CRUISE NARRATIVE (S04A, SR04)

Highlights 

                        WHP Cruise Summary Information

                WOCE section designation  S04A, SR04
       Expedition designation (ExpoCode)  06AQANTXIII_4
         Chief Scientist and affiliation  Eberhard Fahrbach/AWI
                                          Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut 
                                            für Polar und Meeresforschung
                                          Fachbereich Klimasystem
                                          Postfach 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven
                                          Phone (+49) (0)471 4831-1820
                                            FAX (+49) (0)471 4831-1797
                                          Office: Bussestr. 24
                                          http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de
                                          email:efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de

                                   Dates  1996.MAR.17 - 1996.MAY.20
                                    Ship  RV Polarstern
                           Ports of call  Cape Town, S Africa to 
                                          Punta Arenas, Chile to
                                          Bremerhaven, Germany
                      Number of stations  104
                                                      44° 0.35' S
         Stations' Geographic boundaries  53° 37.44' W           38° 59.81' E
                                                      71° 1.30' S
            Floats and drifters deployed  0
          Moorings deployed or recovered  3 recovered; 14 deployed


Contributing Authors:

Matthias Alpers/IAPR      Andreas Hansjosten/AWI      Erika Mutschke/UMAG
MarcoAntonio/UACH         Josef Hbffner/IAPR          Jochen Nowaczyk/AWI
Wolf Arntz/AWI            Elisabeth Helmke/AWI        Martin Rauschert/AWIP
Karl Bakker/NIOZ          Miriam de las Heras/AWI     Carlos Rios/UMAG
Anke Bittkau/AWI          Josepf Höffner/IAPR         Gerd Rohardt/AWI
Harald Bohlmann/AWI       Mario Hoppema/AWI           Harald Rohr/AWI
Klaus Bulsiewicz/IUPB     Mario Hopperna/AWI          Malte Runge/IUPB
Alexander Buschmann/AWI   Uta Horstmann/AWI           Björn Schlenker/IUPB
Lardies Carrasco/UACH     Markus Jochum/AWI           Michael Schröder/AWI
Nicola Jane Debenham/NHM  Ulla Klauke/AWI             Hiltrud Sieverding/IUPB
Corinna Dubischar/AWI     Edmund Knuth/DWD            Vassili Spiridonov/ZMMU
Erich Dunker/AWI          Herbert KöhIer/DWD          Michel Stoll/NIOZ
Joachim England/DWD       Leif Kolb/AWI               Birgit Strohscher/AWI
Veit Eska/IAPR            Peter Albert Lamont/SAMS    Giok Nio Tan/AWI
Eberhard Fahrbach/AWI     Katrin Linse/IPO            Tanja Winterrath/AWI
Timothy John Ferrero/NHM  Pedro Martinez-Arbizu/FBZO  Andreas Wisotzki/AWI
Gerhard Fraas/IUPB        Ralf Meyer/AWI              Hannelore Witte/AWI
Kai Horst George/FBZO     Anneke MOhlebach/AWI        Rebecca Woodgate/AWI
Dieter Gerdes/AWI         Hans-Joachim Möller/DWD     Ulf von Zahn/IAPR
Janja Gorny/AWI           Americo Montiel/UMAG        Andreas Zimmermann/AWI
Matthias Gorny/AWI        Gisela Silveira Moura/FBZO  



1.1  Summary and Itinerary

The Polarstern-cruise ANT XIII/4 started on March 17th, 1996 in Cape Town. The 
first part of the cruise consisted of multidisciplinary work with a focus on 
physical oceanography in the Weddell Sea, during the second part logistic tasks 
were carried out at King George Island and a benthological programme was 
performed in the Drake Passage. During the whole cruise, temperature 
measurements were made with a newly developed potassium temperature lidar, which 
was designed to measure the natural variations in temperature of the mesopause 
at different geographical locations and in different seasons. The high temporal 
and vertical resolution of the lidar together with the simultaneous observations 
of the potassium layer allowed better insight into dynamic processes in the 
upper atmosphere.

A major part of the deep and bottom waters of the global ocean are ventilated by 
the injection of waters from the Weddell Sea. Cooling in winter and sea ice 
formation, as well as the interaction between the ocean and the ice shelves, 
induce water mass modifications which generate water masses on the shelf which 
are dense enough to sink to the bottom of the Weddell basin. During their 
descent, they mix with ambient water masses and are carried with the cyclonic 
Weddell gyre circulation to the north. The formation of bottom and deep water 
determines the exchange of atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) between the ocean 
and the atmosphere. Through the upwelling of C02-rich deep-water, C02 can be 
given up to the atmosphere, a process which counteracts the C02 flux due to 
cooling and biological processes at the surface. Thus the components of the C02 
system were measured to determine whether the Weddell Sea is a source or a sink 
for atmospheric C02. The physical oceanography measurements of the cruise 
contribute to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, (WOCE). The hydrographical 
sections are referred in the WOCE code as the repeat sections SR2 and SR4 and 
the Atlantic part of the S4-section. In order to better understand the processes 
and effects which are important in this area, the programme consisted of four 
components.

1. To determine the inflow from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current into the 
   eastern Weddell Sea, a hydrographical section was worked from 24°41'E to 
   39°E, using a CTD-probe (Conductivity-Temperature with Depth) in connection 
   with water samplers and an ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler).

2. The outflow of the bottom water from the east into the western Weddell Sea 
   was measured by a zonal hydrographical section along the eastward current in 
   the north of the Weddell gyre from 0' to 24°41 E.

3. The exchange between the eastern and western Weddell Sea was measured on a 
   meridional hydrographical section through the Weddell gyre along the 
   Greenwich Meridian. Here, in addition to the use of the CTD-sensor, water 
   samplers and ADCP, moorings were also recovered and deployed.

4. To determine the inflow into the southern Weddell Sea from the east and the 
   outflow in the north-west, a hydrographical section was performed through the 
   southern Weddell Sea and moorings were deployed near Joinville Island.

Among other uses, these measurements will be used to validate models which 
simulate the circulation and water mass formation in the Weddell Sea. The 
isotopes of oxygen, including 180, nutrients and the tracers Freon-11, Freon-12, 
Freon-113 and CCl4, as well as Tritium, 3He, He and Ne give information about 
the water mass formation and spreading. Samples of the stable carbon isotope 
613C were taken for paleo-oceanographic studies.

The marine organic chemistry group concentrated on the autumn distribution of 
dissolved and particulate phytosterols in the Weddell Sea to understand the fate 
of phytosterols and other trace organic compounds in the ocean starting with 
biosynthesis and input into the euphotic zone and ending with the possible final 
deposition into the bottom sediments of the deep sea.

Planktological studies focused on the distribution of some dominant zooplankton 
and micronekton species such as Calanoides acutus and Rhincalanus gigas (the two 
dominant Copepodes of the Antarctic), which show a clear dependence on the 
oceanographic structure of the Weddell gyre. These species very probably do not 
reproduce in the western Weddell Sea. Thus the population is maintained by the 
advection of individuals who have over-wintered in the Warm Deep Water and by 
local recruitment in the eastern Weddell gyre. The presence of Antarctic krill, 
Euphausia superba, in the eastern Weddell gyre seems to play a important role in 
the maintaining of the krill population in the Atlantic sector of the southern 
polar seas. Krill can be brought into the Weddell Sea by the advection of krill-
larvae with the inflow of Warm Deep Water, although adult krill are usually 
found at shallower depths. On this cruise, the formation of the over-wintering 
population of the larger calanoid Copepods and the abundance of the krill-larvae 
in the Warm Deep Water was measured using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 
(ADCP) and an Optical Plankton Counter (OPC) in combination with conventional 
net sampling. The Chlorophyll-concentration at different depths along all the 
sections was measured and combined qualitatively with the phytoplankton 
determined from the water samples. Investigations of the Antarctic zooplankton 
ecology focused on the completion of the reproductive periods of various species 
which shows a strong geographical variation. The transition of several dominant 
zooplankton species to over-wintering was studied in different areas of the 
Weddell Sea. Using the Multinet catches, the vertical distribution of the 
different stages of development of the Copepodes was determined.

The second part of the cruise concentrated on the investigation of the 
ecological relationship between the marine fauna of the Antarctic Peninsular and 
the southern-most part of South America. South America is the closest present-
day land mass to Antarctica. Thus it is assumed that the exchange between South 
America and Antarctica has been longer and more intense than with the other 
continents. Due to bad weather, the benthological group were unable to fly to 
King George Island. Also the collection of material from the Dallmann 
laboratory, which is connected to the Argentinean Jubany-Station, could only be 
completed to a limited extent. The unfavourable weather conditions meant the 
activities planned for King George Island were cancelled and the work 
concentrated instead on the continental slope south of Terra del Fuego. During 
the "Joint Magellan VICTOR HENSEN Campaign 1994", a large number of samples were 
collected in shallow and deep water in the Magellan Straits (to a depth of 650 
m), in the northwestern part of the Beagle Canal and from the eastern exit of 
the Beagle Canal to Cape Horn. On this cruise, along a section on the northern 
continental slope of Drake Passage, at different depths samples were taken with 
the Multicorer, the Multibox Corer, the Dredge and the underwater-camera to 
study the macro and meiozoobenthic structure, and to complete the available 
benthic samples with material obtained from greater depths. In addition, samples 
were taken for physiological, biological reproduction and population dynamic 
experiments. Finally, observations were made of behaviour patterns and material 
was gathered for genetic work. It appeared that the transition to the Antarctic 
is rather of a gradual nature than abrupt. Despite this fact, considerable 
differences remain between the Antarctic and this southernmost part of the 
Magellan region. This indicates that 20 million years of separation and 
isolation, despite some glacial periods of 'Increased interchange, have led to 
rather distinct separation of two neighbouring marine ecosystems which 
originally had an identical fauna. Supporting hydrographic data was acquired 
with the CTD. The cruise ended in Punta Arenas on May 20th, 1996. The cruise 
track is displayed in Fig. 1.


2.     Scientific programmes

2.1    Investigations of the atmosphere

2.1.1  Weather Conditions
       (Hans-Joachim Möller, Herbert KöhIer/DWD)

The passage from Cape Town to 54°S 39°E was dominated by a subtropical high with 
moderate winds but many clouds. South of 50°S, the first frontal troughs were 
crossed. The following westward passage was characterized by the alternation of 
deep lows and small wedges of high pressure. Westerly winds between 25 and 35 
knots were most frequent. While passing through gale centres and frontal troughs 
the wind increased up to Force 9 for a short time, but also decreased to Force 4 
when passing through the wedges. The passage to the northeast to the mooring 
position in the oceanic Polar Front was favoured by a meridional trough, 
followed by a strong wedge of high pressure.

On the way to the meridional hydrographic section on the Greenwich Meridian the 
strong westerly wind regime prevailed. The following passage south was dominated 
by a large polar low, filled with cold air. For many days, showers with snow and 
soft hail occured. At the beginning of the second part of April, a cold air flow 
in the middle troposphere formed a meridional trough, which reached far north to 
the coast of Uruguay. This trough moved south-eastward, carrying cold antarctic 
air in its back, The corresponding surface low deepened rapidly to a gale with 
its centre between Bouvet Island and the Antarctic coast. The minimum pressure 
at the centre was less than 950 hPa, with RV "Polarstern" situated south of the 
it. For 36 hours, northeasterly to easterly winds of about 35 knots were 
observed with a heavy swell.

The first pancake ice was encountered at 69°09'S on April 21th about 30 nm north 
of the ice shelf edge. Before this time, only isolated icebergs had been passed, 
but now many bergs and growlers, frosted in the pack ice were observed. The 
wedge of a high pressure system, situated at the western Weddell Sea, extended 
more and more to the east. On April 24th, when we reached the Atka Bight, the 
finest calmy and sunny weather was experienced. For the next days, this high 
pressure zone influenced the Weddell Sea. At the end of April, a gale centre was 
formed in the Scotia Sea and consequently the southeasterly winds increased to 
gale force for a short time. The rising pressure, resulting from the following 
wedge, calmed the weather down rapidly.

Further lows were encountered during the passage through the ice of the southern 
Weddell Sea. A southeasterly to southwesterly airflow was at their back, whilst 
northeasterly to northwesterly winds dominated at their front. The situation 
during May 4th/5th can serve as an example: Over the western Weddell Sea, a 
trough was generated. Warm air was advected southward at its front with 
northwesterly winds Force 6. The air temperature rose continuously, from -170 C 
in the morning until it reached its maximum of +1°C at 23.00 UTC. The warm air 
flow brought a high humidity, low stratus clouds and poor visibility. The 
passage of the trough at 00.00 UTC was accompanied by a decreasing westerly 
wind, but not by a change in temperature. The strongly backing, southwest wind 
caused a powerful cold air advection. The temperature dropped to -7°C in one 
hour, and after 12.00 UTC of May 5th to below -21°C, in spite of continual 
sunshine.

In the northern part of the Weddell Sea, mostly young ice up to 30 cm thick was 
observed. West of 50OW however, large first-year or multiyear ice floes with 
thickness between 3 and 5 m reduced the ship's speed considerably. The ice edge 
had been shifted far west-northwest by continuous southeasterly winds with a 
speed up to Force 8. Wind and tides exerted a strong pressure on the ice, 
restricting seriously the progress of the cruise. The ice edge was reached on 
May 11th at 18 UTC near 62.2° S 57°W. At this position in Bransfield Strait a 
chain of icebergs lined up the ice edge like a barrier.

The crossing of the Drake Passage was favoured by a zone of high pressure, which 
extended from Argentina via the Magellan region and the Drake Passage to the 
southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. The high pressure system moved east 
only very slowly and dominated by weak winds until the middle of May. Then, a 
more cyclonic westerly situation developed, but strong westerly winds were not 
encountered until the very end of the cruise, because the pressure difference 
between the subtropical high and the polar trough was rather weak.

Westerly to northwesterly winds accounted for more than 40% of the hourly 
observations of ANT XIII/4. Wind forces 5, 6 and 7 were each recorded 20% of the 
time. Gales occured only 7% of the time, although the climatological value is 
nearly 20%. The frequency distributions of wind speed and direction is displayed 
in Fig. 2.


2.1.2  Temperature observations in the mesopause
       (Josepf Höffner, Veit Eska/IAPR)

Objectives

The major task of the IAPR-group was to test the new potassium temperature lidar 
of the Institute of Atmospheric Research at the Rostock university and to the 
make first measurements. Routine observations were planned to take place on ANT 
XIII/5 when better weather conditions were expected. Therefore we planned to 
build up a stable configuration for our untested lidar system.

The main part of our temperature lidar is a new high energy, narrow band, 
tuneable and pulsed alexandrite laser. The laser pulses are used for resonance 
scattering from free potassium atoms in the mesopause region. The backscattered 
photons are collected by a telescope and recorded by a photomultiplier. The 
scattering altitude is calculated from the time-of-flight of the light. It is 
possible to measure the Doppler broadening of the K(D1) fine structure by 
continuous spectral tuning of the alexandrite laser. This method allows an 
absolute air temperature determination 'in the scattering volume. Vertical wind 
velocities within the potassium layer are measured by Doppler shifted 
frequencies of the fine structure. A combination of Rayleigh backscattering and 
resonance scattering allows temperature measurements in the mesosphere and 
stratosphere down to 30 km.

Potassium acts as a tracer for our temperature measurements. Up till now, 
potassium measurements have been made with only three lidar systems. All took 
place in the northern hemisphere. Our measurements of the potassium layer are 
the first with a potassium temperature lidar in the southern hemisphere. The 
southernmost other temperature measurements in the mesopause at an altitude of 
80 to 110 km, we are aware of, occured at 31°S in Australia. Our first 
measurements indicated, that enough potassium is present in the southern 
atmosphere for temperature measurements from somewhat less than 80 km up to 110 
km height. This altitude range is the coldest in the whole atmosphere and thus 
very interesting. With our lidar system, we are able to continuously measure 
these temperatures. This is only possible with a ground/ship based lidar system.


Preliminary results

Observations of the potassium layer have been performed for 16 nights during the 
entire cruise. Eleven nights were suitable for temperature measurements in the 
mesopause. Temperature measurements require nearly 30 minuntes, whereas the 
potassium density can be determined in a few minutes. Several nights allowed us 
measurements of up to 12 hours and it was possible to observe changes in the 
temperatures on one night. These observations are the longest made with this 
lidar system.

The measured structure of the potassium layer is very similar to the that 
observed on the Isle Ruegen in spring 1995. It is a broad layer and extends from 
78 km up to 120 km height. The density maximum is nearly 20 atoms/CM3. At a 
height of 120 km the potassium density is only 0.01 atoms/cm3. The column 
density is nearly 20 Mio. atoms/cm2. We have not observed significant monthly 
differences in column density of potassium in April and May. On one of the first 
measured nights, we observed a peak in the potassium layer density. This could 
be a sporadic potassium layer, seen as a sudden rise in density. The extent of 
this layer is very small. The measurements were too short to observe this 
previously unknown phenomenon because of cloudy weather this night.

A measured backscattered profile collected during the night from May 2th to 3th 
is shown in Fig. 3 (left) and a temperature profile up to 106 km height in the 
same night in Fig. 3 (right). The mesopause temperature was distinctly higher 
than that of the reference atmosphere CIRA '89. Measurements on the other nights 
showed similar results. A second local minimum lies in 83 km height. The 
backscattered signal (Fig. 3, right) shows a Rayleigh backscattering within the 
potassium layer, which helps to determine temperatures down to 35 km in the 
stratosphere.

The dynamic variability of the potassium layer during one night is displayed in 
Fig. 4. The lower boundary of the layer moves up and down more than once during 
the night. The reason is probably wave activity. The shape and location of the 
layer change continously. The density maximum of the layer is higher at the end 
of the night than at the beginning. Similar tendencies also exist on the other 
measured nights. For more detailed analysis, we must improve and expand our 
software.


2.2    Physical Oceanography

2.2.1  Deep and Bottom Water Formation in the Weddell Sea
       (Eberhard Fahrbach, Janja Gorny, Andreas Hansjosten, Miriam de las
       Heras, Uta Horstmann, Markus Jochum, Leif Kolb, Ralf Meyer, Gerd
       Rohardt, Harald Rohr, Michael Schröder, Giok Nio Tan, Tanja Winterrath,
       Andreas Wisotzki, Hannelore Witte, Rebecca Woodgate/AWI).

Objectives

A major part of the deep and bottom waters of the global ocean are ventilated by 
an injection of waters from the Weddell Sea. Cooling in winter and sea ice 
formation, as well as the interaction between the ocean and the ice shelves, 
'Induce water mass modifications which form water masses on the shelf which are 
dense enough to sink to the bottom of the Weddell basin. During their descent, 
they mix with ambient water masses and are carried with the cyclonic Weddell 
gyre circulation to the north where they partly leave the Weddell Sea towards 
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and partly recirculate, steered by topographic 
features.

The increase in density due to cooling in the Weddell Sea counteracts the 
decrease in salinity due to precipitation and melting of ice shelf or icebergs. 
This increase in freshwater can similarly be compensated by the inflow of salty, 
deep water from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, a process which takes place 
predominantly in the eastern Weddell gyre. This water mass is observed as Warm 
Deep Water. During its path through the cyclonic gyre, it constantly loses heat 
and salt. The warm regime is typified by the relatively warm conditions in the 
southeast of the gyre, which are determined by the close proximity of the inflow 
in the eastern Weddell Sea. The cold regime in the northeast is created by the 
cooling of the Warm Deep Water in the course of its circulation through the 
gyre. The inflow 'is subject to intense fluctuations which are partly generated 
by the interaction of the flow with the bottom topography. The kinematics and 
dynamics of the fluctuations will be investigated to understand the variations 
of the inflow. In the Weddell Sea, these fluctuations are of importance because 
of their effect on the vertical stability and consequently vertical mixing in 
the open ocean. This can affect the sea ice cover to the extent of the 
generation of open ocean polynyas and the possibility of the formation of deep 
water.

To quantify these processes, measurements were carried out of the water mass 
characteristics and transport of the inflow in the eastern Weddell Sea, the 
exchanges between the eastern and the western Weddell gyre and the outflow into 
the Weddell-Scotia Confluence. The geostrophic transport determination will be 
optimized by quasi-synoptic measurements at various locations. The ageostrophic 
parts of the current field will be assessed by direct current measurements. To 
estimate the relevance of the results obtained, long-term measurements of the 
inflow, the mixing depth and the characteristics of the deep water were 
initiated. Because of the impact of the sea ice formation on the water mass 
modification, it is planned to measure the variations of the meridional profile 
of the sea ice thickness and concentration with moored instruments to identify 
possible interactions between sea ice and mixing variability. The measurements 
on the section will be repeated in part several times, to ascertain the longer 
time scale variations in the properties and distribution of the water masses.

The measurements will be used to validate models of the Weddell gyre circulation 
and the water mass formation. For this purpose, long time series of oceanic 
currents and water mass characteristics, as well as of the atmospheric forcing 
and the sea ice cover, are required to investigate the response of the system to 
variations of the forcing conditions. The measurements of the physical 
oceanography programme are a contribution the World Ocean Circulation Experiment 
(WOCE). The hydrographic sections represent a contribution to the WOCE-section 
S4 and the repeatsections SR4 and SR2. The moorings in the western Weddell Sea 
are part of the international DOVETAIL (Deep Ocean VEntilation Through Antarctic 
Intermediate Layers) Project, which is part of the iAnzone Programme. Through 
these international projects, instruments are also provided from the Universitat 
Politecnica de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain.


Work at sea

The programme consists of measurements from ship, using the CTD-probe 
(Conductivity and Temperature with Depth) connected to a water sampler, XBTs 
(eXpendable Bathythermographs) and both ship-borne and lowered ADCP (Acoustic 
Doppler Current Profiler). In addition, 3 moorings were recovered and 14 
moorings deployed. The investigation is split into four geographical regions.

1. To determine the inflow from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current into the 
   eastern Weddell Sea, a hydrographical section, consisting of 14 CTD and water 
   sample casts, was performed from 39°E to 24°41'E (Figs. 5 and 6).

2. To determine the intensity of eddy activity in the transition region between 
   the Antarctic Cirumpolar Current and the Weddell gyre, time series are 
   collected over many years. To this aim, moorings were recovered and re-
   deployed (see Fig. 5, Tab. 1 and 2) and XBTs were used to measure between the 
   CTD stations (Figs. 10 -12).

3. The exchange between the eastern and western Weddell Sea will be derived from 
   a zonal hydrographical section along the eastward current in the north of the 
   Weddell gyre from 00 to 24041E consisting of 15 stations and a perpendicular 
   merldional hydrographical section of 32 stations through the Weddell gyre 
   along the Greenwich Meridian from 55°S to the ice-shelf edge at 69°38.5'S 
   (Figs. 5, 7 and 8). The Greenwich Meridian section was already sampled once 
   in 1992. In addition, 8 moorings were deployed (Figs. 5 and 13, Tab. 1).

4. To determine the inflow into the southern Weddell Sea from the east and the 
   outflow in the north-west, a hydrographical section of 36 stations was 
   performed through the southern Weddell Sea (Figs. 5 and 9). This was the 
   fourth repeat of this section since 1989. Six moorings were deployed near 
   Joinville Island (Figs. 5 and 13, Tab. 3).


Table 1:  Moorings deployed on the Greenwich Meridian.

Mooring   Latitude    Date       Water    Type     SN       Depth
          Longitude   Time(UTC)  Depth(m)                   (m)
--------- ----------  ---------  -------- -------  -------  -----
B06       54° 20.6'S  07.04.96   2677     AVTP     9763     250
          03° 17.0'W  12:09               AVTPC    9193     399
                                          ACM-CTD  1391     400
                                          AVTP     9182     1493
                                          ST       890109   2280
                                          AVT      9186     2685
AW1228-1  57° 00.0'S  13.04.96   3857     AVTP     11887    434
          00° 00.2'W  15:30               ACM-CTD  1389     795
                                          AVT      9768     2090
                                          ACM-CTD  1387     3812
AW1227-3  59° 01.8'S  04.04.96   4605     ULS      10       156
          00° 00.0'W  19:00               AVTP     9201     262
                                          AVTP     9211     698
                                          SC       1978     699
                                          ACM-CTD  1392     700
                                          AVT      9190     2006
                                          ST       860016   3373
                                          AVT      9391     4554
                                          SC       318      4553
                                          ACM-CTD  1388     4552
AW1229-1  63° 59.6'S  14.04.96   5180     ULS      07       159
          00° 00.3'W  11:05               AVTP     11888    209
                                          SIC      1973     210
                                          TC250    1570     240
                                          TC250    1572     515
                                          AVTPC    9786     778
                                          SC       319      779
                                          AVT      9770     2005
                                          ACM-CTD  1400     5136
AW1230-1  66° 00.2'S  19.04.96   3449     ULS      25       51
          00° 09.5'W  16:00               AVTPC    9765     91
                                          SC       1166     92
                                          TC250    1426     123
                                          TC250    1427     399
                                          AVTPC    9215     664
                                          SC       1167     665
                                          AVT      10498    1671
                                          ACM-CTD  1411     3406
AW1231 -1  66° 30.O'S  20.04.96  4513     ULS      26       160
           00° 00.4'W  11:15              AVTPC    9213     209
                                          SC       1976     210
                                          TC250    1453     236
                                          TC250    1569     512
                                          AVTP     9212     778
                                          SC       630      779
                                          AVT      9561     1805
                                          ACM-CTD  1390     4466
AW1232-1  69° 00.0'S  22.04.96   3361     ULS      24       147
          00° 00.0'W  09:50               AVTP     11889    248
                                          AVTPC    10491    754
                                          AVT      10496    1960
                                          ACM-CTD  1404     3317
AW1233-1  69° 24.2'S  22.04.96   2001     ULS      6        149
          00° OO.7'E  15:40               AVTP     10492    255
                                          AVTPC    9214     751
                                          AVT      10499    1956


Table 2:  Moorings recovered during ANT X111/4.

Mooring   Latitude    Date         Water  Type     SN     Depth  Record
          Longitude   Time(UTC)    Depth                  (m)    length
                      (1. Record)  (m)                           (days)
--------  ----------  -----------  -----  -----    -----  -----  ------
AW1227-2  59° 27.5'S  26-12.94     5096   AVTP     10002  250    424
          03° 11.2'W  16:00               AVTP     9998   514    424
                                          AVT      9179   1604   424
                                          AVT      10531  3650   424
                                          AVT      10532  5058   424
B05       54° 20.6'S  28.12.94     2674   AVTP     9766   215    425
          03° 17.6'W  01:00               AVTPC    8037   425    425
                                          AVT      9188   1520   425
                                          AVT      9184   2627   425
PF8       50° 11.1'S  30.12.94     3868   AVTP     10541  301    426
          05° 53.7'E  00:00               AVTPC    7727   799    426
                                          AVT      10534  1594   426
                                          AVT      10495  3100   426
                                          AVT      10497  3815   426


Table 3: Moorings deployed in the western Weddell Sea.

Mooring   Latitude    Date         Water  Type     SN     Depth
          Longitude   Time(UTC)    Depth                  (m)
                                   (m)      
--------  ----------  ---------    -----  -------  -----  -----
AW1216-2  63° 57.6'S  06.05.96     3520   AVTIP    11926  262
          49° 08.8'W  16:54               ACM-CT   1403   573
                                          AVT      11885  2549
                                          AVT      11886  3474
                                          SC       631    3475
AW1207-4  63° 43.3'S  07.05.96     2510   ULS      08     174
          50° 49.2'W  20:45               AVTPC    9207   270
                                          TC250    2299   506
                                          ACM-CT   1402   762
                                          AVT      9767   2187
                                          TC250    2371   2199
                                          AVT      9206   2454
                                          SC       1979   2455
AW1236-1  63° 34.3'S  08.05.96     1803   ACM-CT   1401   1648
          51° 37.0'W  10:49               ACM-CT   1410   1759
AW1206-4  63° 29.6'S  08.05.96     960    ULS      09     157
          52° 06.1'W  15:23               AVTIP    11890  254
                                          ACM-CT   1409   499
                                          AVT      9401   914
                                          SC       1977   915
AW1215-3  63° 19.6'S  08.09.96     450    AVTIP    11892  244
          52° 46.9'W  22:58               AVT      9402   444
                                          WLR      1154   450
AW1234-1  62° 51.4'S  09.05.96     287    ADCP     378    278
          53° 40.3'W  16:52               SC       1975   283

Abbreviations:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACM-CT  Falmouth Scientific 3-dimension acoustic current meter with CTD
          sensor head (CTD=Conductivity, Temperature, Depth)
ADCP    RDI Inc. acoustic doppler current profiler
AVTPC   Aanderaa current meter with temperature, pressure, and conductivity
          sensor
AVTP    Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor
AVT     Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor
SC      SeaBird Inc. self contained CTD, type: SeaCat
ST      Sediment trap
TC250   Aanderaa thermistor cable, 250 m length, 11 sensors 25 m spacing
ULS     Upward looking sonar Christian Michelsen Research Inc.


The hydrographical work was carried out using CTD-probes and water bottle 
release mechanism built by Falmouth Scientific Insturments (FSI). Two 
instruments of the type Triton ICTD, SN 1347 and SN 1360 were used. The water 
bottle rosettes used were a 24-(12-l)-bottle rosette from General Oceanics Inc. 
and a 36-bottle rosette from FSI. It turned out however that to obtain a steady 
sink rate for the 36-bottle sampler, such a high extra weighting was required 
that safe handling of the rosette was no longer possible and there was the fear 
of breaking the winch cable. Thus only the 24-bottle sampler could be used. 
However, due to the intense swell 120 kg of extra weight were needed as well to 
avoid wire problems. The additional weights were removed once the instrument was 
on deck to facilitate moving the rosette to the sampling room.


CTD MEASUREMENTS during 06AQANTXIII/4                                          

Instruments: Falmouth Scientific ICTD, Sn: 3060 and Sn: 1347                   
                                                                               
             Fallmouth Scientific Reference Grade                              
             Platinum Resistance Thermometer                                   
             range      : -2  -  32  deg C                                     
             accuracy   : +/- 0.003  deg C                                     
             stability  : +/- 0.0005 deg C/month                               
             resolution :     0.0001 deg C                                     
                                                                               
             Falmouth Scientific Thermistor Sensor                             
             range      : -2  -  32  deg C                                     
             accuracy   : +/- 0.010  deg C                                     
             stability  : +/- 0.001  deg C / month                             
             resolution : 0.0001     deg C                                     
                                                                               
             Falmouth Scientific Titanium Pressure Sensor                      
             range      : 0 - 7000 dbar                                        
             accuracy   : +/- 2.1  dbar                                        
             stability  : +/- 0.7  dbar/month                                  
             resolution :     0.08 dbar                                        
                                                                               
             Falmouth Scientific Inductive Conductivity Sensor                 
             range      :   0 - 65   mmho/cm                                   
             accuracy   : +/- 0.003  mmho/cm                                   
             stability  : +/- 0.0005 mmho/cm/month                             
             resolution :     0.0002 mmho/cm                                   
                                                                               
             Each CTD has two Platinum Resistance Thermometer                  
                                                                               
Software   : FSI Software for data aquisition                                  
             CTD postprocessing in analogy to Version 1.12                     
                                                                               
Time lag   : 0.10 s                                                            
                                                                               
                                                                              
Despite these precautions, the CTD wire was damaged several times. During the 
comparatively long time taken to repair the wire, the CTD was deployed with the 
Aframe aft of the ship. The extreme pitching of the ship however put such strain 
on the rosette, that the water bottles were broken loose. This led to the loss 
of 23 water bottles, 9 electronic pressure sensors and 7 electronic 
thermometers. In addition, the conductivity cell on the CTD was damaged. This 
was repaired by converting a sensor from a mooring instrument. Until this repair 
was fully functioning, some profiles were either unusable or in need of serious 
correction. The high loading had affected the electric quality of the wire also 
and lead to errors in the data transmission, which was noticeable in readings 
from depths of 2000 m to 3000 m. In addition, electronic adjustment problems of 
the new CTDs lead to some profiles being noisy. These issues have resulted in a 
unexpected noisy data set which has to be cleaned with care. The noise affects 
all parameters. The removal is thus done for each profile separately, using an 
interactive graphic programme, which analyses the properties of the noise. 
Particular priority is given to obtaining reliable CTD values at the points 
where bottles were closed, so that a quality calibration correction can be made.

The accuracy of the dataset is determined from laboratory calibrations both 
before and after the cruise. Since each CTD is equipped with two temperature 
sensors, the stability of the sensors can be controlled from a comparison of 
these readings. For instrument no. 1347, the calibrations before and after the 
cruise were performed by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and FSI. For 
both sensors, the temperature drift in the relevant temperature range was less 
than 1 mK. Thus the pre-cruise calibration coefficients were used. For 
instrument no. 1360, where the conductivity sensor was repaired, only a post-
cruise calibration at Scripps was possible. One of the sensors shows a jump in 
calibration values. Thus the post-cruise calibration was used. In addition, 
calibration on-board ship was performed using 13 electronic thermometers until 
they were lost and subsequently mercury reversing thermometers, calibrated by 
the Institut für Ostseeforschung in WarnemOnde were used. Deviations from the 
sensor readings occurred due to the scatter in the thermometer readings, so the 
accuracy of the laboratory calibration can be assumed to be the relevant error. 
When noise is also taken into account, this gives a final accuracy of 2 to 3 mK.


ICTD-SN 1347; Cal_date: DEZ.95                                                 
Calibration: pre-cruise no post calibration used                               

#PT1                                                                            
 a1 = -0.000699749                                                              
 a2 = 0.000354949                                                               
 a3 =-9.7419E-06                                                                
 a4 =-8.44638E-07                                                               
 a5 = 2.71068E-08                                                               

#PT2                                                                            
 a1 = 0.000359662                                                               
 a2 = 0.000225676                                                               
 a3 =-5.66405E-06                                                               
 a4 =-4.91609E-07                                                               
 a5 = 1.53814E-08                                                               
                                                                                
 temperature pre-cruise calibration                                             
 the temperature data are used only from PT1                                    
 T(corrected) = T(reading) + dT                                                 
 with dT = a1 +a2*T +a3*T**2 +a4*T**3 +a5*T**4                                  
      ai : T(calibrated)-T(reading)                                             
                                                                                
#PRES                                                                           
 a1 = 1.02684                                                                   
 a2 = 0.000760568                                                               
 a3 =-1.69817E-07                                                               
 a4 =-6.67453E-11                                                               
 a5 = 1.02023E-14                                                               
#UNLOAD PRES                                                                    
  0.0                                                                           
                                                                                
 pressure pre-cruise calibration                                                
 p(corrected) = p(reading) + dp                                                 
 with dp = a1 +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4                                  
      ai : p(calibrated)-p(reading)                                             
                                                                                
                                                                                
 ICTD-SN 1360; Cal_date: JUN.96                                                 
 Calibration: post-cruise no pre-calibration used                               
#PT1                                                                            
 a1 = 9.40529E-05                                                               
 a2 = 0.000256106                                                               
 a3 =-7.04533E-06                                                               
#PT2                                                                            
 a1 =-0.00549481                                                                
 a2 =-2.76548E-05                                                               
 a3 = 3.05434E-07                                                               
                                                                                
 temperature post-cruise calibration                                            
 the temperature data are used only from PT1                                    
 T(corrected) = T(reading) + dT                                                 
 with dT = a1 +a2*T +a3*T**2                                                    
      ai : T(calibrated)-T(reading)                                             
                                                                                
#PRES                                                                           
 a1 = 1.08715                                                                   
 a2 =-0.000460084                                                               
 a3 = 1.32763E-07                                                               
 a4 = 1.35645E-11                                                               
 a5 =-1.05971E-14                                                               
 a6 = 9.25015E-19                                                               
#UNLOAD PRES                                                                    
  0.0                                                                           
                                                                                
 Pressure post-cruise calibration                                               
 p(corrected) = p(reading) + dp                                                 
 with dp = a1 +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4 +a6*p**5                         
      ai : p(calibrated)-p(reading)                                             
                                                                                
                                                                                
 after calibration the platinum temperature is summed with the fast thermistor  
 as follows:                                                                    
  F(t)  = F(t-dt)*W2+Fi(t)*(1-W2) filtered fast thermistor                      
  F'(t) = Fi(t)-F(t)              high pass filtered fast temperature           
  T(t)  = Ti(t)+F'(t)             summed platinum and fast thermistor           
                                                                                
  with W2= exp(-dt/TtauF)  dt is the CTD observations intervall in seconds      
                           dt = 48ms                                                                 
                           TtauF is the Platinum thermometer time constand      
                           in seconds relative to the fast thermistor           
                           TtauF = 100 ms                                                            
       Ti is the unfiltered platinum temperature = T(corrected)                 
       Fi is the unfiltered fast thermistor                                     
                                                                                
 The CTD-temperature is IPTS-68                                                 
                                                                                
                                                                                
 Correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples                
                                                                                
 COND(corrected) = COND(CTD) - COND(delta)                                      
 with COND(delta)= average(COND(CTD)-COND(WATERSAMPLE))                         
                                                                                
 Station/Cast           COND(delta)                                             
  00201                 -0.0200                                                 
  00202                 -0.0107                                                 
  00301                 -0.0107                                                 
  00401                 -0.0200                                                 
  00501 to 01303        -0.0107                                                 
  01403                 -0.0179                                                               
  01502 to 01601        +0.0088                                                 
  01701                 +0.0080                                                 
  01903                 +0.0005                                                 
  02201 to 02301        -0.0065                                                 
  02401 to 02601        +0.0082                                                 
  02701 to 03403        -0.0108                                                 
  03404                 +0.0020                                                 
  03501 to 07201        -0.0108                                                 
  07301                 +0.0082                                                 
  07402 to 08201        -0.0133                                                 
  08302                 -0.0026                                                 
  08401 to 10301        -0.0133                                                 
                                                                                
                                                                                
  The following 71 stations are filtered between around 2000 to 3000 dbar.      
  In these stations was a noise in 2500 dbar which was estimated as an          
  hardware error.                                                               
                                                                                
  00201 to 00601                                                                
  01201                                                                         
  01303                                                                         
  01403                                                                         
  01601                                                                         
  01701                                                                         
  01903                                                                         
  02203 to 02401                                                                
  02503                                                                         
  02601                                                                         
  02901                                                                         
  03104                                                                         
  03201                                                                         
  03804 to 04401                                                                
  05403                                                                         
  05501                                                                         
  05604                                                                         
  06004 to 06502                                                                
  07001                                                                         
  07201 to 07801                                                                
  07903 to 08901                                                                
  09004 to 09301                                                                
  09403 to 09801                                                                
  10001                                                                         
                                                                                
  CTD station 01801 wrong conductivity data                                     
  CTD station 01901 wrong conductivity data                                     
  CTD station 02001 wrong conductivity data                                     
  CTD station 02101 wrong conductivity data                                     
  CTD station 07201 from 2604 dbar to bottom no conductivity data               
                                                                                
  CTD Files column 5 : transmissiometer raw data                                
                       range between 0 and 5 Volt                               
                       these data are not controlled                            
                                                                                
  The *.SEA file is not ready. It will be send later.


For CTD no. 1347, a pressure calibration was performed before and after the 
cruise at Scripps and at FSI. No change was recorded. For CTD no. 1360, a 
calibration at FSI was performed before and at Scripps after the cruise. The 
correction was of order 2db. The calibration of the pressure sensors is good to 
better than 2db.

The conductivity was corrected using salinity measurements from water samples. 
IAPSO Standard Seawater from the P-series P127 was used. A total of 2477 water 
samples were measured using a Guildline Autosal 8400B. For stations 18, 19, 20, 
21, the CTD conductivity profile was unusable, so a salinity profile was 
reconstructed from water sample values. On the basis of the water sample 
correction, salinity is measured to an accuracy of 0.003.

In addition, the CTD also carried an altimeter from Benthos Undersea Systems 
Technology Inc. to determine distance above the sea floor and a transmissometer 
with a 25 cm light path from SeaTech Inc..

At all stations, oxygen samples were taken from the entire water column, (in 
total 2400 samples). The determination of oxygen was carried out in line with 
WOCEstandards for 02-measurement, as per Carpenter, 1965. Two radiation counters 
from SIS were used. For more than 10% of the samples, doubles, covering the 
entire range Of 02-values (180-350 µmol/l), were also measured. Using this data, 
a percentage error of 0.2% was obtained. This is below the WOCE-standard of 
reproducibility of 0.5%. Oxygen profiles were not measured as oxygen sensors 
fail under freezing conditions.

To measure the stable isotope 180, 1713 samples were taken at 83 stations. For 
paleooceanographic investigations, 1350 samples for later analysis for 613C were 
taken at 67 stations.


Preliminary Results

The section from 390 to 4°41'E along 54°S reached from the foot of the Conrad 
Rise to the Southwest Indian Ridge (Fig. 5). In this area, the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current has a strong southward component. This can be clearly seen 
in the distinct core layers of the Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (Fig. 
6). The Southern Circumpolar Current Front is found at station 13 at 27°23'E. 
The near-bottom layer, which reaches from the western slope to the Southwest 
Indian Ridge, is relatively cold due to the influence of Bottom Water, which 
flows out of the western Weddell Sea along the mid-ocean ridge to the east. As 
this core is not to be found on the slope of the Conrad Rise, it must exit into 
the Indian Ocean. The structure of the surface layers is resolved at the 
mesoscale from the XBT-section (Fig. 11).

The section from the Greenwich Meridian to the east (Fig. 7) follows the 
eastward current in the north of the Weddell gyre. At the depth of the Warm Deep 
Water, relatively cold temperatures, less than 0.3°C, show the cold regime. The 
boundary of the Weddell gyre, the Weddell Front, lies between stations 18 and 
19. The temperature of the Weddell Sea Bottom Water of less than -0.7°C 
increases from west to east, reflecting the entrainment of surrounding water. 
The circulation perpendicular to the section is also evident from a doming of 
the isolines. This is caused by a northwards extension of the abyssal plain 
between 10 and 15°E (Fig. 5), and appears as a northwards current in the west of 
the section and a southward one in the east.

The section along the Greenwich Meridian (Fig. 8) cuts the cyclonic Weddell gyre 
meridionally. In the south, a deepening of the surface layer towards the 
continent and the onset of winter temperatures is observed. This part of the 
section was already covered with sea-ice and can be counted as the Antarctic 
Coastal Current. The warm regime occurs to the north, with temperatures in the 
Warm Deep Water of more than 1°C, caused by the proximity of the inflow of the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This warm regime is disturbed by Maud Rise, where 
noticeably colder temperatures are measured in the Warm Deep Water. The decrease 
in temperature further to the north signifies the cold regime, in which the 
eastward current 'is found. Near the bottom, cold temperatures show the flow of 
Bottom Water moving east out of the western Weddell Sea, leaning against the 
mid-ocean ridge. The Weddell Front lies at 55°30'S, between stations 36 and 37.

The southern part of the Weddell gyre, in which the major water mass 
transformations occur, is separated from the inflow and outflow regimes by the 
section from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville Island (Fig. 9). The surface layer 
already shows winter conditions with temperatures around the freezing point. The 
deepening of the surface layer towards the coast, due to on-coastal Ekman 
transport and convection in the coastal polynya, is clearly visible on both 
sides of the section. The inflow of relatively warm Warm Deep Water can be seen 
in the east. The outflow in the west is noticeably colder. On the western slope, 
a layer of newly formed bottom water flows to the north.

The sections form part of the WOCE "Repeat sections" Programme. Comparison with 
the data of 1992 on the Greenwich Meridian Section and the 1989/1990/1992 
sections through the western Weddell Sea show a clear change in the deeper 
layers. In the bottom water of the western Weddell Basin, a continual warming 
over this 6 year period is observed. This trend is confirmed by results from 
moored instruments. The warming is of order 0.01 K per year. The investigation 
of the cause of this warming is still on-going. However, the increase in 
temperature in the Warm Deep Water regime suggests a change in the inflow of 
water from the circumpolar current.


2.2.2  Tracer measurements
       (Klaus Bulsiewicz, Gerhard Fraas, Malte Runge, Björn Schlenker, 
       Hiltrud Sieverding/IUPB)

Objectives and methods

Along the sections, the CFCs Freon-11, Freon-12, Freon-113 and CCl4 were 
measured on board by ECD gas chromatography. This is the first time F113 and 
CCl4 have been measured in this region over a complete section. F113 has been 
released into the atmosphere at a known rate since the early sixties and has 
been taken up by the oceans by the surface transfers. Therefore it can be used 
to characterize the younger water. Similarily CCl4 has been released into the 
atmosphere since about 1920, so that it characterizes the older water. In 
addition to the analysis done on board, water samples for CFC measurements were 
stored 'in flame-sealed ampoules which will be analysed ashore and will provide 
reference measurements for the analysis carried out on board. Water samples for 
tritium and helium were taken also. They will be extracted after the cruise and 
analysed with a mass spectrometer. All gases will be extracted from the tritium 
samples which will then be stored for half a year. After this time, a sufficient 
amount of tritium will have decayed to 3He so that it can be measured by the 
mass spectrometer. The data sets provide important information about circulation 
and renewal pathways for all relevant subsurface water masses.


Work at Sea

The water samples were taken from the rosette water sampler using flow-through 
containers consisting of a glass ampoule (CFMs), copper tubes (helium) and glass 
bottles (tritium). In total, 104 stations were sampled and 2016 water samples 
for the CFMs were analyzed during this cruise. In addition, 785 standard gas and 
blank measurements were taken periodically. In total, 1418 water samples were 
collected for analyses ashore, including 200 water samples for CFC, 623 water 
samples for helium (collected at 62 stations) and 595 samples for tritium (at 60 
stations).

A special calibration cast was made in the Drake Passage in which all water 
bottles were closed at a depth of 3000 m. The water obtained is supposed to be 
free of CFCs, so that the overall blank can be checked. Apart from the apparatus 
blank, the blank of each individual water bottle is important for the evaluation 
of the data. On the cruise Meteor 11/5 In 1990 the CFMs F11 and F12 were not 
found. Now however, these CFMs could be detected in concentrations of 0.04 
pmol/kg (F11) and 0.02 pmol/kg (F12). Only Freon-113 could not be detected 
(limit of detection: 0.001-0.002 pmol/kg) and therefore it can be concluded that 
the water bottles have not yet been contaminated with Freon-113.


Preliminary results

Preliminary data for Freon-11 are presented in Figs. 14 and 15. A quasi-zonal 
section from 35' E to the Greenwich Meridian is shown in Fig. 14. Between 
stations 12 and 18 the transition from the Circumpolar to the Weddell regime 
occurs. In the centre of the Circumpolar Deep Water (2000 m), the lowest 
concentrations (<0.17 pmol/kg) is measured, values which also occur in the Warm 
Deep Water at 1000 m depth and indicate older water with little renewal. The 
section from 55' S to Antarctica along the Greenwich Meridian is presented in 
Fig. 15 (top). This section can be compared with results from a previous cruise 
(ANT X/4, 1992). For example, the 0.2-pmol/kg isoline in the centre of the gyre 
at 62' S now reaches up to 2500 m, whereas in 1992 it occurred at a depth of up 
to 4000 m. The increase of the tracer concentration in the interior is 
consistent with upwelling in the Weddell gyre. On the slope of the North Weddell 
Ridge, bottom water with F11 > 0.5 pmol/kg is advected from the Antarctic 
Peninsula. Fig. 15 (bottom) shows the section across the southern Weddell gyre 
from Kapp Norvegia to the Antarctic Peninsula (Joinville Island). Along the 
slope of the Antarctic Peninsula, the newly formed bottom water is obvious from 
the high concentrations. Between 500 and 2000 m depth, a CFC-11 - minimum (<0.15 
pmol/kg) is indicative of relatively old water. In the depth range 300 to 1500 
m, an inflow of Warm Deep Water in the Weddell basin occurs at Kapp Norvegia and 
the outflow of this water mass is obvious on the western side. At 3000 m, a 
tongue of fresh water stretches from the eastern slope into the central basin. 
This is an indication that the centre of the Weddell basin is also ventilated 
from the east. On the eastern continental slope, a core of young water (>0.5 
pmol/kg) occurs at 4000 m. A similar core is present on the Greenwich Meridian 
section in 3000 m. This indicates that the source of this water is in the 
Enderby basin or even further to the east.


2.3    Marine chemistry

2.3.1  The carbon dioxide system in Antarctic waters
       (Mario Hoppema (AWI) and Michel Stoll/NIOZ)

Objectives

Modifications of the global carbon cycle, by the burning of fossil fuel and 
changes in land use, have led to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) 
which has the potential to increase the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. The 
deep oceans are, in principle, able to take up almost all of this excess C02, 
but only on a time scale which is much longer than the one associated with the 
anthropogenic perturbations. This is related to the typical mixing and residence 
times of the deep and bottom waters of the oceans, which are of the order of 
1000 years. Thus studies in areas where interactions between the deep and the 
surface ocean occur, such as the Weddell Sea, are vital for the study Of C02 
uptake and its distribution.

An objective of this project is to gain knowledge of the C02 distribution in the 
Weddell Sea, where the initial properties of a major part of the abyssal world 
oceans are generated. Another objective is to determine the potential of 
Antarctic waters to take up atmospheric C02. This is especially important for 
the frontal regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and for the 
regions with seasonal ice cover. Data from this cruise will be combined with 
data of previous cruises to address those questions

The ensuing C02 database of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar 
Current may also be used in a modelling effort in which carbon transport and 
airsea gas exchanges are calculated.


Work at sea

The C02 system has been investigated along four sections. Section I ran from 
Cape Town (SA) to 55'S 39°E, section 11 across the northeastern Weddell gyre 
from 39°E to OOE, section III along O°E and section IV from Kapp Norvegia to 
Joinville Island the western Weddell gyre.

Measurements of the C02 system in the entire water column were performed. TC02 
(total inorganic carbon content) was determined by a high-precision coulometric 
method and automated sample stripping system. Briefly, the method is as follows. 
A sample of seawater is acidified with phosphoric acid and stripped with high 
purity N2 gas. The carrier gas plus extracted C02 is passed through a solution 
containing ethanolamine and an indicator. This solution is electrochemically 
back-titrated to its original colour and the amount of Coulombs used is 
equivalent to the amount of C02 in the sample. Data obtained were processed 
onboard and calibrated against an internationally recognized TC02 standard 
(Dickson).

Continuous measurements of the partial pressure Of C02 (PC02) in water and 
marine air were done using an infrared analyzer (Li-Cor). A continuous water 
supply is passed through an equilibrator where approximately every 4 to 5 
minutes the headspace gas is analyzed for its C02 content, thus giving PC02 in 
the surface water. Marine air was pumped continuously from the crow's nest into 
the laboratory and subsampled after every fourth equilibrator reading. The 
equipment was calibrated with reference gases, traceable against NOAA standard 
gases. The data obtained were processed onboard. Final data will be available 
pending recallbration of the reference gases ashore.


Preliminary results

Total carbon dioxide

In Fig. 16, the section on the Greenwich Meridian is shown for TC02. The 
boundary between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Weddell gyre regime 
lies at approximately 55-56°S.

Generally, TC02 is low in the surface layer due to phytoplankton which utilizes 
C02. Below the thermocline, a TC02-maximum is found, associated with the 
temperature maximum of the Warm Deep Water. Near the bottom, where Weddell Sea 
Bottom Water is present, relatively low TC02 values were measured. This water 
mass originates partly from the shelf waters of the Weddell Sea, which are low 
in TC02. The large water volume of Weddell Sea Deep Water, which lies between 
the bottom water and the Warm Deep Water, is merely a mixture of these two 
source waters with corresponding TC02 values.

The TC02 maximum is higher in the north (58-63°S) than in the south (66-69°S) 
and in addition is shallower in the former region. This division coincides with 
the cold and warm regions of the Weddell gyre, which are defined by the value of 
the temperature maximum. In the southern warm regime, the Warm Deep Water 
present has entered the Weddell gyre relatively recently. In its source area, 
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, TC02 increases with depth. In the deep 
Weddell Sea, on the other hand, TC02 decreases with depth and thus a TC02 
maximum is formed at the depth where the new Warm Deep Water meets the deep 
Weddell water. This deep TC02 maximum is observed at about 1500 m (66-69°S). In 
the northern, warm regime, Warm Deep Water is found which has already been 
circulating for a longer time in the Weddell gyre. The observed TC02 
concentration is higher than in all waters of the warm regime and, since the 
Warm Deep Water is essentially the only source of water of the Weddell gyre, 
this implies that C02 enrichment has occurred in the Weddell Sea.

In the bottom layer at 60-63°S, a TC02 minimum was observed. This is probably 
due to the meeting of spatially separated bottom water masses with different 
TC02 content. Over the flanks and the crest of Maud Rise, TC02 values were 
different than to the north and south. For example, the 2255-ppm isoline, which 
normally occurs near the bottom of the thermocline, reaches much deeper to about 
800 m. The deep TC02 maximum, characteristic for the warm regime, is also less 
pronounced over Maud Rise.

Toward the Antarctic continent (about 69°S) the isolines fall precipitously 
indicating a sharp frontal structure. This front separates the warm regime from 
the coastal regime.


Partial pressure Of C02

The measurement Of PC02 along the four sections resulted in a large, high 
spatial resolution data set. Along Section 1, near-saturation values are 
generally observed, somewhat modified by the local hydrographic variations with 
a slight oversaturation in the south. Section 11 starts with an oversaturation 
and decreases to undersaturation. On crossing the frontal system between 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Weddell Sea, an increase of about 15 ppm 
is observed.

The section along O°E (111) is discussed in more detail (Fig. 17, top). A slight 
undersaturation is observed between 50 and 52°S. Then, going southwards, a sharp 
increase in the PC02 (about 10 ppm relative to atmospheric value) occurs, 
accompanied by a pronounced decrease in sea water temperature. Further south 
(about 56°S), the Weddell Front is characterized by a further increase in PC02 
to values of 375 ppm. Regional hydrographic variations in the cold water regime 
of the Weddell Sea are reflected in the PC02 signal. In some areas the 
chlorophyll content is relatively high (65°S), which may be reflected in the 
PC02 signal (Fig. 17, bottom). However, the major influence on the observed 
signal appears to be water temperature (Fig. 17, top).

The cold water regime is generally characterized by oversaturation. The 
subsequent decrease in PC02 concentration, to equilibrium values and below, is 
correlated with crossing into the warm water regime. On the flanks and the crest 
of Maud Rise, the water column is different in structure. This might be 
reflected in the PC02 as shown by the steep gradients over the flanks. 
Generally, the warm water regime is characterized by undersaturation.

For the first time, the PC02 was measured on a long transect with ice-covered 
water (section IV: Kapp Norvegia - Joinville island). The newly designed water 
inlet on the box-keel ("Kasten kiel") made a fairly uninterrupted water supply 
possible. Also a slight modification to the equilibrator shower head was 
necessary. The observed undersaturation in PC02 (-10 to -15 ppm) is very likely 
caused by rapid cooling of the water which, after freezing, is prevented from 
equilibrating with the atmosphere. Only on nearing Joinville Island, where 
multi-year ice is found, oversaturation with higher values is observed (+20 ppm 
and over). This is caused by the upwelling of deep water, which is enriched in 
C02, into the surface water. During the next spring, when the ice cover 
retreats, phytoplankton will most likely use this excess C02 for growing.


2.3.2  Nutrient distributions in Antarctic waters
       (Karl Bakker/NIOZ, Michel Stoll/NIOZ and Mario Hopperna/AWI)

Nutrient concentrations of silicate, phosphate, nitrite and nitrate were 
determined in all samples taken from the rosette. They were analyzed by a 
standard colorimetric method on a rapid flow "TRAACS" autoanalyzer (60 
samples/hr) manufactured by Technicon. A standard range was used for all 
measurements (Tab. 4), while daily diluted stock standards were used for 
calibration. As a reference standard a socalled "cocktail" (100 fold diluted) 
containing a mixture of phosphate, silicate and nitrate was used. This standard 
was measured for statistical purposes and corrections on the data. The precision 
for the different properties are given in Tab. 4.


Tab. 4:  Standard measuring ranges used for Si, P04, N02 and N03 and standard 
         deviations.
                                   Range 
                                   (µmol/l)  STD
                                   --------  ----
                        Silicate   0-145     0.5
                        Phosphate  0-3       0.03
                        Nitrite    0-2       0.01
                        Nitrate    0-40      0.21


Preliminary results

As an example for the nutrient data obtained, four silicated sections are 
presented (Figs. 6 to 9). Generally, the nutrients are relatively low in the 
surface layer because of biological activity. In the Warm Deep Water below, 
phosphate and nitrate show a maximum, associated with the temperature maximum. 
Both decrease towards the bottom. The silicate maximum occurs deeper than the 
phosphate and nitrate maxima. It originates from the dissolution of biogenic 
silica, which takes place at a lower rate than the remineralisation of soft 
tissue, by which phosphate and nitrate are released.

In the eastern part of the section, the Warm Deep Water that entered the Weddell 
gyre relatively recently is recognizable by a phosphate maximum at 1000-1500 m. 
This structure is a continuation of the same structure on the Greenwich 
Meridian. Remnants of it can also be seen in the very west of the basin (200-400 
km), indicating that the Warm Deep Water crosses the entire basin.

In the centre and west, the phosphate maximum is shallower and has a higher 
value. This area is comparable with the cold regime on the Greenwich Meridian. 
High phosphate and nitrate values are caused by sub-surface remineralization of 
biological material that sinks down. For silicate (Figs. 6 to 9) some specific 
features can be observed which cannot be detected in other tracer distributions. 
In the easternmost part of the section, the highest silicate values are found in 
the bottom layer. This may be due to an inflow of bottom water from the Enderby 
basin in the east, where silicate enrichment of the bottom layers is known to 
occur. In the central and western basin, bottom silicate values are much lower 
due to the presence of bottom water recently produced in the southern and 
western Weddell Sea. On the western slope, some young bottom water is identified 
by its very low silicate, phosphate and nitrate values. Earlier data showed that 
this band of low silicate did only reach the lower slope (until approximately 
300 km of the section; Fig. 9). During this cruise, another cell of young bottom 
water (Si < 100 µmol/kg is found at the base of the continental rise (about 600 
km), much further down the slope than during previous observations.

A very interesting new observation on this transect is the major silicate-
minimum structure between 2500 and 4000 m, extending over the entire eastern 
part of the basin. Relatively low silicate values in the deep Weddell basin are 
associated with bottom water which indicates that significant ventilation of the 
deep Weddell Sea does not only take place via the bottom route, but also via the 
deep water route. Since such a silicate minimum can only come into existence 
when the deeper water shows an increase of silicate, this suggests that this 
deep ventilation originates from the east where the bottom layer has a high 
silicate concentration. The western boundary of this deep ventilation area 
appears to be visible in the phosphate distribution as well as a sharp, deep 
phosphate front at 1000- 1100 km.


2.3.3  Tracer-Ozeanographie
       (Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Roether - Principal investigator)

       Universitaet Bremen, FB1
       P.O. Box 330 440
       28334 Bremen
       Phone: 0421 218-3511 or -4221
       Fax:   0421 218-7018
       Email: wroether@physik.uni-bremen.de
       
       Dr. Birgit Klein - contact for questions about measurement 
                          and data processing 
       adress as above 
       Phone: 0421 218-2931
       Fax:   0421 218-7018
       Email: bklein@physik.uni-bremen.de


2.3.3.1  CFCs:

CFC11, CFC12, CFC113 and CCL4 have been measured on the cruise. A capillary
column (DBVRX) was used. A Bremen-CFC standard has been used during the 
measurements which has been calibrated against the SIO93 scale. CFC 
measurements have been assigned individual errors. During the cruise a 
degasing of water samples was observed during the measurement process. 
The outgasing was corrected for F11 and F12, F113 additionally suffered 
from overlapping peaks of methyliodid in the chromatograms and could not
be corrected for the degasing. A higher error has been assigned. 
The overall performance is described below:


Reproducibility:

    F-11:      0.4%   or     0.0015 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
    F-12:      0.4%   or     0.0014 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
    F-113:     1.0%   or     0.0003 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
    CCl4:      0.8%   or     0.0056 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)


Precision:
  F11:  0.0475 pmol/kg or a relative error of 0.80% referring to conc. 
        greater 1.0 pmol/kg and 0.0035 pmol/kg for conc. <1.0 pmol/kg
  F12:  0.0265 pmol/kg or a relative error of 0.91% referring to conc.
        greater 1.0 pmol/kg and 0.0030 pmol/kg for conc. <1.0 pmol/kg  
 F-113: 0.0083 pmol/kg or a relative error of  2.0 % referring to conc.
        greater 0.05 pmol/kg and 0.0007 pmol/kg for conc. <0.05 pmol/kg
 CCl4:  0.0418 pmol/kg or a relative error of  0.7% referring to conc.
        greater 1.0 pmol/kg and 0.0037 pmol/kg for conc. <1.0 pmol/kg


Mean water blank, detection limit:

2.3.3.2  Helium:

Helium samples were taken in the usual manner with pinched-off copper tubes. 
After the gas extraction in Bremen the samples were measured in the
laboratory with specialized noble gas mass spectrometer. All samples were
calibrated using an air standard (regular air). Helium samples still have 
to corrected for tritium decay during storage time, as soon as the tritium
data become available. Because of the low tritium concentrations in the
southern ocean these corrections (concerning only the delhe3) will be
very small and mainly concern the surface waters. Helium, delhe3 and neon
have been assigned individual errors. The general data quality is as 
follows:

Relative errors:
                            Helium: 0.20%
                            Neon:   0.20%
                            Delhe3: 0.22%

These errors were estimated using 10 pairs and one set of 4 duplicates.

2.3.3.3  Tritium:

Tritium samples have also been taken from our lab during the cruise. The
data are still awaiting measurement and will be submitted later.


2.3.4  Marine Organic Chemistry
       (Anneke Mühlebach, Andreas Zimmermann/AWI)

Objectives and methods

The organic chemistry work aimed to determine the distribution of dissolved and 
particulate phytosterols in the Weddell Sea (autumn situation). This study will 
complement earlier studies undertaken in the western Weddell Sea during the 
spring bloom of phytoplankton (ANT X/7). The objective is to understand the fate 
of phytosterols and other trace organic compounds in the ocean, starting with 
their biosynthesis and input into the euphotic zone and their possible 
deposition in the bottom sediments. By choosing some well defined classes out of 
the pool of organic compounds, the processes appearing on a molecular level can 
be examined. This may yield further information about the stability of highly 
diluted dissolutions.

Water samples (20 1 each) were taken along three sections and at various depths 
by a rosette water sampler joined to a CTD-probe. Dissolved and particulate 
parts were separated by filtration. Filtration was performed over glass fibre 
filters (GF/C, diameter 4.7 cm, retention rate 90% for particles > 1.2 µm; for 
larger volume samples (vol.> 20 1), diameter 15 cm). Filters were put in 
ampoules and test tubes respectively, covered with inert gas (argon) to prevent 
oxidation, sealed and stored at -30°C. After filtration, the seawater samples 
were spiked with Cholesterol-d6 as an internal standard. The dissolved 
lipophilic compounds were extracted with hexane. A volume of 20 1 of sea water 
was shaken with 100 ml hexane. These extracts were put in ampoules, covered with 
argon, sealed and kept at -30°C. In Bremerhaven, further preparation and 
analysis of the samples will take place. Filters will then be extracted with 
acetone. Hexane and acetone extracts will be evaporated. After derivatisation 
yielding trimethylsilyethers, the phytosterols will be analysed by GC/MS. 
Concentrations in the lower (ng phytosterol)/ (I seawater) range are expected 
(for deep water).

The quality of the extraction and the further processing is checked by the 
addition of various internal standards (stable isotopes). Before the extraction, 
200 ng Cholesterol-d6 in 1 ml ethanol were added to the water sample. Surface 
samples were spiked with 2000 ng, since in surface samples higher sterol 
concentrations are expected. The hexane used for extraction was spiked with 
benz(a)anthracened12 to determine the hexane recovery (200 ng/100 ml). Just 
before the injection into the GC/MS system, a deuterated decachlorbiphenyl 
standard will be added to the sample to check the performance of the instrument.


Samples taken during the cruise

Section 1 part a (stations 3 to 16) from Conrad Rise to the southwestern 
          Indian Ridge:

          Six profiles were taken, three at the slope of the Conrad Rise 
          (stations 3,5,7), one in the centre of the basin (station 10), and two 
          at the slope of the Southwest Indian Ridge (stations 14,15). At each 
          station, seven samples (20 1 each) were taken. Samples were taken 
          close to the bottom, 100 m above bottom, 600 to 800 m above bottom, at 
          about 1500 m depth, at the temperature maximum (Circumpolar Deep 
          Water), at the temperature minimum (Winter Water), and at the surface. 
          All samples except the surface samples were taken from the rosette 
          water sampler. The surface sample was provided by the Klaus-pump.

Section 1 part b (stations 16 to 31) along the northern Weddell gyre:
          
          Five profiles were taken at a separation of 180 sm, starting at 
          station 19 (stations 19, 22, 25, 28, 31). Again, seven samples were 
          taken at each station. Samples were taken close to the bottom, 100 m 
          above bottom, 600 to 1000 m above bottom, at 2500 m depth, at the 
          temperature maximum and minimum, and at the surface.

Polar and Weddell Front:

          Profiles were taken at both station 33 (Weddell Frontal) and station 
          34 (Polar Front). These samples are not influenced by the Weddell 
          regime and the newly formed bottom water respectively, and can serve 
          as a reference.

Section 2 along the Greenwich Meridian (stations 35 to 67):

          11 profiles (each some 7 samples) were taken along the section from 
          55°S to the continent. Four of the profiles were situated close to 
          Maud Rise (one at the northern edge, one at the southern edge, two at 
          the shallowest points we crossed). Between the North Weddell Ridge and 
          Maud Rise, samples were taken every 120 sm close to the bottom, 100 m 
          above the bottom, at 4500 m depth, at 2500 m depth, at the temperature 
          maximum and minimum as well as at the surface. Every 60 sm, an 
          additional surface sample was taken (Klaus-pump). On the slopes and 
          above Maud Rise in shallower water, the station separation decreased, 
          additional samples were taken from 1000 m depth. Profiles were taken 
          at stations 35, 38, 44, 48, 52, 54, 56, 57,60,62,66.

Section 3 western Weddell Sea (stations 69 to 103) from Kapp Norvegia to the 
          Antarctic Peninsula:

          Samples were taken at the following depths: close to bottom, 100 m 
          above bottom, 3000 m, 1500 m, 500 m, temp. maximum, and at the surface 
          and 40 m, respectively. Profiles were taken at stations 69, 71, 75, 
          79, 83, 86, 90, 94, 99, 101, 102, 103. Additionally samples were taken 
          close to the bottom at stations 95, 96, 97, 98, 100. In the newly 
          formed bottom water, relatively high sterol concentrations may be 
          found depending on the contact of the water mass to the open sea and 
          on the half life of the sterols. In addition, sterols may be extracted 
          from the sediment into the overlying water. The data gathered on 
          section 3 may be compared to data from a former study along this track 
          (ANT X/7). Then, a region with very low sterol concentrations was 
          found in the central basin (concentration of brassicasterol < 0.5 
          ng/l, for example). This observation will be verified by samples from 
          this cruise. 

Along each section, various surface samples with a volume of 80 1 were taken 
(Klaus-pump). This will allow the identification and quantification of sterols 
present in trace amounts in seawater. In addition, various experiments were 
performed to improve the methods applied, especially with respect to the 
recovery of the internal standard Cholesterol-d6.


2.4    Marine Biology

2.4.1  Plankton investigations
       (Anke Bittkau, Corinna Dubischar, Jochen Nowaczyk/AWI),
       Vassili Spiridonov/ZMMU)

Objectives and methods

Zooplankton and micronekton distribution in the Weddell gyre depends largely on 
oceanographic structures in this region. During ANT XIII/4, two main questions 
were addressed by our planktological studies:

1. How are horizontal and vertical distributions of zooplankton and micronekton 
   determined by the different oceanographic regimes in the Weddell Sea (i.e.: 
   the frontal system between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Weddell 
   Sea; the warm regime; the cold regime, and the coastal current) ?

2. How do the dominant zooplankton and micronecton organisms switch to 
   overwintering modes in these different regimes?

To answer these questions, our studies focused mainly on phytoplankton, 
zooplankton and micronekton species composition, abundance and distribution as a 
function of oceanographic structures. For precise measurements of the vertical 
distribution of larger zooplankton and micronekton, an Optical Plankton Counter 
(OPC) was used in addition to the net catches. This OPC was attached directly to 
the multinet. The continuous photometric measurement of particle size and number 
enables us to assess particle distribution parallel to the multinet-catches with 
a high resolution. In the following section, the methods used, as well as some 
preliminary results will be described in more detail.


Phytoplankton distribution

Chlorophyll a determination:

Phytoplankton biomass in the water can be detected by fluorometric measurement 
of the phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll a (Chia). Two different approaches were 
used:

1. Underway surface (8 m water depths) fluorescence of phytoplankton pigments 
   (expressed as chla) was recorded by means of a Turner Design JD 10) 
   fluorometer attached to the seawater system with the ship's membrane pump. 
   Data were obtained every 10 seconds and averaged in 5 min intervals and 
   subsequently stored on the ship's data logging system (POLDAT) together with 
   the appropriate ship's position and other physical, chemical and 
   meteorological data. Every 4 hours, and also at the stations, triplicates of 
   normally 1 1 of seawater, but occasionally more (drained from a bypass to the 
   fluorometer system), were filtered onto Whatman GF/F glassfibre filters for 
   calibration of the instrument. The chla and phaeopigment values were obtained 
   after extraction with 90 % aceton/water. The determination limit was 0.001 µg 
   chla/l.

2. At stations Cchlorophyll a measurements were done from the Niskin bottles of 
   the CTD rosette. At 49 stations, water from 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 200 m was 
   taken. if OPC measurements and multinet samples indicated high particle 
   concentrations in deeper water layers, additional samples were taken from 
   water depths down to 500 m. Along the transects 3 and 4, chla-concentrations 
   in the < 20 µm and the >20 µm size fraction were measured separately.

To determine the chla-concentrations, 2 1 of seawater were filtered onto 
Whatmann GF/F-glassfiber filters. Pigments were extracted with 10 ml 90% acetone 
and measured thereafter directly on board using the method by Evans et al. 
(1987). Parallel to the sampling for chla measurements, 2 1 seawater per depth 
level were filtered onto precombusted (24 h at 500°C) Whatmann GF/F-filters for 
later analyses of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC/PON). These 
filters were deepfrozen (-20°C). Measurements will be carried out at AWI using 
an Carlo-Erba CHN Analyzer.

For determination of phytoplankton concentration and species composition, 200 ml 
of seawater were taken from the same depths as for chla and POC/PON-measurements 
and fixed with hexamethylentetramin-buffered 20% formalin (end concentration 
0.6%). These samples will be processed using the Utermöhl-counting technique 
(1958) at the home laboratory. Additional samples were taken with an Apstein-net 
(mesh size 20 µm) to concentrate larger phytoplankton from the upper 10 m of the 
water column.


Zooplankton and micronekton distribution

Zooplankton organisms were sampled using a Multinet (Hydrobios, Kiel) with mouth 
opening of 0.25 M2 and mesh size of 100 µm. An OPC was mounted on the net frame. 
The OPC photometrically records the distribution and size of particles in the 
water column. Each half a second, the data are transferred to the deck unit, 
yielding in an exact pattern of the vertical distribution of plankton organisms 
parallel to the multinet tow. The multinet was towed with a speed of 0.5 m sec-
1. At all stations, the multinet tows were conducted down to 1000 m (or in the 
shelf areas nearly to the bottom). Five depth strata were chosen according to 
the thermohaline structure of the water column.

In total, 31 successful multinet stations were performed: 3 stations on the 
zonal transect along 54°S (transect 2a), 6 on the transect across the Weddell 
cold regime (transect 2b), one station in the Polar Front, 12 on the transect 
along the Greenwich Meridian (transect 3), and 9 stations on the transect across 
the western Weddell Sea from Kapp Norwegia to the Antarctic Peninsula (transect 
4).

After towing, each sample was split into 2 subsamples using a 2 1 Folsom 
splitter. One half was immediately preserved in 4% hexamine buffered formalin, 
while another was used for size fractioning and subsequent preparation for 
biomass measurement. Before fractioning, we checked a subsample for rare or 
taxonomically interesting specimens. Simultaneously, several specimens of the 
dominant species (mostly Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, and R. gigas) 
were selected for the determination of carbon and nitrogen (C,N) content and 
ratio, and fatty acids composition of lipids.

For biomass measurement, a subsample was screened subsequently through 2000 tm, 
1000 µm, 500 µm, 200 µm, and 100 µm meshes. Each of the fractions obtained was 
then filtered onto preweighted GF/C filters and dried at 500C for 24 h. In case 
of the presence of abundant phytoplankton, subsamples for biomass determination 
were not fractioned but preserved in formalin separately. Zooplankton biomass in 
these samples will be estimated from size spectra of major taxa using 
length/weight regressions. Salps from the biomass subsample were measured and 
dried on filters or deep frozen separately according to a size grouping.

For determination of C,N content, the organisms were identified, staged and 
measured under a stereomicroscope with an accuracy of 0.1 mm, rinsed in 
distilled water and deep frozen individually (or for young copepodite stages of 
large calanoids in groups of 2-3 specimens) in Eppendorf caps. Measurements will 
be carried out using a Carlo Erba CHN analyzer.

For the study of fatty acids composition of body lipids, we selected 3 to 5 
specimens of particular developmental stage of certain species and placed them 
into precombusted tubes with 10 ml conserving solution (Dichlormethan/methanol 
in a proportion of 2:1). These tubes were then stored under -20°C.

Micronekton was collected using a Rectangular Midwater Trawl with two nets, the 
larger one with an mouth opening of 8m2, the smaller one with an opening of 1 m2 
(RMT 1+8) which was towed obliquely from the depth of ca. 450 m to the surface. 
The volume of water filtered was estimated using flowmeters mounted in the mouth 
of both nets. Four RMT tows were performed on transect 2b across the Weddell 
cold regime waters, 7 tows were done on the Greenwich Meridian (transect 3) and 
one additional tow was performed in the Bransfield Strait. The fresh catch of 
the big (8 m2) net was sorted into major taxonomic groups, i.e. coelenterates, 
polychaets, pteropods, cephalopods, euphausiids, hyperiids, decapods, 
chaetognaths, thaliaceans and fishes, which were preserved in 4% formalin and 
later counted. The sample of the small (1 m2) net was preserved without sorting. 
Further processing of the RMT samples will be done in the AWl and the Zoological 
Museum of the Moscow University.

Several vertical Bongo net (200 µm and 500 µm mesh size) tows were performed in 
order to obtain alive animals for experiments and for further DNA/RNA analyses.


Preliminary results

In the following section, the results of the on-line chlorophyll measurements 
during the transects 2a, 2b and 3 are shown. Because of the permanent ice cover 
during transect 4, no surface chla data are available. Table 5 gives some 
general information concerning the positions etc. of the transects.


Table 5: Characterization of the transects carried out during ANT X111/4.

Date         Station  Position Start  Position End  Name
-----------  -------  --------------  ------------  ----------
17.3 - 23.3  01-02    Cape Town       54°00.0'S     Transect 1
                                      38°59.8'E
23-3 - 28.3  03-15    54°00.0'S       54°00.0'S     Transect 2a
                      38°59.8'E       25°44.4'E
28.3 - 05.4  15-32    54°00.0'S       59°27.5'S     Transect 2b
                      25°44.4'E        3°10.5'W
12.4 - 22.4  35-66    55°00.0'S       69°38.5'S     Transect 3
                       0° W            0°07.4'W
25.4 - 08.5  68-102   71°01.0'S       63°20.1'S     Transect 4
                      11°36.6'W       52°47.6'W


Transects 2a/2b:

In general, very low chla concentrations were measured during both transects, 
which was in accordance to expected values during late autumn in this area 
(Figs. 18 and 19). Background values were between 0.1 and 0.2 µm Chla/I. On 
transect 2a, a distinct chla maximum was measured between 290 und 30°E, east of 
a significant increase of surface salinity and a decrease in surface 
temperature. Further to the west, an increase of the chla-concent ration to a 
maximum value of about 0.5 µm/l was detected. These relatively high 
concentrations persisted in the connecting transect 2b between 25°E and 19°E. 
These positions coincide with the site of an extensive frontal system in this 
region. Further analyses of phytoplankton composition and detailed 
investigations on hydrographic conditions are needed to detect possible reasons 
for this higher phytoplankton biomass.


Transect 3:

Transect 3 followed the Greenwich Meridian from 55°S to the ice shelf edge. 
During this transect, very low chla-concentrations were found (Fig. 20). 
Chlorophyll aconcentrations in the north were higher than those further south. 
Two maxima at about 60°S are particularly noticable. Further investigations of, 
for example, phytoplankton species composition are needed to explain these 
patterns.

Fig. 21 shows some of the vertical profiles registered by the OPC attached to 
the multinet. The particle concentrations showed very pronounced peaks in the 
upper water layers (ca. upper 150 m), but varied significantly between the 
different profiles. Generally the particle concentrations of up to 12000 
particles m-3 were surprisingly high. Further investigations of the multinet 
catches will reveal the characteristics of the particles.


Sediment traps

Some of the particles produced in the upper ocean layers, e.g. phytoplankton 
aggregates and faecal pellets, may reach relatively high sinking velocities, 
leading to their sinking out of the surface layers. Sediment traps have been 
attached to the following moorings to assess this particle flux qualitatively as 
well as quantitatively: 227/2, 227/3, BO-5, BO-6 and PF-8. These sediment traps 
are equipped with 20


Tab. 6: Recovered sediment traps:

Mooring:  227/2 at 59°27.5 S and 3°11.2 E 
deployed  on  26.12.1994 
recovered on 05.04.1996

Depth of the trap   565 m                    3709 m
Time of deployment  27.12.1994 - 10.08.1995  27.12.94 - 11.01.96
Sampling interval   19 days                  19 days
Number of samples   115                      20


Mooring:  BO-5 at 54°20.6 S and 03°17.6 W 
deployed  on 27.12.1994 
recovered on 07.04.1996

Depth of the trap   531 m                    2268 m
Time of deployment  31.12.1994 - 15.01.1996  31.12.1994 - 08.12.1995
Sampling interval   19 days                  19 days
Number of samples   20                       18


Mooring:  PF-8 at 50°11.1 S and 05°53.7 E 
deployed  on  29.12.1994 
recovered on 09.04.1996

Depth of the trap   687 m                    3110 m
Time of deployment  31.12.1994 - 15.01.1996  31.12.1994 - 15.01.1996 
Sampling interval   19 days                  19 days
Number of samples   20                       20


Table 7: Newly deployed sediment traps:

Mooring: 227-3 at 59°01.8 S and 0.0° E deployed on 04.04.1996

Depth of the trap   3373 m
Time of deployment  06.04.1996 - 27.03.1997
Sampling interval   14 days

Mooring: BO-6 at 54°20.6 S and 3'17.0 W deployed on 07.04.1996

Depth of the trap   2280 m
Time of deployment  08.04.1996 27.03.1997
Sampling interval   14 days

sampling containers and are therefore able to collect the sinking material in 20 
different time intervals. To prevent degradation of the material in the sediment 
trap by microbial activities and zooplankton grazing, the sampling containers 
were poisoned with mercury dichloride. The deployed and recovered sediment traps 
are summarized in Tab. 6 and 7.


2.4.2  Benthos investigations
       (Wolf Arntz (AWI, Alexander Buschmann/AWI, Kai Horst George/FBZO,
       Dieter Gerdes/AWI, Matthias Gorny/AWI, Marco Antonio Lardies
       Carrasco/UACH, Katrin Linse/IPO, Americo Montiel/UMAG, Erika
       Mutschke/UMAG, Martin Rauschert/AWIP) and Carlos Rios/UMAG)

Objectives

During the second part of the cruise, the investigations carried out by RV 
"Victor Hensen" in October/November 1994, were continued to study the marine 
fauna and flora in the Magellan region to compare it with Antarctic conditions 
and to detect latitudinal clines In population dynamics, reproductive biology 
and other life strategy components from the high Antarctic to the Strait of 
Magellan. These two areas separated only recently In geological terms (<20 Ma) 
and are supposed to have had more intense interchange than other continents 
around the Antarctic. In addition they should have had a similar history of 
glaciation.

Faunistic and floristic overlaps have often been suspected between the Antarctic 
Peninsula and the Magellan region, which essentially comprises Patagonia and 
Tierra del Fuego with their vast system of channels and fjords. This view seems 
to hold true for some faunal groups, however it cannot be confirmed for other 
taxa, or at least there are major doubts. The principal reason for these 
uncertainties is the lack of adequate sampling in the Magellan region and on the 
adjacent continental slope of the Drake Passage.

In the past years major efforts have been made to improve the knowledge on both 
the Antarctic and Magellan fauna and flora. From recent work at the "Dallmann" 
laboratory, an annex to the Argentinian base Jubany, and other stations 
shallowwater fauna and flora in the Bransfield Strait near King George Island 
are fairly well known. During the "Joint Magellan 'Victor Hensen' Campaign 1994" 
substantial samples were taken in shallow and deep waters of the Strait of 
Magellan (to 650 m depth), in the northwestern branch of the Beagle Channel and 
south of the eastern entrance of the Beagle Channel down to Cape Horn. The 
preliminary result of that cruise was that the ecosystems on the two sides of 
the Drake Passage, despite certain coincidences in common faunal and floral 
groups on genus and species levels, have developed very distinct structures.

The original idea to fly the seven German and four Chilean participants plus two 
Chilean observers to King George Island failed because of bad weather, and 
"Polarstern" was ordered to Puerto Williams to pick up the participants on 
Navarino Island. Thus the activities had to be restricted to the northern slope 
of the Drake Passage (south of Nueva Island), leaving the intended work in the 
Bransfield Strait and the southern slope of the Drake Passage to a future 
cruise. With the reduced programme on the northern slope of the Drake Passage, 
the benthos group pursued the following objectives:

 To assess the macro- and meiofaunal zoobenthic structures on the northern 
  slope of the Drake Passage and the south Chilean shelf, using gear that had 
  been deployed formerly in the high Antarctic, off the Antarctic Peninsula and 
  in the Magellan region;

 to complement existent benthos samples by material from the areas mentioned   
  above, above all from greater depths;

 to carry out physiological, reproductive, and population dynamic 
  investigations and ethological studies on "key species" and to compare the 
  results with those of related species from lower and higher latitudes.


Work at sea

The original idea was to work on a transect between 1500 m depth on the 
Patagonian continental slope and 200 m on the shelf south of Isla Nueva, to 
complete the samples obtained during the "Joint Magellan 'Victor Hensen' 
Campaign 1994". Part of this transect should have been done during that 
expedition, but this had to be abandoned due to bad weather.

On ANT XIII/4, 5 working days were available to complete the work south of 
Nueva. "Polarstern" encountered calm weather but, quite unexpectedly, very rough 
bottom topography. The layer of fine sediments, if existent, was much thinner 
than at the stations worked with "Victor Hensen" in the eastern mouth of the 
Beagle Channel in 1994. For this reason the stations, originally planned on a 
transect between 2500 and 100 m, had to be chosen where topography, thickness of 
sediments and currents allowed the use of trawled gear and corers. Even so, by 
no means all equipments could be deployed at all stations. The final list 
includes 10 Agassiz trawl (AGT) catches (2 for collecting experimental material 
only), 3 hauls with the epibenthic sledge (EBS), 9 catches with the small 
Rauschert dredge (D), 3 multibox corer (MG) stations with 21 macro and 2 
meiofaunal samples, 4 multicorer (MUC) stations with 30 meiofauna samples, and 
380 pictures with the underwater camera at 5 stations. A CTD rosette registered 
temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen between the surface and the seafloor. 
A large number of macrofaunal organisms were photographed alive, and fish and 
crustaceans were kept in the cool containers for physiological experiments.


Preliminary results

All samples obtained during this cruise, except for live experimental material, 
were preserved (for methods, cf. cruise report of the "Victor Hensen" Campaign, 
Arntz & Gorny 1996) and require detailed analysis in the laboratories of the 
participating institutions. Definite results will be presented during the 
IBMANT/97 workshop to be held at the Universidad de Magallanes in April 1997. 
The following preliminary faunal results, based principally on the sorting of 
the AGT catches on deck, can be summarized at this time:

A first look at the meiofauna obtained from the filtrate of the multicorer 
samples and from other gears revealed the following groups to occur (in 
decreasing abundance): nematodes; copepods (calanoids presumably from the water 
column, harpacticoids, siphonostomatoids); polychaete larvae; ostracods; and 
foraminiferans. Other groups are to be expected from further microscopical 
analysis of the samples.

The macrobenthic endofauna of the multibox corer samples from 100 to 1200 m 
depth showed low densities which decreased even more with depth. At the 
shallower stations the seafloor was covered with a biogenic layer of shells as 
well as bryozoan and hydrozoan debris, and the dominant faunal elements were 
ophlurolds, echinoids and crustaceans. At the deeper stations, the substrate (if 
any) was fine sand, and the only identifiable organisms were small sedentary 
polychaetes.

The benthic macro and megafauna from AGT and small dredge was richest in number 
and biomass at medium water depths between 200 and 600 m. Total catch weights in 
shallow water were high but consisted mainly of dead shells. The deeper seafloor 
in the area of study seems to be characterized by a generally thin sediment 
layer which resulted in a large number of gear failures and was further 
reflected in the dominance of hard-bottom dwellers, in particular gorgonarians. 
Larger stones came aboard from all depths and were often strongly overgrown with 
sponges, hydrozoans, bryozoans and gorgonarians whereas bivalve molluscs and 
brachiopods were missing on the stones altogether.

On the northern slope of the Drake Passage, too, the result from the "Victor 
Hensen" expedition is valid that there are no such rich, three-dimensional 
epifaunal suspension feeding communities as in many parts of the Antarctic. 
However, the occurrence of sponges, bryozoans and gorgonarians revealed a 
distinct increase as compared with the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel 
and the eastern mouth of the Beagle Channel, and crinoids (although small and 
brittle) were found only in this southernmost part of the Magellan area. The 
scarceness of colonial and solitary ascidians as compared with the Antarctic was 
confirmed, and actinians were also relatively scarce. Hydrozoans remained common 
south of Nueva despite the non-occurrence of its principal substrate, the brown 
alga Macrocystis pyrifera, due to greater water depths. Hydrocorals were found 
frequently on shells and stones.

Asteroids turned out to be much scarcer and smaller than in the Magellan area 
further to the north. Regular echinoids were at about the same level whereas 
irregular sea urchins were of much lesser importance than further to the north, 
particularly in the Beagle Channel, presumably because of the scarceness of soft 
substrates, The great variety and abundance of ophiuroids on the shelf was 
further increased by the large gorgonocephalans which contribute an important 
share to the echinoderm biomass. The find of crinoids has been mentioned 
already.

Molluscs, especially bivalves, played a minor role south of Nueva except for the 
scallops (Chlamys) which were found to be abundant at some shallower stations. 
The scarceness of bivalve molluscs, which resembles the conditions in the 
Antarctic, was unexpected after the dominance of molluscs found in the Strait of 
Magellan and in the eastern mouth of the Beagle Channel; however, the reason (as 
for the missing of scaphopods) may again be the lack of soft bottoms. Bivalve 
species composition was similar to the fauna further north if the taxodont soft-
bottom dwellers are not considered. Among the prosobranch gastropods there were 
some species which had not been found in the regions further to the north. 
Chitons and octopods were present at a low abundance level. Brachiopods which in 
the Antarctic "replace" the bivalves as hard-bottom fauna, were only found in a 
few small specimens, contrary to our results in the Magellan Strait.

The various "worm" groups can be judged only after more thorough analysis. It 
seems, however, that the scarceness and small size of echiurids and sipunculids 
stated during the "Victor Hensen" campaign was confirmed, and priapulids were 
missing altogether (at least on macro level). Polychaetes were common, but 
always small, and often colonise gorgonarians, bryozoans and hydrocorals.

For the small crustaceans, there is as yet no information available since all 
material was preserved immediately after trawling. Among the larger forms, 
balanoids were by no means as common in shallow waters as further north. 
However, at the deepest stations a large barnacle was found which strongly 
resembled the Antarctic genus Bathylasma. Isopods, in particular Sphaeromatidae, 
were considerably less common than to the north. Arcturidae and Serolidae, 
dominant groups in the Antarctic, were found in low numbers but yielded some 
species we had not seen before. Among the amphipods which dominated the small 
dredge catches, all families occurred which had been registered for the Weddell 
Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula area, with Eusiridae, Lysianassidae and 
Ischyroceridae as dominant groups. Also Stilipedidae, which had never been found 
in the Magellan region before, were quite common. Among the amphipods and 
isopods there were no giant types as described for the Antarctic. The same is 
true for the pycnogonids, and in all three cases this is valid for the whole 
Magellan region. Several new types of parabioses were detected, e.g., 
Caprellidae among the spines of lithodid crabs and Ischyrocericlae in epizoic 
bryozoans (Flustra type) on majid crabs.

Reptant decapods, in particular of the cancrid and sea spider brachyuran types, 
were no longer dominant in the area of study. The Galatheidae (Munida) still 
occurred regularly but were much less common than in the eastern mouth of the 
Beagle Channel. The palinuran lobster Stereomastis two specimens of which had 
been found in the Beagle Channel during the "Victor Hensen" campaign occurred in 
a single specimen. Caridean shrimps were gaining importance in relation to the 
reptants but never reached Antarctic levels. Dominant genera are Campylonotus 
and Austropandalus as well as surprisingly, at the deep stations, also the 
Antarctic genus Nematocarcinus. As rarities among the clecapods first finds of 
two genera, Glyphonotus and Pontophilus, have to be mentioned.

Summarizing, the working area on the northern slope of the Drake Passage, south 
of Nueva Island, revealed a greater similarity to the Antarctic benthic fauna 
than the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel and the area immediately south 
of the Beagle Channel. We might cautiously conclude that the transition to the 
Antarctic 'is rather of a gradual nature than abrupt. Despite this fact, 
considerable differences remain between the Antarctic and this southernmost part 
of the Magellan region. This indicates that 20 million years of separation and 
isolation, despite some glacial periods of increased interchange, have led to 
rather distinct separation of two neighbouring marine ecosystems which 
originally had an identical fauna. A closer look at these phenomena will be 
taken during the IBMANT/97 workshop in Punta Arenas.


3.   Leg ANT XIII/5 Punta Arenas - Bremerhaven
     22.05. - 21.06.1996

3.1  Summary and Itinerary

The theme of the scientific programme of the last leg of Polarstern's 13th 
Antarctic expedition was 'diversity of the deep-sea fauna'. Along the ship's 
transect (Fig. 23) the faunistic diversity of microorganisms, zooplankton, meio- 
and macrobenthic organisms was investigated in order to look for any latitudinal 
gradients in the distribution patterns. Of special interest were the deep basins 
in the South Atlantic, where little work has been done to date.

On five deep-sea stations, each greater than 5000 m water depth, four different 
corers (multibox-corer, rotating-corer, multi- and minicorer) were deployed, 
providing quantitative sediment samples for analysing the distribution patterns 
of meio- and macrobenthos. Depth-related and latitudinal distribution patterns 
of zooplankton were investigated by means of multinet catches from 4 stations; 
CTD measurements carried out first provided immediate information about the 
hydrographic structure of the water column at these locations. The microbial 
deepsea community was studied by means of a newly developed, deep water sampler 
which provided enriched samples of barophilic microorganisms under collection 
pressure by pumping and filtering a large volume of sea water in-situ.

Between 47°S and 24°S, a bathymetric profile 1335 sm long was obtained from 
Parasound surveys, which provide analyses of the bottom topography and sediment 
structure. The data are stored on analog paper record and also in digital form.

The multibox-corer and the rotating-corer provided a total of 28 single cores 
from four stations for macrobenthos analysis. Some basic work on the samples has 
been carried out on board but detailed analyses have to be done at the home 
institutions. At a first glance, the macro-benthos at the four locations under 
study seems to be very poor in both abundance and biomass compared to Weddell 
Sea samples from similar depths. The mini- and multicorers provided a total of 
54 sediment cores from four stations. Eight of these were used for 
microbiological studies and 23 are for investigation of latitudinal diversity 
patterns of both nematodes and copepods. From initial examinations of the 
samples, we formed the impression that the meiofauna appears the same compared 
to other deep-sea sites further north and south. The newly developed, deep-water 
sampler obtained concentrated water samples from 4 stations under deep-sea 
pressure. These samples provide data which will form the basis for a description 
of the composition of the benthic microbial community structure and its biomass 
and will allow further insights into the existence and role of a decompression-
sensitive fraction of bacteria and its biomass and activity.

Temperature measurements in the mesopause of the atmosphere, accomplished with a 
newly developed, potassium temperature lidar system, completed the scientific 
work of this leg. The group from the Institut für Atmosphärenphysik in 
KOhlungsborn measured profiles of temperature and potassium densities between 
47°S and 45°N on 18 nights and obtained unique and very interesting results 
about the thermal structure and densities of potassium atoms in the atmospheric 
layer between 80 to 105 km altitude.


4.     Scientific programmes

4.1    Investigations of the atmosphere

4.1.1  Weather Conditions
       (Joachim England, Herbert Köhler, Edmund Knuth/DWD)

During our passage through the Strait of Magellan on the night from the May 22th 
to 23th, the wind conditions often changed due to orographic effects. Wind 
strength changed on very short time periods between Force 3 to 10. During our 
passage, the area of the Magellan Strait lay to the rear of a storm low. Behind 
this disappearing low, a pronounced shallow low developed east of our cruise 
track, reaching far south to the Antarctic, thus keeping us away from further 
deep lows which came up from the west. With these conditions our passage along 
the Argentinian coast line took place in quite calm weather with wind strengths 
around Force 3 increasing occasionally towards Force 6, the main direction being 
west to northwest. The first station at 47°S and 55°W could thus be worked under 
favourable weather conditions.

Above the central South Atlantic, a strong and wide-spread high developed with a 
pressure of more than 1040 hPa at its centre. On the other side, an association 
of clouds in front of the East-Brasilian coast, formed a relatively small low 
pressure whirl which persisted for several days, moving slowly in a 
northeasterly direction. From May 27th, this low pressure dominated the weather 
situation. Work on the second station at 38°S and 43°W was hindered by strong 
wind and consequently rough sea. On May 30th, the wind decreased to Force 3 to 5 
backing towards a northerly direction and remaining so for the following day.

On the western border of a wide-spread, strong high over the central South 
Atlantic, the relatively strong pressure gradient maintained northeasterly winds 
of Force 6 during June 1st and 2nd. On June 3rd, the wind decreased to Force 4 
and the third station could be worked under good conditions. On June 4th and 
5th, the wind increased again to Force 6 turning towards a southeasterly 
direction. During June 5th, heavy showers with gusts up to 36 kn occurred 
decreasing, however to Force 3 to 4 towards the evening. On June 6th, another 
station was worked at 4°S 27°W. The wind decreased further from Force 4 to 2, 
accompanied however by heavy rainfall. In the late afternoon of June 7th, we 
crossed the equator with winds of Force 1 to 3 from an easterly direction. Light 
southeasterly winds Force 1 to 3 also dominated in the area of the Intertropic 
Convergence Zone which we passed during June 8th, when it rained occasionally. 
On the morning of June 9th, the wind turned towards the northeast with Force 3 
to 4. No further rain occured and weather was influenced by the northeast 
trades.

This situation remained until June 14th. Winds of Force 3 to 4 were a regular 
feature from then on and the last station at 230N 24°30'W was worked under 
favourable meterological conditions. Between June 15th and 20th, light winds of 
Force 1 to 4 from different directions dominated along the ship's track. The 
feared Bay of Biscay and the Channel were amazingly calm this time. Approaching 
Bremerhaven on June 21th wind increased again to Force 6 or 7, with northern to 
northeasterly directions due to a deep low over Scandinavia.


4.1.2  Temperature observations in the mesopause
       (Matthias Alpers, Veit Eska, Josef Hbffner, Ulf von Zahn/IAPR)

Objectives and methods

The scientific objectives of the IAPR participation in the legs ANT XIII/4-5 
have been the exploration of both the thermal structure of the atmospheric 
layers in the 80 to 105 km altitude, and the densities of potassium atoms 
residing therein. At this altitude, the atmosphere exhibits a permanent deep, 
local temperature minimum (the so-called mesopause). However, little is known 
about the precise temperatures at the mesopause and their spatial and temporal 
variations. This is particularly true for the southern hemisphere. The potassium 
atoms, present in this region, are remains from the vaporisation of 
micrometeorides (i.e. shooting stars) and cosmic dust. The loss processes for 
these atoms are unknown. Yet, there exists a permanent layer of potassium which 
exhibits a maximum density of about 100 atoms per cm -3 at approximately 90 km 
altitude.

For remote sensing of the air temperature and potassium density, we used for the 
first time, a transportable, containerized, lidar instrument ('light radar'). It 
operates at the resonance wavelength of potassium at 770 nm (near infrared). 
From a measurement of the time which passes between emission of the laser pulse 
and arrival of the atmospheric echo signal in the instrument's detectors, one 
can calculate quite accurately the altitude of the scattering air volume. By 
means of a tiny modulation of the wavelength of the laser light, one can also 
measure the temperature of the potassium atoms between 80 and 100 km altitude. 
This temperature is a good approximation to the air temperature.


Work at sea and preliminary results

The observational programme, the data analysis and its interpretation, for legs 
ANT X111/4 and ANT XIII/5, all form a scientific entity for us and therefore we 
summarize the results obtained in both legs here.

The first night of lidar observations was March 25th, the last the June 18th, 
1996. Within this period lie a total of 31 nights with measurements of 
temperature and potassium density and an additional 4 nights with measurements 
of potassium density only. The excellent performance of the lidar and 
unexpectedly good weather contributed to these good observation statistics.

Observations were made from 71°S to 45°N. Seasons changed from late autumn/early 
winter at high southern latitudes to "deep winter" at south-tropical latitudes 
and then to high summer in the northern hemisphere. For our research program, 
this type of variation was almost ideal. Almost all measured profiles of air 
temperature and potassium density are characterized by high wave activity in the 
upper atmosphere. This general property of the upper atmosphere is well known, 
but makes the determination of genuine climatological mean parameters difficult. 
Though in fact one just needs a very large data base. We were fortunate, 
therefore, to be able to obtain 4 nights of continuous observations lasting more 
than 12 hours plus 3 nights of more than 9 hours. These long observation series 
will allow us to characterize and quantify the wave spectrum and to derive 
corrections for the shorter observation sequences. The altitude and temperature 
of the mesopause was measured over a rather wide range of latitudes with high 
temperature accuracy and altitude resolution. We obtained new and interesting 
results pertaining to the latitude dependence and seasonal variations of the 
mesopause altitude and temperature (although we acknowledge that a clean 
separation of the two effects in our data will be somewhat subjective). In the 
southern hemisphere there are, however, no other measurements available with 
which we could compare our newly acquired data.

Before now, potassium density profiles have been measured in the upper 
atmosphere in only two locations. For that reason, all of the aquired potassium 
data are entirely new. We observed an outstanding variation of the potassium 
density with latitude and a previously unobserved high occurrence rate and 
intensity of socalled sporadic potassium layers. An example of atmospheric wave 
activity showing up in the potassium profiles is given in Fig. 25. The 59 
potassium density profiles, which we aquired on June 7th, 1996, between about 2 
and 7 pm. (UT) near YS are shown. The temporal separation of the profiles is 4 
min. The number density scale at the abcissa applies to the first left profile. 
Each following profile is offset to the right by a value of 10 atoms per cm-3. 
During this night, the normal potassium layer extended from 80 to 100 km 
altitude. The density profiles are modulated by the passage of waves through the 
background atmosphere. In addition, there are a few short-lived sporadic layers 
near 90 km.


4.2    Marine Biology

4.2.1  Microbiology
       (Erich Dunker, Elisabeth Helmke, Ulla Klauke/AWI)

Objectives and methods

During usual sampling of sediment or water, deep-sea organisms experience 
decompression. The central question of the microbiological work during this leg 
was whether, and if so, to what extent, such decompression affects the microbial 
deep-sea assemblages. The results will contribute to a better understanding, as 
well as to a realistic quantification, of the microbial processes in the deep-
sea. A prerequisite of this study was a recently developed water sampler which 
concentrates particulate organic matter in-situ and brings it up to the surface 
maintaining in-situ pressure. Subsequent subsampling on board can be conducted 
without pressure loss.

As well as these investigations on the existence and role of 
decompressionsensitive bacteria, studies of biomass, activity, and structure of 
the benthic microbial community from the deep sea were carried out with the 
decompressed sediment and water samples of the multicorer. The results will 
supplement our data set from the microbial flora of different deep-sea basins of 
the north and east Atlantic.


Work at sea

The pressure-retaining water sampler was deployed at four stations. Concentrated 
water samples were obtained under deep-sea pressure. They were subdivided and 
subjected to different experimental conditions. The final evaluation of these 
experiments will be done at the home laboratory. The same is true for the 
measurements and the experiments with the decompressed multicorer material.

Subsamples of the sediment and bottom water were fixed and preserved for total 
count and biomass determinations as well as for the chemical analyses. 
Furthermore, growth and degradation experiments were prepared under simulated 
deep-sea conditions. In order to describe the structure of the benthic microbial 
deep-sea community, MPN-cultures were conducted. Since the MPN-cultures were 
subjected to different pressure and temperature conditions, a differentiation of 
allochthonous from autochthonous deep-sea bacteria will be possible.


4.2.2  Zooplankton
       (Harald Bohlmann, Birgit Strohscher/AWI)

Objectives and methods

Studies of mesozooplankton diversity and biomass of the whole water column were 
addressed by means of multinet hawls (150 gm mesh size) from 5 deep-sea stations 
at 9 depth intervals. Vertical and horizontal biodiversity, biomass distribution 
patterns and length/carbon -content relationships of different-sized specimens 
with species from different water depths will be established. Studies of gut 
content and reproductive condition of dominant copepod species completed the 
working programme.


Work at sea

CTD measurements (SEABIRD 911 plus) were carried out before the multinet was 
deployed in order to provide immediate information about the hydrographic 
structure of the water column at the sampling locations. Four profiles are 
displayed in Fig. 26. The multinet was successfully deployed at 4 stations. The 
station data are summarized in Annex 5. Samples were taken from the following 
depth intervals:


St. Nos. 118 and 122:  3600 - 2600 m, 2600 - 2000 m, 2000 - 1500 m,
                       1500 - 1000 m, 1000 - 0 m with multinet No. 1
                       1000 - 750 m; 750 - 500 m, 500 - 300 m, 300 -
                       100 m, 100 - 0 m with multinet No. 2
St. Nos. 119 and 121:  3000 - 2500 m, 2500 - 2000 m, 2000 - 1500 m,    
                       1500 - 1000 m, 1000 - 0 m with multinet No. 1


Multinet No. 2 at these stations sampled the same depth intervals as in the 
first two stations.

All samples were carefully filtered through 100 µm sieves and preserved in a 4% 
formaldehhyde solution buffered with hexamethylentetramine. The 1000 - 0 m 
sample of multinet No.1 from each station was split into two halves by means of 
a plankton splitter. One half was frozen for estimating the biomass later in the 
laboratory, while from the other half, different species groups were sorted out 
on board for various analyses, e.g. Iength/carbon -content relationships and 
studies of gut content and maturity stage. The detailed analyses of the material 
obtained has to be done at the home institution.


4.2.3  Meiobenthos 
       (Nicola Jane Debenham/NHM, Timothy John Ferrero/NHM, Pedro Martinez-
       Arbizu/FBZO, Gisela Silveira Moura/FBZO)

Objectives and methods

Recent studies have indicated the importance of the deep sea as an environment 
of high species diversity. Latitudinal diversity gradients in the South Atlantic 
are poorly studied and seem to be highly influenced by interregional variation 
and regionalhistorical processes. Patterns of diversity from the North Atlantic 
have been mainly derived from macrofauna and nematode studies. Only a few 
studies deal with other groups like foraminiferans and copepods. Our planned 
study will give us a first indication of latitudinal deep-sea diversity patterns 
in the South Atlantic. Low abundances and high variability are expected in the 
deep-sea, therefore a high number of replicates is needed. Quantitative samples 
were taken with the Multicorer.

The scope of the work is to undertake a latitudinal study of meiofauna 
abundances, their spatial distribution and their diversity. This allows us to 
correlate these parameters of the benthic fauna with surface productivity at the 
different stations. This work provides valuable information on the Southern 
Atlantic and is invaluable for comparison with data from the Madeira Abyssal 
Plain, Porcupine Abyssal Plain, and Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea, Laptev Sea) in 
the North Atlantic, and some Antarctic sampling sites in the Weddell Sea. It is 
hoped that the data will enable an assessment of the biogeographical range and 
species turnover rates of abyssal meiofauna, particularly nematodes and 
copepods.


Work at sea

In total, four stations were successfully sampled with the Multicorer (MUC). Two 
of these stations were additionally sampled with the Minicorer (MIC). An 
overview of the sampling regime is given in Tab. 8. The area sampled by each 
corer covers about 25 cm2. The individual corers in the MUC were numbered and 
their position in the gear documented, so that the relative distances between 
replicates can be determined.


Tab. 8: Material and treatment; A: for microbiology, B: sliced for meiofauna, C: 
homogenisation technique for meiofauna studies and biochemistry

            Station No.  Depth   MUC/MIC        Treatment
            ----------   ------  -------------  ------------
            40/118       5726 m  Muc 11 corers  2 x A, 9 x B
            40/119       5095 m  -
            40/120       5130 m  Muc 12 corers  2xA, 10xB
            40/121       5366 m  Muc 12 corers  2xA, 10xB
            40/122       5055 m  Muc 11 corers  2 x A, 9 x B
            40/121       5362 m  Mic  4 corers  2 x B, 2 x C
            40/122       5102 m  Mic  4 corers  2 x B, 2 x C


For the study of the melofauna (treatment B) the cores were sliced in 6 
sections. The first section includes the first centimetre of sediment (0-1 cm) 
and the overlying bottom water, the remaining sections were 1-2 cm, 2-3 cm, 3-4 
cm, 4-5 cm and 5-10 cm. Samples were fixed with buffered 4% formaldehyde in 
filtered seawater.

Homogenisation technique (treatment C): Cores were sectioned to 5 cm in 1cm 
horizons. Each section was homogenised to a semi-liquid state with the addition 
of artificial seawater and the resulting homogenate divided into two equal 
subsamples. One sub-sample will be for meiofauna studies and the other for 
sediment biogeochemical analysis (mainly lipids and proteins) at the University 
of Liverpool, Dept. of Oceanography.


Preliminary results

The sediments at the four stations sampled are very different. At Station No. 
40/118, in the Argentinian Basin the sediment has a significant sandy component 
and gravel is also observed. Station No. 40/120 Is a brownish and very compact 
sediment, while at Station No. 40/121 (both in the Brazilian Basin) the sediment 
is reddish-brown, soft and with many burrows of macrofaunal organisms. The 
sediment at Station No. 40/122 (Cape Verde Basin) is pale, and very consistent, 
with a high component of Globigerina tests.

The preliminary observations of changes in sediment type along this transect, 
associated with likely differences in productivity and nutrient supply to the 
benthos, suggest that there will be detectable differences in the meiofauna. 
This would present similar results to those previously observed in the North 
Atlantic. Preliminary observations of the fauna (mainly nematodes and copepods) 
suggest that the greatest difference will be observed at the species level as 
some typical deep-sea genera have been observed. This is consistent with the 
concept of the deep-sea as a high diversity environment.


4.2.4  Macrobenthos
       (Harald Bohlmann, Dieter Gerdes/AWI, Peter Albert Lamont/SAMS)

Objectives and methods

The cruise from Punta Arenas to Bremerhaven provided the opportunity to sample 
deep-sea organisms across a wide range of latitudinal gradients in the Atlantic. 
Over the last few decades much deep-sea benthos data has been accumulated for 
the North Atlantic as far south as the Madeira Abyssal Plain but data for the 
South Atlantic is sparse. Therefore our main objective was to get as many 
quantitative samples as possible from the deep basins especially those of the 
South Atlantic by means of a multibox-corer and a newly developed rotating-
corer. These samples provide the data basis for investigation of the vertical 
distribution of the animals in the sediment and for determining diversity trends 
along latitudinal gradients. The data will form part of the basis for the 
BIODEEP proposal.


Work at sea

The multibox-corer (MG) with the attached underwater-video system was deployed 
at 4 stations. During deployment at Stn. No. 40/119, the Revolvergreifer was 
damaged by ship movement in the rough sea and the gear could not be used again 
for the duration of the cruise. The multibox-corer, was not deployed at this 
station due to the bad weather conditions and rough sea. The results of both 
corers are summarized in Tab. 9


Tab. 9. Inventory of cores taken with the multibox-corer (MG) with the attached   
        UW-video system and the Revolvergreifer (RG).

            Stn. No.  water depth         MG               RG
                          (M)      number of cores  number of cores
            ------    -----------  ---------------  ---------------
            40/118       5732             0                1
            40/119       5088             -                0
            40/120       5152             9                -
            40/121       5374             9(*)             -
            40/122       5118             9(*)             -
            -------------------------------------------------------
            (*) bottom pictures via UW-video - not deployed


In total, 28 single cores were obtained from 4 stations between 47°S and 230N 
for analysis of the macrofauna. The mean core length was 38 cm. Part of the MG 
cores from Stn. Nos. 40/120 and 40/121 had disturbed surfaces, because the cores 
were very full due to the soft sediments at these locations. All cores were 
treated according to the following procedure:

Each core was divided vertically by syphoning off the top water and removing the 
top centimetre, approximately, of sediment. The remainder of the core was then 
divided into ten centimetre slices and the sediment placed directly into five 
litre tubes containing 2 litres of 4% formaldehyde cooled to 4°C. As soon as 
possible after immediate processing of the cores, the sediment was gently 
manipulated by hand to mix in the formalin. Sieving through 500 and 300 µm mesh 
was carried out at least 3 days after collection to allow time for preservation. 
After sieving, samples were stored in 4 % formaldehyde prior to sorting. It is 
considered that this procedure improves the condition of more vulnerable fauna 
such as polychaetes, which are often damaged on sieves when freshly collected.


Preliminary results

The main work on the samples has to carried out at home institutions. The basis 
for our preliminary impression given here is due to the careful sample treatment 
described above and first microscopic sorting of some core fractions on board 
ship, especially those from the Revolvergreifer core of Stn. No. 40/118.

The dominant elements of the small, deep-sea macrofauna in our samples are 
polychaetes (sabellids, spionids, cirratulids, nephthyids, ophelids, and 
ampharetids plus a number of undetermined worms in tubes), bivalves, sipunculids 
and a few crustaceans. It appears that highest organism numbers occur at the 
southernmost station 40/118, followed by the northern station 40/122, whereas 
abundance values at the other two stations seemed to be lower.

The sediment at Stn. No. 40/120 is especially fine and for all 9 MG cores 
obtained there is virtually no material, including organisms, remaining on the 
500 µm sieve, and only a few mineral grains were retained on the 300 µm sieve. 
Macrofauna abundance at this station appears to be very low. Samples from Stn. 
No. 40/121 have burrows extending the full depth of the core. Some of these 
burrows are up to 6 mm in diameter and 1 sipunculid worm about 40 mm in length 
was recovered from the base of a core at about 25 cm depth.



5.  Acknowledgement

The achievements during both legs were to are large extent due to the effective 
and heartful cooperation between the ship's crews and the participating 
scientific personal. We are grateful to the Masters Pahl and Keil and theirs 
crews for the active support which helped us to overcome difficult situations 
and resulted not only in a scientific success, but as well in a cheerful 
experience. We are grateful as well to all those who were involved in the 
different levels of the preparations for cruise and built up the basis for our 
success.



6.  Principal Investigators
                                                                          Daten
Inst.   Wissenschaftler Anzahl  Einheit   Typ der Messungen               im DOD
------  -------------   ------  --------  ------------------------------  ------
                                                                          Data
Inst.   Scientist       Number  Unit      Type of Measurements            in DOD
------  -------------   ------  --------  ------------------------------  ------
AWI     Arntz, W.       11      stations  B18 Zoobenthos                   no
                                          D01 Current meters 8 stat.:
                                          moorings deployed on the
                                          Greenwich Meridian, 3 stat.:
AWI     Fahrbach, E.    17      stations  moorings recove red during       no
                                          ANT III/4, 6 stat.: moorings
                                          deployed in the western
                                          Weddell Sea

AWI     Fahrbach, E.    5000    n miles   D71 Current profiler (e.g.       no
                                          ADCP)

AWI     Fahrbach, E.    112     stations  H09 Water bottle stations        no
                                          GO-Rosette 24x12l
AWI     Fahrbach, E.    112     stations  H10 CTD-Stations                 yes
                                          H13 Bathythermograph drops XBT
AWI     Fahrbach, E.    310     stations  with T/ probes, most traces      yes
                                          transmitted over GTS
AWI     Fahrbach, E.    112     stations  H21 Oxygen                       no
                                          H71 Surface measurements
AWI     Fahrbach, E.    5000    n miles   underway (T, S)                  no
                                          Thermosalinograph, does not
                                          work in ice
                                          H22 Phosphates Samples were
AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  analysed with a Technicon        no
                                          TRAACS autoanalyzer
                                          H24 Nitrates Samples were
AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  analysed with a Technicon        no
                                          TRAACS autoanalyzer
                                          H25 Nitrites Samples were
AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  analysed with a Technicon        no
                                          TRAACS autoanalyzer
                                          H26 Silicates Samples were
AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  analysed with a Technicon        no
                                          TRAACS autoanalyzer
AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  H27 Alkalinity                   no

AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  H74 Carbon dioxide Prctical      no
                                          pressure GF CO2, total CO2
                                          H76 Ammonia Samples were
AWI     Hoppema, M.     112     stations  analysed with a Technicon        no
                                          TRAACS autoanalyzer
                                          H90 Other chemical
AWI     Mühlebach, A.   36      stations  oceanographic measurements       no
                                          Otganic chemistry, dissolved
                                          and particulate phytosterols
AWI     Smetacek, V.    31      stations  B08 Phytoplankton                no
AWI     Smetacek, V.    8       no unit   B09 Zooplankton                  no
AWI     Smetacek, V.    8       no unit   B11 Nekton                       no
                                          M01 Upper air observations
DWDSWA  Möller, H.J.    0       day(s)    Synoptic met obs and             no
                                          radiosondes
                                          M06 Routine standard
DWDSWA  Möller, H.J.    0       day(s)    measurements Synoptic met obs    no
                                          and radiosondes
                                          H73 Geochemical tracers (e.g.
GUHB    Roether, W.     104     stations  freons) Freon-11, -12, -113,     no
                                          CCL4, tritium, helium
                                          M01 Upper air observations
IAPR    Höffner, J.     16      no unit   Potassium temperature lidar      no
                                          profiles (nights)

                                                  aktualisiert am: 08.07.2002


7.  Beteiligte Institutionen / Participating Institutions

Adresse                             Teilnehmer        Fahrtabschnitt
Address                             Participants      Leg
----------------------------------  ----------------  --------------

Chile
-----
UACH  Instituto de Zoologia
      Universidad Austral de Chile      1                  4
      Valdivia
UCV   Esc. de Cs. del Mar               1                  4
      Universidad Catolica
      de Valparaiso
      Valparaiso
UMAG  Instituto de la Patagonia
      Universidad de Magallanes         3                  4
      Avenida Bulnes
      Punta Arenas

Federal Republic of Germay
--------------------------
AWI   Alfred-Wegener-Institut für       26, 8              4, 5
      Polar- und Meeresforschung
      ColumbusstraBe
      D-27568 Bremerhaven
AWIP  Alfred-Wegener-Institut für       1                  4
      Polar- und Meeresforschung
      Forschungsstelle Potsdam
      c/o Zoologisches Museum Berlin
      Invalidenstr. 43
      D-1 0115 Berlin
DWID  Deutscher Wetterdienst            2, 3               4, 5
      Seewetteramt
      Postfach 301190
      D-20304 Hamburg
FBZO  FB/7AG Zoomorphologie             1, 2               4, 5
      Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitdt
      D-261 11 Oldenburg
HSW   Helicopter-Service                4                  4
      Wasserthal GmbH;
      K5tnerweg 43
      D-22393 Hamburg
IAPR  Institut für Atmosphärenphysik    2, 4               4, 5
      SchloBstr. 4-6
      D-18221 KOhlungsborn
IPO   Institut für Polarökologie        1                  4
      Unlversität Kiel
      Wischofstr. 1-3, Geb. 12
      D-24148 Kiel
IUPB  IUP - Institut für Umweltphysik   5                  4
      Abt. Tracer-Ozeanog raphie
      Universltät Bremen, FB 1
      Postfach 330 440
      D-28334 Bremen

The Netherlands
---------------
NIOZ  Netherlands Institute             2                  4
      for Sea Research
      P.O. Box 59
      1790 Ab den Burg
      Texel

UK
--
NHM   The Natural History Museum        2                  5
      Department of Zoology
      Cromwell Road
      London, SW7B 5BD
SAMS  The Scottish Association          1                  5
      for Marine Science
      P.O. Box 3
      Oban, Argyll
      PA34 4AD, Scotland

Russia
------
ZMMU  Zoological Museum                 1                  4
      of the Moscow University
      Bolshaya Nikitskaya 6
      Moscow, 103009


8.    Fahirtteillnehmer/Cruise participants 

ANT XIII/4
----------

Last Name         First Name     Inst    Last Name         First Name     Inst
----------------  -------------  ----    ----------------  -------------  ----


Arntz             Wolf           AWI  || Meyer       Ralf          AWI
Bakker            Karel          NIOZ || Möller      Hans-Joachim  DWD
Bittkau           Anke           AWI  || Montiel     Americo       UMAG
Böhm              Joachim        HSW  || MOhlebach   Anneke        AWI
BOchner           JOrgen         HSW  || Mutschke    Erika         UMAG
Bulsiewicz        Klaus          IUPB || Nowaczyk    Jochen        AWI
Buschmann         Alexander      AWI  || Rauschert   Martin        AWIP
Dubischar         Corinna        AWI  || Riewesell   Christian     HSW
Eska              Veit           IAPR || Rios        Carlos        UMAG
Fahrbach          Eberhard       AWI  || Rohardt     Gerd          AWI
Fraas             Gerhard        IUPB || Rohr        Harald        AWI
George            Kai Horst      FBZO || Runge       Maite         IUPB
Gerdes            Dieter         AWI  || San Miguel  Esteban       Armada 
Gorny             Janja          AWI  ||                           de Chile
Gorny             Matthias       AWI  || Schlenker   Björn         IUPB
Hansjosten        Andreas        AWI  || Schneider   Hans          HSW
Heras De las      Miriam         AWI  || Schröder    Michael       AWI
Höffner           Josef          IAPR || Sieverding  Hiltrud       IUPB
Hopperna          Mario          AWI  || SpIridonov  Vassili       ZMMU
Horstmann         Uta            AWI  || Stoll       Michel        NIOZ
Jochum            Markus         AWI  || Tan         GiokNIo       AWI
Köhler            Herbert        DWD  || Winterrath  Tanja         AWI
Kolb              Leif           AWI  || WisotzkI    Andreas       AWI
Lardies Carrasco  Marco Antonio  UACH || Witte       Hannelore     AWI
Linse             Katrin         IPÖ  || Woodgate    Rebecca       AWI
Maturnana         Jenny          UCV  || Zimmermann  Andreas       AWI


ANT XIII/5
----------
                 Last Name         First Name     Institut
                 ----------------  -------------  --------
                 Alpers            Matthias       IAPR
                 Bohlmann          Harald         AN
                 Debenham          Nicola Jane    NHM
                 Dunker            Erich          AWI
                 England           Joachim        DWD
                 Eska              Veit           IAPR
                 Ferrero           Timothy John   NHM
                 Gerdes            Dieter         AWI
                 Helmke            Elisabeth      AWI
                 Höffner           Josef          IAPR
                 Klauke            Ulla           AWI
                 Knuth             Edmund         DWD
                 Kbhler            Herbert        DWD
                 Lamont            Peter Albert   SAMS
                 Martinez-Arbizu   Pedro          FBZO
                 MenBen            Klaus          AWI
                 Schröder          Sabine         AWI
                 Silvelra Moura    Gisela         FBZO
                 Strohscher        Birgit         AWI
                 Zahn von          Ulf            IAPR





8.  Schiffspersonall/Ship's Crew

                             ANT XIII/4        ANT XIII/5
                             ----------        ----------
Kapitän                      Pahl              Keil
1. nautischer Offizier       Keil              Rodewald
Leitender techn. Offizier    Schulz            Schulz
2. nautischer Offizier       Block             Block
2. nautischer Offizier       Schwarze          Schwarze
2. nautischer Offizier       Spielke
Arzt                         Schuster          Schuster
Funfoffizier                 Koch              Hecht
2. technischer Offizier      Delff             Delff
2. technischer Offizier      Folta             Folta
2. technischer Offizier      Simon             Simon
Elektroniker                 Dimmler
Elektroniker                 Fröb              Fröb
Elektroniker                 Holtz             Holtz
Elektroniker                 Pabst             Pabst
Elektroniker                 Piskorzynski
Schiffbetriebsmeister        Loidl             Loidl
Zimmermann                   Neisner           Neisner
Facharbeiter/Deck            Bdcker            Bdcker
Facharbeiter/Deck            Bohne
Facharbeiter/Deck            Burzan
Facharbeiter/Deck            Hagemann
Facharbeiter/Deck            Hartwig           Hartwig
Facharbeiter/Deck            Kreis
Facharbeiter/Deck            Moser             Moser
Facharbeiter/Deck            Schmidt           Schmidt
Storekeeper                  Renner            Renner
Facharbeiter/Maschine        Dinse             Dinse
Facharbeiter/Maschine        Fritz             Fritz
Facharbeiter/Maschine        Hartmann          Arias Iglesias
Facharbeiter/Maschine        Krösche           Krösche
Facharbeiter/Maschine        Schade            Schade
Koch                         Silinski          Silinski
Kochsmaat                    HOnecke
Kochsmaat                    Tupy              Tupy
1. Stewardess                Dinse             Dinse
Stewardess/Krankenschwester  Lehmbecker        Lehmbecker
2. Stewardess                Klemet            Klemet
2. Stewardess                Schmidt           Schmidt
2. Stewardess                Silinski          Silinski
2. Steward                   Tu                Huang.
2. Steward                   Wu                Mui
Wäscher                      Yu                Yu



9.   Appendix 1, Stationsliste/Station list ANT XIII/4
     (see .sum file)


10.  Appendix 2, XBT Data ANT XIII/4

             No.     Date        Time   Latitude  Longitude  Depth 
                                 (GMT)                       (m)
             ---     ----------  -----  -------   -------    ----
             001     18.03.1996  17.54  37°52'S   21°23'E    5074
             002                 20.03  38°12'S   21°41'E    5205
             004                 22.06  38°33'S   21°59'E    5119
             005                 23.55  38°50'S   22°15'E    4988
             006  f  19.03.1996  02.09  39°12'S   22°34'E    5165
             007                 02.18  39°13'S   22°36'E    5156
             008                 03.59  39°27'S   22°49'E    5128
             009  f              05.59  39°44'S   23°03'E    5126
             010                 06.09  39°44'S   23°03'E    5139
             011                 08.02  39°54'S   23°15'E    5041
             012                 11.19  40°10'S   23°27'E    4791
             013                 13.44  40°24'S   23°39'E    4460
             014                 17.58  40°34'S   23°48'E    4348
             015                 20.00  40°55'S   24°08'E    4327
             016                 21.59  41°15'S   24°27'E    4008
             017                 23.58  41°37'S   24°47'E    2714
             018    20.03.1996   01.59  41°59'S   25°09'E    3534
             019                 03.02  42°12'S   25°20'E    3765
             020                 04.00  42°22'S   25°30'E    4157
             021                 05.00  42°33'S   25°40'E    4469
             022                 05.55  42°43'S   25°50'E    4731
             023                 07.00  42°55'S   26°01'E    4981
             024                 08.02  43°06'S   26°13'E    4987
             025                 08.59  43°17'S   26°23'E    5376
             026                 09.56  43°28'S   26°33'E    5223
             027                 10.55  43°38'S   26°43'E    5400
             028                 11.57  43°48'S   26°53'E    5704
             029                 13.04  43°59'S   27°04'E    5270
             030                 17.00  44°02'S   27°08'E    5300
             031                 18.02  44°12'S   27°19'E    5404
             032                 18.59  44°21'S   27°28'E    5454
             033                 20.06  44°33'S   27°39'E    5414
             034                 20.59  44°41'S   27°48'E    5422
             035                 22.00  44°49'S   28°00'E    5385
             036  f              23.03  44°59'S   28°10'E    5416
             037  f              23.11  44°59'S   28°10'E    5420
             038                 23.14  45°00'S   28°11'E    5422
             039                 23.58  45°08'S   28°20'E    5180
             040    21.03.1996   00.59  45°17'S   28°30'E    5829
             041                 02.00  45°26'S   28°40'E    5404
             042                 02.59  45°36'S   28°50'E    5281
             043                 03.59  45°44'S   29°00'E    5274
             044                 04.56  45°54'S   29°11'E    5354
             045                 06.00  46°05'S   29°23'E    4283
             046                 07.00  46°15'S   29°35'E    5318
             047                 08.00  46°24'S   29°46'E    5247
             048                 09.00  46°35'S   29°56'E    4991
             049                 09.59  46°44'S   30°07'E    5430
             050                 11.03  46°54'S   30°18'E    5220
             051                 11.58  47°03'S   30°29'E    4309
             052                 12.58  47°13'S   30°40'E    4135
             053                 14.00  47°23'S   30°51'E    4463
             ----------------------------------------------------
             f = probe failure with repeat

             No.     Date        Time   Latitude  Longitude  Depth 
                                 (GMT)                       (m)
             ---     ----------  -----  -------   -------    ----
             054                 14.56  47°31'S   31°01'E    5102
             055                 15.55  47°39'S   31°10'E    2769
             056                 16.55  47°48'S   31°20'E    3697
             057                 17.56  47°57'S   31°31'E    4513
             058                 18.56  48°07'S   31°42'E    5603
             059                 19.57  48°16'S   31°53'E    4579
             060                 20.56  48°26'S   32°03'E    2648
             061                 21.57  48°35'S   32°15'E    3975
             062                 22.58  48°45'S   32°27'E    3973
             063    22.03.1996   00.01  48°55'S   32°39'E    4411
             064                 00.59  49°04'S   32°50'E    4066
             065  f              01.59  49°14'S   33°01'E    4003
             066                 02.07  49°15'S   33°03'E    3966
             067                 02.57  49°23'S   33°12'E    4975
             069                 04.55  49°42'S   33°35'E    4074
             069                 06.03  49°54'S   33°49'E    5237
             070                 06.59  50°03'S   34°00'E    4733
             071                 07.58  50°11'S   34°12'E    4610
             072                 08.59  50°20'S   34°23'E    4566
             073                 09.58  50°30'S   34°34'E    5163
             074                 10.57  50°39'S   34°44'E    5235
             075                 12.04  50°50'S   34°58'E    5185
             076                 12.58  50°58'S   35°07'E    4880
             077                 13.53  51°07'S   35°18'E    4775
             078                 14.57  51°17'S   35°31'E    4901
             079                 15.55  51°26'S   35°42'E    5198
             080                 16.55  51°36'S   35°55'E    4261
             081                 17.57  51°46'S   36°08'E    4875
             082                 19.00  51°58'S   36°23'E    4596
             083                 20.08  52°10'S   36°39'E    4237
             084                 21.01  52°21'S   36°52'E    4516
             085                 22.01  52°32'S   37°07'E    4508
             086                 23.06  52°45'S   37°22'E    4492
             087    23.03.1996   00.00  52°55'S   37°36'E    4459
             088                 00.57  53°06'S   37°50'E    4412
             089                 02.02  53°19'S   38°06'E    4296
             090                 03.00  53°30'S   38°21'E    4271
             091                 03.59  53°41'S   38°35'E    4185
             092                 04.58  53°53'S   38°50'E    3500
             093                 18.46  54°01'S   38°20'E    4129
             094                 19.55  54°01'S   38°03'E    4314
             095                 21.04  54°00'S   37°46'E    4622
             096    24.03.1996   02.02  54°00'S   37°26'E    4710
             097                 02.53  54°00'S   37°10'E    4736
             098                 03.50  54°00'S   36°53'E    4772
             099                 11.09  54°00'S   36°36'E    4560
             100                 12.17  54°00'S   36°19'E    4844
             101                 13.23  54°00'S   36°02'E    4701
             102                 18.18  54°00'S   35°45'E    4724
             103                 19.32  53°59'S   35°28'E    4822
             104                 20.42  54°00'S   35°11'E    5034
             105                 21.52  54°01'S   34°54'E    4778
             106                 22.58  54°00'S   34°37'E    5310
             107    25.03.1996   00.05  54°00'S   34°17'E    5327
             ----------------------------------------------------
             f = probe failure with repeat

             No.     Date        Time   Latitude  Longitude  Depth 
                                 (GMT)                       (m)
             ---     ----------  -----  -------   -------    ----
             108                 04.32  54°00'S   34°02'E    5432
             109                 05.40  54°00'S   33°42'E    5440
             110                 06.37  54°00'S   33°25'E    4571
             111                 07.40  54°00'S   33°07'E    5448
             112                 08.32  54°00'S   32°51'E    5433
             113                 09.29  54°00'S   32°34'E    5296
             114                 14.00  54°00'S   32°17'E    5470
             115                 14.57  54°00'S   32°00'E    4630
             116                 16.12  53°59'S   31°43'E    5483
             117                 17.20  53°59'S   31°25'E    5514
             118                 18.31  54°00'S   31°07'E    5483
             119                 19.29  54°00'S   30°52'E    4981
             120    26.03.1996   00.06  54°00'S   30°36'E    5272
             121                 01.09  54°00'S   30°19'E    5510
             122                 02.28  54°00'S   30°01'E    5044
             123                 03.39  54°00'S   29°44'E    5510
             124                 04.51  54°00'S   29°27'E    5227
             125                 06.04  54°00'S   29°10'E    4603
             126                 13.51  54°00'S   28°54'E    5294
             127                 14.59  54°00'S   28°34'E    4871
             128                 15.53  54°00'S   28°19'E    5173
             129                 16.56  54°00'S   28°02'E    4053
             130                 18.06  54°00'S   27°45'E    5297
             131    27.03.1996   01.49  54°02'S   27°21'E    4185
             132                 02.58  54°01'S   27°03'E    4544
             133                 04.46  54°00'S   26°46'E    4896
             134                 14.02  54°00'S   26°29'E    4779
             135                 15.05  54°00'S   26°13'E    3302
             136                 16.04  54°00'S   25°55'E    3318
             137                 23.54  54°00'S   25°35'E    4179
             138    28.03.1996   00.42  54°00'S   25°22'E    4147
             139                 01.43  53°58'S   25°04'E    4534
             140                 02.41  53°52'S   24°51'E    4844
             141                 06.15  53°46'S   24°37'E    3294
             142                 07.21  53°58'S   24°38'E    4132
             143                 08.13  54°08'S   24°38'E    4935
             144                 09.13  54°19'S   24°37'E    4518
             145                 10.08  54°29'S   24°37'E    4186
             146                 11.16  54°41'S   24°36'E    4449
             147                 16.38  54°54'S   24°22'E    3823
             148                 17.38  55°01'S   24°11'E    4141
             149                 18.36  55°08'S   23°59'E    3870
             150                 19.36  55°16'S   23°48'E    3961
             151                 20.33  55°23'S   23°37'E    4685
             152    29.03.1996   01.05  55°32'S   23°26'E    4668
             153                 02.07  55°38'S   23°12'E    4657
             154                 03.02  55°46'S   23°02'E    5115
             155                 04.05  55°54'S   22°49'E    5237
             156                 05.02  56°02'S   22°37'E    5113
             157                 06.05  56°10'S   22°23'E    5088
             158                 13.57  56°14'S   22°09'E    5222
             159                 15.03  56°26'S   21°57'E    4805
             160                 16.01  56°34'S   21°44'E    5116
             161                 17.19  56°45'S   21°25'E    5023

             No.     Date        Time   Latitude  Longitude  Depth 
                                 (GMT)                       (m)
             ---     ----------  -----  -------   -------    ----
             162                 18.09  56°52'S   21°13'E    5009
             163                 22.22  57°00'S   21°01'E    4738
             164                 23.20  57°01'S   20°46'E    5213
             165    30.03.1996   10.34  57°11'S   19°06'E    4824
             166                 11.53  57°12'S   18°46'E    4878
             167                 12.51  57°14'S   18°32'E    4994
             168                 13.49  57°16'S   18°19'E    4941
             169                 14.52  57°17'S   18°04'E    5318
             170                 16.23  57°19'S   17°44'E    3850
             171                 17.57  57°21'S   17°23'E    5396
             172    31.03.1996   00.14  57°23'S   17°12'E    4803
             173                 02.01  57°25'S   16°48'E    5327
             174                 03.34  57°27'S   16°26'E    5116
             175                 04.59  57°29'S   16°06'E    5351
             176                 06.33  57°30'S   15°46'E    5232
             177                 07.59  57°32'S   15°29'E    4965
             178                 12.20  57°32'S   15°29'E    5345
             179                 13.46  57°35'S   14°52'E    5655
             180                 14.56  57°37'S   14°34'E    4955
             181                 16.30  57°39'S   14°11'E    5607
             182                 18.00  57°41'S   13°49'E    5711
             183                 23.34  57°43'S   13°28'E    5513
             184    01.04.1996   01.04  57°45'S   13°07'E    5655
             185                 02.27  57°47'S   12°48'E    5550
             186                 04.01  57°49'S   12°24'E    5506
             187                 05.38  57°51'S   12°02'E    5175
             188                 07.08  57°52'S   11°44'E    5609
             189                 15.55  57°54'S   11°22'E    5999
             190                 17.30  57°36'S   11°02'E    5379
             191                 19.01  57°58'S   10°46'E    5375
             192                 20.35  58°00'S   10°29'E    5570
             193                 22.11  58°01'S   10°12'E    5621
             194                 23.30  58°02'S   09°57'E    5589
             195    02.04.1996   05.07  58°05'S   09°36'E    5501
             196                 06.24  58°06'S   09°18'E    5284
             197                 07.40  58°08'S   08°56'E    4947
             198                 08.45  58°10'S   08°38'E    4908
             199                 09.42  58°11'S   08°21'E    4440
             200                 10.42  58°13'S   08°04'E    3248
             201                 17.17  58°16'S   07°42'E    3998
             202                 18.29  58°17'S   07°20'E    4009
             203                 19.25  58°19'S   07°03'E    5004
             204                 20.31  58°20'S   06°45'E    5067
             205                 21.56  58°22'S   06°26'E    5342
             206                 23.10  58°24'S   06°06'E    5143
             207    03.04.1996   07.12  58°27'S   05°44'E    5172
             208                 08.07  58°28'S   05°27'E    5040
             209                 09.04  58°29'S   05°10'E    5331
             210                 10.00  58°31'S   04°52'E    5209
             211                 11.02  58°33'S   04°32'E    5445
             212                 12.13  58°35'S   04°10'E    5514
             213                 17.05  58°37'S   03°48'E    5083
             214                 18.14  58°39'S   03°22'E    5611
             215                 18.58  58°41'S   03°06'E    4722

             No.     Date        Time   Latitude  Longitude  Depth 
                                 (GMT)                       (m)
             ---     ----------  -----  -------   -------    ----
             216                 19.55  58°43'S   02°45'E    4925
             217                 20.58  58°45'S   02°21'E    4983
             218                 21.55  58°47'S   02°01'E    4186
             219    04.04.1996   02.38  58°48'S   01°43'E    4644
             220                 03.50  58°50'S   01°22'E    4734
             221                 04.50  58°53'S   01°02'E    5326
             222                 05.47  58°55'S   00°43'E    4028
             223                 06.47  58°57'S   00°22'E    3912
             224                 07.36  59°00'S   00°04'E    4459
             225    05.04.1996   16.50  59°24'S   03°11'W    4765
             226                 18.00  59°13'S   03°11'W    4897
             227                 19.05  59°02'S   03°12'W    4994
             228                 20.18  58°52'S   03°12'W    5371
             229                 21.24  58°42'S   03°10'W    4017
             230                 22.28  58°32'S   03°09'W    4535
             231                 23.37  58°22'S   03°11'W    4978
             232    06.04.1996   00.49  58°12'S   03°13'W    3723
             233                 01.00  58°10'S   03°13'W    4187
             234                 01.44  58°03'S   03°13'W    4656
             235                 02.52  57°53'S   03°13'W    3688
             236                 04.05  57°43'S   03°13'W    3653
             237                 05.04  57°33'S   03°14'W    3984
             238                 06.07  57°23'S   03°14'W    3788
             239                 07.12  57°13'S   03°14'W    3895
             240                 08.17  57°03'S   03°14'W    4022
             241                 09.26  56°53'S   03°14'W    3461
             242                 10.36  56°43'S   03°14'W    3325
             243                 13.20  56°33'S   03°14'W    3731
             244                 14.21  56°23'S   03°15'W    3774
             245                 15.26  56°13'S   03°15'W    2834
             246                 16.28  56°03'S   03°16'W    3616
             247                 17.32  55°53'S   03°16'W    2812
             248                 18.36  55°43'S   03°16'W    4623
             249                 19.35  55°33'S   03°16'W    1834
             250                 20.42  55°23'S   03°16'W    3011
             251                 21.49  55°13'S   03°17'W    3154
             252                 22.58  55°03'S   03°17'W    3219
             253    07.04.1996   00.06  54°53'S   03°17'W    2699
             254                 01.17  54°44'S   03°17'W    2542
             255                 02.22  54°35'S   03°17'W    2698
             256                 03.37  54°25'S   03°18'W    1812
             257                 13.55  54°19'S   03°13'W    2520
             258                 15.00  54°11'S   02°55'W    2302
             259                 16.01  54°03'S   02°38'W    2592
             260                 17.05  53°56'S   02°21'W    2157
             261                 18.03  53°49'S   02°04'W    2405
             262                 19.01  53°42'S   01°48'W    2457
             263                 20.03  53°34'S   01°31'W    2416
             264                 21.04  53°27'S   01°14'W    2318
             265                 22.02  53°20'S   01°00'W    2378
             266                 23.02  53°13'S   00°43'W    2505
             267    08.04.1996   00.02  53°06'S   00°28'W    2554
             268                 01.03  52°59'S   00°11'W    2493
             269                 02.04  52°52'S   00°05'E    2684

             No.     Date        Time   Latitude  Longitude  Depth 
                                 (GMT)                       (m)
             ---     ----------  -----  -------   -------    ----
             270                 03.03  52°44'S   00°22'E    2825
             271                 04.04  52°37'S   00°38'E    2725
             272                 05.02  52°30'S   00°53'E    2836
             273                 05.59  52°23'S   01°08'E    2635
             274                 06.57  52°16'S   01°24'E    2706
             275                 08.00  52°09'S   01°40'E    2766
             276                 09.00  52°02'S   01°56'E    2658
             277                 10.07  51°55'S   02°13'E    2817
             278                 11.04  51°47'S   02°29'E    3122
             279                 11.58  51°40'S   02°42'E    2843
             280                 12.58  51°34'S   02°57'E    2947
             281                 14.04  51°28'S   03°09'E    3490
             282                 15.01  51°23'S   03°21'E    3323
             283                 16.04  51°17'S   03°34'E    3318
             284                 17.05  51°11'S   03°46'E    3285
             285                 18.04  51°06'S   03°58'E    3585
             286                 19.02  51°00'S   04°09'E    3612
             287                 20.10  50°55'S   04°21'E    3474
             288                 21.10  50°49'S   04°34'E    2890
             289                 22.23  50°43'S   04°45'E    3536
             290                 23.45  50°36'S   05°02'E    3389
             291    09.04.1996   01.11  50°29'S   05°15'E    1208
             292                 02.13  50°25'S   05°24'E    2691
             293                 03.20  50°21'S   05°33'E    3639
             294                 04.50  50°15'S   05°45'E    3425
             295    11.04.1996   11.54  52°15'S   03°25'E    3177
             296                 13.37  52°30'S   03°05'E    1437
             297                 14.52  52°40'S   02°53'E    2736
             298                 16.04  52°50'S   02°42'E    2602
             299                 17.26  53°00'S   02°29'E    2638
             300                 18.35  53°10'S   02°17'E    2718
             301                 19.50  53°20'S   02°05'E    2659
             302                 20.54  53°30'S   01°54'E    2595
             303                 22.27  53°40'S   01°40'E    2718




DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact      Data Type     Data Status Summary

04/15/97  Diggs        CTD           Submitted
          successfully retrieved files from ftp site

04/15/97  Witte        SUM/DOC       Submitted
          CTD tar files available on their ftp site
            ftp.awi-bremerhaven.de (login: anonymous)

04/28/97  Fahrbach     CTD/BTL       Data are NonPublic
          please password control

02/01/99  Witte        BTL           Submitted
          File available on ftp site

02/02/99  Witte        SUM/DOC       Update Requested by sd
          could you please re-submit the SUM file?  It would seem as though 
          the time parameters are always at 3,4 or 5 minutes past the hour. 
          This could not possibly be correct.  Also, do you have a more 
          comprehensive documentation file than the one you provided?

02/04/99  Witte        SUM/DOC       Data Update
          will update sum asap & ask colleague for doc

02/12/99  Anderson  SUM  Reformatted by WHPO

02/12/99  Witte        CTD/BTL       Status Update
          protect by a password until the 31th of December 1999

02/12/99  Witte        SUM           Data Update
          I prepared a new SUM file and put it on your ftp server in the 
          directory INCOMING. The name is ANTXIII_4.SUM.

02/12/99  Diggs        SUM           Data Merged/OnLine
          updated with the WOCE formatted sumfile

06/07/99  Klein        CFCs/He/Neon  Submitted for DQE
          Tritium not yet ready to submit

02/29/00  Anderson     SUM           Data Update
          I have reformatted and "corrected" the station/cast problem for 
          s04a, but that isn't the only difference in the two .sum files 
          (sr04e and s04a, 06AQUANTXIII_4).  Times and positions are 
          different in the two files for the same station and cast in some 
          cases.  Also station 14 cast 3 does not appear in s04a (this may 
          not be the only case) and s04a has what I think is the CTD # under 
          COMMENTS, but sr04e does not.  

03/01/00  Diggs        BTL           Data Update
          Changes:    
              Changed 06AQANTXIII/4 to 06AQANTXIII_4
              Moved STNNBR to align with the station numbers (right 
               justification)
              Added "QUALT1" header over the quality 1 flag fields
          _   Added date/time stamp
          All tables and related HTML files have been updated accordingly.

03/01/00  Diggs        SUM           Data Update
          I found the original, updated SUM file sent by Hannelore Witte 
          2/12/1999.  It was not in WOCE format, and Sarilee received it and 
          reformatted it on the same day.  Witte sent a file that was 
          different from the original in that the STN# is a combination of 
          the Station# and Cast#.  In any case, Sarilee apparently split 
          these out into their original components, making the new sumfile 
          match the bottle data files for SR04 (there wasn't ever one for 
          S04A, even though they're the *same line*).

          I have reformatted this sumfile (again) to change the WOCE section 
          number to be S04 instead of SR04, for consistency's sake.   I am 
          now combining the two lines into one, even though they will have 
          separate representation on the Southern Onetime and Repeat tables.  
          However, the onetime designation of the cruise will take 
          precedence as is our custom here at the WHPO.  The repeat listing 
          will simply link to the onetime section.

03/15/00  Newton       CFCs/He/Neon  Data Merged/OnLine
          Notes on merging CFCs HELIUM NEON in: 06AQANTXIII_4  S04 BTLNBR in 
          06aqantxiii_4 _data.199906.hyd.txt  is really SAMPNO.
          Following sta/cast were in new cfcHeNe file, but not in existing 
          .hyd file or .sum file:  
              2/1  104/2  105/1  106/1  107/1  108/1  109/1  110/1  111/1  114/1
          but 2/1  109/1  110/1  111/1  114/1  
          contained entirely missing data values.  pressure sequenced file 
          and changed DELHE3 missing from -9 to -999.
              15 Mar 2000

05/19/00  Fahrbach     CTD/BTL       Data are Public
          Possible errors:
          I received several messages on different sections and did notice 
          only afterwards that this was not a repeat, but referring to a 
          different section.

          I think I had authorized you earlier to use our WOCE data openly 
          and repeated now. I might be that my earlier statement referred 
          only to some sections. This is now for all.

          However, I have a problem and would like your opinion. We only 
          recently noticed that there was a problem with our FSI-CTD which 
          did not show up in the lab calibrations. Therefore we had to 
          reprocess all our data observed since 1995. This is now finally 
          finished. The changes are less than a few mK and mPSU. I can not 
          resubmit the corrected data before 1 June because my technician is 
          seriously ill.

          What is your opinion:
          1. Could you check if the data was resubmitted recently?
          2. If not, should we resubmit at all when he will return?
          3. Do you want to include in the CD-ROM the present data?

11/01/00  Bartolacci   CTD/BTL       Website Updated; Data are public
          As per Farhbach's clarification on 19/5/00 the bottle and ctd 
          files for this cruise have been unencrypted and made public. All 
          references have been updated to reflect this change.

05/07/01  Witte        CTD/BTL       Update Needed
          the data of our cruise ANTXIII/4 I sent to WOCE in 1997 are wrong. 
          There are some errors in the data of EXPOCODE 06AQANTXIII/4 WHP_ID 
          SR4 CRUISE DATE 031796 TO 052096
          1. BOTTLE data:
             We got some questions about our nutrients data and when we 
             compare the data of us with the data I sent to WOCE we see that 
             the WOCE data are too small. When I checked them I found that 
             the data must changed three times from µmol/l to µmol/kg.
             The CTD-data in the bottle file had the same error than the CTD-
             data.
          2. CTD-data:
             The CTD-data are processed with the PT1 temperature sensor which 
             had had a hardware error.
             The new CTD data are processed with the PT2 temperature sensor.
             Please let me know what I shall do with the new cruise data and 
             who must know about this mistake.

06/21/01  Uribe        BTL           Website Updated; CSV File Added
          Bottle exchange file was put online.

06/27/01  Uribe        CTD  Website Updated; CSV File Added
          CTD exchange files have been put online.

12/04/01  Diggs        CTD/BTL/SUM   Submitted
          Data need to be merged, see note:
            new data submission from Hannalore Witte 06/18/2001 data need to 
            be re-merged with existing online files.
            original/20010618.052257_WITTE_S04-SR04

12/26/01  Uribe        CTD           Website Updated; CSV File Added
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online.

01/03/02  Hajrasuliha  CTD           Internal DQE completed
          created *check file for this cruise.

06/26/02  Coartney     DOC           Website Updated
          New text doc online.

10/20/02  Kappa        DOC           Website Updated
          Added complete text and pdf files of final cruise report, 
          published by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine 
          Research: D-27515 Bremerhaven - FRG.  The tracer report that was 
          previously online (submitted by Birgit Klein) is included in this 
          final cruise report.  The pdf version includes figures and links 
          between the figures and tables and the relevant text passages.



