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CRUISE REPORT: HLY0402
(Updated MAY 2014)


Highlights

                          Cruise Summary Information

          WOCE Section Designation  HLY0402
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  32H120040515
                  Chief Scientists  Jacqueline Grebmeier / UTenn 
                             Dates  2004 MAY 15 to 2004 JUN 23
                              Ship  USCGC HEALY
                     Ports of call  Nome, Alaska to Nome, Alaska

                                                    73° 8' 7" N
             Geographic Boundaries  168° 54' 39" W              154° 18' 6" W
                                                   65° 39' 13" N

                          Stations  35 CTD/rosette stations; 11 XCTD stations
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                              Contact Information:

                              Jacqueline Grebmeier
           University of Maryland • Center for Environmental Science
                        Chesapeake Biological Laboratroy
                        PO Box 38 • Solomons  MD  20688
       Tel: 410-326-7334 • Fax: 410-326-7341 • Email: jgrebmei@umces.edu























                       SBI HLY-04-02 Final Cruise Report

   Final Report: Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) Spring Cruise
                        HLY-04-02  (15 May-23 June 2004)



                  Edited by Jackie Grebmeier, Chief Scientist
   University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA; email: jgrebmei@utk.edu



A.  Introduction

The 2004 oceanographic field phase of the Western Arctic Shelf-Basin 
Interactions (SBI) project began on the USCGC Healy icebreaker on 15 May 2004. 
There are 18 research projects included in the ship-based program, ranging from 
hydrographic measurements to biochemical tracers and biological studies of 
various trophic levels. The goal of the SBI global change project is to 
investigate the production, transformation and fate of carbon at the shelf-
slope interface in the Arctic as a prelude to understanding the impacts of a 
potential warming of the Arctic. We worked initially in ice-free stations on 
the southern Chukchi Sea shelf (Herald Valley [HV] transect), then moved into 
very heavy ice cover in the Chukchi outer shelf to Arctic Basin line (East 
Hanna Shoal [EHS] transect line). We terminated the EHS line at 2500m and 
proceeded SE past Barrow to occupy the East Barrow (EB) line. Extremely heavy 
ice precluded our occupation of the EB line and we moved over to the Barrow 
Canyon (BC) line via a shortened transect north of Smith Bay (SB) line in the 
nearshore Beaufort Sea.

The SBI project is an interdisciplinary program, where physical, biogeochemical 
and biological measurements are being made using a variety of sampling devices. 
CTD/rosette sampling collected physical and hydrochemical samples. Thirty-five 
stations were occupied during this cruise, with an additional 11 XCTD and 4 
Video Plankton Recorder deployments. A total of 48 scientists from nineteen 
institutions in the United States, Bermuda, Canada, and Japan participated in 
this interdisciplinary scientific endeavor.  In addition, a two-person BBC film 
crew joined us on June 11. Although an Alaskan community participant was 
scheduled to participate in the cruise, circumstances on land precluded that 
person joining the spring cruise.

In our sampling, we used a CTD/rosette system for collecting physical and 
hydrochemical samples. Subsamples from multiple CTD/rosette casts were used for 
primary production, chlorophyll content, nutrients, particulate carbon, 
inorganic carbon, biomarkers, microzooplankton, and radioisotopes. Various nets 
(vertical, bongo, multi-net) were used to collect size fractions of micro-
macro- and meso-zooplankton for both population and experimental purposes. 
Benthic grabs and cores were used to collect benthic fauna and sediment samples 
for population, community structure, food web, chemistry and metabolism 
studies.  In-situ pumps were also used to measure the activities of the 
particle-reactive radionuclide thorium-234.  Off-ship sampling by lowering 
personnel to the ice occurred to undertake ice measurements and to collect ice 
cores. Floating sediment traps were deployed and moored to an ice flow for 12-
24 hrs. Limited helicopter operations were used for ice reconnaissance, river 
sampling and port logistics.


Figure 1: Station location and cruise track for the spring SBI cruise on the 
          USCGC Healy  (HLY-04-02). Due to heavy ice conditions sampling was 
          limited to the Chukchi Sea shelf, East Hanna Shoal (EHS) west line 
          and Barrow Canyon (BC) east line).


During the cruise, ice conditions were the main limiting factor for occupying 
only about half of the 5 transect lines outlined in the HLY-04-02 cruise plan. 
Heavy ice over the outer shelf of the Chukchi Sea made it slow going on the 
East Hanna Shoal (EHS) line, basically keeping the ship at a slow pace until 
the upper slope. We were in heavy ice past Icy Cape, only pulling into the 
northern limits of an open lead moving east past Barrow. The other factor to be 
resolved during the cruise was limitation on the availability of ambient 
seawater due to heavy ice conditions. The new USCG science seawater system 
(SSW) clogged in heavy ice, thus we reverted to the 2002 solution of filling 
and using the forcastle ballast tank. The USCG engineering division connected 
the SSW system to the E-O-W forward ballast tank and this tank was connected to 
the bow incubators through a spigot tree and hoses. When the seawater in the 
ballast tank warmed up due to daily heating, science requested a dumping of the 
water in transit and a subsequent refill on station, which occurred using SSW. 
This situation especially occurred on sunny days, and the "dump and pump" 
technique became standard operations between stations. As the amount of open 
water in ice increased, engineering rigged a fitting directly to the SSW system 
so that the ballast tank could be filled in transit. Note that keeping the tank 
at 30,000 gallons kept the water below the seawater line and thus cooled by the 
seawater surrounding the hull.  It is anticipated that the summer cruise will 
be able to directly use the SSW system without the ballast tank support. 
Further information on the ambient seawater bow system is included in Appendix 
A.

The Joint Office of Science Support (JOSS) group of the University Corporation 
for Atmospheric Research group maintained a shipboard field catalog during the 
cruise that provided real-time data to scientists on the ship, which was 
mirrored to a land-based system in Colorado. The JOSS site incorporated all the 
service group datasets and preliminary analyses and acted as an instrument 
whereby scientists could share their observations and preliminary analyses. The 
SBI field catalog (with maps and event information at sea) can be found on the 
webpage: (http://www.joss.ucar.edu/sbi/catalog/). Full details on the SBI 
project, the field cruise program and results to date can be found on the SBI 
webpage http://sbi.utk.edu and associated links on that web site. A highlight 
summary from the PI findings for the spring SBI cruise will be posted on the 
SBI and JOSS webpages.

We were fortunate to have Patty Cie, a Yelm Middle School teacher from 
Washington State, onboard the Healy during the spring SBI cruise who provided 
daily updates on research and ship operations, including spotlights on 
individual research groups, explained in layperson's terms. She was sponsored 
through the NSF Research Experience for Teachers (RET) funding to Dr. Ken 
Dunton at the Marine Science Institute of the University of Texas at Port 
Aransas. These daily updates are accessible through the website and are linked 
to the SBI website (http://sbi.utk.edu/).  While aboard the cruise, she also 
served as a team member with the Dunton/Schonberg food web sampling team. 
Outreach activities during the cruise included two INMARSAT telephone -aided 
Powerpoint presentations of cruise activities to her local Yelm school and via 
web connections through the ARCUS TREC program to schools both in Washington 
and Vermont.

The Captain, officers and crew of the USCGC Healy provided outstanding support 
that was essential to the success of the cruise goals. We appreciated the 
continued, professional support provided by Captain Dan Oliver, Operations 
Officer Daryl Peloquin, Executive Officer Bill Rall, Engineering Officer Greg 
Stanlick and Master Chief Navigator Joe Gispert. Valuable support for science 
was provided by the lead Marine Science Technicians Glen Hendrickson and Don 
Snider, and the other Marine Science Technicians (Suzanne Scriven, Chad 
Klinesteker, Eric Rocklage, and Josh Robinson), along with the Science Officer 
Neal Amaral. The Aviation Detachment under the direction of Ed Beale provided 
essential logistical support for ice surveys and limited science operations. In 
Nome and in Barrow, Andy Heiberg of the University of Washington made himself 
indispensable to meeting the logistical needs of the project as a whole. Also, 
in Barrow, we are grateful for the assistance of the Barrow Arctic Sciences 
Consortium (BASC), including Matt Irinaga and Glenn Sheehan, for their liaison 
activities with the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, and for assisting us 
logistically in the transfer of personnel, equipment and samples to and from 
the ship. This work was financially supported by the U.S. National Science 
Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the U.S. Coast Guard. 


C.  Summary of Science Reports

Stations occupied during HLY-04-02 were on the Chukchi Sea shelf (HV transect), 
the Chukchi outer shelf to Arctic Basin lines (East Hanna Shoal: EHS transect), 
stations near Pt. Barrow, and the Barrow Canyon (BC) line. Table 1 provides a 
general summary of station location, target depth, and station duration during 
the cruise. Note that there is an interactive table with links to station maps 
and event logs for each station on the JOSS SBI webpage 
<http://www.joss.ucar.edu/sbi/catalog_hly-04-02/index.html>.

The following science summaries include sampling collection information and 
preliminary findings. There are also two appendices: Appendix A is the summary 
of the ballast tank procedures developed during the cruise and Appendix B is as 
report on the Healy science system. The complete SBI hydrographic service team 
final report can be found on the JOSS SBI website as a separate document in the 
shipboard reports section <http://www.joss.ucar.edu/sbi/catalog_hly-04-
02/index.html>.

The following sequence provides a generic outline of the events undertaken at 
process stations. Modifica-tions in sequence were made depending on arrival 
time to station and PI needs. 


Event No.  Event
---------  ----------------------------------------------------------------
    1      Ice team deployment
    2      Sediment trap deployment
    3      CTD-service cast (shallow and deep, depending on station depth)
    4      Zooplankton hauls: ring nets (vertical and oblique)
    5      CTD-productivity cast
    6      Optics: active and passive, sometimes also surface optics
    7      CTD-biomarkers
    8      Video plankton recorder
    9      CTD-zooplankton (every 2 days) coincident with 4 vs 2 zoop hauls
   10      Bongo or multi-net
   11      CTD-radium casts
   12      Multi-corer
   13      van Veen grabs
   14      Multi-HAPS corer
   15      Dredge



Station Summary

Station No. 
(Password Protected            Date    Time  Latitude  Longitude  Depth  Duration
 On Land)                              (Utc)   (N)        (W)      (M)    (Hrs)
---------------------------  --------  -----  ------   ---------  -----  ---------
HLY-04-02-001(BRS1)          05/17/04  20:51  65.673   -168.212     42m   0.6 hrs
HLY-04-02-002(BRS2)          05/17/04  23:00  65.678   -168.391     51m   0.5 hrs
HLY-04-02-003(BRS3)          05/18/04  01:13  65.667   -168.553     53m   1.8 hrs
HLY-04-02-004(BRS4)          05/18/04  04:16  65.682   -168.731     51m   0.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-005(BRS5)          05/18/04  05:38  65.705   -168.883     50m   0.3 hrs
HLY-04-02-006(HV1)           05/18/04  16:55  67.490   -168.928     50m  21.2 hrs
Cota-2004_05-20-1            05/20/04  22:46  70.221   -167.635     51m   0.2 hrs
HLY-04-02-007(HV2)           05/21/04  08:56  70.641   -167.288     56m  11.7 hrs
HLY-04-02-008(productivity)  05/22/04  16:35  71.256   -162.089     47m   2.2 hrs
HLY-04-02-009(EHS0)          05/24/04  15:55  72.007   -159.569     45m  18.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-010(EHS0.5)        05/26/04  19:14  72.079   -159.590     48m  16.3 hrs
HLY-04-02-011(productivity)  05/27/04  15:36  72.090   -159.583     48m   1.5 hrs
HLY-04-02-012(EHS1)          05/28/04  07:52  72.244   -159.203     51m   0.7 hrs
HLY-04-02-013(EHS2)          05/28/04  18:50  72.365   -159.006     52m   4.9 hrs
HLY-04-02-014(EHS3)          05/29/04  13:15  72.479   -158.883     54m   1.0 hrs
HLY-04-02-015(EHS3.1)        05/30/04  00:20  72.580   -158.741     74m   0.9 hrs
HLY-04-02-016(EHS4)          05/30/04  09:22  72.637   -158.677    153m  20.8 hrs
HLY-04-02-XCTD_01            05/31/04  12:42  72.726   -158.588    225m     -
HLY-04-02-017(EHS5)          05/31/04  20:49  72.719   -158.401    247m  19.1 hrs
HLY-04-02-018(EHS5.1)        06/01/04  19:15  72.774   -158.396    295m   1.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-XCTD_02 (EHS5.2)   06/02/04  15:59  72.825   -158.271    410m     -
HLY-04-02-VPR_01 (EHS5.2)    06/02/04  16:27  72.826   -158.274   ~410m   0.2 hrs
HLY-04-02-019(EHS6)          06/02/04  22:15  72.852   -158.207    689m  27.0 hrs
HLY-04-02-020(EHS9)          06/04/04  16:28  73.134   -157.792   2400m  23.0 hrs
HLY-04-02-021(EHSX)          06/06/04  14:23  72.629   -157.390    398m   5.7 hrs
HLY-04-02-022(SB1)           06/08/04  16:38  71.439   -154.298     28m   8.8 hrs
HLY-04-02-022-b(SB1)         06/10/04  18:05  71.465   -154.550     34m   1.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-023(SB4)           06/11/04  20:47  71.691   -154.725     74m   9.6 hrs
HLY-04-02-024(SB5)           06/12/04  12:46  71.776   -154.626    145m  18.7 hrs
HLY-04-02-XCTD_03            06/13/04  09:17  71.821   -155.161    216m     -
HLY-04-02-XCTD_04            06/13/04  10:37  71.868   -155.038    243m     -
HLY-04-02-XCTD_05            06/13/04  12:35  71.918   -154.803    375m     -
HLY-04-02-XCTD_06            06/13/04  13:48  71.969   -154.613    332m     -
HLY-04-02-025(productivity)  06/13/04  14:15  71.975   -154.613    578m   1.0 hrs
HLY-04-02-XCTD_07            06/13/04  16:44  72.016   -154.484    631m     -
HLY-04-02-XCTD_08            06/13/04  19:16  72.063   -154.305   1396m     -
HLY-04-02-026(BC5)           06/13/04  22:07  72.096   -154.370   1184m  20.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-027(BC6)           06/15/04  07:31  72.252   -154.488   1898m  17.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-XCTD_09            06/16/04  03:50  72.216   -154.554  ~1500m     -
HLY-04-02-XCTD_10            06/16/04  05:10  72.167   -154.52   ~1500m     -
HLY-04-02-XCTD_11            06/16/04  05:59  72.121   -154.524  ~1500m     -
HLY-04-02-028(BC4)           06/16/04  15:37  71.921   -154.867    545m  32.6 hrs
HLY-04-02-029(BC3.1)         06/18/04  13:46  71.666   -156.204   ~100m   4.8 hrs
HLY-04-02-030(BC3.2)         06/18/04  19:20  71.625   -156.118    159m   1.4 hrs
HLY-04-02-031(BC3)           06/19/04  02:24  71.583   -156.132    178m  26.2 hrs
HLY-04-02-032(BC3.4)         06/20/04  06:03  71.548   -155.858    202m   2.2 hrs
HLY-04-02-033(BC3.5)         06/20/04  08:53  71.532   -155.812    109m   0.9 hrs
HLY-04-02-034(BC2)           06/20/04  15:53  71.397   -157.588    120m  15.6 hrs
HLY-04-02-035(BC1)           06/21/04  12:50  71.085   -159.526    158m   4.0 hrs
HLY-04-02-VPR_02 BC1.4)      06/21/04  18:40  71.044   -159.332     72m   0.1 hrs
HLY-04-02-VPR_03 (BC1.2)     06/21/04  19:30  71.104   -159.517     68m   0.1 hrs

Note: time, latitude, longitude and depth are for the start time of each station. 




PI REPORTS (by sequence of events during standard process station):

1a.  Service Hydrography Measurements 
     PI: Jim Swift, Dean Stockwell (both onboard), Andreas Muenchow (ADCP); 
     on board team members: Doug Masten, Robert Palomares, Kristin Sanborn, Dan 
                            Schuller, Jennifer Sheldon, Dave Huntley, and Dean 
                            Stockwell 


The SBI Service Measurement Program was represented on HLY0402 by David Huntley 
(University of Delaware) working on ADCP, Dean Stockwell (University of Alaska, 
Fairbanks) working on chlorophyll and other pigments, and a six person group 
from the UCSD Scripps Institution of Oceanography working on CTD/rosette casts 
and salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient analyses.  The six persons were 
Doug Masten, Robert Palomares, Kristin Sanborn, Dan Schuller, Jennifer Sheldon, 
and James Swift.  This report covers the activities of the SIO group.

The HLY0402 CTD package included a SeaBird 911+ CTD with dual conductivity and 
temperature sensors, an SBE43 dissolved oxygen probe, a fluorometer, a 
transmissometer, a Haardt fluorometer, a PAR sensor, and an altimeter.  A 
SeaBird Carrousel was used to control closure of 12 30-liter Niskin bottles.  
The CTD operator sat next to the CTD winch operator, and also had visual access 
to the starboard staging bay (rosette room) and starboard A-frame launch area.  
This was a nearly ideal arrangement and it worked very well.

Except for the last two sites occupied during HLY0402, which were Video 
Plankton Recorder-only stations, and a handful of XCTD profiles collected 
underway, the CTD package was used at every station, with from 1-8 CTD casts 
per station.  During a long mid-cruise traverse the CTD/rosette package 
received service, during which 6 springs were replaced due to rust developing 
on ends, and 12 end cap O-rings were replaced due to wear damage.  Although all 
of the 30-liter bottles appeared to be in excellent condition, on most HLY0402 
casts a good seal failed to develop on one bottle (typically), resulting in a 
leaking bottle.  These were due in almost every case to a portion of an O-ring 
slipping from its groove.  In every case the suspect O-ring was inspected, and 
replaced if necessary.  In general a different bottle then leaked.  Full 
inspections were frequent, and at least twice during the cruise all O-rings 
were.  Care was used to measure O-rings to locate those least likely to slip 
out, but to no avail.  This was the only notable deficiency in the hydrographic 
measurements program.  Because no solution was found, it bears further thought 
and effort before the next SBI cruise with this package. 

The Healy's Guildline AutoSal salinometer was used to analyze salinity samples.  
The salinometer ran fine.  Bottle salt data quality was excellent, exceeding 
SBI data quality specifications.

An ODF oxygen autotitrator was used to run bottle oxygen samples from SBI 
productivity and service casts.  The system ran well, with very few 
overtitrations or backtitrations.  Oxygen data quality was excellent, exceeding 
SBI data quality specifications.

A six-channel nutrient autoanalyzer was used to analyze samples, including 
those from the main SBI stations as well as ancillary samples from 5 different 
shipboard science groups.  The autoanalyzer ran well.  Nutrient data quality 
was excellent, exceeding SBI data quality specifications.

Data processing went very well, with both CTD post-cast processing and bottle 
data examination up to date at nearly all times during the cruise.   The 
placement of the CTD sensors and the design of the rosette as compared to 2002 
yielded noticeably cleaner CTD profiles. Also, the winch speed controls were 
much smoother than in 2002, causing profiles with less "shed-wakes".  WHP-
Exchange format CTD and bottle data files were updated daily.  Additionally, 
bottle data reports, available for each station and updated as needed, provided 
both a quick tabular look at the data for each cast and an easy-to-use format 
for examining the data comments.  (The data comments form the basis for 
assignment of data quality codes other than that for "good value".)  
Standardized CTD plots were generated for each profile and made available.  All 
data, including raw values and comments, are archived by ODF.

Samples for pigment analyses were drawn from a subset of the rosette bottles at 
service casts and producitivity casts. The samples were analyzed on board by 
Dr. Dean Stockwell from the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Six to eight depths 
per cast were sampled and processed. In addition, samples were processed from 
some bio-optical stations and for Dr. David Kirchman. Data entry into the JOSS 
data server followed after quality control checks on spreadsheet information 
were concluded.

Interpretative activities related to the CTD/hydrographic data focused on 
preparation and distribution of short reports on HLY0402 observations.  The 
titles of the .pdf versions:

                      Diomede_staplots_allyears.pdf
                      EHS_2002vs2003_discuss.pdf
                      East_Hanna_Shoals_discuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_22to26_discuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_22to27_CTDdiscuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_22to27_halocline.pdf
                      HLY0402_BC_discuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_BC3_CTDdiscuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_BeringStrCTD.pdf
                      HLY0402_CTD_27_28_discuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_CTD_27_discuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_CTD_TvsS_note.pdf
                      HLY0402_sta16CTDdiscuss.pdf
                      HLY0402_sta24and26_discuss.pdf
                      HV02_botdata_comparison.pdf
                      SBI_brinewaters_note.pdf
                      ShelfBottomCircNote.pdf
                      SummerWaterDiscuss.ppt
                      
In general, hydrographic characteristics observed during HYL0402 are similar to 
those observed during the HLY0201 spring cruise, which took place at about the 
same time of year.  There is a sense in the data that the winter shelf waters 
in 2004 are slightly less saline, and hence slightly less dense, than in 2002.  
Nutrient distributions versus salinity on the East Hanna Shoals section in 2004 
were nearly the same as in 2002, though the vertical sections reveal a stronger 
sense of shelf-slope similarity (or connection) in 2004 than in 2002.  One 
should recall, however, that the slope waters could be fed from the Herald 
Valley outflow, west of the section, and may not necessarily have "slid off the 
shelf".  Thus the similarity may be coincidental.  [Preliminary ADCP velocities 
in the layer just above (from Andreas Munchow) do, however, suggest off-shelf 
flow.]  Halocline waters on the section just east of Barrow Canyon showed a 
major intrusion of better oxygenated, lower nutrient waters, splitting the low-
oxygen, high-nutrient halocline waters into two layers.  A somewhat similar 
feature was seen in the HLY0201 data, suggesting that this represents annual 
post-winter injection of new halocline waters into the slope region.  The water 
mass structure in the outer Barrow Canyon region showed influences of both 
older and younger halocline waters.  In mid- and upper-Barrow Canyon, the 
colder, higher-oxygen waters dominated, consistent with a view that there is 
outflow of the colder upper-canyon waters into the mouth of the canyon, where 
they mix with the warmer, lower-oxygen layers.  These are highly preliminary 
observations and can be expected to change when more time is available to study 
the data.

The full SBI service final documentation is provided in Appendix A of this 
cruise report as well as can be found on the SBI JOSS website 
http://www.joss.ucar.edu/sbi/catalog_hly-04-02/index.html.



1b.  ADCP
     PI: Andreas Muenchow; 
     onboard team member: David A. Huntley, University of Delaware. ADCP


Introduction

The USCGC Healy has two acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) mounted in 
its hull.  One is an Ocean Surveyor 75 kHz phased-array system (OS75) and the 
other is a Broadband 153 kHz discrete-array system (BB153).  Both systems are 
up and running, although the BB153 system is still being vetted to ascertain 
it's data collection reliability.  The OS75 is functioning in both the 
broadband and narrowband modes.  Both the OS75 and BB153 systems integrate 
acoustic data with the ship's gyro, the aft P-code Trimble Centurion GPS and 
the Ashtech attitude GPS data.  All data are collected onto the local computer 
and then manually transferred to the archiving computer (SNAP1) for both 
systems.  

The only change in system operation since the 2004 shakedown cruise was the 
installation of a new data/power cable connecting the BB153 transducer assembly 
to that unit's deck box.  The success of that installation will be reported in 
a future system report.


Data Collection

The BB153 is setup to collect 50 6-meter bins and bottom track to 800 meters.  
Blanking is set to 4 meters.

The OS75 has four distinct data collection setups.  They are designed for 
different depth requirements as follows: 

Shallow - interleaved broad- and narrow-band pings plus bottom track to 100m.
    Broadband in 15 4m bins
    Narrowband in 8 8m bins
Mid-water- narrowband only plus bottom track to 400m
    Narrowband in 50 8m bins to 340m
Mid-water 250+ - narrowband only plus bottom track to 1100m
    55 8m bins to 375m
Deep water - narrowband only but no bottom track
    55 8m bins
All OS75 configurations have 10m blanking.

Data is collected onto the local machines and then transferred 'manually' to 
the archive system.  The operator completes this file transfer each morning 
around 0730 via Windows Explorer copy and paste, this leaves a copy of the file 
on the host computer to facilitate file number advance.  The manual transfer is 
necessary due to a buffer overflow problem and system hang-up that occurs when 
VmDas attempts to automatically write to the archival system at the same time 
as it is collecting and writing data locally.  The system hang-up and buffer 
overflow do not occur when this feature is disabled in VmDas.


Performance

The OS75 has performed normally for most of the cruise, so far.  Both systems 
have been affected by vibration from ice breaking, the intermittent power 
outages and some system instability primarily due to the Windows operating 
system.  The BB153 has had more system instabilities than the OS75 including 
system lockup that could only be corrected by "hard reboot" or disconnecting 
the power supply, VmDas shutdown that was traced to the optical mouse, and the 
system computer restarting without any user input.  Both systems have had 
numerous "ADCPCOMM timeout" errors, however this is simply a dropped ping and 
if it does not stop data collection it is not an issue.  Consistent NMEA buffer 
overflows were occurring on both systems.  The problem was traced to the 
Ashtech GPS, which was sending data too fast (twice per second). When the 
output was reduced to once per second, the buffer overflow condition was 
corrected.  The OS75 has had intermittent operating system shut down without 
user input.  The symptom of this is a blue screen and loss of data collection.  
The solution has been to reboot the computer and restart data collection.  No 
indication as to why this is occurring.


Future Recommendations

Currently the system computers and the deck units for both ADCP's are not 
vibration isolated.  This is suspect in causing intermittent hardware shutdown.  
I recommend that all ADCP system parts be mounted similarly to the SDN computer 
system, which is vibration isolated.  

Both system computers are currently running Windows 2000 and should be upgraded 
to Windows XP.  This may help with the system instability.  VmDas will run 
acceptably with this operating system.  All unnecessary programs should be 
removed from the computers during install.  

A method of archiving the local data should be found that is invisible to the 
VmDas software.  The current "dual drive" system in the software package does 
not function well and results in data loss when the operating system shuts 
down.


2.  Sea ice working group: 
    PI: Rolf Gradinger; 
    onboard team members: Heike Merkel, Sarah Story, and Kazu Tateyama


The sea-ice working-group investigated the magnitude and the controlling 
factors of sea ice algal primary production in the SBI region. Our objectives 
for the spring 2004 expedition included: 1) continuous under-way measurements 
of ice thickness with an EM31 mounted to the ship's bow, 2) standardized ice 
observations in two-hour intervals, 3) sea ice core analysis for physical, 
chemical and biological properties, and 4) measurement of properties of the 
under-ice water layer. 


Under-way measurements

Ice observations

A total of 213 ice observations were conducted in two-hour intervals between 
5/17/04 and 6/21/04. Each observation consists of a detailed evaluation of ice 
conditions (ice concentration, type, sediment content, occurrence of ice algae) 
supplemented by digital photography. Ice observations are available on-line in 
the SBI/JOSS catalogue.


Continuous indirect ice thickness measurements

Sea ice thickness data were collected with an electro-magnetic inductive device 
(EM) starting May 19 until June 20. Equipped with a laser altimeter and a GPS, 
mounted on the port side of the bow, this instrument measures continuously with 
a frequency of 10Hz the ice thickness and concentration, which will be averaged 
over 1 and 10 minutes intervals. Data were recorded over a time span of 422 
hours in total. The average combined ice and snow thickness was 1.68m for this 
expedition. These data will be compared with data collected in the same region 
in August 2003 by the Chinese icebreaker Xuelon and with satellite microwave 
data.


Measurements at ice stations

Eleven ice stations were conducted between May 21 and June 16. Ice thickness 
and snow depth measurements were carried our by EM and with a snow stick (Table 
1). The combined distance of the survey line is 5,065 m with measurements being 
conducted every 5m. 

For objectives 3 and 4, three to eight ice cores were taken at each station and 
used to determine the vertical distribution of ice temperature and salinity, 
POC/PON, stable isotope ratios (d13C, d15N), algal pigments, nutrient 
concentrations and algal species composition in relation to the permeability of 
the sea ice. 

Ice thicknesses of the collected cores ranged between 0.7 to 2.1 m. The sea ice 
in the study area was dominated by first year (FYI) sea ice with bulk 
salinities mostly above 3 as typical for FYI. Along the EHS transect, the algal 
pigment concentrations varied greatly with a remarkable decrease towards the 
north, also supported by the ice observation record. The maximum algal pigment 
content of 439 _g Chl a/l occurred in the bottom layer of the first ice 
station, where also nutrient levels within the ice were highest. The bottom 
concentration at the second ice station was by a factor of 100 lower at similar 
ice nutrient levels. The algal pigment levels in the cores collected along the 
Barrow Canyon line remained low. The regional differences are related to 
changes in ice and snow thickness, light and latitudinal gradients. Primary 
production measurements were conducted at nine stations using stable isotope 
tracers (13C, 15N). Ice core sections (5cm thickness each) were collected in 
the field and centrifuged at 1200 rpm in the laboratory for porosity and 
permeability measurements to be conducted with X-ray tomography and a 
specifically developed permeameter at UAF. The sections were taken in 
continuous 5-cm increments for the bottommost 30 cm (6 sections) and every 
other section was taken for the core sections above 30 cm (another 6 sections). 


Under-ice measurements

Under-ice light intensities were determined with a LICOR 4pi sensor. PAR values 
under the ice were between 0.1 to 20% of the incoming radiation, measured 
simultaneously with a 2pi sensor. Under-ice temperature and salinity gradients 
were assessed with a hand-held CTD system down to a water depth of 10 to 20m. 
We also measured under-ice currents with two current meters in close proximity 
to the biological coring site for later correlation of current speeds and 
directions to biological activity. While an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 
(ADV) was deployed close to the ice-water interface at depths between 0.50 and 
1.80 meters and time intervals between 1 and 18 hours, the second current meter 
was deployed at a depth of 4 meters below the ice-water interface for the 
duration of the station. Ship positions and drift speeds were downloaded from 
the ship's server for adjustment of the local currents.


Table 1:  Measurements conducted during ice stations in spring 2004

Date    Ice     Ice     Under-ice  Under-ice  Light    Algal   POC/    EM      comments
       temp.  salinity     T/S     currents   (PAR)  pigments  PON   transect  
-----  -----  --------  ---------  ---------  -----  --------  ----  --------  --------
40521    x       x          x         -         x        x      x       x        FYI
40524    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        MYI
40526    x       x          -         -         x        x      x       x        FYI
40530    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        FYI
40531    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        FYI
40602    -       -          x         x         -        -      -       x         -
40604    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        FYI
40611    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        FYI
40612    -       -          -         -         -        -      -       -        bear 
                                                                               encounter
40614    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        FYI
40616    x       x          x         x         x        x      x       x        FYI



3.  Primary Production, Bio-optics, and Remote Sensing of Ocean Color
    PI: Glenn Cota; 
    onboard sampling team: David Ruble, Victoria Hill and Xiaoju Pan


3.1  Objectives

Characterization of bio-optical properties, the development of relationships 
between biological properties of the water column and optical measurements. 
Collection of validation points for SeaWiFS and MODIS. 


3.2  Observations

Measurement of primary productivity using c14 and nutrient uptake (nitrate and 
ammonium) experiments at 6 light depths 100%, 50%, 30%, 15%, 5%, 1%. Discrete 
optical measurements of absorption of particulate and soluble material, 
continuous profile measurements of absorption, attenuation, backscatter, 
upwelling radiance, and downwelling irradiance. Samples filtered for later 
analysis of total suspended material and pigments (HPLC). Surface measurement 
of incidence irradiance and surface reflectance, sunphotometer and ozone.


3.3  Progress

We experienced setup problems with the new passive optical instruments, this 
has been resolved, however data for the first week was unobtainable.  Due to 
heavy ice conditions and almost continuous cloud cover there have been no 
validation points for SeaWiFS or MODIS.


Experimental Observations

Experimental observations have included primary production as well as nitrogen 
uptake. Simulated in situ deck incubations continue to be problematic.  The 
uncontaminated seawater system has been out of service due to the ice 
conditions. The Coast Guard set up an alternative flow-thru system using the 
forward ballast tank to hold water, which is then pumped through the 
incubators. Temperature regulation in this system remains a challenge, warming 
occurring as the ballast tanks can only be filled whilst on station or in light 
ice conditions. Several production stations have been missed, as the ship was 
unable to find open water within the time window.


      Date       SBI      Secchi  HPLC   Cell    Primary    15NO3  15NH4
               Station     (m)          counts  Production
   ---------  ---------  -------  ----  ------  ----------  -----  -----
   5/18/2004  06 HV-1       4.6     +     +         +         +      +
   5/21/2004  07 HV-2       6.4     +     +         +         +      +
   5/22/2004  08 Prod       6.6     +     +         +         +      +
   5/24/2004  09 EHS-0     10.9     +     +         +         +      +
   5/27/2004  11 prod       7.2     +     +         +         +      +
   6/01/2004  17 EHS-5     17.5     +     +         +         +      +
   6/03/2004  19 EHS-6     20.5     +     +         +         +      +
   6/04/2004  20 EHS-7     32.5     +     +         +         +      +
   6/08/2004  22 SB-1      12.9     +     +         +         +      +
   6/12/2004  24 SB-5       7.7     +     +         +         +      +
   6/13/2004  25 Prod       8.9     +     +         +         +      +
   6/14/2004  26 BC-5       8       +     +         +         +      +
   6/15/2004  27 BC-6      15.3     +     +         +         +      +
   6/16/2004  28 BC-4       8.7     +     +         +         +      +
   6/18/2004  29 BC-3.1     8.1     +     +         +         +      +
   6/19/2004  31 BC-3       7.8     +     +         +         +      +
   6/20/2004  34 BC-2       7.9     +     +         +         +      +


Phytoplankton pigment (HPLC) and cell count sample samples have been collected 
from the surface and the subsurface chlorophyll maximum at experimental and 
optical stations. At several stations samples were also filtered through a 5um 
pore size in addition to the usual 0.7um  to provide size fractionated HPLC 
data. At Barrow Canyon, deep chlorophyll peaks at ~100-150m were found these 
were also sampled for HPLC and cell counts.


Optical Observations

Active optical observations have been very successful, with data also collected 
at times when experimental stations were unobtainable. Discrete absorption 
spectra of particulate and soluble material have been made to compare with the 
active profiles. Passive optics measurements at four stations were missed due 
to instrumentation problems.. This has included surface optics (SO) and passive 
optics profiles (PO), these problems have now been solved and it is hoped that 
the high spectral resolution data now available will yield interesting results. 
Few SO observations have been made due to 10/10th ice cover or wrong ship - sun 
alignment.

                                          SfcOpt   Sun   PassOpt  ActOpt  ActOpt
ORCA       SBI Sta-       Secchi  Water    SAS    Micro  Pro/Ref   AC9     HS6
Station #   tion #        depth   Depth           Tops    
---------  -------------  ------  ------  ------  -----  -------  ------  ------
200405181  06 HV-1          4.6     51                              +        +
200405201  06.5 bio-opt.            50                              +        +
200405211  07 HV-2          6.4     50                              +        +
200405221  08 Prod          6.6     47                      +       +        +
200405241  09 EHS-0        10.9     45                      +       +        +
200405261  10 EHS-0.5               49              +       +       +        +
200405271  11 Prod          7.2     47          
200405281  13 EHS-2                 52                      +       +        +
200405301  16 EHS-4        12.2    164                      +       +        +
200406011  17 EHS-5        17.5    243      +               +       +        +
200406031  19 EHS-6        20.5   1379                      +       +        +
200406041  20 EHS-7        32.5   2386              +       +       +        +
200406081  22 SB-1         12.9     39.1    +       +       +       +        +
200406111  23 SB-4          7.0     75.3    +       +       +       +        +
200406121  24 SB-5          7.7    167              +       +       +        +
200406131  25 Prod          8.9    577          
200406141  26 BC-5          8     1122              +       +       +        +
200406151  27 BC-6         15.3   1656      +       +       +       +        +
200406161  28 BC-4          8.7    545                              +        +
200406162  28 BC-4                 583      +       +       +    
200406181  29 BC-3.1        8.1    106                      +       +        +
200406191  31 BC-3          7.8    142          
200406201  34 BC-2          7.9    122      +               +       +        +
200406211  35 BC-1                  70                              +        +

Additional Sunphotometer readings (done at times other than a prod or bio-
optics station)

Station    Ship Station  McrTops   Station   Ship Station  McrTops
---------  ------------  -------  ---------  ------------  -------
20040524A  09 EHS-0         +        
20040601A  18 EHS-5.5       +     20040614A    26 BC-5        +
20040605A  underway         +     20040614B    Underway       +
20040609A  underway         +     20040614C    underway       +
20040610A  beset in ice     +     20040615A    27 BC-6        +
20040610B  beset in ice     +     20040615B    27 BC-6        +
20040611A  23 SB-4          +     20040615C    27 BC-6        +
20040612A  24 SB-5          +     20040616A    28 BC-4        +
20040612B  24 SB-5          +     20040616B    28 BC-4        +
20040613A  26 BC-5          +     20040617A    28 BC-4        +
20040613B  26 BC-5          +     20040618A    Underway       +
  

Specialty experiments  
  
Several experiments have been run to characterize the optical properties of 
arctic sediment and also material that is trapped in "dirty ice". A sediment 
re-suspension tank has been used in which the active optics package was placed, 
additions of material were then made. In this way absorption, attenuation, 
scattering and backscattering can be observed. 


4.  Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Group: 
    PIs: Nick Bates and Dennis Hansell; 
    on-board team members: Christine Pequignet and Jeremy Mathis

The group we sampled 32 stations, ie. every service casts.  This represents 320 
samples for DIC, Total Alk., DOC/DON, and POC/PON. The goal was to process all 
37 service casts, so I guess we did it. DIC and Alk are sampled in 250ml 
bottles, preserved with mercuric chloride and will be analyzed in Bermuda.  POC 
samples are filtered from 1 to 3 liters of water through a GF/F filters, which 
will be processed in Bermuda.  60ml DOC samples are filtered at the rosette, 
and stored frozen to be processed in Miami.



5.  Heterotrophic Prokaryotes
    PI: Dave Kirchman; 
    at sea support:  Rex Malmstrom


Project Objectives

The objectives of this project are: 1) to estimate rates of net community 
production and respiration; 2) to examine the flux of dissolved organic 
material (DOM) through the microbial loop by estimating biomass and biomass 
production and respiration of heterotrophic prokaryotes; 3) to determine the 
phylogenetic composition of the prokaryotic communities; and 4) to examine the 
use of DOM components by select prokaryotic groups.


Samples collected

Profiles of prokaryotic biomass, biomass production, and community structure: 17
Profiles coupled with primary production measurements: 14
Net oxygen and respiration measurements: 26
Experiments to examine DOM use: 4


Preliminary results

Standing stocks of heterotrophic prokaryotes and rates of prokaryotic biomass 
production (mainly bacteria) appear to be lower than what was observed for the 
same season in 2002.  Prokaryotic production seems to be also lower at the deep 
stations (>500 m) than on the shelf, and tended to be higher at the chlorophyll 
(fluorescence) maximum when present.  Net community (oxygen) production was 
generally high, especially relative to community respiration. 

Experiments were conducted in collaboration with Rachael Rearick (Rodger Harvey 
lab) to examine use of ice-rafted debris, algal detritus and peat by 
prokaryotic assemblages.  Prokaryotic growth (leucine incorporation and changes 
in prokaryotic abundance over time) was used as a bioassay for the lability of 
organic material in the three treatments.  Not surprising, prokaryotic growth 
was higher with the addition of the ice-rafted debris and algal detritus than 
in a no-addition control.  What was surprising was the stimulation of 
prokaryotic growth in the peat-amended treatment, although the response was 
lower than in the other two treatments.       

Additional experiments were conducted in collaboration with Ron Benner to 
examine the microbial response to and degradation of DOM in Ikpikpuk River 
water.  As with the experiment described above, prokaryotic growth was used as 
a bioassay for the lability of riverine DOM and was compared with changes in 
concentrations of inorganic nutrients and various DOM components.  Although 
expected to be dominated by refractory compounds, nevertheless, riverine DOM 
stimulated bacterial growth by several fold over a control receiving distilled 
water.   



6.  Dissolved Organic Carbon: 
    PI Ron Benner 
    team member Richard Daw

Project objectives
Our primary objective is to characterize the origins, transformations and fates 
of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the SBI study region.  Within this broad 
objective, we will determine the abundances and distributuions of terrigenous 
and marine DOM and characterize their biological reactivies.  We will explore 
the export of DOM from shelves to the Canada Basin and it's fate in basin 
waters.


Samples and data collected

A list of the samples collected to date is shown in Table 1.  In addition to 
these samples, we are collecting data on every CTD cast with a flash 
fluorometer that provides a measure of the chromophoric component of DOM 
(CDOM).


Results to date

The CTD and fluorometer data indicate a brine layer at the bottom at most of 
the shelf stations.  This indicates 2004 is a year of halocline renewal.


Table 1:  Benner - HLY-04-02 Sample Log (May 17 to June 21, 2004).        

                                    Alter-                                      C18   C18 
Date    Stn  Cast   Btl    Sample   native   Lat.     Lon.    Depth    DOM      SPE   vol.
                            Code     Code     N        W       (m)    Samp.    Samp.  (L)
------  ---  ----  -----  --------  ------  ------  --------  -----  --------  -----  ----
17-May   1    1    10      1-1-10   BRS1    65.683  -168.217    13      2        2     10
         2    1    10      2-1-10   BRS2    65.685  -168.387    12      1        1     10
         4    1     9      4-1-9    BRS4    65.689  -168.728    13      1        1     10
         5    1    10      5-1-10   BRS5    65.708  -168.879    13      1        1     10

18-May   6    1     7      6-1-7    HV1     67.508  -168.900     4      1        -     -

21-May   7    3     1      7-3-1    HV2     70.696  -167.205    48      -        -     -
         7    3     6      7-3-6    HV2     70.696  -167.205     6      -        -     -
         7    3     7      7-3-7    HV2     70.696  -167.205     6      1        1     10
         7    3    11      7-3-11   HV2     70.696  -167.205     2      1        -     -

22-May   8    1     2      8-1-2    PROD    71.256  -162.088    19      -        -     -
         8    1     3      8-1-3    PROD    71.256  -162.088    19      1        1     10
         8    1     8      8-1-8    PROD    71.256  -162.088     6      1        1     10

24-May   9    1     1      9-1-1    EHS0    72.007  -159.572    38      1        1     10
         9    1     6      9-1-6    EHS0    72.007  -159.572     9      -        -     -
         9    1     7      9-1-7    EHS0    72.007  -159.572     9      1        1     10
         9    4     3      9-4-3    EHS0    72.007  -159.668    37      1        1     10

26-May  10    2     1     10-2-1    EHS0.5  72.080  -159.634    43      -        1     25
        10    2     2     10-2-2    EHS0.5  72.080  -159.634    43      1        -     -
        10    2     3     10-2-3    EHS0.5  72.080  -159.634    43      -        1     25
        10    2     4     10-2-4    EHS0.5  72.080  -159.634    43      1        1     10
        10    2     5     10-2-5    EHS0.5  72.080  -159.634    43      -        -     -
        10    2     6     10-2-6    EHS0.5  72.080  -159.634    43      -        2     50

27-May  12    1     1     12-1-1    EHS1    72.245  -159.206    46      -        -     -
        12    1     2     12-1-2    EHS1    72.245  -159.206    46      1        -     -
        12    1     9     12-1-9    EHS1    72.245  -159.206    12      1        -     -

29-May  15    1     2     15-1-2    EHS3.1  72.581  -158.742    70      1        1     10
        15    1    10     15-1-10   EHS3.1  72.581  -158.742    13      1        -     -

30-May  16    4     2     16-4-2    EHS4    72.673  -158.767   153      -        -     -
        16    4    11     16-4-11   EHS4    72.673  -158.767     7      1        1     10
        16    4    12     16-4-12   EHS4    72.673  -158.767     7      -        -     -
        16    5     2     16-5-2    EHS4    72.681  -158.784   154      1        1     10

31-May  17    1     2     17-1-2    EHS5    72.720  -158.403   238      1        1     10
        17    1    10     17-1-10   EHS5    72.720  -158.403   102      1        1     10
        17    2     5     17-2-5    EHS5    72.724  -158.414    28      1        1     10

3-Jun   19    6     3     19-6-3    EHS6    72.881  -158.260   171      1        1     10
        19    6     4     19-6-4    EHS6    72.881  -158.260   121      1        1     10
        19    6     6,7   19-6-6,7  EHS6    72.881  -158.260   121      -        -     -
        19    6     8     19-6-8    EHS6    72.881  -158.260    81      1        1     10
        19    6     9,10  19-9,10   EHS6    72.881  -158.260    81      -        -     -
        19    6    11     19-6-11   EHS6    72.881  -158.260    22      1        1     10
        19    6    12     19-6-12   EHS6    72.881  -158.260    22      -        -     -

4-Jun   20    3     2     20-3-2    EHS7    73.143  -157.786  1503      1        1     10
        20    5     1     20-5-1    EHS7    73.157  -157.815   196      1        1     10
        20    5     2,3   20-5-2,3  EHS7    73.157  -157.815   196      -        -     -
        20    5     4     20-5-4    EHS7    73.157  -157.815   152      1        1     10
        20    5     5,6   20-5-5,6  EHS7    73.157  -157.815   152      -        -     -
        20    5     7     20-5-7    EHS7    73.157  -157.815   122      1        1     10
        20    5     8     20-5-8    EHS7    73.157  -157.815    82      1        1     10
        20    5    11     20-5-11   EHS7    73.157  -157.815    22      1        1     10
        20    5    12     20-5-12   EHS7    73.157  -157.815    22      -        -     -
 
5-Jun   21    1     2     21-1-2    EHS-x   72.629  -157.392   281   1 D/L AA    -     -
        21    1     5     21-1-5    EHS-x   72.629  -157.392   151   1 D/L AA    -     -
        21    1     8     21-1-8    EHS-x   72.629  -157.392    76   1 D/L AA    -     -
        21    1    11     21-1-11   EHS-x   72.629  -157.392    12   1 D/L AA    -     -
 
8-Jun   22    1     2     22-1-2    SB1     71.439  -154.299    31      1        1     10
        22    1    11,12  22-1-11   SB1     71.439  -154.299     1      2        1     10
        22    2    10     22-2-10   SB1     71.440  -154.315    11      1        1     10
     
11-Jun  23    1     2     23-1-2    SB4     71.690  -154.730    70      1        1     10
        23    1    11     23-1-11   SB4     71.690  -154.730     2      1        1     10

12-Jun  24    2     1     24-2-1    SB5     71.778  -154.701   152      1        1     10
        24    2     3     24-2-3    SB5     71.778  -154.701    21      1        1     10

13-Jun  25    1     2     25-1-2    BC4.1   71.975  -154.617   101      1        -     -
        25    1     5     25-1-5    BC4.1   71.975  -154.617    25      1        -     -
                                      
        26    5     1     26-5-1    BC5                                 1        1     10
        26    5     5     26-5-5    BC5                                 1        1     10
        26    5     7     26-5-7    BC5                                 1        1     10
        26    5     9     26-5-9    BC5                                 1        1     10
        26    5    11     26-5-11   BC5                                 1        1     10
        26    5    12     26-5-12   BC5                                 1        1     10

15-Jun  27    8     2     27-8-2    BC6                                 1        1     10
        27    8     4     27-8-4    BC6                                 1        1     10
        27    8     6     27-8-6    BC6                                 1        1     10
        27    8     7     27-8-7    BC6                                 1        1     10
        27    8     9     27-8-9    BC6                                 1        1     10
        27    8    11     27-8-11   BC6                                 1        1     10

16-Jun  28    5     1     28-5-1    BC4                                 1        1     10
        28    5     4     28-5-4    BC4                                 1        1     10
        28    5     7     28-5-7    BC4                                 1        1     10
        28    5    10     28-5-10   BC4                                 1        1     10

19-Jun  31    5     1     31-5-1    BC3                                 1        1     10
        31    5     4     31-5-4    BC3                                 1        1     10
        31    5     7     31-5-7    BC3                                 1        1     10
        31    5    10     31-5-10   BC3                                 1        1     10
                             
20-Jun  32    2     2     32-2-2    BC2                                 1        1     10



7.  Biomarkers
    PI Rodger Harvey; 
    at sea team member: Laura Belicka


Project Objectives

This project aims to determine the inputs and transport of organic carbon in 
the Western Arctic Ocean.  Through the analysis of molecular organic markers 
(fatty acids, sterols, hydrocarbons, etc.) in conjunction with bulk and 
compound-specific carbon isotopic composition, we can obtain information on the 
sources and diagenetic fate of carbon in the water column and sediments.  These 
compounds also provide an understanding of how carbon is exchanged between the 
shelves and basins.  

In order to achieve these goals, biomarkers will be analyzed in multiple types 
of samples.  We are collecting particulate organic carbon (POC) in vertical 
profiles throughout the water column along shelf to basin transects to examine 
community structure, quantify marine and terrestrial carbon sources, and 
evaluate particulate transport pathways.  To better characterize the inputs and 
transport of terrigenous organic matter into the Arctic, we plan to collect 
sediments and POM from a major river along the north slope of Alaska.  The 
sampling of ice rafted debris will enable us to examine how sea-ice acts to 
redistribute organic carbon in the Arctic.  Obtaining four sediment cores in 
the Basin (~3700m) will complete our 2002 collection of sediments and provide 
invaluable data on both the sequestration of carbon in the Arctic Basin and on 
variations in carbon sources over long time scales.  
In addition, we are currently examining bacterial utilization of various 
sources of carbon using regrowth experiments.  These experiments will be 
analyzed for bacterial growth, cell abundances and sizes, lipid composition and 
community structure analysis using fluorescent in situ hybridization as well as 
DNA cloning.  All lipid and DNA sample analyses will be conducted upon our 
return to the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory.
	

Sample Collection

To date, POM samples have been collected at 26 stations in the Bering Strait, 
Herald Valley, Smith Bay, East Hannah Shoal and Barrow Canyon regions of the 
western Arctic Ocean, as well as from the Ikpikpuk River, snow-suspended 
sediments from the Ikpikpuk River and ice rafted sediments from two separate 
ice stations.  At station 031.2, a small boat deployment was used to collect 
ice rafted sediments, which proved to be an ideal platform for sample 
collection.  One shallow box core was also taken as a test for the deep coring 
process.  Regrowth experiments were also conducted.  The stations and sampling 
depths for POM, Sediment Cores, and Ice Rafted Debris are as follows:


     Station Number      Station Name             Sampling Depths (m)
     --------------  ------------------------  ---------------------------
      Station 001            BRS-1                        10
      Station 002            BRS-2                        10
      Station 003            BRS-3                        10
      Station 004            BRS-4                        10
      Station 005            BRS-5                        10
      Station 006            HV-1                         3.2
      Station 007            HV-2                          4
      Station 008          Prod cast                  4.6, 17.6
      Station 009            EHS-0                     7.8, 43
      Station 010            EHS-0.5                    10, 41
      Station 012            EHS-1                      10, 43
      Station 015            EHS-3.1                      68
      Station 016            EHS-4                      5, 153
      Station 017            EHS-5                   25, 100, 245
      Station 019            EHS-6                 20, 80, 120, 800
      Station 020            EHS-9              20, 80, 150, 195, 1500
      Station 022            SB-1                      0, 10, 31
                         Ikpikpuk River                 Surface
                    Ikpikpuk River Dirty Snow           Surface
      Station 023            SB-4                        0, 69
      Station 024            SB-5                       20, 152
      Station 026            BC-5              25, 80, 130, 190, 340, 1200
      Station 027            BC-6              20, 85, 120, 190, 210, 355
      Station 028            BC-4                20, 65, 120, 190, 550
                      Ice Rafted Sediment               Surface
      Station 031            BC-3                  28, 79, 175, 220
     Station 031.2    Ice Rafted Sediment               Surface
      Station 034            BC-2                       35, 110
      Station 035            BC-1                       8.3, 73



Results

Sample analysis must be completed upon our return to the Chesapeake Biological 
Laboratory.  Data will be sent to the JOSS website data archive as it is 
available.
	
	

8.  Evaluation of Shelf-Basin Interaction in the Western Arctic by Use of 
    Radium Isotopes 
    PI: David Kadko;
    On-board team member: Mark Stephens


Project Objectives

We are measuring concentrations of radium isotopes in the upper water column in 
order to evaluate processes and timescales of shelf-basin exchange. The source 
of dissolved radium is sedimentary thorium. Radium diffuses out of the 
sediments, and thus its concentration is elevated in shallow shelf waters and 
decreases due to transport, mixing and radioactive decay off-shelf. Two 
isotopes of radium are appropriate for the timescales of shelf-basin 
interaction, and are of greatest interest to this study: Ra-224 (3.6 day half-
life) and Ra-228 (5.8 year half-life).

Summary of Data Collections

We have collected 55 large volume (200L) water samples from the upper water 
column (0 to 250m depth). Each sample has been filtered through manganese-
coated fibers (which absorbs the radium), and analyzed for initial Radium-224 
concentrations.

Transects sampled include: Bering Strait (3 surface samples), Harold Valley (4 
samples from 2 shallow stations), East Hanna Shoal (19 samples from 6 
locations), and the Barrow Canyon / Smith Bay transect (29 samples from 9 
locations). Station depths on the EHS section ranged from 45 to 2500m. On the 
BC/SB transect station depths were 85 to 1900m.


Preliminary Results

All samples have been analyzed for initial total Radium-224 content. A second 
analysis is required to determine the fraction of excess Ra-224.  To date, we 
have performed the second analysis on 14 of the samples. The results from those 
14 samples are as follows:

Bering Strait: Excess Ra-224 concentrations range from 1.1 to 1.7 dpm/100L (3      
               samples)
Harold Valley: Excess Ra-224 concentrations range from 0.75 to 1.4 dpm/100L (4 
               samples)
East Hanna Shoal (100m station): Excess Ra-224 concentrations range from 0.0 to 
               0.9 dpm/100L (7 samples)

Analysis on the remaining EHS transect stations is expected to be completed 
before the Summer SBI cruise, and the BC/SB samples will be completed later in 
the Summer.

All samples will later be analyzed with a gamma detector for the longer-lived 
radium isotopes (Ra-228 and Ra-226) upon our return to Miami.



9.  Microzooplankton: biomass, rates of herbivory, and food for mesozooplankton
    PI: Ev Sherr;
    team member Sybille Pluvinage (both onboard)


Data summary:

Microzooplankton Grazing Experiments (dilution assays)

We completed 10 dilution assays during the Spring 2004 cruise - data below:


 Dates of   Sta-  Sample  Light le-  Initial                    Growth   Grazing 
experiment  tion  depth   vel % of    Chl-a      Treatment       rate   mortality
                    m     incident    ug/l                      day^-1    day^-1
----------  ----  ------  ---------  -------  ---------------  -------  ---------
24-26 May     9    6.8       5        1.47    Dilution series    0.30    -0.09
26-28 May    10     5        5        2.21    Dilution series    0.37    -0.16
30-32 May    16    7.8       5        1.52    Dilution series    0.07     0.04
                                      0.48          40%         -0.28    
                                      0.53         10 um        -0.28    
3-5 June     19    45       0.06      3.3     Dilution series    0.06    -0.12
                                      1.3           40%         -0.39    
                                      0.53         10 um        -0.21    
4-6 June     20    30       0.06      0.57    Dilution series    0.03    -0.03
8-10 June    22    10        5        4.68    Dilution series    0.19    -0.03
                                      0.32         10 um        -0.22    
12-14 June   24    10        5        7.15    Dilution series    0.31    -0.04
                                      7.15     100% no nuts      0.06    
                                      0.79         10 um        -0.29    
15-17 June   27    24        5        1.31    Dilution series    0.28    -0.01
                                      1.31     100% no nuts     -0.03    
                                      0.47         10 um        -0.10    
16-18 June   28    32        5        5.3     Dilution series    0.03     0.01
                                      0.62         10 um        -0.20    -0.17
                                                 10% 10 um      -0.04    
18-29 June   29    28        5        7.32    Dilution series    0.20    -0.11
                                      1.17         10 um        -0.14    


A striking difference between the Spring 2002 and Spring 2004 cruise was that 
the phytoplankton stocks, as measured by chl-a concentrations in the initial  
samples of the dilution assays, were much higher during 2004 (up to 7.3 ug chl-
a/liter, compared to a maximum of 0.53 ug chl-a/liter in our experiments during 
spring 2002).  During the first part of the cruise, microscopic inspection of 
samples suggested most of the phytoplankton were large and chain-forming 
diatoms that resembled the ice algal diatom assemblage.  During the last two 
weeks, the phytoplankton were dominated by a mixed species assemblage that 
included pelagic diatoms, e.g. Chaetocerous and Thallasiosira spp. However, 
there were abundant smaller phytoplankton, phytoflagellates and some smaller 
diatoms, in the samples. The dilution assay results during this cruise suggest 
that microzooplankton had only a slight grazing impact on total phytoplankton 
stocks.  In two experiments (Stations 24 and 27), we found that the 
phytoplankton appeared to be nutrient limited, i.e. the growth rate of 
phytoplankton in undiluted (100%) water with no added nutrients was lower than 
the growth rate of phytoplankton in 100% water with added nutrients (5 uM of 
ammonium nitrate and 0.25 uM of sodium phosphate are added to all bottles 
except for two of the undiluted, 100% water treatments).

However, the results of the 10 um screened water treatments suggested that the 
smaller phytoplankton do experience significant grazing mortality from protists 
that pass through the 10 um mesh netting.  We also found a much higher 
mortality in the 40% whole water treatment in two of the earlier dilution 
experiments.  Inspection of the 10 um screened water showed abundant smaller 
heterotrophic dinoflagellates and other heterotrophic flagellates which had 
ingested small phytoplankton cells.  These results suggest that there may be a 
two-tiered food web in the microzooplankton assemblage, in which possibly the 
larger protists are consuming the smaller protists as well as phytoplankton, 
and the smaller protists have the biggest grazing impact on the < 10 um sized 
phytoplankton. Flow cytometric analysis of change in abundance of the smaller 
phytoplankton, and quantitative analysis of the protist community in the 
experiments, will hopefully provide a clearer picture of what was going on.

Microzooplankton biomass and analysis of phytoplankton community composition: 
Samples have been collected at the 6 depths of the primary production assays 
for 16 primary production casts during the cruise.  Three types of samples are 
collected: for flow cytometric analysis of phytoplankton and heterotrophic 
bacteria, for epifluorescence microscopy, and for inverted microscopy (Lugol 
fixed samples). Preliminary inspection of prepared epifluorescence filters 
showed that most of the phytoplankton biomass in shelf waters appeared to be 
large sized and chain forming diatoms, many of which appeared to be ice algal-
like pennates: Nitschia - type cells or Fragilariopsis - type chains, plus some 
pelagic species: Thalassiosira,  Chaetocerous and Cocinodiscus.  The striking 
chl-a maximum found at outer slope station 19 was composed of these large shelf 
diatom species, while the phytoplankton in the upper water column at this 
station were mainly smaller phytoflagellates and a smaller sized centric 
diatom. There were abundant heterotrophic dinoflagellates and some ciliates in 
the samples examined so far.

Mesozooplankton grazing experiments:  We have sampled the Time 0 and Time Final 
bottles for the 10 mesozooplankton grazing assays carried out to date on the 
cruise.  These samples will be analysed for change in protist abundance and 
biomass to evaluate the grazing rate of microzooplankton on heterotrophic 
protists.  



10.  Exchange of Plankton and Particles between the Shelf and Basin; Carin 
     Ashjian 
     (PI) and Stephane Plourde;
     on-board team member; Scott Gallager (PI) and Mark Benfield (PI)


The purpose of this project is to document shelf-basin exchange of plankton and 
particles.  The project is composed of two components:  shipboard estimates of 
plankton and particle abundance from a Video Plankton Recorder during the two 
process cruises and long-term observations of particle/plankton abundance from 
moored acoustic Doppler current profilers.  Only the first component is 
conducted on the present cruise.  

The Video Plankton Recorder (Seascan Inc. mfg.) is an underwater microscope 
that images plankton in a known volume illuminated by a strobe.  Coincident 
environmental (e.g., temperature, salinity, depth) data are collected using 
CTDs and other sensors. This project uses the AutoVPR, a self-contained 
instrument that logs data (images, environmental information) internally to a 
hard drive during deployment.  The AutoVPR is equipped with a SeaBird SBE 49 
CTD.  During this cruise, the VPR was deployed off of the stern from the 3/8" 
hydro wire using a stainless steel cage.  The VPR typically is deployed during 
a period while the bottles on the CTD rosette are emptied between CTD 
deployments, resulting in no extra ship time for the VPR casts.  The VPR is 
deployed to 10 m off the bottom or to 300 m, depending on the bottom depth.  We 
deployed the VPR at all process station locations as well as at extra, "high-
resolution" locations between the major stations in order to provide higher-
spatial resolution descriptions of hydrographic and plankton/particle 
distribution. Either the CTD or an XCTD was deployed also at these locations 
with the exception of locations near the Weingartner Barrow Canyon mooring 
where only the VPR was deployed.  Twenty-eight casts with the VPR were 
conducted during the cruise. 


Table 1.  Locations and times of VPR Casts

Stn       Stn    VPR      Date            Time     Lat.    Long.  Tow  Bottom
Name       #      #  Local    GMT      Local  GMT   °N      °W      Depth (m)
------  -------  --- -------  -------  ----- ----  -----   -----  ----  -----
HV-1       6      1  5/18/04  5/19/04  1620    20  67.47   168.9    40    51
HV-2       7      2  5/21/04  5/21/04   402  1202  70.66   167.3    40    53
EHS1       9      3  5/24/04  5/24/04  1229  2029  72.01   159.7    32    42
EHS0.5    10      4  5/26/04  5/27/04  2052   452  72.08   159.7    40    47
EHS2      13      5  5/28/04  5/28/04  1402  2202  72.37   159.1    40    52
EHS3.1    15      6  5/29/04  5/30/04  1707   107  72.58   158.7    62    72
EHS4      16      7  5/30/04  5/30/04   729  1529  72.66   158.7   130  ~140
EHS5      17      8  5/31/04  5/31/04  1540  2340  72.73   158.5   235   245
EHS5.1    18      9  6/1/04   6/1/04   1218  2018  72.77   158.4   284   295
        xctd_02  10  6/2/04   6/1/04    826  1626  72.83   158.3   200   240
EHS6      19     11  6/2/04   6/3/04   2301  2323  72.87   158.2   300  1170
EHS9      20     12  6/4/04   6/5/04   1730   130  73.15   157.8   300  2510
SB1       22     13  6/8/03   6/9/04   1327  2127  71.44  -154.31   25    38
SB4       23     14  6/11/04  6/12/04  1607     7  71.69  -154.82   82    91
SB5       24     15  6/12/04  6/12/04   554  1354  71.78  -154.65  140   153
SB5       24     16  6/12/04  6/13/04  1615    15  71.78  -154.97  270   280
BC5       26     17  6/13/03  6/14/04  1625    25  72.10  -154.42  300  1398
BC6       27     18  6/15/04  6/15/04   316  1116  72.26  -154.53  300  1780
BC4       28     19  6/16/04  6/17/04  1731   131  71.92  -154.90  300   550
BC3.1     29     20  6/18/04  6/18/04   722  1522  71.67  -156.22   90   106
BC3.2     30     21  6/18/04  6/18/04  1236  2036  71.63  -156.05  140   151
BC3       31     22  6/18/04  6/19/04  1916   316  71.58  -156.06  170   181
BC3.4     32     23  6/19/04  6/20/04  2258   658  71.56  -155.83  145   159
BC3.5     33     24  6/20/04  6/20/04   137   937  71.54  -155.79  110   121
BC2       34     25  6/20/04  6/20/04  1142  1942  71.40  -157.50  110   127
BC1       35     26  6/21/04  6/21/04   840  1640  71.12  -159.32   70    89
BC1.4            27  6/21/04  6/21/04  1041  1841  71.04  -159.32   56    66
BC1.2            28  6/21/04  6/21/04  1130  1930  71.10  -159.52   50    61
 

Hydrographic data (temperature, salinity) from the VPR were compared wi th data 
from the service CTD and the xCTD when collected at the same station.  The VPR 
CTD compared very favorably with the service CTD and somewhat less so with the 
xCTD.  We plan to sample using all three instruments at a single location to 
obtain a three-way comparison.


Figure 1. Comparison between temperature (left) and salinity (right) from 
          service CTD (red) and VPR CTD (blue).  Service CTD data averaged 
          into 1-m bins. No post-processing conducted on VPR CTD data.

Figure 2. Comparison between temperature (left) and salinity (right) from xCTD 
          (red) and VPR CTD (blue).  No post-processing conducted on VPR CTD 
          data.


As during the summer of 2002, the greatest number of images was recorded at 
locations in and offshore of Barrow Canyon.  Particles in the canyon were 
composed of (presumably) decaying ice algae at depth and, along the eastern 
side of the canyon, colonies of Chaetoceros socialis.  The most abundant 
plankton type was radiolarians.   Copepods and chaetognaths also were observed.  
Qualitatively, abundances vary vertically and regionally, with greater 
abundances over the shelf and reduced abundances over the basin.


Figure 3. Total number of images (left) and number of images standardized to 
          tow depth (right) for 26 stations sampled along the northern portion 
          of the cruise track.  


The VPR records will be analyzed post cruise to determine the plankton and 
particle concentrations and coincident temperature and salinity for each 
profile.  These data then will be merged with ADCP velocity records obtained by 
the ship's hull mounted ADCPs to obtain estimates of instantaneous flux 
(magnitude and direction).  From these measurements, we will obtain high-
resolution descriptions of the vertical distributions of plankton and particles 
in association with hydrography, comparative estimates of abundance and 
vertical distributions between regions and along transects, and an estimate of 
how much and in which direction material is advected between shelf and basin.  



11.  Mesozooplankton Process Studies
     PIs: Carin Ashjian and Robert Campbell; 
     onboard team member: Stephane Plourde


The purpose of this project is to determine the grazing rates of the dominant 
copepod species/life stages on phytoplankton and microzooplankton food at 
locations both on the shelf and in the basin. The ultimate goal is to couple 
these measurements with estimates of total abundance and food availability to 
describe the role of mesozooplankton in processing carbon (both primary 
production and microzooplankton) in the two regions.  The relative condition of 
the plankton populations in the two regions also is assessed through measures 
of carbon and nitrogen content (CN), RNA/DNA (an indicator of metabolic 
activity), and, for actively reproducing species, egg production rates (EPR).  
The shelf and basin should contain different zooplankton species compositions, 
with the shelf being and admixture of endemic species and those advected in to 
the region from both the Pacific Ocean through Bering Strait and from the 
Beaufort Sea across the shelf-basin interface.  In order to better understand 
and model the potential consequences of climate variability on these 
ecosystems, it is important to understand how these ecosystems function and how 
changing the relative proportions of different species may impact the food web 
in the two regions.  

A total of 10 grazing and 17 egg production experiments for the dominant 
species at each location were carried out (see table 1 for experimental and 
sample inventories).  Grazing and egg production rates were higher on average 
than those observed in spring, 2002.  This is most likely due to much higher 
chlorophyll at many locations that may have resulted from advection rather than 
in-situ production because heavy ice and snow cover was present at many 
locations.  Advection of chlorophyll offshelf was most evident on the Barrow 
Canyon section where a prominent subsurface chlorophyll maximum and strong 
offshelf velocities were observed.  The rates at the outer most station (EHS9) 
were much lower and more typical of what was observed in the basin in spring, 
2002, but this was the only station that showed the basin station 
characteristics typical of spring, 2002.


Table 1. Summary of sampling and analysis activities.  Stations/locations where 
         each type of sampling or analysis was conducted are indicted by a "1".  

          Date    Stn #  Transect  Net  Grazing  EPR  RNA/DNA  CN
                         Location  Tow      
         -------  -----  --------  ---  -------  ---  -------  --
         5/18/04    6     HV1       1             1      1      1
         5/21/04    7     HV2       1             1      1      1
         5/24/04    9     EHS0      1      1      1      1      1
         5/26/04   10     EHS0.5    1      1      1      1      1
         5/28/04   13     EHS2      1             1      1      1
         5/30/04   16     EHS4      1      1      1      1      1
         5/31/04   17     EHS5      1             1      1      1
         6/2/04    19     EHS6      1      1      1      1      1
         6/4/04    20     EHS9      1      1      1      1      1
         6/8/04    22     SB1       1      1      1      1      1
         6/11/04   23     SB4       1             1      1      1
         6/12/04   24     SB5       1      1      1      1      1
         6/13/03   26     BC5       1             1      1      1
         6/15/04   27     BC6       1      1      1      1      1
         6/16/04   28     BC4       1      1                    1
         6/18/04   29     BC3.1     1      1      1      1      1
         6/18/04   30     BC3       1             1      1      1
         6/20/04   34     BC2       1                           
         6/21/04   35     BC1       1             1      1      1



12.  Shelf-Basin Exchange of Large Bodied Zooplankton
     PI: Sharon Smith; 
     on-board team members: Peter Lane, Leo Llinas, Tina Senft


Introduction.  

In the course of the PROBES study of the Bering Sea, we discovered that spring 
storms could alter the food web of the Alaskan continental shelf.  If the winds 
were from the "right" direction, subsurface basin water was forced onto the 
shelf.  In spring, some copepods migrate upward from their winter depths around 
1000 meters in the basin to the surface of the ocean.  When their upward 
migration coincided with the "favorable" winds, they ended up in a much richer 
food environment over the shelf than exists over the deeper adjacent ocean, and 
their response was to grow to twice the size of the same animals that remained 
at the surface above the deeper basin waters.  When this happened, the birds 
found this enhanced food supply and congregated in the shelf area where the 
copepods were located.  These copepods cannot complete their life cycle on the 
shelf; they must spend the winter in deep water.  So, although they grew to a 
large size and supported the birds, fish and mammals of the Bering Sea shelf, 
they were unable to survive and reproduce on the shelf.  Hence, they must be 
reintroduced to the shelf environment each year by the water movements of the 
region.  Subsequently, this phenomenon was found on other shallow shelves such 
as the Barents Sea, where the abundance of capelin was tied to physical 
transport of their copepod food supply from the deeper North Atlantic Ocean 
onto the shallow Barents shelf.  These two observations were the basis for our 
conceptual model of possible climate change outcomes in the Chukchi and 
Beaufort Seas.  The Chukchi shelf is broad and shallow, and supports large 
populations of birds, walrus, seals, polar bears and whales, and one of the 
bases of the food web that supports these charismatic organisms are the 
copepods transported from the deep adjacent Arctic Ocean onto the Chukchi and 
Beaufort shelves.  By measuring the abundances of various copepods on the 
shelves and in the deep adjacent basin, and by identifying the early juvenile 
stages of the copepods, we can say which species of copepod are reproducing on 
the shelves.  Such identification cannot be done with normal taxonomic 
characters; it must be done using new molecular probes under development now.  

For many years, global models of climate have shown us that warming associated 
with increased carbon dioxide emissions will appear first - and be most intense 
- in the Arctic.  Warming will reduce ice cover, exposing the shallow shelves 
to different current regimes than they experience presently.  If climate change 
produces less transport of Arctic basin organisms onto the shelves, there will 
be reduced food for the birds, fish and baleen whales (the fish in turn support 
the seals and polar bears).  If climate change instead produces increased 
transport onto the shelves (upwelling), then the food available for the upper 
levels of the food web could increase.  Recent models show that the 
upwelling/no upwelling "switch" driven by ice cover could be very sensitive in 
this region.  Ice cover changing by as little as ten or twenty kilometers from 
the shelf break could dictate the strength and extent of upwelling onto the 
shelves, and in turn the food web of the region.


Objectives.

Quantify abundances and depth-stratified distributions of pelagic zooplankton 
over the shelf, slope and basin of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas

Quantify distribution of copepod nauplii at the surface in the study area using 
molecular techniques

Quantify egg production by dominant copepods in the study area

Table of Data Collected.

    Vertical Bongo Tows:    8
    MultiNet(r) Tows:      11
    Surface Map Samples:  250


Preliminary Results.  

Heavy ice and other priorities prevented us sampling the Arctic Basin.  The 
stratified samples in slope water show that the large Arctic copepod Calanus 
hyperboreus is predominantly in the upper 300 meters.  Deeper samples contain 
predators (chaetognaths, Pareuchaeta) and the omnivore Metridia longa.  The 
vertical distribution of the actively reproducing copepod Calanus glacialis 
could not be discerned with the naked eye, but it was common in the live tows 
from 100 meters to the surface.

A preliminary surface map showing values of fluorescence voltage from the SCUFA 
fluorometer suggests that the highest surface chlorophyll was in the region of 
station HV-1 near Pt. Hope (Figure 1).   Fluorescence along the East Hanna 
Shoal section was highest at the southwestern end of the section (ca. 50 
isobath) and lowest at the northeastern end of the section (ca. 2000 m isobath; 
Figure 1).  In Barrow Canyon, chlorophyll concentrations were highest near the 
200 m isobath, and lower both offshore and near the coast at Barrow (Fig. 1).


Figure 1. Fluorescence, expressed as volts, from the SCUFA fluorometer plumbed 
          in the aft TSG system during the first half of cruise HLY0402, 18 May 
          - 6 June 2004.



  Date     Stn   Stn     Latitude   Longitude      Haul    Tow    # of 
 (local)    #    name      (N)         (W)         type     #    samples 
                                                                 per tow
---------  ---  ------  ----------  -----------  --------  ----  -------
18-May-04  6    HV1     67 32.52    168 50.52    Bongo     BG01     2
21-May-04  7    HV2     70 39.38    167 14       Bongo     BG02     2
24-May-04  9    EHS0    72 00.6397  159 69.5283  MultiNet  MN01     3
26-May-04  10   EHS0.5  72 04.7860  159 37.1132  Bongo     BG03     2
28-May-04  13   EHS2    72 21.9809  159 03.6152  Bongo     BG04     2
30-May-04  16   EHS4    72 39.3310  158 42.9858  MultiNet  MN02     3
31-May-04  17   EHS5    72 43.3307  158 24.5713  MultiNet  MN03     5
2-Jun-04   19   EHS6    72 51.8168  158 14.3105  MultiNet  MN04     5
4-Jun-04   20   EHS7    73 08.6984  157 47.3724  MultiNet  MN05     5
8-Jun-04   22   SB1     71 26.4082  154 18.3087  Bongo     BG05     2
8-Jun-04   23   SB4     71 41.4859  154 48.7477  Bongo     BG06     2
12-Jun-04  24   SB5     71 46.6062  154 38.7976  Bongo     BG07     2
12-Jun-04  24   SB5     71 46.75    154 57.08    MultiNet  MN06     5
13-Jun-04  26   BC5     72 06.27    154 28.03    MultiNet  MN07     5
15-Jun-04  27   BC6     72 16.1915  154 34.2670  MultiNet  MN08     5
16-Jun-04  28   BC4     71 55.323   154 52.50    MultiNet  MN09     5
18-Jun-04  31   BC3     71 34.7290  155 52.90    MultiNet  MN10     4
20-Jun-04  34   BC2     71 24.255   157 27.2275  MultiNet  MN11     3
21-Jun-04  35   BC1     71 07.0766  159 21.4010  Bongo     BG08     2
              
Note: During the SBI process cruise HLY0402, 8 Bongo and 11 MultiNet tows were 
      carried out for a total of 64 samples collected. In addition over 250 
      underway samples were collected from the aft TSG system.
  


13.  Particulate Organic Carbon (POC)
     PI: Brad Moran; 
     on-board team members: Pat Kelly and Kate Hagstrom


Project Objectives:

1) Quantify the flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the surface water 
   to the deep waters of the Chuckchi Sea using 234Th as a tracer of particle 
   export.
2) Determine POC/234Th ratio values for multiple size fractions of particles, 
   and different types of particles at specific depths
3) Compare 234Th-tracer derived POC fluxes w/ sediment trap derived fluxes of 
   POC.
4) Compare 234Th export from surface water with 234Th accumulation in 
   sediments.
5) Improve 234Th sample resolution from HLY-02-0X using newly developed small 
   volume technique.


Samples Collected 

In-situ Pumps

Station  Depths                               LPOC sizes    Notes
                                                 (µm)  
-------  -----------------------------------  ------------  ---------------------------
6-HV1    10, 25, 40                           100, 53, 10   10m; 53 µm only
                                                            Heavy loading on 10µm
7-HV2    10, 25, 35                           200, 100, 53  10m; 53 µm only
9-EHS0   10, 20, 30                           200, 100, 53  10m; 53 µm only
16-EHS4  10, 30, 40, 50, 60                   100, 53, 20   10m; 53 µm only
17-EHS5  10, 30, 50, 100, 150                 100, 53, 20   10m; 53 µm only
19-EHS6  10, 30, 50, 75, 125, 300             100, 53, 20   10m; 53 µm only
20-EHS7  10, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 300, 1000  100, 53, 20   10, 300, 1000 m,; 
                                                            53µm only
24-SB5   10, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 225        100, 53, 20   10, 225; 53µm only
26-BC5   10, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 300, 600   53            50, 100; 100, 53, and 20 µm
28-BC4   10, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 200, 400   53            50, 100; 100, 53, and 20 µm
31-BC3   10, 30, 50, 60, 80, 100, 125         53            50, 100; 100, 53, and 20 µm
34-BC2   10, 30, 40, 50, 60                   53            50; 100, 53, and 20 µm


Small Volume 234Th

           Station    Depths
           ---------  --------------------------------------------------------
           7-HV2      Surf, 5,10,15,25,40
           9-EHS0     5,10,15,20,30,BOT
           10-EHS0.5  Surf, 10,15,20,30,BOT
           12-EHS1    5,10,15,20,30,BOT
           13-EHS2    5,10,15,20,40,50
           14-EHS3    5,10,15,20,40,BOT
           15-EHS3.1  5,15,30,50,60,BOT
           16-EHS4    10,30,50,75,100,125
           17-EHS5    25,50,75,100,150,200
           18-EHS5.1  20,40,75,150,200,250
           19-EHS6    15,20,40,100,150,200,300,400,500
           20-EHS6    10,20,40,100,150,200,300,400,500,1500
           23-SB4     5, 15, 25, 30, 40, BOT
           26-BC5     20, 40, 150, 200, 250, 500
           27-BC6     10, 30, 40, 80, 100, 150, 250, 320, 375, 500, 1100, 1700
           28-BC4     20, 40, 80, 150, 200, 250, 400, 565
           30-BC3.2   10, 20, 50, 125


Data Summary

Pumping Results:

Some 234Th samples from EHSS have been found to be near equilibrium with 
238U(activity ratio ~0.85), though most are not (activity ratio ~0.5). Not all 
samples have been analyzed.  Sufficient sample volumes have been filtered to 
ensure that measurable quantities of 234Th have been collected for all size 
fractions.

Trap Comparison:

Measurable quantities of 234Th have been collected in the sediment traps, 
though further comment is unwarranted due to incomplete analysis.

Sediment Comparison:

Sediments from the benthic component (HAPS core, Multi-Core), have been 
collected from HV2, EHS0, EHS4, EHS5, EHS6, SB5, BC5, BC4, BC3, BC2.  No 
analysis will be conducted until they are returned to URI.

Other Particle Types

Several samples from the Zooplankton component of SBI have been obtained for 
234Th analysis.  These include two different species of copepod, cheatognaths, 
and samples of 300 and 1350 copepod fecal pellets.  Thus far it is apparent hat 
at least 75 copepods are required to obtain a measurable quantity of 234Th, and 
that no measurable Th resides on fresh fecal pellets.

Small Volume Results:

Measurable quantities of 234Th have been collected, though further comment is 
unwarranted due to incomplete analysis.



14.  Water/sediment tracers, sediment metabolism and benthic community 
     structure
     PIs: Jackie Grebmeier and Lee Cooper; 
     on-board team members: Arianne Balsom, Rebecca Pirtle-Levy and Catherine 
     Lalande


The purpose of the benthic component is to investigate pelagic-benthic coupling 
and carbon cycling in the SBI study area. Methods used include population 
studies, carbon tracer collections, sediment studies, and water mass tracers. 
Forty-five stations were occupied during HLY-04-02 for various data collections 
within our component, both water and sediment samples (Table 1a-c). A sub-
sample of water from the surface and chlorophyll max was collected by Dean 
Stockwell (service cast) and Victoria Hill (productivity cast) and preserved in 
Lugol's solution for phytoplankton identification by Dr. Mickle Flint of the 
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology in Russia as part of our core project. Bottom 
water was collected from the service CTD for sediment respiration experiments.

Sediments were collected at each station using both a 0.1 m2 van Veen grab and 
a 0.0133 m2 HAPS benthic corer. Four van Veen grabs were used up to a 500 m 
depth interval to collect replicate quantitative samples for benthic population 
studies. Sediment was sieved through 1 mm screens and retained animals 
preserved in 10% buffered formalin for analysis on land. Sediment collections 
from both the van Veen and multiple-HAPS corer will be analyzed for chlorophyll 
pigment content (both fluorometric shipboard and HPLC), total organic carbon 
and nitrogen content, grain size, and various radioisotopes. Surface sediment 
were collected in whirl pack bags and frozen. Downcore samples for radioisotope 
tracers were cut in 1 cm sections to 4 cm depth, 2 cm sections to 20 cm depth, 
then 4 cm sections to the bottom of the core, sealed in cans, and frozen for 
laboratory analyses on shore. Measurements of Be-7 and Cs-137 will be made on a 
high-resolution gamma detector in Tennessee. Large volume surface sediments 
were also collected in Marinelli beakers for gamma counting. Two additional 
HAPS cores were collected at each station for sediment metabolism experiments. 
Overlying water was replaced with bottom water and flux rates determined for 
oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients. Once the experiment was completed, cores 
were sieved to retain the benthic organisms, which were preserved as outlined 
above. In addition to sediments collected for our component, we provided 
sediment to Brad Moran for Th-232 and Pb-210 measurements.


Table 1a.  Water column and other sample collections during HLY0402.

                   CTD sampling                  Other sampling

   Stn  Stn        O-18  Bottom  Devol core for  Gravity  Be-7 snow  Sediment 
    #   Name             Water   Be-7 & Cs-137    core    sampling     trap
   ---  ---------  ----  ------  --------------  -------  ---------  --------
    1   BRS-1       +                                                  
    2   BRS-2       +                                                  
    3   BRS-3       +                                                  
    4   BRS-4       +                                                  
    5   BRS-5       +      +                                            
    6   HV-1        +      +                                            
    7   HV-2        +      +                                  +          
    9   EHS-0       +      +                                  +          
   10   EHS-0.5     +      +                                            
   12   EHS-1       +                                                  
   13   EHS-2       +      +                                            
   14   EHS-3       +                                                  
   15   EHS-3.1     +                                                  
   16   EHS-4       +      +                                  +          +
   17   EHS-5       +      +                                  +          +
   18   EHS-5.1     +                                                  
   19   EHS-6       +      +          +                       +          +
   20   EHS-7       +      +                                  +          
   21   EHS-X       +      +          +                                  
   22   SB-1        +                                                  
   23   SB-4        +      +                                  +          
   24   SB-5        +      +                                  +          +
   25   Prod. Cast 
        & XCTD      +                                                  
   26   BC-5        +      +          +                       +          +
   27   BC-6        +                 +                                  
   28   BC-4        +      +                        +                    +
   29   BC-3.1      +                                                  
   30   BC-3.2      +                                                  
   31   BC-3        +                                                  
   32   BC-3.4      +                 +                                  
   33   BC-3.5      +                                                   
   34   BC-2                          +                                  


Table 1b:  Sediment sample collections from the van Veen grab during HLY0402.


                        Sediment Van Veen Sampling

                       Surface  Marinelli                       1mm 
      Stn  Stn           sed    for Be-7   TOC  HPLC  Dunton  infauna
       #   Name          chl    & Cs-137              sample  sieved
      ---  ----------  -------  ---------  ---  ----  ------  -------
       1   BRS-1                                         
       2   BRS-2                                         
       3   BRS-3                                         
       4   BRS-4                                         
       5   BRS-5                                         
       6   HV-1           +        +        +     +      +       +
       7   HV-2           +        +        +     +      +       +
       9   EHS-0          +        +        +     +      +       +
      10   EHS-0.5        +        +        +     +      +       +
      12   EHS-1                                             
      13   EHS-2          +        +        +     +      +       +
      14   EHS-3                                             
      15   EHS-3.1                                             
      16   EHS-4          +        +        +     +      +       +
      17   EHS-5          +        +        +     +      +       +
      18   EHS-5.1                                             
      19   EHS-6                                             
      20   EHS-7                                             
      21   EHS-X          +        +        +     +      +       +
      22   SB-1           +        +        +     +      +       +
      23   SB-4           +        +        +     +      +       +
      24   SB-5           +        +        +     +      +       +
      25   Prod. Cast        
           & XCTD                                             
      26   BC-5                                             
      27   BC-6                                             
      28   BC-4           +        +        +     +      +       +
      29   BC-3.1                                             
      30   BC-3.2                                             
      31   BC-3           +        +        +     +      +       +
      32   BC-3.4                                        +       
      33   BC-3.5                                             
      34   BC-2           +                 +     +      +       +


Table 1c:  Sediment sample collections from the HAPS corer during HLY0402.

     Sediment HAPS core sampling

              Oxygen  1mm      0.5mm    Moran                     Be-7 &    Stock-  Sed chl 
Stn  Stn      uptake  infauna  infauna  Sam-             Dunton   Cs-137     well    down-
 #   Name     cores   sieved   sieved   ples  TOC  HPLC  sample  down-core  sample   core
---  -------  ------  -------  -------  ----  ---  ----  ------  ---------  ------  -------
 1   BRS-1                                                                  
 2   BRS-2                                                                  
 3   BRS-3                                                                  
 4   BRS-4                                                                  
 5   BRS-5                                                                  
 6   HV-1       +        +     +                +     +              +                 +
 7   HV-2       +        +     +          +     +     +              +        +        +
 9   EHS-0                                +     +     +              +        +        +
10   EHS-0.5                                    +     +              +        +        +
12   EHS-1                                                                  
13   EHS-2      +        +     +                +     +              +        +        +
14   EHS-3                                                                  
15   EHS-3.1                                                                  
16   EHS-4      +        +     +          +     +     +              +        +        +
17   EHS-5      +        +     +          +     +     +              +        +        +
18   EHS-5.1                                                                  
19   EHS-6      +        +     +          +     +     +     +                 +        +
20   EHS-7                                                                  
21   EHS-X      +        +     +                                              +        +
22   SB-1                                                                  
23   SB-4       +        +     +                +     +              +        +        +
24   SB-5       +        +     +          +     +     +              +        +        +
25   Prod.  
     Cast
     & XCTD                                                                  
26   BC-5                                 +     +     +              +        +        +
27   BC-6                                       +     +              +        +        +
28   BC-4       +        +     +          +     +     +              +        +        +
29   BC-3.1                                                                  
30   BC-3.2                                                                  
31   BC-3                                                                  
32   BC-3.4                               +     +     +              +        +        +
33   BC-3.5                                                                  
34   BC-2                                       +     +              +        +        +

NOTE: TOC/HPLC sample to be taken from 0-1cm section of radioisotope core.


Preliminary results of sediment oxygen uptake (an indicator of carbon supply to 
the benthos) show a gradient from high to low values moving from the outer 
shelf to the basin on all transects. The mean highest sediment oxygen uptake 
rates (30.1 mM O2 m-2 d-1) occurred at the upper end of Barrow Canyon at the 
128 m depth, declining to 9 mM O2 m-2 d-1 values at the 500 m depth and 
subsequently declining to low values at the 1000 m depth (mean=2.2 mM O2 m-2  
d-1). The highest sediment uptake rates In Barrow Canyon exceeded the Pacific-
influenced Chukchi shelf site north of Bering Strait (HV1)which had a mean 
value of of 13.2 mM O2 m-2 d-1. It should be noted that past summer values at 
the HV1 site reach as high as 40 mM O2 m-2 d-1 annually, suggesting that the 
deposition of phytodetritus to this productive site had not yet occurred in 
mid-May. The East Hanna Shoal transect in the Chukchi Sea had shelf (40-100 m) 
mean values ranging from 4.2-7.5 mM O2 m-2 d-1 to 5.6 mM O2 m-2 d-1 at the 500 
m slope site, with the lowest mean sediment respiration values at the 1000 m 
site (1.2 mM O2 m-2 d-1).
 
It is notable that higher sediment uptake rates occurred at deeper depths in 
Barrow Canyon, which are likely due to a focusing of organic carbon down the 
axis of the canyon. Of particular interest is the 500 m site on the Barrow 
Canyon line, which had 2x the sediment respiration rate as the site at EHS to 
the east at the same depth. Note that we also had rocks surrounded by 
concretions that appeared to be influenced by biologically mediated, chemical 
reactions at the 500 m Barrow Canyon site, similar to what was found in 2002. 
Finally, due to heavy ice conditions, we were unable to occupy the East Barrow 
line. However, we did reoccupy a similar line from the shelf to slope in the 
Beaufort Sea (Smith Bay (SB) line), that had a mean sediment respiration rate 
of 12.8 mM O2 m-2 d-1 at 60m, which dropped to mean rate of 7.4 mM O2 m-2 d-1 
at 264 m, which is relatively high and suggests an inflow of organic matter 
from the rich Pacific-water being advected into the region and heading eastward 
into the Beaufort Sea.



14a.  Sediment trap deployments 
      Graduate student: Catherine Lalande

The objective of the deployment of sediment traps is to estimate the vertical 
flux of biogenic matter through the measurements of POC and PON, chlorophyll a, 
phytoplankton, fecal pellets, 234Th, 7Be and _13C.  The traps were deployed at 
the depths of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 100m at stations EHS5, EHS6, BC5 and BC4 and 
at the depths of 30, 40, 50 and 60m at EHS4.  234Th activities are counted in 
collaboration with Pat Kelly and Kate Hagstrom.  


                      Measurements    Water from the traps
                      POC-PON         200ml
                      Chlorophyll a   2x100ml
                      Phytoplankton   100ml
                      Faecal pellets  100ml
                      Thorium-234     ~3L
                      7Be and δ13C    ~3L


Fecal pellet production experiments are done in collaboration with Bob Campbell 
and Stephane Plourde at stations where sediment traps are deployed.  One 
copepod is kept in 50ml of water (15 replicates) and the faecal pellets are 
counted over a period of 8 hours to obtain a fecal pellets production rate. The 
fecal pellets production rate and the amount of fecal pellets caught in the 
sediment traps will allow the estimation of the percentage of fecal pellets 
sinking in the water column.

Summary table of the measurements from the sediment traps 5 stations sampled: 
EHS4, EHS5, EHS6, BC4 and BC5

Sediment traps chlorophyll a (µg/L) measurements for HLY0204.


                       Depth  EHS4  EHS5  EHS6  BC5   BC4
                       -----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----
                         30   25.5  13.3  31.8  12.1  16.0
                         40   13.8  10.6  48.4  12.5  22.6
                         50   19.6  10.7  28.2  18.1  34.3
                         60   12.6  6.6   9.3   21.8  36.7
                        100         8.2   7.2   26.9  26.9



4b.  Sediment chlorophyll and macrofauna project 
     Graduate student: Rebecca Pirtle-Levy

Sediment chlorophyll has been measured downcore on one core from each multi-
HAPS core deployment.  Preliminary results indicate an increase in chlorophyll 
levels at the 3-6 cm interval of the cores.  Further analysis will have to be 
performed to determine what is happening at this interval.  Cores used for 
Jackie's sediment respiration experiments were sieved through a 1mm mesh with a 
0.5mm mesh screen inserted to catch the smaller size fraction of animals.  
These samples will be analyzed at the University of Tennessee.



15.  Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Dynamics: 
     Susan Schonberg and Craig Aumack
     on-board team members; PI: Ken Dunton


Carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures can provide information about the 
trophic links between pelagic and benthic components of the shelf and slope.

Our objective is to collect biological material from four trophic levels on the 
Arctic shelf and ocean basin to determine the natural abundance of δ13C and 
δ15N.  

1) POM was sampled by filtering water collected from two depths (10m and the 
   chlorophyll maximum) onto glass fiber filters.
2) Pelagic animals were caught using a plankton nets, sorted by species and 
   dried.
3) Benthic invertebrates were collected using sediment cores, sieved, sorted by 
   species and dried.
4) Epibenthic invertebrates were collected using a rock dredge at Station 35 in 
   the Barrow Canyon.

The dried samples will be taken back and analyzed using a mass spectrometer at 
The University of Texas Marine Science Institute upon return from the 
expedition.
 
Some General observations:

POM

1) Water column particulate organic matter (POM) was greatest over the shelf 
   (50m, 100m stations), became reduced at 500m and was negligible at stations 
   with greater water depths (1000m and deeper).
2) POM in Barrow Canyon was extremely high at all stations and was very thick 
   and gel-like.
3) POM collected at 10m depth varied between being zooplankton dominated and 
   phytoplankton dominated.


ZOOPLANKTON

1) Arctic shelf copepod species are smaller in size than those found at 
   stations nearer the basin.
2) Shelf samples contained large amounts of phytoplankton and a great number of 
   nauplii and other larval stages of invertebrates (polychaete, decapod, 
   tunicate, etc.)  The large quantities of phytoplankton had a gel consistency 
   which effectively clogged the zooplankton collection nets in Barrow Canyon 
   and few copepods were collected.
3) Shelf organisms were collected at our deepest station (1800m) located north 
   of Barrow Canyon (BC27) indicating water currents were distributing shelf 
   organisms that far north towards the Basin.
4) Representatives of the copepod genus Calanus and the chaetognath, Sagitta 
   elegans, were present in all zooplankton casts at all depths.


BENTHOS

1) Benthic biomass and diversity were greatest at the 50-500m stations and 
   negligible at water depths of 1000m and greater.
2) Polychaete worm and bivalve species dominated the benthic biomass collected 
   in the van Veen grabs.  
3) Only a few species of benthic animals were collected from depths greater 
   than 500m and they were small in size.
4) The Barrow Canyon stations had well sorted cobbles and gravel and a greater 
   number of filter feeding animals than other stations.
5) The rock dredge was pulled at the southern end of Barrow Canyon (BC35).  
   Numerous large invertebrates were collected from the seafloor surface 
   including soft corals, many types of ascidians, sea anemones, sea urchins, 
   and bryozoans.  These animals are all filter or suspension feeders that 
   require rock substrate for attachment.

After completion of Station 035 the following samples have been collected, 
sorted, identified and dried. 

         Sample Type                       # Samples  Organisms Sampled
         --------------------------------  ---------  -----------------
         Particulate Organic Matter (POM)      182       
         Zooplankton                           165       *Copepods 
                                                         Amphipods
                                                         Chaetognaths
                                                         Pteropods
                                                         Ctenophores
         Benthic Invertebrates                 441       *Bivalves
                                                         *Polychaetes
                                                         Sipunculids
                                                         Cnidarians
                                                         Ophiuroids
                                                         Asteroids
                                                         Amphipods
                                                         Gastropods
                                                         Priapulids
                                                         Ascidians
                                *dominant groups



16.  Benthic Carbon Oxidation and Dentirification Group
     PI: Allan Devol; 
     onboard team support: Bonnie Chang


The benthic denitrification group has make sediment flux and pore water 
measurement.  In total, we have sampled at 12 of the stations (all stations 
where benthic work was done).  Core incubation experiments have been done for 
N2, O2 and nutrient fluxes as well as N:Ar ratio fluxes.  N2 and O2 fluxes have 
been done by quadrapole mass spectrometery as has the N:Ar determination.  Flux 
measurements were made at all 12 of the stations.  Samples for nutrient flux 
(NO3, NH4, PO3 and SiO2) have been frozen for later analysis.  Pore water 
profiles of O2, alkalinity and nutrients have also been done, at all but one of 
the stations.  Along with the flux measurements samples were taken from the 
overlying water at the initiation and termination of the incubation for 
analysis of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen gas isotopes 18/16O2 and 15/14N2, 
along with a water sample for the analysis of 15/14NO3.  Oxygen profiles have 
been determined by micro-electrode profiling and by whole core squeezing, both 
at millimeter resolution.  Samples were also taken from the squeezed core for 
NO3 determination and frozen for later analysis.  

An additional core was sampled by sectioning at all stations and pore waters 
were extracted for nutrient profiles (cm resolution).  The solid phase of the 
sectioned cores were saved for later analysis.  Additionally, at all stations 
downcore samples were also taken for the determination of sulfate reduction 
rate by 35-SO4 tracer techniques.  Incubations were preformed in the radio-
isotope van and samples were preserved for further processing at a shore based 
laboratory.  Overall we are satisfied with our sampling program during the 
spring '04 SBI cruise (Although more stations would have been preferred, ice 
coverage precluded them).  

Although many of the chemical analyses remain to be completed back at shore-
based laboratories at the University of Washington and Bigelow Laboratory, 
several tings are clear at present.  The measurement of N2 fluxed due to 
denitrification was measurable by the quadrapole mass spectrometric method.  
Right now all we have is N2:Ar ratio changes relative to a reference water, but 
we will relate these to absolute standards once we return to shore.  It is 
clear however that the shallow cores (`<500 m) have a definite N2 flux into the 
overlying water.  We also expect that the pore water profiles of NO3 will show 
decreasing NO3 concentrations with depth indicative of denitrification deep in 
the core.  Although these profiles indicate denitrification, the rates are two 
small to detect with short term incubations.  These profiles will be modeled 
back on shore to obtain denitrification rates for these stations.  A second 
thing that is quite clear is that the trend in oxygen penetration into the 
sediments is quite different at the various cross shelf sections as well as 
being distinct from those observed during the Summer '02 SBI cruises. Oxygen 
penetration depths at the Barrow Canyon section remained shallow but were still 
significantly deeper than prior summer data.  At the East Hanna Shoal section 
oxygen penetration depths were quite a bit deeper (on order centimeters deeper) 
than the prior summer penetration depths.  A simple diffusion calculation 
suggests that change in diffusion time is on the order of 100 days, that is it 
would take about 100 days for the oxygen to penetrate from the summer depths 
observed in '03 to those observed on this cruise.  The oxygen penetration depth 
at the two non transect stations SBI 4B and SBI5 were both extremely shallow 
about 4 to 5 mm.  This indicates a significant C-loading to these sediments 
even at this early date.  Whether this is due to recent sedimentation of fresh 
planktonic debris or advective transport and deposition of somewhat older 
sediment to this site is unknown. 


SBI SUMMER CRUISE -- USCGC HEALY-04-02

                 N2 & O2                 NO3 & O2          
                   flux        O2 PW        PW       Nutrient          solid
                              profile     profile 
STATION  DEPTH  N:Ar ratio  (electrode)  (squeeze)  PW profile  SO4 R  phases  isotopes
-------  -----  ----------  -----------  ---------  ----------  -----  ------  --------
HV1       50 m      x            x           x          x         x      x        x
EHS       50 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
EHS      160 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
EHS      200 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
EHS     1450 m      x            x                      x         x      x        
EHS-X    400 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
SBI 4B    50 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
SBI-5    100 m      x            x           x          x         x      x        x
BC-5    1080 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
BC-6    2000 m      x            x                      x         x      x        
BC-4     500 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x
BC-3     129 m      x            x                      x         x      x        x



17.  Patty Cie, Yelm Middle School teacher from Washington State, NSF Research    
     Experience for Teachers (RET) program
     PI: Ken Dunton


Patty wrote 43 journal entries and have answered over 80 "Ask the Teacher" 
questions for the TREC (Teachers and Researchers Experiencing the Arctic) 
website.  In addition, she  corresponded with students from my classroom and 
responding privately to questions they requested not be asked and answered in a 
public format.  Furthermore, she photo-documented sampling methods, ice floes, 
ship life and wildlife to use in future classroom lessons and public talks.  
She took 1600 digital pictures and filmed four hours of digital video.

On June 4th, a thirty-minute teleconference was held between the Healy and Yelm 
Middle School.  In attendance on the Healy were: Captain Oliver, LCDR Peloquin, 
Jackie Grebmeier, Lee Cooper, Susan Schonberg, Craig Aumack and Patty Cie.  
Approximately 45 students were present in Yelm Middle School library.  Power 
point slides were presented during the conference as visual aides; however, the 
majority of the time was devoted to answering questions the students had 
previously prepared. 



18.  Data Distribution/Field Catalog
     PIs: Richard Dirks and Jim Moore; Steve Roberts;
     on-Board Team Member


A new JOSS field catalog for the Spring cruise was installed on the USCGC Healy 
during transit from Seattle to Nome. A major new feature of this catalog is the 
use of OpenSource GIS (Geographic Information System) tools to allow the user 
to interactively generate maps via a browser interface. This new interface 
allows the user to plot the current ship position and track (updated every 
10minutes) over various types of data layers. The user can zoom in/out pan, 
measure distances, pick latitude, longitude and depth via an easy to use 
interface. The data layers include all the past SBI cruise tracks/stations, 
planned futures stations, SBI moorings, IBCAO bathymetry, land topography, 
multibeam bathymetry from all the past SBI cruises plus current Seabeam data 
(updated every _ hour), current visible satellites imagery (clear weather 
permitting), radarsat (when provided) and various miscellaneous layers such as 
towns and rivers.

The catalog is also acting as the repository of project related reports (chief 
scientist daily operational summaries, Patty Cie's Journals (TREC), daily 
photos) and the generation and archiving of underway data plots. These include:

  • Satellite visible and infrared jpg images  for each overpass of NOAA and 
    DMSP that range in resolution from 1/2km to 4km.
  • 24 hours time series plots of weather and Other Data (updated 4x hourly).

The catalog provides a web form allowing the ice team (Gradinger, Merkel, 
Story, Tateyama) to interactively enter their ice observation reports along 
with photos of ice conditions and upload into the catalog.

The catalog is acting as the host of the Hydrographic Team's CTD/bottle data 
plus various data plots for dissemination to the rest of the project scientist. 
The data being provided is:

  CTD Data:
    • WHP Exchange Format zip file
    • Comments on each Cast
    • CSV Format ASCII Data
    • Standard Plots in jpg format
  Bottle Data:
    • WHP Exchange Format file
    • Bottle Hydrographic Reports

After the end of each station an event log with start and end times, location, 
depths, and instruments is generated. A station table with maps for the entire 
cruise is kept up-to-date and is made available in the catalog. This acts as a 
continuously updating document of our progress. 

Once a day during our two 1 hour internet sessions a subset of the catalog 
content is mirrored back to the JOSS server in Boulder, Colorado to allow 
people not on the ship to follow our progress. Except for the satellite images 
I have been able to transfer most of the catalog content to Boulder within 
about 2 days of their generation.

Satellite raw data pass files are also being archived on 4mm tape for each 
overpass of the ship by NOAA-12, 14, 15, 16, 17 and DMSP f-12, 13, 14. 15. 
These data will be added to the SBI Data Archive at JOSS when the cruise is 
over.

There was a problem found with the Seaspace Teascan system on the USCG Healy. 
The system was "upgraded" back in February 2004 by Seaspace Corp. This upgrade 
involved the installation of a new computer plus software but it seems the 
antenna is still the original equipment. Upon arriving on the Ship back in May 
the JOSS representative (Steve Roberts) noticed that the quality of the DMSP 
satellite images being received by the system were significantly degraded as 
compared to his  experience with the system back in 2002. This problem was 
mentioned to MSTCS Glen Hendrickson and he told him that he was aware of this 
problem but did not know enough about the system to fix it. He was working with 
Seaspace on this issue but since this system is not his priority there has been 
little progress in getting the system fixed. The scientific concern was the 
need for high temporal coverage of the surface currents in the SBI region in 
order to use floating ice as a tracer. During the summer this region is mostly 
covered in clouds with only a few clear day. During these short clear periods 
it is possible to infer the ice movement from the 30+ DMSP overpasses per day 
that occur at this high latitude. However, with the Terascan's current state on 
average only 1 or 2 "good" DMSP passes are received per day. One or two images 
a day is not sufficient to infer surface current during these brief clear 
periods.

Important websites and e-mail addresses:
  http://www.joss.ucar.edu/sbi  - SBI Data Archive Web Page at JOSS
  http://www.joss.ucar.edu/sbi/catalog_hly-04-02- JOSS SBI Field Catalog
  sroberts@ucar.edu - Spring 2004 Cruise catalog questions, comments
  gstoss@ucar.edu - SBI Data Archive questions
  jmoore@ucar.edu - Comments, questions re: JOSS participation in SBI





                                   APPENDICES



             APPENDIX A:  Science System Report: Dale Chase, LDEO.

                                 Instrument Lab
             Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
                                   61 Route 9W
                               Palisades, NY 10964

Subject:   SeaBeam 2112 performance during HLY-04-02
Project:   Healy Multibeam Support
Created:   June 20, 2004
Updated:  
Engineer:  Dale Chayes
Doc No.:  
Revision:  
Ref. 1  
Ref. 2  
Ref. 3  
Ref. 4  
  

The following observations characterize the performance of the SeaBeam 2112 
multiple formed beam swath mapping sonar on the Healy during cruise HLY-04-02 
(SBI Process I).

Cruise Info

Healy cruise HLY-04-02 departed from Nome, Alaska on Saturday, May 15, 2004, 
transited through Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea and occupied a large 
number of stations in the southern Chukchi. The cruise ended at Nome, Alaska on 
Wednesday, June 23, 2004.

This cruise was the first of two "process" cruises for the Shelf Basin 
Interaction project in 2004 on the Healy. The science focus of this cruise was 
primarily on station data but all underway systems were routinely operated 
including the SeaBeam SB2112 multibeam sonar.

Watch standing

There was no routine watch for the multibeam during this cruise. The Healy's 
Marine Science Technicians (MSTs) were doing hourly rounds and checked on the 
status of the multibeam during their rounds.

System Overview

The multibeam installed on the Healy for this cruise is a SeaBeam model 2112 
operating at 12 kiloHertz. It has sixty (60) hydrophones in the receive array 
and 12 projectors in the transmit array. The arrays are arranged in a Mills 
Cross at approximately frame 54. SeaBeam Real-Time Sonar System Software 
version 1.2.1A was used for the entire cruise.

Multibeam inputs

Sound speed at the keel

During the majoring of the cruise ice cover was too thick to allow proper 
operation of the recently updated science seawater system. Because of the ice 
cover, the sound speed at the keel (calculated from TSG and CTD data during 
stations) was surprisingly stable at 1437 m/s so the manual input mode was 
used. Late in the cruise, when the vessel was in less dense ice, external sound 
speed at the keel was calculated from the forward SeaBird Thermosalinograph 
data in real-time, reformatted and provided to the SeaBeam.  Sound speed was 
calculated using the Chen Millero 1977 equation and inputs of conductivity 
(converted to salinity) and temperature from the active TSG.

Sound speed profiles

A single sound speed profile was used during this cruise. No obvious artifacts 
due to improper sound speed profile were observed in real-time.

Navigation and heading

The real-time navigation input for the entire cruise was provided by the ship's 
integrated bridge system.  There is no other reliable source capable of 
providing the right data in the correct formats available on the ship.

Heading derived from the ship's MK-37 gyrocompasses was provided through the 
IBS. There was no other continuously available source on board during this leg.

There were no substantial interruptions in the inputs from the IBS during this 
cruise.

Time synchronization

Time of day synchronization was provided from the IBS for the entire cruise. 
There was no other source available during this cruise.

Attitude

A Kongsberg Simrad Seatex MRU6 serial number 225 vertical reference was used 
for the entire cruise. There is no other vertical reference for the SB2112.
Performance Issues:

Multibeam (and other sonars) performance in ice

The science driving this cruise results in revisiting the same sites over 
multiple years and in different seasons. This provided a great opportunity to 
compare the relative performance operating in ice and in open water (at 
different times of the year.) 

Hydrophones and projectors

A substantial fraction of the hydrophones and one projector array were replaced 
during the shipyard period prior to this season. The necessity of the repair 
effort was identified through electrical checks of the arrays during 
preparations for the 2003 field season. Electrical checks during the drydock 
and after the vessel was in the water indicated that the arrays were in good 
shape. After the substantial icebreaking during this leg, the electrical checks 
were made again on June 20, 2004 by ships force ETs. 

Thermosalinograph (TSG)

The SB2112 installation on the Healy (in addition to other science systems) 
depends up real-time measurements of water temperature and conductivity to 
estimate the speed of sound used in the beam former. Errors in estimating this 
parameter are very hard if not impossible to accurately remove after the fact. 
Therefore, problem with water flow that result in poor performance of the TSG 
and hence inaccurate sound speed are critical.

Forward Thermosalinograph 

The newly installed science seawater system was out of service for several 
extended periods during this cruise. The initial problems were due to very 
heavy, tight sea ice cover that forced ice to be ingested into the system. It 
is also likely that the super cooled sea-water was freezing in the system. 
During the cruise one of the pump couplings failed, most likely due to ice or 
debris ingested into the pump. No spare coupling was on board but the system 
was run in an alternate configuration. During much of the cruise, the ship's 
engineers found it possible to keep the system running but due to tight bends 
and small piping in the lab areas, it was not possible to keep them from 
freezing up. Further effort should be made toward improving the ability to get 
seawater from the intake into the flow through science systems.

Aft Thermosalinograph

Portions of the science program for this cruise used the aft TSG. It was on 
sporadically, mostly during stations.

Navigation resolution

The format for navigation input to the SB2112 on the Healy only allows for two 
places for decimal minutes of latitude and longitude. The resulting truncation 
in precision results in some jitter in the real-time display. The navigation 
accuracy in the multibeam data can be improved in post processing by merging 
data from either of the existing P-Code receivers.

Shallow water performance 

The SB2112 on the Healy is not capable of shortening it's transmit array when 
operating in shallow water. As a result, the data in less than about 250m of 
water is taken with the sonar operating in the near field. The resulting data 
quality is substantially worse than data collected in deeper water.  Much of 
the data collected during this cruise was in water depths less than 250m.

VRU error messages

As in previous cruises, there were intermittent bursts of "FATAL" error 
messages reported in the Status window by the SB2112. Unfortunately, these 
errors are not recorded which makes documenting correlation with external 
events difficult.

There is no direct evidence that the bathymetry data is significantly degraded 
in association with these errors but it is possible. Perhaps more importantly, 
these errors are very alarming.

The long cable run between the SB2112 (in the Computer Lab) and the VRU (in the 
IC/Gyro Space) provides power down to the VRU and data communications between 
the VRU and the SB2112 receiver processor. It is possible that EMI is causing 
interference with the communications between the two devices. Options for 
addressing this issue include moving the VRU to the Computer Lab, adding EMI 
filters, installing filtered line drivers and re-routing the cable. Careful 
thought should be given prior to future effort.

VRU alignment

A roll and pitch bias calibration was done during the shakedown prior to this 
field season. 
No roll or pitch bias data was collected during this cruise.

Ping rate

This SB2112 has a minimum ping interval of about 1.5 seconds. As a result, 
along track sampling in less than about 500m of water is significantly less 
that desirable.





            APPENDIX B:  UPDATED FOC'SLE INCUBATOR PLAN: 31 MAY 2004

The following plan was finalized during HLY0403 for providing ambient seawater 
to the 3-E-O-W ballast tank and out to the incubators on the foc'sle deck. The 
responsibilities of the science user component, the Chief Scientists, USCG  
Marine Science Technicians (MSTs), and engineering department are outlined in 
this plan below:

Responsibilities of Scientists running incubator experiments
1) When the scientist needs seawater on the foc'sle deck they contact the lead 
   scientist on duty (Grebmeier or Cooper).
2) The scientists using the incubators on the foc'sle need to coordinate hose 
   hook up and drainage depending on whether setting up or terminating all 
   experiments. Both manifolds must be in use or the one not being used will 
   freeze. The manifold not in use needs to have a minimal flow rate to prevent 
   freezing.
3) During the experiments the scientists will monitor the flow and temperature 
   and pass requests for seawater needs through Grebmeier/Cooper who will pass 
   requests to lead MST.
4) If the incubators are in use at the end of a process station, the scientist 
   will regulate flow to maintain temperature range desired to the incubators.  
   Coordination between starboard and port hose usesrs is necessary for 
   efficient use of the remaining seawater in the ballast tank through the end 
   of the experiments.
5) At the end of all experiments the scientist will contact the lead chiefs 
   scientist who then contacts the lead MST to turn off the pump. Once the pump 
   is off (turn switch on starboard side of foc'sle), the scientists will drain 
   the hoses. 
6) The scientists will then open up the spigots on the ballast manifold so it 
   drains and does not freeze.

Responsibilities of Chief Scientists
1) Grebmeier/Cooper will contact lead MST to request turning on the ballast 
   tank pump when requested by user scientists.
2) The chief scientist will periodically verify the current ballast tank volume 
   with ECC and write it on the white board in the main science lab. 
3) Once all the incubator experiments are complete, the final user scientist 
   will tell the lead chief scientist to tell the lead MST to turn the pump 
   system off completely. MST will contact engineering.

Responsibilities of MST
1) When requested, the lead MST will turn on the pump to the ballast tank, or 
   turn it off if all incubator experiments are terminated and there will be a 
   time lapse between stations.
2) If the lead scientist requests full ballast refill, he/she will request the 
   MST to turn off the ballast tank pump and that the MSTs verify that the 
   nozzles on the manifold are in the open position to drain the manifold.
3) Once the above is confirmed, the lead MST will contact engineering to 
   initiate the dumping of seawater and subsequent refill of the ballast tank 
   via the SSW input manifold to the ballast tank.

Responsibilities of Engineering Dept.
1) If the station is "short" (<1.5hr), the ballast tank will not be dumped, but 
   only topped off while on station with cold water from the SSW system.
2) If there are no incubation experiments on the bow, as confirmed by the MSTs, 
   then one hour before reaching a process (long) station engineering will 
   start emptying the ballast tank to its 6000gallon ("empty") volume. Once the 
   ballast tank is "empty" and the Healy stops on station, engineering will 
   open the installed SSW valve, located in the forward starboard side 01 deck 
   vestibule, and begin pumping in seawater into the 3-E-O-W ballast tank.

At the end of the station engineering will secure the installed SSW system 
(with the exception of #4 SSW pump).  MSTs will then energize the ballast tank 
pump as needed to supply the incubators.





                HLY-04-02 Service Group Bottle Data Documentation
                             15 May to 23 June 2004
                          Nome, Alaska to Nome, Alaska

                         Dr. James Swift (on board PI)
                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                          Oceanographic Data Facility
                            9500 Gilman Rd. MC 0214
                            La Jolla, CA 92093-0214
                               858.534.3387 phone
                                jswift@ucsd.edu

                           Dr. Louis Codispoti, (PI)
                             Horn Point Laboratory
                                   PO Box 775
                                2020 Horn Pt. Rd.
                               Cambridge, MD 21613
                               410.221.8479 phone
                             codispot@hpl.umces.edu

  On board team: Kristin Sanborn, Jennifer Sheldon, Dan Schuller, Doug Masten,
                               Robert Palomares
     Other team members: Dave Huntley (ADCP), Dean Stockwell (Chlorophyll)



Data Set Overview

98 CTD casts on 35 stations were attempted. One of these was aborted, with no 
CTD data and no water samples, six additional casts were aborted, the CTD data 
from these casts were reported, but there were no water samples.  These casts 
were: 

             Station  Cast  
             -------  ----
               003     01   CTD data reported, 12 bottles tripped.
               006     02   CTD data reported, 12 bottles tripped.
               016     01   CTD data reported, 4 bottles tripped.
               016     03   CTD data not reported, no bottles 
               027     01   CTD data reported, no bottles.
               031     03   CTD data reported, aborted mid down-cast


Instrumentation 

CTD casts were performed with a rosette system consisting of a 12-place rosette 
frame with 30 liter bottles and a 12-place SBE-32 Carousel pylon.  Underwater 
electronic components consisted of: Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (SBE) 911plus 
CTD, WETLabs C-Star transmissometer with a 25cm path length and 660nm 
wavelength, Biospherical Instruments, Inc. Photosynthetically Active Radiation 
(PAR) sensor, Chelsea MkIII Aquatracka fluorometer, and Simrad, 5 volt - 500 
meters altimeter.

Additionally, a Dr. Haardt fluorometer designed to detect colored organic 
matter (CDOM) and a Secchi disk were mounted on the CTD package. The CTD, 
transmissometer, and the two fluorometers were mounted horizontally along the 
bottom of the rosette frame. The PAR sensor was located at the top of the 
rosette. The surface PAR sensor was located on the aft, starboard railing of 
the helicopter shack.  All sensors except the Secchi disk were interfaced with 
the CTD system. This instrument package provided pressure, dual temperature and 
dual conductivity channels as well as light transmissivity and fluorometric 
signals at a sample rate of 24 scans per second. 

The bottles on the rosette were General Oceanic 30 liter bottles. The bottles 
were equipped with internal nylon coated springs and silicone o-rings which are 
used to minimize toxicity to the sample. Bottle numbering is 1 to 12 with 1 
tripped first usually at the deepest sampling level and 12 tripped last at the 
shallowest sampling level. The rosette system was suspended from a standard 
UNOLS 3 conductor 0.322" electromechanical cable.

The CTD used was serial number 09P24152-0638 and the sensor's model and serial 
numbers are listed in Table 1. 


TABLE 1.  Instrument/Sensor Serial Numbers

  Primary      Primary      Secondary     Secondary 
Temperature  Conductivity  Temperature  Conductivity  Pressure  Transmissometer
-----------  ------------  -----------  ------------  --------  ---------------
 SBE 3plus      SBE 4C      SBE 3plus      SBE 4C     401K-105      C-Star
  03-2796      04-2545       03-2824       04-2568      83009      CST-390DR

              Oxygen  Fluorometer    PAR     Surface PAR  Altimeter
              ------  -----------  --------  -----------  ---------
              SBE 43    Aqua 3     QSP-2300    QSR-240      807
               0459     088233       4643        6367      9711090


Equipment Positions

TABLE 2. Instrument mounting heights in reference to the bottom of the rosette 
         frame.

                            Height above                     Height above
   Sensor                 base of rosette      Sensor       base of rosette
   ---------------------  ---------------      --------  --------------------
   Altimeter                    2 cm           Pressure         19 cm
   Transmissometer              8 cm           T (pri)          10 cm

   Fluorometer (Chelsea)       10 cm         
   Fluorometer (Haardt)         8 cm           Par       215 cm Sta. < 2000 m
          

The distance of the mid-points of the 30 L Niskin bottles from the bottom-
mounted sensors was ~1.19m. The 30 Liter Niskin bottles are ~1.0 m long. The 
secchi disk was mounted 2.2m above the bottom of the rosette frame.
Problems and/or Procedural Changes

Bottle 7 was replaced after station 010.  At times the nylon coating on the 
springs broke down and some rust was apparent. To minimize the occurrence of 
rust, the springs were inspected before the cruise and, as feasible during the 
cruise. During the mid-cruise servicing of the CTD/rosette system that occurred 
following station 021, all springs were inspected and 6 were replaced. HLY0402 
rosette operations were continually beset by problems with bottle leaks caused 
by Niskin bottle end o-rings falling out of position.  Typically, each cast had 
one such occurrence.  Although some Niskin bottles were more prone than others 
to have an o-ring problem, in general the problem shifted from bottle to bottle 
between casts.  Some of the problems were gross, i.e. the o-ring would be 
visible out the side of the end cap, but others were more subtle. Every time an 
o-ring problem was suspected, the o-ring was carefully inspected, and replaced 
if necessary.  Also, at several points during the cruise all o-rings were 
inspected.  The contents of various packages of spare o-rings were measured to 
locate 'large' or 'small' o-rings (within the manufacturer's tolerance), and a 
remedial 'large' set was installed.  Another time Coast Guard personnel 
replaced all the o-rings from their own supply.  Yet all these remedial 
attempts were to no particular avail.  The problem bears further thought toward 
a satisfactory solution.


CTD Data

CTD Laboratory Calibration Procedures

Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations of CTD pressure, temperature and 
conductivity sensors were used to generate coefficients for the calculation of 
these parameters from their respective sensor frequencies. The temperature and 
conductivity calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in 
Bellevue, Washington.  Calibration of the pressure sensor was performed by 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic 
Data Facility (SIO/STS/ODF) personnel. The Sea-Bird laboratory temperature 
calibrations were referenced to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 
(ITS-90).


CTD Data Acquisition

The CTD 911plus was operated generally as suggested in the Sea-Bird CTD 
Operating and Repair Manual, which contains a description of the system, its 
operation and functions (Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., 2002). One difference from 
Sea-Bird's operation is that data acquisition was started on deck. This 
procedure allows a check of the pressure offset and an unblocked reading of the 
transmissometer. The Seasoft acquisition program as described in the CTD Data 
Acquisition Software Manual (Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., 2001) provided a real-
time graphical display of selected parameters adequate to monitor CTD 
performance and information for the selection of bottle-tripping depths. Raw 
data from the CTD were archived on the PC's hard disk at the full 24 Hz 
sampling rate. 

A CTD Station Sheet form was filled in for each deployment, providing a record 
of times, positions, bottom depth, bottle sampling depths, and every attempt to 
trip a bottle, as well as any pertinent comments. When the equipment and 
personnel were ready, data acquisition was started.  The CTD operator pressed a 
control key (flag), which appends a summary line into the files created for 
"inventory" files.  This file contains a summary of the time, ship's position, 
and current scan number each time the control key is pressed.  They are used as 
a reference to mark important events during the cast, such as on deck pressure, 
when the lowering was initiated, when the package was at the bottom, when 
bottles were tripped and the on-deck pressure with ending position.  After the 
initial flag, the rosette/CTD system was lowered into the water and held at 5 
meters wire out for 3-5 minutes to permit activation of the CTD pumps and 
equilibration of the sensors.  Then, the operator had the CTD raised to the 
surface, again created a flag, and simultaneously directed the winch operator 
to begin lowering.  The operator created a flag at the deepest point of the 
cast. Bottom depths were calculated by combining the distance above bottom, 
reported by the altimeter, and the maximum depth of the CTD package when bottom 
altimeter readings were available.  If there was no altimeter reading, then the 
bottom depth is reported from the ship's Bathy 2000 or Knudsen model 320B/R 
depth recorder.  These data, corrected for the draft of the transducer, were 
logged in uncorrected meters (assuming a sound velocity of 1500 m/sec). If the 
altimeter and depth recorder data were unavailable, the final resort was to use 
depth data from the SeaBeam system (corrected sound velocities).

The wire out corresponding to each bottle trip was written on the station log 
and the trips were electronically flagged in the data file.  The performance of 
all sensors was monitored during the cast.  After the rosette recovery, the 
operator created a final flag denoting the end of the cast. Any faulty 
equipment or exceptionally noisy data were noted on the log sheet. 


Problems and Procedural changes

Prior to station 007, position information was not being appended to every 
scan. The wrong configuration file was later inadvertently chosen and the 
absolute positions were not appended to the data for Stations 020 casts 3-7, 
021 cast 01, 023 casts 1-1, 024 casts 2-3 and 025 cast 1.


CTD Data Processing

Pressure

CTD values determined on deck before and after each cast were compared to 
determine a pressure offset correction. The comparison suggested that no 
pressure offset was necessary.

Temperature

The temperature sensors were calibrated in November of 2003.  The dual 
temperature sensors were monitored during the expedition and exhibited good 
agreement.  It appears that no additional corrections need to be applied. A 
post-cruise calibration will be performed.

Conductivity

Corrected CTD pressure and temperature values were used with bottle salinities 
to back-calculate bottle conductivities. Comparison of these bottle values with 
the CTD primary conductivity values indicated no additional offset needed to be 
applied to the data.

Transmissometer

A WETLabs calibrated transmissometer was utilized throughout the cruise.  An on 
deck calibration check was performed and even though there was little 
degradation from the last calibration, the new coefficients were applied to the 
data set.

Oxygen, Fluorometer, and PAR

The CTD oxygen data are only intended for qualitative use.  Similarly, the 
fluorometric and PAR data are not calibrated.

Data Processing

Sea-Bird Seasoft CTD processing software was employed. The processing programs 
are outlined below.  A more complete description may be found in the Sea-Bird 
Software Manual which is available from the Sea-Bird website (www.seabird.com).

The sequence of programs that were run in processing CTD data from this cruise 
are as follows:

  • DATCNV - Converts data from raw frequencies and voltages to corrected 
    engineering units
  • WILDEDIT - Eliminates large spikes
  • CELLTM - Applies conductivity cell thermal mass correction
  • FILTER - A low pass filter to smooth pressure for LOOPEDIT
  • LOOPEDIT - Marks scans where velocity is less than selected value to avoid 
    pressure reversals from ship roll, or during bottle flushing.
  • DERIVE - Computes calculated parameters
  • BINAVG - Average data into desired pressure bins

The quality control steps included:

  • Sensor verification After the CTD was set up and sensor serial numbers and 
    sensor location was entered into the computer, another check was made to 
    verify that there were no tabulation errors.
  • Seasoft Configuration File was reviewed to verify that individual sensors 
    were represented correctly, with the correct coefficients.
  • Temperature was verified by comparing primary and secondary sensor data.
  • Conductivity was checked by comparison of the two sensors with each other 
    and with bottle salinity samples. 
  • Position Check A chart of the ship's track was produced and reviewed for 
    any serious problems.  The positions were acquired from the ship's Trimble 
    P-code navigation system. 
  • Visual Check Plots of each usable cast were produced and reviewed for any 
    noise and spikes that may have been missed by the processing programs.
  • The density profile was checked for inversions that might have been 
    produced by sensor noise or response mismatches.


CTD Data Footnoting

WHP water bottle quality flags were assigned as defined in the WOCE Operations 
Manual (Joyce and Corry, 1994). These flags and interpretation are tabulated in 
the CTD and Bottle Data Distribution, Quality Flags section of this document.
Data Comments 

Fine structure including minor density inversions that may appear in the upper 
~ 10 m of the profiles is most likely caused by ship discharges/turbulence. To 
minimize the ship effect, engine cooling water discharges were restricted to 
the port side of the Healy.  A "yo yo" procedure was adopted to induce bottle 
flushing whenever waves and ship motion were weak.  This procedure was employed 
for all bottle trips under quiescent conditions except for productivity casts. 
Regardless of the procedure employed, the CTD operators were instructed to wait 
for at least 1 minute (typically > 1.5 minutes) before tripping the bottle.

All salinity, nutrient and dissolved oxygen data collected by the "service" 
team have gone through several stages of editing and are not likely to change 
significantly.  This included a post-cruise examination of the nutrient data by 
L.A. Codispoti who pointed out suspect values that were then double checked and 
flagged as appropriate by SIO/ODF personnel.


Bottle Data

There were five generic types of casts performed with differing sampling 
protocols.  Generally speaking, the samplings during these casts were as 
follows, but there is some cast-to-cast variation.

Hydrographic 
  • Oxygen, 
  • Total CO2,
  • Total Alkalinity, 
  • Nutrients
  • Chlorophyll/Phaeophytin
  • Phytoplankton
  • Salinity
  • O18/O16
  • Benthic 
  • Dissolved Organic Matter/Particulate Organic Matter
  • Thorium-234
Productivity/Zooplankton
  • Oxygen 
  • Oxygen Respiration
  • Productivity
  • Nutrients
  • Chlorophyll
  • HPLC
  • Bacteria
  • Micro Zooplankton
  • Particulate Organic Matter
  • Dissolved Organic Matter/Lignin
  • Bio-Optics
  • Taxonomy
  • C13/N15
Bio-Markers
  • Nutrients
  • Particulate Organic Matter
  • Dissolved Organic Matter/Lignin
Radium
  • Nutrients
  • Radium
Zooplankton
  • Nutrients
  • Micro Zooplankton
  • C13/N15

The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle 
from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the cast. 
This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted about the 
rosette and bottles. 

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve before the air vent 
on the bottle, to check for air leaks. This observation together with other 
diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve left open") that 
might later prove useful in determining sample integrity was routinely noted on 
the sample log.  


Bottle Data Processing

After the samples were drawn and analyzed, the next stage of processing 
involved merging the different data streams into a common file. The rosette 
cast and bottle numbers were the primary identification for all ODF-analyzed 
samples taken from the bottle, and were used to merge the analytical results 
with the CTD data associated with that bottle.

Diagnostic comments from the sample log, and notes from analysts and/or bottle 
data processors were entered into a computer file associated with each station 
(the "quality" file) as part of the quality control procedure. Sample data from 
bottles suspected of leaking were checked to see if the properties were 
consistent with the profile for the cast, with adjacent stations, and, where 
applicable, with the CTD data. Direct inspection of the tabular data, property-
property plots and vertical sections were all employed to check the data. 
Revisions were made whenever there was an objective reason to delete, annotate 
or re-calculate a datum. WHP water sample codes were selected to indicate the 
reliability of the individual parameters affected by the comments. WHP bottle 
codes were assigned where evidence showed the entire bottle was affected, as in 
the case of a leak, or a bottle trip at other than the intended depth.
Specific data processing and techniques and additional quality control are 
included with the parameter write-up.

Pressure and Temperatures

All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulation were obtained by 
averaging CTD data for a brief interval at the time the bottle was closed and 
then applying the appropriate calibration data. 
The temperatures are reported using the International Temperature Scale of 
1990.

Salinity

384 salinity samples were analyzed in 14 analyses runs.

Sampling and Data Processing 

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml high alumina borosilicate bottles, 
which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling. The bottles were 
sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps. This 
container provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation.  
Equipment and Techniques 

A Guildline Autosal 8400B #65-715, standardized with IAPSO Standard Seawater 
(SSW) batch P-144, was used to measure the salinities. Prior to the analyses, 
the samples were stored to permit equilibration to laboratory temperature, 
usually 8-20 hours.  The salinometer was outfitted with an Ocean Scientific 
International interface for computer-aided measurement. The salinometer was 
standardized with a fresh vial of standard seawater (SSW) at the beginning of 
each analysis run.  Instrument drift was determined by running a SSW vial after 
the last sample was run through the autosal. The salinometer cell was flushed 
until two successive readings met software criteria for consistency; these were 
then averaged for a final result. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities 
run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular standard 
seawater batch used.

Laboratory Temperature

The temperature stability in the salinometer laboratory was good; variation was 
no more than 1ºC during a run of samples.  The laboratory temperature was 
generally 2-3ºC lower than the Autosal bath temperature.

Oxygen

463 samples were analyzed for oxygen.

Sampling and Data Processing

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses as the first sample after 
the rosette was brought on board. Using a Tygon drawing tube, nominal 125ml 
volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed three times, then filled and 
allowed to overflow for approximately 3 flask volumes. The sample draw 
temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded 
in the drawing tube. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. 
The flasks were shaken twice to assure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, 
once immediately after drawing, and then again after about 20 minutes.  The 
samples were usually analyzed within a few hours of collection. 

Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and corrected 
to 20ºC. Periodically, the 20ºC normalities and the blanks were plotted versus 
time and were reviewed for possible problems. New thiosulfate normalities were 
recalculated as a linear function of time, if warranted. The oxygen data were 
recalculated using the smoothed normality and an averaged reagent blank. 
Oxygens were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram 
using the sampling temperature. 

Equipment and Techniques

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated oxygen 
titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365nm 
wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the samples and the data 
logging were controlled by PC software. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 
665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret. The ODF method used a whole-bottle 
modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter (1965) with 
modifications by Culberson (1991), but with higher concentrations of potassium 
iodate standard (approximately 0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (55 g/l). 
Standard KIO3 solutions prepared ashore were run at the beginning of each run. 
Reagent and distilled water blanks were determined, to account for presence of 
oxidizing or reducing materials.

Volumetric Calibration

Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized 
water to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory. This was done 
once before using flasks for the first time and periodically thereafter when a 
suspect bottle volume was detected. The volumetric flasks used in preparing 
standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as was the 10 ml Dosimat 
buret used to dispense standard iodate solution.

Standards

Potassium iodate was obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and was 
reported by the supplier to be >99.4% pure.

Nutrients

1229 samples were analyzed for nutrients in 63 analyses runs.
Sampling and Data Processing

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped "oak-ridge 
type" centrifuge tubes. The tubes were rinsed with 10% HCl and then with sample 
three times before filling. Standardizations were performed at the beginning 
and end of each group of analyses (typically 6-24 samples) with an intermediate 
concentration mixed nutrient standard, which was prepared prior to each run 
from a secondary standard in a low-nutrient seawater matrix. The secondary 
standards were prepared aboard ship by dilution from primary standard 
solutions.  Dry standards were pre-weighed at the laboratory at ODF, and 
transported to the vessel for dilution to the primary standard. Sets of 6-7 
different standard concentrations covering the range of sample concentrations 
were analyzed periodically to determine the deviation from linearity, if any, 
as a function of concentration for each nutrient analysis.  A correction for 
non-linearity was applied to the final nutrient concentrations when necessary. 
After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data file was processed to 
produce another file of response factors, baseline values, and absorbances.  
These values were then checked for accuracy against values taken from strip 
chart recordings. A stable deep seawater check sample was run occasionally as a 
substandard check. 

Nutrients, when reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from 
micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm pressure 
(0 db), in situ salinity, and the sample temperature measured at the time of 
analysis.

Equipment and Techniques

Nutrient analyses (nitrate+nitrite, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, ammonium, and 
urea) were performed on an ODF-modified 6-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, 
generally within a few hours after sample collection.  The samples were kept in 
the dark by covering with tin foil or refrigerated at 4_C, if necessary, but 
brought to within 5_C of lab temperature before analysis.  The analog outputs 
from each of the six channels were digitized and logged automatically by 
computer (PC) at 2-second intervals. 

A modification of the Armstrong et al. (Armstrong 1967) procedure was used for 
the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate plus nitrite analysis, the 
seawater sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was 
quantitatively reduced to nitrite. The stream was then passed through a 15mm 
flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm.  The same technique was employed 
for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and a 50mm 
flowcell was used for measurement.  Periodic checks of the column efficiency 
were made by running alternate equal concentrations of NO2 and NO3 through the 
NO3 channel to ensure that column efficiencies were high (> 95%). Nitrite 
concentrations were subtracted from the nitrate+nitrite values to obtain 
nitrate concentrations.

Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms 
[Bernhardt 1967.] technique. The reaction product was heated to ~55ºC to 
enhance color development, then passed through a 50mm flowcell and the 
absorbance measured at 820m.

Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al., (Armstrong, 
1967). The sample was passed through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance 
measured at 660nm.

Ammonium was determined by the Berthelot reaction (Patton and Crouch 1977) in 
which sodium hypochlorite and phenol react with ammonium ion to produce 
indophenol blue, a blue compound.   The solution was heated to 55°C and passed 
through a 50mm flowcell at 640nm.

Urea was analyzed via a modification of the method of Rahmatullah and Boyde 
(1980), which is based on the classic diacetyl monoxime method.  A solution of 
diacetyl monoxime, thiosemicarbizide and acetone is followed by the addition of 
ferric chloride, which acts as a catalyst.  The resultant solution was heated 
to 90°C and passed through a 50mm flowcell. The absorbance was measured at 
520nm.

Also reported is N**, a parameter calculated from nitrate, nitrite, ammonium 
and phosphate concentrations.  This parameter is defined as N** = ((N-16P + 
2.98)µM) 0.87, where P = the phosphate concentration in µM, and N = 
(nitrate+nitrite+ammonium in µM).  This parameter is quite similar to the 
original N* parameter defined by Gruber and Sarmiento (1997) except that we 
include ammonium concentrations because of the high ammonium concentrations 
that can occur in the SBI region.  The underlying premise of both N* and N** is 
that the N/P atomic regeneration ratio in seawater is normally close to the 
16/1 N/P Redfield ratio.  The assumption is that deviations from this ratio in 
N/P ratios in a water mass arise primarily from nitrogen fixation which 
produces organic matter with N/P ratios in excess of 16/1, or denitrification 
which consumes nitrate and other forms of fixed nitrogen and converts these 
forms into elemental dinitrogen gas.  Values less than 2.98 suggest that a 
water mass has experienced net denitrification and higher values suggest net 
nitrogen fixation.  The factors 2.98 and 0.87 are explained by Gruber and 
Sarmiento (1997), and there is some debate about whether they should be 
included, but we do so in order to facilitate comparison with the distributions 
presented by Gruber and Sarmiento (1997).

Nutrient Standards

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Johnson Matthey 
Company and Fisher Scientific and was reported by the suppliers to be >98% 
pure. Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate 
(KH2PO4) were obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Company, and the supplier 
reported purities of 99.999%, 97%, and 99.999%, respectively. Ammonia, 
(NH4(SO4)2), and Urea primary standards were obtained from Fisher Scientific 
and reported to be >99% pure. 

Bottle Data Footnoting

WHP water bottle quality flags were assigned as defined in the WOCE Operations 
Manual [Joyce]. These flags and interpretation are tabulated in the Data 
Distribution, Bottle Data, Quality Flags section of this document.

Data Distribution 

The CTD and bottle data can be obtained through NCAR's Earth Observing 
Laboratory web site, www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi. These data were formerly 
mounted on a JOSS web site.  The data are reported using the WHP-Exchange (WOCE 
Hydrographic Program) format and the quality coding follows those outlined by 
the WOCE program (Joyce, 1994). In addition, the format can be obtained through 
the WOCE Hydrographic Program website, WHPO.ucsd.edu. The descriptions in this 
document have been edited from the reference to annotate the format specific to 
this data distribution. ASCII files for each station were created with comments 
recorded on the CTD Station Logs during data acquisition. These ASCII files 
include data processing comments noting any problems, the resolution, and 
footnoting that may have occurred.  A separate ASCII file was also created with 
the comments from the Sample Log Sheets that include problems with the Niskin 
bottles that could compromise the samples. Comments arising from inspection and 
checking of the data are also included in the ASCII file. These comment files 
are also in the EOL/JOSS database.  Raw (unprocessed) CTD data are located in 
the EOL/JOSS database as well.  The file hly0402_ctd_raw.zip contains 
ssscc.cfg, ssscc.con, ssscc.dat and ssscc.hdr (where sss = station number and 
cc = cast number) files as acquired by the SeaBird SeaSave acquisition program, 
sbscan.sum file and calibration information for all sensors.  The *.cfg file is 
datcnv.cfg with the beginning scan number and *.con files may include a 
correction based on the bottle salinity samples.  The sbscan.sum file is a list 
of stations and beginning scan number.  Configuration files for the various 
SeaBird CTD processing programs are also included where applicable.  

General rules for WHP-exchange:

Each line must end with a carriage return or end-of-line.

With the exception of the file type line, lines starting with a "#" character, 
or including and following a line which reads "END_DATA", each line in the file 
must have exactly the same number of commas as do all other lines in that file.
The name of a quality flag always begins with the name of the parameter with 
which it is associated, followed by an underscore character, followed by 
"FLAG", followed by an underscore, and then followed by an alphanumeric 
character, W. 

The "missing value" for a data value is always defined as -999, but written in 
the decimal place format of the parameter in question. For example, a missing 
salinity would be written -999.0000 or a missing phosphate -999.00.
The first four characters of the EXPOCODE are the U.S. National Oceanographic 
Data Center (NODC) country-ship code, then followed by up to an 8 characters 
expedition name of cruise number, i.e. 32H1HLY0402.


CTD Data

CTD data are located in file 32H1hly0402_ct1.zip.  This file contains 
ssscc_ct1.csv files for each station and cast where sss=3 digit station 
identifier and cc=2 digit cast identifier.

Description of ssscc_ct1.csv file layout.

1st line     File type, here CTD, followed by a comma and a DATE_TIME stamp

             YYYYMMDDdivINSwho

             YYYY   4 digit year
             MM     2 digit month
             DD     2 digit day
             div    division of Institution
             INS    Institution name
             who    initials of responsible person

# lines      A file may include 0-N optional lines at the start of a data file, 
             each beginning with a "#" character and each ending with carriage 
             return or end-of-line.  Information relevant to file change/update 
             history may be included here, for example.
2nd line     NUMBER_HEADERS = n (n = 10 in this table and the example_ct1.csv 
             file.)
3rd line     EXPOCODE = [expocode] The expedition code, assigned by the user.
4th line     SECT_ID = [section] The SBI station specification. Optional.
5th line     STNNBR = [station] The originator's station number
6th line     CASTNO = [cast] The originator's cast number
7th line     DATE = [date] Cast date in YYYYMMDD integer format.
8th line     TIME = [time] Cast time that CTD was at the deepest sampling 
             point.
9th line     LATITUDE = [latitude] Latitude as SDD.dddd where "S" is sign 
             (blank or missing is positive), DD are degrees, and dddd are 
             decimal degrees. Sign is positive in northern hemisphere, negative 
             in southern hemisphere
10th line    LONGITUDE = [longitude] Longitude as SDDD.dddd where "S" is sign 
             (blank or missing is positive), DDD are degrees, and dddd are 
             decimal degrees. Sign is positive for "east" longitude, negative 
             for "west" longitude
11th line    DEPTH = [bottom] Reported depth to bottom. Preferred units are 
             "meters" and should be specified in Line 2. In general, corrected 
             depths are preferred to uncorrected depths. Documentation 
             accompanying data includes notes on methodology of correction. 
             Optional.
next line    Parameter headings.
next line    Units.
data lines   A single _ct1.csv CTD data file will normally contain data lines 
             for one CTD cast.
END_DATA     The line after the last data line must read END_DATA, and be 
             followed by a carriage return or end of line.
other lines  Users may include any information they wish in 0-N optional lines 
             at the end of a data file, after the END_DATA line.



Parameter names, units, format, and comments 

  Parameter      Units     Format  Comments
  -------------  --------  ------  -------------------------------------
  CTDPRS         DB        F7.1    CTD pressure, decibars
  CTDPRS_FLAG_W            I1      CTDPRS quality flag
  CTDTMP         ITS-90    F8.3    CTD temperature, degrees C (ITS-90)
  CTDTMP_FLAG_W            I1      CTDTMP quality flag
  CTDSAL         F8.3      CTD     salinity 
  CTDSAL_FLAG_W            I1      CTDSAL quality flag
  CTDOXY         UMOL/KG   F7.1    CTD oxygen, micromoles/kilogram
  CTDOXY_FLAG_W            I1      CTDOXY quality flag
  STHETA         F8.3      Sigma   Theta
  STHETA_FLAG_W            I1      Sigma Theta quality flag
  XMISS          %TRANS    F7.1    Transmissivity, percent transmittance
  XMISS_FLAG_W             I1      XMISS quality flag
  FLUOR          VOLTS     F8.3    Fluorometer, voltage
  FLUOR_FLAG_W             I1      Fluorometer quality flag
  PAR            VOLTS     F8.3    PAR, voltage
  PAR_FLAG_W               I1      PAR quality flag
  SPAR           VOLTS     F8.3    Surface PAR, voltage
  SPAR_FLAG_W              I1      Surface PAR quality flag
  FLCDOM         VOLTS     F8.3    CDOM Fluorometer, voltage
  FLCDOM_FLAG_W            I1      CDOM Fluorometer quality flag
  DEPTH          METERS    F8.0    Depth



Quality Flags

CTD data quality flags were assigned to the CTDTMP (CTD temperature), CTDSAL 
(CTD salinity) and XMISS (Transmissivity) parameters as follows:

  2  Acceptable measurement.
  3  Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the station profile or 
     adjacent station comparisons (or possibly bottle data comparisons). The 
     data could be acceptable, but are open to interpretation.
  4  Bad measurement. The CTD data were determined to be unusable.
  5  Not reported. The CTD data could not be reported, typically when CTD 
     salinity is flagged 3 or 4.
  9  Not sampled. No operational sensor was present on this cast

WHP CTD data quality flags were assigned to the CTDOXY (CTD O2), FLUORO 
(Fluorometer), PAR (PAR), SPAR (Surface PAR), and HAARDT (Haardt Fluorometer 
CDOM) parameter as follows:

  1  Not calibrated. Data are uncalibrated.
  9  Not sampled. No operational sensor was present on this cast. Either the 
     sensor cover was left on or the depth rating necessitated removal.



Bottle Data

Description of 32H1HLY0402_hy1.csv file layout. 

1st line     File type, here BOTTLE, followed by a comma and a DATE_TIME stamp 
             YYYYMMDDdivINSwho
             YYYY    4 digit year 
             MM      2 digit month 
             DD      2 digit day 
             div     division of Institution 
             INS     Institution name 
             who     initials of responsible person 
             
#lines       A file may include 0-N optional lines, typically at the start of a 
             data file, but after the file type line, each beginning with a "#" 
             character and each ending with carriage return or end-of-line. 
             Information relevant to file change/update history of the file 
             itself may be included here, for example.
2nd line     Column headings. 
3rd line     Units. 
data lines   As many data lines may be included in a single file as is 
             convenient for the user, with the proviso that the number and 
             order of parameters, parameter order, headings, units, and commas 
             remain absolutely consistent throughout a single file. 
END_DATA     The line after the last data line must read END_DATA.
other lines  Users may include any information they wish in 0-N optional lines 
             at the end of a data file, after the END_DATA line.



Header columns

Parameter      Format  Description notes
-------------  ------  --------------------------------------------------------
EXPOCODE       A12     The expedition code, assigned by the user. 
SECT_ID        A7      The SBI station specification. Optional.
STNNBR         A6      The originator's station number. 
CASTNO         I3      The originator's cast number. 
BTLNBR         A7      The bottle identification number.
BTLNBR_FLAG_W  I1      BTLNBR quality flag.
DATE           I8      Cast date in YYYYMMDD integer format. 
TIME           I4      Cast time (UT) as HHMM
LATITUDE       F8.4    Latitude as SDD.dddd where "S" is sign (blank or missing 
                       is positive), DD are degrees, and dddd are decimal 
                       degrees. Sign is positive in northern hemisphere, 
                       negative in southern hemisphere
LONGITUDE      F9.4    Longitude as SDDD.dddd where "S" is sign (blank or 
                       missing is positive), DDD are degrees, and dddd are 
                       decimal degrees. Sign is positive for "east" longitude, 
                       negative for "west" longitude
DEPTH          I5      Reported depth to bottom. Preferred units are "meters" 
                       and should be specified in Line 2. In general, corrected 
                       depths are preferred to uncorrected depths. 
                       Documentation accompanying data includes notes on 
                       methodology of correction. Optional.



Parameter names, units, and comments:

Parameter       Units    Format  Comments
--------------  -------  ------  ----------------------------------------------
CTDPRS          DB       F9.1    CTD pressure, decibars
CTDPRS_FLAG_W            I1      CTDPRS quality flag
SAMPNO                   A7      Cast number *100+BTLNBR. Optional
CTDTMP          ITS-90   F9.4    CTD temperature, degrees C, (ITS-90)
CTDTMP_FLAG_W            I1      CTDTMP quality flag
CTDCOND         MS/CM    F9.4    CTD Conductivity, milliSiemens/centimeter
CTDCOND_FLAG_W           I1      CTDCOND quality flag
CTDSAL                   F9.4    CTD salinity 
CTDSAL_FLAG_W            I1      CTDSAL quality flag
SALNTY                   F9.4    bottle salinity
SALNTY_FLAG_W            I1      SALNTY quality flag 
SIGMA           THETA    F9.4    Sigma Theta
SIGMA_FLAG_W             I1      Sigma Theta quality flag
CTDOXY          UMOL/KG  F9.1    CTD oxygen, micromoles/kilogram
CTDOXY_FLAG_W            I1      CTDOXY quality flag
CTDOXY          ML/L     F9.3    CTD oxygen, milliliters/liter 
CTDOXY_FLAG_W            I1      CTDOXY quality flag
OXYGEN          UMOL/KG  F9.1    bottle oxygen
OXYGEN_FLAG_W            I1      OXYGEN quality flag
OXYGEN          ML/L     F9.3    bottle oxygen, milliliters/liter
OXYGEN_FLAG_W            I1      OXYGEN quality flag
O2TEMP          DEGC     F6.1    Temperature of water from spigot during oxygen 
                                 draw, degrees C
O2TEMP_FLAG_W            I1      O2TEMP quality flag
SILCAT          UMOL/KG  F9.2    SILICATE, micromoles/kilogram 
SILCAT_FLAG_W            I1      SILCAT quality flag
SILCAT          UMOL/L   F9.2    SILCATE, micromoles/liter
SILCAT_FLAG_W            I1      SILCAT quality flag
NITRAT          UMOL/KG  F9.2    NITRATE, micromoles/kilogram 
NITRAT_FLAG_W            I1      NITRAT quality flag
NITRAT          UMOL/L   F9.2    NITRATE, micromoles/liter
NITRAT_FLAG_W            I1      NITRAT quality flag
NITRIT          UMOL/KG  F9.2    NITRITE, micromoles/kilogram 
NITRIT_FLAG_W            I1      NITRIT quality flag
NITRIT          UMOL/L   F9.2    NITRITE, micromoles/liter
NITRIT_FLAG_W            I1      NITRIT quality flag
PHSPHT          UMOL/KG  F9.2    PHOSPHATE, micromoles/kilogram
PHSPHT_FLAG_W            I1      PHSPHT quality flag
PHSPHT          UMOL/L   F9.2    PHOSPHATE, micromoles/liter
PHSPHT_FLAG_W            I1      PHSPHT quality flag
NH4             UMOL/KG  F9.2    AMMONIUM, micromoles/kilogram
NH4_FLAG_W               I1      NH4 quality flag
NH4             UMOL/L   F9.2    AMMONIUM, micromoles/liter
NH4_FLAG_W               I1      NH4 quality flag
UREA            UMOL/KG  F9.2    UREA, micromoles/kilogram
UREA_FLAG_W              I1      UREA quality flag
UREA            UMOL/L   F9.2    UREA, micromoles/liter
UREA_FLAG_W              I1      UREA quality flag
FLUORO          VOLTS    F8.3    Fluorometer, voltage
FLUORO_FLAG_W            I1      Fluorometer quality flag
PAR             VOLTS    F8.3    PAR, voltage
PAR_FLAG_W               I1      PAR quality flag
SPAR            VOLTS    F8.3    Surface PAR, voltage
SPAR_FLAG_W              I1      Surface PAR quality flag
HAARDT          VOLTS    F8.3    CDOM Fluorometer, voltage
HAARDT_FLAG_W            I1      CDOM Fluorometer quality flag
N**             UMOL/L   F9.2    N**, micromoles/liter
N**_FLAG_W               I1      N** quality flag
CHLORO          UG/L     F7.2    Chlorophyll, micrograms/liter
CHLORO          UG/L     F8.2    Chlorophyll, micrograms/liter
CHLORO_FLAG_W            I1      Chlorophyll quality flag
PHAEO           UG/L     F8.2    Phaeophytin, micrograms/liter
PHAEO_FLAG_W             I1      Phaeophytin quality flag
BTL_DEP         METERS   F5.0    bottle depth, meters
BTL_LAT                  F8.4    Latitude at time of bottle trip, decimal 
                                 degrees
BTL_LONG                 F9.4    Longitude at time of bottle trip, decimal 
                                 degrees
JULIAN                   F8.4    Julian day and time as fraction of day of the 
                                 bottle trip.



Quality Flags

CTD data quality flags were assigned to CTDPRS (CTD pressure), CTDTMP (CTD 
temperature), CTDCOND (CTD Conductivity), and CTDSAL (CTD salinity) as defined 
in Data Distribution, CTD Data, Quality Flags section of this document. CTDOXY 
(CTD O2), FLUORO (Fluorometer), PAR (PAR), and SPAR (Surface PAR) parameters 
are flagged with either a 2, acceptable or 9, not drawn.

Bottle quality flags were assigned to the BTLNBR (bottle number) as defined in 
the WOCE Operations Manual [Joyce] with the following additional 
interpretations:

  2  No problems noted.
  3  Leaking.  An air leak large enough to produce an observable effect on a 
     sample is identified by a flag of 3 on the bottle and a flag of 4 on the 
     oxygen.  (Small air leaks may have no observable effect, or may only 
     affect gas samples.)
  4  Did not trip correctly.  Bottles tripped at other than the intended depth 
     were assigned a flag of 4.  There may be no problems with the associated 
     water sample data.
  9  The samples were not drawn from this bottle.  

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the water samples using the 
following criteria:

  1  The sample for this measurement was drawn from the water bottle, but the 
     results of the analysis were not (yet) received.
  2  Acceptable measurement.
  3  Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the station profile or 
     adjacent station comparisons (or possibly CTD data comparisons). No notes 
     from the analyst indicated a problem. The data could be acceptable, but 
     are open to interpretation.
  4  Bad measurement. The data did not fit the station profile, adjacent 
     stations or CTD data. There were analytical notes indicating a problem, 
     but data values were reported. Sampling and analytical errors were also 
     flagged as 4.
  5  Not reported. The sample was lost, contaminated or rendered unusable.
  9  The sample for this measurement was not drawn.

Not all of the quality flags are necessarily used on this data set.



References


Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, D. H., "The measurement of 
    upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon 
    AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea Research, 14, pp. 381-389, 
    (1967).
Bernhardt, Wilhelms A., "The continuous determination of low level iron, 
    soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer", Technicon 
    Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967).
Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
    dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 
    (1965).
Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R.T., and Zemlyak, F., "A 
    comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in 
    seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug 1991).
Gordon, L.I., Jennings, J.C., Ross, A.A. and J.M. Krest, "A Suggested Protocol 
    for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE 
    Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study". 1993. WOCE 
    Hydrographic Programs Office, Methods Manual WHPO 91-1. 
Gruber, N. and J.L. Sarmiento, "Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and 
    denitrification." Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11(2), pp. 235-266, (1997).
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Scientific Committee on Oceanic 
    Research Manual and Guides 29 Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux 
    Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements.  UNESCO, 170pp., (1994).
Joyce, T. ed., and Corry, C. ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme 
    Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91 3.1, pp. 52-55, 
    WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, Rev. 2), 
    UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT 
Patton, C.J. and Crouch, S.R., "Spectrophotometric and kinetics investigation 
    of the Berthelot reaction for the determination of ammonia," Analytical 
    Chemistry, 49(3), pp.464-469 (1977).
Rahmatullah, Mohammed, and Boyde, T.R.C, "Improvements in the determination of 
    urea using diacetyl monoxime; methods with and without deproteinisation," 
    Clinica Chimica Acta, 107, pp.3-9 1980.
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc, CTD Data Acquisition Software Manual, March 2001.
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., CTD Operating and Repair Manual, February 2002.





                      APPENDIX A: Bottle Quality Comments


Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, PI data comments, and WOCE codes 
other than 2 from USCGC Healy, HLY-04-02. Comments from the Sample Logs and the 
results of ODF's investigations are included in this report. Investigation of 
data may include comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, 
review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and 
rereading of charts (i.e. nutrients). Units stated in these comments are 
degrees Celsius for temperature, Practical Salinity Units for salinity, and 
unless otherwise noted, milliliters per liter for oxygen and micromoles per 
liter for Silicate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Urea and Ammounium, if 
appropriate. The first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) 
times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR).

Station 001.001
101-104 Nutrients: "Autoanalyzer error, clorox line popped off, NH4 samples 
    lost."
103 Urea appears 0.2 high compared with station profile. No analytical problems 
    noted, higher on chart, could be bad. Footnote urea questionable.
103-104 Oxygen and salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
104 Sampled for POM.
105 Sample Log: "Leak in bottle from top vent." Oxygen as well as other samples 
    are acceptable. Salinity: "Loose thimble." Bottle salinity agrees with CTD 
    and appears okay on profile.
109-111 Oxygen and salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
110 Sampled for DOM.
111 Sampled for DOM and Lignin.
112 Sample Log: "Leak in small spigot." Oxygen and salinity as well as 
    nutrients are acceptable.

Station 002.001
105 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients were not drawn per sampling strategy.
107 Sample Log: "Leak in bottle from top cap." Oxygen as well as other samples 
    are acceptable.
109 Sampled for POM.
110 Sampled for DOM and Lignin.

Station 003.001
Cast 1 CTD: "No samples were drawn because the top vents had been left open. 
    Cast was redone as cast 02."

Station 003.002
203-204 No samples taken per sampling strategy.
207 Sample Log: "Top cap leak on bottle." Salinity appears a little low. O2 is 
    high. Bottle leak appears to have effected the samples, nutrients appear 
    okay. Footnote bottle leaking, salinity and oxygen bad.
210 Nosamples taken.
211 Sampled for POM, DOM-2 and Lignin.
212 Sample Log: "Major leak on bottle from small bottom spigot." Oxygen as well 
    as other samples are acceptable. Salinity: "Thimble popped off." Bottle 
    salinity agrees with CTD and appears okay on profile.

Station 004.001
103 Oxygen, salinity and nutrients not drawn per sampling schedule, samples 
    taken for POM.
105 Oxygen: "Computer crashed lost sample."
106 Salinity: "Bung broke off before salinity analyzed, delay. Loose thimble." 
    Bottle salinity agrees with CTD and appears okay on profile. PI: "NH4 may 
    be high." Nutrient analyst: "Bubble in line, corrected value, data okay."
107 Sample Log: "Small air vent or cap leak on bottle." Oxygen as well as other 
    samples are acceptable.
109 Oxygen, salinity and nutrients not drawn per sampling schedule, samples 
    taken for POM, DOM and Lignin.
110 Oxygen, salinity and nutrients not drawn per sampling schedule, samples 
    taken for POM and DOM.
111 Salinity: "Loose thimble." Bottle salinity agrees with CTD and appears okay 
    on profile. Oxygen: "Computer crashed lost sample."
112 SampleLog: "Major leak in bottle and will not be sampled out of until 
    repaired."

Station 005.001
102 Samples taken for Benthic.
106 Salinity: "Loose thimble." Bottle salinity agrees with CTD and appears okay 
    on profile. Oxygen: "Computer crashed lost sample."
107 Sample Log: "Small vent leak on bottle." Oxygen as well as other samples 
    are acceptable. Salinity: "Three readings before two good readings were 
    made. Second reading was low and would make the salinity even less saline. 
    No obvious reason why salinity low by about about 0.005. Footnote salinity 
    bad.
109 Samples taken for POM only.
110 Samples taken for DOM and Lignin only.
112 SampleLog: "No sample taken out of bottle due to major leak."

Station 006.001
101 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 only.
103 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 only.
106 Samples taken for POM only.
107 Samples taken for POM and Lignin only.
109 Sample Log: "Small bubbles found in Oxy flask upon second shake." Oxygen 
    appears slightly high compared with CTD and station profile. Footnote 
    oxygen bad.
111 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
112 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy. 
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 006.002
Cast 2 CTD: "A-Frame h.p.u was dead. Rosette hung out under A-Frame (-0.36) 
    until whole A-frame power was being restored. No water samples taken."

Station 006.003
304 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
306 Salinity 0.01 high vs. the CTD, could be interpreted as high on the station 
    profile. Both conductivity sensors agree fairly well. No analytical or 
    sample drawing notes to indicate a problem. Footnote salinity uncertain.
308 Samples taken for POM only.
310 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.

Station 006.004
401 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
402-412 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn unless noted otherwise, Radium 
    cast.

Station 007.001
101-110 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast and Thorium.
111 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
112 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast and Thorium.

Station 007.002
207 Samples taken for POM.
208 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
211 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.

Station 007.003
301 Samples taken for Bacteria only.
303 PI: "Urea and NH4 high." Nutrient analyst: "No analytical problems noted; 
    possible contamination, NH4 could be related to higher Urea." Footnote Urea 
    and NH4 questionable.
304 Sample Log: "Bubble noticed in oxygen on second shake." Oxygen agrees with 
    CTD and station profile.
306 Samples taken for POM only.
307 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
308 SampleLog: "Oxygen redrawn." Oxygen agrees with CTD and station profile.
310-311 No samples taken per sampling strategy.
312 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
Cast 3 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 008.001
101 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 only.
102 Samples taken for POM only.
103 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
105 Sample Log: "Bottom cap leak, not stopped by jiggling cap. Serious leak 
    when air vent open." Samples not drawn.
106 SampleLog: "Used for the samples originally intended for 5."
108 Samples taken for POM only.
112 Samples taken for O2 respiration only.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast. Taxonomy samples were not written 
    down, not sampled in order. Received sample numbers after the cast. Sample 
    Log: "Sampled from deep to shallow."

Station 009.001
101 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 and O18 only.
102 SampleLog: "Redraw on oxygen."
104 Samples taken for HPLC, Taxonomy, and C13/N15 only.
106 Samples taken for POM only.
107 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin and O18 only.
108 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
110 SampleLog: "Redraw on oxygen."
112 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 009.002
201 Onlynutrients drawn, Zooplankton cast also N15/C13.
202 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
203 Onlynutrients drawn, no other samples drawn.
204 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
205-209 Samples taken for Zooplankton.
210 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
211-212 Samples taken for Zooplankton.

Station 009.003
301 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
302-312 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn per sampling strategy, Radium 
    cast.

Station 009.004
401 Salinity: "Loose thimble." Levels at the bottom (3 bottles) and at 30 
    meters, bottle 4, CTD salinity 0.277 higher, bottles on 0.070 higher. CTD 
    Oxygen 0.440 lower, bottle Oxygen only 0.034 lower. Water changed salinity 
    in 2-3 meters about the same as what the difference is between the bottle 
    and CTD. The salinity problem on bottle 4 accounts for only a small part of 
    the 4 vs. 1 bottle differences.
401-403 CTD Log: "Small near-bottom layer, too close to yo-yo."
402 SampleLog: "Suspect only about 18l in bottle." Samples taken for C13/N15 
    only.
403 Samples taken for POM only.
404 Salinity: "Suspect salt crystal entered from chipped neck seal." The salt 
    crystal would make the salinity a little higher which it is, ˜0.006. 
    Footnote salinity questionable.
407 Sample Log: "Vent is open." Oxygen and salinity are acceptable, therefore, 
    other samples okay too.
409 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
412 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.

Station 010.001
101 O2 high, salinity low, nutrients also indicate bottle may not have been 
    flushed adequately. Footnote samples questionable.
106 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
107 SampleLog: "Top cap leak."
108 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
110 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
111 Sample Log: "Bottom cap leak, o-ring is out of position." Samples taken for 
    POM only.

Station 010.002
201 Onlynutrients drawn per sampling schedule, samples for POM, Zooplankton 
    cast.
202-205 POM only samples drawn.
206 DOMonly samples drawn.
207 Only nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast. Bottle was 
    changed out at the end of the last cast.
208 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
209 Onlynutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
210-212 Samples for Zooplankton only.

Station 011.001
101 Sample Log: "Water froze in spigot." Only nutrients drawn per sampling 
    schedule, Bacteria.
102 Samples taken for C13/N15 only.
103 SampleLog: "Water froze in spigot."
104 Oxygen appears to be ˜0.5 low, no analytical problems noted. Footnote 
    oxygen questionable.
105 Samples taken for C13/N15 only.
107-108 No samples drawn per sampling strategy.
110 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 012.001
101 Sample Log: "Slight leak from spigot when vented, suspect ice stuck in 
    cap." Samples taken for O2 and POM only. Switch sampling to bottle 2.
104 Sample Log: "Slight leak from spigot when vented." Bottle salinity ˜0.5 
    high, O2 ˜0.04 low relative to CTD; suggest non-ideal flushing. Leave as 
    is.
105 SampleLog: "Bottom cap leak when vented."
109 Samples taken for C13/N15, DOM and POM only.
111 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
112 Sample Log: "Bottom cap leak when vented. O2 redrawn." Oxygen high by about 
    0.07 ml/l. Footnote oxygen questionable.
Cast 1 Biological slime on rosette.

Station 013.001
103 Bottle salinity appears to be low by about 0.1, oxygen appears high by 0.1-
    0.2 compared to CTD. Acceptable for gradients.
105 Samples taken for TH-234, C13/N15 only.
107 Samples taken for TH-234.
108 Bottle O2 high by about 0.02-0.03. No analytical notes. Could be a drawing 
    problem. Within the accuracy of the measurement, leave as is.
109 Samples taken for TH-234, C13/N15 only.
111 Samples taken for TH-234.

Station 014.001
101-102 Bottle salinity low compared to CTD, but appears to be close to correct 
    for gradient.
103 Samples taken for TH-234, C13/N15 only.
104 Sample Log: "Small spigot leak when vented." Oxygen high by ˜0.3 and 
    salinity low by 0.04-0.05. Salinity appears to be close to correct for 
    gradient, (bottles are 1.5m shallower than CTD). Okay as is. Footnote 
    bottle leaking, oxygen questionable.
105 Salinity: "Thimble blew out when cap removed." Salinity may by low by 0.02, 
    footnote salinity questionable. Bottle salinity low compared to CTD, but 
    appears to be close to correct for gradient.
109 Samples taken for TH-234, C13/N15 only.
111 Samples taken for TH-234 only.

Station 015.001
102 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
103 CTDO2 agrees with bottle O2 that 103 has lower O2, higher nutrient water 
    than does
101. Data is acceptable.
103-105 Bottle salinity lower than CTD, but appears to be correct for vertical 
    gradient (bottle is 1.5m above CTD).
109-111 Bottle salinity higher than CTD. No apparent issues. Data is 
    acceptable.
Cast 1 CTD: "Waited five minutes for bridge to give permission, secondary 
    temperature sensor -1.8 degrees at deployment, may have frozen a bit, was 
    okay in water."

Station 016.001
101-104 Bottles were tripped, no samples taken.
Cast 1 CTD: "Cast was aborted due to data communication problems. Cast was 
    redone as cast 02."

Station 016.002
201 SampleLog: "Leak in small spigot." O2 could be a little low, leave as is.
205 NO2high by by ˜0.04. Higher on chart, no problems. Footnote NO2 
    questionable.
212 CTD: "Pulled rosette out of the water before the last bottle tripped 
    reinserted rosette wait for pumps to come back on before tripping last 
    bottle."
Cast 2 Cast 1, Productivity, aborted, problem with CTD.

Station 016.003
Cast 1 CTD: "Cast was aborted when pumps did not turn on. Cast was redone as 
    cast 04. The sample depth for 3-13 are to be mid-point of bottle, or CTD 
    1.5m deeper than desired depths.

Station 016.004
401 Sample Log reports samples were not drawn, but nutrients are reported. 
    Sample Log: "Major bottom cap leak when air vent was opened." MSTs reported 
    bottle leaking on deck. Urea high compared to this level at other casts. 
    Urea higher than adjacent samples, but so is NH4. No analytical problem or 
    contaminated? Footnote Urea questionable.
402 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin.
403 Onlynutrients drawn, Zooplankton cast.
404 Samples taken for Zooplankton.
405 SeeUrea comments on 401. Footnote urea questionable.
405-407 Only nutrients drawn, Zooplankton cast.
406 SeeUrea comments on 401. Footnote urea questionable.
408-410 Samples taken for Zooplankton.
411 Onlynutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
412 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
Cast 4 Cast 3 aborted. CTD: "The sample depth for bottles 3-13 are to be mid-
    point of bottle, or CTD 1.5m deeper than desired depths.

Station 016.005
501 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
502 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, DOM/Lignin only.
503-512 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 016.006
601 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
602-606 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
607 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
608-612 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 017.001
102 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
103 Samples taken for POM only.
104 Samples taken for POM only.
105 Oxygen: "Lost sample, possibly pickling error, no end point reached."
110 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
111 Samples taken for POM only.
112 Samples taken for POM only.

Station 017.002
203 NH4˜0.04 high. Leave as is. NO2 0.04-0.05 high. No analytical problems, 
    definitely higher. Leave as is.
205 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15, and POM only.
206 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
207 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
210 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 only.
211 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.

Station 017.003
301 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
302-306 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
307 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea high by ˜0.3, NH4 by ˜0.05, compared with cast 1 and 2. 
    Odd looking peaks Urea-could easily be lower. Footnote Urea questionable. 
    NH4 within analytical precision, but could be high-noisy peak. Leave NH4 as 
    is.
308-312 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 017.004
401 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria sampled.
402 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria sampled.
403 Oxygen: "Sample lost, overtitrated then back-titrated but sample never went 
    to clear."
405 SampleLog: "O2 redrawn."
406 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
410-412 No samples drawn per sampling strategy.
Cast 4 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 018.001
101 Sample Log: "leak in bottle 1, cap not sealed." No samples drawn per 
    sampling strategy.
102 NO2seems high, but there is a near-bottom increase though not to such a 
    high level, at Station 17 (but not at Station 19). Still may be 
    questionable. No analytical problems, data are acceptable.

Station 019.001
103 Ureaappears to be ˜0.04 high. Urea high on chart. Footnote Urea 
    questionable.
104 Salinity: "Bottle loose thimble, no fit with others-retired bottle." 
    Salinity agrees with CTD. Data are acceptable.
107 Sample Log: "Has a small leak." Salinity and O2 agrees with CTD. Data are 
    acceptable.
112 Bottle O2 ˜0.12 high compared to CTDO, but it is possible this is correct 
    for gradient.

Station 019.002
206 Salinity: "Bottle thimble popped out, salt drop ran into bottle use first 
    reading." Salinity is 0.05 higher than CTD. Gradient, leave as is.
207 Sample Log: "Still has a small leak." Salinity 0.04 higher than CTD, O2 
    agrees fairly well.
210 SampleLog: "Top o-ring is out of place." No samples drawn except O-18.

Station 019.003
301 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
302-309 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
310 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
311-312 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.

Station 019.004
401-405 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
406 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Autoanalyzer error nh4 channel only
407-411 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
412 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Autoanalyzer error nh4 channel only

Station 019.005
501-508 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
509 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Autoanalyzer error nh4 channel only
510-512 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 019.006
601-602 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
603-604 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Bio-Marker cast.
605-607 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
608 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
609-610 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
611 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast. Autoanalyzer error nh4 channel only
612 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.

Station 019.007
701-702 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, samples taken for Bacteria.
705 SampleLog: "Redraw oxygen."
707 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
710-712 No samples drawn per sampling strategy, Productivity cast.
Cast 7 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 020.001
101 Samples taken for Bacteria.
105 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
106-107 No samples drawn per sampling strategy.
110 SampleLog: "Oxygen redrawn." Oxygen is acceptable.
111-112 No samples drawn per sampling strategy.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 020.002
201 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
202-209 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
210 Sample Log: "Vent not shut tight." Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, 
    Zooplankton cast.
211-212 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
Cast 2 Oxygen and Salinity not drawn, Zooplankton cast.

Station 020.003
302 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
303-305 Samples taken for POM only.
312 Sample Log: "Small bottom cap leak-stopped when reset (pushed in)." Oxygen 
    and salinity are acceptable.

Station 020.004
402-403 Autoanalyzer problem, PO4 lost.
407 Salinity: "Too full above shoulder." Salinity is 0.007 compared with CTD, 
    gradient. Okay as is.
410 Salinity: "Too full above shoulder." Salinity is 0.023 high compared with 
    CTD, gradient. Okay as is.
412 Sample Log: "Leak when vent is open on bottom cap." Salinity: "Too full 
    above shoulder." Oxygen and salinity are acceptable.

Station 020.005
501 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
502-503 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
504 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
505-506 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
507-508 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Bio-Marker cast.
509 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
510 Sample Log: "Major bottom cap leak, o-ring out of groove, visibly." No 
    samples drawn.
511 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
512 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.

Station 020.006
601 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea ˜0.08 high compared with other casts. No analytical 
    problems, data are acceptable.
602-606 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
607 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
608-612 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 020.007
701 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
702-706 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
707 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea about 0.05-0.08 high compared with other bottles/casts 
    near this level. No analytical problems, data is acceptable.
708-712 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 021.001
106 Salinity ˜0.04 high, could be okay for gradient and incomplete flushing 
    except that bottle O2 does not show same sense of error. May be 
    questionable salinity. Footnote salinity questionable.
107-108 Appears that nutrient tubes were switched. No equivalent structure was 
    seen in CTDO and O2. Switch nutrients.

Station 022.001
101 Samples taken for O2 incubation and POM.
106 Samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 only.
107 Samples taken for O2 incubation and Zoop.
110 Samples taken for O2 incubation.
111 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin.
112 Samples taken for POM only.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 022.002
201 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
202-208 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
209 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
210 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
211 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
212 Samples taken for POM only.

Station 023.001
101 Urea approximately 0.05 higher than same depth other samples. No analytical 
    problems found on recheck of data. NH4 higher as as well; probably okay. 
    0.05 is within analytical precision.
102 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
107 SampleLog: "Small leak in niskin when vent was closed". Oxygen agrees with 
    CTD.
111 Samples taken for DOM/Lignin only.
112 Salinity: "Salinity bottle mislabeled on Sample Log Sheet as 12."

Station 023.002
201 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
202-204 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
205 Sample Log: "May be leaking as came on deck, pushed up on bottom cap and 
    then it stopped." No samples drawn.
206-208 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
209 Nosamples drawn per sampling strategy.
210 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    C13/N15. Urea is 0.29 higher than similar depths on other casts. Analytical 
    recheck indicates peak in higher, but noisy, other nutrients are higher too 
    than 212. Footnote urea questionable.
211 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, O2 incubation.
212 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Zooplankton. Urea is 0.13 higher than similar depths on other casts. No 
    analytical problem found. Footnote urea questionable.

Station 024.001
101 Bottle salinity low by approximately 0.15, but is in high gradient, high 
    salinity bottom layer so it probably okay.
105 Sample Log: "Major leak from bottom end cap when vented." Did not sample 
    for oxygen. Nutrients and salinity samples were taken and very little water 
    was left. After cast repair found o-ring had come out of groove. Salinity: 
    "Three readings to obtain two good readings." Salinity is acceptable.
107 This is an unusual water sample, but CTDS agrees with bottle salinity, CTDO 
    agrees with bottle O2, and nutrients agree with O2, so appears to be 
    genuine.
108 Bottle salinity low by approximately 0.2, but could be okay for high 
    salinity gradient.
111 Sample Log: "Bottom cap leak when vented, water pouring out. After cast 
    repair found o-ring had come out of groove.

Station 024.002
201 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, DOM/Lignin.
202-203 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Bio-Marker cast.
204 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, POM only.
205-207 No samples taken per sampling strategy.
Cast 2 Cast was changed to Bio-Mark cast, only 7 bottles tripped when the ice 
    closed in on rosette, had to bring back on board.

Station 024.003
301-302 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria.
303 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
305-306 Samples taken for C13/N15 only.
306 SampleLog: "Bottom o-ring leak.
308 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
Cast 3 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 024.004
401 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast. Urea high by about 
    0.2 compared to other samples near this level at this station. No 
    analytical problems found. Footnote urea questionable.
402-404 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
405 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
406-412 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
Cast 4 Oxygen and Salinity not drawn, Zooplankton cast.

Station 024.005
501 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea slightly high for this level. No analytical problems 
    found.
502-506 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
505 SampleLog: "Also did not seat, but not as bad as 8."
507 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
508 SampleLog: "Did not seat properly (bad leak)."
508-512 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 025.001
101 NH4appears high; may be okay for this layer at nearby casts. No analytical 
    problems found.
101-104 Salinity and oxygen not drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria.
105 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn per sampling schedule, samples for 
    O2 incubation and DOM/lignin.
107 Ureais high for this level, approximately 0.08. No analytical problems 
    found. Footnote urea questionable.
108 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn per sampling schedule, samples for 
    O2 incubation.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 026.001
107 SampleLog: "Leak from top cap."

Station 026.002
205 SampleLog: "Top cap out of line-leaking."
211 Sample Log: "No water left for nutrients." No salinity, oxygen or 
    nutrients, samples for C13/N15.
212 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, no salinity or oxygen, samples for 
    C13/N15.

Station 026.003
301 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea unusually high for this station. No analytical problem 
    found, the "peak' is higher than other samples, could be contamination. 
    Footnote questionable.
302-306 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
307 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
308-312 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 026.004
401 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
402-406 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
407 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
408-412 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 026.005
501 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
502-503 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
504 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
505 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
506 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
507 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
508 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
509 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
510 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
511 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
512 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.

Station 026.006
601-602 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria.
603 Nutrients drawn, no other measurements.
604 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria.
606 SampleLog: "O2 redrawn."
611 Samples taken for O2 incubation and Bacteria.
612 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
Cast 6 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 027.001
Cast 1 Cast aborted, no water samples.

Station 027.002
201 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
202-203 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
204-205 Samples taken for C13/N15 only.
206 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast. Sample Log: 
    "Bottom cap leak when vented."
207-212 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
Cast 2 Oxygen and Salinity not drawn, Zooplankton cast.

Station 027.003
302 Sample Log: "O2 redraw, twice." Similar agreement with CTD as other 
    samples. Oxygen is acceptable.
310 Sample Log: "Bad leak bottom when vented." Oxygen is acceptable, gradient 
    area, salinity is acceptable.
311 Sample Log: "Leaking bottom cap when spigot pushed in." Salinity does not 
    agree with CTD, oxygen is a little low, gradient and data are acceptable.

Station 027.004
401-402 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria sampled.
403 Samples taken for O2 incubation and Bacteria.
406 Samples taken for O2 incubation and Bacteria.
407 SampleLog: "Top cap leak." Oxygen as well as other samples are acceptable.
409 Sample Log: "Triplicate oxygen drawn for O2 incubation experiment." 
    Salinity and nutrients not drawn per sampling schedule.
412 Samples taken for Bacteria only.
Cast 4 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 027.005
505 Sample Log: "Top cap leak." O2 high, but is in unusual layer, so may be 
    okay; bottle salinity is okay as are nutrients.
506 Sample Log: "Bottom cap did not seal, leaking, o-ring, did not sample 
    oxygen or salinity."
511 Sample Log: "Bottom cap small leak." Salinity and oxygen are acceptable, 
    good agreement with CTD.

Station 027.006
601 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
602-606 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
607 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
608-612 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 027.007
701 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
702-706 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
707 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea is highest value, 0.05, at this level on Stations 024-
    027. But compares to Station 026, so may be okay. Rechecked data, no 
    analytical problems.
708-712 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 027.008
801 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
802-803 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
804 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
805 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
806-807 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Bio-Marker cast.
808 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
809 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
810 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
811 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
812 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.

Station 028.001
101-104 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria.
105 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
112 Samples taken for O2 incubation, HPLC Bio-Optics and taxonomy.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 028.002
201 Nutrients drawn, Zooplankton cast.
203 SampleLog: "Bottom o-ring replaced before cast, bottles look okay at end of 
    cast."
204-205 Samples taken for C13/N15.
208 SampleLog: "Bottom o-ring replaced before cast, bottles look okay at end of 
    cast."
209-211 Samples drawn for Zooplankton.
212 Nutrients drawn, Zooplankton cast.
Cast 2 Salinity, Oxygen and nutrients not drawn, except as noted, Zooplankton 
    cast.

Station 028.003
304 Urea is slightly high for this level. No analytical problems found. Data 
    are acceptable.
307 SampleLog: "Top cap leak." Oxygen and salinity are acceptable.
312 Large O2/CTDO difference seems to be okay for gradient.

Station 028.004
407 Sample Log: "Small leak with vent closed-suspect crack in handle mount." 
    CTD vs. bottle oxygen difference is a little lower than other bottles, but 
    is in a gradient that supports this difference. Nutrients are in general 
    agreement. Bottle oxygen is okay.

Station 028.005
501 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
502-503 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
504 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
505-506 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
507 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
508-509 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
510 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
511-512 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.

Station 028.006
601 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
602-606 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
606 SampleLog: "Bottom end cap leak."
607 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
608-612 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 028.007
701 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
702-712 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
708 SampleLog: "Bottom end cap leak."

Station 029.001
101-102 Interesting nutrient relationship at bottom; SiO3 and PO4, Urea, NH4 
    increase while NO3 and NO2 decrease. Probably okay. NO2 looks looks, NO3 
    does decrease, no analytical problems found, oxygen lower.
103 SampleLog: "Top cap leak cannot get water out of spigot." No samples.
105 SampleLog: "Oxygen 1542 broken after draw, but before pickling had to 
    redraw oxygen." Oxygen is acceptable.
108 Sample Log: "Leak when put pallet jack down, stopped leaking by reseating. 
    At Oxygen draw, top cap leak when vented, bottom cap leak, flow." Bottle O2 
    is a little high, but not outrageously so. Oxygen is acceptable.

Station 029.002
201 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, samples taken for Bact.
202 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, samples taken for Bact, C13/N15 
    only.
203 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
206 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
207 Samples taken for C13/N15.
211 Sample Log: "Top cap leak, changed sampling to 12." Samples taken for Bact, 
    zoop.
Cast 2 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 029.003
301 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Zooplankton cast.
306-302 Samples taken for Radium only.
311-307 Samples taken for Zooplankton only.
312 Bottle appears to have mistripped (see below). Nutrients drawn per sampling 
    schedule, Zooplankton cast. NO3 higher by 10-12 uM than other samples near 
    this level at this and nearby stations. Other nutrients also high for this 
    level, but not to the extent of NO3. NO3 is higher, no analytical problems, 
    so are PO4 and SIL, could be contamination. Footnote all nutrients 
    questionable.
Cast 3 Oxygen and Salinity not drawn, Zooplankton cast.

Station 030.001
101 Salinity bottle-CTD difference is low, but low salinity is okay for 
    gradient.
104 SampleLog: "Bottle loose on mount - needs to be replaced".
106 Sample Log: "Large leak from bottom cap, no O2's drawn". No samples drawn 
    due to leak.
109 SampleLog: "Small bottom cap leak". Oxygen is acceptable.

Station 031.001
105 SampleLog: "Top cap leak; o-ring". Oxygen is acceptable.
106 SampleLog: "Bottom cap leak, no samples taken". No samples drawn due to 
    leak.
108-110 CTD Log: "Bottles tripped on the fly." Salinity CTD-bottle very high, 
    but bottles were tripped on the fly due to sea ice. Data are acceptable.

Station 031.002
201 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea is approximately 0.2 higher than any other near this 
    level at this station. Footnote urea questionable. No analytical problem 
    found, but it is higher.
202-206 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
207 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
208-212 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 031.003
Cast 3 CTD: "Launch delayed for ice floes drifting past. CTD stopped at 
    ˜70meters, due to ice floe problem. Cast aborted."

Station 031.004
401 NH4is slightly high, but there are some similar values nearby. Leave as is. 
    No analytical problems found, urea is higher too.
401-402 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria.
Cast 4 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast. Cast was aborted after bottle 2 
    was tripped, ice encrouchment.

Station 031.005
501 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
502-503 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
504 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
505-506 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
507 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
508-509 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
510 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, Bio-
    Marker cast.
511 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Bio-Marker cast.
512 Salinity not drawn, oxygen and nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bio-
    Marker cast.

Station 032.001
104 Sample Log: "Small leak before vent open." Oxygen as well as other data are 
    acceptable.
107 Sample Log: "Small leak before vent open." Oxygen as well as other data are 
    acceptable.
111 Sample Log: "Big leaker out of bottom. No samples." Footnote bottle leaking 
    and no samples drawn.
Cast 1 Appears to have been a bad SSW vial at the beginning of the run, 
    corrected salinity files by approximately 0.002. Salinity is acceptable.

Station 033.001
108 Salinity difference, CTD-bottle, is moderately high, but is okay for 
    gradient.

Station 034.001
101 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, 
    Bacteria and POM. Urea is very high. NH4 and NO2 are also high, but for 
    them 102 and 101 are about the same, whereas 101 urea is much higher than 
102. Rechecked data, no analytical problems found. Footnote urea questionable.
102 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria and DOM/Lignin.
103 Nutrients drawn per sampling schedule, Bacteria and POM. Sample Log: 
    "Leaking from bottom cap, reseated then okay until top vent opened then 
    flowing."
104 Samples taken for O2 incubation only. Sample Log: "Leaking from bottom cap, 
    flowing."
106 SampleLog: "Oxygen redrawn."
107 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
111 Sample Log: "Oxygen redrawn." Oxygen is acceptable. Urea is high. No 
    supporting data in other parameters, including Station 34 cast 2. Rechecked 
    data, no analytical problems found. Footnote urea questionable.
112 Samples taken for O2 incubation only.
Cast 1 Salinity not drawn, Productivity cast.

Station 034.003
301 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast. Urea is somewhat high compared to other values near this 
    depth. Rechecked data, no analytical problems found. Footnote urea 
    questionable.
302-306 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.
307 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
308-312 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.

Station 035.001
101 Sample Log: "Oxygen redraw." Oxygen is acceptable. Oxygen is consistent 
    with nutrients. CTDO at 103 is a bit low, but no problem exists.
102 Sample Log: "Bottom leak coming out of water. Major leak when vented." 
    Samples taken for POM only.
105 SampleLog: "Oxygen redraw." Oxygen is acceptable.

Station 035.002
201 Salinity and oxygen not drawn, nutrients drawn per sampling strategy, 
    Radium cast.
202-212 Salinity, oxygen and nutrients not drawn, Radium cast.





CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Person         Data Type  Action           Summary
----------  -------------  ---------  ---------------  ------------------------
2014-01-09  Barna, Andrew  BTL        Website Updated  Bottle Data online
            The bottle data have been coppied over from the CARINA collection.

2014-01-14  Staff, CCHDO   CrsRpt     Website Update   Available under 'Files 
                                                       as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              32H1hly0402_final.doc

2014-01-23  Lee, Rox       maps       Website Update   Maps created
            ==============================
            32H120040515 processing - Maps
            ==============================
            2014-01-23
            R Lee
            .. contents:: :depth: 2
            Process
            =======
            Changes
            -------
            - Maps created from 32H120040515_hy1.csv
            Directories
            ===========
            :working directory:
              /data/co2clivar/arctic/HLY0402/original/2014.01.23_maps_RJL
            :cruise directory:
            Updated Files Manifest
            ======================
            ==================== =====
            file                 stamp
            ==================== =====
            32H120040515_trk.jpg      
            32H120040515_trk.gif      
            ==================== =====

2014-03-19  Kappa, Jerry   CrsRpt     Website Update   Final PDF version online
            I've placed a new PDF version of the cruise report:
              32H120040515do.pdf
            into the directory: 
              http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/arctic/HLY0402/ .
            It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary 
            pages and CCHDO data processing notes, as well as a linked Table of 
            Contents and links to figures, tables and appendices.

2014-05-23  Kappa, Jerry   CrsRpt     Website Update   Final TXT version online
            I've placed a new TXT version of the cruise report:
              32H120040515do.txt
            into the directory: 
              http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/arctic/HLY0402/ .
            It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary 
            pages and CCHDO data processing notes.



