CRUISE REPORT: P13
(Updated JUL 2018)






Highlights




                        Cruise Summary Information

               Section Designation  P13 
                                    (aka: SAGA II [Soviet/American Gas 
                                    and Aerosol expedition II])
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  90AM19870501
                  Chief Scientists  Valentin Koropalov / Richard Gammon
                             Dates  1987 MAY 01 - 1987 JUN 09
                              Ship  R/V Akademik Korolev
                     Ports of call  Leg 1: Hilo, HI - Wellington, NZ
                                    Leg 2: Wellington, NZ - Singapore
                                    Leg 3: Singapore - Hilo, HI

                                                    48° N
             Geographic Boundaries  155° 0' 36" E           170° 1' 48" E
                                                28° 52' 59" S

                           Stations  60
       Floats and drifters deployed  0
     Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                           Contact Information:

                            Valentin Koropalov
                   Roshydromet, Moscow, 123242, Russia

                              Richard Gammon
   Professor Emeritus • University of Washington School of Oceanography
                         gammon@u.washington.edu 












SAGA II


Physical, Chemical, and CTD Data Report  
1 May 1987 - 9 June 1987
Akademik Korolev

Principal Investigators: 
Lynne D. Talley
Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Stephen Riser 
University of Washington

James H. Swift
Scripps Institution of Oceanography


Data report prepared by:
Lynne D. Talley 
Nancy Collins 
and the
Oceanographic Data Facility
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 
University of California, San Diego


S.I.O.  Reference 88-10
Sponsored by the National Science Foundation

Grant	OCE87-040379
and the NOAA/TOGA Project Office




Approved for Distribution:

Edward A. Freiman, Director


1.  INTRODUCTION

In May and June 1987, two sets of CTD/hydrographic stations in the 
western Pacific were occupied by the Akademik Korolev SAGA II expedition 
under the aegis of a joint U.S.S.R. - U.S. bilateral agreement. The major 
purpose of this expedition, headed by Drs. Valentin Koropalov and Richard 
Gammon of the Institute of Applied Geophysics in Moscow and NOAA/PMEL in 
Seattle, Washington, respectively, was to study the distribution of 
atmospheric gases and aerosols and of oceanic chlorofluorocarbons. The 
opportunity to carry out CTD/hydrographic work arose as a result of the 
latter study. The U.S. component of the hydrographic work, which is 
reported herein, was funded by the National Science Foundation and the 
NOANTOGA project office; all shipboard work was carried out by engineers 
and technicians from the Oceanographic Data Facility at Scripps 
Institution of Oceanography and Dr. Stephen Riser, with help from Russian 
scientists and technicians aboard the A. Korolev.

The CTD/hydrographic work consisted of three parts: 3 test stations, 23 
closely­spaced, deep stations in the northwest Pacific across the Kuril-
Kamchatka Trench, and 37 shallow stations along 160°E and 170°E between 
40°N and 28°S.

The purpose of the northwest Pacific section was to complete an earlier 
transpacific section (TPS47) at approximately 47°N (Talley, et al., 1988) 
with high quality, closely-spaced stations to the ocean bottom across the 
Trench. The section was purposely positioned as far north along the Kuril 
Islands as possible in order that transport estimates not be complicated 
by exchange between the North Pacific and Okhotsk Sea. Section data are 
being used in direct estimates of North Pacific heat and freshwater 
transports (in conjunction with the TPS47 results), in a study of western 
and northern boundary currents in the North Pacific, and as a source of 
information concerning late-winter conditions in the northwest Pacific.

The meridional transect along 160°E and 170°E was intended to be part of 
the ongoing TOGA hydrographic survey along this meridian. Extensive 
chlorofluorocarbon sampling along this section and a desire for close 
station spacing at the equator determined the station and bottle spacing.



2.  DISCRETE DATA


2.1.  Data Summary

Discrete samples were collected on 68 casts at 60 stations. Twenty-five 
casts were made to the ocean bottom, including one station at the equator 
(station 42), and 23 stations in the northwest Pacific; 2 deep casts were 
made at station 22 due to wire problems. Shallow casts were made at 6 of 
the northwest Pacific stations with 2 shallow casts at station 18. All 
casts along the "160°E" section were shallow with the exception of the 
equatorial station. A 24-place ODF rosette sampler with 2.2 liter Niskin-
type bottles was used for all deep casts with more than 12 bottles. On 
shallow casts, 12 five-liter Niskin bottles were used in order to include 
chlorofluoromethane sampling.

Salinity samples were drawn from every bottle at every station. Oxygen 
and nutrients were sampled at all stations on the northwest Pacific 
section and at 26 of the 37 stations along the 160°E section.


2.2.  Temperature and Salinity
     
Pressure and temperature for the discrete hydrographic tabulations were 
taken from the calibrated CTD data; calibrations are discussed in the 
following section. Reversing thermometers were mounted on 4 to 5 Niskin 
bottles on each cast to back up the laboratory CTD temperature 
calibration.

Salinity samples were analyzed at sea using one of two Guildline Autosal 
inductive salinometers. All salinities were calculated from conductivity 
using the 1978 practical salinity scale (UNESCO, 1981) and are tabulated 
to three decimal places. Wormley standard seawater batch P103 was used 
for calibration at the beginning and end of each station's analyses; 
hydrographic and CTD salinities are reported herein relative to P103 and 
have not been adjusted further.
     
Mantyla (1987) reports differences in salinities from one batch of 
standard seawater to another; batch P103 has not yet been included in his 
ongoing analyses. However, salinities from the deep portions of Korolev 
stations 20 and 21 can be compared with salinities at nearby deep 
stations made in 1985 (TPS47 stations 35 and 36; Talley et al., 1988) 
which were calibrated with standard seawater batch P96; the Korolev 
salinities (batch P103) are approximately 0.002%. higher than the TPS47 
salinities (batch P96).

Bottle salinities were compared with CTD salinities to identify leaking 
bottles or salinometer malfunctions. Calibrated CTD salinities replace 
bottle salinities in the event of problems and are indicated by the 
letter "D" in this data report. CTD values were used at one or more 
levels on 22 stations including 5 stations at which CTD values only are 
reported.


2.3.  Oxygen and Nutrients

Dissolved oxygen content was determined by the Winkler method as modified 
by Carpenter (1965), using the equipment and procedures outlined by 
Anderson (1971). Oxygen measurements are given in ml STP per liter of 
water at 1 atmosphere and at the potential temperature of the sample. A 
small number of oxygen outliers was discarded. The precision of the 
oxygen measurements within a single cast is 0.01 ml/l and the accuracy is 
1%.
     
Silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite were analyzed using a Technicon 
autoanalyzer. The procedures are similar to those described in Atlas et 
al. {1971). Nutrient measurements are reported here in micromoles/liter 
at 1 atmosphere and 25°C, which is assumed to be the laboratory 
temperature.  The precision of nutrient measurements (within a single 
cast) is better than 0.5% and the station-to-station, cruise-to-cruise 
accuracy is 2% to 3%.



3.  CTD DATA


3.1.  Processing Summary	
     
Seventy-one CTD casts were completed using a rosette sampling system 
equipped with ODF CTD #1 (a modified NBIS Mark Ill), which was employed 
exclusively for all CTD casts. The CTD used on this expedition sampled in 
situ pressure, temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen at a rate 
of 25 Hz. The CTD data were initially processed into a filtered, one-
second average time-series during the data acquisition.  The pressure and 
platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) temperature channels were corrected 
using laboratory calibration data applied in a model consistent with 
known sensor characteristics. The conductivity channel was calibrated to 
salinity check samples acquired on most casts.

The CTD time-series data were then pressure-sequenced into two-decibar 
pressure intervals.


3.2.  CTD Laboratory Calibrations

3.2.1.  Pressure Transducer Calibration

The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated pre- and post-cruise in a 
temperature-controlled bath to the, ODF Ruska Model 2400 deadweight-
tester pressure standard (accuracy 0.01%). Thermal and mechanical 
hysteresis and thermal response­ time were observed as a routine part of 
pressure calibration. Pressure transducer error was measured by 
increasing the pressure in a series of step from O psi to a maximum 
pressure, then decreasing by the same steps back to O psi. There were at 
least two pressure calibrations both pre- and post-cruise: full-scale to 
8830 psi at nominally 0-1°C, and to 2030 psi at nominally 20-25°C. The 
transducer thermal response-time was derived from the pressure response 
to a thermal step-change from 23 to 0°C.

3.2.2.  PRT Temperature Calibration

The CTD PRT temperature transducer was calibrated pre- and post-cruise in 
a high-precision temperature bath to a Rosemount standard platinum 
resistance thermometer. The resistance of the platinum standard was 
measured by an NBIS model ATB- 1250 automatic resistance bridge. The 
transfer standard (the PRT-bridge system) is checked frequently at low 
temperature against the triple point of water, employing at least two 
different triple point cells. Transfer standard results are also compared 
to the triple point of diphenyl ether (26.8685± .002°C) to provide a 
check at warmer temperatures. The CTD temperature error was observed at 
approximately 1, 6, 15, 21, and 21°C.


3.3.  CTD Data Processing

3.3.1.  CTD Data Acquisition

Seven channels (pressure, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, 
elapsed time, altimeter, and CTD power-supply voltage) were acquired at a 
data rate of 25 Hz. The FSK CTD signal was demodulated by a NBIS Mark Ill 
deck unit and output over an RS-232 port at 9600 baud to a computer 
system assembled by ODF personnel (SB-180). The system CPU is an 8-bit 
Hitachi HD-64180 running at 6 mHz.

Data acquisition consisted of generating a filtered one-second time-
series and storing this data on hard disk, then later on 3.5 inch floppy 
disks. Data calculated from this time series were reported and plotted 
during the cast. A ten-second average of the time­ series data was 
calculated for each water sample collected during the data acquisition.

To generate the one-second time-series, the raw CTD data were initially 
subjected to absolute value and gradient filters to remove spurious 
points. The raw conductivity and pressure data were then passed through 
an exponential low-pass filter with time constant of 300 milliseconds to 
match the time response of the PRT. Pressure, temperature, and the lagged 
conductivity were then passed through a second, similar filter with a 
time constant of one second. The data were decimated to a 1 Hz rate and 
stored on disk for further processing. On shore, the stored data were 
transferred to an Integrated Solutions, Inc. (ISI) Optimum V computer 
system, where the bulk of the processing was performed, including re-
applying laboratory pressure and temperature calibration data.

3.3.2. Additional Processing

The 0.322 inch (approximately 8 mm) diameter conducting wire used for 
this work could not be properly wound on the CTD winch provided by the 
Akademik Korolev as that winch was set up for 10 mm wire. It was a 
foregone conclusion that the conducting wire would eventually experience 
electrical failure. Fortunately, the deep work was essentially complete 
when the failure occurred. However, damage to the wire prior to failure 
produced small (typically 0.003-0.005 psu) spikes in the salinity trace 
from noisy conductivity and temperature data on some of the deeper casts. 
This noise was low amplitude and thus not rejected by the real-time 
filter algorithms. A spike filter was employed to remove most of this 
large temperature and conductivity noise from the time-series data. The 
down-trace (or up-trace, where appropriate) portion of each time-series 
was then pressure­ sequenced into two-decibar pressure intervals, at 
which time a "ship-roll" filter was also applied to disallow pressure 
reversals. Deep potential temperature-salinity relationships were 
examined for consistency and to determine calibration problems.

3.3.3. CTD Dissolved Oxygen Data

The dissolved oxygen channel was not processed beyond averaging the raw 
oxygen current. Adequate numbers of high-quality check samples were 
collected to make calibration feasible, but processing must await 
additional software development and availability of funds.


3.4.  Pressure, Temperature, and Conductivity Corrections

A maximum of 24 salinity check samples were collected on each cast. One 
or two racks of deep-sea reversing thermometers (DSRT's) were also used 
on each cast to provide additional information in the event of a shift in 
PRT calibration. As post-cruise temperature calibration of the CTD showed 
less than a 0.5 millidegree change from pre­ cruise data, these DSRT data 
were not processed or used. A ten-second average of the CTD time-series 
at bottle-trip time was calculated for each sample. The resulting data 
were then used to provide basic in situ temperature and pressure data for 
the sampled levels, and in combination with the bottle salts, to derive 
CTD conductivity calibrations.

3.4.1.  CTD Pressure Corrections

The pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations were compared and showed 
no significant differences. As there were more points measured during the 
post-cruise calibration, these corrections were applied to the CTD data. 
The shipboard-processed pressures, corrected by the same pressure 
response model in a somewhat different mathematical form and using the 
pre-cruise calibration data, differ from the revised calibrated pressures 
by less than one decibar.

3.4.2.  CTD Temperature Corrections

As there were no significant differences nor any apparent drift, the pre- 
and post-cruise temperature calibration data were averaged by lilting the 
combined sets to a second-order polynomial. Actual calibration points 
differ from the smooth curve typically by 0.0003°. The polynomial was 
then used to correct all temperatures. The precision of the CTD 
temperatures is estimated to be ±.001°C.

3.4.3.  CTD Conductivity Corrections

Check sample conductivities were calculated from the sample salinities 
and from the corrected CTD pressures and temperatures. The differences 
between sample and CTD conductivities were fit to CTD conductivity using 
a linear least-squares fit.  Values greater than two standard deviations 
from the fit were rejected. No conductivity slope correction was 
required.

CTD conductivity offsets were calculated for each cast based on the 
bottle  minus CTD differences. The offsets were manually adjusted after 
carefully evaluating bottle salinity analytical problems {where 
laboratory temperature changes, poor standardization, or other problems 
made the CTD-bottle comparisons suspect), and employing deep T-S 
relationships as an additional guide. Conductivity offset corrections for 
shallow casts were determined from adjacent deep casts, or, if there was 
no deep cast, from the conductivity differences averaged over several 
stations.


3.5.  General Comments

There were 71 CTD rosette casts of which 3 were test stations and not 
processed. At least one pressure-sequenced CTD data set exists for each 
CTD station, and there is also a second set for each station that had 
both shallow and deep casts. Three casts are available for Station 18, on 
which two shallow casts were taken. Only primary casts are included in 
this report.
     
ODF normally reports CTD data taken· while lowering the CTD in order to 
produce the most synoptic view of the water column. However, if the 
quality of data taken during the recovery is significantly better, then 
that data is reported. In this data set, a total of fourteen up-casts  
are reported instead of down-casts:  1-1, 2-1, 5-1, 5-2, 6-1, 7-1, 12-1, 
12-2, 13-1, 14-1, 19-1, 28-1, 35-1, and 38-1, where the first number is 
the station and the second is the cast.

Multi-level gaps are usually a result of audio tape changes. Gaps at 
more- than two adjacent levels occurred at stations 1-1, 2-1, 5-2, 6-1, 
12-1, 18-1, 19-1, 22-1, and 22-2.  Due to a bug in the real-time 
processing software for the SB-180, extraneous data points may have been 
introduced into some of these gaps.  Intermittent single-level gaps in 
the data are due to removing ship roll effects, varying CTD velocity 
through the water column, and/or pressure sequencing of time-averaged 
data.

Non-bottle-trip stops and/or yoyos occurred on a few casts. The effect 
after pressure-sequencing is· a possible discontinuity in the pressure-
series data. Yoyos larger than 10 dbar or known pauses in the cast 
occurred at stations 12-1, 13-1, 55-1, 56-1, and 60-1.

The 0.322 conducting wire failed during station 22 following the bulk of 
the deep stations on the northwest Pacific section. Station 23 therefore 
did not extend to the ocean bottom. The single deep cast along the 160°E 
section, at the equator (station 42) was affected by wire problems; CTD 
data at pressures higher than 2192 dbar were discarded.



4. DATA TABLES

CTD and bottle data are listed together for each station. CTD data are 
reported at selected standard intervals chosen from the processed 2 dbar 
pressure series and smoothed over 20 dbar using a Gaussian filter.  At 
stations with multiple CTD casts, only the first is reported. Salinity 
was calculated as described above. Potential temperature referenced to 0 
dbar and potential densities referenced to 0, 2000 and 4000 dbar are 
listed, as is specific volume anomaly (SVA) and sound velocity. The 1980 
equation of state was used (UNESCO, 1981). Dynamic height in dynamic 
meters was calculated by integrating from the sea surface. If there was a 
missing temperature and/or salinity at the sea-surface, values at the 
surface were linearly extrapolated from those below. Brunt-Vaisala 
frequency, N, was calculated from the slope of a least squares fit of a 
straight line to specific volume anomaly over 60 dbar centered at the 
desired pressure; Gaussian weighting was used in the fit. Because of the 
large interval over which N2 was computed, no values were calculated at 
pressures less than 30 dbar.  The large interval was necessary to reduce 
noise in the calculation; nevertheless, occasional negative N2 values 
were obtained in the deep water. Negative values have been replaced by 
blanks in this report. Negative values occurred primarily when the 
absolute value of N2 was less than 0.005·"(cph)2, corresponding to 
expected uncertainties in density of order 10^(-7) over 60 dbar.

Discrete data are reported at all observed depths and from all casts. 
Oxygen is reported in ml STP per liter at the potential temperature of 
the sample and nutrients are reported in micromoles per liter at 25°C. 
Potential temperature and potential density were calculated as for CTD 
data.



5.  STATION PLOTS (not shown)

Potential temperature versus salinity and temperature/salinity versus 
pressure are plotted from the 2 dbar CTD series for all stations.



6.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The acquisition and publication of this data set was funded by the 
National Science Foundation, Ocean Sciences Division, under Grant OCE87-
40379. Funds for processing data along the 160°E section were provided by 
the NOANTOGA Project Office. Drs. Roger Lukas (University of Hawaii) and 
John Toole (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) were instrumental in 
obtaining the TOGA funding. Dr. Valentin Koropalov of the Institute of 
Applied Geophysics (Moscow) and Dr. Richard Gammon of NOAA/PMEL (Seattle, 
Washington) provided us with the opportunity to carry out this work on 
the Akademjk Korolev.



7.  REFERENCES

Anderson, G.C., compiler, 1971. "Oxygen Analysis." Marine Technician's 
    Handbook, SIO Ref. No. 71-8, Sea Grant Pub. No. 9.

Atlas, E.L., J.C. Callaway, R.D. Tomlinson, L.I. Gordon, L. Barstow, and 
    P.K. Park, 1971. A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon @ 
    Autoanalyzer @ Nutrient Analysis; Revised. Oregon State University 
    Technical Report 215, Reference No. 71-22.

Carpenter, J.H., 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the 
    Winkler dissolved oxygen method.  Limnol. Oceanogr., 10: 141-143.

Mantyla, A.W., 1987. Standard seawater comparisons updated. J. Phys. 
    Oceanogr., 17, 543-548.

Saunders, P.M., 1981. Practical conversion of pressure to depth. J. Phys. 
    Oceanogr., 11, 573-574.

Talley, L.D., M. Martin, P. Salameh, and Oceanographic Data Facility, 
    1988. Transpacific section in the subpolar gyre: Physical, chemical, 
    and CTD data. S.1.0. Reference 88-9, Scripps Institution of 
    Oceanography.

UNESCO, 1981. Background papers and supporting data on the International 
    Equation of State 1980. UNESCO Tech. Pap. in Mar. Sci., No. 38.






PERSONNEL

Chubukov, Gennadiy       Ships' Master
Koropalov, Valentin      U.S.S.R. Chief Scientist, Institute of Applied 
                         Geophysics
Gammon, Richard          U.S. Chief Scientist NOAN/PMEL



Personnel participating in U.S. CTD/hydrographic data collection;


Beaupre, Marie-Claude    Staff Research Associate, Scripps Institution of 
                         Oceanography
Mansir, Forrest          Electronics Technician, Scripps Institution of 
                         Oceanography
Riser, Stephen           Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Williams, Robert         Principal ADP Systems Analyst, Scripps 
                         Institution of Oceanography

Chercasov, Yuris         Scientist, Institute of Applied Geophysics
Gis', Stepan             Head, Hydrological Group
Gurka, Alexander         Head, Electronic Group
Pozdeyev, Victor         Scientist, Institute of Applied Geophysics
Timoshchuk, Nadezhda     Head, Hydrochemical Group

and other members of the hydrological and hydrochemical groups






CCHDO Data Processing Notes

• File Online Carolina Berys
kor.ctd.gz (download) #c17c8 
Date: 2016-08-15 
Current Status: unprocessed


• File Online Carolina Berys
korall.nodc.gz (download) #39939 
Date: 2016-08-15 
Current Status: unprocessed


• File Submission SEE
korall.nodc.gz (download) #39939 
Date: 2016-07-12 
Current Status: unprocessed 
Notes
Submitted for Lynne Talley.
Cruise report Book will be delivered by hand
Cruise dates: 1 May 1987 - 9 Jun 1987
ship: Akademik Korolev
area: North West Pacific


• File Submission SEE
kor.ctd.gz (download) #c17c8 
Date: 2016-07-12 
Current Status: unprocessed 
Notes
Submitted for Lynne Talley.
Cruise report Book will be delivered by hand
Cruise dates: 1 May 1987 - 9 Jun 1987
ship: Akademik Korolev
area: North West Pacific


