CO2 analyser. This instrument, designed by K. M. Johnson, and 
constructed at BNL and the University of Rhode Island, is capable of 
exceptionally accurate and precise measurements at sea. The pCO2 analyses were 
made using a new static-headspace equilibration technique together with gas 
chromatography. This technique, developed at BNL after a method developed for 
methane by Johnson (Anal. Chem., 62: 2408, 1990) proved to be highly convenient 
for use at sea.

Experimental pH measurements were attempted using a custom pH cell interfaced to 
the dynamic headspace analyser.  In support of the CO2 program, Secchi disk 
readings were performed in order to provide an estimate of depth-integrated 
biomass.

Tracers

In conjunction with the CO2 program, our group made exploratory measurements of 
a suite of transient halocarbon tracers: notably F113 (CCl2FCClF2) and CCl4.  A 
new technique based on wide-bore capillary chromatography was utilised which 
gives good separation for the compounds of interest from naturally produced 
halocarbons such as methyl halides and chloroform.  The technique was developed 
at BNL in collaboration with colleagues at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography 
(Canada) and Chalmers Univ. Technology (Sweden).

5.5.3	Preliminary Results

CO2

Approximately 1000 coulometric analyses of Ct were made of samples from a total 
of 28 stations, with an estimated accuracy of approx 1 mol/kg.  In general, 
samples were analyzed from almost every depth sampled during a cast.  The pCO2 
data were collected from approximately 18 depths per CO2 station.  The Ct data 
show considerable differences between water masses and between the two deep 
basins as shown in the composite plots presented (Figure 45).  In general the 
Antarctic-derived water masses are marked by high carbonate levels whereas the 
North Atlantic Deep Water exhibits a local minimum.

The total carbonate data exhibit clear differences between the Brazil and Angola 
Basins, as demonstrated in the composite plot of all the data collected during 
the cruise (see Figure 45).  In addition there were strong zonal gradients in 
properties within each basin.

The differences are particularly pronounced between the bottom water masses.  In 
particular, note the relatively low and uniform carbonate values of the deep 
Angola Basin which reflect the influence of North Atlantic Deep Water in 
ventilating this basin.

Surface water pCO2 was close to equilibrium with the atmosphere throughout most 
of the section, with the exception of stations in the upwelling region off the 
African coast which displayed considerable supersaturation.  Further analyses 
will require close cooperation with colleagues responsible for the nutrient, 
oxygen and hydrographic measurements: we expect that the Ct data will prove 
useful for water mass studies in the region.

Tracers

At selected stations, samples were analysed for F12, F11, F113 and CCl4.  These 
measurements represent the first successful measurements of dissolved F113 in 
the Southern Hemisphere and probably the first reliable depth profiles of CCl4 
outside of highlatitude oceans.  While the technique is still under development, 
sufficient data were collected to emphasise both the potential and some 
limitations of F113 and CCl4 as tracers.  Considerable data analysis will be 
required before firm conclusions can be drawn, but we can tentatively suggest 
the following: (1) CCl4/F11 ratios over the Brazilian continental slope are 
consistent with an AABW age of approximately 25 years; (2) There appeared to be 
traces (0.04-0.07 pmol/kg) of above-background CCl4 in the deep water over the 
Mid-Ocean Ridge in the absence of detectable F11 or F12.  This might be a result 
of a longer input function for anthropogenic CCl4 which was introduced into the 
environment in significant quantities since the early 1900's; (3) CCl4 levels in 
the Angola Basin bottom waters were very low ( approx. 0.01 pmol/kg) but always 
above detection limit.  It is unclear whether this level reflects a 
preindustrial, natural background, or slight contamination; (4) CCl4/F11 ratios 
in subsurface waters >13 C, were lower than expected and suggest that chemical 
removal of CCl4 (e.g. hydrolysis) is probably significant in warm waters; (5) 
Detectable F113 was confined to the upper 300m of the water column: contrary to 
previous belief there were no major contamination problems for F113 sampling.  A 
more severe problem appears to be chromatographic interferences by natural 
halocarbons (e.g. CH3I).

5.6 	Air chemistry
	(M.O. Andreae, T. Andreae, St. de Mora)

The investigations concerned dimethylsulfide (DMS) and cloud condensation 
nuclei, with emphasis on the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur.  The study was 
based on the hypothesis that the density of cloud condensation nuclei is 
influenced by dimethylsulfide produced in the marine biosphere.

This hypothesis claims a connection between the following processes. Marine 
phytoplankton, in the presence of sunlight is able to produce a compound which 
decomposes in sea water and enters the atmosphere as dimethylsufilde (DMS).  DMS 
in turn, is unstable in the atmosphere and oxidizes to sulfate.  This sulfate 
forms particles and thus influences the cloud condensation nuclei density.  
Ultimately, these nuclei modify cloud formation and consequently the albedo of 
the earth.  This influences the global radiation balance and temperature, and 
provides a feedback cycle between the ocean and atmosphere by biological 
processes.  The mass flux from the marine biosphere into the atmosphere is 
approximately 40 Tg sulfur/year and consequently is of global importance. 

The following measurements were performed: DMS in sea water and in air, total 
number of aerosol particles in air, size spectra of aerosol particles in air, 
size spectra of aerosol particles, number of cloud nuclei and oversaturation 
spectrum, carbon in air, ozone and phase distribution of MSA.

The lowest DMS concentrations were found in the western part of the section (ca. 
1 nmol/L), the highest values in the east (up to 44 nmol/L).  Values were 
particularly large and variable in the Benguela Current region.

Particle concentrations decreased with distance from the South American 
continent, with lowest values of 60 cm-3 in the western basin and then 
increasing 
values up to 400 - 600 cm-3 in the east.  Carbon values were usually as low as 1 
- 5 ng m-3, with higher values near the continents.

The size distribution of aerosol showed that only 75% of particles in the 
western region were below 0.2 µm.  In the eastern region with larger total 
numbers the contribution of this size class increased to 90%.

Cloud nuclei numbers had a fairly constant ratio to particles <0.2 µm 
everywhere.  With water vapor oversaturation of 0.5% the number of nuclei was 
four times the number of the large particles.  The ratio of cloud nuclei to 
total particle number varied between 20 and 80%.  The nuclei number depends much 
less on the DMS oxydation rate than the total particle number. 


5.7	Nutrient Chemistry 
	(D.L.Bos, J.C.Jennings)

Chemists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and Oregon State 
University (OSU) carried out measurements for the dissolved inorganic nutrients; 
nitrate, phosphate, silicate and nitrite.  Samples were drawn from all depths at 
every rosette cast, and analyzed with a continuous flow analyzer.  SIO provided 
an Alpkem Corporation RFA 300 analyzer which was used in conjunction with a data 
acquisition system supplied by OSU.  Data from most stations were available 
within 24 hours, and a complete set of preliminary data was made available 
before the end of the cruise for merging with other bottle data.

The inorganic nutrient data are important in the interpretation of CO2 system 
data and as additional tracers of the movements of water masses.  The large 
vertical and zonal variations in concentration of nitrate and silicate in the 
water masses of the South Atlantic make nitrate and silicate particularly useful 
as water mass tracers in the deep and bottom water masses.  Figures 46 and 47 
are profiles from the deep, central regions of both basins, and graphically 
illustrate the different water mass properties encountered along the METEOR 15/3 
section.  Silicate concentrations in the bottom waters of the Brazil and Angola 
basins differ by over 50 micromoles/liter.  In the Brazil basin, concentrations 
of nitrate, phosphate and silicate increase below the broad minimum associated 
with NADW.

The topographically isolated bottom waters of the Angola Basin, in contrast, are 
nearly homogeneous in their nutrient concentrations below 3500 meters.  The 
nutrient maximum which is associated with the oxygen minimum below the main 
pycnocline is increasingly strongly developed along the West to East A9 cruise 
track.  Nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the nutrient maxima increase in 
the eastern South Atlantic, but silicate concentrations exhibit little 
variation.  The broad nutrient minimum in the 2000 - 3000 meter depths of the 
western South Atlantic is still present but much less pronounced in the east.

The nutrient measurements during M 15/3 were supported by the US WOCE 
Hydrographic Program.  In addition to obtaining the nutrient data from the WOCE 
A9 leg as part of the core hydrographic measurements, it was intended that the 
two participating chemists compare the methods and laboratory procedures in use 
by their respective institutions.  The goal is to develop standardized 
procedures which can be implemented in upcoming US WOCE cruises in the South 
Pacific.

Additional dissolved oxygen samples were collected and analyzed at 21 stations 
along the A9 cruise track to provide a comparison of the dissolved oxygen 
procedures used by IFMW with those of SIO.  This comparison included an exchange 
of reagents and comparison of blanks and standards.  Although the chemical 
methods employed by both institutions are the same, there are several procedural 
differences in the manner in which the samples are handled.  Postcruise 
calibrations and careful comparison of the dissolved oxygen data will be 
necessary to determine if there are any systematic differences in the two 
methods.

5.8	Observations of dissolved oxygen
	(D. Nehring, B. Wachs)

On all stations and from all bottles dissolved oxygen contents were determined 
using the methods of WINKLER (1888) and GRASSHOFF (1976).  More than 10 % were 
double samples at all concentrations to estimate a relative measurement error 
(standard deviation) of less 0.5 %.  The WOCE requirements are therefore 
fulfilled.  A more detailed description is given in the following table. 

DEPTH/m	DOUBLE 	MO2/cm3dm-3	STANDARD 	RELATIVE 
	SAMPLES			DEVIATION	ERROR
10	8	4.753		±0.0055 	±0.12% 
500	8	2.176		±0.0044 	±0.20% 
800	7	3.125		±0.0069 	±2.22% 
2500	8	5.377		±0.0061 	±0.11% 

The method described in the 'WHP Operations and Methods' differs slightly from 
the older WINKLER/GRASSHOFF methods used here.  However, comparison with 
measurements on synoptic samples taken sporadically by Bos (Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography) during this cruise show no systematic differences in the results 
obtained from both methods, with differences being usually less 0.03 ml/l.  
Nevertheless, for future precise measurements the WHP methods (WHP, 1990; 
CARPENTER, 1967) should be applied.  This not only recommended for consistency, 
but also because this method requires less concentrations of thiosulfate which 
may lead to lower errors in reading and less offset errors in titration.

The oxygen measurements also served to calibrate the oxygen sensor on the main 
CTD.

WHP section A9 on 19°S is placed between profiles VI (15-18 S) and VII (21-24 S) 
obtained from May to August 1926 on the German METEOR during her Atlantic 
Expedition.  The present vertical distribution of oxygen is comparable almost 
everywhere with that from profile VII.  Only close to the African coast where 
section A9 turns NE, the present measurements approximate those from profile VI.  
No significant differences between oxygen distributions observed in 1926 and 65 
years later in 1991 can be detected so far.

It may be noted that on the whole section an intermediate oxygen maximum can be 
identified.  In the Brazil Basin, it is found between 60 and 100 m depth, in the 
eastern part of the section at 150 to 250 m depth.  This supports the idea of an 
eastward undercurrent below the South Equatorial Benguela Current system.


6	LISTS
6.1	XBT Drops 

XBT Drops M 15/1-2

STATION	DATE		TIME	LATITUDE	LONGITUDE
001	30-DEC-1990	21:01	23° 47.00'S	43° 38.00'W
002	30-DEC-1990	21:15	23° 48.50'S	43° 37.10'W
003	30-DEC-1990	21:53	23° 54.50'S	43° 33.80'W
004	30-DEC-1990	22:56	24°  4.00'S	43° 28.50'W
005	30-DEC-1990	23:55	24° 13.10'S	43° 23.40'W
006	31-DEC-1990	 0:54	24° 22.40'S	43° 18.20'W
007	31-DEC-1990	 1:54	24° 31.90'S	43° 12.90'W
008	31-DEC-1990	 2:56	24° 41.80'S	43°  7.30'W
009	31-DEC-1990	 3:56	24° 51.40'S	43°  1.90'W
010	31-DEC-1990	 4:51	25°  0.30'S	42° 56.90'W
011	31-DEC-1990	 5:47	25°  9.20'S	42° 51.90'W
012	15-JAN-1991	20:22	24° 26.50'S	42° 39.90'W
013	15-JAN-1991	20:52	24° 22.10'S	42° 41.60'W
014	15-JAN-1991	21:22	24° 17.30'S	42° 44.10'W
015	15-JAN-1991	21:50	24° 13.40'S	42° 46.30'W
016	15-JAN-1991	22:21	24°  8.90'S	42° 48.90'W
017	15-JAN-1991	22:50	24°  4.00'S	42° 51.60'W
018	15-JAN-1991	23:20	23° 59.70'S	42° 54.50'W
019	15-JAN-1991	23:55	23° 54.10'S	42° 57.70'W
020	16-JAN-1991	 0:21	23° 49.90'S	43°  0.20'W
021	16-JAN-1991	 0:57	23° 44.60'S	43°  0.30'W
022	16-JAN-1991	 1:26	23° 39.80'S	43°  5.70'W
023	16-JAN-1991	 1:55	23° 34.80'S	43°  8.60'W
025	27-JAN-1991	16:24	34° 13.10'S	28° 54.40'W
026	27-JAN-1991	20:37	34° 17.50'S	28° 29.20'W
027	28-JAN-1991	 1:25	34° 23.60'S	27° 55.70'W
028	28-JAN-1991	16:26	35° 12.10'S	26° 45.50'W
029	28-JAN-1991	21:25	34° 40.00'S	26° 24.90'W
030	29-JAN-1991	 0: 7	34° 38.50'S	26° 32.50'W
031	29-JAN-1991	 2:52	34° 33.00'S	26° 57.90'W
032	29-JAN-1991	 9:25	34° 30.50'S	27° 15.20'W
033	29-JAN-1991	14: 5	34° 26.90'S	27° 37.60'W
034	29-JAN-1991	19:14	34° 22.30'S	27° 42.00'W
035	30-JAN-1991	 8: 4	33° 36.30'S	27° 40.30'W
036	31-JAN-1991	 1:57	32°  0.90'S	28° 23.40'W
037	31-JAN-1991	11:10	32°  0.90'S	28° 39.70'W
038	 1-FEB-1991	 1:53	26° 13.50'S	36° 30.50'W
039	 1-FEB-1991	 2:52	26°  4.20'S	36° 33.80'W
040	 1-FEB-1991	 3:54	25° 52.50'S	36° 38.70'W
041	 1-FEB-1991	 4:56	25° 42.00'S	36° 39.90'W
042	 1-FEB-1991	 5:52	25° 32.50'S	36° 42.90'W
044	 1-FEB-1991	 6:59	25° 20.80'S	36° 46.70'W
045	 1-FEB-1991	 7:53	25° 12.00'S	36° 49.50'W
047	 5-FEB-1991	 9:55	24° 49.50'S	36° 55.00'W
048	 5-FEB-1991	10:53	24° 39.80'S	36° 57.80'W
049	 5-FEB-1991	11:53	24° 28.80'S	37°  0.70'W
050	 5-FEB-1991	13: 3	24° 17.30'S	37°  5.50'W
051	 5-FEB-1991	13:14	24° 15.40'S	37°  6.10'W
052	 5-FEB-1991	13:59	24°  7.90'S	37°  8.10'W
053	 5-FEB-1991	14:59	23° 57.60'S	37° 11.10'W
055	 5-FEB-1991	16:10	23° 45.90'S	37° 14.70'W
056	 5-FEB-1991	16:58	23° 37.50'S	37° 17.30'W
057	 5-FEB-1991	17:57	23° 27.20'S	37° 20.30'W
058	 5-FEB-1991	18:57	23° 16.60'S	37° 23.50'W
059	 5-FEB-1991	19:58	23°  5.30'S	37° 26.90'W
060	 5-FEB-1991	20:57	22° 55.30'S	37° 28.20'W
061	 5-FEB-1991	21:54	22° 44.00'S	37° 30.50'W
062	 5-FEB-1991	22:57	22° 33.40'S	37° 33.50'W
064	 6-FEB-1991	 0: 9	22° 19.90'S	37° 37.80'W
065	 6-FEB-1991	 0:59	22° 11.10'S	37° 41.30'W
066	 6-FEB-1991	 2: 0	22°  2.10'S	37° 45.50'W
067	 6-FEB-1991	12:24	21° 13.30'S	38° 44.90'W
068	 6-FEB-1991	16: 9	20° 59.90'S	39°  7.10'W
069	 6-FEB-1991	18:44	20° 52.00'S	39° 19.50'W
070	 6-FEB-1991	21: 2	20° 45.30'S	39° 29.70'W
071	 6-FEB-1991	22:53	20° 42.50'S	39° 35.30'W
072	 7-FEB-1991	 0:58	20° 39.00'S	39° 40.00'W


XBT Drops M 15/3

STATION	DATE		TIME	LATITUDE	LONGITUDE
01	11-FEB-1991	 4:38	19°  0.00'S	38°  0.00'W
02	11-FEB-1991	 4:59	18° 59.30'S	37° 57.90'W
03	11-FEB-1991	 5:20	19°  0.00'S	37° 55.50'W
04	11-FEB-1991	 5:40	19°  0.10'S	37° 52.40'W
05	11-FEB-1991	 6: 0	19°  0.10'S	37° 49.90'W
06	11-FEB-1991	 6:20	19°  0.20'S	37° 47.60'W
07	11-FEB-1991	 6:40	19°  0.10'S	37° 45.30'W
08	11-FEB-1991	 7: 0	19°  0.00'S	37° 42.90'W
09	11-FEB-1991	 7:20	19°  0.70'S	37° 41.10'W
10	11-FEB-1991	 7:40	19°  0.00'S	37° 38.40'W
11	11-FEB-1991	 8: 0	19°  0.00'S	37° 36.10'W
12	11-FEB-1991	 8:20	19°  0.00'S	37° 33.70'W
13	11-FEB-1991	 8:40	18° 59.30'S	37° 30.90'W
14	11-FEB-1991	 9: 0	19°  0.10'S	37° 29.10'W
15	11-FEB-1991	 9:20	19°  0.10'S	37° 26.90'W
16	11-FEB-1991	 9:40	19°  0.00'S	37° 24.10'W
17	17-FEB-1991	10:47	18° 59.70'S	29° 27.40'W
18	17-FEB-1991	10:56	18° 59.80'S	29° 26.30'W
19	18-FEB-1991	 3:41	19°  0.00'S	28°  0.00'W
20	18-FEB-1991	13:37	18° 60.00'S	27°  7.50'W
21	18-FEB-1991	23: 6	19°  0.00'S	26° 15.00'W
22	19-FEB-1991	 8:59	18° 60.00'S	25° 22.50'W
23	20-FEB-1991	15:16	19°  0.00'S	24° 33.80'W
24	21-FEB-1991	 0:36	18° 60.00'S	23° 41.30'W
25	21-FEB-1991	10:28	19°  0.00'S	22° 48.80'W
26	21-FEB-1991	19:30	19°  0.00'S	21° 56.50'W
27	22-FEB-1991	 4:41	19°  0.00'S	21°  3.80'W
28	22-FEB-1991	13:48	19°  0.00'S	20° 11.30'W
29	23-FEB-1991	16:37	19°  0.00'S	18° 11.00'W
30	24-FEB-1991	 6:11	19°  0.00'S	17°  7.40'W
31	 5-MAR-1991	23:21	19° 35.90'S	 4° 31.60'W
32	 5-MAR-1991	 7:15	19° 35.70'S	 4°  0.50'W
33	 9-MAR-1991	11:58	19°  0.00'S	 1° 15.20'E
34	10-MAR-1991	 2:48	19°  0.00'S	 3° 52.30'E
35	11-MAR-1991	10:33	19°  0.00'S	 4° 23.90'E
36	11-MAR-1991	18: 3	19°  0.00'S	 4° 55.40'E
37	11-MAR-1991	19: 9	18° 60.00'S	 5°  5.50'E
38	11-MAR-1991	20:12	18° 60.00'S	 5° 16.60'E
39	12-MAR-1991	 1:50	19°  0.00'S	 5° 26.80'E
40	12-MAR-1991	 9:58	18° 58.80'S	 5° 58.50'E
41	17-MAR-1991	 1:29	18° 55.40'S	 8° 14.10'E
42	17-MAR-1991	 2:35	18° 50.80'S	 8° 23.80'E
43	17-MAR-1991	 9: 7	18° 41.50'S	 8° 43.10'E
44	17-MAR-1991	10: 9	18° 36.90'S	 8° 52.70'E
45	17-MAR-1991	16:38	18° 27.70'S	 9° 12.00'E
46	17-MAR-1991	17:37	18° 23.00'S	 9° 21.70'E
47	17-MAR-1991	23:34	18° 13.80'S	 9° 40.90'E
48	18-MAR-1991	 0:37	18°  9.20'S	 9° 50.60'E
49	18-MAR-1991	 6:16	18°  0.00'S	10°  0.20'E
50	18-MAR-1991	 6:26	17° 59.60'S	10° 10.70'E
51	18-MAR-1991	 7:36	17° 55.30'S	10° 19.50'E
52	18-MAR-1991	16: 1	17° 46.10'S	10° 38.80'E
53	18-MAR-1991	22:17	17° 36.90'S	10° 58.10'E
54	18-MAR-1991	23:24	17° 32.20'S	11°  7.70'E
55	18-MAR-1991	 0:26	17° 27.60'S	11° 17.40'E
56	19-MAR-1991	 1:42	17° 23.00'S	11° 27.00'E
57	19-MAR-1991	 1:58	17° 21.30'S	11° 26.70'E
58	19-MAR-1991	 4: 0	17°  0.00'S	11° 19.00'E
59	19-MAR-1991	 5:59	16° 38.00'S	11° 11.00'E
60	19-MAR-1991	 7:59	16° 17.40'S	11°  3.40'E
61	19-MAR-1991	10: 0	15° 56.60'S	10° 55.80'E
62	19-MAR-1991	12: 2	15° 36.30'S	10° 48.70'E
63	19-MAR-1991	13:58	15° 14.50'S	10° 40.70'E
64	19-MAR-1991	15:59	14° 53.70'S	10° 32.70'E
65	19-MAR-1991	17:59	14° 32.50'S	10° 25.80'E
66	19-MAR-1991	20: 0	14° 10.80'S	10° 17.90'E
67	19-MAR-1991	21:59	13° 49.50'S	10° 10.00'E
68	19-MAR-1991	23:59	13° 29.40'S	10°  3.90'E
69	20-MAR-1991	 1:58	13°  9.00'S	 9° 55.90'E
70	20-MAR-1991	 3:59	12° 48.00'S	 9° 48.70'E
71	20-MAR-1991	 5:59	12° 26.80'S	 9° 41.30'E
72	20-MAR-1991	 7:59	12°  6.00'S	 9° 33.50'E
73	20-MAR-1991	 9:59	11° 45.00'S	 9° 26.00'E
74	20-MAR-1991	11:59	11° 24.80'S	 9° 19.20'E
75	20-MAR-1991	14: 2	11°  4.00'S	 9° 11.80'E
76	20-MAR-1991	15:59	10° 43.00'S	 9°  4.60'E
77	20-MAR-1991	23:59	10° 17.20'S	 9°  6.40'E
78	21-MAR-1991	 1:59	 9° 56.90'S	 9° 16.10'E
79	21-MAR-1991	 3:59	 9° 36.90'S	 9° 25.50'E
80	21-MAR-1991	 5:59	 9° 17.50'S	 9° 35.40'E


6.2	CTD Stations

CTD Stations M 15/1-2

STN	 DATUM	   BEGINN	ENDE	     POSITION		TIEFE	ARBEITEN
NR.		   UTC		UTC	BREITE	    LÄNGE	1500m/s	BEMERKUNGEN
  1	 1.01.1991 12:06	13:05	27 53.86 S  46 42.48 W	2187	CT		Neu MSN
  2	 1.01.1991 16:04	17:40	27 50.00 S  46 55.10 W	1150	CT		Neu 
  3	 1.01.1991 18:38	19:12	27 47.04 S  47  6.25 W	 646	CT		Neu MSN
  4	 1.01.1991 21:37	22:01	27 44.14 S  47 15.05 W	( 255)	CT		Neu MSN
  5	 1.01.1991 23:50	00:10	27 42.35 S  47 20.81 W	 192	CT		Neu MSN
  6	 2.01.1991  2:59	03:18	27 40.05 S  47 30.00 W	 141	CT		
  7	 2.01.1991  9:09	10:19	27 56.98 S  46 28.21 W	(1735)	CT		
  8	 2.01.1991 14:23	17:53	28  0.04 S  46 21.20 W	2248	CT		Neu
  9	 2.01.1991 20:27	21:50	28  3.99 S  46  2.12 W	2488	CT		Neu MSN
 10	 3.01.1991  0:34	02:58	28  5.98 S  45 52.84 W	2734	CT		Neu MSN
 11	 3.01.1991  5:32	07:31	28 11.12 S  45 33.02 W	2863	CT		Neu MSN
 12	 3.01.1991 14:05	16:06	28 16.07 S  45 12.84 W	3273	CT		Neu MSN
 13	 3.01.1991 17:00	18:44	28 18.98 S  45  6.04 W	3369	CT		Neu MSN
 14	 3.01.1991 20:58	22:45	28 21.90 S  44 51.81 W	3445	CT		Neu MSN
 15	 4.01.1991  0:56	03:10	28 26.92 S  44 38.44 W	3596	CT		Neu MSN
 16	 4.01.1991  5:14	07:16	28 29.07 S  44 29.02 W	3634	CT		Neu MSN
 17	 4.01.1991 17:30	19:33	28 37.01 S  44 14.36 W	3700	CT		Neu MSN
 18	 4.01.1991 23:14	01:17	28 42.67 S  44  5.56 W	3772	CT		Neu MSN
 19	 5.01.1991  3:24	05:37	28 50.06 S  43 45.66 W	3805	CT		Neu MSN
 20	 5.01.1991 15:51	18:00	29  2.88 S  43 31.03 W	3922	CT		Neu MSN
 21	 5.01.1991 19:58	22:05	29 10.47 S  43 18.88 W	4020	CT	G	Neu MSN
 22	 6.01.1991  0:07	02:35	29 17.38 S  43  7.11 W	4020	CT	G	Neu MSN
 23	 6.01.1991  4:54	07:00	29 24.43 S  42 55.02 W	4021	CT	G	Neu MSN
 24	 6.01.1991 16:45	16:53	29 32.97 S  42 42.36 W	4022	CT	G	Neu MSN
 25	 6.01.1991 20:34	22:45	29 40.31 S  42 28.34 W	4020	CT	G	Neu MSN
 26	 7.01.1991  1:05	03:14	29 48.50 S  42 14.05 W	3938	CT	G	Neu MSN
 27	 7.01.1991  5:28	07:21	29 56.47 S  41 59.27 W	3873	CT	G	Neu MSN
 28	 7.01.1991 15:45	17:46	30  5.85 S  41 41.57 W	3782	CT	G	Neu MSN
 29	 7.01.1991 19:05	21:06	30 12.49 S  41 31.17 W	3842	CT	G	Neu MSN
 30	 7.01.1991 23:23	01:35	30 20.05 S  41 17.07 W	3874	CT	G	Neu MSN
 31	 8.01.1991  3:59	06.03	30 27.80 S  41  2.80 W	3714	CT	G	Neu MSN
 32	 8.01.1991 12:08	14:19	30 34.91 S  40 47.37 W	3736	CT	G	Neu MSN
 33	 8.01.1991 16:40	18:15	30 45.72 S  40 31.95 W	3720	C	G	
 34	 8.01.1991 20:03	21:40	30 55.78 S  40 16.90 W	3834	C	G	
 35	 8.01.1991 23:37	01:12	31  6.50 S  40  0.10 W	3708	C	G	
 36	 9.01.1991 13:10	16:03	31 11.81 S  39 45.87 W	4979	CT	G	
 37	 9.01.1991 18:37	20:43	31  9.44 S  39 26.74 W	4321	CT	G	Neu MSN
 39	11.01.1991 12:28	14:47	31  4.93 S  39  9.23 W	4172	CT	G	Neu MSN
 40	11.01.1991 19:54	21:52	31  9.79 S  39 25.75 W	4668	C	G	
 41	11.01.1991 23:03	01.40	31 11.99 S  39 25.98 W	4575	C	G	
 42	12.01.1991  4:20	06:20	31 12.01 S  39 23.97 W	4605	C	G	
 43	12.01.1991  6:57	08:55	31 12.06 S  39 21.08 W	4618	C	G	
 44	12.01.1991 12:38	14:15	31  8.96 S  38 49.52 W	3614	CT	G	
 46	12.01.1991 19:51	21:54	31 10.64 S  39  4.62 W	4207	C	G	
 47	12.01.1991 22:56	00:53	31 11.49 S  39 14.50 W	4067	C		
 48	13.01.1991  1:15	02:59	31 12.01 S  39 16.04 W	4067	C	G	
 49	13.01.1991  3:27	05:23	31 12.00 S  39 19.00 W	4480	C	G	
 50	13.01.1991  6:35	08:25	31 12.02 S  39 28.01 W	4153	C	G	
 51	13.01.1991  9:01	10:48	31  9.15 S  39 31.58 W	4414	C	G	
 52	13.01.1991 11:34	14:00	31  5.86 S  39 32.36 W	4461	CT	G	
 53	13.01.1991 14:46	17:00	31  4.93 S  39 38.08 W	4268	CT	G	
 54	14.01.1991  4:15	04:47	29 24.90 S  39 38.00 W	(4300)	C	G	Neu MSN
 55	14.01.1991 16:32	17:02	27 56.50 S  40 22.00 W	(4000)	C		Neu MSN
 56	15.01.1991 18:47	19:42	24 27.99 S  42 37.98 W	1549	CT	G	Neu MSN
 57	19.01.1991  4:42	04:59	23 27.84 S  41 34.84 W	 130	CT	G	
 58	19.01.1991  5:55	06:10	23 33.95 S  41 31.04 W	 139	CT	G	
 59	19.01.1991  7:17	07:30	23 41.10 S  41 26.87 W	 158	CT	G	
 60	19.01.1991  8:09	08:32	23 45.02 S  41 25.05 W	 549	CT	G	2Neu 2MSN
 61	19.01.1991 11:07	11:57	23 47.99 S  41 22.06 W	 964	CT	G	
 62	19.01.1991 12:58	14:06	23 54.72 S  41 18.16 W	1417	CT(FR)	G	
 63	19.01.1991 15:01	16:34	24  3.02 S  41 15.00 W	2019	CT	G	
 64	19.01.1991 18:13	19:33	24 16.01 S  41  6.98 W	2398	CT	G	Neu MSN 
 65	19.01.1991 22:12	23:48	24 29.51 S  40 58.48 W	2674	CT(FR)	G	
 66	20.01.1991  5:25	07:28	25 19.03 S  40 33.10 W	3178	CT(FR)	G	
 67	20.01.1991 15:25	17:44	26 35.05 S  39 44.98 W	4279	CT(FR)	G	Neu MSN
 68	21.01.1991  3:45	06:20	27 55.00 S  38 50.07 W	4244	CTFR	G	Neu MSN
 69	21.01.1991 14:11	16:55	29  7.99 S  38 59.94 W	4686	CTFR	G	Neu MSN
 70	21.01.1991 23:01	01:17	30  0.05 S  39 20.05 W	4785	CT(FR)	G	
 71	22.01.1991  9:02	11:45	30 59.05 S  39 28.92 W	4700	CTFR HE 3H	G	
 72	22.01.1991 23:20	01:50	31  9.71 S  38 46.81 W	3568	CTFR	G	
 73	23.01.1991  3:53	05:47	31  2.93 S  38 24.25 W	3254	CT	G	
 74	23.01.1991  9:15	11:10	30 56.83 S  38  2.58 W	2983	CTFR	G	Neu MSN
 75	23.01.1991 16:27	17:44	30 43.44 S  37  7.93 W	1868	CTFR	G	
 76	23.01.1991 22:25	23:18	30 30.48 S  36  12.78 W	1073	CTFR	G	
 77	24.01.1991  7:46	08:46	30 16.73 S  35  17.02 W	1312	CT	G	2Neu 2MSN
 78	24.01.1991 22:29	22:56	31  0.03 S  33 59.98 W	 940	C	G	
 79	25.01.1991  4:24	05:25	31 43.01 S  33 26.88 W	2225	C	G	
 80	25.01.1991  6:51	08:15	31 54.06 S  33 15.85 W	2225	C	G	
 81	25.01.1991 12:59	15:21	32 35.08 S  32 36.95 W	(4180)	CTFR	G	Neu MSN
 82	25.01.1991 21:15	22:35	33 15.11 S  31 54.95 W	3118	C	G	
 83	26.01.1991 14:16	17:04	33 51.91 S  30 53.92 W	5164	CTFR	G	Neu MSN
 84	27.01.1991 11:27	12:53	34 11.67 S  29 13.63 W	3554	C	G	
 85	27.01.1991 14:36	16:15	34 13.00 S  28 55.00 W	3923	C	G	
 86	27.01.1991 18:29	20:35	34 17.33 S  28 30.13 W	4068	CFR HE 3H	G	
 87	27.01.1991 23:25	01:15	34 23.52 S  27 55.47 W	4142	C(FR)	G	
 88	28.01.1991 14:03	16:20	35 12.31 S  26 45.39 W	4056	CTFR	G	
 89	28.01.1991 20:18	21:20	34 39.99 S  26 24.94 W	2378	C	G	
 90	28.01.1991 22:27	00:00	34 38.88 S  26 32.04 W	3504	C	G	
 91	29.01.1991  3:12	03:02	34 32.55 S  26 59.98 W	4362	C	G	Neu MSN
 92	29.01.1991  7:25	09:20	34 30.14 S  27 15.06 W	4280	C	G	
 93	29.01.1991 11:43	14:00	34 26.97 S  27 37.11 W	4143	C	G	
 94	29.01.1991 17:13	19:15	34 22.24 S  27 41.31 W	4489	C	G	
 95	30.01.1991  5:40	08:02	33 36.00 S  27 39.88 W	4051	CTFR HE 3H	G	
 96	30.01.1991 13:07	15:17	32 47.20 S  27 45.00 W	3622		G	
 97	31.01.1991  0:03	01:48	32  0.93 S  28 22.96 W	4125	C	G	
 98	31.01.1991  4:33	06:44	31 39.93 S  28 40.08 W	3961	CTFR HE 3H	G	
 99	31.01.1991 12:10	15:00	31 37.43 S  28 47.75 W	3783	CTFR	G	
100	31.01.1991 20:48	22:15	31 35.30 S  28 54.14 W	3348	C	G	Neu MSN
101	 1.02.1991  4:29	06:00	31 30.72 S  29  5.94 W	2903	C	G	
102	 1.02.1991  9:06	10:33	31 39.88 S  29 39.42 W	3435	C	G	
103	 1.02.1991 22:49	01:06	31 39.64 S  30  2.03 W	3703	CTFR	G	
104	 2.02.1991  2:55	04:58	31 29.41 S  30 19.49 W	4946	CT	G	
105	 2.02.1991 12:53	13:21	31  9.93 S  30 54.93 W	4073	CTFR	G	Neu MSN
106	 3.02.1991  6:03	07:00	28 50.15 S  31  4.94 W	1970	C	G	
107	 3.02.1991 12:08	13:20	28 35.48 S  31 23.07 W	2853	C	G	
108	 3.02.1991 14:32	16:30	28 27.15 S  31 30.55 W	3577	CTFR	G	
109	 3.02.1991 18:25	20:40	28 16.41 S  31 40.46 W	4232	CTFR	G	
110	 3.02.1991 22:07	00:35	28  6.88 S  31 49.98 W	4881	CT(FR)	G	
111	 3.02.1991 00:33	01:35	26 14.60 S  36 30.00 W	 ( )		G	
112	 6.02.1991  3:20	05:27	21 47.25 S  37 50.98 W	3657	CTFR	G	
113	 6.02.1991  9:50	11:07	21 19.88 S  38 34.07 W	2721	C	G	
114	 6.02.1991 13:30	14:48	21  6.81 S  38 54.99 W	2492	C	G	
115	 6.02.1991 17:16	18:15	20 54.13 S  39 16.02 W	2215	C	G	
116	 6.02.1991 19:40	20:42	20 46.93 S  39 27.01 W	2075	C	G	
117	 6.02.1991 21:31	22:27	20 44.24 S  39 33.35 W	1985	C	G	
118	 6.02.1991 23:19	00:14	20 40.98 S  39 38.01 W	1840	C	G	
119	 7.02.1991  1:38	02:38	20 40.61 S  39 37.14 W	1587	C	G	
120	 7.02.1991  3:50	04:22	20 33.07 S  39 51.12 W	1121	C	G	
121	 7.02.1991  5:25	05:35	20 30.08 S  39 56.09 W	  61	C		


6.2	CTD Stations M 15/3

EXPOCODE	WHP-ID	STNNBR	CASTNO	TYPE	DATE	TIME	CODE	LATIUDE		LONGITUDE	CODE	DEPTH	WHEEL	COMMENTS
06MT15/3	A9	122	  1	ROS	021191	1021	BO	19  0.00 S	37 25.40 W	DR	3514	3472	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	122	  2	ROS	021191	1339	BO	19  0.30 S	37 25.80 W	DR	3510	2970	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	123	  3	ROS	021191	1813	BO	19  0.30 S	37 35.40 W	DR	3370	3375	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	124	  4	ROS	021191	2158	BO	19  0.00 S	37 40.30 W	DR	3376	3327	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	125	  5	ROS	021291	0217	BO	19  0.10 S	37 45.00 W	DR	2354	2311	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	126	  6	ROS	021291	0616	BO	19  0.10 S	37 49.10 W	DR	 349	 340	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	127	  7	ROS	021291	1008	BO	18 59.60 S	37 26.40 W	DR	3477	3476	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	127	  8	ROS	021291	1305	BO	19  0.00 S	37 27.10 W	DR	3522	2971	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	128	  9	ROS	021291	1636	BO	19  0.10 S	37 15.60 W	DR	3522	3530	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	129	 10	ROS	021291	2132	BO	18 59.40 S	37  5.30 W	DR	3627	3617	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	130	 11	ROS	011391	0233	BO	19  0.20 S	36 54.30 W	DR	3707	3704	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	131	 12	ROS	011391	0847	BO	18 59.70 S	36 23.10 W	DR	3872	3880	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	132	 13	ROS	011391	1425	BO	19  0.00 S	35 50.60 W	DR	4002	 690	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	132	 14	ROS	011391	1622	BO	19  0.00 S	35 50.50 W	DR	4000	4017	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	133	 15	ROS	011391	2148	BO	19  0.00 S	35 18.70 W	DR	4115	 487	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	133	 16	ROS	021391	2327	BO	19  0.00 S	35 18.80 W	DR	4111	4138	CTD wrong
06MT15/3	A9	134	 17	ROS	021491	0440	BO	19  0.00 S	34 46.90 W	DR	4420	 514	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	134	 18	ROS	021491	0621	BO	19  0.00 S	34 47.10 W	DR	4221	4198	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	135	 19	ROS	021491	1126	BO	19  0.10 S	34 15.30 W	DR	4257	 492	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	135	 20	ROS	021491	1312	BO	18 59.90 S	34 15.30 W	DR	4274	4221	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	136	 21	ROS	021491	1816	BO	18 59.90 S	33 43.10 W	DR	4307	 494	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	136	 22	ROS	021491	1951	BO	18 59.70 S	33 43.40 W	DR	4304	4275	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	137	 23	ROS	021591	0106	BO	19  0.00 S	33 11.60 W	DR	4292	 493	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	137	 24	ROS	021591	0245	BO	18 59.90 S	33 11.50 W	DR	4288	4248	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	138	 25	ROS	021591	0808	BO	18 59.90 S	32 40.10 W	DR	4190	 492	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	138	 26	ROS	021591	0935	BO	18 59.90 S	32 39.90 W	DR	4190	4183	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	139	 27	ROS	021591	1440	BO	19  0.00 S	32  8.40 W	DR	4272	 481	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	139	 28	ROS	021591	1622	BO	19  0.10 S	32  8.40 W	DR	4365	4225	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	140	 29	ROS	021591	2152	BO	18 59.70 S	31 36.30 W	DR	4337	 585	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	140	 30	ROS	021591	2333	BO	18 59.50 S	31 36.30 W	DR	4352	4308	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	141	 31	ROS	021691	0445	BO	19  0.00 S	31  4.80 W	DR	4457	 594	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	141	 32	ROS	021691	0643	BO	18 59.80 S	31  4.80 W	DR	4454	4433	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	142	 33	ROS	021691	1201	BO	18 59.90 S	30 33.10 W	DR	4648	 691	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	142	 34	ROS	021691	1352	BO	19  0.10 S	30 33.20 W	DR	4645	4619	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	143	 35	ROS	021691	1916	BO	19  0.00 S	30  1.40 W	DR	4796	 790	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	143	 36	ROS	021691	2100	BO	18 59.60 S	30  1.20 W	DR	4793	4786	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	144	 37	ROS	021791	0221	BO	19  0.10 S	29 29.70 W	DR	4868	 693	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	144	 38	ROS	021791	0433	BO	19  0.00 S	29 29.70 W	DR	4869	4866	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	145	 39	ROS	021791	1004	BO	18 59.80 S	28 57.90 W	DR	5029	 892	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	145	 40	ROS	021791	1154	BO	18 59.60 S	28 58.00 W	DR	5013	5009	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	146	 41	ROS	021791	1716	BO	19  0.10 S	28 26.20 W	DR	5079	 892	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	146	 42	ROS	021791	1918	BO	18 59.90 S	28 26.30 W	DR	5084	5078	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	147	 43	ROS	021891	0238	BO	19  0.00 S	27 33.70 W	DR	5343	 990	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	147	 44	ROS	021891	0451	BO	19  0.00 S	27 33.50 W	DR	5345	5331	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	148	 45	ROS	021891	1232	BO	18 59.90 S	26 41.30 W	DR	5568	1088	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	148	 46	ROS	021891	1432	BO	18 59.90 S	26 41.10 W	DR	5562	5560	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	149	 47	ROS	021991	0011	BO	18 59.90 S	25 48.70 W	DR	5774	1386	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	149	 48	ROS	021991	0220	BO	19  0.20 S	25 48.40 W	DR	5771	5774	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	150	 49	ROS	021991	1239	BO	19 45.10 S	24 59.90 W	DR	5548	 987	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	150	 50	ROS	021991	1435	BO	19 45.10 S	25 59.90 W	DR	5516	5439	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	151	 51	ROS	021991	2153	BO	18 59.90 S	24 59.90 W	DR	5861	1192	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	151	 52	ROS	021991	2358	BO	18 59.70 S	24 59.70 W	DR	5874	5863	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	152	 53	ROS	022091	0520	BO	18 31.90 S	25  0.10 W	DR	5462	1087	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	152	 54	ROS	022091	0733	BO	18 31.90 S	25  0.10 W	DR	5488	5491	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	153	 55	ROS	022091	1623	BO	19  1.00 S	24  7.20 W	DR	5687	 880	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	153	 56	ROS	022091	1820	BO	19  0.90 S	24  7.40 W	DR	5692	4927	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	154	 57	ROS	022191	0129	BO	19  0.10 S	23 14.90 W	DR	5724	 888	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	154	 58	ROS	022191	0327	BO	19  0.10 S	23 14.90 W	DR	5728	5676	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	155	 59	ROS	022191	1120	BO	18 59.90 S	22 22.50 W	DR	5318	 889	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	155	 60	ROS	022191	1310	BO	18 59.90 S	22 22.50 W	DR	5301	5252	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	156	 61	ROS	022191	2018	BO	18 59.90 S	21 29.80 W	DR	5356	 892	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	156	 62	ROS	022191	2212	BO	18 59.80 S	21 30.00 W	DR	5281	5303	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	157	 63	ROS	022291	0527	BO	19  0.00 S	20 37.50 W	DR	4916	 707	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	157	 64	ROS	022291	0720	BO	19  0.10 S	20 37.50 W	DR	4910	4899	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	158	 65	ROS	022291	1432	BO	19  0.10 S	19 45.00 W	DR	4718	 690	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	158	 66	ROS	022291	1612	BO	19  0.00 S	19 45.00 W	DR	4724	4633	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	159	 67	ROS	022291	2145	BO	18 59.90 S	19 13.40 W	DR	5015	 691	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	159	 68	ROS	022291	2327	BO	18 59.90 S	19 13.40 W	DR	5016	4944	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	160	 69	ROS	022391	0436	BO	19  0.00 S	18 41.90 W	DR	4457	 494	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	160	 70	ROS	022391	0622	BO	19  0.00 S	18 42.00 W	DR	4444	4389	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	161	 71	ROS	022391	1230	BO	19  0.10 S	18 10.70 W	DR	3987	3983	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	161	 72	ROS	022391	1408	BO	19  0.10 S	18 10.90 W	DR	3938	 490	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	162	 73	ROS	022391	1755	BO	19  0.00 S	17 39.00 W	DR	4164	 593	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	162	 74	ROS	022391	1929	BO	19  0.00 S	17 39.00 W	DR	4164	4157	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	163	 75	ROS	022491	0052	BO	19  0.00 S	17  7.60 W	DR	3663	 393	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	163	 76	ROS	022491	0223	BO	19  0.00 S	17  7.60 W	DR	3672	3631	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	164	 77	ROS	022491	0720	BO	19  0.00 S	16 36.00 W	DR	3514	 329	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	164	 78	ROS	022491	0843	BO	19  0.00 S	16 36.00 W	DR	3516	3514	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	165	 79	ROS	022491	1339	BO	19  0.10 S	16  4.70 W	DR	3701	 292	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	165	 80	ROS	022491	1454	BO	19  0.00 S	16  4.80 W	DR	3706	3704	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	166	 81	ROS	022491	1932	BO	19  0.00 S	15 32.90 W	DR	3678	 295	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	166	 82	ROS	022491	2047	BO	18 59.90 S	15 32.90 W	DR	3672	3651	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	167	 83	ROS	022591	0155	BO	19  0.00 S	15  1.60 W	DR	3715	 293	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	167	 84	ROS	022591	0315	BO	18 59.70 S	15  1.50 W	DR	3676	3662	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	168	 85	ROS	022591	1014	BO	19 40.00 S	14 59.90 W	DR	3723	3712	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	169	 86	ROS	022591	1645	BO	20 20.00 S	14 59.80 W	DR	3656	3551	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	170	 87	ROS	022591	2337	BO	21  0.10 S	15  0.50 W	DR	3892	3915	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	171	 88	ROS	022691	0617	BO	21 40.00 S	15  0.00 W	DR	4277	4253	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	172	 89	ROS	022691	1311	BO	22 20.00 S	15  0.10 W	DR	4113	4101	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	173	 90	ROS	022691	1950	BO	23  0.10 S	15  0.00 W	DR	4738	4818	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	174	 91	ROS	022791	0208	BO	23 40.00 S	15  0.00 W	DR	3875	 246	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	174	 92	ROS	022791	0329	BO	23 39.80 S	14 59.70 W	DR	3876	3834	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	175	 93	ROS	022891	1029	BO	18 59.90 S	14 29.90 W	DR	3581	 247	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	175	 94	ROS	022891	1140	BO	18 59.90 S	14 30.10 W	DR	3575	3575	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	176	 95	ROS	022891	1637	BO	18 59.90 S	13 58.60 W	DR	3271	 244	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	176	 96	ROS	022891	1755	BO	19  0.00 S	13 59.00 W	DR	3231	3234	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	177	 97	ROS	022891	2303	BO	19  0.00 S	13 27.00 W	DR	3981	 329	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	177	 98	ROS	030191	0027	BO	18 59.80 S	13 26.80 W	DR	3863	3846	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	178	 99	ROS	030191	0922	BO	18 59.70 S	12 54.90 W	DR	3197	3065	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	179	100	ROS	030191	1452	BO	19  0.00 S	12 24.20 W	DR	2329	2209	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	180	101	ROS	030191	2005	BO	19  0.00 S	11 52.50 W	DR	2879	2835	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	181	102	ROS	030291	0144	BO	19  0.00 S	11 20.90 W	DR	3122	3122	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	182	103	ROS	030291	0730	BO	18 59.90 S	10 49.50 W	DR	3499	3400	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	183	104	ROS	030291	1349	BO	18 59.80 S	10 18.00 W	DR	3644	3410	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	184	105	ROS	030291	1856	BO	19  0.00 S	 9 46.50 W	DR	3829	 391	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	184	106	ROS	030291	2023	BO	18 59.90 S	 9 46.50 W	DR	3836	3818	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	185	107	ROS	030391	0142	BO	18 59.30 S	 9 14.40 W	DR	4055	 398	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	185	108	ROS	030391	0311	BO	18 59.60 S	 9 13.60 W	DR	4082	4115	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	186	109	ROS	030391	0840	BO	18 59.90 S	 8 43.40 W	DR	3997	 993	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	186	110	ROS	030391	1009	BO	18 59.50 S	 8 43.30 W	DR	4093	3993	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	187	111	ROS	030391	1542	BO	19 12.00 S	 8 11.90 W	DR	4166	 992	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	187	112	ROS	030391	1718	BO	19 11.60 S	 8 11.80 W	DR	4181	4141	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	188	113	ROS	030391	2254	BO	19 24.10 S	 7 40.50 W	DR	4622	 998	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	188	114	ROS	030491	0036	BO	19 23.80 S	 7 40.20 W	DR	4619	4633	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	189	115	ROS	030491	0626	BO	19 36.00 S	 7  9.10 W	DR	4540	1030	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	189	116	ROS	030491	0814	BO	19 35.90 S	 7  9.10 W	DR	4542	4520	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	190	117	ROS	030491	1341	BO	19 35.90 S	 6 37.60 W	DR	4323	1001	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	190	118	ROS	030491	1513	BO	19 36.20 S	 6 37.30 W	DR	4327	4274	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	191	119	ROS	030491	2008	BO	19 36.10 S	 6  5.80 W	DR	4676	1183	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	191	120	ROS	030491	2151	BO	19 35.60 S	 6  6.20 W	DR	4656	4693	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	192	121	ROS	030591	0330	BO	19 35.40 S	 5 34.80 W	DR	4792	 989	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	192	122	ROS	030591	0530	BO	19 35.50 S	 5 34.90 W	DR	4795	4801	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	193	123	ROS	030591	1125	BO	19 35.90 S	 5  3.00 W	DR	4791	 990	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	193	124	ROS	030591	1314	BO	19 35.50 S	 5  3.00 W	DR	4891	4887	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	194	125	ROS	030591	1858	BO	19 35.90 S	 4 31.30 W	DR	5079	1034	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	194	126	ROS	030591	2050	BO	19 35.80 S	 4 31.50 W	DR	5077	5067	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	195	127	ROS	030691	0256	BO	19 35.80 S	 4  0.10 W	DR	4854	 790	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	195	128	ROS	030691	0500	BO	19 35.60 S	 4  0.50 W	DR	4957	4939	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	196	129	ROS	030691	1107	BO	19 24.00 S	 3 28.60 W	DR	5306	1098	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	196	130	ROS	030691	1257	BO	19 23.90 S	 3 28.60 W	DR	5308	5241	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	197	131	ROS	030691	1829	BO	19 11.80 S	 2 56.90 W	DR	4802	 894	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	197	132	ROS	030691	2026	BO	19 11.90 S	 2 56.80 W	DR	4759	4678	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	198	133	ROS	030791	0209	BO	19  0.00 S	 2 25.40 W	DR	4961	 897	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	198	134	ROS	030791	0352	BO	18 59.90 S	 2 24.60 W	DR	5029	4970	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	199	135	ROS	030791	0916	BO	19  0.00 S	 1 54.10 W	DR	5126	 995	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	199	136	ROS	030791	1259	BO	18 59.90 S	 1 53.90 W	DR	5128	5019	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	200	137	ROS	030791	1811	BO	19  0.00 S	 1 22.50 W	DR	4795	 888	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	200	138	ROS	030791	2003	BO	19  0.00 S	 1 22.50 W	DR	4778	4711	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	201	139	ROS	030891	0131	BO	19  0.00 S	 0 51.00 W	DR	5142	 790	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	201	140	ROS	030891	0314	BO	18 59.90 S	 0 51.20 W	DR	5119	5106	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	202	141	ROS	030891	0901	BO	18 59.90 S	 0 19.60 W	DR	4523	 891	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	202	142	ROS	030891	1043	BO	18 59.80 S	 0 20.00 W	DR	4565	4482	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	203	143	ROS	030891	1610	BO	19  0.00 S	 0 11.80 E	DR	5530	1087	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	203	144	ROS	030891	1815	BO	18 59.90 S	 0 12.00 E	DR	5530	5474	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	204	145	ROS	030991	0002	BO	18 59.90 S	 0 43.50 E	DR	5537	1186	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	204	146	ROS	030991	0155	BO	18 59.70 S	 0 43.70 E	DR	5539	5477	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	205	147	ROS	030991	0744	BO	18 59.90 S	 1 15.00 E	DR	5500	1187	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	205	148	ROS	030991	0946	BO	19  0.00 S	 1 15.00 E	DR	5497	5468	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	206	149	ROS	030991	1525	BO	19  0.00 S	 1 46.50 E	DR	5497	1186	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	206	150	ROS	030991	1732	BO	19  0.00 S	 1 46.20 E	DR	5490	5424	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	207	151	ROS	030991	2310	BO	19  0.00 S	 2 18.00 E	DR	5516	1189	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	207	152	ROS	031091	0117	BO	19  0.00 S	 2 18.00 E	DR	5514	5459	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	208	153	ROS	031091	0716	BO	19  0.00 S	 2 49.60 E	DR	5504	1186	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	208	154	ROS	031091	0916	BO	19  0.00 S	 2 49.60 E	DR	5507	5449	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	209	155	ROS	031091	1503	BO	19  0.00 S	 3 21.00 E	DR	5491	1185	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	209	156	ROS	031091	1651	BO	19  0.20 S	 3 20.80 E	DR	5492	5446	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	210	157	ROS	031091	2225	BO	18 59.90 S	 3 52.60 E	DR	5474	1190	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	210	158	ROS	031191	0025	BO	18 59.70 S	 3 52.60 E	DR	5471	5426	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	211	159	ROS	031191	0630	BO	18 59.80 S	 4 23.90 E	DR	5462	1088	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	211	160	ROS	031191	0838	BO	18 59.70 S	 4 24.00 E	DR	5461	5409	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	212	161	ROS	031191	1405	BO	19  0.10 S	 4 55.50 E	DR	5249	 991	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	212	162	ROS	031191	1555	BO	18 59.80 S	 4 55.10 E	DR	5248	5245	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	213	163	ROS	031191	2145	BO	18 59.90 S	 5 27.20 E	DR	5161	 999	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	213	164	ROS	031191	2333	BO	19  0.00 S	 5 27.00 E	DR	5159	5101	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	214	165	ROS	031291	0544	BO	18 59.90 S	 5 58.50 E	DR	5362	1090	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	214	166	ROS	031291	0747	BO	19  0.00 S	 5 58.40 E	DR	5364	5310	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	215	167	ROS	031291	1357	BO	18 59.50 S	 6 30.30 E	DR	5317	1095	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	215	168	ROS	031291	1544	BO	18 59.50 S	 6 30.30 E	DR	5314	5273	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	216	169	ROS	031491	0500	BO	23 23.80 S	 6  0.50 E	DR	2284	2225	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	217	170	ROS	031491	1110	BO	22 56.90 S	 6 31.00 E	DR	2395	2359	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	218	171	ROS	031491	1724	BO	22 30.10 S	 7  1.70 E	DR	2054	2032	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	219	172	ROS	031491	2353	BO	22  3.00 S	 7 33.00 E	DR	3047	2996	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	220	173	ROS	031591	0452	BO	21 38.60 S	 7 32.90 E	DR	3164	3122	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	221	174	ROS	031591	0903	BO	21 24.00 S	 7 33.10 E	DR	3156	3123	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	222	175	ROS	031591	1305	BO	21  9.10 S	 7 33.10 E	DR	2903	2822	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	223	176	ROS	031591	1744	BO	20 47.30 S	 7 33.10 E	DR	3028	2979	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	224	177	ROS	031691	0537	BO	18 59.60 S	 7  1.30 E	DR	5306	 995	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	224	178	ROS	031691	0737	BO	18 59.70 S	 7  1.40 E	DR	5308	5206	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	225	179	ROS	031691	1331	BO	19  0.10 S	 7 33.00 E	DR	5223	2456	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	225	180	ROS	031691	1451	BO	19  0.10 S	 7 33.00 E	DR	5224	 986	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	225	181	ROS	031691	1646	BO	18 59.70 S	 7 33.10 E	DR	5225	5138	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	226	182	ROS	031691	2210	BO	19  0.10 S	 8  4.50 E	DR	5132	1015	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	226	183	ROS	031691	2409	BO	19  0.50 S	 8  4.90 E	DR	5131	5056	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	227	184	ROS	031791	0608	BO	18 46.80 S	 8 32.90 E	DR	4928	 896	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	227	185	ROS	031791	0803	BO	18 46.80 S	 8 33.30 E	DR	4958	4899	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	228	186	ROS	031791	1335	BO	18 32.20 S	 9  2.20 E	DR	4770	 795	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	228	187	ROS	031791	1519	BO	18 32.20 S	 9  1.90 E	DR	4772	4696	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	229	188	ROS	031791	2058	BO	18 18.40 S	 9 31.50 E	DR	4424	 607	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	229	189	ROS	031791	2240	BO	18 18.50 S	 9 31.70 E	DR	4417	4334	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	230	190	ROS	031891	0357	BO	18  4.70 S	10  0.30 E	DR	4128	 498	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	230	191	ROS	031891	0532	BO	18  4.30 S	10  0.40 E	DR	4124	4046	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	231	192	ROS	031891	1056	BO	17 51.10 S	10 29.00 E	DR	3590	 412	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	231	193	ROS	031891	1218	BO	17 51.10 S	10 29.00 E	DR	3598	3523	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	231	194	ROS	031891	1529	BO	17 50.70 S	10 29.10 E	DR	3589	3516	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	232	195	ROS	031891	1931	BO	17 41.50 S	10 48.40 E	DR	3047	 304	CTD 2
06MT15/3	A9	232	196	ROS	031891	2051	BO	17 41.50 S	10 48.30 E	DR	3045	2975	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	233	197	ROS	032091	2041	BO	10 29.90 S	 9  0.00 E	DR	4760	4696	CTD 3
06MT15/3	A9	233	198	ROS	032091	2319	BO	10 30.10 S	 9  0.10 E	DR	4756	3345	CTD 2

6.3	XCP Drops (M 15/3)

XCP-NR.	DATUM		ZEIT	 BREITE		LÄNGE
XCP#	DATE		TIME UTC LATITUDE	LONGITUDE
01	11-FEB-1991	20:17	 19 S 00.00' 	37 W 30.00'
02	12-FEB-1991	00:25	 18 S 59.99' 	37 W 37.77'
03	12-FEB-1991	04:16	 19 S 00.00' 	37 W 42.50'
04	12-FEB-1991	09:19	 19 S 00.00' 	37 W 47.50'
05	12-FEB-1991	11:03	 19 S 00.71' 	37 W 48.64'
06	12-FEB-1991	18:44	 19 S 00.06' 	37 W 19.94'
07	12-FEB-1991	23:47	 19 S 00.01' 	37 W 09.98'
08	13-FEB-1991	04:33	 18 S 59.99' 	36 W 59.91'
09	17-MAR-1991	00:18	 19 S 00.18' 	08 E 05.20'
10	17-MAR-1991	15:36	 18 S 31.80' 	09 E 01.20'
11	18-MAR-1991	06:43	 17 S 59.22' 	10 E 11.88'
12	18-MAR-1991	16:10	 17 S 45.44' 	10 E 39.89'
13	18-MAR-1991	22:27	 17 S 36.44' 	10 E 58.96'
14	19-MAR-1991	00:43	 17 S 26.86' 	11 E 18.41'


6.4	Surface drifters

Following drifters with sails had been dropped in 100 m depth

DRIFTER		DATUM/DATE	ZEIT/	 BREITE		LÄNGE		TEMPERATUR
NR./#		1991		TIME UTC LATITUDE	LONGITUDE	TEMPERATURE°C
M 15/1					
06904		 1. Jan.	14.07	 27°S 52,71	46°W 43,82	24,8
12267		 1. Jan.	14.10	 27°S 52,67	46°W 44,00	24,8
12283		 1. Jan.	17.00	 27°S 50,14	46°W 55,42	25,1
12282		 1. Jan.	17.03	 27°S 50,14	46°W 55,42	25,1
12268		 1. Jan.	19.45	 27°S 47,10	47°W 06,27	24,3
12288		 1. Jan.	19.50	 27°S 47,10	47°W 06,27	24,3
12259		 1. Jan.	22.10	 27°S 44,11	47°W 15,00	24,2
12284		 1. Jan.	22.15	 27°S 44,11	47°W 15,00	24,2
12286		 2. Jan.	10.30	 27°S 56,59	46°W 29,11	24,8
12253		 2. Jan.	10.35	 27°S 56,59	46°W 29,11	24,8
M 15/2					
12277		 7. Feb.	00.21	 20°S 40,80	39°W 37,40	26,0
12287		 7. Feb.	00.24	 20°S 40,80	39°W 37,40	26,0
12262		 7. Feb.	02.33	 20°S 36,90	39°W 46,20	26,8
12281		 7. Feb.	02.37	 20°S 36,90	39°W 46,20	26,8
12270		 7. Feb.	03.07	 20°S 35,80	39°W 47,70	26,7
12285(no data)	 7. Feb.	03.25	 20°S 34,50	39°W 48,50	26,8
12242		 7. Feb.	04.25	 20°S 33,00	39°W 50,30	26,7
12252		 7. Feb.	04.30	 20°S 33,00	39°W 50,30	26,7
12240		 7. Feb.	06.10	 20°S 31,40	39°W 53,40	26,5
12289		 7. Feb.	06.15	 20°S 31,40	39°W 53,40	26,5
M 15/3					
12263		 7. März	22.00	 19°S 00,00	01°W 22,40	23,96
12250		 8. März	20.30	 18°S 59,80	00°E 11,90	23,97
12256		 9. März	19.40	 18°S 59,80	01°E 46,50	23,69
06905(no data)	10. März	18.55	 19°S ?,00	03°E 21,30	23,41
06901(no data)	11. März	18.00	 19°S 00,40	04°E 55,30	22,90
12260		12. März	20.05	 18°S 59,40	06°E 30,50	22,90
12241		17. März	00.12	 19°S 00,50	08°E 04,80	21,55
12244		17. März	15.23	 18°S 32,10	09°E 01,10	20,77
12247		18. März	06.38	 17°S 59,40	10°E 11,60	20,84
12272		19. März	00.39	 17°S 27,10	11°E 18,10	18,62

6.5	Moorings

The following moorings were launched from West to East

STAT.	EXT.	INT.	DATE	TIME	LATITUDE	LONGITUDE	DEPTH	INSTRUMENTS	ARGOS	SENDER
NO.	NO.	NO.	1991	UTC-2h					(m)	NUMBER		ID	Mhz
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1	BW	IfM	 1.Jan.	 9.37	27S54,06	46W42,40	1179	1 ADCP		15171	27030
		 333								4 ACM		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8	BM	IfM	 2.Jan.	11.45	27S59,20	46W20,50	2187	5 ACM		-	27030
		 334								
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12	BE	IfM	 3.Jan.	11.47	28S16,20	45W13,80	3258	1 ADCP		15172	27030
		 335								6 ACM		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16	DB1	WHOI	 4.Jan.	11.57	28S28,00	44W27,80	3633	5 VACM		 5365	26995
		 906								1 XP		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20	DB2	WHOI	 5.Jan.	12.05	29S02,60	43W29,00	3953	5 VACM		 5362	26995
		 907								1 XP		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24	DB3	WHOI	 6.Jan.	10.25	29S32,00	42W42,15	4017	2 VACM		-	26995
		 908								1 XP		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28	DB4	WHOI	 7.Jan.	11.45	30S05,20	41W44,20	3798	5 VACM		 5360	26995
		 909								1 XP		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32	DB5	WHOI	 8.Jan.	 9.26	30S35,30	40W47,30	3720	2 VACM		-	26995
		 910								1 XP		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36	VM	IfM	 9.Jan.	11.26	31S12,30	39W46,00	3965	5 ACM		-	27040
		 336											27035
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37	VM	IfM	 9.Jan.	16.25	31S09,80	39W26,50	4637	3 ACM		-	26995
		 337								
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
40	VE	IfM	11.Jan.	17.32	31S08,40	39W26,00	4646	7ACM		-	[27095]
		 338											defect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
39	DB6	WHOI	11.Jan.	 9.31	31S05,05	39W09,10	4140	3 VACM		-	26995
		 912								1 XP		
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
44	DBK2	WHOI	12.Jan.	15.27	31S09,30	38W49,60	3652	5 ACM		-	27140
	IfM	3422								1 XP
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38 lost because of a material defect


6.6	List of geoscientific observations (M 15/2)
6.6.1	Staion list Geosciences University of Bremen

GEOB-	METEOR	DATUM	GERÄT	   ZEIT		BREITE		LÄNGE		WASSER-	BEMERKUNGEN
NR./NO.	NR./NO.	DATE	INSTRUMENT TIME		LATITUDE	LONGITUDE	TIEFE	COMMENTS
										DEPTH	
NÖRDLICHER VEMA KANAL/Northern Hunter Channel
1301-1	67/91	20.01.	CTD	   16.29	26°34.9'S	39°45.0'W	4279	1.Probelauf der FSCTD
											an der CTD/RO/KlEL
1302-1	68/91	21.01.	CTD	   03.55	27°55.0'S	38°50.2'W	4244	2.Probelauf der FS-
											CTD an der CTD/RO/KlEL
RIO GRANDE SCHWELLE/Rio Grande Rise
1303-1	77/91	24.01.	MC	   11.04	30°16.5'S	35°17.0'W	1313	Gewinn 9/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 5-12 cm)
1303-2			SL12	   12.27	30°16.6'S	35°17.1'W	1314	Fehlversuch (umgekippt)
1303-3			SL12	   13.17	30°16.7'S	35°17.3'W	1312	Fehlversuch (umgekippt)
1303-4			SL6	   14.23	30°16.7'S	35°17.3'W	1313	Fehlversuch (umgekippt)
1304-1	78/91	24.01.	SL6	   23.28	31°00.0'S	34°00.0'W	 940	Fehlversuch (umgekippt)
NÖRDLICHER HUNTER KANAL/Nothern Hunter Channel
1305-1	85/91	27.01.	CTD	   14.30	34°13.0'S	28°55.1'W	3923	3. Probelauf der FS-
											CTD an der CTD/RO/KlEL
SÜDLICHER HUNTER KANAL/Southern Hunter Channel
1306-1	88/91	28.01.	MC	   09.32	35°12.4'S	26°45.9'W	4057	Gewinn 6/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 35 cm)
1306-2			SL12	   12.28	35°12.4'S	26°45.8'W	4058	6,97 m Kerngewinn
1306-2			RO	   14.15	35°12.2'S	26°45.5'W	4056	20 Wasssrproben à 250 
											ml für Delta 13C
HUNTER KANAL/Hunter Channel
1307-1	95/91	30.01.	SL12	   01.53	33°36.1'S	27°39.9'W	4017	Kerngewinn 6,77 m
1307-2			MC	   04.36	33°36.1'S	27°39.9'W	4006	Gewinn 10/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 33 cm)
1307-3			RO	   05.50	33°36.2'S	27°40.0'W	4051	20 Wasserproben à 250 
											ml für Delta 13C
ÖSTLICHE RIO GRANDE SCHWELLE/Eastern Rio Grande Rise
1308-1	96/91	30.01.	MC/CTD	   14.10	32°47.2'S	27°45.0'W	3622	MC und Seabird FS-CTD 
											(100 m über dem MC) 
											Gewinn 8/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 28 cm)
1308-2			SL12	   16.40	32°47.1'S	27°45.0'W	3613	Kerngewinn 3,44 m
1309-1	98/91	31.01.	RO	   03.25	31°40.0'S	28°40.0'W	3961	20 Wasserproben à 250 
											ml für Dslta 13C
1309-2			SL12	   07.45	31°40.0'S	28°40.0'W	3963	Kerngewinn 9,48 m
1309-3			MC	   09.57	31°40.0'S	28°39.9'W	3963	Gewinn 9/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 27 cm)
1310-1	100/91	31.01.	MC	   17.06	31°35.3'S	28°54.2'W	3346	Gawinn 8/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 14 cm)
1310-2			SL12	   19.32	31°35.3'S	28°54.1'W	3348	Kerngewinn 5,35 m
1311-1	101/91	01.02.	SL12	   01.04	31°30.7'S	29°05.9'W	2901	Kerngewinn 7,42 m
1311-2			MC	   03.14	31°30.8'S	29°05.9'W	2899	Gewinn 10/10 
											(Kerngewinn 15cm)
1312-1	102/91	01.02	MC	   11.28	31°39.7'S	29°39.4'W	3436	Gewinn 4/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 7 cm)
1312-2			SL12	   13.30	31°39.7'S	29°39.4'W	3436	Kerngewinn 4,13 m
1312-3			MC	   15.30	31°39.7'S	29°39.4'W	3436	Gewinn 5/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 7 cm)
ÖSTLICHE RIO GRANDE SCHWELLE/Eastern Rio Grande Rise 
1313-1	103/91	01.02.	MC	   19.33	31°39.7'S	30°02.0'W	3698	Gewinn 8/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 8 cm)
1313-2			SL12	   21.49	31°39.8'S	30°02.2'W	3700	Kerngewinn 3,73 m
1314-1	105/91	02.02.	SL12	   09.26	31°10.0'S	30°55.0'W	4071	Kerngewinn 8,82 m
1314-2			MC	   11.36	31°10.1'S	30°55.0'W	4073	Gewinn 10/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 16 cm)
1314-3			RO	   11.55	31°09.9'S	30°55.1'W	4073	20 Wasserproben á 250 
											ml für Delta 13C
NÖRDLICHE RIO GRANDE SCHWELLE/Northern Rio Grande Rise
1315-1	108/91	03.02.	SL12	   07.45	28°50.1'S	31°05.0'W	1947	Kernrohr bei 2,50 m 
											abgeknickt (Kerngewinn
											Kern i.0. 1,76 m)
1315-2			MC	   09.01	28°50.1'S	31°05.0'W	1949	Gewinn 8/10 Rohren 
											(Kerngewinn 10 cm)
1315-3	109/91	03.02.	RO			28°15.8'S	31°41.1'W	4226	18 Wasserproben à 250 
											ml für Delta 13C

Abkürzungen:	RO	Multi-Wasserschöpfer/multi water samples
Abbreviations:	SL 6	Schwerelot 6 m Länge/gravity corer 6 m length
		SL 12	Schwerelot 12 m Länge/gravity corer 12 m length
		MC	Multicorer/multicorer
		FS-CTD	Festspeicher-CTD-Sonde (Seabird)/ CTD Seabird


6.6.2	Liste der Wasserproben aus Multicorer-Rohren für sigma-13C-Bestimmungen
	List of water samples from multicorer for the determination of sigma-13C

GEOB-	METEOR	DATUM	GERÄT	 ZEIT BODEN	BREITE		LÄNGE	WASSER TIEFE	PROBENGEWINN	BEMERKUNGEN
NR./NO.	NR./NO.	DATE  INSTRUMENT BERÜHRUNG	LATITUDE	LONGITUDE	WATER DEPTH(m)	SAMPLE NO.	COMMENTS
				 BOTTOM					
				 CONTACT					
				 TIME					
1303-1	077/91	24.01.	 01	 11.04		30°16.6'S	35°17.0'W	1313	Rohr 7	
			 02								Rohr 7
1306-1	088/91	28.01.	 03	 09.32		35°12.4'S	26°45.9'W	4050	Rohr 1
			 04								Rohr 1
1307-2	095/91	30.01.	 05	 04.36		33°36.1'S	27°39.9'W	4010	Rohr 1
			 06								Rohr 1
1308-1	096/91	30.01.	 07	 14.10		32°47.2'S	27°45.0'W	3618	Rohr 1
			 08								Rohr 1
1309-3	098/91	31.01.	 09	 09.57		31°40.0'S	28°39.9'W	3963	Rohr 1
			 10								Rohr 1
1310-1	100/91	31.01.	 11	 17.06		31°35.2'S	28°54.1'W	3347	Rohr 1
			 12								Rohr 1
1311-2	101/91	01.02.	 13	 03.14		31°30.7'S	29°05.9'W	2899	Rohr 1
			 14								Rohr 1
1312-1	102/91	01.02.	 15	 11.28		31°40.0'S	29°39.6'W	3436	Rohr 7
			 16								Rohr 7
1313-1	103/91	01.02.	 17	 19.33		31°39.7'S	30°01.9'W	3698	Rohr 7
			 18								Rohr 7
1314-2	105/91	02.02.	 19	 11.36		31°10.1'S	30°55.0'W	4072	Rohr 1
			 20								Rohr 1
1315-2	106/91	03.02.	101	 09.01		28°50.2'S	31°05.0'W	1948	Rohr 1
			102								Rohr 1


6.6.3	Liste der Wasserproben aus der Rosette des IfM Kiel für sigma-13C -Bestimmungen
	List of water samples from IfM Kiel rosette for determination of sigma-13C

GEOB-	METEOR	PR.	RO	DRUCK		GEOB-	METEOR	PR.	RO	DRUCK
NR./NO.	NR./NO.	NR.	NR.	PRESSURE	NR./NO.	NR./NO.	NR.	NR.	PRESSURE
		NO.	NO.	(db)				NO.	NO.	(db)
1306-2	88/91	 21	01	4068.5		1307-3	95/91	41	01	4053.0
		 22	03	3896.8				 42	02	3932.0
		 23	04	3700.1				 43	03	3698.0
		 24	05	3498.8				 44	05	3498.0
		 25	07	2899.6				 45	06	3199.0
		 26	08	2599.3				 46	07	2996.0
		 27	09	2296.9				 47	-	
		 28	10	2102.3				 48	10	2099.8
		 29	11	1904.0				 49	11	1890.0
		 30	12	1704.9				 50	12	1699.8
		 31	13	1499.9				 51	13	1499.6
		 32	15	1202.9				 52	15	1199.9
		 33	17	 902.1				 53	17	 900.6
		 34	18	 750.7				 54	18	 749.0
		 35	19	 600.4				 55	-	
		 36	20	 436.3				 56	20	 449.9
		 37	21	 301.6				 57	21	 300.1
		 38	22	 202.6				 58	22	 199.4
		 39	23	 101.0				 59	23	  99.6
		 40	24	  29.8				 60	24	  33.0
1309-1	98/91	 61	01	4020.4		1314-3	105/91	 81	01	4088.9
		 62	03	3694.0				 82	03	3900.0
		 63	04	3495.9				 83	04	3648.3
		 64	05	3202.3				 84	05	3403.2
		 65	06	2901.9				 85	06	3150.6
		 66	07	2588.3				 86	07	2897.6
		 67	08	2293.1				 87	08	2600.4
		 68	09	2101.0				 88	09	2298.5
		 69	10	1897.9				 89	10	1998.7
		 70	11	1699.5				 90	12	1649.0
		 71	12	1499.8				 91	14	1247.4
		 72	13	1352.3				 92	15	1001.3
		 73	14	1199.3				 93	17	 729.5
		 74	15	1049.8				 94	18	 648.0
		 75	16	 900.1				 95	19	 550.8
		 76	18	 599.4				 96	20	 400.0
		 77	20	 299.7				 97	21	 198.4
		 78	21	 199.7				 98	22	 148.5
		 79	22	  99.4				 99	23	  79.9
		 80	23	  24.8				100	24	  29.4
1316-1	109/91	103	01	4290.0
		104	03	4099.2
		105	04	3900.2
		106	05	3699.7
		107	07	3299.8
		108	10	2700.4
		109	11	2397.5
		110	12	2096.1
		111	13	1795.9
		112	14	1498.3
		113	16	1096.6
		114	18	 800.7
		115	19	 649.3
		116	20	 500.2
		117	21	 350.0
		118	22	 199.7
		119	23	  99.2
		120	24	  25.3


6.7	Liste der Planktonproben (M 15/1 und M 15/2)
	List of Plankton samples (M 15/1 and M 15/2)

STAT. NR.	BEMERKUNGEN	STAT. NR.	BEMERKUNGEN
STAT. NO.	COMMENTS	STAT. NO.	COMMENTS
 1		Neu	MSN	 27		Neu	MSN
 2		Neu	---	 28		Neu	MSN
 3		Neu	MSN	 29		Neu	MSN
 4		Neu	MSN	 30		Neu	MSN
 6		Neu	MSN	 31		Neu	MSN
 8		Neu	---	 32		Neu	MSN
 9		Neu	MSN	 37		Neu	MSN
10		Neu	MSN	 38		Neu	MSN
11		Neu	MSN	 54		Neu	MSN
12		Neu	MSN	 55		Neu	MSN
13		Neu	MSN	 56		Neu	MSN
14		Neu	MSN	 60		Neu	MSN + Neu   MSN
15		Neu	MSN	 64		Neu	MSN
16		Neu	MSN	 67		Neu	MSN
17		Neu	MSN	 68		Neu	MSN
18		Neu	MSN	 69		Neu	MSN
19		Neu	MSN	 74		Neu	MSN
20		Neu	MSN	 77		Neu	MSN + Neu   MSN
21		Neu	MSN	 81		Neu	MSN
22		Neu	MSN	 83		Neu	MSN
23		Neu	MSN	 91		Neu	MSN
24		Neu	MSN	100		Neu	MSN
25		Neu	MSN	105		Neu	MSN + MSN
26		Neu	MSN			

Neu n = 49
MSN n = 48


7	CONCLUDING REMARKS

The project was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the 
Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (BMFT) in Germany.  It was part of 
a cooperative research program of scientific groups in Germany, the U.S.A. and 
Brazil.  The support of the funding agencies and the assistance of the 
Brazilian government is hereby acknowledged.  


8	REFERENCES

ANDRES, H.-G. and H.-Ch. JOHN (1984): Results of some neuston net catches in 
   the warmer Central North Atlantic-Fish larvae and selected invertebrates. 
   Meeresforsch. 30(3), 144-154.
BACKUS, R.H., J.E. CRADDOCK, R.L. HAEDRICH and B.H. ROBISON (1977): Atlantic 
   mesopelagic zoogeography.  In: Fishes of the Western North Atlantic.  Mem. 
   Sears. Fdn. Mar. Res. 1(7), 266-287.
BARNARD, J.L. and J.D. THOMAS (1989): Four species of Synopiidae from the 
   Caribbean region (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,  102 (2),  
   362-374.
BÖHNECKE, G. (1936): Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Dichte an der Oberfläche des 
   Atlantischen Ozeans. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped. "Meteor" 1925-1927, 
   5,  1-249.
CARPENTER, J.H. (1967): New measurements of oxygen solubility in pure and 
   natural water.  Limnol. and oceanogr., 11, 264-277.
CHENG, L. and M. SCHULZ-BALDES (1981): Frequency and population composition of 
   Halobates micans (Heteroptera: Gerridae) from the Central and South 
   Atlantic Ocean. ("Meteor" Forsch.-Ergebn., D 33, 17-21.
GERLACH, S.A. (1981): Marine pollution. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 
   New York,  218 pp.
GRASSHOFF, K. (1976): Methods of Seawater Analysis. Verlag Chemie Weinheim, 
   New York,  317 pp.
HENTSCHEL, E. (1933): Allgemeine Biologie des südatlantischen Ozeans. I. Das 
   Pelagial der obersten Wasserschicht. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped. 
   "Meteor" 1925-1927, 11, 1-168.
HENTSCHEL, E. (1944): Das Leben im atlantischen Ozean. In: SCHOTT, G.: 
   Geographie des atlantischen Ozeans. Boysen Verlag, Hamburg, 332-361.
HOGG, N.G., P. BISCAYE, W. GARDNER and W.J. SCHMITZ, Jr. (1982):On the 
   transport and modification of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Vema Channel. 
   Jour. Mar. Res., 40, 231-263.
HULLEY, P.A. (1981): Results of the research cruises of FRV "Walther Herwig" 
   to South America. LVIII. Family Myctophidae (Osteichthyes, Myctophiformes). 
   Arch. Fisch. Wiss., 31 (1), 1-300.
JOHN, H.-Ch. (1975): Untersuchungen am oberflächennahen Ichthyoplankton des 
   mittleren und südlichen Atlantischen Ozeans. Diss. Fachber. Math.- 
   Naturwiss., Kiel; 186 S.
JOHN, H.-Ch. (1983): Quantitative distribution of fry of beloniform fishes in 
   the Atlantic Ocean. - "Meteor"-Forsch.-Ergebn., D 36, 21-33.
LOEB, V.J. (1979): Larval fishes in the zooplankton community of the North 
   Pacific Central gyre. Mar. Biol., 53, 173-191.
LOPES, P.C. and H.-Ch. JOHN (1986): Ichthyoplankton at the surfaceof the 
   Equatorial Atlantic. - Bol. Soc. Port. Cienc. Nat., 23, 83-111.
OWENS W. B. and R.C. MILLARD (1985): A New Algorithm for CTD Oxygen 
   Calibration.  Jour. of Phys. Oceanography, 15 (5), 621-631.
PARIN, N.V. (1970): Ichthyofauna of the epipelagic zone. Israel Program for 
   Scientific Translations, Keter Press, Jerusalem, 205 pp.
PETERSON, R.G. and L. STRAMMA (1991): Upper-level circulation in the south 
   Atlantic Ocean. Progr. Oceanogr., 26, 1-73.
SAVILOV, A.I. (1967): Oceanic insects of the genus Halobates (Hemiptera, 
   Gerridae) in the Pacific. Oceanology, 7, 252-260.
THEOBALD, N., W. LANGE und E. GRÜN (1987):  Erdölkohlenwasserstoffe. In: T.J. 
   Müller, G. Siedler und W. Zenk: Fahrtberichte METEOR  Reise Nr. 6, 49-55.
WINKLER, L. W. (1888): Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 21, 2843-2855.


9    LIST OF FIGURES (figures shown in pdf file)

Fig. 1:  Track of METEOR Cruise no.15.

Fig. 2a: M 15/1, CTD stations (dots) and mooring positions (squares).

Fig. 2b: Bathymetry of the Vema Channel.  Data were analyzed on board.

Fig. 3a: M 15/2, Geology and CTD stations.

Fig. 3b: M15/2, Geology and CTD stations in Hunter Gap.

Fig. 4:  Stations during leg M 15/3.
 
Fig. 5:  Temperature difference between CTD and reversing thermometers as 
         a function of pressure (all available samples).

Fig. 6:  Salinity differences between rosette and CTD for different 
         conductivity calibrations.  "Raw" means no calibration applied, 
         "lab" is laboratory calibration, and "in situ" is the calibration 
         obtained from rosette values.

Fig. 7:  Same as "in situ" calibration in Figure 6, but after rejecting 
         some data according to the procedure described in the text.

Fig. 8:  Salinity differences after calibrating the CTD salinity (not 
         conductivity).

Fig. 9a: Profile of potential temperature (°C) near 30°S across the Sao 
         Paulo Plateau, Vema Channel, and Hunter Channel.

Fig. 9b: Potential density anomaly (kg m-3) for the upper 1200 m of the 
         water column.  Some isopycnal tilt associated with the Brazil 
         Current is visible at the shallowest stations.

Fig. 10: Potential temperature (°C) plotted against salinity (psu) for 
         station 10, with potential density anomaly (kg m-3) overlain.

Fig. 11: Profile of salinity (psu), as in Figure 9a.  Sub-surface maxima 
         occur especially in the eastern part of the profile near 100m 
         depth and again near 2500 m depth.  Intermediate water salinity 
         minimum occurs near 1000 m depth.

Fig. 12: Profile of oxygen (ml l-1), partially calibrated CTD values in 
         the western part of the region (leg 1).

Fig. 13: Potential temperature (°C) plotted against salinity (psu) for 
         deep water colder than 4°C.  Station 42 in the Vema Channel is 
         shown for comparison (dashed).

Fig. 14: Profile of potential temperature (°C) across the Vema Channel.

Fig. 15: Profile of potential temperature (°C) across the Hunter Channel

Fig. 16: Potential temperature/ °C at 19°S in the Brazil Basin

Fig. 17: Salinity/ psu at 19°S in the Brazil Basin

Fig. 18: Oxygen/ ml l-1 at 19°S in the Brazil Basin

Fig. 19: Potential temperature/ °C at 19°S in the Angola Basin

Fig. 20: Salinity/ psu at 19°S in the Angola Basin

Fig. 21: Oxygen/ ml l-1 at 19°S in the Angola Basin

Fig. 22: Potential temperature/ °C at 19°S in the region of the Brazil 
         Current

Fig. 23: Salinity/ psu at 19°S in the region of the Brazil Current

Fig. 24: North-South component (positive: north) of currents in the 
         region of the Brazil Current with unknown offset of the 
         calibration

Fig. 25: Trajectories of all surface drifters launched during M 15: 
         December '90 - September '91, drague depth 100m (survey)

Fig. 26: Trajectories of surface drifters launched during the first leg

Fig. 27: Trajectories of surface drifters launched during the second leg

Fig. 28: Trajectories of surface drifters launched during the third leg

Fig. 29: F11 profiles, stations 71 (solid line) and 86 (dashed line), M 
         15/2 (preliminary results)

Fig. 30: Partial pressure of F11/F12 versus partial pressure 
         concentration F11 for stations 160 to 200, M 15/3

Fig. 31: CFC F11 19°S section, M 15/3

Fig. 32: Sample of the PARASOUND analogue record of a frequency test of 
         the sediment core station GeoB 1314 (station 105)

Fig. 33: Sediment waves north of the Vema Channel.  Different wave 
         lengths and amplitudes show sediment transport by bottom water 
         current.

Fig. 34: HYDROMAP 3D presentation of the detailed bathymetry in the 
         western region of the Hunter Channel.  The forward region was not 
         covered during the measurement.

Fig. 35: Labeling for the plastic liners of the gravity core

Fig. 36: Test of the temperature dependence of the SBE 19-2 pressure 
         sensor

Fig. 37: Comparison of the temperature profiles of the Mark III and SBE 
         19-2 at station GeoB 1305 (station 85)

Fig. 38: Positions of the biological stations and the surface temperature 
         distribution

Fig. 39: Surface temperature (A), abundance of the Amphipoda (B), 
         Hyperiidea (C), Synopia sp.m. (D), and Halobates micans (E) of the 
         Neuston tows along the section.  Abundances are expressed as log 
         (N+1)/1000m2. White columns represent daily catches, hatched 
         columns dawn and dusk and shaded columns night catches. The 
         horizontal scale of the figure does not represent the actual 
         distances between stations.

Fig. 40: The surface temperature and the distributions of the 
         Ichthyplanctons of the Neuston tows along the section. The key is 
         as in figure 37.
         Beneath this figure the distribution of chosen indicators are 
         tabulated (total per station, uncorrected). Nerit. = neritical, 
         trop. = tropical, oz. = oceanical

Fig. 41: The abundance of the Ichthyoplancton 0-200m (columns) and the 
         percentage of the total catch (%) of the family Myctophidae (dots).
         The horizontal scale of the figure does not represent the actual 
         distances between the stations. Beneath this figure the 
         distribution of chosen indicators are tabulated (total per 
         station, uncorrected).

Fig. 42: A representation of the horizontal distribution of the fauna 
         complexes in the Neuston tows.
         Horizontal hatching: Both neritic complexes
         From SW to NE: Tropical oceanic complex
         From NW to SE: Subtropical oceanic complex
         Dots: Location sites of Endemisms of the Subtropical Convergence

Fig. 43: The salinity distribution from 0-200m along the plancton section.
         Hatching from NW to SE: > 36.2 salinity;
         from SW to NE: > 36.6 salinity
         Data IfM Kiel from B.Brügge. Only the stations discussed in the 
         text are marked.

Fig. 44: Distribution and the relative amount of tarball in the 
         biological surface water sample (Neuston sampler upper layer).

Fig. 45: CO2 observations in the Brazil Basin (triangles) and the Angola 
         Basin (circles)

Fig. 46: Nutrients in the Brazil Basin

Fig. 47: Nutrients in the Angola Basin

---------------------------------------------------------

DQE REPORT ON CTD DATA FOR R/V METEOR CRUISE 15 (WHP A9)

Michel Arhan, IFREMER
December 10, 1992

For this expertise work we had at our disposal the WHP data files (*.WCT, *.HY2, 
*.SUM) and a brief internal report from IFM Kiel on the CTD processing (by J. 
Holfort, IFM ; March 1992). Although the cruise data report was received 
afterwards, this document provides but a few additional information on the 
calibration of the CTD data of leg 3 of the cruise (Meteor 15)A more complete 
document with the basic calibration plots would have been of great help. Some of 
these plots were produced for the purpose of the examination, and provide the basis 
for the following discussion. Figure 1 shows the geographic distribution of the 
stations.

1	THE WATER SAMPLE DATA

We only considered the salinity and dissolved oxygen data which were used to 
calibrate the CTD sensors (NB3 probe), normally taken at 24 levels per cast. The 
total number of 2000 samples for salinity calibration is quoted in the data report, 
but because of salinometer problems, the number of "rosette" salinity values in the 
WHP files does not exceed 941, out of which 432 are from pressures lower than 2000 
db, and 509 from greater pressures. The number of Winkler oxygen values is 2476 
(1192 at p < 2000 db and 1284 at p > 2000 db).

A) SALINITIES
The. Guildline salinity values at a few selected deep levels were plotted as a 
function of the station number on figure 2a for the whole transect and on figure 2b 
for the eastern basin stations, with the hope of estimating the station to station 
noise superposed to the large scale trend. This proved difficult for the salinity 
due to the sparseness of the data - however the eastern basin points suggest a 
noise of about 0.003 (see the 4100 db level), a relatively good figure which should 
be considered as a relative (not absolute) uncertainty.

B) OXYGENS
Similar plots are shown for the Winkler data (Figures 3a,b) which reveal an O (1 
µmol/kg) noise, a good figure which again should be regarded as a relative noise. A 
few erratic values stand out on the curve which must have been eliminated in the 
calibration procedure.

C) COMPARISON WITH OTHER CRUISES
A few stations from the intersecting transects A16 along 25ºW and Ajax along 1ºW 
were chosen for comparison. Figures 4a, b show the two stations groups used for the 
comparison.

Figures 5a,b show the deep (theta < 2.5) theta-S plots of each station group. Data 
from the A9 and A16 cruises compare excellently in a region of well-defined deep 
theta-S relationship. The scattering of points is greater, and the comparison more 
difficult in the eastern basin (fig. 5b). The A9 values are on the average less 
saline than the Ajax ones (by about 0.003) but that could be due to the ambient 
variability, and there is of course no indication as to which cruise is closer to 
reality.

The oxygen comparison is not so good (figs. 6a,b). The deep A9 values are higher 
than the A16 and Ajax ones by ~6 µmol kg-1 (or ~0.15 ml/l-1), a rather large 
difference. This difference seems to result from the factor used to convert ml/l 
into µmol kg-1. This factor is abnormally high (44.616) and would rather apply to 
the conversion from ml l-1 into µmol l-1 (not µmol kg-1). Assuming a density of the 
deep water samples between 27 and 27.5 at the time of the oxygen fixation, this 
factor would be between 43.442 and 43.421. Using the former value would lower the 
A9 oxygen concentrations on figure 6 by 6.4 µmol kg-1, the observed difference. If 
the "on-board" temperatures of the water samples are not available, it should 
perhaps be recommended to use a "typical" density of 27.5 to estimate the correct 
conversion factor.

2	CTD CALIBRATION

A) TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
The pre- and post-cruise laboratory calibration curves for these parameters would 
have been useful.

B) SALINITY
The differences between the water sample and CTD salinities (Sws - SCTD) are 
reported on figure 7 as a function of pressure. A few erratic water sample values 
still exist in the files at the. upper levels, which cause a rather high rms 
difference of 0.016 : this figure is clearly not representative. The overall 
average of delta-S is 0.0017, may be also due to those erratic values. Only 
considering the differences from pressures greater than 2000 db, the bias is 0.0012 
and the rms difference 0.0024. The latter figure fulfills the WOCE requirements. 
The procedure followed to eliminate the wrong measurements is not clearly 
described. The persistence of a few of them associated with positive delta-S may be 
the cause of the observed bias of 0.001 to 0.002.

There are indications in the brief report received with the data of a change in the 
salinity calibration at stations 184-185. It would be useful to plot delta-S as a 
function of the station number to get confirmation of the continuity of the 
calibration at that period.

The deep theta-S diagrams in the western and eastern basin are reported on figures 
8a, b (notice the different scales). The relationship is very tight in the western 
basin and more scattered in the eastern one more subject to lateral water mass 
mixing.

C) OXYGEN
The oxygen values from the CTD sensor must of course be also corrected for the 
wrong conversion factor discussed above. This will not modify the differences 
delta-O2 = O2ws - O2BTS which may be discussed on the basis of the present values 
(fig. 9). The overall bias of the CTD oxygen values is within the measurement 
uncertainty (-.52 µmol kg-1) but inspection of figure 9 reveals that is it locally 
more important in the vertical : it is negative (~-2 µmol kg-1) around 1000 db, 
positive from ~1500 db to 3500 db (~2 µmol kg-1) and negative again at 5500 db (~-4 
µmol kg-1 or ~0.1 ml l-1). It would perhaps be worth trying to reduce this 
distortion by fitting a fifth order polynomial (in p) to the residuals.

The overall rms difference is 3.2 µmol kg-1. That for p < 2000 db is 3.9 µmol kg-1 
and that for p > 2000 db is .2.1 µmol kg-1 (~0.05 ml l-1). The latter figure is a 
relatively good one which would probably be improved after the bias elimination.

The ship roll effect has not been eliminated and is apparent at the upper levels 
(cf. the example of figure 10a). This effect should perhaps be eliminated before 
storage in the data centers (?). As an example fig. 10b shows the profile of figure 
9a after smoothing by a 11 db width running mean.

The bottom approach is always a problem for these oxygen sensors as the probe is 
slowed down and eventually stopped, and the sensor response is dependant on the 
velocity. The deep theta-O2 Plots (fig. 11) illustrate the effect visible as a 
systematic decrease of the oxygen concentration by 6 to 8 µmol kg-1 in some cases 
and the end of each profile. It would perhaps be better to suppress the few last 
meters of each profiles (?).

All figures shown in pdf file.

--------------------------------------------------------

NUTRIENT DQE COMMENTS ON THE WOCE A9 DATA SET: 3/02/93.
J. C. Jennings, Jr.

Comments on the overall data set:
The nutrient analyses on this cruise were carried out by personnel from Scripps 
Institution's Oceanographic Data Facility and Oregon State University's College of 
Oceanography. Despite sincere attempts to blend the procedures normally used by these 
two different groups into a single consistent procedure for each analysis, there are 
shifts in nutrient concentration between and sometimes within stations which almost 
certainly result from the fact that the two analysts involved were used to different 
methods. The stations nearest the start of the cruise are the ones most affected by 
the in situ development of consistent procedures. For the most part, the silicate, 
nitrate, and nitrite data appear to be of good quality and precision. There are 
exceptions and these have been flagged as questionable. The phosphate data has much 
greater scatter than that for the other nutrients, with entire stations which are 
anomalous relative to adjacent stations.

Specific problems:
Between stations 160 and 161 there is a large shift in phosphate values, with 
stations 147 - 160 having phosphate concentrations consistently lower than stations 
from 161 on. According to lab notes made during the cruise, this may be due to a new 
determination of the "refraction correction" for phosphate which was made at this 
time. Comparison with the HYDROS data (see note below) and the higher phosphate 
values determined for the rest of the cruise make it seem likely that the values 
reported for stations 147 - 160 are too low. Station 149 was anomalous and had very 
high phosphate values. Log notes indicate that instrumental drift was a problem when 
samples from station 149 were run and most of these data were flagged.

There was apparently a file merging error in the data for station 225. Nutrient data 
for one of the three casts are listed twice, causing the appearance of severe scatter 
in what were to have been replicate samples. When the correct nutrient data for Cast 
1 were entered into the file, the resulting plots looked reasonable.

Comparison with historical data:
AJAX stns 26-28 vs A9 stns 203-206. Location approx. 19ºS 1ºE.

		The silicate/theta and silicate/pressure relationships show the AJAX 
		stations as consistently higher in silicate throughout most of the 
		intermediate and deep region of the water column. The best agreement 
		between the two data sets is around the shallow silicate maximum at 
		approximately 1000m and in the underlying silicate minimum. Below about 
		2500m the A9 silicates are from 1.0 - 1.5 µM less than the AJAX values.

		The nitrate comparison shows that the A9 nitrate data is slightly lower 
		than, but within about 2 % of the AJAX data throughout the water column. 
		The nitrate data appear to agree to within 0.3-0.5 µM with average deep 
		water values of about 24 µM.

		Phosphate data from the A9 stations is lower than that of the AJAX 
		stations by 0.1 µM on average. A number of phosphate values at A9 station 
		206 (one of the stations in proximity to the AJAX stations) were 
		unusually high and were flagged as suspicious.

HYDROS 4 stns 335-338 vs A9 stns 146-153. Location approx. 19ºS 25ºW.

		HYDROS silicate values are higher than those of the A9 cruise from about
		3500 to 5000 meters, then lower in the bottom water layer. A9 stations 
		146-149 are closer to the HYDROS silicate values The best agreement 
		between the two data sets is in the depth range of 1000 to 3000 m. n.b. 
		THIS IS TRUE OF THETA ALSO. THERE MAY BE A PROBLEM WITH THE A9 
		TEMPERATURE OR SALINITY DATA WHICH CAUSES THIS, OR THE WATER COLUMN MAY 
		HAVE REALLY BEEN DIFFERENT WHEN THE A9 STATIONS WERE OCCUPIED. When A9 
		stations 146-149 were compared with HYDROS stations 335-338, the A9 theta 
		values are somewhat higher in the deep water and definitely lower in the 
		bottom water than are the HYDROS values.

		The nitrate values agree better, with overlap of the data points of the 
		two cruises at the nutrient maximum and minimum, and somewhat higher 
		nitrate in the deep waters of the HYDROS stns. 

		Phosphate values on the A9 cruise have a wider range than those from the 
		HYDROS stations closest to the A9 cruise track. The values for stations 
		149, 151-152 bracket the HYDROS P04/theta data. Station 150 had very high 
		deep P04 data, which was flagged. These stations were occupied at the end 
		of the first week of the cruise and there were many problems with the A9 
		phosphate analysis.

INPUT FILE: A9.JCJ
THE DATE TODAY IS: 11-MAR-93

STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS	SILCAT	NITRAT	NITRIT	PHSPHT	QUALT1	QUALT2
				******************************
122	1	12	2998.0				1.14	~~~2	~~~3
122	1	12	2998.0				1.15	~~~2	~~~3
122	1	12	2998.0				1.13	~~~2	~~~3
122	1	12	2998.0				1.17	~~~2	~~~3
122	1	12	2998.0				1.16	~~~2	~~~3
122	1	12	2998.0				1.19	~~~2	~~~3
125	1	12	   6.0			0.85		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	   6.0			0.65		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	  25.0			0.53		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	  60.0			0.62		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	  96.0			0.62		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 196.0			0.77		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 246.0			0.69		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 293.0			0.69		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 345.0			0.62		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 397.0			0.54		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 494.0			0.49		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 593.0			0.56		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 794.0			0.31		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 894.0			0.39		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	 994.0			0.35		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	1193.0			0.40		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	1392.0			0.27		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	1592.0			0.24		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	1793.0			0.21		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	1995.0			0.25		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	2194.0			0.18		~~2~	~~3~
125	1	12	2316.0			0.18		~~2~	~~3~
126	1	12	 144.0				0.47	~~~2	~~~3
126	1	12	 194.0				0.51	~~~2	~~~3
126	1	12	 244.0				0.59	~~~2	~~~3
126	1	12	 290.0				0.64	~~~2	~~~3
128	1	12	1995.0		21.89			~2~~	~3~~
132	1	13	   9.1			0.63		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.1			0.40		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.1			0.32		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.1			0.75		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.1			0.99		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.1			0.78		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.0			0.66		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	   9.0			0.44		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	  28.0			0.43		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	  63.0			0.31		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	  99.0			0.45		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 197.0			0.79		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 248.0			0.39		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 298.0			0.29		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 398.0			0.30		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 497.0			0.22		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 600.0			0.15		~~2~	~~3~
132	1	13	 700.0			0.08		~~2~	~~3~
132	2	13	1695.0				1.33	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	1995.0				1.24	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	2144.0				1.24	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	2295.0				1.24	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	2495.0				1.27	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	2695.0				1.30	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	2896.0				1.32	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	3095.0				1.31	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	3296.0				1.31	~~~2	~~~3
132	2	13	3492.0		19.20		1.41	~2~2	~3~3
133	1	13	   9.0			0.41		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	  28.0			0.30		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	  64.0			0.24		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	 148.0			0.90		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	 198.0			0.25		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	 248.0			0.27		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	 298.0			0.18		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	 397.0			0.09		~~2~	~~3~
133	1	13	 498.0		27.14	0.12		~22~	~33~
133	2	13	 594.0		31.97			~2~~	~3~~
133	2	13	 694.0		32.96			~2~~	~3~~
135	1	13	 297.0		12.76			~2~~	~3~~
135	1	13	 396.0		20.23			~2~~	~3~~
135	2	13	4269.0		27.75			~2~~	~3~~
139	2	13	1592.0		20.86			~2~~	~3~~
139	2	13	1793.0		19.75			~2~~	~3~~
139	2	13	1994.0		19.23			~2~~	~3~~
139	2	13	2493.0		19.67			~2~~	~3~~
139	2	13	2742.0		19.79			~2~~	~3~~
139	2	13	3243.0		19.73			~2~~	~3~~
142	1	14	 397.0	12.24				2~~~	3~~~
143	2	14	1593.0		20.34			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	1792.0		19.19			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	1992.0		19.05			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	2243.0		19.37			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	2494.0		19.90			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	2742.0		19.76			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	2995.0		19.92			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	3244.0		19.63			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	3494.0		19.86			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	3694.0		20.54			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	3894.0		21.84			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4094.0		24.04			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4293.0		25.81			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4494.0		27.77			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4769.0		30.07			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4769.0		30.06			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4849.0		30.04			~2~~	~3~~
143	2	14	4849.0		29.94			~2~~	~3~~
146	1	14	 398.0				1.57	~~~2	~~~3
146	1	14	 497.0				1.99	~~~2	~~~3
146	1	14	 597.0				2.30	~~~2	~~~3
146	1	14	 695.0				2.48	~~~2	~~~3
146	1	14	 796.0				2.55	~~~2	~~~3
146	1	14	 897.0				2.54	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	 994.0				2.49	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	1094.0				2.41	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	1193.0				2.27	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	1394.0				1.94	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	1593.0				1.81	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	1793.0				1.69	~~~2	~~~3
146	2	14	1994.0		19.95		1.64	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	2244.0		19.45		1.64	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	2494.0		19.83		1.63	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	2744.0		19.81		1.66	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	2993.0		19.74		1.67	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	3245.0		19.89		1.68	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	3694.0		20.45		1.73	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	3895.0		21.10		1.81	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	4094.0		22.56		1.96	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	4293.0		24.26		2.12	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	4493.0		25.90		2.20	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	4692.0		27.67		2.37	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	5061.0		29.78			~2~~	~3~~
146	2	14	5061.0		29.85		2.38	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	5144.0		30.07		2.39	~2~2	~3~3
146	2	14	5144.0		29.96		2.25	~2~2	~3~3
147	1	14	 198.0			0.14		~~2~	~~3~
148	1	14	  98.0		 1.55			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 147.0		 1.19			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 197.0		 4.13			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 247.0		 8.89			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 298.0		15.05			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 497.0		28.98			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 597.0		33.21			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 696.0		34.65			~2~~	~3~~
148	1	14	 897.0		35.13			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	2243.0		23.06			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	2493.0		22.98			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	2993.0		24.40			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	3244.0		23.90			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	3494.0		23.95			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	3695.0		24.75			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	3896.0		27.07			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	4494.0		30.48			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	4692.0		30.94			~2~~	~3~~
148	2	14	5093.0		32.55			~2~~	~3~~
149	1	14	 148.0				0.46	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 197.0				0.66	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 247.0				1.01	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 298.0				1.34	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 398.0				1.71	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 497.0				2.08	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 597.0				2.30	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 697.0				2.42	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 796.0				2.48	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 897.0				2.41	~~~2	~~~3
149	1	14	 996.0				2.37	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	   7.0				0.34	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	1794.0				1.46	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	1994.0				1.44	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	2244.0				1.45	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	2494.0				1.47	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	2745.0				1.50	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	2995.0				1.52	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	3244.0				1.51	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	3492.0				1.58	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	3693.0				1.67	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	3895.0				1.79	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	4094.0				1.91	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	4294.0				2.00	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	4494.0				2.10	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	4691.0				2.17	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	4893.0				2.24	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	5093.0				2.25	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	5291.0				2.26	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	5756.0				2.28	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	5849.0				2.23	~~~2	~~~3
149	2	14	5849.0				2.20	~~~2	~~~3
150	1	15	 397.0		27.32			~2~~	~3~~
150	1	15	 497.0		25.17			~2~~	~3~~
150	1	15	 597.0		28.42			~2~~	~3~~
150	1	15	 698.0		30.79			~2~~	~3~~
150	1	15	 797.0		32.01			~2~~	~3~~
150	2	15	   7.0				0.56	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	1195.0				2.14	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	1394.0				1.87	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	1594.0				1.70	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	1794.0				1.61	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	2244.0				1.60	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	2494.0				1.62	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	2745.0				1.69	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	2993.0				1.72	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	3246.0				1.80	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	3495.0				1.86	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	3695.0				1.94	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	3894.0				2.07	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	4093.0				2.20	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	4294.0				2.32	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	4493.0				2.35	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	4693.0				2.37	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	4892.0				2.34	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	5092.0				2.36	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	5437.0				2.33	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	5437.0				2.26	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	5518.0				2.13	~~~2	~~~3
150	2	15	5518.0				2.00	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	4294.0				1.95	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	4493.0				2.06	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	4694.0				2.15	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	4892.0				2.17	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	5243.0				2.20	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	5323.0				2.22	~~~2	~~~3
155	2	15	5323.0				2.16	~~~2	~~~3
157	1	15	 197.0			0.08		~~2~	~~3~
157	1	15	 248.0			0.07		~~2~	~~3~
157	1	15	298.0			0.07		~~2~	~~3~
157	1	15	497.0			0.14		~~2~	~~3~
157	2	15	1394.0			0.09		~~2~	~~3~
157	2	15	1593.0	29.38				2~~~	3~~~
157	2	15	2244.0	33.97	22.10			22~~	33~~
157	2	15	2494.0	36.58	22.18			22~~	33~~
157	2	15	2744.0	39.22	22.28			22~~	33~~
157	2	15	2994.0	39.79	22.08			22~~	33~~
159	2	15	1994.0		21.90			~2~~	~3~~
159	2	15	2244.0		21.97			~2~~	~3~~
160	2	16	 795.0		32.52			~2~~	~3~~
161	2	16	 247.9	0.29	0.04		0.21	22~2	33~3
161	2	16	 297.7	0.59	0.00		0.25	22~2	33~3
161	2	16	 397.5	0.73	0.22		0.29	22~2	33~3
161	2	16	 497.3	8.19	14.97		1.12	22~2	33~3
162	1	16	 600.0		31.58			~2~~	~3~~
162	2	16	 694.0		32.51			~2~~	~3~~
165	2	16	1765.0		24.82			~2~~	~3~~
173	1	17	1394.0	41.90				2~~~	3~~~
173	1	17	1594.0	40.08				2~~~	3~~~
174	2	17	1394.0	44.99				2~~~	3~~~
174	2	17	1594.0	42.73				2~~~	3~~~
174	2	17	1794.0	39.59				2~~~	3~~~
175	2	17	 395.0				1.48	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	 495.0				1.80	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	 594.0				2.05	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	 694.0				2.10	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	 793.0				2.14	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	 893.0				2.11	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	 994.0				2.01	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	1094.0				1.94	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	1193.0				1.87	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	1393.0				1.56	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	1594.0				1.39	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	1994.0				1.21	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	2193.0				1.19	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	2393.0				1.22	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	2594.0				1.22	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	2794.0				1.22	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	2994.0				1.21	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	3244.0				1.27	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	3530.0				1.27	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	3612.0				1.31	~~~2	~~~3
175	2	17	3612.0				1.32	~~~2	~~~3
184	1	18	 297.0		24.14			~2~~	~3~~
184	2	18	1194.0	34.04	28.31		1.84	22~2	33~3
185	1	18	 298.0	13.88	28.13			22~~	33~~
185	2	18	 895.0	29.53	29.38		2.02	22~2	33~3
185	2	18	3997.0	42.50				2~~~	3~~~
187	1	18	 497.0		33.34			~2~~	~3~~
187	1	18	 599.0		36.94			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	 695.0		38.49			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	 794.0		38.10			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	 894.0		38.18			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	 995.0		37.79			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	1095.0		36.75			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	1194.0		35.85			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	1993.0		23.62			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	2244.0		23.91			~2~~	~3~~
187	2	18	2492.0		23.88			~2~~	~3~~
188	1	18	 498.0		34.74			~2~~	~3~~
188	1	18	 598.0		39.44			~2~~	~3~~
188	1	18	 697.0		41.36			~2~~	~3~~
188	2	18	 794.0		40.78			~2~~	~3~~
188	2	18	 894.0		39.77			~2~~	~3~~
188	2	18	 994.0		38.26			~2~~	~3~~
188	2	18	1094.0		36.47			~2~~	~3~~
188	2	18	1393.0		29.85			~2~~	~3~~
193	2	19	1393.0				1.74	~~~2	~~~3
193	2	19	1593.0				1.62	~~~2	~~~3
193	2	19	1794.0				1.45	~~~2	~~~3
193	2	19	1994.0				1.39	~~~2	~~~3
197	2	19	2994.0				1.49	~~~2	~~~3
197	2	19	3244.0				1.50	~~~2	~~~3
197	2	19	3694.0				1.51	~~~2	~~~3
197	2	19	4776.0				1.47	~~~2	~~~3
201	1	20	  98.0	 3.95				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 149.0	 6.41				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 198.0	 8.50				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 248.0	11.08				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 298.0	14.89				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 397.0	20.21				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 498.0	24.55				2~~~	3~~~
201	1	20	 598.0	29.07				2~~~	3~~~
202	2	20	1593.0				1.79	~~~2	~~~3
202	2	20	1793.0				1.76	~~~2	~~~3
202	2	20	1993.0				1.75	~~~2	~~~3
202	2	20	2243.0				1.74	~~~2	~~~3
202	2	20	2493.0				1.76	~~~2	~~~3
202	2	20	2744.0				1.80	~~~2	~~~3
205	2	20	5462.0				1.40	~~~2	~~~3
206	2	20	3494.0				1.68	~~~2	~~~3
206	2	20	4692.0				1.70	~~~2	~~~3
206	2	20	5291.0				1.68	~~~2	~~~3
206	2	20	5411.0				1.65	~~~2	~~~3
206	2	20	5411.0				1.79	~~~2	~~~3
206	2	20	5546.0				1.64	~~~2	~~~3
207	2	20	5581.0				1.63	~~~2	~~~3
208	2	20	2493.0				1.63	~~~2	~~~3
208	2	20	3695.0				1.63	~~~2	~~~3
213	2	21	1794.0	27.24				2~~~	3~~~
214	1	21	 397.0				2.64	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	 498.0				2.79	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	 597.0				2.77	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	 698.0				2.80	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	 798.0				2.69	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	 896.0				2.66	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	 997.0				2.63	~~~2	~~~3
214	1	21	1100.0				2.50	~~~2	~~~3
214	2	21	1193.0				2.41	~~~2	~~~3
214	2	21	1394.0				2.21	~~~2	~~~3
214	2	21	1594.0				2.00	~~~2	~~~3
214	2	21	2994.0				1.73	~~~2	~~~3
214	2	21	3493.0				1.77	~~~2	~~~3
217	1	21	 195.0	10.37	28.50		1.82	22~2	33~3
220	1	22	 543.0		34.12			~2~~	~3~~
221	1	22	 544.0		34.55			~2~~	~3~~
222	1	22	 545.0		35.32			~2~~	~3~~
222	1	22	1994.0	28.25	21.62			22~~	33~~
223	1	22	 543.0		35.58			~2~~	~3~~
224	2	22	3495.0				1.41	~~~2	~~~3
226	1	22	 896.0		40.61			~2~~	~3~~
226	1	22	 996.0		38.74			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	1094.0		37.72			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	1194.0		35.89			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	1394.0		31.03			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	1593.0		27.85			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	1794.0		26.38			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	1994.0		25.38			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	2243.0		24.91			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	2493.0		24.59			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	2744.0		24.71			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	2994.0		24.77			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	3243.0		24.79			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	3493.0		24.81			~2~~	~3~~
226	2	22	3694.0		25.05			~2~~	~3~~
229	1	22	 148.0	 9.71				2~~~	3~~~
229	1	22	 171.0	 9.84				2~~~	3~~~
229	1	22	 199.0	10.10				2~~~	3~~~
229	1	22	 224.0	11.55				2~~~	3~~~
229	1	22	 248.0	12.68				2~~~	3~~~
229	1	22	 273.0	13.92				2~~~	3~~~
229	1	22	 298.0	14.53				2~~~	3~~~
231	2	23	1593.0				1.50	~~~2	~~~3
231	2	23	1794.0				1.41	~~~2	~~~3
231	2	23	1993.0				1.35	~~~2	~~~3
231	2	23	2243.0				1.33	~~~2	~~~3
231	2	23	2493.0				1.28	~~~2	~~~3
231	2	23	2745.0				1.41	~~~2	~~~3

---------------------------------------

CFC DQE REPORT: METEOR 15 LEG 3, A9

My technique and reasoning for flagging data was abbreviated due to not having all 
of the information necessary to do a more through job. But with the information 
that was provided, I generated station listings for the values of CFC11, CFC12, 
CFC11/CFC12 ratio, percent saturation of O2, O2, pressure and density. I then 
plotted both CFC's concentration vs. depth for each station. The strongest 
indicator of questionable CFC data is the CFC11/CFC12 concentration ratio that is 
physically constrained by the solubility of the gases. Ratios that were thus 
determined to be unlikely indicate that one or possibly both CFCs could be 
questionable. From the station profiles and comparing to other parameters (such as 
O2 saturation for the surface waters) I attempted to judge which of the CFCs was 
most likely to cause the improbable ratio. In some cases I had to flag both values 
questionable if the profiles, values from the stations before and/or after or other 
measured tracers did not provide an indication as to which value to question. If 
the data generator provides the information that was requested for in the report, 
particularly for the data points in question, I would be able to reassess those 
quality control words.

I am not sure that a sampling blank has been applied to the CFC values for A9 since 
all the values in the files were zero or positive. When a reasonable sampling blank 
is applied to CFC "free" water you would expect some bottles to have a negative 
concentration reported. More information on the sampling blank applied for A9 would 
clarify this concern.

-Rick Van Woy
June 1,1993

# WOCE A-9

#STAT	CAST	SAMPLE	F-11	F-12 
			QUAL 2	QUAL 2
122	1	301	3	3
122	1	302	3	3
122	1	309	3	2
122	1	312	3	2
122	1	315	3	2
122	1	316	3	2
122	1	319	3	2
122	1	322	3	2
122	1	323	3	2
122	1	324	3	2
123	1	319	3	3
123	1	322	3	3
123	1	323	3	3
123	1	324	3	3
127	1	312	3	2
127	1	319	3	2
127	1	320	3	3
130	1	323	3	3
130	1	324	3	3
132	1	211	3	3
132	2	301	3	3
132	2	314	3	3
132	2	320	2	3
134	2	304	2	3
134	2	305	2	3
135	2	313	3	2
136	2	315	2	3
137	2	323	3	3
138	2	315	2	3
140	1	201	3	3
140	1	202	3	3
140	2	315	2	3
143	2	304	3	2
143	2	316	2	3
146	1	202	2	3
146	1	203	2	3
146	1	204	3	3
146	1	205	3	3
146	2	323	3	2
149	2	303	3	2
149	2	321	3	2
151	1	216	3	3
151	1	207	2	3
151	2	304	2	3
151	2	309	3	3
151	2	315	3	3
151	2	316	2	3
151	2	323	3	2
151	2	324	3	3
152	2	303	2	3
153	1	204	2	3
153	2	301	2	3
153	2	302	2	3
153	2	317	2	3
153	2	318	2	3
157	2	309	2	3
157	2	312	3	2
157	2	317	3	3
165	2	303	9	3
165	2	316	3	3
165	2	317	3	3
165	2	318	2	3
169	1	311	3	3
169	1	313	3	3
170	1	312	2	3
170	1	313	2	3
172	1	306	3	2
174	2	310	3	2
182	1	305	3	2
184	2	305	3	2
186	2	312	2	3
190	2	304	3	2
190	2	322	2	3
192	1	201	2	3
196	2	301	2	3
196	2	306	2	3
196	2	310	2	3
196	2	316	2	3
196	2	317	2	3
196	2	318	2	3
196	2	322	2	3
198	2	317	3	3
202	1	202	2	3
202	1	203	2	3
202	1	204	2	3
208	1	206	3	2
208	1	208	3	2
208	2	319	3	3
208	2	322	3	3
210	2	323	3	3
212	1	201	2	3
212	1	204	2	3
212	1	205	2	3
214	1	205	3	3
214	1	206	2	3
214	2	319	3	3
219	1	301	3	2
219	1	302	3	3
219	1	303	3	3
219	1	304	3	3
224	1	201	2	3
224	1	202	3	2
225	1	322	9	3
225	1	324	2	3
226	1	203	3	3
226	1	207	2	3
228	2	322	2	3
229	2	306	3	2
229	2	322	3	3
232	2	304	3	2
232	2	309	3	2
232	2	315	2	3
232	2	316	2	3
232	2	317	2	3
232	2	318	2	3
232	2	319	2	3
232	2	320	2	3

INPUT FILE: A9.RVW
THE DATE TODAY IS: 27-MAY-93

STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS	CFC-11	CFC-12	QUALT1	QUALT2
				******	******		
122	1	12	2998.0	0.061		2~	3~
122	1	12	2998.0	0.021		2~	3~
127	1	12	 145.0	1.842		2~	3~
127	2	12	3001.0	0.009		2~	9~
130	1	13	   6.0	1.731		2~	3~
130	1	13	  26.0	1.620		2~	3~
132	1	13	  28.0	1.624		2~	3~
132	2	13	1243.0	0.012		2~	3~
132	2	13	2144.0	0.026		2~	3~
132	2	13	4027.0	0.015		2~	3~
134	2	13	3894.0	0.012		2~	3~
134	2	13	4147.0	0.007		2~	3~
136	2	13	1593.0	0.011		2~	3~
137	2	13	 595.0	1.515		2~	3~
138	2	13	1593.0	0.025		2~	3~
140	1	14	 497.0	0.555		2~	3~
140	1	14	 599.0	0.555		2~	3~
140	2	14	1793.0	0.015		2~	3~
142	2	14	1994.0	0.016		2~	9~
143	2	14	1992.0	0.007		2~	3~
145	2	14	2243.0	0.006		2~	9~
146	1	14	 497.0	0.270		2~	3~
146	1	14	 597.0	0.269		2~	3~
146	1	14	 695.0	0.116		2~	3~
146	1	14	 796.0	0.077		2~	3~
151	1	15	  29.0	1.707		2~	3~
151	1	15	 597.0	0.225		2~	3~
151	2	15	   7.0	1.912		2~	3~
151	2	15	2994.0	0.001		2~	3~
151	2	15	3244.0	0.011		2~	3~
151	2	15	4493.0	0.031		2~	3~
151	2	15	5495.0	0.027		2~	3~
152	2	15	5489.0	0.016		2~	3~
153	1	15	 597.0	0.235		2~	3~
153	2	15	1793.0	0.015		2~	3~
153	2	15	1993.0	0.015		2~	3~
153	2	15	5000.0	0.008		2~	3~
153	2	15	5000.0	0.009		2~	3~
154	2	15	3495.0	0.000		2~	9~
154	2	15	3893.0	0.004		2~	9~
157	2	15	1593.0	0.001		2~	3~
157	2	15	3494.0	0.004		2~	3~
165	2	16	 894.0	0.026		2~	3~
165	2	16	 994.0	0.025		2~	3~
165	2	16	1093.0	0.019		2~	3~
169	1	16	 893.0	0.078		2~	3~
169	1	16	1194.0	0.041		2~	3~
170	1	17	1094.0	0.010		2~	3~
170	1	17	1194.0	0.008		2~	3~
186	2	18	2244.0	0.001		2~	3~
190	2	19	 896.0	0.016		2~	3~
192	1	19	 697.0	0.062		2~	3~
196	2	19	 993.0	0.013		2~	3~
196	2	19	1594.0	0.003		2~	3~
196	2	19	1793.0	0.004		2~	3~
196	2	19	1995.0	0.004		2~	3~
196	2	19	3495.0	0.000		2~	3~
196	2	19	4293.0	0.006		2~	3~
196	2	19	5360.0	0.002		2~	3~
198	2	19	1993.0	0.014		2~	3~
200	2	20	3244.0	0.000		2~	9~
202	1	20	 597.0	0.048		2~	3~
202	1	20	 697.0	0.019		2~	3~
202	1	20	 797.0	0.017		2~	3~
208	2	20	1593.0	0.011		2~	3~
208	2	20	2242.0	0.009		2~	3~
210	2	21	1394.0	0.012		2~	3~
212	1	21	 597.0	0.044		2~	3~
212	1	21	 698.0	0.029		2~	3~
212	1	21	 999.0	0.011		2~	3~
214	1	21	 597.0	0.044		2~	3~
214	1	21	 698.0	0.019		2~	3~
214	2	21	1993.0	0.129		2~	3~
219	1	21	2694.0	0.013		2~	3~
219	1	21	2794.0	0.016		2~	3~
219	1	21	2963.0	0.017		2~	3~
224	1	22	 999.0	0.020		2~	3~
225	1	22	 493.0	0.098		2~	3~
226	1	22	 397.0	0.147		2~	3~
226	1	22.	 798.0	0.050		2~	3~
228	2	22	 994.0	0.009		2~	3~
229	2	22	 793.0	0.027		2~	3~
232	2	23	 494.0	0.137		2~	3~
232	2	23	 594.0	0.031		2~	3~
232	2	23	 694.0	0.020		2~	3~
232	2	23	 794.0	0.020		2~	3~
232	2	23	 893.0	0.010		2~	3~
232	2	23	 993.0	0.005		2~	3~

----------------------
Tracer Oceanography
University of Bremen

from: Peter Beining

COMMENTS ON QUALITY FLAGS OF THE CFC-DATA FROM METEOR 15 LEG 3 (A9).

Estimated error of the CFC-data:
We estimated for both CFCs an error of 0.8% or 0.005 pmol/kg, whichever is greater, 
with the exception of stations # 122 to # 151, were we had a problem with a leaking 
valve. The errors for these stations are 3% for both CFCs.

Sampling blank:
The DQ-Expert mentioned that it seemed to him that there was no sampling blank 
applied. He argued that if a sampling blank was subtracted from the CFC-data, one 
would expect negative values. In fact, unfortunately, in the step of connecting the 
CFC-data with the other hydrographic data the sign of negative values was lost. A 
corrected file is now made available and we would appreciate a reassessment.

The CFC-data were only stripper-blank corrected (not sampling-blank corrected). 
Figure 1 compares concentrations obtained on samples for which vanishing values can 
be expected (Stations # 172 - # 192, >1500m) without any blank corrections applied, 
with stripper blank measurements (converted to concentrations). The means of the 
"zero-water" concentrations are 0.009±0.003 pmol/kg (CFC 11) and 0.0 1±0.005 
pmol/kg (CFC 12), the mean of the stripper blanks are 0.008+0.004 pmol/kg (the 
errors are standard deviation of individual measurements). The difference is 
regarded as insignificant. We concluded that a sampling blank can be ignored.

Quality flags:
In most cases we agree with the setting of the quality flag by the DQ-Expert. But 
we want emphasize that we didn't remove the values because we feel that in some 
cases the signal may be real or in other cases the signal may be helpful to 
recognize a wrong sample. Two examples should support this:

1.	Figure 2 shows hydrographic profiles from station #229 which includes salinity, 
	oxygen, CFC11 and CFC12. If you consider the data point near 800 m you can 
	recognize an intermediate maximum in the CFC-profiles. The calculated ratio is 
	suspicious but on the other hand you find at the same depth in the oxygen 
	profile also an intermediate maximum. So there might be a real signal from 
	Antarctic Intermediate Water. The use of the CFC-ratio for checking this values 
	makes no sense because the error of the ratio is 60%.

2.	Figure 3 shows profiles from station #214. The CFC concentrations near 2000 m is 
	obviously wrong but you can see that the oxygen value at the same depth shows 
	also an anomalous behaviour. A possible reason is that this bottle did not 
	correctly close. In this case you can use the CFC value and the oxygen value to 
	check the quality.

For this reasons we agree that the values are questionable but they might give 
helpful information for the user of the data set.

P. Beining

Fig.	1:	#172 - #196*

Fig.	2:	#229*

Fig.	3:	#214*

* See pdf file for figures.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



                  DATA PROCESSING HISTORY

Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary           
  Notes:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8/24/92   Siedler   BTL            Submitted for DQE    
          
9/11/92   Arhan     CTD/S/O        DQE Contacted 
          
9/25/92   Van Woy   CFCs           DQE Begun    

9/25/92   Gordon    NUTs           DQE Begun  with Joe Jenings  

9/25/92   Arhan     CTD/S/O        DQE Begun   
          
12/30/92  Arhan     CTD/S/O        DQE Report to WHPO    
          
1/5/93    Siedler   CTD/S/O        DQE Report sent to PI    
          
3/2/93    Jennings  NUTs           DQE Report to WHPO    
          
3/26/93   Siedler   NUTs           DQE Report to PI    
          
5/11/93   Van Woy   CFCs           DQE Report to WHPO    
          
6/11/93   Siedler   CFCs           DQE Report to PI    
          
3/6/95    Siedler   CTC/NUTs/CFCs  Data are Final    
          
8/21/96   Putzka    Tracer         Data Rcvd @ WHPO    
          
8/15/97   Siedler   DOC            Submitted    
           
9/25/97   Klein     HELIUM/DELHE3  Submitted  also Neon  
  The helium data I submitted for a9 have the following meaning:
  
  Helium stands for the isotope helium4 delHe3 stands for delta-He3 and is the 
  deviation of the isotope ratio of helium3/helium4 compared to helium3/helium4 
  ratio in air (given in percent).  Neon stands for the isotope neon20
  
  Helier is the individual error assigned to the respective helium  measurement.
  delher is the individual error assigned to the respective delta-He3 value
  Neoner is the individual error assigned to the respective neon value
  
  I submitted today helium measurements for WHP section a8, the file was named 
  WHPA8_he.dat, the corresponding documentation is given in whpa8_he.txt. The 
  helium and neon isotope measurements for this cruise have just been finished 
  and have not been reported yet. The delta-He3 values for this section are not 
  final yet because we need to make a correction for tritium decay during 
  storage time but these corrections are small.
            
3/12/99   Diggs     DELC14         Submitted for DQE 
  not yet merged into btl file
            
12/9/99   Klein     He/Tr          Final Data Rcvd @ WHPO  
  Tritium corrrected/final  as I understood from the mailing with Jerry Kappa 
  you are unable to locate the tritium and final helium data for a9. I think 
  they have been submitted to WHOI but it is no problem to submit these data 
  again. The data file is called a09trihe.woc and the accompanying  meta 
  information is given in file m15tridoc.txt.
  
  The delhe3 data are tritium corrected and are therefore final, helium and neon 
  data did not need a correction.
  
  All quality flags follow woce standards. All data including the CFCs which are 
  not submitted again can be public.
            
12/13/99  Müller  CTD/SUM         Update Needed  Numbering problems. 
  I received the below msg of Robert Key while I'm working in Brazil for a
  week. It concerns with a problem that arose earlier with A9, and may arise
  with A8, too. The problem maybe identified as Robert Key suspected:
  
  On all 3 sections A9, A10 and A8, the Kiel CTD group on-board counted
  casts increasingly, starting with 1 and ending with some high number. All
  other groups on-board were asked to keep these cast numbers for
  identification. To my knowledge, and J. Holfort may confirm this,
  the cast numbers as created on-board have been used in the CTD and
  SUM files we sent to the WHPO. Later (I do not exactly remember when) I
  got to know that someone at the WHPO changed the cast numbers in the 
  SUM and CTD files to start with 1 for each station (as it is
  usual for the rest of the world). However, changing the cast numbers in
  the CTD and SUM files will cause problems with the rosette file as it will
  be completed with additional data flowing in. It seems to me that this is
  the problem the WHPO now is facing. The way out of it would be as
  recommended by Robert Key: 
  
  DO NOT CHANGE CAST NUMBERS BUT KEEP THEM KEEP THEM AS THEY ARE SENT IN
  BY THE PIs (besides obvious mistakes). To solve the problem, you may have
  to reconstruct the original cast numbers from the original SUM and CTD
  files as they were sent in by
  the PIs.
  
  Juergen Holfort who has sent the CTD, SUM and part of the HYD files for
  A8, A9 and A10, and myself will assist if neccessary.
  
  Regards
  Thomas J. Müller
            
2/14/00   Kozyr    TCARBN/ALKI/PCO2  Final Data Rcvd @ WHPO  DQE Complete  
            
2/22/00   Diggs    He/Tr/Neon        Data ready to be merged    
             
2/25/00   Newton   He/Tr/Neon        Data Merged  See note:  
  Notes on modifications made to A09  expocode 06MT15/3  
    From file a09_1999.12.09.bklein.he-tr.txt  merged in 
      HELIUM HELIER NEON NEONER DELHE3 DELHER  and added  TRITUM, TRITER
    File named above had goofy sequential cast numbers that were reconciled
      to correct numbers before merging.
    In file named above station 139 cast 1 botlnbr 201  is probably really
       station 139 cast 2 botlnbr 201, but it's moot because all values are
       missing anyway.
    In file named above station 196 cast 1 btlnbr 213 is probably a stray,
       but it's moot because values are missing anyway.
    In file named above two DELHE3 values had -9 as value, but had a 2 recorded
       in Qflag. These were stn 157 cast 1 botlnbr 203 and stn 214 cast 2 botnbr
       320. Left asis  Scores of DELHE3 values were -9.00 with Qflag of 4. Left
       asis.
    In file named above all DELHE3 missing values were -9.00 instead of -999. I
       fixed this in merged file.
    Rearranged columns into WHPO 90-1 table 4.1 order.
    25Feb2000  David Newton
            
2/28/00   Diggs    He/Tr/Neon  Website Updated  See note:  I have placed the 
  updated version of the hydro bottle file online which has the new (1999/12) 
  version of He/Tr/Ne.  All tables and files have been updated and the files are 
  now archived.
            
3/1/00    Diggs    CFCs              Update Needed  
  Note to B. Klein:  Re: Meteor 15 (WHPO # A09 : 06MT15_3)
  
  I have run into some issues with the 1997 CFC file that you sent to the WHPO.  
  In that file, some of the CFC values are -8.7796 and  -9.1148.  While these 
  are clearly out of the range of valid values  for CFCs, I think that perhaps 
  your software was writing out numbers approximating -9.0, the NO_DATA values 
  for WOCE.
  
  I had also received an updated C14 file from Matthias Arnold  (Institut fuer 
  Umweltphysik der Universitaet Heidelberg) on 1998.08.10.  In that file he has 
  CFC values, I'm assuming that they are from you.  This file has no large 
  negative values except for the usual -9.0 as NO_DATA values.  In addtion, some 
  of these CFC values for the same CAST, STN and SAMPLE differ from your values 
  in the 1997 file.  Did you update the CFC values from A09 after 1997?
  
  The question is, which file do I use to merge the CFCs into our bottle file 
  online?  I will send you a uuencoded compressed tarfile of these files and you 
  may judge for yourself.  Just be aware that the pressures are inverted from 
  one file to another, and the BTLNBRs in one file match the SAMPNOs in the 
  other.  The tarfile will be in a separate message.
            
5/9/00    Müller  CTD/BTL/NEON      Data are Public  See note:  
  Again, I would like to declare all CTD and all bottle data including the 
  tracer-data of the WHP one-time cruises A9/M15-3, A10/M22-5 and A8/M28-1 as 
  'public'. This has been done several times earlier, and I hope that by now 
  this information will flow into your files. 
  
  Also please note, all CTD-data from repeat hydrography cruises / mooring 
  cruises with chief scientists / PIs  T.J. Müller, W. Zenk, and / or  O. 
  Boebel / C. Schmid are 'public'.
  
  Viel Glueck
  Thomas J. Muller 
  (speaking also for G. Siedler/M15-3; R. Onken/M22-5 and W. Roether/Tracers)
            
5/23/00   Huynh    DOC               Website Updated  pdf, txt versions online  
            
6/8/00    Klein    He/Tr/Ne          Final Data Rcvd @ WHPO 
  We report final freon, helium isotope, neon and tritium data for the WOCE-
  WHP A9 (South-Atlantic) section (zonal at about 19 South) METEOR -cruise 15/3 
  (zonal at about 19 South). The data are stored under the file name 
  'wocea9.dat'. The bottle data file stored below contains all hydrographic 
  variables although we contribute only tracer data. Freon data and helium data 
  have been submitted earlier but should be replaced by the final values.
  
  The new and final data which should be included into the water sample file 
  are:
  CFC11 (column 12)
  CFC12 (column 13)
  HELIUM (column 22)
  DELHE3 (column 24)
  TRITIUM (column 20)
  NEON (column 26)
  and their respective errors
  CFC11ER (column 12)
  CFC12ER (column 13)
  HELIER (column 22)
  DELHER (column 24)
  TRITER (column 20)
  NEONER (column 27).
  
  The corresponding hydrographic-data are under the responsibility of the 
  Institut fuer Meereskunde University Kiel
  Prof. Dr. Siedler, Dr. T. Müller
  ==============================
  
  Responsible for the tracer data given here are:
  Dr. A. Putzka, Prof. Dr. Roether, Dr. B. Klein
  Institut fuer Umweltphysik
  Tracer Ozeanographie
  University Bremen
  Email: bklein@physik.uni-bremen.de
  ===============================
  
  The data file (Wocea9.dat) contains 38 columns and 3707 lines, variables and 
  units are listed below. 
  
  Column  Parameter-Name          Units
  1       STNNBR                  
  2       CASTNO                  
  3       SAMPNO                  
  4       CTDPRS                  DBAR
  5       CTDTMP                  Deg C
  6       CTDSAL                  PSS-78
  7       OXYGEN                  UMOL/KG
  8       SILCAT                  UMOL/KG
  9       NITRAT                  UMOL/KG
  10      NITRIT                  UMOL/KG
  11      PHSPHT                  UMOL/KG
  12      CFC-11                  PMOL/KG
  13      CFC-12                  PMOL/KG
  14      CFC113                  PMOL/KG
  15      CCL4                    PMOL/KG
  16      CFC11ER                 PMOL/KG
  17      CFC12ER                 PMOL/KG
  18      CCF113ER                PMOL/KG
  19      CCL4ER                  PMOL/KG
  20      TRITUM                  TU
  21      TRITER                  TU
  22      HELIUM                  NMOL/KG
  23      HELIER                  NMOL/KG
  24      DELHE3                  %
  25      DELHER                  %
  26      NEON                    NMOL/KG
  27      NEONER                  NMOL/KG
  28      O18/O16                 PER MILLE
  29      TCARBN                  UMOL/KG
  30      ALKALI                  UMOL/KG
  31      FCO2                    UATM
  32      PH                      
  33      BLN-CFC11               PMOL/KG
  34      METHYLJODID             
  35      CTD-OXY                 UMOL/KG
  36      STORAGE TIME OF HELIUM  DAYS
  37      QUALITY WORD1           
  38      QUALITY WORD2           
  
  invalid or missing data have been indicated by -9.000 
  
  The tracer data have each been assigned individual errors. Information about 
  data quality is contained in quality word 1 (column 37) and quality word 2 
  (column 38).
  
  Quality flag1:
  digit 1:        CTDSAL 
  digit 2:        OXYGEN 
  digit 3:        SILCAT
  digit 4:        NITRAT
  digit 5:                NITRIT
  digit 6:        PHSPHT
  digit 7:                CFC-11 
  byte 8:         CFC-12 
  byte 9:         CFC113 
  byte 10:        CCl4 
  byte 11:        TRITIUM 
  byte 12:        HELIUM 
  
  Quality flag2:
  digit 1:        DELHE3
  digit 2:                NEON
  digit 3:                O18/O16 
  digit 4:                TCARBN
  digit 5:                ALKALI
  digit 6:        FCO2 
  digit 7:                PH
  digit 8:                BLN-CFC11
  digit 9:                METHYLJODID
  digit 10:       CTDOXY
  digit 11:       not used
  digit 12:       not used
  
  The quality code is defined as follows (Woce standard basically with minor 
    modification):
  1==sample taken but not measured
  2==acceptable measurement
  3==questionable measurement
  4==bad measurement
  5==correction for air contamination
  6==mean of replicate measurements
  7==slightly questionable measurement
  8==sample identification uncertain
  9==sample not drawn from this bottle
  
  General comments:
  
  HELIUM AND NEON MEASUREMENTS
  The water samples for the analysis of helium isotopes and neon measurements 
  were stored in copper tubes and extracted later on in the laboratory. Storage 
  time is indicated in the data file and amounted between 2 to 3 years.
  An internal standard filled with regular air has been used for the helium 
  isotope and neon  measurements at the laboratory in Bremen to make all 
  measurements internally self-consistent. An external standard does not exist. 
  The helium data reported now have been corrected for tritium decay, this 
  correction is in the order of at maximum 0.6% and effects only the upper 
  waters. 
  
  TRITIUM MEASUREMENTS
  Tritium samples are stored in 1 liter glas bottles and were extracted later on 
  in the laboratory. Tritium concentrations are measured by helium-ingrowth, 
  therefore the same standard procedures apply as for helium. Tritium 
  concentrations have been decay corrected to March 1st 1991.
  
  CFC MEASUREMENTS:
  CFC measurements were continously performed during the cruise by gas 
  chromatography. The CFC data reported earlier were based on the SIO86 scale 
  and have now been rescaled to SIO93 using the following corrections:
  F11_SIO93=F11_SIO86/1.0251
  F12_SIO93=F12_SIO86/0.9874
  
6/8/00    Diggs       TCARBN   Website Updated  data merged into btl file/online
            
6/23/00   Newton      CFCs     Data Merged into BTL file  See note:  
  had to resolve questionable sequential cast numbers in new file again.  
  > stn139 cast 1 btlnbr 201 could not be merged. but moot because values were 
    missing.  
  > stn196 cast 1 btlnbr 213 is probably a stray. changed it to btlnbr 224. 
  > deleted stn196 cast 1  btlnbr 224 as it contain bogus missing cfcs. 
  > corrected bogus missing cfc11s of -8.7796 and bogus missing cfc12s of -
    9.1148
  The cfcs used none of the nonstandard quality flags noted by the originator.
            
6/25/00   Diggs       CFCs     Website Updated  merged CFCs now online
  Updated values from Birgit Klein merged into on-line bottle file by David 
  Newton. Placed online after checking, associated files and tables updated.
            
11/3/00   Bartolacci  SUM      Website Updated  Reformatted SUM file online  
  I have replaced the current online sumfile with the newly reformatted file and 
  moved the old file to the "original" subdirectory. Reformatting completed by 
  S. Anderson. Tables and referenced have been updated to reflect this change.
            
3/20/01   Diggs       DELC14   Data Ready to be Merged    
            
3/21/01   Muus        DELC14   Data Merged into BTL file    
            
3/27/01   Kappa       DOC      PDF, TXT Versions Updated  
  ar15 added, pdf links colored  
            
3/28/01   Kappa       DOC      PDF, TXT Versions Updated  
  Added PS cruise track/data processing notes to pdf/txt    

