CRUISE REPORT: ARK-XVII_1
(Updated MAY 2015)




Highlights


                          Cruise Summary Information

               Section Designation  ARK-XVII_1 (aka: ARK-XVII/1, 75N)
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  06AQ20010619
                  Chief Scientists  Eberhard Fahrbach / AWI
                             Dates  2001 JUN 19 - 2001 JUL 29
                              Ship  RV POLARSTERN
                     Ports of call  Bremerhaven, Germany - Tromsø, Norway 

                                                  80° 29' 59" N
             Geographic Boundaries  14° 21' 45" W               15° 49' 45" E
                                                  72° 4' 57" N

                          Stations  189 CTD stations
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  4 moorings deployed, 4 recovered

                             Contact Information:

                              Eberhard Fahrbach
     Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Columbusstraße
                           Eberhard.Fahrbach@awi.de














Die Expedition ARKTIS XVII/1 
des Forschungsschiffes POLARSTERN 2001

The Expedition ARKTIS XVII/1 
of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN in 2001



Herausgegeben von / Edited by 
Eberhard Fahrbach 
unter Mitarbeit der Fahrtteilnehmer 
with contributions of the participants



















Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 433 (2002)
ISSN 1618-3193





                                Arktis XV11/1


                        19. Juni 2001 -29. Juli 2001

                             Bremerhaven - Tromso

                                  FAHRTLEITER

                               Eberhard Fahrbach



                                  KOORDINATOR

                              Eberhard Fahrbach




                               Inhalt/Content

1.  Zusammenfassung und Fahrtverlauf   
2.  Itinerary and Summary   
3.  Weather conditions  
4.  Hydrographic conditions in the Greenland Sea   
5.  Processes in channel systems in the Eastern Greenland Sea   
    5.1  Structure and geological processes   
    5.2  Benthic distribution patterns and turn-over processes   
    5.3  Physical Processes   
6.  Observation of seabirds and marine mammals   
7.  Phytoplankton ecology and vertical particle flux   
8.  The role of protists in the food web of the Arctic Ocean   
9.  Deep sea biology   
    9.1  Causes and effects of physical, chemical and biological gradients in 
         the deep sea   
    9.2  Investigations on the dynamics of benthic bacterial communities and 
         their impact on small-scale heterogeneity patterns of Arctic deep-
         sea sediments   
    9.3  "Food falls" - natural disturbances at the seafloor of the deep sea 
10. Water mass exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas   
11. Acknowledgement   
12. Beteiligte Institutionen/Participating institutions   
13. Fahrtteilnehmer/Participants   
14. Schiffspersonal/Ship's crew   
15. Stationsliste/Station list   






1.  ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF   
    E. Fahrbach


Am 19. Juni 2001 verließ POLARSTERN Bremerhaven zur Forschungsreise ARKXVII/1 
in das Europäische Nordmeer (Abb. 1). An Bord waren 43 Besatzungsmitglieder 
und 34 Fahrtteilnehnier/innen. Die Reise dauerte 41 Tage. Während dieser Zeit 
legten wir 5 307 Seemeilen zurück, um im Europäischen Nordmeer mehrere 
Forschungsprogramme mit unterschiedlichen fachlichen und regionalen 
Schwerpunkten durchzuführen. Sie hatten die Untersuchung der physikalischen, 
biologischen, chemischen und geologischen Bedingungen dieses Seegebiets zum 
Inhalt. Um die Verteilung der Wassermassen zu erfassen, wurden 189 CTD-
Stationen (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) ausgeführt (Abb. 2).

Die Fahrt führte direkt in das Europäische Nordmeer, wo die Arbeiten am 
östlichen Ende eines hydrographischen Schnitts auf 75°N bei 15°50'E mit CTD-
Messungen begannen. Durch jährliche Wiederholungsmessungen der 
Wassermasseneigenschaften sollen langfristige Veränderungen bei der 
Erneuerung der Tiefen- und Bodenwassermassen der Grönlandsee aufgedeckt 
werden. Die hydrographischen Daten haben gezeigt, dass die Temperaturzunahme 
im Bodenwasser um etwa 0,01K pro Jahr, die in den letzten Jahren beobachtet 
worden war, anhält. Im Gegensatz zu den früheren Jahren wurden drei Schlote 
mit homogener Vertikalverteilung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt bis auf 2300 m 
Tiefe angetroffen, die einen Einfluss auf den Verlauf der tiefen Konvektion 
im kommenden Winter haben können. Zur Erfassung der Bedingungen im Winter 
waren im vergangenen Jahr in der zentralen Grönlandsee 2 Verankerungen mit 
vertikalprofilierenden Messgeräten ausgelegt worden, die aufgenommen und 
zusammen mit einer dritten Verankerung neu ausgelegt wurden. Die Geräte haben 
während des gesamten Verankerungszeitraums in zweitägigem Abstand Temperatur- 
und Salzgehaltsprofile geliefert.

Verbunden mit den CTD-Messungen wurden Wasserproben für die planktologischen 
Arbeiten genommen. Die Untersuchungen umfassten die Verteilung des 
Phytoplanktons in Abhängigkeit von Wassermassen und Meereis. Dazu wurden 
Wasserproben zur Bestimmung der Artenverteilung und summarischer Parameter 
wie Konzentration von partikulärem Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff, biogenem 
Silikat und Chlorophyll a genommen. Um die Artenzusammensetzung der 
Mikrozooplankton-Gemeinschaft und ihre Bedeutung für die trophischen 
Verknüpfungen im aquatischen Nahrungsnetz abzuschätzen, wurden während der 
Reise 7 Experimente mit Wasserproben ausgeführt. Nach der Rückkehr ins AWI 
werden auf der Grundlage von eingefrorenen Filtern die Abundanz der Bakterien 
und anhand fixierter Wasserproben die Abundanz von Protisten und Algen vor 
und nach der Inkubation des Experimentsdurchlaufes bestimmt. Aus den gewonnen 
Daten lässt sich der Fraßdruck einzelner Gruppen der Mikrozooplankton-
Gemeinschaft unter in-situ Bedingungen ermitteln und somit ihre Bedeutung im 
Kohlenstofifluss nachweisen. Zur Untersuchung der oberen Glieder der 
Nahrungskette wurden immer dann Seevögel, Wale, Delphine, Robben und Eisbären 
gezählt, wenn das Schiff nicht auf Station lag.

Am Kontinentalabhang von Ostgrönland bei etwa 74°30'N wurde im Rahmen des 
BMBF-Verbundprojektes ARKTIEF 2 ein Rinnensystem untersucht, um dessen 
Auswirkung auf die Wassermassenmodifikation, die Sedimentation und die 
Lebensbedingungen in der Tiefsee zu beurteilen. Transporte in Rinnen können 
energiereiche Ströme in ansonsten ruhigen Regionen hervorrufen, die einen 
deutlichen Einfluss auf die Umweltbedingungen in der Tiefsee haben können. 
Die Rinne war bereits im vergangenen Jahr bearbeitet worden. Deshalb konnten 
wir auf Vorkenntnissen aufbauen und das Untersuchungsgebiet erweitern. 
Wiederholungsmessungen sollen Aufschluss über die zeitliche Veränderungen 
geben. Als Grundlage erfolgte die Aufnahme der Bodentopographie mit 
Hydrosweep. Allerdings erlaubten die Eisbedingungen nur eingeschränkt, den 
Vorlauf der Rinne vom Kontinentalhang in die Tiefsee zu verfolgen. Daher 
konzentrierten sich die Arbeiten auf den Hangfuß und die Ausläufer in die 
Tiefsee. Allerdings deuten die Daten darauf hin, dass die Rinne nicht am 
oberen Hang sondern erst am Fuß beginnt. Mit einer Breite von wenigen 
Kilometern und einer Sprungtiefe von 50 bis 100 m, führt sie in 
Schlangenlinien über etwa 200 km in das Grönlandbecken. Dabei nehmen 
Eintiefung und Breite deutlich ab. Mit Multicorer, Großkastengreifer und 
Schwerelot wurden Proben innerhalb und außerhalb der Rinne gewonnen, um die 
Entstehung und die vorherrschenden Sedimentationsprozesse aufklären zu 
können. Die internen Strukturen des Rinnensystems wurden mit dem Echolot 
Parasound kontinuierlich aufgezeichnet. Das geschleppte Kamera-System OFOS 
(Ocean Floor Observation System) lieferte Fotos auf Querschnitten über die 
Rinne und von Vergleichsgebieten außerhalb der Rinne. Zur Beprobung der 
Rinnenfauna wurden zwei Hols mit dem Agassiz-Trawl sowie Multicorer-
Probennahmen zur Bestimmung von Abundanz, Biomasse und Aktivität kleiner 
benthischer Organismen (Bakterien bis Meiofauna) ausgeführt. Mit diesen Daten 
sollen die Verteilungsmuster der benthischen Organismen in und um die Rinne 
erfasst werden, um die Bedeutung von benthischen Prozessen in Rinnen für das 
Ökosystem der arktischen Tiefsee beurteilen zu können. Benthische 
Verteilungsmuster, Aktivitäts- und Biomassendaten sollen Aufschluss geben, ob 
die Rinnen heute "aktive" oder "passive" Abflusssysteme darstellen. Messungen 
mit der CTD, die beim Fieren und Hieven über die Rinne geschleppt wurde, 
sollen dazu dienen, den potentiellen Beitrag von Strömungen in der Rinne zur 
Erneuerung der Wassermassen in der arktischen Tiefsee zu ermitteln. Ferner 
soll gezeigt werden, ob diese Strömungen die Ursache von sogenannten 
benthischen Stürmen sein können. Es hat sich allerdings herausgestellt, dass 
Verankerungen, mit denen von 1993 bis 1995 benthische Stürme gemessen wurden, 
5 sm nördlich der Rinne lagen. Die Trübung des Wassers in der Rinne wich 
nicht wesentlich vom Hintergrund ab. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass 
zumindest während des Messzeitraums keine Strömung vorhanden war, die zu 
erhöhter Suspension geführt hat. Weitere Aufschlüsse werden von den Daten aus 
verankerten Geräten erwartet, die wegen der Eisverhältnisse erst im September 
aufgenommen werden.

Nach Abschluss der Arbeiten vor Ostgrönland dampfte POLARSTERN in die 
Framstraße. Im Arbeitsgebiet "Hausgarten" wurden die Ursachen und Effekte 
physikalischer, chemischer und biologischer Gradienten in der Tiefsee 
untersucht, um die Dynamik benthischer Bakteriengemeinschaften und ihren 
Einfluss auf kleinskalige Hoterogenitätsmuster sowie zwischenjährliche 
Variabilität in arktischen Tiefseesedimenten zu verstehen. Dazu wurden am 
Hang des Molloy Deep zwischen 1700 und 5500 m Tiefe Bodenproben mit dem 
Multicorer genommen. Sie werden zu molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen zur 
Ermittlung kleinskaliger Heterogenitätsmuster an Populationen von Tiefsee-
Nematoden verwendet. Mit dem Einsatz eines freifallenden, mit Kamera, 
Scanning Sonar und beköderten Reusen bestückten Landers wurde die Fähigkeit 
von Amphipoden ermittelt, auf Nahrungsangebote, sogenannte "food falls" zu 
reagieren, die natürliche Störungen am Boden der Tiefsee darstellen.

Der vertikale Partikelfluss im Hausgarten wurde mit verankerten 
Sinkstofffallen gemessen, die aufgenommen und wieder neu ausgelegt wurden.

Als letztes Teilprogramm folgten CTD-Messungen in der Framstraße. Sie dienen 
dazu, im Zusammenhang mit Verankerungsmessungen, den Austausch von 
Wassermassen zwischen dem Europäischen Nordmeer und dem Nordpolarmeer zu 
bestimmen. In internationaler Kooperation mit dem Norsk Polar Institutt und 
der Universität Hamburg wird ein Feld von 14 Verankerungen aufrecht erhalten, 
das die Messung von Volumen-, Salz- und Wärmetransporten erlaubt. Drei dieser 
Verankerungen wurden ausgetauscht, um Bodendruckmesser auszubringen. Damit 
soll festgestellt werden, ob die Bodendruckfluktuationen nach ausreichender 
Kalibrierung als Maß für Transportschwankungen herangezogen werden können. 
Dann wäre es möglich, die Anzahl der Verankerungen nach einer ausreichenden 
Erprobungsphase zu verringern. Da die Verankerungen verhältnismäßig große 
Abstände haben und die Messgeräte nur mit eingeschränkter Genauigkeit messen, 
wurde zur hochauflösenden und genaueren Aufnahme der Verteilung von 
Temperatur und Salzgehalt ein zonaler Schnitt von der Küste Spitzbergens bis 
auf den ostgrönländischen Schelf ausgeführt. Mit einem weiteren Schnitt, der 
von der Nordwestecke Spitzbergens über den Rand des Sofia Deeps zum Meridian 
von Greenwich und dort bis auf 75°15' N führte, wurde die Aufspaltung des 
Atlantischen Wassers des Westspitzbergenstroms in drei Aste erfasst. Der 
erste führt entlang der Nordküste Spitzbergens, der zweite westlich des 
Yermakplateaus und der dritte speist die Rezirkulation südlich und innerhalb 
der Framstraße.

Durch die günstigen Wetterbedingungen konnten die Arbeiten während der ganzen 
Reise zügig abgewickelt werden. Dadurch stand mehr Stationszeit als erwartet 
zur Verfügung. Anhaltende äußerst ruhige Wetterlagen hatten zur Folge, dass 
nur während weniger Stunden Winde der Stärke 7 gemessen wurden. Allerdings 
war das ruhige Wetter mit häufigem Nebel verbunden, der zeitweise die 
Aufnahme von Verankerungen und des Landers sowie die Fahrt im Eis behinderte. 
Die Meereisverteilung entsprach der frühen Sommersituation mit 
Eiskonzentration von 7 bis 9/10 im Ostgrönlandstrom, allerdings mit einer 
deutlich abnehmenden Tendenz.

Auf dieser Reise begleitete uns der Maler Gerhard Rießbeck, dem es darum 
ging, den Gegenstand unserer Forschung, das eisbedeckte Nordmeer, aus seiner 
Sicht darzustellen. Er fertigte auf der Reise 41 Entwürfe und 500 Fotos an, 
die später dann die Vorlage zu Gemälden in Öl auf Holz bieten werden.

Die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten wurden am 27. Juli beendet. Auf der Rückreise 
erhielten wir Kenntnis, dass ein Lander, den wir für die Dauer eines Jahres 
in der Framstraße verankert hatten, vorzeitig aufgetaucht war. Da wir bereits 
zu weit vom Arbeitsgebiet entfernt waren, nahmen wir die Unterstützung des 
Norsk Polar lnstitutts in Anspruch, um den an der Oberfläche treibenden 
Lander zügig aufzunehmen, was umgehend durch die norwegische Küstenwache 
erfolgte. Für diese unbürokratische Form der internationaler Zusammenarbeit 
sind wir überaus dankbar. POLARSTERN lief dem Plan gemäß am 29. Juli 2001 in 
Tromsø ein.


Abb. 1: Fahrtroute der POLARSTERN während der Forschungsreise ARK XVI II/1. 
Fig. 1: Cruise track of POLARSTERN during cruise ARK XVII/1.


Abb. 2: CTD-Stationen, die während der POLARSTERN-Forschungsreise ARK XVII/1 
        ausgeführt wurden. 
Fig. 2: CTD stations which were obtained during POLARSTERN cruise ARK 
        XVII/1.




2.  ITINERARY AND SUMMARY
    E. Fahrbach

POLARSTERN left Bremerhaven on 19 June 2001 for the cruise ARKXVII/1 in the 
Nordic Seas. On board were 43 crew members and 34 cruise participants. The 
cruise lasted 41 days. During this time we traveled 5307 nm to investigate 
the physical, chemical, biological and geological conditions at several 
regional and disciplinary foci in the Nordic Seas (Fig. 1). To measure the 
water mass distribution 189 CTD stations (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) 
were obtained (Fig. 2).

POLARSTERN steamed on direct way to the eastern end at 15°50'E of a CTD 
transect along 75°N across the Greenland Sea. The annually repeated 
hydrographic observations along the transect are used to investigate the long 
period variability of the formation of deep and bottom water. The data from 
this year show that the temperature increase of 0.01 K per year, which was 
derived from data obtained during cruises in previous years, kept on. In 
contrast to previous years three eddy-like structures with homogenous 
temperature and salinity down to 2300 m were observed. They might serve as a 
preconditioning to a new phase of deep open ocean convection in the Greenland 
Sea. Two moorings with profiling instruments were recovered in the central 
Greenland Sea and three new moorings were deployed. The profilers had worked 
successfully for the whole deployment period.

Water samples from CTD stations were used to obtain the distribution and 
variability of phytoplankton species composition, biomass (chlorophyll a), 
particulate organic carbon and nitrogen and biogenic silica to understand 
the relation to sea ice cover and water column stability. The related 
vertical particle flux serves as food supply to the benthos. Furthermore 
water samples were used for experiments to study the role of the 
microzooplankton community for trophic interactions within the aquatic food 
web. Quantitative estimates of the at-sea distribution of seabirds and 
marine mammals were carried out from the bridge while the ship was moving.

On the East Greenland continental slope at approximately 74°30'N 
multidisciplinary investigations were carried out in the framework of the 
BMBF project ARKTIEF 2 to investigate the role of deep-sea channels for water 
mass formation, sedimentation and living conditions of benthos. The channel 
flow might stimulate energetic currents in otherwise quiet regions that might 
have a considerable impact on the deep-sea environment. The first phase of 
the project started in summer 2000. Based on these results, we extended the 
study area. Measurements were repeated to assess long term variability. A 
basic requirement for the investigations are high-quality bathymetric data 
obtained from Hydrosweep surveys. However, ice conditions did not allow to 
track the channel far up the slope, Consequently our work concentrated on the 
foot of the continental slope and the deep sea. Preliminary results, however, 
indicate that this channel originates on the continental foot. The channel is 
a few kilometers wide and 50 to 100 m deep. It was captured over 200 km from 
the foot into the deep sea. On its way, it becomes narrower and less deep. 
With multicorer, giant box corer and piston corer samples were taken in the 
channel and the adjacent deep sea to study the long-term development and the 
sedimentation processes. The internal structure of the channel system was 
studied by Parasound echosounder. The Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS) 
was towed across the channel and along two transects at the adjacent deep-sea 
floor. Samples of benthic organisms were taken with two hauls with the 
Agassiz trawl and by means of the multicorer. The latter will be used to 
analyse abundance, biomass and activity of small benthic biota (bacteria to 
meiofauna). The data allow to determine the distribution patterns of benthic 
organisms in and around channel systems in order to estimate the relevance of 
benthic processes within the channels for the Arctic Ocean ecosystem. Based 
on activity and biomass data, it might be possible to determine whether a 
channel system is "active" or "fossil". To identify strong currents light 
attenuation in the water column was measured with a CTD towed across the 
channel while hoisted and lowered. The measured water mass properties, in 
particular the attenuation, showed weak indications to follow the channel 
profile. However, the signal is too weak to be indicative for intensive 
currents. On the other hand such weak signals have to be treated with special 
care when the data are still in a rather raw status and time variability 
might disguise the effect.

Causes and effects of physical, chemical and biological gradients in the deep 
sea were studied in Fram Strait on the eastern slope of Molloy Deep in water 
depth between 1700 m and 5500 m. The area includes a long-term station (AWI - 
"Hausgarten" at 79°04'N 4°l0'E in 2500 m water depth), and was already 
sampled in summer 2000 to detect interannual variability in the benthos. 
Samples with the multicorer were taken to investigate the dynamics of benthic 
bacterial communities and their impact on small-scale heterogeneity patterns 
of Arctic deep-sea sediments. Molecular genetics will be applied as a tool to 
understand small-scale heterogeneity in populations of Arctic deep-sea 
nematodes. Of particular interest are food falls that represent natural 
disturbances at the seafloor of the deep sea. They were simulated and 
observed by 6 deployments of a lander that was equipped with bait fish, 
cameras and a scanning sonar system to take slides from the approaching 
amphipods and catch them in traps. Studies of phytoplankton ecology and 
related biogeochemical parameters occurred with water samples in the vicinity 
of a mooring with sediment traps which was replaced. The work aims to 
understand the seasonality as well as the interannual differences of 
phytoplankton distribution patterns and the vertical particle flux.

Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and 
the Nordic Seas. Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean is 
thought to be of major influence on water mass formation in the Nordic Seas, 
the transport of warm and saline Atlantic water significantly affects the 
water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean. The inflow from the Arctic 
Ocean into the Nordic Seas influences the formation of water masses which 
are advected through Denmark Strait to the south and participate in the 
formation of the North Atlantic Deep Water. To determine the fluxes through 
Fram Strait a hydrographic section approximately along 79°N was repeated and 
14 moorings are maintained. Three of them were exchanged to install bottom 
pressure recorders. It is expected that variations of the horizontal bottom 
pressure differences will yield sufficient information to derive transport 
fluctuations after careful calibration. The CTD survey was extended to 
capture the recirculation of the Atlantic Water flow in and south of Fram 
Strait by a section along the Greenwich Meridian and the spreading of the 
two branches east and west of Yermak Plateau.

Favourable weather conditions with only a few hours of winds with force 7 
facilitated the work. However, the calm weather was connected to frequent 
fog which at times obstructed mooring or lander work as well as proceeding 
in ice. The sea ice conditions corresponded to the expected early summer 
situation with significant ice concentrations between 7 and 9/10 in the East 
Greenland Current with a strongly decreasing tendency.

One of the cruise participants was Gerhard Riel3beck, a painter. He intended 
to display the subject of our research, the ice covered ocean, through his 
view. For this purpose, he produced 41 sketches and 500 slides which are the 
basis of later paintings in oil on wood.

The station work ended on 27 July on the Greenwich Meridian at 75°N. On our 
way to Tromsø, we obtained the message that a lander which we had deployed 
in Fram Strait to be moored there for a year, had returned to the surface 
prematurely. It was too late to return to the position and we had to ask the 
Norwegian Polar Institute for assistance. In a very unbureaucratic way with 
no delay the Norwegian Coast Guard recovered the lander successfully for 
which we are very grateful.

POLARSTERN reached Tromsø on 29 July 2001 where the cruise ended.




3.  WEATHER CONDITIONS
    K. Buldt, H.-J. Möller

After leaving Bremerhaven the first part of the voyage in the North Sea was 
influenced by the frontal system of a low pressure field in the southern part 
of the Norwegian Sea with rain and visibility below 5 km for a time. Near the 
southern shores of Norway the southerly wind increased up to 6 Bft, Moving 
south-east the low pressure system crossed the course of POLARSTERN in the 
morning of the 21 June. Pressure rise at its backside built up a high 
pressure zone reaching from Barents Sea to western Europe which determined 
the weather for the rest of the transit. While sunshine prevailed at first, 
low clouds and fog came up later.

In the research area along 75°N high pressure influence prevailed until end 
of June. Dense fog or low stratus clouds covered the Nordic Seas for long 
time. The high pressure extended from north-eastern Canada to the Greenland 
Sea. It was flanked by a sequence of low pressure systems extending from Kara 
Sea via northern Scandinavia and the Northeast Atlantic to Newfoundland. In 
consequence of this pressure distribution only light and variable winds blew 
near the eastern coast of Greenland since 26 June.

At the end of the month, the center of high pressure moved to east and 
pressure fell at Greenland's coast. A flat low pressure trough merged with a 
low south-west of Iceland and another one near the North Pole. The wind 
shifted south-west to south and increased up to 6 Bft. Some days later, the 
Iceland low moved to the Norwegian Sea and the pressure gradient weakened. 
The wind abated at 3 July. While low stratus and fog dominated before, now 
sunshine and weak frost set in.

A new low pressure system formed near Cap Farvel and moved to Denmark 
Strait. Then it joined a low pressure trough extending from the Pole to East 
Greenland. With southerly wind humid air came up and dense fog dominated for 
longer periods. In the morning of 7 July the low pressure trough crossed our 
course eastward. Then, wind direction changed to north-west and a dry 
airflow caused good visibility.

In connection with pressure rise over Greenland and pressure fall near the 
Norwegian coast the northerly winds reached to 5 and 6 Bft for a time and 
occasionally snow was observed.

After the 10 July, a gale centre moved over the Norwegian Sea north-
eastward. Its frontal system crossed Fram Strait at 14 July and the 
visibility rose up to more than 100 km rapidly.

At the middle of the month a large high pressure system developed over the 
Nordic Seas. Only weak winds mainly from north set in. The visibility changed 
from fog to 100 km or more within a few minutes, This conditions persisted 
until 22 July when the main wind direction changed to south, because the axis 
of high pressure crossed POLARSTERN. Pressure fall over the coast of East 
Greenland built up a strong gradient at the western and central part of the 
Fram Strait and the wind increased up to 7 Bft for a short time at 23 July.

At the end of the voyage the subpolar high moved to northeast followed by a 
North Atlantic low. In consequence the wind changed to easterly directions. 
Later on the wind veered to southwest because a high pressure system build up 
over Skandinavia.

Characteristics of weather conditions are summarized in Figs. 3 to 6.


Fig. 3: Frequency distribution of wind force during ARK XVII/1 
Abb. 3: Häufigkeitsverteilung der Windstärke während ARK XVII/1.

Fig. 4: Frequency distribution of wind direction during ARK XVII/1. 
Abb. 4: Häufigkeitsverteilung der Windrichtung während ARK XVII/1.

Fig. 5: Weather chart displaying conditions typical for ARK XVII/1. 
Abb. 5: Wetterkarte mit für ARK XVII/1 typischen Wetterbedingungen.

Fig. 6: Sea ice conditions typical for ARK XVII/1. 
Abb. 6: Meereisverteilung während der für ARK XVII/1.




4.  HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN THE GREENLAND SEA 
    G. Budéus, V. Lüer, I. Meyer-Holste, S. Müller, B. Plüger, R. Plugge, 
    S. Ronski


Objectives

Bottom water renewal in the Greenland Sea by deep convection in interplay 
with ice coverage and atmospheric forcing is a major element of the water 
mass modification in the Arctic Mediterranean. Effects influence both the 
central Arctic Ocean and the overflow waters into the Atlantic. Since the 
hydrographic observations became more frequent in the late 1980s, no bottom 
water renewal by winter convection took place, however. Under these 
conditions, the deep water properties change towards higher temperatures and 
salinities. Furthermore, the doming structure in the Greenland Gyre, as it 
was observed in the mid-80s, was superseded by an essentially 2-layered water 
mass distribution with a marked density step which is located presently at 
about 1500 m. The specific objectives of the project, which is incorporated 
in the EU funded CONVECTION, are

  • to investigate the relative importance of atmospheric forcing parameters 
    for winter convection,
  • to clarify whether ice coverage inhibits or facilitates deep convection,
  • to build a long term observational basis about deep water changes in the 
    Greenland Gyre, and
  • to contribute to the decision which deep water exchange mechanisms are at 
    work under the absence of deep winter convection.

Work at sea

In the central Greenland Sea, a long term zonal CTD transect at 75°N has been 
performed with a regular station spacing of 10 nautical miles (Fig. 2 and 7). 
This distance has not been reduced at frontal zones in order to gain time for 
a couple of stations dedicated to the investigation of an convective eddy 
which had been detected earlier and had been marked with an APEX float to 
facilitate its identification.

Two in house developed EP/CC (externally powered/compressibility compensated) 
Jojo moorings have been exchanged during splendid weather conditions. One 
additional Jojo mooring has been deployed according to the EU contract of the 
project CONVECTION. Deployments and recoveries revealed no problems and all 
equipment worked faultlessly.

This is also true for the CTD work. It is not possible to describe the full 
details of calibration and data procedures here. A few hints may suffice to 
give an idea about the general procedure. We use the same sensors already for 
a number of years and checked for their performance with respect to unwanted 
cross dependencies. According to this, one of the temperature sensors shows a 
pressure sensitivity of roughly 1.5 mK/4000 dbar while no pressure or 
temperature dependence of the conductivity sensors could be found. To 
identify the latter is close to impossible in the field (within the polar 
oceans) because of the high gradients in the upper water column where 
temperature differences occur. The locations of in-situ comparisons have been 
chosen carefully by checking for each data point whether a comparison is al-
lowed or inadmissible. As there is no suitable location in Fram Strait except 
the deep waters of Molloy Deep, the opportunity for an in-situ comparison 
there has been used. Duplicate sensors have been utilized throughout, with 
varying positions on the CTD. Time alignment has been optimised for each flow 
path separately (stations 54 and 75) and will be applied together with final 
post cruise calibration. The difference between pre-cruise and post-cruise 
calibration is normally in the range of a few mK and a few 1/1000 in 
salinity. Bottle sample salinities of triple samples are determined as a 
rough check on board, in the lab on land, and by Ocean Scientific.

In addition to the standard parameters, the following properties have also 
been measured: Chlorophyll fluorescence (Haardt), oxygen (SBE43, first test), 
and transmission (Seatech, 30 cm),

Preliminary results

The most outstanding single feature of the survey in the Greenland Sea was 
certainly the convective eddy, which was revisited for the second time after 
its detection in early spring. This feature represents the deepest convection 
level observed in recent years. It was found close to the Greenwich Meridian 
a few miles south of 75°N. The homogeneous water column extended to about 
2300 dbar, with the ubiquitous temperature maximum (found usually at medium 
depth levels of some 1500 to 1700 m) displaced downwards to 2700 m. The 
feature has been covered with five stations which showed that at present the 
APEX drifter is not located exactly in the centre of the eddy. The eddy 
contains water which is denser than the surrounding at low pressure levels 
(about 600 m), but considerably less dense at higher pressures. This 
indicates that the water within the eddy is not likely to replace bottom 
water. There are indications that the eddy may not have been formed during 
the last winter but before and that its lifetime exceeds one year.

A second eddy with a similar structure was observed during on the regular 
transect at about 2°W. The temperature maximum was located at a slightly 
smaller depth level (2200 dbar). No attempt has been made to investigate its 
horizontal extent or identify its centre. The nearby Jojo mooring at 2°30 W 
captured the passing of such a structure which belongs presumably to the same 
eddy. The mooring data show that the vertical extent of the homogenized water 
column exceeds greatly the actual winter ventilation depth in mid winter.

The conditions within the two eddies differ from those in the surrounding 
waters where winter convection did not penetrate through the temperature 
maximum and is confined mostly to about 1000 m. Since the water properties in 
2000 and 2001 are very similar, the Jojo moorings serve as the best 
indicators for winter ventilation depth. A generally valid estimate the depth 
level of the temperature maximum is not possible because of the distortions 
of the isotherms induced by the eddies. In the mid gyre a depth level of 
roughly 1700 dbar is observed. However it is beyond any doubt, that the 
warming of the bottom waters, observed during the last years, continued with 
at usual rate of about 10 mK/year. The temperatures in the bottom waters 
increased e.g. from -1.145°C (potential temperature) in 2000 to -1.131°C in 
2001 at 1°W. Consequently, the isotherm of e.g. -1.10°C is found at a greater 
depth in 2001 than in 2000 (3250 m and 3100 m respectively) in the central 
basin.


Fig. 7: Transect of potential temperature and salinity across the Greenland 
        Sea along 75°00'N. For location see Fig. 2, 
Abb. 7: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur und des Salzgehalts 
        durch die Grönlandsee auf 75°00"N. Zur Lage des Schnitts, siehe Abb. 2.




5.  PROCESSES IN CHANNEL SYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN GREENLAND SEA

5.1  Structure and geological processes
     A. Aahke, C. Hohmann, C. Kierdorf, J. Matthiessen, J. Vernaleken


Objectives

In the frame work of the multi-disciplinary research programme ARKTIEF 
sedimentation processes are studied on geological time-scales (± 1000-2000 
years) in a channel system at the East Greenland continental margin. The 
geological programme aims at

  (1) characterizing the larger scale subsurface structure of the channel and 
      the adjacent areas,
  (2) mapping the various sedimentary facies, and
  (3) sampling surface and near surface sediments for a detailed study of 
      various sedimentological, organic geochemical and micropaleontological 
      tracers which may reflect the various sedimentation processes, in 
      particular gravitative mass transports. Additionally, the history of 
      sediment transport in the channel will be elucidated by analysing 
      sediment cores. These studies will contribute to a better understanding 
      of the recent and past activity of the channel system.


Work at Sea

Bathymetrical survey
The swath sounding system HYDROSWEEP was used during expedition ARK XVII/I 
for a bathymetric survey in the study area of ARKTIEF at the East Greenland 
continental margin. Based on the results of the survey during expedition ARK 
XVI/1 in 2000 (Krause and Schauer 2001), the adjacent lower continental slope 
and deep-sea areas were visited to continue the detailed mapping of the 
course of the channel. Furthermore, selected transects were conducted in the 
central portion of the system that was studied in 2000 to fill gaps in the 
bathymetric chart of this area.

Sediment echosouding
The ship-mounted PARASOUND echosounding system of POLARSTERN was in operation 
during the work in the Greenland Sea in order to characterize the acoustic 
behaviour of the uppermost sediment layers. The PARASOUND transects were 
conducted partly perpendicular to the axis of the channel in order to 
identify lateral variability of sedimentary facies. Furthermore, PARASOUND 
profiling was used to select coring locations and transects for the OFOS 
surveys. The data were digitised by two different systems:

  (1) the PARASOUND system for simultaneous printing on a chart recorder 
      (Atlas Deso 25), and
  (2) by the PARADIGM system (Spiess 1992). For details of the method and 
      standard settings used during the expedition see e.g. Niessen & 
      Whittington (1994).


Bottom sediment sampling
Surface and near-surface sediments were collected in the study area on 
transects across the channel to sample the various sedimentary environments. 
A more detailed sampling was done along the OFOS transects in collaboration 
with the biology group. In order to get undisturbed surface and near-surface 
sediments, the giant box corer (GKG) with a size of 50x50x60 cm and the multi 
corer (MUG) with a tube diameter of 10 cm were used. The sampling was 
routinely done by MUG because of the better recovery of sediment surfaces. 
Gravity corers (SL) were used to obtain long sediment cores from the channel, 
the adjacent levees and the deep sea.

Preliminary Results

Bathymetry of the channel system
A large-scale mapping with the GLORIA long-range side-scan sonar revealed the 
general pattern of a system with three major channels in the western 
Greenland Basin (Mienen et al. 1993; Hollender 1996) but only single separate 
segments of the channel system that were selected for detailed studies in the 
ARKTIEF project could be mapped. The preliminary results of our bathymetric 
surveys in 2000 (Krause and Schauer 2001) and in 2001 show that a single 
channel meanders from the lower continental slope to the abyssal plain over a 
distance of about 200 km (Fig. 8). The channel was tracked back from the 
Greenland Basin in ca. 3500 m water depth at ca. 74°45'N and 6°30'W to the 
continental rise at ca. 74°N and 13°15'W in about 2600 m water depth. 
Although the severe ice conditions during ARK XVII/1 hampered the survey at 
the continental slope, the few profiles suggest that there is not a single 
distinct channel extending upslope. Smaller tributary channels may be found 
running down slope but further detailed processing of the data is needed to 
allow a definite interpretation. Along the entire course, this channel system 
is developed as a single channel that is clearly separated from the other 
channel systems. East of 6°30'W distributary channels may have developed as 
indicated by the GLORIA data (Hollender 1996) but due to time constraints, 
the transition from the channel to the depositional area could only be 
studied along a single line when POLARSTERN left the area of operations to 
Fram Strait. Any larger depositional regions in the distal parts of the 
channel have not been observed.

Morphology of the channel system
The acoustic penetration was on the average down to a sediment depth of 25 to 
40 m, except in the channel bottom and in the continental slope where 
penetration was usually less than 5 m. The channel system can be tentatively 
divided into 4 morphological divisions based on morphological and acoustic 
characteristics.

The upper channel system extends from the continental slope to about 12°W 
(Fig. 8). The structure of the channel is less distinct than in the middle 
and lower channel system. A levee extends along the southern margin of the 
channel but it is almost indistinct at the northern margin. On the lower 
continental slope at the westernmost end of the mapped area, the channel is 
becoming much wider (ca. 10 km), probably ending at a slide headwall. Shallow 
depressions upslope (<10 m) of the possible headwall may indicate that 
tributary channels may originate on the upper continental slope. Although the 
acoustic penetration is low on the continental slope, debris flow deposits 
are clearly identified in most profiles.

The middle channel system consists of a levied channel extending from the 
continental foot to about 9°30'W. Levees are usually well developed at both 
flanks, the southern one being consistently higher than the northern one 
giving the channel an asymmetric shape. Some levees stand out clearly by 
more than 20 m from the adjacent deep-sea plain. The U-shaped channel is 
incised into the sea floor up to 100 m, but mainly less than 50 m, and is 
relatively narrow with an average width of ca. 2000 m. The levee deposits 
usually show a number of distinct parallel acoustic reflectors whereas only 
one prominent reflector is seen in the channel sections. The channel bottom 
is relatively even.


Fig. 8: Preliminary bathymetric map of the channel at the East Greenland 
        margin based on HDROSWEEP data obtained during expeditions ARK 
        XVII/1 and ARK XVII/1. Depth contours are at 10 m intervals 
        (Processing of data by G. Hohmann).
Abb. 8: Vorläufige bathymetrische Karte der untersuchten Rinne am 
        ostgrönländischen Kontinentalhang, basierend auf den während der 
        Expeditionen ARK XVII/1 und ARK XVII/1 erhobenen HYDROSWEEP-Daten. 
        Abstand der Tiefenlinien ist 10 m (Datenprozessierung durch G. 
        Hohmann).


The lower channel system is characterized by a symmetric to asymmetric V-
shape and the absence of prominent levees. Single cross sections are about 
600 to 1000 m wide and the channel is incised up to 50-70 m (max. 150 m) 
into the sea-floor. The channel floor is relatively rough. Apparently, the 
channel shallows east of 7°W being in general less than 30-50 m deep and 
having again a symmetric U-shape. The channel floor is more even than west 
of 7°W. These observations are only based on few oblique profiles across the 
channel and these interpretations must be considered as rather tentative. 
Further HYDROSWEEP and PARASOUND surveys are required because only one 
relatively narrow stripe of ca. 5000 m width was mapped along the channel.

In the Greenland Basin east of ca. 6°35'W PARASOUND profiles show that the 
channel widens considerably terminating possibly in larger depositional 
lobes that have been interpreted from the GLORIA profiles (Hollender 1996). 
Single lens shaped bodies with a transparent internal structure comparable 
to debris flows are possibly indicating sediment deposition related to 
transport in the channel system. However, further studies in this area are 
needed to reveal morphological details of this deep-sea depositional 
environment.

Sedimentary environment along the channel system
Bottom sediment sampling was conducted along the whole channel focusing on 
the central part of the system. The initial macroscopic analysis of the 
surface sediments suggests that the composition of sediments in the channel, 
the adjacent levees and the deep-sea areas is similar. The lack of erosional 
surfaces and the comparable sediment composition along the course of the 
channel suggest continuous recent and sub-recent deposition. Only short 
sediment cores were recovered from the channel floor. Gravity cores did not 
penetrate into the acoustic transparent layer below the top reflector. The 
core recovery was usually less than 100 cm indicating that only a thin cover 
with soft (Holocene?) sediments overlies bedrock. Longer sediment cores were 
only retrieved from the adjacent levees and the deep sea. Further detailed 
land based sedimentological, geochemical and micropaleontological studies as 
well as analysis of the HYDROSWEEP and PARASOUND records are required to 
evaluate the variability of sediments in the study area with respect to 
sedimentation and transport processes.


References

Hollender, F.-J. (1996): Untersuchungen des ostgrönländischen 
    Kontinentalrandes mit dem Weitwinkel-Seiten-Sonar GLORIA. Ber. SFB 313, 
    67, 124p.

Krause, G. & Schauer, U. (2001 eds), The expeditions ARK XVI/1 and XVI/2 of 
    the Research Vessel "Polarstern" in 2000. - 8er. Polarforsch. 
    Meeresforsch. 389.

Mienen, J., Kenyon, N.H., Thiede, J., Hollender, F.-J. (1993): Polar 
    continental margins: Studies of East Greenland, EOS, Trans. Amer. 
    Geophys. Union 74(20), 225-236.

Niessen, F., Whittington, P. (1994): Marine sediment echosounding using 
    Parasound. In. Hubberten, H.-W. (ed), The Expedition ARKTIS-X12 of RV 
    'Polarstern" 1994. 8er. Polarforsch., 174, 62-68.

Spiess, V. (1992): Digitale Sedimentechographie - Neue Wege zu einer 
    hochauflösenden Akustostratigraphie. - Ber. Fachber. Geowiss. Univ. 
    Bremen, 35, l99pp.




5.2  Benthic distribution patterns and turn-over processes
    S. Brückner, M. Dickmann, C. Hasemann, K. v. Juterzenka, T. Renneberg,
    I. Schewe, T. Schott, N. Queric

Objectives

Objectives of the planned biological and biochemical investigations within 
the ARKTIEF project are to assess large-scale distribution patterns of 
benthic organisms in and around channel systems crossing the eastern 
Greenland continental margin and the deep central Greenland Sea, and to 
estimate benthic processes within these areas and their relevance for the 
Arctic Ocean ecosystem. Based on activity and biomass data it might be 
possible to estimate the frequency and intensity of particle-loaded near-
bottom currents within the channels, and to evaluate the quality of the 
suspended matter. The combination of results from optical surveys assessing 
distribution patterns of the larger epibenthic fauna with activity and 
biomass data for small sediment-inhabiting organisms from biochemical 
analyses will help to determine whether a channel system is "active" or 
"fossile".

Work at Sea

Small benthic organisms
We hypothesize that the distribution as well as the activity of small 
benthic organisms are corresponding to the topographic and biochemical 
features of channel systems in terms of depth and distance to the channel 
centre. Benthic microbial processes are suspected to be directly connected 
to the occurrence of meio- and macrofaunal organisms.

Sampling was performed by using a multicorer sampling system, allowing the 
investigation of an undisturbed sediment surface. A total of 11 stations 
were sampled in the vicinity of the channel system. Subsamples for 
abundance, diversity and activity of bacteria and meiofauna, as well as the 
biogenic sediment composition were taken using 5 ml and 20 ml syringes with 
cut off ends (see also section 9). Subsamples were sectioned horizontally in 
1 cm-layers and analysed separately to investigate gradients within the 
sediment column. Bacterial production was measured via labeled leucine 
incorporation. Sediment-bound chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE) were 
determined on board to quantify organic matter input from primary 
production. To evaluate microbial exoenzymatic activities, esterase turn 
over rates were determined with the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein-di-
acetate (FDA). Analyses of phospolipids and proteins will contribute to the 
assessment of living organisms and the proportion of detrital organic matter 
in the sediments. To assess the presence of traces, tracks and other 
'Lebenspuren" of macrofauna, a photo of each core surface was taken before 
sampling.

Mega-/Epifauna
The Mega-/Epifauna in the vicinity of the channel system was observed by 
means of the Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS), which is suitable for 
seafloor imaging in water depth down to 6000 m. The OFOS frame is equipped 
with a still camera (Benthos), a black and white video camera (Deep-Sea 
Power & Light), two floodlights with 250 W each, flashes (600 W/s) and three 
laser pointers in a fixed distance of 52 cm from each other as a size 
reference. The still camera was triggered on command or timer-controlled in 
30 s intervals and was loaded with Kodak Ectachrome 100 ASA film, providing 
up to 800 shots per track. The whole system was towed across the seafloor in 
a distance of approx. 1.50 m with a drift velocity of approx. 0.5 kn. The 
distance to the bottom has to be controlled by the winch operator, by 
adjusting the cable length according to the video information. To sample the 
epibenthic fauna and obtain reference material for the analysis of OFOS 
images, a small Agassiz trawl (width 1 m) had been used.

During the cruise, 7 OFOS transects have been performed. At St. 04, a first 
survey was made at the continental slope off Bear Island and was used to 
optimise the distance to the seafloor, camera specifications and timer-
controlled operation and check laser performance. Overall, six transects 
were obtained in the main investigation area off East Greenland and will 
provide approx. 3050 colour slides of the sea floor. Four transects were 
placed across the ARKTIEF channel according to HYDROSWEEP information and 
PARASOUND profiles (St. 65, 69, 78, 84). St. 78 represents a profile at the 
central section of the channel which had been studied in 1999 by the ROV 
VICTOR6000 and in 2001 by the OFOS system and therefore allows an evaluation 
of interannual variability. To get an idea about the colonization of the 
deep-sea floor outside the channel, two transects were placed north and 
south of the central area (St. 73, 82; see Fig. 9). In the course of the 
transects, multicorer samples were taken inside and outside the channel to 
analyse small biota.

Transects across the channel covered at least the bottom of the channel, 
slope and the adjacent seafloor (water depth about 3000 - 3200 m; transect 
length 1 to 2 nm). A first impression of the benthos fauna in the vicinity of 
the channel system is given by video information and short pieces of photo 
film, which were developed on board for quality control reasons. Seafloor 
images revealed two species of elpidiid holothurians, crinoids, traces and 
calcareous test of the irregular echinoid Pourtalosia jeffreysi, actinaria, 
gastropods and small pantopods as well as a variety of traces and tracks. 
Some ball-shaped sediment-coloured and bright structures are thought to 
represent several species of deep-sea sponges (e.g., Thenea abyssorum). Small 
pieces of solid substrate (e.g. dropstones) are colonized by anthozoans (Fig. 
10).


Fig. 9: Location of the sections in the ARKTIEF area where samples were 
        taken and OFOS was deployed.
Abb. 9: Lage der Schnitte im ARKTIEF-Gebiet, auf denen Proben genommen und 
        OFOS-Aufnahmen ausgeführt wurden.

Fig. 10: Sea floor images taken with OFOS which show that solid substrate 
         (e.g. drop stones) is colonized by anthozoans.
Abb. 10: Fotografische Aufnahmen mit OFOS, die zeigen, dass Hartsubstrate wie 
         "drop stones" mit Anthozoen besiedelt sind.


Two trawl catches along the channel axis provided material of dominant 
epibenthic organisms (mainly elpidiid holothurians, at least three species of 
deep-sea sponges, pycnogonids). Image analysis and species determination will 
take place at the home institute.

The results of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of bacteria, meiofauna 
and epi/megafaunal organisms will contribute to the knowledge on the habitat 
heterogenity, distribution patterns, as well as biomass and activity patterns 
of benthos communities in this channel system, which had become the focus of 
interest in 1999.


5.3  Physical Processes
     G. Budéus, E. Fahrbach, V. Lüer, I. Meyer-Holste, S. Müller, B. Plüger, 
     ft Plugge, S Ronski


Objectives

The aims of the ARKTIEF 2 project are to estimate the contribution of 
various processes to the modification of deep water masses in the Arctic, to 
understand the dynamics of these processes, and to assess their effect on 
the conditions for marine life. The acquired data and results should serve 
to improve the basis of physical and ecological modeling.

In the past, water mass modification in the Greenland Sea took place mainly 
through deep-reaching convection, which is presently absent. However, the 
changes presently observed in the deep and bottom waters of the Greenland 
Sea indicate that other processes play a role in deep water modification. 
Shelf drainage via channels that extend down the continental slope of east 
Greenland into the deep sea is a potential process of deep water formation. 
Currents trapped in narrow channels could stimulate energetic flows in 
otherwise quiet regions, which has considerable impact on the sedimentation 
and living conditions in the deep sea.

Work at sea

To measure bottom current events three moorings are presently deployed in 
the ARKTIEF channel and will be replaced by LANCE in autumn 2001. During the 
present cruise oblique CTD-profiles with an attenuation sensor were measured 
across the channel to detect, if an elevated load of suspended matter would 
indicate enhanced currents (Figs 2 and 11). To obtain sufficient horizontal 
resolution the CTD was towed with 1 kn when hoisted and lowered within 500 m 
from the bottom. By this procedure the foot points of the profiles are 600 m 
apart and the profiles were in an angle of 35° to the vertical. Due to the 
wire angle the CTD was about 2 km behind the ship.


Preliminary results

The measurements with the CTD towed across the channel while hoisted and 
lowered should provide information if the water mass properties reflect the 
flow conditions in the channel. It is of interest if currents in the channel 
transport water masses from shallower depths into the deep sea and if the 
flow in the channel could be the origin of benthic storms. Those current 
events were observed with moored instruments from 1993 to 1995, It appeared 
that the moorings in that time had been deployed 5 km north of the channel 
since it was not yet known. The water mass properties measured with the 
towed CTD, in particular the attenuation, showed weak indications to follow 
the channel bottom profile (Fig. 11). However the signal is too weak to be 
indicative for intensive currents. On the other hand such weak signals have 
to be treated with special care when the data are still in a rather raw 
status and time variability might disguise the effect.

Fig. 11a: Transect of potential temperature, salinity and attenuation across 
          the ARKTIEF channel obtained by towing the CTD when hoisted and 
          lowered within 500 m from the bottom. A channel west 1 St. 63, B 
          channel west 2 St. 67.
Abb. 11a: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur, des Salzgehalts und 
          der Licht. Attenuation quer zur ARKTIEF-Rinne, gemessen in den 
          unteren 500 m der Wassersäule mit einem beim Hieven und Fieren 
          geschleppten CTD. A Rinne West 1 St. 63, B Rinne West 2 St. 67.

Fig. 11b: Transect of potential temperature, salinity and attenuation across 
          the ARKTIEF channel obtained by towing the CTD when hoisted and 
          lowered within 500 m from the bottom. C central channel St. 75 and 
          D channel east St 84.
Abb. 11b: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur, des Salzgehalts und 
          der LichtAttenuation quer zur ARKTIEF-Rinne, gemessen in den 
          unteren 500 m der Wassersäule mit einem beim hieven und Fieren 
          geschleppten CTD. C Rinne Mitte St. 75 und D Rinne Ost St. 84.



6.  OBSERVATION OF SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS 
    J. Tahon, B. Van Mol, B. Saveyn


Objectives

  • To obtain a better knowledge of quantitative distribution of seabirds and 
    marine mammals, based on the presence of different water masses and 
    fronts, determined by water temperature and salinity. Basic aspects are 
    abundance of preys.
  • To increase the volume of data, collected by the same team, using the 
    same methodology. In this ARK XVII 1, a total of 25 species of birds was 
    identified, as well as 5 species of whales, 1 of dolphins, 4 of seals and 
    the polar bear.
  • To compare the data with earlier results collected in this region since 
    1974; since 1988 under icy conditions on board of POLARSTERN, METEOR 
    1985; POLARSTERN 1988 ARK V lb and V 2, 1990 ARK Vl12, 1991 ARK VIII 1 
    and 2, 1993 ARK IX 2 and 3; DALNIE ZELENTSY (Murmansk) 1991, 1992 and 
    1993.
  • To estimate the importance of followers within the counting. Followers 
    are birds following a vessel for some time. They cause serious problems 
    of counting because they circle around the vessel and are likely to be 
    counted several times. They may sometimes outnumber the valuable counting 
    data by a factor of 100,
    Different categories of followers are to be taken into account:
    a) Birds attracted some moments, from 10 km or more, by the 
       superstructures of POLARSTERN, e.g. Uria aalge, Uria lomvia, Alle 
       alle, Fratercula arctica, Cepphus grylle.
    b) Birds staying at one stop station (CTD, multi-boxcorer, ...) and 
       sitting close at sea for 1/2 hour or more, to feed actively in the 
       turbulences caused by the motors, e.g. Fulmarus glacialls, Rissa 
       tridactyla, some skuas, some gulls ......
    c) Real followers, following during hours, sometimes individually 
       identified, mainly Fulmarus glacialis and Rissa tridactyla. Also to be 
       taken into consideration are Morus bassanus, Stercorarius pomarmus, 
       Stercorarius parasiticus, Stercorarius longicaudus, Larus fuscus, 
       Larus argentatus, Larus marinus, Pagophila eburnea .....
    The aim on this trip is to produce a basic protocol of general 
    application to evaluate and eliminate the drawbacks caused by these 
    followers.
  • Establish broad ecological comparison between European Arctic Seas and 
    the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (POLARSTERN 1988 EPOS I leg 1).


Work at sea

A total of 5308 sea miles were traveled during the 40 days of navigation. For 
practical purposes, the cruise was divided into 7 legs or periods, totaling 
680 Counts of 30 minutes.


LEG                                                   PERIOD     COUNTS
--------------------------------------------------  -----------  ------
1) The way North
   From Bremerhaven (53° N) to 750 N, 15° E         19/06-24/06   128

2) The 75° N transect
   From 15° E to 15° W across the Greenland Sea     24/06-01/07   110

3) ARKTIEF2
   Channel System of the Eastern Greenland Sea      01/07-11/07   133
   BOX  75°N - 12°W     75°N - 15°W
        73°N - 13°W     73°N - 17°W  

4) Towards 79° N
   To Svalbard and Fran Strait                      11/07-12/07    51

5) AWI - Hausgarten
   BOX  80°N - 07°E     80°N - 02°E                 12/07-19/07    96
        79°N - 07°E     79°N - 02°E  

6) The 79° N transect
   a) Towards 80° 30' N along Spitebergen           19/07-22/07    71
   b) 79°N transect across Fram Strait and back 0°  22/07-25/07    56

7) The way back*
   From 79°N-long. 0° Greenwich to Tromsø (70°N)    25/07-28/07    35
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    19/06 -       680
Total for the 7 legs                                 28/07/2001  counts

	
An additional 58 uncompleted counts were discarded for several reasons: 
sudden dense fog, unpredicted stops of POLARSTERN, fruitful discussions 
aboard, e-mail duties, ....

*the writing of the report was stopped at sea before the end of the trip at 
75°15'N (27/07 at 05 h). While countings still went on.


Preliminary results

Level of presence per species

A species is present or not in each count. The positive data introduced in a 
specific list of birds. At the end of the period, a percentage is obtained, 
relative to the total number of counts of the period. The species is then 
attributed to one of the 4 categories A, B, C or D, in order to situate the 
level of presence of that species (see species table).

  Species presence
  A    > 50%    of the counts of the period: very common
  B    25%-50%  of the counts of the period: common
  C    5%-25%   of the counts of the period: significant
  D    <5%      of the counts of the period: occasional


For example:
For the first period, the way North, there are two species represented in 
more than 50% of the counts (categorie A), in 65 counts or more on a total 
of 128 counts, namely Fulmarus glacial/s and Rissa tridactyla.

Level of presence per species

                       
                                     N of 30'          BIRDS         Total N of    SEA MAMMALS
Period                     dates      counts    A     B     C     D   species/       Species
                                               >50  25-50  5-25  <5    period    w*  d*   s*   p*
----------------------  -----------  --------  ---  -----  ----  --  ----------  --  --   --   --
1. The way North        19/06-24/06    128      2     0      6   13      18      4    1    0    0
2. The 75°N transect    24/06-01/07    110      0     2      5   11      18      0    1    4    1
    a) no ice           24/06-30/06    (83)    (0)   (2)    (5)  (9)    (16)    (0)  (1)  (4)  (0)
    b) ice              30/06-01/07    (27)    (0)   (2)    (4)  (5)    (11)    (0)  (0)  (4)  (1)
3. ARKTIEF 2            01/07-11/07    133      0     2      4    7      13      0    0    4    1
4. Toward 79°N          01/07-12/07     51      0     4      2    3       9      1    1    1    0
5. AWI-Hauscgarten      12/07-19/07     96      2     2      3    2       9      3    1    3    0
6. The 79°N transect    19/07-25/07    127      0     3      4    8      15      2    0    3    1
    a) Towards 80°30'N  19/07-22/07    (71)    (3)   (3)    (1)  (5)    (12)    (2)  (0)  (3)  (1)
    b) 79°N transect    22/07-25/07    (56)    (0)   (0)    (5)  (5)    (10)    (2)  (0)  (2)  (1)
7. The way back         25/07-27/07     35      2     2      2    0       6      0    0    2    0
Total  40 days                         680                               25      5    1    4    1
                                                                         ------------------------
                                                                         Total N of species

*w=whales  d=dolphins  s=seals  p=p. bear


All bird species are listed in the next table, devoted to a specific 
presentation for the 7 periods.

Comment: Few species are very common (categorie A) during one single period. 
Birds belonging to categories B and C are also relevant (common and 
significant) for the given period. 

Many species are only noted as D (occasional), sometimes during one single 
period. They are anecdotic for the study of food webs.


Involved species

List of the 25 observed bird species and frequency during the 7 periods.


                            PERIODS
                             1   2a   2b    3   4    5    6a   6b   7
                                 no   ice
                                 ice              
                            NUMBER OF COUNTS
                            128  83   127  133  51   96   71   56   35
PROCELLARIIDAE                   
  Fulmarus glacialis         A    B    B    B    C    C    B    C    B
  Puffinus puffinus          D    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
ANATIDAE                                         
  Somateria sp.              -    -    -    -    -    -    D    -    -
SULIDAE                                         
  Morus bassanus             C    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
SCOLOPACIDAE                                         
  Numenius phaeopus          D    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
STERCORARIIDAE                                         
  Stercorarius skua          D    D    -    -    -    -    D    -    -
  Stercorarius pomarinus     D    C    C    C    D    -    -    D    -
  Stercorarius parasiticus   D    D    D    D    D    D    D    -    -
  Stercorarius longicaudus   -    -    -    D    -    -    D    D    -
LARIDAE                  
  Larus ridibundus           -    D    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
  Larus canus                D    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
  Larus argentatus           D    D    -                        
  Larus fuscus               C    D    D    -    -    -    -    -    -
  Larus marinus              D    D    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
  Rhodostethia rosea         -    -    -    -    -    -    -    D    -
  Rissa tridactyla           A    B    B    C    B    A    A    C    B
  Larus hyperboreus          D    D    D    C    D    C    C    D    -
  Pagophila eburnea          -    -    D    D    -    -    -    C    -
STERNIDAE                  
  Sterna paradisaea          -    D    -    D    -    -    D    -    -
ALCIDAE                  
  Alle alle                  D    D    C    B    B    B    A    C    A
  Fratercula arc(ica         C    C    -    D    B    B    B    -    C
  Cepphus grylle             -    C    -    D    -    C    B    D    C
  Uria aalge                 D    C    C    D    C    D    -    -    -
  Uria lomvia                D    C    C    C    B    A    A    C    A
  Alca torda                 D    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
Number of species           18   18        13    9    9   15         6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *A = present in more than 50% of the counts; 
  B = present in 25 to 50% of the counts;
  C = present in 5 to 25 % of the counts; 
  D = present in less than 5% of the counts.

Only 11 species, present as A, B or C, in at least one period, are of real 
interest in the area for the study of trophic levels and food webs, i.e.: 
Fulmarus glacialis. Morus bassanus, Stercorarius pomarinus, Larus fuscus, 
Rissa tridactyla, Larus hyperboreus, Alle alle, Fratercula arctica, 
Cepphus grylle, Uria aalge and Uria lomvia.


List of the observed sea mammals

Whales and dolphins are mostly observed in "warm" water masses, free of ice; 
in contrast seals and polar bears are mainly seen on ice floes, which serve 
as physical supports.

WHALES (Balaenopteridae)
  • Balaenoptera acutorostrata
  PERIOD  N      POSITION      PERIOD  N      POSITION
     1    1  66°48'N  06°27'E     6    1  79°29'N  10°13'E
     5       79°03'N  04°25'E     6    3  74°59'N  02°03'E
     5    1  78°53'N  05°18'E     6    1  79°46'N  00°14'E
  
  • Balaenoptera physalus
  PERIOD  N      POSITION      PERIOD  N      POSITION
     1    1  68°46'N  07°35'E     5    4  79°07'N  05°23'E
     1    1  68°51'N  07°39'E     5    1  78°58'N  04°42'E
     4    1  77°07'N  00°57'E     5    3  78°54'N  01°25'E
  
  • Megaptera navaeangliae
  PERIOD  N     POSITION       PERIOD  N      POSITION
     5    1  78°59'N  04°40'E     6    1  80°03'N  02°47'E
  
  • Physeter macrocephalus
  PERIOD  N     POSITION       PERIOD  N      POSITION
     1    1  65°50'N  05°56'E     1    1  73°10'N  12°03'E
     1    1  69°03'N  07°47'E        
    
  • Orcinus orca
  PERIOD  N     POSITION       PERIOD  N      POSITION
     1   11  66°53'N  06°30'E     1    5  72°08'N  10°05'E
     1    3  71°15'N  09°22'E        
 
  
DOLPHINS
  • Lagenorhynchus albirostris
  Period 1 =  2 dolphins in 1 count at 74°22'N - 14°30'E.
  Period 2 = 25 dolphins in 5 counts from 75°00'N - 14°46'E to 75°00'N - 07°15'E.
  Period 4 = 19 dolphins in 2 counts from 77°58'N - 04°21'E to 78°45'N - 08°15'E.
  Period 5 =  6 dolphins in 1 count at 78°58'N - 04°42'E.
  
  
SEALS  
  • Pusa hispida or Phoca hispida
  Period 2: 9 seals in 4 counts from 75°00'N - 12°23'W to 74°57'N - 14°12'W.
  Period 3: 322 seals in 32 counts from 75°50'N - 13°03'W to 74°11'N - 12°35'W
    with concentrations of 16, 21, 29, 21, 16, 15, 27, 54, 34 and 23 Pusa hispida.
  Period 6: 2 seals in 2 counts at 79°53'N - 00°46'E and 79°00'N - 02°20'W.

  • Erignathus barbatus
  Period 2: 1 seal in 1 count at 74°58'N - 08°08'W in a group of P. groenlandicus.
  Period 3: 3 seals in 3 counts from 73°58'N -13°56'W to 74°12'N -12°19'W.
  Period 4: probably some 60 bearded seals in concentrations of Pagophilus groenlandicus (see P.gr).
  Period 5: 2 seals in 2 counts at 79°04'N - 03°37'E and at 78°58'N - 00°38'E.
  Period 7: 1 seal in 1 count at 78°32'N - 00°01'E.

  • Pagophilus groenlandicus or Phoca groenlandica
  Period 2: 293 seals in 8 counts from 74°49'N - 00°10'E to 75°00'N - 14°00'W
    with concentrations of 83 and 200 Pagophifus groenlandicus.
  Period 3: 146 seals in 6 counts from 73°56'N - 14°45'W to 74°24'N - 09°44'W
    with a concentration of 140 Pagophiius groenlandicus.
  Period 4: 4170 seals in 3 counts from 75°52'N - 03°21'W to 76°29'N - 01°15'W
    with concentrations of 200, 2400 and 1570 Pagophilus groenlandicus.
  Each time lying on a succession of ± 10 middle sized ice-floes. The two main 
    groups at respectively 75° 57' N - 03° 11' W and 76° 29' N - 01° 15'   W.
  Period 5: 17 seals in 9 counts from 78°00'N - 07°00'W to 78°58'N - 02°48'E.
  Period 6: 31 seals in 13 counts along the 79°N from 10°40'E to 01°55'W and back.
  Period 7: 354 seals in 3 counts with a concentration of 350 probably Pagophilus 
    groenlandicus at 77° 42' N - 00° 01' E.
  

  • Cystophora cristate
  Period 2: some 10 seals in 1 count at 74°58'N - 08°08'W in a group of Pagophilus 
    groenlandicus.
  Period 3: 5 seals in 4 counts from 74°06'N - 13°47'W to 74°11'N - 12°19'W.
  Period 4: probably some 60 hooded seals in a concentration of Pagophilus 
    groanlandicus (see P.gr.).
  Period 5: 1 seal in 1 count at 78°58'N - 00°38'E.
  Period 6: 2 seals in 2 counts at 79°52'N - 00°38'E and 79°18'N - 00°03'W

POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus)
  10 polar bears from 73°58'N - 14°10'W to 75°00'N - 13°50'W.
  Period 2   3   1 female with 2 young at 75°00'N - 13°29'W
         1       second year at 75°00'N - 13°50'W
  Period 3   1   eating at carcass at 74°05'N - 14°11'W
         1       middle sized one at 73°58'N - 14°25'W
         1   -   at 74°11'N - 13°48'W
         2   1   female with 1 young at 74°14'N - 13°41'W
         1       a big one at 73°58'N - 14°l0'W
     This is an important concentration of 10 polar bears at rather low latitude.
  Period 6   1   bloodily eating at 80°00'N - 00°58'E
         1   -   at 78°58'N - 05°50'W



Preliminary results

• Almost all Fuirnarus glacialis individuals, at 79° N, belong to the dark 
  form of the Fulmarus glacialis species. They are scarcely distributed in 
  the area, being a little bit more numerous above ice floes than at sea,
• As a family, Laridae are southern" birds. Rissa tridactyla and sometimes 
  Larus hyperboreus are the ones to be seen at 79° N.
• At 79° N, Rissa tridactyla is regularly present, most of the birds being 
  adult individuals, probably breeding. Non-adult birds are found more to 
  the south.
• During periods 1 to 4, Stercorarius pomarinus was exceptionally frequent, 
  from an ornithological point of view. It could mean that such a 
  continental nesting bird stayed longer in the North Eastern Atlantic 
  waters. Along the coast of Norway, migration normally occurs at the end of 
  April and during May. That land species nests throughout northern 
  Siberian, during May, mostly eating small rodents. Lemmings constitute a 
  major part of their diet. Supposed absence of lemmings this year could 
  have turned pomarine skuas to piracy at sea.
• Alcidae is the best represented family in the North Eastern Atlantic and 
  Arctic waters, namely with Uria lomvia (3.10 breeding pairs), Fratercula 
  arctica (3.106 b.p.) and Alle alle (1,5.106 b.p.) For these three species, 
  Spitsbergen, Eastern Greenland, Iceland and Norway are major haunts. Very 
  high numbers of "crossers" coming from or going to colonies. (POLARSTERN 
  was less than 10 km from Spitsbergen). The first two are fish eaters. The 
  diet of the third is zooplankton. All of them play an important role in the 
  trophic chains of the North Eastern Atlantic and Arctic seas.
• Cepphus grylle is known to be a very coastal bird. Presence far at sea has 
  been frequently observed. Nevertheless these observations are mostly 
  involving 1st summer individuals, therefore not in charge of breeding 
  duties.
• As huge sea mammals that play a considerable role in trophic webs, whales 
  were evidently to be involved in the counts. In agreement with literature 
  concerning weight, 1 Physetermacrocephalus (sperm whale, Pottwal) (30 tons) 
  is equivalent to 200.000 Alle alle (Little Auk, Krabbentaucher) (150 g). To 
  no surprise they were mostly present in the "warm" waters of the West 
  Spitsbergen Current, and were represented by 43 animals belonging to 5 
  species.
• Living in family pods, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, small cetaceans of 200 
  kg, were observed mainly in West Spitsbergen Current, West of the Barents 
  Sea, with a total of 52 individuals, Dolphins are very active fish eaters. 
  They are easily observed from the vessel and in some way their importance 
  is often overestimated.
• Large concentrations of Pagophilus groenlanclicus (4170 individuals in 3 
  groups) were observed between 75° 52' N - 03° 21' W and 76° 29' N - 0l° 
  15' W. With a mean weight of about 100 kg, these fish eaters represent a 
  very important web in the food chain.
• Polar bears are super predators, standing at the top of the trophic chain, 
  like man. The study of the behaviour of the mythic "Micha" is therefore of 
  prime interest. A total of 10 Ursus maritimus (polar bears) were 
  encountered in a relatively restricted area (between 75° 00' N - 13° 50' W 
  and 73° 58' N - 14° 25' W), which is unusually south for that species. 
  Reasons for that are to be discussed later (global increasing population? 
  change in environmental conditions? prey occasionally concentrated more to 
  the south? south eastern Greenland population? (See also Polar Bear 
  studies, ARK IX 2 and 3, pp. 116-125).
• Many warm-blooded animals (whales, dolphins, seals, walruses, etc.), just 
  like cold-blooded ones (fish...) do not occupy large areas at random. They 
  are concentrated in clusters where the food is accessible or where they 
  nest (Alcidae on ice floes and cliffs) or where they moult (Anatidae). To 
  be instantly ready to identify them at sea is a question of good knowledge 
  of systematics and habits, but above all it requires an aggressive 
  determination to perform long-term counting.

	
Followers

Because followers cause serious problems while counting, we tried to make an 
estimation of their impact.

Therefore the number of birds of a species during a normal count (N) is 
compared with the number of followers of that species after the counting 
(N') and after 1 hour on CTD-station (N"). These data registered with or 
without ice and with or without fog are entered separately in the table. 
This has been done during the 75°N and the 79°N transects. The following 
tables show the results for Fulmaris glacialis and Rissa tridactyla, the two 
most frequent followers.

      Fulmarus glacialis  75°N transect  22 counts
              NO ICE                       ICE                GLOBAL
       NO FOG        FOG          NO FOG         FOG  
      A      r     A       r     A       r     A      r      A      r
N    2/10  0,20   0/4    0,00   3/7    0,71   0/1*  0,00*   5/22  0,32
N'   5/7   4,86   1/1*   4,00*  1/2*   2,50*  0/1*  0,00*   7/11  3,91
N"  10/10  54,50  4/4   38,00   7/7   24,43   0/1*  0,00*  21/22  39,45

A = X/C = Number of counts where the species is present/ total number of counts
r = N/C = Number of birds counted/ total number of counts

N:  number of birds counted during a count 
N': flying followers (counted at the end et a count) 
N": sitting followers (during CTD-stations), after ± 1 hour during which 
    POLARSTERN is on stop position.
*:  non significant


      Fulmarus glacialis  79°N transect  16 counts
              NO ICE                       ICE                GLOBAL
       NO FOG        FOG          NO FOG         FOG  
      A      r     A       r     A       r     A      r      A      r
N    1/5   0,40   0/2*   0,00*  4/9    0,78   0/0*  0,00*   5/16  0,57
N'   4/4   2,25   0/2k   0,00*  6/1    6,29   0/0*  0,00*  10/13  4,08
N"   4/5   7,40   1/2*   2,00*  8/9   11,56   0/0*  0,00*  13/16  9,06


  Rissa tridactyla  75°N transect  22 counts
              NO ICE                       ICE                GLOBAL
       NO FOG        FOG          NO FOG         FOG  
      A      r     A       r     A       r     A      r      A      r
N    1/10  0,10   0/4    0,00   3/6    0,83   1/1*  4,00*   5/21  0,48
N'   3/7   2,28   1/1*   2,00*  0/2*   0,00*  0/1   0,00*   4/11  1,64
N"   8/10  6,10   0/3*   0,00*  5/7    2,14   0/1*  0,00*  13/21  3,62


  Rissa tridactyla  79°N transect  16 counts
              NO ICE                       ICE                GLOBAL
       NO FOG        FOG          NO FOG         FOG  
      A      r     A       r     A       r     A      r      A      r
N    3/5   2,0   0/2*    0,00*  3/9    0,56   0/0*  0,00*   6/16  0,94
N'   2/4   0,75  0/2*    0,00*  6/7   13,43   0/0*  0,00*   8/13  7,46
N"   2/5   1,60  0/2*    0,00*  5/9    4,89   0/0*  0,00*   7/16  3,25


For the Fulmarus glacialis there are, at 750 N, 10 times more flying 
followers (N') and 100 times more sitting followers (N") than on normal 
counts (N). The data from all species need to be accurately analysed in 
order to present a protocol involving all followers. In order to better 
understand the behaviour of the followers, waves and wind are also factors 
to take into consideration.



7.  PHYTOPLANKTON ECOLOGY AND VERTICAL PARTICLE FLUX
     O. Haupt, S. Haase

The distribution of phytoplankton and the vertical particle flux were the 
research interests of the phytoplankton working group during ARK XVll-1. The 
stability of the water column due to sea ice melting and freezing as well as 
hydrographic conditions of the different water masses in the Nordic Seas and 
Fram Strait can be correlated with the occurrence of blooms of different 
phytoplankton species. Also the annual succession of phytoplankton species 
can be found in the material that sinks down to the sea floor. In order to 
understand the seasonality as well as the interannual differences of 
phytoplankton distribution patterns and vertical particle flux, we have 
collected samples of phytoplankton and related biogeochemical parameters, 
and deployed sediment traps.

A total of 29 stations were sampled on a transect along 75°N, in the ARKTIEF 
investigation area off East Greenland and in the "Hausgarten" area off 
Svalbard. At 17 stations on the transect we collected only water from 6 
depths between the surface and 75 m for the analysis of chlorophyll to get 
information about the species succession across the Nordic Seas. At 12 
stations on the transect and in the other investigation areas we took 
samples from the surface down to the sea floor with a water sampler rosette 
(Niskin bottles) to get data on the vertical distribution of nutrients as 
well as for the chlorophyll, organic carbon and nitrogen and silicate 
contents of the particulate material of the water column. Samples for 
microscopic analyses of the plankton community were also taken with the 
water sampler and a net on selected stations.

We further changed a mooring with two sediment traps and a current meter 
(Fevi-1 / Fevi-2) at 79° 01,8' N, 04° 20,3' E. The traps were deployed 
right below the euphotic zone at about 260 m and close to the bottom at 
about 2310 m.

Only investigations by microscope and chlorophyll measurements could be 
made on board to get first information about the phytoplankton distribution 
along the transect at 75°N. The data show that chlorophyll concentrations 
reaches up to 5 pg dm-3 in the centre of the Greenland Sea gyre. Comparing 
the eastern and the western part of the transect we found that the 
chlorophyll maximum sinks down from the surface to a depth of about 30 m 
close to the shelf of East Greenland. Microscopic investigations show that 
the phytoplankton was dominated by dinoflagelates in the eastern part of 
the transect which is typical for a summer situation. However, in the 
western part diatoms played the leading role and the phytoplankton 
compositions shows typical characteristics for a spring system. More 
detailed analyses of nutrients and water masses have to be made in 
Bremerhaven to get a clear picture of the state of the ecosystems in the 
Greenland Sea.

The long term mooring Fevi-1 could have been recovered successfully but 
results are not available yet.


Fig. 12: Chlorophyll distribution at 75°N transect. 
Abb. 12: Chlorophyllverteilung auf dem 75°N-Schnitt.




8.  THE ROLE OF PROTISTS IN THE FOOD WEB OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN
    M. Werigert, S. Zitzmann


Objectives

Despite of intensive investigations of the abundances and seasonality of 
pelagic protists in the Arctic Ocean, the functioning and the role of 
protists in this ecosystem is poorly understood. As we know from studies in 
other aquatic systems the impact of heterotrophic protists to the carbon 
cycling is large. Furthermore protists are highly species-specific within 
their trophic relationship. The aim of our investigation is to estimate the 
role of heterotrophic protists as herbivores (ciliates) and bacterivores 
(flagellates) in the aquatic food web of the Arctic Ocean.

Work at Sea

We conducted two types of experiments, a "dilution experiment" and a 'tracer 
experiment", to investigate the role of protists in the arctic ecosystem. The 
"dilution experiment" should show the grazing pressure from heterotrophic 
protists on algae, hetero- and autotrophic protists. Therefore natural 
unfractionated seawater was diluted with particle-free seawater in several 
steps to reduce the encounter probability between predator and prey. The 
bacterivory is given by the "tracer experiment". Labeled bacteria 
(fluorescently-labeled, FLB) were offered as food source for heterotrophic 
protists. The magnitude of bacterivory will be deduced from the difference in 
the abundance of the tracer between initial to the end samples. Both types of 
experiments were incubated under in-situ conditions in two seawater through-
flow on-deck incubators for 48 h. The two types of experiments were performed 
seven times with different water masses from 20 to 35 m depth. To investigate 
the abundance of bacteria and the bacterivory, filters were made and frozen.


Preliminary results

Only test-counting took place on board. It resulted, that the bacterial 
abundance of natural seawater was between 0,2-0,89 *106 bacteria/ml. This 
abundances correlate with bacteria concentrations found in the literature. 
To estimate the abundance of ciliates and algae fixed water samples are 
taken. The main evaluation will occur at the AWI and include:

Determination of abundances of autotrophic and heterotrophic protists and 
bacteria

Taxonomic description of the organisms
  • Determination of concentration of chlorophyll a
  • Determination of concentration of nutrients
  • Determination of community growth rates
  • Determination of community grazing rates
  • Determination of species-specific growth rates Determination of species-
    specific grazing rates Direct quantification of bacterivory.




9.  DEEP-SEA BIOLOGY
    S. Brückner, C. Haseniann, K. v. Juterzenka, K. Premke, N. Queric, 
    I Schewe, J. Wegner

The aim of this project is to investigate depth related distribution patterns 
of benthic bacteria and meiofauna. Various biotic parameters are investigated 
on the background of interannual variability. Sediment samples were taken at 
a long term depth-transect (1000-5000 m) on the continental margin west off 
Spitsbergen, crossing the "AWI-Hausgarten" to the Arctic deepest point, the 
Molloy Deep (Fig. 13).


Fig. 13: Schematic representation Molloy Deep and the "Hausgarten" sampling 
         distribution.
Abb. 13: Schematische Darstellung von Molloy Deep und die Verteilung der 
         Probennahme im "Hausgarten".


Sampling was performed using a multicorer sampling system, allowing the 
investigation of an undisturbed sediment surface. A total of 10 stations were 
sampled along this transect. Subsamples for faunistic investigations and for 
biochemical analyses were taken using 1 ml, 5 ml and 20 ml syringes with cut 
off anterior ends. Subsamples were sectioned horizontally in 1 cm-layers and 
analysed separately to investigate gradients within the sediment column.


9.1  Causes and effects of physical, chemical and biological gradients in the deep sea

The parameters which are suspected to follow a gradient are mainly abundance, 
diversity and activity of bacteria and meiofauna, as well as the biogenic 
sediment composition. To evaluate microbial exoenzymatic activities, esterase 
turn-over rates were determined with the fluorogenic substrates fluorescein-
di-acetate (FDA). Sediment-bound chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE) also 
were determined to quantify organic matter input from primary production. 
Additional sediment samples were preserved for later investigations in the 
home laboratory - analysis of phospholipids and proteins will contribute to 
the assessment of the total microbial biomass and the proportion of sediment 
bound detrital organic matter.

Preliminary results show a distinct depth-gradient for sediment bound plant 
pigments (Fig. 14) and exoencymatic bacterial activities (Fig. 15). An 
exception of this gradient are the two stations sampled in the Molloy Deep. 
In relation to water depth the values for FDA and CPE are increased. A 
possible explanation for this result might be the special water mass regime 
above the deep (Fig. 16). A gyre circulation in the deep might keep the 
products of an increased primary production within the Molloy Deep area.


Fig. 14: Concentrations of plant pigments in the sediment-water-interface (0 
         - 1 cm) along the 'Hausgarten depth-transect.
Abb. 14: Konzentrationen der pflanzlichen Pigmente in der Sediment-Wasser
         Ubergangsschichf (0 - 1 cm) auf dem Schnitt durch den Hausgarten.

Fig. 15: Potential exoenzymatic activity of ester-cleaving bacteria in the 
         sediment-water-interface (0-1cm) along the Hausgarten depth-transect.
Abb. 15: Potentielle exoenzymatische Aktivität von ester-aufspaltenden 
         Bakterien Pigmente in der Sediment-Wasser-Übergangsschicht (0 - 1 
         cm) auf dem Schnitt durch den Hausgarten.

Fig. 16: Transect of potential temperature, salinity and attenuation across 
         Molloy Deep. 
Abb. 16: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur, des Salzgehalts und der 
         Licht-Attenuation quer zu Molloy Deep.


9.2  Investigations on the dynamics of benthic bacterial communities and 
     their impact on small-scale heterogeneity patterns of Arctic deep-sea 
     sediments

Topographic-geochemical features are connected with the varying occurrence of 
megafaunal populations, which in turn play an important role for the 
distribution and for the activity of benthic bacteria. To get an idea about 
bacterial dynamics in deep-sea sediments, large-scale samples implying the 
decreasing effects with increasing water depth were compared with small-scale 
samples with regard to biologically produced habitat structures in terms of 
bacterial activity, diversity and abundance.

The benthos of the Molloy Deep is dominated by holothurians producing tracks, 
feeding traces and faeces. The sediment there is characterized by small grain 
sizes. In the sample area of the "Hausgarten" we can find a wide range of 
bioturbating species creating tubes, burrows sea mounds and other biogenic 
structures.

Bacterial production was measured via dual labeling by means of 14 C leucine 
and 3H thymidine incorporation. A direct counting, dual staining method was 
applied to evaluate the proportion of active and inactive bacteria. We found 
a trend of decreasing microbial activity in sediment surface layer in 
dependence of an increasing sediment depth as well as water depth. Samples 
for different molecular analysis were prepared on board for further 
processing at the institute.


9.3  "Food falls" - natural disturbances at the seafloor of the deep sea

The food supply hence energy flow to the benthic deep-sea ecosystem is partly 
driven by sinking carcasses (food falls). Although of natural origin food 
falls create small scaled disturbances because they are discrete events with 
significant implications for the influenced area. Scavenging demersal fishes 
and invertebrates are attracted in large numbers by food falls. The impact of 
any food fall is unpredictable both in space and time for benthic or bentho-
pelagic scavengers.

However, preliminary results of baited time-lapse camera experiments and 
baited traps carried out in 2000 (ARK XVI/2) and 2001 (ARK XVII/1) indicate 
that thousands of individuals of the cosmopolitic necrophagous deep-sea 
amphipod Eurythenes gtyllus appear shortly after bait deployment (Fig. 17).

A free-falling lander system was used equipped with a pro-programmed time-
lapse camera, flow meter, autonomous scanning sonar system and traps. Five 
lander deployments each lasting for about 20 hours were scheduled for the 
centre and vicinity of the deep-sea long-term station (AWI-Hausgarten"). The 
scanning sonar system recorded signals, which could in combination with the 
photos of the time laps camera use to find out a preferred direction in the 
appearance of the amphipods (Fig. 18).

The bait in the traps with a weight of about 4 kg (on average) was totally 
consumed in 20 hours by 800 amphipods per lander deployment. About 3900 
amphipods were caught by the traps. 200 organisms were kept alive in a cooled 
laboratory container on board POLARSTERN and later at the institute for 
further experiments under controlled conditions. The other 3700 cached 
amphipods of all deployments will be used for analysing lipid contents, 
estimate the genetic differences, and for information about the distribution 
of female and male amphipods.


Fig. 17: Time-lapse photograph sequences of bait deployment at 2600 m water 
         depth indicating the rapid consumption of about 3 kg (wet weight) of 
         fish bait by a single amphipod species (Eurythenes giyllus).
Abb. 17: Fotosequenz während der Köderausbringung in 2600 m Wassertiefe, die 
         den schnellen Verzehr von etwa 3 kg (Nassgewicht) Fischköder durch 
         eine Amphipodenart (Euiythenes giyllus) zeigt.

Fig. 18: Recorded signals of scanning sonar system on the lander, plotted in 
         polar version (01:12 hours in between); the right picture show the 
         incoming individuals to the bait.
Abb. 18: Mit dem scannenden Sonar auf dem Lander im Zeitabstand von 1:12 
         Stunden aufgezeichnete Signale in polarer Projektion. Auf der 
         rechten Abbildung sind die sich dem Köder nähernden Tiere zu 
         erkennen.


10.  WATER MASS EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND THE NORDIC SEAS
     G. Budéus, E. Fahrbach, V. Ill I. Meyer-Holste, S. Müller, B. Plüger, 
     R. Plugge, S. Ronski, E. Schütt


Objectives

Exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean result in the most 
dramatic water mass conversions in the World Ocean: warm and saline Atlantic 
waters, flowing through the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean, are modified 
by cooling and freezing into shallow fresh waters (and ice) and saline deep 
waters. The outflow from the Nordic Seas to the south provides the initial 
driving of the global thermohaline circulation cell. The outflow to the north 
has a major impact on the large scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean. 
Measurement of these fluxes is a major prerequisite for the quantification of 
the rate of overturning within the large circulation cells of the Arctic and 
the Atlantic Oceans, and is also a basic requirement for understanding the 
role of these ocean areas play in climate variability on interannual to 
decadal time scales.

Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and 
the Nordic Seas. Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean is 
thought to be of major influence on water mass formation in the Nordic Seas, 
the transport of warm and saline Atlantic water significantly affects the 
water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean, The inflow from the Arctic 
Ocean into the Nordic Seas determines to a large extent the formation of 
water masses which are advected through Denmark Strait to the south and 
participate in the formation of the North Atlantic Deep Water. The obtained 
data will be used, in combination with a regional model, to investigate the 
nature and origin of the transport fluctuations as well as the modification 
of signals during their propagation through the strait.

The specific objectives are:
  • to measure the current, temperature and salinity fields on sections 
    across Fram Strait
  • to determine the characteristic time scales of the fluctuations, in 
    particular, the contribution of the seasonal cycle
  • to calculate seasonal and annual mean transports of mass, heat and salt
  • to understand the origin of the fluctuations
  • to detect the influences of low frequency fluctuations of the transports 
    through Fram Strait on remote variations further south
  • to detect interanriual variability of the described processes.

Polar oceans are generally weakly stratified and hence oceanic currents are 
primarily determined by the barotropic flow component. Thus, geostrophic 
calculations based on hydrographic sections are not sufficient to determine 
the current field to the required accuracy. In these ice-covered areas, the 
barotropic component can only be determined from direct current measurements, 
since satellite altimetry is not yet able to supply appropriate measurements 
of sea level fluctuations under ice. Due to relatively large contributions of 
boundary and frontal areas and the small Rossby radius of deformation, 
relatively high horizontal resolution is required for the measurements.

However, measurements with bottom pressure recorders might allow to obtain 
transport estimates, if they are properly calibrated against a current meter 
array.

The net transport through Fram Strait is the difference between the northward 
flowing West Spitsbergen Current in the east and the southward flowing East 
Greenland Current in the west. A significant recirculation from of water from 
Atlantic origin occurs in several current branches south, in and north of 
Fram Strait. To estimate the intensity of the recirculation on the zonal 
transect across the strait a meridional transect is needed at the Greenwich 
Meridian.

Work at Sea

To measure the current field between East Greenland and West Spitsbergen, 
actually 14 mooring arrays are deployed across Fram Strait at 79°N, in water 
depths between 200 m and 2600 m water depth. For a sufficient vertical 
resolution, 3 to 4 instruments per mooring are required. Temperatures and 
salinities are measured together with the currents, to allow derivation of 
the heat and salt transports. Three of the moorings on the eastern side of 
the mooring array were recovered and redeployed with bottom pressure 
recorders (see tables).

Salinity sensors on moored instruments still suffer from uncertainties and 
are too expensive to be deployed in a large number. Therefore CTD stations 
(Fig. 2) are conducted across Fram Strait from the Spitsbergen shelf to the 
East Greenland shelf to ensure calibration of the moored instruments and to 
supply much higher spatial resolution. The transect did not reach the 
Greenland coast, but ended at 79°N 11°47'W due to the ice conditions which 
would have required more time to reach the fast ice edge than available.

To determine the different branches of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic 
Ocean a transect was made from the northwestern corner of Spitsbergen to the 
northwest across the southern part of Sofia Deep At the western slope of 
Sofia Deep the transect veered to the southwest and reached the Greenwich 
Meridian at 79°40'N. From there, it went approximately south, but was adapted 
to the ice conditions. The meas-urements ended on the way south to Tromso at 
75°15'N 00°00'. However the horizontal station distance had to be increased 
up to 30 nm in the deep basins.

Preliminary Results

The CTD section (Figs. 2 and 19) across Frani Strait from the Spitsbergen 
shelf to the East Greenland shelf did show the expected water mass 
distribution with warm saline water of Atlantic origin on the eastern side in 
the West Spitsbergen Current and colder and less saline in the southward 
return flow on the western side. Cold and low saline Polar Water was observed 
on the western side and over the east Greenland shelf. Since the transect did 
not reach the Greenland coast, the recirculation on the shelf could not be 
determined.

The different branches of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean were 
detected an a transect from the northwestern corner of Spitsbergen to the 
northwest across the southern part of Sofia Deep (Figs. 2 and 20) and on the 
western slope of Sofia Deep (Figs. 2 and 21). On the Greenwich Meridian the 
recirculation front was encountered at 79°N.

The long term development of the water mass properties is shown in Fig. 22. 
Mean temperatures and salinities are given for two depth levels (5 to 30 m 
and 50 to 500 m). Horizontally three areas are distinguished: the West 
Spitsbergen Current (WSC), between the shelf edge and 5° E, the Return 
Atlantic Current (RAC) between 3°W and 5°E and Polar Water in the East 
Greenland Current (EGC) between 3°W and the Greenland shelf. It has to be 
noted that the data from Fram Strait are scattered from spring to autumn and 
consequently affected by the annual cycle which is most pronounced in the 
upper layers. Therefore, the observation time indicated in the figure has to 
be taken into account.



11.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The achievements during the cruise were only possible because of an effective 
and heartful cooperation between the ship's crew and the scientific party. We 
are grateful to Master Dr. Boche and his crew for another example of the 
traditionally good cooperation on board. We want to thank as well to all 
those, even if we are not able to call them all by name, who contributed to 
the success of the cruise by their support on shore during planning, 
preparation and while we have been at sea.


Fig. 19: Transect of potential temperature and salinity across Fram Strait 
         along 79°00'N in the west and 78°50'N in the east. For locations of 
         stations see Fig. 2. 
Abb. 19: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur und des Salzgehalts 
         durch die Framstraße auf 79°00'N im Westen und auf 78°50'N im Osten. 
         Zur Lage des Schnitts, siehe Abb. 2.

Fig. 20: Transect of potential temperature and salinity north of Fram Strait 
         crossing the flow of Atlantic Water north of Spitsbergen. For 
         locations of stations see Fig. 2. 
Abb. 20: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur und das Salzgehalts 
         nördlich der Framstraße, um den Strom von Atlantischem Wasser 
         nördlich von Spitzbergen zu erfassen. Zur Lage des Schnitts, siehe 
         Abb. 2.

Fig. 21: Transect of potential temperature and salinity across Fram Strait 
         from the southern end of Yermak Plateau to the Greenwich Meridian 
         and along it up to 75°00'N. For locations of stations see Fig. 2. 
Abb. 21: Vertikalschnitt der potentiellen Temperatur und des Salzgehalts 
         durch die Framstraße vom südlichen Rand des Yermakplateaus zum 
         Meridian von Greenwich und entlang ihm bis 75°00N. Zur Lage des 
         Schnitts, siehe Abb. 2.


         1980: Ymer (22,08 - 27.08)          West Spitsbergun Current (VSC):
         1953: Lance (24.06 -27.06)        ♦ mean temperature and salinity be-
         1984: Lance (26.08 -29.08)          tween5°E and eastern shelf edge.
         1988: Polarstern (24.06 -29.06)
         1993: Lance (16.08 -27.08)          Return Atlantic Current (RAC):
         1997: Lance (23.08 -17.09)        o mean temperature and salinity
         1998: Polarstern (01.09 - 09.09)    between 3°W and 5°E.
         1999: Polarstern (13.09 -24.09)
         2000: Lance (29.08 - 02.09)       ♦ East Greenland Current (EGC):
         2001: Polarstern (18.07 -23.07)     mean temperature and salinity be-
                                             tween western shelf edge and 3°W.

Fig. 22: Mean potential temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water in 
         Fram Strait on transect from 1984 to 2001. 
Abb. 22: Mittlere potentiellen Temperatur und des Salzgehalts des 
         Atlantikwassers in der Framstraße bestimmt mit hydrographischen 
         Schnitten von 1984 bis 2001.



Moorings recovered in Fram Strait during ARKXVI1/1,
Verankerungen die während ARKXVII/1 in der Framstral3e aufgenommen wurden

Recovered  moorings
                    Date & Time                                       Record
Mooring  Latitude   (UTC) of 1st   Water   Inst.      Inst.   Inst.   length
name     Longitude  record         depth   Type       Ser. #  Depth   (days)
-------  ---------  -------------  ------  ---------  ------  ------  ------
F 2-4    78°50.37N  18 Aug. 2000,   794 m  FSI ACM     1557     56 m   348
         08°18.35E  12:48                  SBE37       212      57 m   348
                                           AVTC        9402    259 m   348
                                           AVT         9767    785 m   188
                                           SBE 16      1253    786 m   348 

F 6-4    78°50.01N  04 Aug. 2000,  2637 m  FSI ACM     1562     59 m   362
         05°02.53E  15.21                  SBE 37       217     60 m   362
                                           AVTPC      10872    262 m   362
                                           AVT         9187   1518 m   362
                                           AVT         9185   2634 m   362
                                           SBE26        258   2637 m   362

F 8-3    78°50.00N  06 Aug. 2000,  2470 m  FSI ACM     1564     60 m   360
         02°33.70E  08:22                  SBE 37       221     61 m   360
                                           AVTP        8417    143 m   360
                                           AVTP       11888    249 m   360
                                           AVTPC      11613    750 m   360
                                           AVTP        9786   1506 m   360
                                           AVT         9782   2462 m   360
                                               
FEVI 1   79°01.70N  19 Aug. 2000,  2456 m  Sed. trap           256 m   320
         04°20.86E  22:05                  Sed. trap          2286 m     0
                                           AVT        10873   2441 m   347

Abkürzungen / Abbreviations:
FSI-ACM    Falmouth Scientific 3-dimension acoustic current meter with
           temperature and pressure sensor
AVTPC      Aanderaa current meter with temperature, pressure, and 
           conductivity sensor
AVTC       Aanderaa current meter with temperature and conductivity sensor
AVTP       Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor
AVT        Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor
SBE 16     SeaBird Electronics self contained CTD, type: SeaCat
SBE 26     SeaBird Electronics high resolution water level recorder
SBE 37     SeaBird Electronics MicroCat CT recorder
Sed. Trap  Salzgitter Electronics SZE Sediment trap


Moorings deployed in Fram Strait during ARKXVII/1.
Verankerungen, die während ARKXVII/1 in der Framstraße ausgelegt wurden.


Deployed moorings

                    Date & Time                                     
Mooring  Latitude    (UTC) of      Water   Inst.      Inst.   Inst. 
name     Longitude  deployment     depth   Type       Ser. #  Depth 
-------  ---------  -------------  ------  ---------  ------  ------
F2-5     78°50.35N  l2 July 200l,  794 m   ACM/CTD      1471    57 m
         08°18.30E  15:54                  SBE 37        449    58 m
                                           AVTP         8418   262 m
                                           SBE37         219   782 m
                                           AVT         10495   788 m
                                           SBE 26        225   794 m  

F6-5     78°49.95N  15 July 2001,  2628 m  ACM/CTD      1449    52 m
         05°02.55E  17:15                  SBE 37        445    53 m
                                           AVTPC        8400   248 m
                                           AVTPC       12326  1504 m
                                           AVTPC       12330  2620 m
                                           SBE26         259  2626 m
                    
F8-4     78°50.05N  l7 July 200l,  2470 m  AVTP        10005    59 m
         02°33.83E  18:11                  SEE 37        446    61 m
                                           AVTPC        8401   145 m
                                           AVTP         8402   251 m
                                           AVTPC        8396   752 m
                                           AVTPC       12328  1508 m
                                           AVT         10532  2464 m
                                           SBE 26        261  2470 m 

FEVI 2   79°01.80N  14 July 2001,  2482 m  Sed. trap           259 m
         04°20.30E  11:46                  Sed. trap          2310 m
                                           AVT         10496  2466 m

Abkürzungen / Abbreviations:

ACM-CTD    Falmouth Scientific 3-dimension acoustic current meter with CTD
           sensor head (CTD=Conductivity, Temperature, Depth)
AVTPC      Aanderaa current meter with temperature, pressure, and 
           conductivity sensor
AVTP       Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor
AVT        Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor
SBE 26     SeaBird Electronics high resolution water level recorder
SBE 37     SeaBird Electronics MicroCat CT recorder
Sed. Trap  Salzgitter Electronics SZE Sediment trap





12.  BETEILIGTE INSTITUTIONEN / PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS

Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-      AWI
Institut für Polar- und
Meeresforschung
Columbusstral3e
D-27568 Bremerhaven
Deutscher Wetterdienst        DWD
Geschäftsfeld Seeschiffahrt
Jenfelder Allee 70 A
D-22043 Hamburg
Motoren- und Turbinen-Union   MTU
Friedrichshafen GmbH
Stützpunkt Hamburg
Färsterkamp 9
21149 Hamburg
OKTOPUS                       OKTOPUS
Wischhofstr. 1-3
D-24148 Kiel
Free University of Brussels   VUB
Pleinlaan 2
B-1050 Brussels
Belgium



13.  FAHRTTELNEHMER / PARTICIPANTS

Ahke, Astrid           AWI
Brückner, Sarah        AWI
Budeus, Gereon         AWI
Buldt, Klaus           DWD
Dickmann, Miriam       AWI
Fahrbach, Eberhard     AWI
Haase, Susann          AWI
Hasemann, Christiane   AWI
Haupt, Olaf            AWI
Höft, Lars             MTU
Hohmann, Constanze     AWI
Kierdorf, Christoph    AWI
Lüer, Vanessa          AWI
Matthießen, Jens       AWI
Meyer-Holste, Ina      AWI
Möller, Hans-Joachim   DWD
Müller, Sebastian      AWI
Pflüger, Borge         AWI
Flugge, Rainer         AWI
Premke, Katrin         AWI
Quöric, Nadja-Valerie  AWI
Renneberg, Tom         AWI
Rießbeck, Gerhard
Ronski, Stephanie      AWI
Saveyn, Bert           VUB
Schewe, Ingo           AWI
Schott, Thorsten       OKTOPUS
Schütt, Ekkehard       AWI
Tahon, Jacques         VUB
Van Mol, Barbara       VUB
Vernale ken, Jutta     AWI
Von Juterzenka, Karen  AWI
Wegner, Jan            AWI
Wengert, Melanie       AWI
Zitzmann, Sybille      AWI





14.  SCHIFFSPERSONAL / SHIP'S CREW

Master        Boche, Martin
1. Offc.      Grundmann, Uwe
Ch. Eng.      Schulz, Volker
1. Offc.      Rodewald, Martin
2. Offc.      Fallei, Holger
2. Offc.      Peine, Lutz G.
Doctor        Kohlberg, Eberhard
A. Off ic.    Hecht, Andreas
1. Eng.       Delff, Wolfgang
2. Eng.       Krüger, Michael
2. Eng.       Simon, Wolfgang
Electron.     Baier, Ulrich
Electron.     Bohlmann, Harald
Electron.     Fröb, Martin
Electron.     Holtz, Hartmut
Electron.     Piskorzynski, Andreas
Boatsw.       Loidl, Reiner
Carpenter     Neisner, Winfried
A. B.         Bäcker, Andreas
A. B.         Bastigkeit, Kai
A. B.         Guse, Hartmut
A. B.         Hagemann, Manfred
A. B.         Hartwig Andreas
A. B.         Moser, Siegfried
A. B.         Schmidt, Uwe
A. B.         Winkler, Michael
Storek.       Beth, Detlef
Mot-man       Arias Iglesias, Enr.
Mot-man       Dinse, Horst
Mot-man       Emmrich, Andreas
Mot-man       Fritz, Günter
Mot-man       Krösche, Eckhard
Cook          Fischer, Matthias
Cooksmate     Martens, Michael
Cooksmate     Tupy, Mario
1. Stwdess    Dinse, Petra
1. Stwdess    Streit, Christina
Stwdess/Kr    Brendel, Christina
2. Stwdess    Deuß, Stefanie
2. Stwdess    Schmidt, Maria
2. Steward    Tu, Jian-Min
2. Steward    Wu, Chi Lung
Laundrym.     Yu, Chung Leung





15.  STATIONSLISTE / STATION LIST

Date  Station Nr.  Time  Latitude  Longitude  Depth  Operation
    (UTC)      (m)  
23.06.01  PS59/001    17:44  72°05.0'N  10°00.0'E  2365  CTD
                      19:20  72°04.7'N  09°59.8'E  2369  
24.06.01  PS59/002    12:08  74°57.3'N  15°43.0'E   500  MUC
                      12:38  74°57.3'N  15°42.9'E   514  
          PS59/003    14:25  75°00.0'N  15°49.8'E   268  CTD
                      14:38  75°00.0'N  15°50.0'E   264  
          PS59/004-1  16:10  75°00.0'N  15°10.0'E  1021  CTD
                      16:48  75°00.0'N  15°10.2'E  1014  
          PS59/004-2  16:55  75°00.0'N  15°10.6'E  1007  OFOS
                      18:47  75°00.0'N  15°08.9'E  1006  
          PS59/005    20:05  75°00.0'N  14°31.3'E  1423  CTD
                      20:55  75°00.0'N  14°31.3'E  1421  
          PS59/006    22:17  75°00.0'N  13°52.4'E  1803  CTD
                      23:20  74°54.7'N  13°52.3'E  1814  
25.06.01  PS59/007    00:43  75°00.0'N  13°12.2'E  2020  CTD
                      01:51  74°59.8'N  13°12.0'E  2024  
          PS59/008    03:05  75°00.0'N  12°34.9'E  2183  CTD
                      04:19  75°10.2'N  12°34.7'E  2181  
          PS59/009    05:43  75°00.0'N  11°56.0'E  2335  CTD
                      07:02  75°00.1'N  11°56.4'E  2334  
          PS59/010    08:25  75°00.0'N  11°19.0'E  2455  CTD
                      09:44  74°59.4'N  11°20.8'E  2457  
          PS59/011    11:13  74°59.9'N  10°39.4'E  2455  CTD
                      12:31  75°00.0'N  10°39.4'E  2537  
          PS59/012    13:39  75°00.0'N  10°00.1'E  2580  CTD
                      15:01  74°59.6'N  10°00.4'E  2587  
          PS59/013    16:18  75°00.0'N  09°22.0'E  2601  CTD
                      17:41  75°00.2'N  09°20.7'E  2606  
          PS59/014    18:50  75°00.0'N  08°43.8'E  2673  CTD
                      20:15  75°00.5'N  08°43.2'E  2673  
          PS59/015    21:30  75°00.0'N  08°05.1'E  3544  CTD
                      23:20  75°00.0'N  08°04.8'E  3545  
26.06.01  PS59/016    00:37  75°00.0'N  07°25.7'E  2487  CTD
                      01:55  75°00.1'N  07°25.2'E  2489  
          PS59/017    03:11  75°00.0'N  06°47.4'E  2259  CTD
                      04:21  75°00.1'N  06°47.4'E  2251  
          PS59/018    05:39  75°00.0'N  06°08.2'E  2846  CTD
                      07:17  74°59.9'N  06°07.2'E  2886  
          PS59/019    08:30  74°59.9'N  05°29.7'E  3118  CTD
                      10:15  74°59.9'N  05°29.0'E  3109  
          PS59/020    11:30  75°00.0'N  04°52.2'E  3241  CTD
                      13:12  75°00.4'N  04°52.5'E  3245  
          PS59/021    14:31  75°00.0'N  04°13.9'E  3112  CTD
                      16:07  74°59.7'N  04°15.2'E  3276  
          PS59/022    17:30  74°59.9'N  03°35.4'E  3496  CTD
                      19:20  75°00.2'N  03°07.2'E  3524  
          PS59/023    20:42  74°59.9'N  02°55.4'E  2533  CTD
                      22:00  75°00.0'N  02°54.2'E  2531  
          PS59/024    23:15  74°59.9'N  02°17.2'E  2956  CTD
27.06.01              00:51  74°59.8'N  02°17.7'E  2959  
          PS59/025    02:14  75°00.0'N  01°37.8'E  3189  CTD
                      03:50  75°00.0'N  01°37.6'E  3222  
          PS59/026    05:05  74°59.9'N  00°59.5'E  3790  CTD
                      07:01  74°59.7'N  00°58.9'E  3785  
          PS59/027    08:15  75°00.0'N  00°21.6'E  3778  CTD
                      10:10  75°00.0'N  00°23.2'E  3779  
          PS59/028-1  11:16  74°52.6'N  00°10.8'E  3777  CTD
                      13:10  74°52.9'N  00°11.2'E  3779  
          PS59/028-2  12:32  74°52.9'N  00°10.9'E  3780  HN
                      12:56  74°52.9'N  00°10.9'E  3780  
          PS59/029    13:39  74°50.1'N  00°10.0'E  3779  CTD
                      15:36  74°50.4'N  00°9.2'E   3780  
          PS59/030    16:00  74°47.6'N  00°10.1'E  3776  CTD
                      18:04  74°48.0'N  00°8.9'E   3782  
          PS59/031    18:46  74°51.4'N  00°24.6'E  3791  CTD
                      20:48  74°51.0'N  00°23.7'E  3782  
          PS59/032    21:32  74°55.0'N  00°10.5'E  3782  CTD
                      23:33  74°55.4'N  00°12.7'E  3782  
28.06.01  PS59/033    00:44  75°00.1'N  00°18.1'W  3771  CTD
                      02:59  75°00.3'N  00°17.6'W  3769  
          PS59/034    04:20  75°00.0'N  00°56.4'W  3728  CTD
                      06:16  75°00.0'N  00°55.9'W  3728  
          PS59/035    07:31  75°00.0'N  01°35.1'W  3740  CTD
                      09:35  74°59.2'N  01°35.3'W  3736  
          PS59/036    10:45  74°59.9'N  02°12.8'W  3653  CTD
                      12:46  75°00.8'N  02°12.6'W  3568  
          PS59/037-1  14:25  74°49.9'N  02°30.9'W  3700  J010 Aufnahme
                      16:32  74°50.2'N  02°31.4'W  3706  
          PS59/037-2  16:55  74°50.3'N  02°29.6'W  3707  J013 Auslegung
                      18:50  74°50.0'N  02°30.1'W  3703  
          PS59/038    20:19  75°00.0'N  02°51.2'W  3700  CTD
                      22:23  75°00.0'N  02°50.7'W  3705  
          PS59/039    23:41  75°00.0'N  03°29.6'W  3672  CTD
29.06.01              01:35  75°00.1'N  03°29.0'W  3674  
          PS59/040    02:52  75°00.0'N  04°07.9'W  3646  CTD
                      04:50  74°59.3'N  04°08.2'W  3651  
          PS59/041    06:23  75°05.0'N  03°27.0'W  3677  J012 Ausbringung
                      07:56  75°05.0'N  03°27.0'W  3683  
          PS59/042-1  09:51  74°54.9'N  04°37.7'W  3624  J009 Aufnahme
                      11:23  74°55.2'N  04°37.3'W  3625  
          PS59/042-2  11:29  74°55.2'N  04°37.4'W  3623  CTD
                      13:23  74°55.7'N  04°39.5'W  3624  
          PS59/042-3  13:43  74°55.1'N  04°36.9'W  3619  J011 Auslegung
                      15:27  74°55.0'N  04°38.1'W  3624  
          PS59/043    16:14  74°59.9'N  04°47.1'W  3620  CTD
                      18:07  75°00.1'N  04°47.9'W  3620  
          PS59/044    19:16  75°10.0'N  05°25.1'W  3585  CTD
                      21:11  75°00.3'N  05°28.8'W  3585  
          PS59/045    22:23  75°00.0'N  06°04.0'W  3534  CTD
30.06.01              00:24  75°00.7'N  06°04.1'W  3539  
          PS59/046    01:42  75°00.0'N  06°43.0'W  3496  CTD
                      03:38  74°59.9'N  06°43.7'W  3497  
          PS59/047    04:53  74°59.9'N  07°21.9'W  3447  CTD
                      06:43  75°00.0'N  07°22.7'W  3447  
          PS59/048    07:55  75°00.0'N  08°00.9'W  3404  CTD
                      09:47  74°59.6'N  08°01.5'W  3404  
          PS59/049    13:07  74°59.9'N  08°40.0'W  3366  CTD
                      14:56  74°59.6'N  08°38.9'W  3368  
          PS59/050    16:02  75°00.0'N  09°18.8'W  3301  CTD
                      17:45  74°59.6'N  09°17.8'W  3311  
          PS59/051    19:02  75°00.0'N  09°57.0'W  3226  CTD
                      20:44  75°00.0'N  09°56.4'W  3224  
          PS59/052    22:03  75°00.0'N  10°36.2'W  3078  CTD
                      23:39  74°59.8'N  10°34.9'W  3085  
1.07.01   PS59/053    00:38  75°00.0'N  11°02.1'W  2742  CTD
                      02:03  74°59.8'N  11°01.7'W  2764  
          PS59/054    03:02  75°00.0'N  11°27.9'W  2346  CTD
                      04:19  74°59.8'N  11°26.8'W  2378  
          PS59/055    05:23  74°59.8'N  11°49.2'W  1972  CTD
                      06:25  74°59.2'N  11°48.4'W  2015  
          PS59/056    07:35  75°00.5'N  12°11.4'W  1453  CTD
                      08:23  75°00.2'N  12°11.0'W  1486  
          PS591057    09:20  74°59.9'N  12°20.0'W  1298  CTD
                      09:53  74°59.7'N  12°19.0'W  1338  
          PS59/058    10:43  74°59.8'N  12°30.4'W  1051  CTD
                      11:17  74°59.5'N  12°29.9'W  1085  
          PS59/059    12:08  74°59.9'N  12°43.8'W   636  CTD
                      12:29  74°59.8'N  12°43.6'W   670  
          P359/060    13:33  74°59.7'N  13°09.5'W   249  CTD
                      13:46  74°59.6'N  13°09.1'W   255  
          PS59/061    15:08  74°59.9'N  13°39.9'W   201  CTD
                      15:17  74°59.9'N  13°39.7'W   201  
          PS59/062    17:13  74°57.3'N  14°21.8'W   178  CTD
                      17:24  74°57.3'N  14°21.7'W   178  
3.07.01   P359/063    16:35  74°07.7'N  12°08.1'W  2883  CTD Jo-Jo
                      22:02  74°11.5'N  12°09.2'W  2989  
          PS59/064    22:50  74°07.1'N  12°08.1'W  2885  MUC
4.07.01               00:43  74°07.1'N  12°08.5'W  2883  
          PS59/065    02:24  74°07.0'N  12°08.8'W  2882  OFOS
                      08:58  74°10.5'N  12°06.1'W  2980  
          PS59/066    09:29  74°09.6'N  12°06.1'W  2995  MUC
                      11:24  74°09.5'N  12°06.0'W  2996  
          P359/067    20:45  74°09.9'N  11°22.9'W  2951  CTD
5.07.01               02:40  74°13.1'N  11°33.5'W  3009  
          PS59/068    03:10  74°11.2'N  11°27.0'W  3076  MUC
                      05:10  74°11.0'N  11°26.8'W  3079  
          PS59/069    05:35  74°09.8'N  11°22.5'W  2951  OFOS
                      10:37  74°11.5'N  11°26.8'W  3081  
          PS59/070-1  11:05  74°13.3'N  11°33.8'W  3010  MUC
                      12:59  74°13.1'N  11°33.0'W  3012  
          PS59/070-2  13:20  74°13.1'N  11°32.9'W  3012  GKG
                      14:39  74°13.3'N  11°30.5'W  3017  
          PS59/070-3  15:09  74°13.0'N  11°34.5'W  3008  SL
                      16:23  74°13.1'N  11°32.7'W  3014  
          PS59/071-1  17:00  74°11.1'N  11°27.2'W  3077  SL
                      18:10  74°11.1'N  11°27.1'W  3078  
          PS59/071-2  18:47  74°11.7'N  11°26.2'W  3067  AGT
                      22:57  74°10.1'N  11°33.9'W  3063  
6.07.01   PS59/072    08:27  74°30.1'N  10°58.5'W  3130  MUC
                      10:26  74°29.7'N  10°58.0'W  3133  
          PS59/073    11:24  74°34.0'N  10°55.8'W  3155  OFOS
                      16:13  74°31.3'N  10°57.2'W  3137  
          PS59/074-1  16:35  74°30.1'N  10°58.4'W  3132  GKG
                      18:05  74°29.5'N  10°56.1'W  3137  
          PS59/074-2  18:32  74°30.3'N  10°59.7'W  3130  SL
                      19:48  74°29.7'N  10°58.4'W  3133  
          PS59/075    22:32  74°25.3'N  10°15.5'W  3198  CTD
7.07.01               04:12  74°21.4'N  10°14.3'W  3145  
          PS59/076-1  04:58  74°24.5'N  10°15.7'W  3217  MUC
                      07:00  74°24.5'N  10°16.1'W  3215  
          PS59/076-2  07:11  74°24.5'N  10°15.7'W  3217  GKG
                      08:30  74°84.2'N  10°16.3'W  3200  
          PS59/076-3  09:05  74°24.5'N  10°15.9'W  3217  SL
                      10:17  74°24.3'N  10°15.1'W  3224  
          PS59/076.4  10:39  74°24.5'N  10°16.1'W  3218  SL
                      11:53  74°24.4'N  10°15.5'W  3218  
          P559/077-1  12:50  74°21.8'N  10°16.0'W  3139  SL
                      14:07  74°21.7'N  10°16.1'W  3138  
          PS59/077-2  14:24  74°21.7'N  10°15.8'W  3138  GKG
                      15:49  74°21.6'N  10°15.4'W  3139  
          PS59/078    16:30  74°22.1'N  10°15.5'W  3141  OFOS
                      23:37  74°25.5'N  10°15.8'W  3189  
          PS59/079    23:57  74°25.3'N  10°15.6'W  3193  MUC
8.07.01               01:44  74°24.8'N  10°13.7'W  3214  
          PS59/080    02:08  74°24.5'N  10°16.0'W  3217  CTD
                      03:54  74°24.2'N  10°14.2'W  3218  
          PS59/081-1  04:38  74°24.3'N  10°23.3'W  3202  ACT
                      08:40  74°24.0'N  10°32.2'W  3192  
          PS59/081-2  09:30  74°24.4'N  10°23.6'W  3205  CTD
                      11:25  74°24.0'N  10°20.4'W  3207  
          PS59/082-1  18:04  74°15.0'N  09°33.8'W  3235  MUC
                      20:05  74°15.0'N  09°34.0'W  3234  
          PS59/082-2  20:22  74°15.0'N  09°34.1'W  3236  GKC
                      21:50  74°15.0'N  09°34.2'W  3235  
          PS59/082-3  22:14  74°15.0'N  09°34.1'W  3235  SL
                      23:37  74°15.0'N  09°33.4'W  3237  
9.17.01   PS59/082-4  00:17  74°15.1'N  09°33.0'W  3236  OFOS
                      05:53  74°16.8'N  09°33.1'W  3236  
          PS59/083    18:50  74°45.6'N  08°53.7'W  3321  CTD
10.07.01              00:20  74°48.6'N  08°59.7'W  3325  
          PS59/084-1  01:03  74°45.7'N  08°53.9'W  3325  MUC
                      03:14  74°45.7'N  08°54.3'W  3324  
          PS59/084-2  03:29  74°45.7'N  08°54.4'W  3322  OFOS
                      08:23  74°47.4'N  08°57.7'W  3328  
          PS59/085-1  09:09  74°47.9'N  08°57.6'W  3325  MUC
                      11:14  74°47.9'N  08°57.9'W  3324  
          PS59/0852   11:29  74°47.9'N  08°57.9'W  3324  GKG
                      13:00  74°48.0'N  08°57.9'W  3325  
          PS59/085-3  13:22  74°47.9'N  08°57.9'W  3325  SL
                      14:47  74°47.8'N  08°58.0'W  3325  
          PS59/086-1  15:26  74°46.6'N  08°55.5'W  3373  GKG
                      17:04  74°46.7'N  08°55.8'W  3395  
          PS59/086-2  17:18  74°46.7'N  08°55.6'W  3390  MUC
                      19:27  74°46.7'N  08°55.8'W  3395  
12.07.01  PS59/087    06:15  78°30.0'N  06°36.2'E  2644  LANDER
          PS59/088    10:50  78°45.0'N  08°20.3'E   818  ACT
                      13:09  78°46.4'N  08°20.9'E   782  
          PS59/089    13:53  78°50.2'N  08°18.3'E   816  Verankerung P2-4
                      14:48  78°50.2'N  08°18.5'E   812  
                      15:06  78°50.4'N  08°18.4'E   816  Verankerung F2-S
                      15:54  78°50.4'N  08°18.3'E   819  
          PS59/090    17:04  78°45.2'N  08°49.0'E   422  ACT
                      18:18  78°46.5'N  08°44.6'E   398  
          PS59/91     22:45  79°08.0'N  06°05.0'E  1283  MUC
                      23:42  79°08.0'N  06°04.0'E  1283  
13.07.01  PS59/92     02:11  79°04.1'N  04°19.9'E  2356  CTD
                      03:29  79°04.3'N  04°19.1'E  2350  
          PS59/93     08:34  78°30.3'N  06°36.1'E  2630  LANDER Aufnahme
                      10:20  78°31.1'N  06°34.9'E  2511  
          PS59/94     15:23  79°04.0'N  04°10.9'E  2465  MUC
                      16:58  79°04.4'N  04°09.9'E  2468  
          PS59/95     19:53  78°50.5'N  05°52.0'E  2524  LANDER B Auslegung
          PS59/96     22:15  79°08.1'N  04°54.5'E  1518  MUC
                      23:16  79°08.2'N  04°54.2'W  1520  
          PS59/97     23:46  79°10.1'N  04°43.8'E  1494  ECHO PINCER
14.07.01  PS59/98     00:33  79°06.1'N  04°14.5'E  2268  ECHO PINCER
          PS59/99     00:52  79°06.0'N  04°09.3'E  2389  ECHO PINCER
          PS59/100    04:10  79°07.4'N  04°35.7'E  1701  MUC
                      05:29  79°07.6'N  04°35.5'E  1978  
          PS59/100-1  05:36  79°07.7'N  04°35.4'E  2023  MUC
                      06:59  79°08.0'N  04°35.5'E  2017  
          PS59/101    08:00  79°01.8'N  04°20.5'E  2549  FEVI-1 Aufnahme
                      09:50  79°02.5'N  04°16.4'E  2532  
          PS59/101-1  10:20  79°01.5'N  04°21.3'E  2547  FEVl-2 Auslegung
                      11:46  79°01.8'N  04°20.3'E  2499  
          PS59/102    14:25  78°50.6'N  05°53.0'E  2521  LANDER B Aufnahme
                      15:49  78°50.5'N  05°52.9'E  2523  
          PS59/103    20:08  79°04.1'N  03°43.1'E  2903  MUC
                      21:58  79°04.0'N  03°41.7'E  2989  
          PS59/104    23:00  79°04.0'N  04°19.9'E  2368  LANDER C Auslegung
15.07.01  PS59/105    00:07  79°05.0'N  03°36.6'E  3276  MUC
                      02:11  79°05.0'N  03°35.4'E  3383  
          PS59/106    11:22  78°49.9'N  05°02.9'E  2694  VERANKERUNG Aufnahme F6-4
                      15:08  78°48.9'N  05°00.0'E  2675  
          PS59/106-1  15:53  78°50.0'N  05°02.5'E  2699  VERANKERUNG Auslegung F6-5
                      17:15  78°50.0'N  05°02.6'E  2700  
          PS59/107    19:21  79°04.5'N  04°19.1'E  2377  LANDER C Aufnahme
                      20:35  79°04.3'N  04°16.4'E  2394  
          PS59/105    21:53  79°04.0'N  03°29.7'E  3963  MUC
16.07.01              00:23  79°04.0'N  03°28.7'E  4004  
          PS59/109    02:33  79°17.5'N  02°55.4'E  3391  CTD
                      04:12  79°17.6'N  02°53.8'E  3489  
          PS59/110    04:41  79°20.0'N  02°58.2'E  2021  CTD
                      05:49  79°20.0'N  02°57.7'E  2071  
          PS59/111    06:15  79°22.0'N  03°00.0'E  1531  CTD
                      07:09  79°22.1'N  02°59.8'E  1505  
          PS59/111-1  07:42  79°21.8'N  02°59.2'E  1478  LANDER D Auslegung
          PS59/112    12:11  78°50.0'N  02°33.5'E  2529  MUC
                      14:20  78°50.0'N  02°33.5'E  2533  
          PS59/113    16:24  79°04.1'N  03°21.4'E  4981  CTD
                      19:30  79°04.2'N  03°19.8'E  5210  
          PS59/114    20:24  79°07.5'N  02°47.1'E  5506  GTD
                      22:48  79°07.5'N  02°47.2'E  5510  
          PS59/115    23:22  79°10.0'N  02°48.9'W  5571  CTD
17.07.01              02:03  79°10.2'N  02°45.1'E  5513  
          PS59/116    02:33  79°12.7'N  02°50.6'E  5258  CTD
                      05:11  79°13.0'N  02°49.1'E  5260  
          PS59/117    06:00  79°15.0'N  02°53.4'E  4360  CTD
                      08:00  79°15.O'N  02°53.5'E  4365  
          PS59/118    08:59  79°22.0'N  02°59.7'E  1505  LANDER D Aufnahme
                      10:18  79°21.7'N  02°58.2'E  1510  
          PS59/119    13:58  78°49.9'N  02°34.1'E  2528  VERANKERUNG Aufnahme E8-3
                      16:34  78°50.0'N  02°34.1'E  2517  VERANKERUNG Auslegung F8-4
                      18:11  78°50.1'N  02°33.8'E  2524  
          PS59/120    18:42  78°50.1'N  02°41.9'E  2504  LANDER E Auslegung
          PS59/121    21:06  79°08.1'N  02°54.4'E  5576  MUC
18.07.01              00:38  79°08.5'N  02°54.3'E  5576  
          PS59/122    01:20  79°05.1'N  02°44.4'E  5018  GTD
                      03:32  79°05.3'N  02°45.0'E  5179  
          PS59/123    04:08  79°02.4'N  02°41.8'E  3591  CTD
                      05:50  79°01.8'N  02°41.4'E  3152  
          PS59/124    06:16  79°00.0'N  02°39.2'E  2450  CTD
                      07:26  78°59.8'N  02°37.9'E  2445  
          PS59/125    08:55  79°11.9'N  02°35.2'E  5401  MUC
                      12:10  79°12.0'N  02°32.8'E  5397  
          PS59/126    15:27  73°57.4'N  00°27.2'E  2589  CTD
                      17:09  78°56.6'N  00°24.0'E  2582  
          PS59/127    18:46  78°55.0'N  01°12.0'E  2560  CTD
                      20:06  78°55.1'N  01°12.4'E  2559  
          PS59/128    21:20  78°52.5'N  01°57.0'W  2546  CTD
                      22:33  78°52.5'N  01°56.9'E  2545  
          PS59/129-1  23:50  78°50.1'N  02°42.2'E  2508  LA'ND'ER
19.07.01              01:32  78°50.5'N  02°41.9'E  2506  
          PS59/129-2  01:52  78°50.1'N  02°41.1'E  2510  CTD
                      03:05  78°50.5'N  02°40.9'W  2510  
          PS59/130    04:06  78°50.1'N  03°19.0'E  2399  CTD
                      05:23  78°50.4'N  03°19.0'E  2394  
          PS59/131    06:22  78°49.9'N  03°54.9'E  2321  CTD
                      07:33  78°49.9'N  03°54.8'E  2320  
          PS59/132    09:27  79°04.0'N  04°20.0'E  2379  CTD
                      10:47  79°04.1'N  04°17.1'E  2401  
          PS59/133    11:20  79°06.0'N  04°33.6'E  2092  LANDER F geslipt
          PS59/134    13:34  78°50.0'N  04°54.9'E  2619  CTD
                      14:59  78°50.0'N  04°55.1'E  2614  
          PS59/135    16:33  78°50.0'N  06°02.7'E  2451  CTD
                      17:51  78°50.0'N  06°03.1'E  2445  
          PS59/136    18:28  78°50.0'N  06°26.7'E  2054  CTD
                      19:32  78°49.9'N  06°26.8'E  2056  
          PS59/137    20:16  78°49.9'N  06°51.3'E  1602  CTD
                      21:09  78°49.8'N  06°50.1'E  1634  
          PS59/138    22:00  78°50.0'N  07°21.7'E  1231  CTD
                      22:39  78°49.9'N  07°21.2'E  1234  
          PS59/139    23:27  78°50.0'N  07°51.4'E  1086  CTD
20.07.01              00:03  78°50.4'N  07°52.8'E  1085  
          PS59/140    00:40  78°50.0'N  08°13.7'E   893  CTD
                      01:12  78°50.4'N  08°13.6'E   896  
          PS59/141    01:55  78°50.1'N  08°35.2'E   430  CTD
                      02:13  78°50.2'N  08°35.0'E   441  
          PS59/142    02:54  78°49.9'N  09°00.2'E   217  CTD
                      03:04  78°49.9'N  09°00.2'E   215  
          PS59/143    03:52  78°50.0'N  09°30.1'E   172  CTD
                      04:01  78°50.0'N  09°30.0'E   173  
          PS59/144    04:58  78°50.0'N  10°00.3'E    69  CTD
                      05:05  78°50.0'N  10°00.3'E    69  
          PS59/145    13:38  80°00.0'N  11°31.2'E   126  CTD
                      13:48  80°00.1'N  11°31.8'E   102  
          PS59/146    14:59  80°06.6'N  10°56.5'E   347  CTD
                      15:15  80°06.7'N  10°57.2'E   346  
          PS59/147    16:32  80°14.0'N  10°19.9'E   531  CTD
                      16:56  80°14.2'N  10°20.9'E   535  
          PS59/148    18:04  80°21.7'N  09°42.3'E   653  CTD
                      18:28  80°21.8'N  09°42.3'E   655  
          PS59/149    19:56  80°30.0'N  08°59.8'E   972  CTD
                      20:27  80°29.4'N  08°52.2'E   984  
          PS59/150    22:09  80°24.4'N  07°41.4'E   743  CTD
                      22:34  80°24.5'N  07°41.1'E   745  
21.07.01  PS59/151    00:30  80°18.4'N  06°17.1'E   573  CTD
                      00:50  80°18.5'N  06°18.0'E   570  
          PS59/152    02:37  80°13.0'N  05°03.3'E   860  CTD
                      03:06  80°13.0'N  05°04.5'E   857  
          PS59/153    04:31  80°08.4'N  04°01.4'E  1427  CTD
                      05:17  80°08.3'N  04°01.0'E  1434  
          PS59/154    06:16  80°05.3'N  03°17.3'E  2275  CTD
                      07:29  80°05.5'N  03°14.0'E  2250  
          PS59/155    08:24  80°01.9'N  02°33.8'E  2647  CTD
                      09:48  80°01.6'N  02°31.0'E  2665  
          PS59/156    10:55  79°58.3'N  01°45.5'E  3100  CTD
                      12:32  79°58.1'N  01°44.6'E  3233  
          PS59/157    14:37  79°53.2'N  00°35.0'E  2484  CTD
                      15:57  79°53.2'N  00°36.4'E  2463  
          PS59/158    18:41  79°39.6'N  00°01.4'N  2828  CTD
                      20:10  79°39.8'N  00°00.7'W  2828  
22.07.01  PS59/159    00:42  79°25.4'N  00°02.0'E  2916  CTD
                      02:12  79°25.3'N  00°02.8'E  2921  
          PS59/160    05:19  79°09.8'N  00°00.4'E  2729  CTD
                      06:43  79°09.9'N  00°02.2'E  2730  
          PS59/161    08:16  79°00.1'N  00°12.8'W  2559  CTD
                      09:42  78°59.6'N  00°10.1'W  2557  
          PS59/162    11:12  78°59.0'N  00°50.7'W  2648  CTD
                      12:31  78°58.7'N  00°49.9'W  2648  
          PS59/163    14:04  78°56.8'N  01°23.3'W  2644  CTD
                      15:24  78°56.8'N  01°23.3'W  2637  
          PS59/164    17:21  78°59.1'N  02°02.0'W  2651  CTD
                      18:52  79°00.0'N  01°55.8'W  2651  
          PS59/165    20:46  79°00.1'N  02°32.8'W  2556  CTD
                      22:07  79°00.4'N  02°28.6'W  2564  
          PS59/166    23:37  79°01.3'N  03°04.0'W  2373  CTD
23.07.01              00:51  79°01.2'N  03°09.2'W  2380  
          PS59/167    04:25  79°05.6'N  03°37.1'W  2156  CTD
                      05:33  79°05.7'N  03°37.1'W  2160  
          PS59/168    07:32  78°59.9'N  04°13.6'W  1862  CTD
                      08:32  78°59.6'N  04°12.1'W  1878  
          PS59/169    09:33  78°58.0'N  04°48.8'W  1436  CTD
                      10:20  78°57.8'N  04°48.4'W  1448  
          PS59/170    11:13  78°59.9'N  05°16.7'W  1129  CTD
                      11:48  78°59.9'N  05°17.3'W  1117  
          PS59/171    13:01  78°59.4'N  06°05.5'W   451  CTD
                      13:19  78°59.3'N  06°05.3'W   454  
          PS59/172    14:58  78°59.9'N  06°53.5'W   280  CTD
                      15:11  79°00.0'N  06°52.9'W   273  
          PS59/173    15:48  78°58.4'N  07°13.1'W   251  CTD
                      16:01  78°58.5'N  07°12.7'W   254  
          PS59/174    16:55  78°59.9'N  07°42.4'W   192  CTD
                      17:07  78°59.9'N  07°42.0'W   189  
          PS59/175    17:44  79°00.5'N  08°00.8'W   185  CTD
                      17:56  79°00.5'N  08°00.3'W   186  
          PS59/176    18:45  78°59.4'N  08°29.9'W   176  CTD
                      18:55  78°59.4'N  08°29.6'W   177  
          PS59/177    19:48  78°59.9'N  08°57.5'W   283  CTD
                      20:04  78°59.8'N  08°57.2'W   286  
          PS59/178    21:26  78°59.7'N  09°30.5'W   230  CTD
                      21:38  78°59.8'N  09°30.4'W   224  
          PS59/179    22:38  79°00.4'N  10°00.4'W   275  CTD
                      22:52  79°00.4'N  10°00.4'W   273  
          PS59/180    23:34  78°59.5'N  10°30.4'W   311  CTD
                      23:49  78°59.5'N  10°30.2'W   311  
24.07.01  PS59/181    00:36  79°00.1'N  10°79.7'W   246  CTD
                      00:44  79°00.7'N  10°59.9'W   246  
          PS59/182    01:35  79°00.4'N  11°27.9'W   235  CTD
                      01:47  79°00.4'N  11°27.9'W   235  
          PS59/183    02:51  79°00.0'N  11°46.0'W   300  CTD
                      03:05  79°00.1'N  11°45.9'W   292  
25.07.01  PS59/184    08:05  78°49.9'N  00°00.6'W  2643  CTD
                      09:30  78°49.8'N  00°02.8'W  2636  
          PS59/185    10:40  78°40.0'N  00°00.3'E  1820  CTD
                      11:36  78°39.5'N  00°00.9'E  1787  
          PS59/186    12:50  78°30.3'N  00°01.0'W  2782  CTD
                      14:10  78°30.2'N  00°00.7'W  2782  
          PS59/187    16:16  78°15.0'N  00°00.2'W  3039  CTD
                      17:43  78°15.0'N  00°00.4'E  3039  
          PS59/188    19:29  78°00.1'N  00°00.3'W  3119  CTD
                      21:03  78°00.0'N  O0°0O.8'W  3110  
26.07.01  PS59/189    00:33  77°30.0'N  00°O0.4'E  3183  CTD
                      02:01  77°30.0'N  00°00.7'E  3184  
          PS59/190    05:35  77°00.O'N  00°00.0'   3250  CTD
                      07:08  77°00.7'N  00°00.5'E  3247  
          PS59/191    09:54  76°39.8'N  00°00.1'E  3260  CTD
                      11:29  76°40.2'N  00°00.4'E  3258  
          PS59/192    13:53  76°19.9'N  00°00.1'W  3131  CTD
                      15:22  76°20.4'N  00°01.2'W  3151  
          PS59/193    17:53  76°00.0'N  00°00.0'   2697  CTD
                      19:09  76°00.2'N  00°00.8'E  2718  
          PS59/194    20:27  75°49.9'N  00°00.4'W  1970  CTD
                      21:26  75°49.9'N  00°00.3'W  1968  
          PS59/195    23:51  75°30.0'N  00°00.2'W  3766  CTD
27.07.01              01:37  75°30.6'N  00°02.2'E  3774  
          PS59/196    03:30  75°15.0'N  00°00.3'W  3773  CTD
                      05:21  75°15.4'N  00°00.6'W  3772  



"Berichte zur Polarforschung"

Eine Titel übersicht der Hefte 1 bis 376 (1981 -2000) erschien zuletzt im 
Heft 413 der nachfolgenden Reihe Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung". 
Ein Verzeichnis aller Hefte beider Reihen sowie eine Zusammenstellung der 
Abstracts in englischer Sprache finden sich im Internet unter der Adresse: 
bttp://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Resources/publications.html

Ab dem Heft Nr. 377 erscheint die Reihe unter dem Namen:
"Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung"

 Heft Nr. 377/2000 - "Rekrutierungsmuster ausgewählter Wattfauna nach 
                     unterschiedlich strengen Wintern", von Matthias Strasser
 Heft Nr. 378/2001 - Der Transport von Wärme, Wasser und Salz in den Arktischen 
                     Ozean, von Boris Cisewski
 Heft Nr. 379/2001 - ,,Analyse hydrographischer Schnitte mit 
                     Satellitenaltimetrie', von Martin Losch
 Heft Nr. 380/2001 - ,,Die Expeditionen ANTARKTIS XVI/1 -2 des 
                     Forschungsschiffes Polarstern 1998/1999, herausgegeben von 
                     Eberhard Fahrbach und Saad El Naggar 
 Heft Nr. 381/2001 - ,,UV-Schutz- und Reparaturmechanismen bei antarktischen 
                     Diatomeen und Phaeocystis antarctica", von Lieselotte 
                     Rieger 
 Heft Nr. 382/2001 -  "Age determination in polar Crustacea using the 
                     autofluorescent pigment lipofuscin", by Bodil Bluhm 
 Heft Nr. 383/2001 - ,,Zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung, Habitatspräferenzen 
                     und Populationsdynamik benthischer Copepoda Harpacticoida 
                     in der Potter Cove (King George Island, Antarktis)", von 
                     Gritta Veit-Köbler 
 Heft Nr. 384/2001 - ,'Beiträge aus geophysikalischen Messungen in Dronning 
                     Maud Land, Antarktis, zur Auffindung eines optimalen 
                     Bohrpunktes tür eine Eiskerntiefbohrung", von Daniel 
                     Steinhage 
 Heft Nr. 385/2001 - Actinium-227 als Tracer tu•r Advektion und Mischung in 
                     derTiefsee", von Walter Geibert 
 Heft Nr. 386/2001 - ,,Messung von optischen Eigenschaften troposphärischer 
                     Aerosole in der Arktis", von Rolf Schumacher 
 Heft Nr. 387/2001 - ,,Bestimmung des Ozonabbaus in der arktischen und 
                     subarktischen Stratosphäre", von Astrid Schulz 
 Heft Nr. 388/2001 - "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 The 
                     Expedition LENA 2000", edited by Volker Rach CTD and 
                     Mikhail N. Grigoriev 
 Heft Nr. 389/2001 -  'The Expeditions ARKTIS XVI/1 and ARKTIS XVI/2 of the 
                     Rearch Vessel 'Polarstern' in 2000", edited by Gunther 
                     Krause and Ursula Schauer 
 Heft Nr. 390/2001 - "Late Quaternary climate variations recorded in North 
                     Atlantic deep-sea benthic ostracodes", by Claudia Didié 
 Heft Nr. 391/2001 - 'The polar and subpolar North Atlantic during the last 
                     five glacial-interglacial cycles", by Jan P. Helmke 
 Heft Nr. 392/2001 - ,,Geochemische Untersuchungen an hydrothermal beeinflußten 
                     Sedimenten der Bransfield Straße (Antarktis)", von Anke 
                     Dählmann 
 Heft Nr. 393/2001 -  "The German-Russian Project on Siberian River Run-off 
                     (SIRRO): Scientific Cruise Report of the Kara Sea 
                     Expedition 'SIRRO 2000' of RV 'Boris Petrov and first 
                     results", edited by Ruediger Stein and Oleg Stepanets 
 Heft Nr. 394/2001 - ,'Untersuchungen der Photooxidantien Wasserstoffperoxid, 
                     Methylhydroperoxid und Formaldehyd in derTroposphäre der 
                     Antarktis", von Katja Riedel 
 Heft Nr. 395/2001 -  "Role of benthio onidarians in the energy transfer 
                     processes in the Southern Ocean marine ecosystem 
                     (Antarctica)", by Covadonga Orejas Saco del Valle 
 Heft Nr. 396/2001 -  "Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Carbohydrates in the 
                     Arctic, by Ralph Engbrodt 
 Heft Nr. 397/2001 -  'Seasonality of marine algae and grazers of an Antarctic 
                     rocky intertidal, with emphasis on the role of the limpet 
                     1aciIla concinna Strebel (Gastropoda: Patellidae)", by 
                     Dohong Kim 
 Heft Nr. 398/2001 - ,'Polare Stratosphärenwolken und mesoskalige Dynamik am 
                     Polarwirbel rand", von Marion Müller 
 Heft Nr. 399/2001 - "North Antlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom 
                     Water:Their Interaction and Influence on Modes of the 
                     Global Ocean Circulation", by Holger Brix 
 Heft Nr. 400/2001 -  'The Expeditions ANTARKTIS XVIII/1 -2 of the Research 
                     Vessel 'Polarstern' in 2000", edited by Victor Smetacek, 
                     Ulrich Bathmann, Saad El Naggar 
 Heft Nr. 401/2001 -  "Variabilität von CH 20 (Formaldehyd) - untersucht mit 
                     Hilfe der solaren Absorptionsspektroskopie und Modellen",
                      von Torsten Albrecht 
 Heft Nr. 402/2001 - "The Expedition ANTARKTIS XVII/3 (EASIZ III) of RV 
                     'Polarstern' in 2000", edited by Wolf E. Arntz and Thomas 
                     Brey 
 Heft Nr. 403/2001 -  "Mikrchabitatansprüche benthischer Foraminiferen in 
                     Sedimenten des Südatlantiks", von Stefanie Schumacher 
 Heft Nr. 404/2002 - ,,Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XVII/2 des Forschungsschiffes 
                     Polarstern'2000", herausgegeben von Jörn Thiede und Hans 
                     Oerter 
 Heft Nr. 405/2002 -  "Feeding Ecology of the Arctic Ice-Amphipod Gamrnarus 
                     wilkitzkii, Physiological, Morphological and Ecological 
                     Studies", by Carolin E. Arndt 
 Heft Nr. 406/2002 -  "Radiolarienfauna im Ochotskisohen Meer - eine 
                     aktuopaläontologiscbe Charakterisierung der Biozönose und 
                     Taphozönose", von Anja Nimmergut 
 Heft Nr. 407/2002 -  "The Expedition ANTARKTIS XVI lI/5b of the Research 
                     Vessel 'Polarstern' in 2001", edited by Ulrich Bathmann
 Heft Nr. 408/2002 - ,,Siedlungsmuster und Wechselbeziehungen von Seepocken 
                     (Cirripedia) auf Muschelbänken (Mythos edu/is L.) im 
                     Wattenmeer", von Christian Buschbaum
 Heft Nr. 409/2002 - ,,Zur Ökologie von Schmelzwassertümpeln auf arktischem 
                     Meereis - Charakteristika, saisonale Dynamik und Vergleich 
                     mit anderen aquatischen Lebensräumen polarer Regionen", 
                     von Marina Carstens
 Heft Nr. 410/2002 - ,'Impuls-und Wärmeaustausch zwischen der Atmosphäre und 
                     dem eisbedeckten Ozean", von Thomas Garbrecht
 Heft Nr. 411/2002 - ,,Messung und Charakterisierung laminarer Ozonstrukturen 
                     in der polaren Stratosphäre", von Petra Wahl
 Heft Nr. 412/2002 -  "Open Ocean Aquaculture und Offshore Windparks. Eine 
                     Machbarkeitsstudie über die multifunktionale Nutzung von 
                     Offshore-Windparks und Offshore-Marikultur im Raum 
                     Nordsee", von Bela Hieronymus Buck
 Heft Nr. 413/2002-A rctic Coastal Dynamics. Report of an International 
                     Workshop. Potsdam (Germany) 26-30. November 2001", edited 
                     by Volker RachCTD, Jerry Brown and Steve Solomon
 Heft Nr. 414/2002 - ,,Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Laserablations-ICP-MS-
                     Verfahrens zur Multielementanalyse von atmosphärischen 
                     Eintragen in Eisbohrkernen", von Heiko Reinhardt
 Heft Nr. 415/2002 - ,'Gefrier- und Tauprozesse im sibirischen Permafrost- 
                     Untersuchungsmethoden und ökologische Bedeutung", von 
                     Wiebke Müller-bupp
 Heft Nr. 416/2002 - ,,Natürliche Klimavariationen der Arktis in einem 
                     regionalen hochauflösenden Atmosphärenmodell", von 
                     Wolfgang Dorn
 Heft Nr. 417/2002-  Ecological comparison of two sandy shores with different 
                     wave energy and morphodynamics in the North Sea", von by 
                     Iris Menn
 Heft Nr. 418/2002-, ,Numerische Modellierung turbulenter Umströmungen in 
                     Gebäuden", von SimOn Domingo LOpez
 Heft Nr. 419/2002 - ,,Scientific Cruise Report of the Kara-Sea Expedition 2001 
                     of RV 'Academic Petrov': The GermanRussian Project on 
                     Siberian River Run-off (SIRRO) and the EU Project 
                     'ESTABLISH", edited by Ruediger Stein and Oleg Stepanets
 Heft Nr. 420/2002-  "Vulkanologie und Geochemie pliozäner bis 
                     rezenterVulkanite der Bransfield-Straße ''West-Anarktis", 
                     von Andreas Veil
 Heft Nr. 421/2002 - ,,POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001 
                     (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition)", by J. Thiede et al.
 Heft Nr. 422/2002-  The Expedition 'AWI'of RV 'L'Atalante' in 2001 ", edited 
                     by Michael Klages, Benoit Mesnil, Thomas Soltwedel and 
                     Alain Christophe with contributions of the participants
 Heft Nr. 423/2002 - ,,Ober die Tiefenwasserausbreiiung im Weddellmeer und in 
                     der Scotia-Sea: Numerische Untersuchungen derTransport- 
                     und Austauschprozesse in der Wedell-Scotia-Konfluenz-
                     Zone", von Michael Schodlok
 Heft Nr. 424/2002-  Short- and Long-Term Environmental Changes in the baptev 
                     Sea (Sibirian Arctic) During the Holocene", von Thomas 
                     Müller-Lupp
 Heft Nr. 425/2002 - ,,Characterisation of glacio-chemical and glacio-
                     meteorological parameters of Amundsenisen, Dronning Maud 
                     Land, Antarctica", by Fidan Göktas
 Heft Nr. 426/2002 -  "Russian-Germann Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000:The 
                     Expedition LENA 2001 edited by Eva-Maria Pfeiffer and 
                     Mikhail N. Grigoriev
 Heft Nr. 427/2002 - ,,From the Inner Shelf to the Deep Sea: Depositional 
                     Environments on the Antarctic Peninsula Margin - A 
                     Sedimentological and Seismostratigraphic Study (ODP Leg 
                     178)", byTobias März
 Heft Nr. 428/2002 - ,,Concentration and Size Distribution of Microparticles in 
                     the NGRIP Ice Core (Central Greenland) during the Last 
                     Glazial Period", by Urs Ruth
 Heft Nr. 429/2002 - ,,Interpretation von FCKW-Daten im Weddeilmeer", von Olaf 
                     Klatt.
 Heft Nr. 430/2002 - ,,Thermal History of the Middle and Laie Miocene Southern 
                     Ocean - Diatom Evidence", by Bernd M. Censarek.
 Heft Nr. 431/2002 - ,,Radium-226 and Radium-228 in the Atlantic Sector of the 
                     Southern Ocean", by Claudia Hanf land.
 Heft Nr. 432/2002 - ,,Population dynamics and ecology of the surf clam Donax 
                     serra (Bivalvia, Donacidae) inhabiting beaches of the 
                     Benguela upwelling system", by Jürgen Laudien.
 Heft Nr. 433/2002 - ,,Die Expedition ARKTIS XVll/1 des Forschungsschiffes 
                     POLARSTERN 2001 herausgegben von Eberhard Fahrbach.




CCHDO Data Processing Notes

Date        Person         Data Type          Action          Summary
2011-08-19  Barna, Andrew  CTD/Cruise Report  Website Update  Exchange CTD data file,
                                                              pdf doc online
            The CTD and PDF Documentation both came from the 25 Years of 
            Polarstern Hydrography CD.

            The CTD data has been reformatted into changed by Andrew Shen, 
            the resulting file was checked in both ODV4 and JOA5.

            The documentation is unchanged.

2014-04-05  Kappa, Jerry  CrsRpt              Website Update  Final TXT version online
            A new, CCHDO-formatted TXT version of the cruise report is now 
            online.  It includes all the PI-supplied documents, plus the 
            CCHDO summary pages and these Data Processing Notes. 





2


