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CRUISE REPORT: A16C
(Updated MAY 2012)


HIGHLIGHTS

                         CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

          WOCE Section Designation  A16C
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  35A320080223
                  Chief Scientists  Dr. Peter Brandt/IFM-GEOMAR
                             Dates  Sat Feb 23, 2008 - Sat Mar 15, 2008
                              Ship  L'ATALANTE
                     Ports of call  Mindelo, Portugal

                                             17° 35' N
             Geographic Boundaries  25° 6' W           21. 36' W
                                              2° 3' S

                          Stations  51?
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  8 mooring deployments 
                                    5 mooring recoveries

                        Recent Contact Information:

                              Dr. Peter Brandt
      Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Universität Kiel
                 Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel - Germany
                       e-mail:  pbrandt@ifm-geomar.de















IFM-GEOMAR

     Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Universität Kiel

                               R/V L'ATALANTE
                        Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report
                                IFM-GEOMAR-4

                 Circulation and Oxygen Distribution in the
                              Tropical Atlantic

                   Mindelo/Cape Verde - Mindelo/Cape Verde
                            23.02. - 15. 03.2008







                     Berichte aus dem Leibniz-Institut
                      für Meereswissenschaften an der
                  Christian-Albrechts-Universitãt zu Kiel

                                  Nr. 19
                                August 2008

Das Leibniz-Institut für                        The Leibniz-Institute of
Meereswissenschaften ist                        Marine Sciences is a
ein Institut der                                member of the Leibniz 
Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft                       Association
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (WGL)                 (Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft 
                                                Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz).




Herausgeber / Editor:
Peter Brandt et. al

IFM-GEOMAR Report
ISSN Nr.: 1614-6298


Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences
IFM-GEOMAR 
Dienstgebäude Westufer I West Shore Building 
Düsternbrooker Weg 20 
D-24105  Kiel 
Germany

Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences
IFM-GEOMAR 
Dienstgebäude Ostufer / East Shore Building 
Wischhofstr. 1-3 
D-24148  Kiel Germany

Tel.: ++49 431 600-0
Fax:  ++49 431 600-2805
www.ifm-geomar.de







Table of Contents (RV L'ATALANTE IFM-GEOMAR -4)

  4.1  Participants IFM-GEOMAR -4  
  4.2  Research Program  
  4.3  Narrative of the Cruise  
  4.4  Preliminary Results  
    4.4.1  CTD and Oxygen Measurements  
      4.4.1.1  Technical Aspects  
      4.4.1.2  Water Masses and Oxygen Distribution along 23°W  
      4.4.1.3  Oxygen Optode Calibration  
    4.4.2  Current Observations  
      4.4.2.1  Vessel Mounted ADCP: Technical Aspects  
      4.4.2.2  Lowered ADCPs  
      4.4.2.3  Selected Results  
    4.4.3  Mooring Operations  
      4.4.3.1  Moored Instrument Performance During 2006-2008  
      4.4.3.2  Calibration of Moored Instruments  
      4.4.3.3  McLane Moored Profiler  
      4.4.3.4  Selected Results  
    4.4.4  Glider Recovery/Deployment  
    4.4.5  Microstructure Measurements  
    4.4.6  Chemical Measurements  
    4.4.7  Thermosalinograph Measurements  
    4.4.8  Film Coverage  
  4.5  Acknowledgements  
  Appendix  



4.1.  Participants R/V L'ATALANTE IFM-GEOMAR - 4

 1  Brandt, Peter, Prof. Dr.   Chief Scientist           IFM-GEOMAR
 2  Banyte, Donata             CTD/Glider                IFM-GEOMAR
 3  Brandt, Jens               CTD/technology            IFM-GEOMAR
 4  Didwischus, Sven-Helge     Microstructure            IFM-GEOMAR
 5  Fischer, Jürgen, Dr.       Moorings                  IFM-GEOMAR
 6  Fischer, Tim               Microstructure/ADCP       IFM-GEOMAR
 7  Funk, Andreas, Dr.         CTD/M icrostructure/ADCP  IFM-GEOMAR
 8  Gülzow, Michael            Film making               MKH
 9  Hormann, Verena            Salinometer/CTD/ADCP      IFM-GEOMAR
10  Hummels, Rebecca           Microstructure /LADCP     IFM-GEOMAR
II  Komander-Hoepner, Sigrun   CTD                       IFM-GEOMAR
12  Krahmann, Gerd, Dr.        Glider/CTD/LADCP          IFM-GEOMAR
13  Malien, Frank              O2, nutrients/logistics   IFM-GEOMAR
14  Müller, Mario              Computer/moorings         IFM-GEOMAR
15  Niehus, Gerd               Moorings/logistics        IFM-GEOMAR
16  Papenburg, Uwe             Moorings/logistics        IFM-GEOMAR
17  Pinck, Andreas             Moorings/CTD/Glider       IFM-GEOMAR
18  Roth, Christina            CTD/Glider                IFM-GEOMAR
19  Sachs, Stephan, Prof. Dr.  Film coverage             MKH
20  Silva, Pericles Neves      O2, nutrients             INDP
21  Sollich, Miriam            Helium/CTD                UBU
22  Zantopp, Rainer            Moorings, CTD             IFM-GEOMAR


IFM-GEOMAR Leibniz-Institut fur Meereswissenschaften an der Universität Kiel, 
           Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel - Germany, 
           e-mail: pbrandt@iumn-geomar.de

INDP       Instituto de Desenvolvimento das Pescas, Cova de Inglesa, 
           P.B. 132 Mindelo, S. Vicente - Cape Verde, 
           e-mail: pericles.silva@tenatso.com

MKH        Muthesius Kunsthochschule, 
           Lorentzendamm 6 - 8, 24103 Kiel - Germany,
           e-mail: sachs@muthesius.de

UBU        Universität Bremen, Institut fur Umweltphysik, 
           Otto-Hahn-Allee, TJW1, Postbox 330440, 28334 Bremen - Germany, 
           e-mail:  mrhein@theo.physik.uni-bremen.de


4.2   Research Program

The research cruise IFM-GEOMAR leg 4 aboard RV L'ATALANTE is the first cruise of 
the new Sonderforschungsbereich 754 "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the 
Tropical Ocean". Shipboard, glider and moored observations are used to study the 
temporal and spatial variability within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the 
Tropical North Atlantic. This OMZ is located south of the Cape Verde islands and 
is generated by particularly low ventilation in addition to oxygen consumption 
due to heterotrophic respiration. At the same time, cruise IFM-GEOMAR-4 
represents the main part of the BMBF program "Nordatlantik", subproject "Role of 
the equatorial Atlantic Ocean for climate variability in the Atlantic sector". 
Here, the equatorial current system, particularly the Equatorial Undercurrent 
(EUC), is the focal point of our research. Oceanic Mixing processes were studied 
in the frame of the DFG Emmy Noether project "Diapycnal mixing processes in the 
upwelling regions of the tropical Atlantic" as well as in the frame of the BMBF 
program "SOPRAN", subproject "The role of mixing and transport for the 
production and sea-to-air flux of N20 and CH4".

The research cruise included hydrographic station observations using a CTD/O2 
rosette, including water sampling for helium, oxygen and nutrients. Of 
particular importance were underway current measurements with both shipboard 
ADCPs (Narrow Band 75 kHz and 300 kHz). Diapycnal mixing processes were measured 
on station using a loosely tethered, free-falling microstructure probe. During 
IFM-GEOMAR-4, an intensive mooring program was carried out with 5 mooring 
recoveries and 8 mooring deployments. As part of BMBF "Nordatlantik", a mooring 
array consisting of 5 current meter moorings was installed along 23°W between 2
°S and 2°N. This array is aimed at quantifying the variability of the 
thermocline water supply toward the equatorial cold tongue which develops east 
of 10'W during boreal summer. Within the framework of SFB 754, two moorings with 
CTD/O2 profilers were deployed in the center and at the southern rim of the OMZ 
of the Tropical North Atlantic. The final mooring of IFMGEOMAR-4 was deployed 
near the Cape Verde islands shortly before arrival at the port of Mindelo. 
During the cruise, one glider was recovered and another glider was deployed near 
the equator. Both gliders are equipped with CTD/O2, chlorophyll and turbidity 
sensors.


4.3  Narrative of the Cruise

R/V L'ATALANTE departed from Mindelo on February 23, 2008 at lO:30L and headed 
south between the Cape Verdian islands of São Vicente and Santo Antão. South of 
São Vicente the scientific work commenced with the first CTD/O2 station. Two 
gliders had been deployed at this location prior to the cruise and the CTD/O2 
data were needed for calibrating the CTD/O2 sensors of both gliders. The first 
glider had been deployed on January 12, 2008 and travelled first along a 
southeastward track until 14°N, 23°W and then headed further south along the 
23°W section. The second glider was deployed a few days before the cruise for a 
three day test mission. This glider was then loaded aboard R/V L'ATALANTE to be 
deployed later during the cruise. During the first CTD/O2 station, several 
microcats and one newly developed oxygen logger were attached to the rosette. 
All instruments worked well and thus allow a proper pre-deployment instrument 
calibration. During the following day the working deck as well the instruments 
were prepared for the intense mooring work that will follow within the upcoming 
week.

On February 25, 2008, after another CTD/O2 station to calibrate the glider 
sensor, the first glider mentioned above was recovered without any problems. 
Using the iridium telephone connection from Kiel/Germany, the dive depth of the 
glider had been reduced to only lOOm, enabling the glider to surface more 
frequently (about once every 40 minutes). When RIV L'ATALANTE approached the 
position of the last surfacing, contact with the freewave radio 
transmitter/receiver system was readily established at a distance of 2-3nm. Over 
this radio contact the glider transmitted its precise position, and commands 
were given to keep it at the surface until recovery. Its recovery with the 
zodiac was a fast operation without any problems despite 2-3 m surface waves. 
This glider had finished a 45 day mission covering a distance of more than 
1200km. All sensors, including temperature, conductivity, pressure, oxygen, 
turbidity and chlorophyll worked well from beginning to end. Barely any bio-
fouling was found on the glider with only some corrosion at the connection 
between fin-tail and fin.

Following the glider recovery, RIV L'ATALANTE steamed toward the first mooring 
position at 8°N, 23°W. After a CTD/O2 station during the night, the 
microstructure program commenced with the first 6 casts in the early morning on 
February 26, 2008. During these measurements, carried out at the portside of the 
aft deck, R/V L'ATALANTE steamed with 0.5 kn through water during probe 
deployment while increasing its speed to about 1 kn during descent and recovery 
of the probe. At 05:OOL the microstructure measurements ended and a drift test 
started with R/V L'ATALANTE steaming with 1.5 kn through water against weak 
north-easterly winds at almost zero currents. In the mean time, sound speed data 
from the CTD/O2 station at the planned mooring position was delivered to the 
multi-beam echo sounder aboard RV L'ATALANTE to obtain reliably depth 
measurements. The survey of the bottom topography revealed a depth of about 
4800m at the planned mooring position, with a variation of only a few meters 
nearby. The mooring deployments started at 06:40L on February 26. The ship moved 
slowly along the planned track, and after about 3h, all instruments including a 
McLane moored profiler with an oxygen optode had been launched into the water 
from the aft deck. A short steam of about 1 0mm was needed to reach the anchor 
drop position, and the final mooring position was determined as 8°01.0'N, 22°
59.0'W.

The mooring work at 5°N, 23°W started early in the morning on February 27. 
Communication with the releases was established using the hydrophone board unit 
of R/V L'ATALANTE, and the release command was sent at 06:30 L. The top element 
of the mooring surfaced within a few minutes, and the zodiac was used to connect 
it to the ship's A-frame. We noticed numerous scuff marks and cuts to the 
plastic jacket of the mooring wire during the recovery process. The moored 
profiler sitting near the lower stopper was entangled in a major and tightly 
pulled cluster of longline fishing gear, preventing the profiler from climbing 
the mooring wire as planned. In fact, a first glance at the recorded data showed 
that the profiler recorded full up and down cycles in all variables for the 
first 1.5 months only, and a complete failure of the vertical profiles 
afterwards. Both the Aanderaa current meter below the moored profile and the 
Microcats above and below the moored profiler indicate an occasional and sudden 
"dive" of the instruments of up to 300 m, consistent with being caught up in 
longline fishing activities.

The next mooring deployment started with a drift test at 12:OOL. The ship 
arrived at the calculated start position at 13:30L, and the top element went 
into the water, followed by the remaining instruments in short order - a smooth 
operation without any problems. The anchor was dropped at the exact position, 
with the final mooring position being the same as the previous one, i.e. 5°
00.9'N, 23°00'W. The submergence of the top element was observed, and RV 
L'ATALANTE headed toward the next mooring position at 2°N, 23°W. This mooring 
is part of the equatorial array between 2°S and 2°N. After a deep CTD station 
and a drift test, the top element including a narrow-band ADCP was deployed at 
l6:20L. At about l9:55L the anchor was dropped exactly at the planned position, 
and the final mooring position is 2°02.5'N, 23°02.0'W. Due to darkness, the 
submergence of the top element could not be observed. Following the mooring 
deployment, the ship steamed 75nm to the next mooring position 0°45'N, 22°
59.5'W. During the night, a shallow CTD station down to 1300m was taken, and 
upon sunrise on February 29 at 6:20L, the mooring was released, and was 
completely recovered at 10:40L. RV L'ATALANTE headed toward the PIRATA buoy at 
the equator, 23°W. This position was chosen as the start position for a new 
glider mission using the glider ("Deepy") that was deployed a few days before 
the cruise for a test mission south of São Vicente. At 15:00L, the glider went 
into the water from aboard the zodiac. It was sent first for a lOOm test dive. 
At l5:50L, it was back at the surface, and after checking its engineering and 
scientific data it was sent for another 800m test dive. It surfaced at l9:30L 
and we decided to send the glider on its northward path. Its last position at 
the surface was at 0'0 1.273N, 22°58.648'W. The plan is to recover the glider 
during a cruise aboard Maria S. Merian in April 2008 at about 8°N, 23°W.

A series of CTD and microstructure measurements was carried out during the 
night. The knowledge of captain and officers of R/V L'ATALANTE in handling the 
ship's drift during microstructure measurements was very helpful and 
considerably improved the quality of the obtained data, enabling the profiler to 
reach greater depths without distortion due the tension on the cable. As during 
the previous day, we released the mooring at the nominal position of O°O0'N, 23
°06.8'W at sunrise, and the top element, including the PIRATA workhorse ADCP, 
was aboard R/V L'ATALANTE at 7:50L. During recovery of the moored profiler wire 
section, we discovered severe and repeated abrasions throughout the wire length. 
We decided to use the zodiac to pick up the moored profiler located at its upper 
stopper during the start of the mooring recovery and slowly moving along the 
wire while the mooring wire was spooled on the winch. The operation was 
successful and the remainder of the Benthos floatation elements and the releases 
were finally recovered at 11 :OOL. A first check of the moored profiler data 
showed that the profiler measured within the planned depth range during the 
first 4 months of the deployment only, with a subsequent continuous decrease of 
the maximum depth reached during descents.

During our previous mooring deployment at the equator 23°W in June 2006, we had 
headed into the southeasterly winds, where the mooring wire shifted from its 
straight position behind the ship and angled strongly toward the port side of 
the ship, resulting in severe tension on the mooring wire. We believe that parts 
of the mooring dropped into the depth range of the very strong EUC and were 
advected eastward. The current deployment did not feature any long mooring 
segment without buoyancy, and the problem should be significantly reduced. 
However, we decided to deploy the mooring headed downwind of the southeasterly 
wind (instead into it as usually). At the beginning of the deployment, we needed 
to increase the ship's speed to about 2kn (instead of 1.5kn usually used) to 
bring about enough tension to pay out the wire. The wire moved slightly to the 
starboard side during the entire deployment, with only some minor correction of 
the ship's heading required. The anchor was dropped at the exact position, and 
the final mooring position is again 0°00'N, 23°06.8'W.

Recovery of our equatorial mooring at 21'30'W was planned for March 1. We were 
not sure if this mooring was still at its deployment location since, starting on 
July 10, 2007, we had received ARGOS messages from the transmitter attached to 
the top element. However, both releases responded to the signal from the board 
unit and the mooring was released. The first element discovered at the surface 
was the 45" flotation with the Longranger ADCP included. After the complete 
recovery, we had suffered only the loss of the top floatation with the ARGOS 
transmitter and a temperature/pressure logger. The three Microcats nominally 
located below the top element dropped down and recorded at unintended depth 
levels without creating any problems for the Longranger ADCP measurements.

On March 3, we started with the CTD section along 23°W at 2°S. Along the 
northward cruise track toward Cape Verde, CTD stations will be spaced 15' - 30' 
of latitude apart, somewhat closer near the equator. Water samples will be taken 
using the water bottles of the CTD/O2 rosette. During most of the stations, 
water samples will be analyzed with respect to their contents of helium and 
nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate) as well as salinity and 
oxygen to calibrate the sensors of the CTD/O2 probe. Helium samples are 
typically taken in the upper 150m mainly in the equatorial region, while 
nutrient samples are measured in the upper 1000m along the whole section. Along 
our northward track, the program still allowed for some mooring deployments and 
recoveries. In the early morning of March 3, we deployed the southernmost 
mooring of our equatorial current meter array. As the topography appeared to be 
very rough, the deployment area was surveyed in detail with the multi-beam echo 
sounder, and a small area of about 1 by 1 nm was found featuring rather smooth 
topography at a depth of 4840m in between topographic ridges reaching up to 
4350m. The mooring went out without problems, and submergence of the top element 
was observed after the anchor was dropped. The final mooring position is 1°
56.4'S and 22°57'W, exactly at the planned position. During the afternoon and 
the following night, 3 CTD profiles down to 1300m were taken. Early in the 
morning of March 4, we recovered the last of our moorings deployed in June/July 
2006 during M68/2. Both releases responded and the mooring was recovered 
completely without problems. In summary, we were able to recover all instruments 
of all moorings except for the top floatation of the equatorial mooring at 21°
30'W that was severed on July 10, 2007 as well as one single 
temperature/pressure logger.

After a CTD station and microstructure measurements, the continuation mooring 
was deployed at the same position without problems and the final mooring 
position was calculated, using the positions of the anchor drop and the 
submerging of the top element, to be 0'44.95'S, 22°59.70'W. During the night, 
the CTD section was continued toward the equator. In the equatorial mooring 
deployed 4 days earlier, we had incorporated an additional top element including 
a 1200 kHz ADCP with a release attached to the top of the remaining mooring. The 
ADCP was used to measure within the vertical shear zone between the eastward 
flowing EUC with a core depth at about 50m and the westward flow above. Before 
recovering the top element on March 5, its position was exactly triangulated and 
the position of the upper release was determined to be 0°00.22'N, 23°06.76'W 
at a depth of 177m. The 1200 kHz ADCP acquired good data with a vertical and 
temporal resolution of 50 cm and 2s, respectively, and a vertical range of about 
20m showing vertical shears up to 0.07 The variance of the velocity data will be 
analyzed in comparison to the microstructure measurements near the mooring to 
obtain further insight into the mixing processes in the shear zone above the 
EUC.

The last mooring deployment in the equatorial region started on March 6 at 
6:00L. The mooring went into the water without problems. Before the anchor drop 
at 9:35L, the top element of the mooring was followed by the zodiac to film its 
submergence - a successful operation. In addition, the submergence position was 
located exactly, and the resulting mooring position is 0°45.l7'N, 22°59.28'W.

During the following days, we continued the CTD/O2 section along 23°W 
northward. South of 2°N and between 7°N and 9°N (the region of the tracer 
release experiment scheduled for April 2008), each CTD station was followed by a 
microstructure station consisting of 3 microstructure profiles. North of 9°N, 
RIV L'ATALANTE headed against quite strong northerly winds and its speed dropped 
to about 9 kn. To stay within the scheduled program, we decided to cancel 
further microstructure measurements south of the Cape Verde islands. The 
meridional section along 23°W was concluded on March 12 at 11:00 with the last 
CTD/O2 station at l4°N.

Before deploying our last mooring north of São Vicente, we had to stop at the 
port of Mindelo to pick up an Inverted Echo Sounder to be installed near that 
mooring but was inadvertently left behind at INDP in Mindelo. Using the zodiac 
of RV L'ATALANTE, the instrument, as well as the baggage of the crew member 
which had not arrived in time before the cruise, was brought onboard the vessel 
without much time delay. On March 13 at l8:OOL, we arrived at the planned 
mooring position at l7°36'N, 24°l5'W. During the night we conducted two three 
hour microstructure stations, separated by one deep CTD station down to the 
bottom. On March 14 at 4:OOL we started the drift test for the mooring 
deployment, and at 6:OOL the top element including a fluorometer, a microcat and 
an ARGOS watchdog, went into the water. The whole mooring deployment took about 
4 hours, and the anchor was dropped at the planned position. Submergence of the 
top element was observed. Since more than one hour later no ARGOS signal had 
been received, we deemed the mooring successfully deployed. During lunchtime, 
microstructure measurements were carried out and at 1 4:OOL, while preparing for 
the deployment of the Inverted Echo Sounder, we observed the top element of our 
mooring located right at the surface, at times flushed by the waves. It soon 
became clear that the top element was still attached to the mooring, but at 
least 40m shallower than expected. The only option without releasing the mooring 
again was to cut off the top element. In this case, 34m of mooring, with two 
microcats, attached would drop down below the next Benthos group. They would 
represent no harm for the remainder of the mooring as long as the new top 
element would stay deep enough below the surface. As there was the possibility 
that the top element would re-submerge due to changing currents, we quickly 
decided to use the zodiac to attach a rope via the ship's Aframe to the top 
element. In a perfectly executed operation, the captain drove the ship backward 
to stop exactly in front of the top element. At 16:15 L the top element was 
picked up and heaved out of the water using the ship's capstan. After a haul of 
only two to three meters, the tension on the mooring wire became very severe. 
The wire was cut below the top element. From the proximity of the cut position 
to the actual mooring position we assume that the mooring wire was almost 
completely stretched and that after cutting the top element, the next Benthos 
group is about 20m below the surface. The risk for rising to the surface during 
low current conditions is regarded to be small. As the water depth at the 
mooring position was exactly determined by independent measures from the CTD, 
the multi-beam echo sounder during the last RN METEOR cruise as well as the 
triangulation of the releases and agreed with expected values of about 3600m, we 
believe that the only explanation for the surfacing of the top element is a 
mooring longer than planned. We must check with the manufacturer of the mooring 
wire if such a mistake is possible and can be prevented for any future 
deployments. The triangulated mooring position is l7°36.244'N, 24°14.915'W. 
Note that this location is closer to the anchor drop position than expected, 
with the backdrop of the anchor only about 9% of the total mooring length.

The inverted echo sounder was then deployed without problems at 17:1 0L near the 
mooring at l7°36.03l'N, 24'l 4.604'W. During the night we continued with a 24 h 
microstructure station near the mooring position. The scientific work of R/V 
L'ATALANTE cruise IFM-GEOMAR leg 4 ended at ll:30L and the ship headed toward 
Mindelo where the cruise ended on March 15, 18:00L (Fig. 4.1).


Fig. 4.1:  Cruise track of R/V L'ATALANTE cruise IFM-GEOMAR leg 4.


4.4  Preliminary Results

4.4.1  CTD and Oxygen Measurements

4.4.1.1  Technical Aspects

During the whole cruise a Seabird SBE 9 system, the IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel SBE-5 S/N 
0410 was used. The software used was the Seabird Seasave V7.l2 program. For the 
final calibrated datasets the data from the primary set of sensors (temperature 
s/n 2120, conductivity s/n 1494, and oxygen s/n 0985) were used. During profile 
5 the secondary set of sensors showed a problem with the oxygen sensor (s/n 
1287), which could be resolved by changing the data transmission channels. A 
comparison with the Winkler titrated sample data showed that the problem had 
existed also during the first four casts and might have already been present 
during the previous leg. Although the second conductivity sensor (s/n 2512) 
showed slightly higher quality than the primary sensor, we decided to use the 
primary set of sensors as it worked continuously throughout the whole cruise. A 
comparison of the secondary temperature sensor (s/n 4547) showed that the two 
temperature sensors had a mean offset of 0.003°C with a standard deviation of 
0.004°C. A second Seabird CTD, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel SBE-4, was available as backup 
system, but was not used.

During the cruise a total of 51 CTD-profiles were performed. These were usually 
taken to 1300m depths, only at the mooring positions deep casts to the bottom 
were performed. For the deep CTD-casts the bottom was detected by an altimeter. 
This worked reliably and the CTD had no ground contact at all during the cruise. 
However, a reliable range was only available at distances closer than 30m to the 
bottom. Sound speed profiles derived from CTD data were used to correct the echo 
sounder of the ship and a comparison of CTD pressure/altimeter and echo sounder 
showed a good agreement.

The Seabird bottle release unit used with the rosette worked properly and 
reliably except for some cases, when niskins 3 or 4 did not close. During the 
first half of the cruise some leakages of the bottles occurred, an exchange of 
the nylon bands by steel spiral springs inside the bottles led to some 
improvement.

The salinity samples were analyzed with a Guildline Autosal salinometer (Kiel 
A57).

The conductivity calibration was performed using a linear fit with respect to 
temperature. Tests with linear or quadratic fits in pressure or conductivity did 
not improve the quality of the fit in a significant manner. Using 66% of the 253 
samples for calibration, an rms difference of 0.00025 S/m corresponding to a 
salinity of 0.0025 PSU was found for the upcast. We chose the downcast as final 
dataset for several reasons: 1) Sensor hysteresis starts from a well defined 
point, 2) the incoming flow is not perturbed by turbulence generated by the CTD-
rosette, and 3) long stops during the upcast profiles lead to unsteady profiles 
over depth. For the downcast conductivity, we got an mis difference of 0.00051 
S/m corresponding to a salinity of 0.0052 PSU. A comparison with a different 
calibration including the outliers showed significantly larger mis differences 
but the final calibrated profiles were identical within about 0.001 PSU 
indicating that the restriction to the highest quality data does not introduce 
systematic shifts in the calibration results. A comparison of up- and downcast 
profiles shows that the intrinsic time and space variability are much larger 
than the uncertainties involved in the calibration processes.

For the oxygen calibration the oxygen content of the water samples has been 
determined by Winkler's titration method. The downcast has been calibrated using 
all samples within 2.8 standard deviations of the observed differences. This 
includes 613 of 694 data samples and led to an mis difference of 0.052 mIll 
using a linear correction for temperature, pressure and oxygen itself.


Fig. 4.2:  a) B-S diagram, the color code denotes the profile number. Later 
              profiles are plotted on top of the earlier profiles. 
           b) CTD station map.


During the cruise, the Cape Verde Frontal Zone was crossed twice and the shift 
from the more saline, higher temperature regime of the North Atlantic Central 
Water (NACW) to the fresher, lower temperature regime of the South Atlantic 
Central Water can easily be identified between Stations 1, 49, 50, 51 and the 
other stations south of about 13.25° N (Fig. 4.2). Below the Central Water 
layer, the AAIW can be identified by its salinity minimum and at the deep 
stations at the mooring positions also the saltier NADW is found underneath.

4.4.1.2  Water Masses and Oxygen Distribution Along 23°W


Fig. 4.3:  Oxygen distribution along 23°W. White lines show isolines of 
           σθ=24.5, σθ=26.8 σθ=27.1 and, σ1000=32.l5kg/m3.


During the cruise the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern tropical Atlantic is 
observed with lowest oxygen concentrations below 50 tmo1Ikg between 400 and 600 
m water depth and at 9 to 12'N (Fig. 4.3). In the equatorial region high oxygen 
concentrations are observed in the regime of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). 
The Northern and Southern Intermediate Countercurrents (NICC and SICC) also show 
high oxygen concentrations. An intermediate depth oxygen maximum at the equator 
at 350 m depth as observed during the RN METEOR cruise 68/2 in June/July 2006 
was not found during the RIV L'ATALANTE cruise.

4.4.1.3  Oxygen Optode Calibration

The Physical Oceanography Department at IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel uses the Aanderaa 
Optode 3830 on various platforms, including moored fixed level instruments, 
moored profilers, and autonomous gliders. The instrument specifications claim 
longterm stability of measurements (more than one year) without recalibration. 
However, our comparisons with CTD measurements show that the factory settings 
require an instrument-specific calibration to satisfy our accuracy needs in 
order to measure oceanographically relevant signals. To perform the calibration 
measurements, the optode loggers were installed in our in-house built, self-
recording loggers.

During Leg 4, we performed shipboard calibrations of various sensors for a pre 
or post-deployment check, essentially consisting of the following:

 1) Oxygen loggers mounted on the CTD rosette and deployed during a regular   
    CTD cast, typically to 1300 m during this cruise.
 2) During the upcast, 12 bottle stops are taken of 2 minutes each to allow 
    all sensors to "settle" and to take a water sample for subsequent oxygen 
    determination via Winkler titration.
 3) The raw CTD profiles undergo post-cruise calibrations using the water 
    samples for salinity and oxygen (and other parameters, primarily 
    nutrients and tracers). Optode calibrations utilize the calibrated CTD 
    data.
 4) Time series of temperature and oxygen for CTD and optode are compared 
    via the minimum residual method to determine the time lag between the 
    two respective instrument clocks. This time shift is typically a few 
    seconds (5-10 sec).
 5) The time periods for the 12 stops are determined from the pressure 
    record of the CTD.
 6) Based on these time periods, the bottle stop values for temperature and 
    oxygen are averaged for CTD and optode, plus pressure and salinity 
    averages for the CTD. These values are written a bottle stop file, also 
    including the titrated bottle oxygen values.
 7) Optode oxygen values are corrected for salinity and pressure effects, 
    using the Aanderaa specified numbers in the routine 'o2corr'.
 8) Multifit regressions are performed for a correlation between CTD oxygens 
    and (corrected) optode oxygens, in the following configurations:
    a) Ox(ctd) vs. Ox(opt)
    b) Ox(ctd) vs. Ox(opt), temperature
    c) Ox(ctd) vs. Ox(opt), temperature, pressure
    d) Ox(ctd) vs. Ox(opt), Ox(opt)**2, temperature, pressure
 9) The results demonstrate that only the fourth fit (8d), including a 
    quadratic dependence on oxygen, consistently reduces the rms error, and 
    also removes the pressure dependence of those residuals. Other 
    combinations of fit parameters were tried and found to be equal or 
    inferior to the above version 8d. An example plot of the residuals vs. 
    depth for sensors s/n 937 and 946 is shown in Fig. 4.4.
10) Temperatures of the optode measurements were subjected to a linear fit 
    vs. CTD temperatures.
11) The results of all fits for the various instruments are shown in Table 
    A4.2.

Caution: Instrument s/n 943 and 839 (last 2 sets) were calibrated during RIV 
Merian cruise MSMO8/1 in April 2008, using only 5 and 4 bottle stops, 
respectively. This small number of calibration points does not permit a 4th 
order fit with adequate certainty. Use with caution!


Fig. 4.4: Residuals of various parameter configuration fits for oxygen 
          optodes s/n 937 and 946, respectively.


4.4.2  Current Observations

4.4.2.1  Vessel Mounted ADCP: Technical Aspects

RV L'ATALANTE holds two hull mounted RDI Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers with 
frequencies of 75 and 300 kHz. Both ADCPs are oriented approximately 45° 
relative to the ship's bow. The 300 kHz instrument interferes with the hull 
mounted Doppler Velocity Log (7 pings per second), but to a tolerable amount. 
Default sources of navigational information are an AQUARIUS GPS (2 antennae) for 
position and a calculated "hybrid" signal for heading, merged from the same 
AQUARIUS GPS with one of two OCTANS Fibre Optic Gyros. This hybridheading aims 
to meet the advantages of the GPS 's long-term stability and the FOG' s short-
term accuracy and resolution. Its disadvantage is the undisclosed and thus 
irreversible algorithm to calculate hybrid-heading. The pure GPS heading signal 
generated by the AQUARIUS 2antennae attitude array is available on request as 
ASCII-files at 10-second intervals. This heading source proves to be slightly 
less noisy than hybrid-heading.

Alternative but worse sources of navigational data are:

a) "integrated" position, calculated from different sources by an 
   undisclosed algorithm, proves to be noisier than GPS position
b) pure FOG-heading, noisier than hybrid-heading because of drifting offset
c) so-called HDMS-heading, calculated from different sources, with huge 
   excursions from true heading from time to time

During Leg 4 of RV L'ATALANTE cruise 2008, both ADCPs worked continuously, in 
narrowband mode and at ping rates of 1 per second (300 kHz) and 1 per 2.4 
seconds (75 kHz). The 75 kHz unit with 1 6-m-bins had a range of about 400 m 
while cruising and 500 to 600 m on station. The depth range of the 300 kHz unit 
was about 100 m at 4-m-bins, mainly depending on scatterer density. The system 
software TRANSECT delivered single ping data of beam velocities and backscatter 
amplitude as raw data files and NMEA strings of navigational data as ASCII 
navigation files. Calibration with GPS positions and GPS attitude array headings 
produced velocity data of good quality: 10-minute-average velocities showed a 
standard deviation of heading misalignment of 0.5 to 0.6°, and even 1-minute-
average velocities still showed a standard deviation of 0.8 to 0.9° accompanied 
by an unusual smooth appearance of the processed velocity sections. This was 
partly due to a calm sea state during most of the cruise. Successful parameters 
for data processing were misalignment angles of -44.1° (300 kHz) and -45.2° 
(75 kHz) as well as amplitude factors of 0.997 (300 kHz) and 1.0 (75 kHz).

4.4.2.2  Lowered ADCPs

During the cruise two 300 kHz RDI Workhorse ADCPs were attached to the CTD 
rosette. With these two instruments full CTD depth current profiles could be 
obtained. The up-looking ADCP was serial number 7915, a loan from the University 
Bremen. The down-looking ADCP was serial number 690 of IFM-GEOMAR. The 
instrument from Bremen had been used since another instrument from IFM-GEOMAR 
had developed a bad beam during one of the preceding legs. Serial number 690 had 
since the start of leg 4 or earlier one weak beam. We found during all profiles 
that the instrument from Bremen had 20 m more range than the instrument from 
Kiel (typically 150 m compared to 130 m in shallow waters). Whether this was 
caused by the instrument being newer (guessed from the higher serial number) or 
whether there is a hardware or firmware difference, we do not know.

For CTD profile number 1, a glider calibration station near the Cape Verde 
Islands, the instruments could not be started. No lowered ADCP data was thus 
collected for this profile. During the following days it was discovered that the 
serial cable connection had gone bad near the plug to the battery pack. Water 
was found inside the cable (this cable never enters the water, so that the 
wetting must have occurred by rain or the hosing of the CTD with freshwater 
after a profile). The connection was resoldered and covered with a two-component 
plastic seal. As we on previous cruises had similar problems, as the number of 
wires coming out of the battery pack is not sufficient (we need 8 instead of the 
current 7 wires for 2 serial connections and the battery voltage), and as the 
battery pack itself had shown contact problems with the battery cells on a 
previous cruise, a proper refurbishment of the battery packs and the attached 
cables is due after the following cruise on FS Merian.

During this cruise we could for the first time use two newly acquired USB to 
Serial converters that use a signal voltage of 12V instead of the usual 5V for 
the serial lines. This indeed solved all the connection problems we had 
encountered on previous cruises. We were thus able to implement the parallel 
downloading routines from Andreas Thurnherr of LamontDoherty Earth Observatory. 
This cuts in two the time needed to download data from the ADCPs and also makes 
the switching of cables or instruments between downloads unnecessary. In all 
this setup worked extremely well during the cruise.

For all the following profiles, with the exception of profile 3, the lowered 
ADCP worked as intended. During profile 3 the up-looking ADCP did not record 
during the whole cast and produced 2 data files, an indication that it might 
have lost the connection to the battery during the profile. This did, however, 
not occur again and we were thus unable to solve whatever problem might have 
been the cause.

The data quality during all shallow profiles (most CTD profiles went only down 
to 1300 m) was very high. Parallel processing by Rebecca Hummels and Gerd 
Krahmann, one including shipboard ADCP data and one not, showed only minor 
differences, indicating that the quality of the lowered ADCP data is very high. 
For all deep profiles the quality degraded severely and while not totally 
unusable the velocity error on all deep profiles is rather high with up to 10 
cm/s. For future cruises collecting deep lowered ADCP profiles one needs to 
investigate what the difference between the instruments from the University 
Bremen and the one from IFMGEOMAR is and what the recent development of a higher 
powered 300 kHz workhorse by RDI has resulted in.

4.4.2.3  Selected Results

Fig. 4.5 is a composition of zonal velocity data from 300 kHz and 75 kHz 10-
minute-averages and LADCP-data along 23°W. The most prominent feature is the 
eastward Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), with its core at 50 to 70 m depth; 
underneath, the westward Equatorial Intermediate Current (ETC) is clearly 
observable. The Northern Intermediate Countercurrent (NICC) at 2°N and 400 m is 
shallower than usual. Instead of the lacking northern branch of the South 
Equatorial Current (nSEC), an eastward shallow current at 3°N is observed; a 
quite persistent one, which has been found in the Leg 2 data of January 2008, 
too. The North

Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) is absent as expected, while an eastward 
structure at 9°N is present which may be interpreted as northern branch of the 
NECC.

Fig. 4.6 illustrates the good quality of the 300 kHz 1-minute-averages during 
the two equator crossings. The resolution of 4 m vertically, 300 m or less 
horizontally (depending on ship speed) and 1 minute in time allows resolving the 
current fine structure. Not only the undulations in the upper high-shear part of 
the EUC may be seen (spatial scale roughly 10 km, time scale roughly 20 mm), but 
vertical excursions of the whole EUC of 20 to 30 m on timescales of a few days -
Figs. 4.6a and 4.6b are sections separated by 2 to 6 days.


Fig. 4.5: Zonal velocity along 23°W. Composite section of vessel mounted 
          ADCP (300 kHz, 75 kHz) and LADCP measurements. White lines show 
          isolines of σθ=24.5, σθ=26.8 σθ=27.1 and, σ1000=32.11 5kg/m3.

Fig. 4.6: Zonal velocity from 300 kHz vessel mounted ADCP during two 
          crossings of the equator. a) Northern branch: 28.02.2008, 12 a.m. 
          to 29.02.2008, 6 p.m. from north to south at 23°W. Gap at the 
          equator is 29.02.2008, 6 p.m. to 02.03.2008, 10 a.m. while going 
          along the equator from 230W to 21.5°W. Southern branch: 
          02.03.2008, 10a.m. to 03.03.2008, 3a.m. from north to south, 
          starting at 21.50W and ending at 23°W. Visible inhomogeneity at 
          0.75°N is caused by long stay due to mooring activities. b) 
          03.03.2008, 6.a.m. to 07.03.2008, 10 a.m. from south to north at 
          23°W.


4.4.3  Mooring Operations

The mooring activities of RIV L'ATALANTE cruise IFM-GEOMAR - 4 served two major 
scientific programs, the BMBF-funded 'North Atlantic' project with a focus on 
the equatorial circulation, and a newly installed SFB focused on oxygen minimum 
zones (OMZs). The plans called for recovery of 6 moorings and deployment of 8 
moorings. Fortunately, the ship was able to recover the TENATSO mooring V440 
(also known as KPO_1006) during the previous leg en route to the port of 
Mindelo. However, several of the near surface instruments were exposed to major 
biofouling (barnacles, mussels, etc.), causing additional cleanup work and 
leaving some uncertainty whether or not all Microcats could be reused for the 
next deployment period. All other instruments to be used during the upcoming 
deployments came straight from the lab, with the exception of one of the moored 
ADCPs. All mooring activities are summarized in the deployment and recovery 
tables.

The ship sailed from Mindelo on Saturday morning, February 23. Local time on 
board is UTC- 1. Headed south, we began to prepare the instruments for the first 
mooring - the MMP station near 8°N, 23°W planned for the early morning of 
February 26. The Profiler was programmed to perform paired profiles every 1.9 
days, following a lengthy discussion on energy consumption, tidal aliasing etc. 
With this setting, the diagnostic program predicts sufficient power until 
January 2010 while recovery is planned for November 2009. Microcats were 
calibrated during the first CTD cast. We decided not to touch the optode on the 
Profiler but leave the calibration to be done during the recovery cruise. This 
mooring is in support of the OMZ research project, as is the mooring at 5°N, 
the latter being a repetition of a pilot mooring deployed during RIV METEOR 
cruise 68/2 in July 2006.

In the early morning of Tuesday, February 26, we surveyed the intended location 
of the 8°N mooring and found a suitable place with a water depth close to the 
planned one - 4480 m corrected. Deployment started at 6:36 local (7:36 UTC). The 
Profiler was deployed after about 50 m of wire below the stopper has been paid 
out, trying a new method by slipping a section of Meteor rope through the lower 
plastic guide of the Profiler, then slowly lowering the instrument into the 
water, allowing it to descend tail first. We believe this method to be superior 
to all others we have tried so far. The anchor was slipped at 10:49L without any 
problems about 10 minutes after the last element went in the water. The anchor 
drop position was 08° 01.28'N, 22°58.6'W.

The next stop was the 5°N site to recover and re-deploy that mooring, for a 
full day of mooring-related work. Release of the mooring went very well, and 
most of the instruments came on board in good physical shape. However, the 
profiler was entangled in long-line fisheries equipment which prevented any 
profiling of the MMP after the long-line incident. The question of when this 
happened remained unanswered initially as the top MTD recorder was flooded and 
damaged beyond repair, and the Aanderaa rotor located at a depth of 1025 m was 
also blocked by the same fishing line. However, the records indicated that this 
entanglement must have occurred about 1.5 months after deployment. Redeployment 
of the mooring began during the late afternoon on February 27, and the anchor 
was dropped with a big splash. Submergence of the top elements could not be 
observed due to the fading daylight. The final mooring position was estimated at 
5° 0.9'N, 23° 0.O'W.

With this deployment, the SFB mooring component was completed successfully.

Mooring work was performed throughout the next few days. We began to install the 
equatorial array with the deployment of the 2°N mooring on February 28. This 
and other deployments at new sites, not previously occupied, were preceded by a 
deep CTD cast (to obtain a precise estimate of the sound speed profile), 
followed by a depth survey with RIV L'ATALANTE multi beam echo sounder. The 
starting point and anchor drop location were determined by performing a 20 min 
long drift test. Deployment at the 2°N mooring began in late afternoon, and 
anchor drop was during fading daylight, allowing submergence to be observed by 
the ceasing watchdog signal only.

The mooring at 00 45'N was recovered on February 29 with no surprises. The 
release responded properly, with good ranging and immediate release. The top 
element was heavily overgrown, but the wire farther down was almost clean. 
Instruments looked good and a first data inspection indicated a somewhat 
shallower top than planned.

The day after, March 1, at 06:15L we released the mooring at the equator - 
including the WHOI-supplied profiler (J. Toole). The mooring came up immediately 
and the first elements went on deck. To our surprise, the profiler was found at 
the upper end of the wire. The wire jacket was damaged over most of the upper 
1000 m, and we decided to get the profiler first so it would not slide down all 
the way along the rough wire. It turned out that the profiler had worked to the 
end, but the range was considerably reduced following a few months of full depth 
range. The damage must have occurred during the recovery operation, also 
confirmed by the blank, non-corroded wire elements.

In the afternoon we redeployed the equatorial mooring - this time with the wind 
on the stern, to avoid being caught again by the EUC (as happened during M68/2). 
However, the EUC-caused problems did reoccur, albeit to a much lesser degree. We 
were able to solve the wire angle problem without major complications. This 
mooring featured a Tip-Top (see Fig. 4.7) above the regular mooring 
configuration, to be recovered on our way back. The first mooring with 3 ADCPs 
was deployed during early evening, and darkness prevented us from observing the 
submergence of the top float. The radio signal from the Tip-Top ceased and was 
not heard again, providing great relieve as the top element was planned to be 
shallower than 40m depth.

The morning of March 2, we were at the mooring site at 21.5'W and the equator. 
About half a year earlier, the Argos beacon on this mooring had alarmed us of a 
drifting top element, so we were anxious to see what was still left of the 
mooring. At the site, both releases responded and released promptly. We found 
everything in place, missing only the 32" foam float with one MTD and the Argos 
beacon. The remainder of the mooring was in good shape, and it appeared that the 
ADCP had not suffered from being pulled down by the bitter end of the wire and 3 
Microcats along this wire. However, the Microcats showed spurious spikes after 
the event.

On March 3, we arrived at the site of the 2°S mooring, and we had already 
concluded earlier that the topography at the chosen site was very unfavorable. 
The only really good place was a valley which was 400m too deep and could not be 
used due to wire limitations. A multibeam echo sounder survey showed another 
location of sufficient flatness and proper depth (4840 m). To be on the safe 
side, we decided to allocate 5 h for the mooring work, leaving sufficient time 
at the end to tow the mooring into place. This worked out fine, except it took 
more time than expected, and the final mooring location ended up at 10 56.70'S, 
22° 56.65'W.

The mooring at 00 45'S was replaced on March 4. Mooring recovery started in the 
early morning, and after both releases responded properly, the mooring was 
released at sunrise (06:15L). The mooring was sighted shortly thereafter, but 
all elements were clustered at the same location, making the pickup extremely 
difficult. We then picked the most exposed group which turned out to be located 
in the middle of the mooring. However, when the top was finally retrieved, more 
fishing line was found which apparently had sheared off the uppermost MTD. Two 
Aanderaa rotors were lost during recovery due to the long-line tangles.

After lunch we began to re-deploy the mooring at the same location which went 
well without a hitch. Please note that the upper Microcats were shifted upward 
slightly, as noted in the protocol. We towed the mooring into place and dropped 
the anchor in heavy rain. However, submergence could be observed, and once 
again, the final position was almost exactly as planned. After waiting to make 
sure that the mooring did not resurface, we left the site for the next CTD 
station.


Fig. 4.7: Tip-Top element carrying the 1200 kHz ADCP atop the regular 
          equatorial mooring at 23°W.


On March 5, we were back at the equator to recover the Tip-Top of the equatorial 
mooring deployed five days earlier. We first determined the position by minimum 
distance search, then moved the ship into position 150 m off the point, 
released, and immediately located the floatation half sphere, even though nobody 
actually saw it popping up. The ADCP was still pinging and sampled more than 200 
MB of data in 4 days.

The last mooring of the equatorial array was installed March 6 very early in the 
morning (04:00 L drift test, 06:00 L first element in water). This mooring was 
at 4310 m water depth and we had to add 100 m of wire (remove 20 m; add 3 x 40 
m). Aiming for a deployment length of 3.5 h, we were almost ready to drop the 
anchor when we passed the launch position (l00 m overshoot). The anchor (1450kg) 
was dropped with a splash, filmed this time from the Zodiac. Then we observed 
the submergence of the top element which appeared to move much slower through 
the water than in the other moorings. On standby, we waited for about one hour 
for any re-appearance of the watchdog signal, but everything remained quiet, 
indicating a successful deployment. The top Microcats were moved up the wire, 
with the upper Microcat at 94 m (s/n 2251 to 143 m), and MTD s/n 31 moved to 298 
m.

On March 14 at 04:00 L, we started the drift test for the redeployment of the 
TENATSO mooring, and at 06:00 L the top element including a fluorometer, a 
Microcat and an ARGOS watchdog, went into the water. The whole mooring 
deployment took about 4 hours, and the anchor was dropped at the planned 
position. Submergence of the top element was observed. Since more than one hour 
later no ARGOS signal had been received, we deemed the mooring successfully 
deployed. During lunchtime, microstructure measurements were carried out and at 
14:00 L, while preparing for the deployment of the Inverted Echo Sounder, we 
observed the top element of our mooring located right at the surface, at times 
flushed by the waves. It soon became clear that the top element was still 
attached to the mooring, but at least 40 m shallower than expected. The only 
option without releasing the entire mooring was to cut off the top element. In 
this case, 34 m of mooring, with two Microcats attached, would drop down below 
the next Benthos group (see Fig. 4.8 for a schematic of the mooring 
configuration). They would represent no harm for the remainder of the mooring as 
long as the new top element would stay deep enough below the surface. As there 
was the possibility that the top element would resubmerge due to changing 
currents, we quickly decided to use the Zodiac to attach a rope via the ship's 
A-frame to the top element. The captain skillfully drove the ship backward to 
stop exactly in front of the top element.


Fig. 4.8: Schematic of mooring configuration which lead to the resurfacing 
          of the top float of the TENATSO mooring. The 36 m piece in the 
          upper right-hand corner was cut.


At 16:15L the top element was picked up and heaved out of the water using the 
ship's capstan. After a haul of only two to three meters, the tension on the 
mooring wire became very severe. The wire was cut below the top element at the 
position of 17°36.198'N, 24°l5.004'W. This cut position was only about 180 m 
horizontally from the location of the release position determined through 
subsequent triangulation, i.e. 17°36.244'N, 24°14.915'W. Note that this 
location is closer to the anchor drop position than expected, with the backdrop 
of the anchor only about 9% of the total mooring length. The distance between 
the top element and the release direct following the cut was about 3580 m 
(corrected for hydrophone depth and sound speed). The mooring program indicates 
this distance to be no more than 3523 m (the distance between release and top 
element from the mooring program). Therefore, in case the mooring was fully 
stretched, the total length of the mooring was about 60 m too long. An error in 
the water depth is very unlikely. The different pressure/depth records from the 
last mooring period consistently indicate a water depth at the mooring position 
of 3594 m. Moreover, during our last cruise, we made a detailed bathymetric 
survey using the multi-beam echo sounder of RIV METEOR. The obtained topography 
- corrected using an observed sound speed profile - revealed water depths around 
3600 m with only 10 m variations over a very large region. This was confirmed by 
the deep CTD profile just prior to the mooring deployment that was stopped 15 m 
above the bottom (as measured by the CTD altimeter and the lowered ADCP), 
indicating 3584 m as measured by the pressure sensor and converted to depth. 
Also, the echo sounder of RV L'ATALANTE showed very smooth topography with only 
slight variations around 3600 m during the CTD cast and during the mooring 
deployment. From the triangulation of the releases after severing the top 
element, we obtained the depth of the releases to be 3570 m. As the releases are 
nominally 34 m above the anchor, the total water depth at the mooring position 
should be 3604 m. From the proximity of the cut position to the actual mooring 
position we conclude that the mooring wire was almost completely stretched and 
that after cutting the top element, the next Benthos group is about 20 m below 
the surface, and the risk for rising to the surface during low current 
conditions is deemed to be small. We believe that the only explanation for the 
surfacing of the top element is a mooring longer than planned. We must check 
with the manufacturer of the mooring wire if such a mistake is possible and can 
be prevented for any future deployments.

The inverted echo sounder was then deployed without problems at 17:10 L near the 
mooring at 17°36.031'N, 24°14.604'W.

During the above-described decision making process, we noticed some range 
inconsistencies with one of the new release units (#270) of about 30 m. This was 
confirmed later by comparison with its counterpart in the mooring and by 
inspection of the release tests. Another pair of releases with the same type of 
instrument showed the same behavior (30 m more range than its counterpart). 
Thus, this type of releases should be treated with caution when range 
determination is important.

4.4.3.1  Moored Instrument Performance During 2006-2008

The data retrieval was similar to other mooring efforts in the past (Fig. 4.9). 
We got all moorings back and most of the instruments contained full data sets. 
Most painful was that both MMPs had only partially fulfilled their mission. The 
one at 5°N was hampered by fishing equipment after only 1.5 months, and the 
equatorial one gradually decreased its profiling range for reasons unknown so 
far. Major concern with the ADCP data was the apparently incorrect data of the 
equatorial Workhorse and possibly a heading problem of the northern Narrowband 
ADCP.


Table 4.1: Standard instrumentation vs. moored profilers



                   Instrument                 Moored  
                   Performance    Standard   Profiler  
                    2006-2008    Instr. (%)    (%)  
                   ------------  ----------  --------
                   Moorings        100.0      100.0  
                   Currents         95.0       28.0  
                   Temperature      92.7       28.0  
                   Conductivity     93.8       28.0  
                   Pressure         87.0       28.0  


Fig. 4.9: Percentage of moorings/parameter data retrieved for the 2006-2008 
          deployment. The reduced data amounts obtained from the profilers 
          are due to the range and time limitations from long-line 
          entanglement and unknown causes (see text).


4.4.3.2  Calibration of Moored Instruments

Moored instruments (Microcats and MTD5) are typically subjected to a pre-
deployment or postdeployment calibration by lowering them during a regular CTD 
cast and using stabilized data obtained during 2-minute stops at pre-selected 
depths (or water mass properties) for calibration points for temperature, 
conductivity and pressure, if available. Linear fits are used to determine 
calibration factors which are then applied to the moored records (Fig. 4.10).

Fig. 4.10: Residual of linear calibration fits for temperature (blue), 
           conductivity (red) and pressure (green, scaled by factor of 
           1/100) as a function of serial number and CTD cast. The quality 
           of some fits may vary due to sea state, ship's pitch and roll, 
           and other effects. The resulting calibration factors are listed 
           below.


4.4.3.3  McLane Moored Profiler

The MMP is a modern observing platform for physical and chemical insitu 
measurements over long time intervals. Powered by lithium batteries, an electric 
motor drives a friction wheel for climbing the mooring wire up and down at slow 
speeds. One million meters is the total traveling range, e.g. 500 profile pairs 
of 2000m total length (I 000m up and down, respectively) can be performed.

On RV L'ATALANTE cruise IFM-GEOMAR - 4, we had two of these instruments aboard 
and two were to be recovered. As we approached the 5°N mooring relatively early 
during the cruise, we were anxious to see how this instrument had performed. The 
mooring structure is shown to the left (Fig. 4.11). Unfortunately, the profiler 
suffered a major entanglement with long-line fishing equipment, and data 
inspection showed that this happened early during the deployment period - after 
about 40 days, thereby bringing the profiler to a complete stop.

During the total deployment period, this mooring seemed to suffer several 
attacks by long-lines, with August being the preferred month. Thus there is some 
concern for the replacement mooring that was deployed at the same location.

However, while the profiler was running properly, it performed the cycle as 
programmed: one up and down cycle, followed by a waiting period of 1.6 days. Two 
aspects have been investigated in more detail. The first was the oxygen measured 
by an Aanderaa optode, apparently requiring post-deployment calibrations and a 
rather long time constant correction of the sensor foil. Nevertheless, the 
measurements offer tremendous potential for the new SFB research on OMZ.

The second aspect was the velocity measured by the FSI-ACM aboard the MMP. The 
mooring also featured a down-looking ADCP with large overlapping ranges for 
comparison.

The Seabird Microcats above and below the profile range as well as the Aanderaa 
Rotor Current Meter will also be used as references for the CTD and current 
measurements of the moored profiler.

Mooring A005 with full instrumentation, MMP, LongRanger ADCP, Aanderaa Rotor 
Current Meter, and two Seabird Microcats.


Fig. 4.11: Schematic of Mooring AO-05


One and a half month of high resolution oxygen profiles reveal the potential of 
MMP measurements with Aanderaa optodes. The oxygen measurements capture the 
oxygen minimum at about 400m and show strongly inclined oxygen anomalies on 
short time scales. The obtained oxygen data from up and down profiles also 
reveal the presence of a strong hysteresis inherent with optode measurements 
(Fig. 4.12, upper panel). However, the hysteresis cannot be attributed to the 
temperature measurements inside the optode: The effect of correcting the optode 
temperature using the CTD temperature from the profiler is small compared to the 
remaining hysteresis. Using a simple calibration accounting for a time constant 
of the oxygen sensor, we are able to reduce the hysteresis in the oxygen data 
(Fig. 4.12, lower panel). The optimum, yet rather large time constant of about 
40 s was obtained by searching for a minimum in the standard deviation of the 
difference between successive up and down profiles. The final calibrated MMP 
oxygen values fall in the range of previously obtained shipboard measurements 
showing a high variability of the oxygen at 5°N, 23°W (Fig. 4.13).


Fig. 4.12: Oxygen profiles [µmol/kg] from MMP at 5°N, 23°W acquired from 
           July 4 to August 22, 2006. Uncalibrated oxygen data showing a 
           strong hysteresis are depicted in the upper panel. Calibrated 
           oxygen data are obtained by applying a time constant calibration 
           and standard calibrations as discussed in section 4.4.1.3.

Fig. 4.13: Oxygen measurements at 5°N, 23°W from different shipboard CTD 
           measurements (dashed and solid lines) and from MMP.


The second topic of interest was a comparison of the velocity measurements of 
the MMP and a downward looking Longranger ADCP. In a first step, the raw MMP-
velocities were corrected for magnetic bias and for instrument motion using a 
software packet provided by J. Toole (WHOI). The data were initially gridded and 
contoured (Fig. 4.14), followed by an interpolation of the MMP velocity to the 
vertical resolution of the LR-ADCP. A feature comparison between individual MMP 
profiles and adjacent LR-ADCP profiles allowed a temporal synchronization in the 
next step, yielding both velocity fields on the same space and time grid, and in 
turn allowing a first comparison (using the LR-ADCP data as a reference). The 
overall means of the two fields are indistinguishable (< 0.02 m/s), with rms 
differences in layers around 4 cm/s (see Fig. 4.15). Altogether, this is a 
promising outlook for the quality of the MMP velocity measurements.


Fig. 4.14: Zonal MMP currents at 5°N (depth [m] vs. time). Data were 
           subjected to the J. Toole correction routine and subsequent 
           gridding.

Fig. 4.15: Comparison of LR-ADCP (blue) and MMP (red) velocities. Dashed 
           lines are rms differences between the two, calculated for 10m 
           depth cells; here enveloping the MMP profile. The effect of MMP 
           bias correction is illustrated by the dashed green curve, 
           representing the MMP profile without the correction.

4.4.3.4  Selected Results

Flow in the equatorial belt

To illustrate the richness of the data set, we here show the current 
distribution in one of the depth layers, at 700 m, in their geographical 
arrangement. The middle row in Fig. 4.16 is at the equator (23°W and 21.5°W) 
and the upper and lower graphs are at 23°W, 45'N and 45'S, respectively. Note 
the intense variability (instability waves) on short time scales with some 
correlation of the larger events (e.g., northern and equatorial mooring at 23°
W). The maximum flow in September 2007 can be detected in all four records.


Fig. 4.16: Stick plots of equatorial flow field at 700m level, (upper graph 
           for 45'N, 23°W, middle for equator, 23°W and 21.5'W, and lower 
           for 45'S, 23°W)


For the upper layer we show the four ADCPs located in the upper range of these 
moorings (Fig. 4.17). Narrowband ADCPs transmitting at 150 kHz were use in the 
off-equatorial moorings, looking upward from about 300m depth. The northern 
instrument seemed to have problems with its heading, requiring a post cruise 
compass calibration which was performed in Kiel on June 4, 2008. Both NB-ADCP 
were placed on a turntable, rotating the instruments by 360°, and comparing the 
readings to those of a reference magnetic compass in a magnetically undisturbed 
area. We found no significant deviations from the reference readings and 
therefore the ADCP direction data as being reliable.

Longranger ADCPs (75 kHz systems) were used in the equatorial mooring and at 5°
N (see MMP discussion). At a first glance, all LR-ADCP worked well without any 
apparent compass problems.

However, this is not the case with the 300 kHz ADCP at the equator. This 
instrument shows very strange behavior (large vertical and error velocities), 
and no reasonable explanation for why this happened. Currently this data set 
must be regarded non-usable. This ADCP has been sent to RDI-Europe for 
inspection/repair.


Fig. 4.17: Zonal flow in the upper layer of the equatorial Atlantic as 
           measured by ADCP. Left column from top to bottom: instrument at 
           5°N, 0°45'N, Equator, 0°45'S, and right column at top (zonal flow 
           at 5°N with velocity scale -20cm/s to +20cm/s) and middle right is 
           for equatorial ADCP at 21.5°N.


1200 kHz ADCP at the equator

The equatorial mooring at 23°W had an additional high frequency ADCP attached 
to the top buoy (a so-called Tip-Top, see photo in Fig. 4.7) aimed at measuring 
turbulent flow in the upper 40m; i.e., at the upper edge of the EUC (Fig. 4.18). 
However, the depth of this ADCP was somewhat shallower than planned, and during 
short periods of weak flow, it rose up to about 5 to 10m, barely safe below the 
surface. However, since this deployment was for a short period of 4 days only, 
we deemed any risk for the main mooring to be small.

Fig. 4.18: Zonal velocity [m/s] at the equator, 23°W above the EUC as measured 
           from a short term mooring (March 1" - 5th 2008) using a 1200 kHz 
           upward looking ADCP. Surface distance varies with mooring motion.

This ADCP had been programmed to measure in beam coordinates with mode 12, 
meaning raw internal Doppler averaging of fast pings and storing thereafter. 
During the 4-day operation, the instrument sampled more than 200MB of data. 
These were transformed and depth-shifted. The zonal flow shows an average 
vertical shear of about 0.035 along the entire depth range scanned.


4.4.4.  Glider Recovery/Deployment

Two autonomous glider systems manufactured by Webb Research were used during the 
cruise. With the intention of covering a section along 23°W from the Cape Verde 
Islands to the equator one system, IFM03, was launched from near Mindelo on 
January 11. After spending a few days near the deployment location to test 
whether everything was functioning properly it was on January 16 sent southeast 
towards the northern end of the section at 14°N 23°W. The glider reached this 
position on January 30. It then turned south and traveled until February 25 when 
it was recovered near 9°35.5'N, 23°1.1'W (see Fig. 4.19 for the track). This 
was for our group the first successful long distance glider mission with this 
type of glider. During this mission and a companion deployment near the Cape 
Verde Islands the endurance of the battery packs was evaluated. We found that 
with the battery configuration and the sensors in use the distance was limited 
to about 1000 km. A somewhat longer distance should be possible when reducing 
the speed of the glider by pumping less oil. This was however not feasible 
during this deployment as the possible recovery dates were fixed by the times 
when RIV L'ATALANTE would pass the glider and we wanted to cover as much 
distance within this fixed time frame.


Fig. 4.19: θ-S-diagrams of glider IFM03 (upper left) and IFM02 (lower right). 
           In the θ-S-diagram the colors denote the number of the respective 
           profile as indicated in the track map.

Fig. 4.20: Oxygen distribution as observed by glider IFM03 (northern part) 
           and IFM02 (southern part). White lines show isolines of σθ=24.5,   
           σθ=26.8, and σθ=27.1 kg/M3. Glider tracks are given in Fig. 4.19.


During the whole deployment the sensors of the glider, a Seabird CTD system, an 
Aanderaa Oxygen measuring Optode (Fig. 4.20), and a Wetlabs Fluorometer, worked 
without problems. The glider made more than 300 dives, 258 of which were to 980 
m depth and resulted in good data. The remaining profiles were shallower down to 
500 or 200 m and were collected during the initial test and later shortly before 
recovery when the batteries were already running low. The number of dives 
translates into an average distance between profiles of about 4km. Comparison of 
the average of the glider's last three deep CTD profile with a CTD profile 
collected on RV L'ATALANTE nearby but several days later showed that the 
temperatures and salinities below lOOm differed by 0.18 degrees and 0.015 psu 
rms, respectively. A final comparison of the CTD collected on RV L'ATALANTE with 
the glider's data will be made once the CTD data has been calibrated. For 
calibration purposes the Aanderaa optode was removed from the glider and 
connected to a data logger. During one profile this system was attached to the 
CTD. Together with bottle samples calibration coefficients were developed for 
the optode.

The second glider operation on R/V L'ATALANTE was the deployment of IFM02 
(Deepy). On this glider the science bay of IFM05 had been installed after the 
CTD data collected by the original science system on a previous deployment 
appeared to be problematic. IFM02 had been tested during a 3 day deployment off 
the Cape Verde Islands prior to the cruise. The glider was put to the water on 
February 29 at 0°1.4'N 22°58.5'W. After an initial 30 m test dive, a first 
deep dive to 800 m was commanded. On both dives no problems were encountered. It 
was then sent north with double dives between surfacings. The dives have a 
particular depth pattern in order to conserve energy. The glider descends from 
the surface down to 980 m, climbs to 200 m, dives again to 980 m, and then comes 
back to the surface. Using this pattern the pumped oil volume can be greatly 
reduced as the glider avoids every other climb into the very low density waters 
above 100 m depth.

We came again close enough to the glider for freewave radio connection on March 
6 at O°53.4'N 23°2.5'W. A number of full data files were downloaded and some 
parameters changed to improve operation of the glider. In particular it has 
problems to get GPS positions and to establish Iridium contacts. We suspect that 
the Antenna, which is used both for GPS and Iridium, is not well matched. IFM02 
was recovered from FS Maria S. Merian (chief scientist W. Ekau) at April 14 at 6
°57.1'N, 22°24.4 'W.

On RV L'ATALANTE all glider operations in the water were done with the help of a 
zodiac inflatable. For the freewave radio system the antenna was installed above 
the bridge deck with a 6m long cable running into the bridge where it was 
connected to a Webb dockserver laptop. With this setup we were able to get good 
connections at distances up to 3nm. Near the equator in very calm seas 
intermittent radio contact was made at distances up to 6nm. The quality was 
however not sufficient to send commands.


4.4.5  Microstructure Measurements

A microstructure measurement program was carried out within the frame work of 
the Junior Research Group (DFG Emmy Noether-Nachwuchsgruppe) "Microstructure" 
and the BMBFSurface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene (SOPRAN) project. The 
projects aim at quantifying the impact of diapycnal mixing processes on the 
variability of sea surface temperature and on improving estimates of diapycnal 
fluxes of heat and biogeochemical tracers from the deeper ocean into the oceanic 
mixed layer in the upwelling regions of the tropical Atlantic.

Enhanced microstructure sampling was carried out in three regions: Within 10 of 
the equator, at the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time Series Observatory 
(TENATSO) station northeast of Cape Verde and within the oxygen minimum zones 
around 23°W, 8°N. In the equatorial region, measurements were performed to 
resolve mixing processes associated with elevated background shear due to the 
presence of the EUC. Here, night time enhancement of turbulent dissipation rates 
in the stratified water column was observed during previous cruise and the 
measurements aimed at a better understanding of relevant physical processes. At 
the TENATSO station, long duration measurements were performed to investigate 
diapycnal fluxes of chemical and biological parameters to improve understanding 
of biogeochemical processes in the water column. Finally, measurements within 
the oxygen minimum zone were conducted to study processes leading to diapycnal 
fluxes of oxygen that may be relevant for the total oxygen budget in this 
region.

Technical Aspects

Microstructure measurements were sampled using a microstructure measuring system 
consisting of a loosely-tethered profiler, an electrical winch supplied with 900 
m Kevlar cable, and a deck unit. The system was manufactured by ISW-Messtechnik 
in collaboration with Sea and Sun Technology (Trappenkamp, Germany). The 
profiler in use during the cruise was of type MSS90-D (S/N 032). The winch was 
mounted to the gunwale at the port-side stern of RV L'ATALANTE. The MSS90-D 
profiler operates 16 channels with a high data transmission rate (1024 Hz) which 
is sufficient to resolve micro-scale gradients (4L6 mm) of velocity shear and 
temperature that can be used to infer turbulent fluctuations in the ocean. It 
was equipped with two shear probes (airfoil, 4ms response time), a fast-
responding temperature sensor (Thermistor FP07, 12 ms response time), an 
acceleration sensor and two tilt sensors, as well as conductivity, temperature, 
pressure sensors that sample at a lower frequency (24 Hz). In addition, oxygen 
and turbidity sensors were attached. The profiler was optimized to sink at a 
rate of about 0.6 m/s which minimizes uncertainties in microstructure shear 
measurements.

In total, microstructure measurements were performed on 38 stations. Routinely, 
at least 3 profiles were collected on individual stations before or after CTD 
casts. In addition, four stations of 3-hour duration contributed about 10 
profiles each, and during a 24 hour station, 38 profiles were collected at a 
single location (see Table A4.5). While most of the profiles were terminated in 
a depth of about 250 m, measurements within the oxygen minimum were extend to a 
depth up to 350 m to include the upper boundary of the oxygen minimum zone. 
Three shear probes (S/N 6070, 6071, 003) were used. Sensor 6070 lost its 
sensitivity after the first three MSS stations. It was replaced by sensor 003. 
After station 11 a failure of the cable led to a termination of the data 
transmission to the deck unit. This was due to a short circuit due to a leakage 
in the cable at the connection to the profiler. The error was removed by 
shortening the Kevlar cable by 20m. No further problems aroused during the 
cruise.

Preliminary Results

In general there are several regions and situations, where elevated levels of 
turbulence and thus diapycnal mixing is expected. Within the mixed layer, levels 
of turbulence are usually high due to the influence of winds and night time 
cooling at the ocean surface. Mixing below this well mixed layer is less likely 
to occur and depends on the interaction of several parameters. The measurement 
program aims at a better understanding of these interactions and at quantifying 
the influence of individual parameters on integral diapycnal fluxes of ocean 
properties.

The situations in which high levels of turbulence are more likely to occur in 
deeper layers are regions, in which background shear is elevated in respect to 
stratification. There, the flow may then become unstable in a Kelvin-Helmholtz 
sense and energy from the mean flow is fed into the turbulent regime. Near the 
equator, background shear levels are particularly pronounced in the region of 
the Equatorial Undercurrent, where zonal velocity shows the strong core at about 
50 m depth (Fig. 4.21a). Here, shear levels are most elevated above the core of 
the EUC between 30 and 50 m. Accordingly, dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic 
energy that were derived from the microstructure measurements indicate elevated 
turbulence levels in the same region (Fig. 4.21e). These elevated levels 
however, that are in the range of 1-lOx 108 Wkg', are at the lower end of 
previously observed dissipation rates above the EUC core. Microstructure 
measurements in the EUC region at 10'W during September 2005 indicated strongly 
elevated dissipation rates of 13x 106 Wkg' during turbulent bursts occurring at 
night in the stratified region above the EUC core. These bursts were absent 
during a second microstructure measurement program carried out in December 1994, 
where similar levels of turbulence as found during the R/V L'ATALANTE cruise 
were observed. It could be shown that stronger stratification above the EUC core 
during the December 1994 cruise compared to the September 2005 cruise prevented 
the occurrence of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a large part of the water 
column and thus inhibited significant energy transfer from the background flow 
to the turbulent regime. The same argument could also hold here, as 
stratification encountered above the EUC during the RV L'ATALANTE cruise was 
also pronounced above the EUC core (Fig. 4.2ld).

Another possible source for bands of enhanced large scale shear are highly-
baroclinic internal waves which are marked by changing velocities with depth. In 
some occasions, bands of elevated shear in the deeper water column may provide 
information about the nature of the propagating internal wave signal. However, 
due to the coarse vertical resolution of the shipboard ADCP, having an effective 
vertical resolution for shear of 16 m, together with the short duration of the 
CTD/microstructure stations make it hard to identify the propagation of internal 
waves. Nevertheless, wave-like structures in the upper ocean shear distribution 
(Fig. 4.2lc) were pronounced in the some regions along the 23°W section (e.g. 
at 7°N) suggesting wind induced inertial gravity waves, which in turn may lead 
to locally elevated patches of turbulent dissipation rates.

As mentioned above, dissipation rates are usually elevated in the mixed layer, 
but also depend on the time within the day. Night-time convection in the mixed 
layer sets in when the heat loss exceeds the heat gain at the ocean surface, and 
results in weakening of the stratification. If the stratification is weak wind 
induced mixing can penetrate deeper into the surface layers. Most measurements 
on the section were not collected in the early morning hours leading to mixing 
being confined to the upper part of the surface mixed layer. However, some 
measurements were taken during early morning hours marked by higher mixing rates 
and rather weak stratification extending until about 50m depth (e.g. at 8°N) 
originated from night time convection.


Fig. 4.21: Section at 23°W of a) zonal velocity, b) meridional velocity, c) 
           total squared shear. d) Brunt-Vaisala frequency, e) dissipation 
           rate of turbulent kinetic energy.


4.4.6  Chemical Measurements

Oxygen

Oxygen samples were analyzed by standard Winkler-titration. For the 
standardization of the thiosulphate solution an iodate standard was used. 
Samples were taken in 100 mL glass bottles with glass stoppers. After slow 
filling (avoiding bubbling and turbulence), sufficient overflow must be ensured: 
two to three times the content of the bottle. Then 1 mL of MnC12 and 1 mL of 
alkaline iodide were added simultaneously with a special dispenser. The stopper 
was then inserted and the bottles were shaken for about 1 minute to bring each 
molecule of dissolved oxygen into contact with manganese (II) hydroxide. After 
fixation of the oxygen, the precipitate was allowed to settle for minimum half 
an hour, before starting the titration.

Oxygen was analyzed from 801 Niskin bottles at 51 CTD-Stations according to a 
standard titration after Winkler (Grashoff, 1999). Two duplicate samples were 
taken and analyzed at all 51 stations, and the precision of the measurement was 
determined as 0.3 tmol kg' (95 % confidence interval).


Nutrients

Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate) were determined from 656 water 
samples at 37 CTD-Stations. Samples were taken in 60 mL NALGENE PP bottles with 
screw caps. Bottles and caps were rinsed twice and then filled. The nutrient 
analysis was made with a Continuous-FlowAutoanalyzer-(CFA) System developed and 
built at IFM-GEOMAR according to Grashoff et al. (1999). For the determination 
of phosphate, the method by Bran and Luebbe (Method No. G175-96 Rev 8) was used.

The precision for nutrient analysis as determined from 75 double samples from 37 
stations was determined as (95 % confidence interval): Nitrite 0.006 tmol kg-'; 
Nitrate 0.13 tmol kg'; phosphate 0.008 tmol kg', silicate 0.18 tmol kg', which 
was approximately 1 % of the nutrient standards. Calibration curves were made 
with nutrients standards from Ocean Scientific International.


4.4.7  Thermosalinograph Measurements

Post-processing

Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) were measured by a 
Thermosalinograph mounted near the ship's seawater intake. The device was a 
SEACAT SBE 21 manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. and specifications are 
as follows:


                          Measurement  Initial 
                             Range     Accuracy   Resolution
                         ------------  ---------  ----------
            Conductivity  0 to 7 S/m   0.001 S/m  0.0001 S/m
            Temperature  -5 to +35°C   0.01°C     0.01
      

The Thermosalinograph worked well till the evening of March 9th when the 
temperature sensor showed an abrupt drop of about 0.4 °C. For this reason, 
temperature and salinity records were calibrated separately against CTD 
temperature and salinity data prior and after this occurrence. For the 
calibration CTD data acquired at 6 m depth were used. Constant offsets in

Thermosalinograph temperature and salinity were found to be adequate for 
calibration (Fig. 4.22) and while the derived values for temperature reflected 
the observed sudden decrease (0.765 vs. -0.369 °C), no such difference was 
found for salinity (0.018 vs. 0.016 psu). The standard deviations of the 
temperature differences between the CTD and Thermosalinograph were quite large 
(0.031 and 0.040 °C) during the cruise, whereas low values of 0.015 and 0.010 
psu were obtained for salinity. During post-processing, both Thermosalinograph 
data sets were corrected by removing the offsets and were submitted to the 
GOSUD/SISMER project, hosted at IFREMER in Brest, France 
(http://www.ifremer.fr/sismer/pro2ram/2osud/)


Fig. 4.22: Differences between CTD and thermosalinograph temperature (left 
           panel) and salinity (right panel) versus time.


Observations

Fig. 4.23 shows the Themiosalinograph SST and SSS during the cruise, separated 
in the way from and back to Mindelo. While SSTs are generally increasing from 
Mindelo to about 6°N (22 to 28 °C), SSSs are decreasing ( 36.5 to 35.5 psu). 
South of this latitude, SSTs are around 28 °C but large SSS fluctuations can be 
observed.


Fig. 4.23: Calibrated Thermosalinograph SST (left panel) and SSS (right 
           panel), with respective CTD data.


4.4.8  Film coverage

Film coverage of research cruise IFM-GEOMAR 4 aboard the French R/V L'ATALANTE, 
between February 21, 2008 and March 17, 2008 was provided by Prof. Stephan Sachs 
and student assistant Michael Gülzow on behalf of the Muthesius Academy of Fine 
Arts. An agreement with IFREMER, the ship's owner, was negotiated and signed 
prior to the cruise by IFM-GEOMAR and Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts, both 
members of the Cluster of Excellence, "The Future Ocean".

The goal of the film accompaniment was not any journalistic coverage per se but 
a broad, artistic and documentary collection of materials. The intended purpose 
is manifold: As a member of the cluster's public outreach, Prof. Stephan Sachs 
collects moving images and sound bites from various areas of cluster-related 
activities to create a public image of the diverse, primarily scientific 
disciplines. In fact, a clear differentiation in terms of format and content 
from the customary television and documentary films is intended. Aside from the 
film activities themselves, the use of these materials is also scheduled for 
cluster-related exhibits (some of these have been successfully implemented in 
this constellation).

Furthermore, the images will be used for the participants' own personal artistic 
research which, as far as Stephan Sachs is concerned, investigates the 
interaction between the arts and natural sciences, among others.

All filming was done in HDV format. Depending on the task at hand, three 
different cameras, plus splash and underwater housings were used. Since diving 
itself was not permitted, certain gadgets had to be constructed for underwater 
filming. More spectacular events, such as filming the recovery and deployment of 
a glider from the ship's zodiac, were the exception rather than the rule.

The focus of our film activities were not any sensational events but the 
normality of basic research instead: deployment and recovery of moorings, 
lowering and retrieval of the CTD rosette, microstructure measurements, look-out 
for and tracking of drifting mooring elements, the submerging of a glider - all 
of these are strange, i.e. uncommon, and fascinating experiences. Rows and 
columns of data, plus diagrams, provide just a glance at the complexity of the 
underlying research.

The main focus was on the technical and scientific work, however, the special 
atmosphere of life aboard a research ship in equatorial latitudes was not short-
changed.

The natural skepticism toward the nearly omnipresent camera quickly disappeared, 
and the camera work thus became just another one of the regular shipboard 
activities.

The collaboration with chief scientist and the science team, as well as the 
ship's master and crew, was very pleasant.


4.5  Acknowledgements

We very much appreciated the cooperative working atmosphere as well as the 
professionalism and seamanship of crew, officers and Captain of RV L'ATALANTE, 
which made this work a success. Financial support came from the German 
Bundesministerium fur Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung (BMBF) as part of the 
Verbundvorhaben Nordatlantik (Nordatlantik, 0317044313) and from the German 
Science Foundation (DFG) as part of the 5FB754 (Climate Biogeochemistry 
Interactions in the Tropical Ocean) and the EMMY NOETHER project (Diapycnal 
mixing processes in the upwelling regions of the tropical Atlantic, DE 1369 1-
1).



APPENDIX                          

Table A4.1:   CTD Stations                      

SHIP     Stn 3.1.1.1  DATE  UTC              POSITION         Uncor. MAX   # OF 
EXPOCODE No.   No.    Mmdd  TIME CODE  LATITUDE    LONGITUDE  DEPTH  PRESS BTLS  PAR.
-------- --- ------- ------ ---- ---- ----------- ----------  -----  ----- ---- -------
08AT004  001    1    022308 1333  BE  16 45.15 N  25 06.19 W  1644          16  2,3,4
08AT004  001    1    022308 1401  BO  16 45.48 N  25 06.75 W  1644   1066   16  
08AT004  001    1    022308 1433  EN  16 45.71 N  25 06.75 W  1644          16  
08AT004  002    2    022508 0953  BE  10 00.10 N  22 59.92 W  5037          16  2,3,4
08AT004  002    2    022508 1029  BO  10 00.18 N  22 59.98 W  5039   1307   16  
08AT004  002    2    022508 1143  EN  10 10.38 N  22 59.88 W  5015          16  
08AT004  003    3    022508 0010  BE  07 59.98 N  22 59.97 W  4419          16  2,3,4
08AT004  003    3    022608 0210  BO  08 00.24 N  22 59.87 W  4428   4470   16  
08AT004  003    3    022608 0325  EN  08 00.33 N  22 59.78 W  4429          16  
08AT004  004    4    022708 0428  BE  05 01.87 N  22 59.98 W  4219          15  2,3,4
08AT004  004    4    022708 0501  BO  05 01.88 N  22 59.95 W  4220   1301   15  
08AT004  004    4    022708 0604  EN  05 01.83 N  23 00.65 W  4221          15  
08AT004  005    5    022808 1226  BE  02 02.50 N  23 01.99 W  4374          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  005    5    022808 1408  BO  02 02.48 N  23 01.99 W  4375   4419   16  
08AT004  005    5    022808 1606  EN  02 02.49 N  23 02.01 W  4378          16  
08AT004  006    6    022908 0401  BE  00 46.05 N  22 59.59 W  4327          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  006    6    022908 0432  BO  00 46.04 N  22 59.62 W  4327   1316   16  
08AT004  006    6    022908 0501  EN  00 46.04 N  22 59.62 W  4325          16  
08AT004  007    7    030108 0008  BE  00 01.96 N  22 58.39 W  3847          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  007    7    030108 0123  BO  00 02.19 N  22 58.22 W  3826   3867   16  
08AT004  007    7    030108 0235  EN  00 02.30 N  22 58.03 W  3820          16  
08AT004  008    8    030208 1209  BE  00 00.13 N  21 26.71 W  4961          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  008    8    030208 1240  BO  00 00.33 N  21 26.53 W  4959   1305   16  
08AT004  008    8    030208 1317  EN  00 00.56 N  21 26.18 W  4958          16  
08AT004  009    9    030308 0337  BE  02 02.65 S  23 04.93 W  5053          16  1,2, 3,4
08AT004  009    9    030308 0532  BO  02 02.93 S  23 04.83 W  5069   5112   16  
08AT004  009    9    030308 0706  EN  02 02.75 S  23 04.06 W  5098          16  
08AT004  010   10    030308 1753  BE  01 40.02 S  23 00.09 W  4934          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  010   10    030308 1843  BO  01 39.83 S  22 59.92 W  4923   1304   16  
08AT004  010   10    030308 1938  EN  01 39.47 S  22 59.41 W  4989          16  
08AT004  011   11    030308 2154  BE  01 20.01 S  22 59.95 W  4860          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  011   11    030308 2222  BO  01 19.92 5  22 59.88 W  4854   1316   16  
08AT004  011   11    030308 2252  EN  01 19.73 5  22 59.63 W  4826          16  
08AT004  012   12    030408 0203  BE  00 59.98 5  23 00.03 W  4122          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  012   12    030408 0232  BO  00 00.01 5  22 59.99 W  4118   1318   16  
08AT004  012   12    030408 0304  EN  01 00.04 5  22 59.87 W  4129          16  
08AT004  013   13    030408 1132  BE  00 45.82 5  22 57.33 W                16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  013   13    030408 1200  BO  00 45.64 5  22 57.13 W         1307   16  
08AT004  013   13    030408 1227  EN  00 45.44 5  22 56.95 W                16  



SHIP     Stn 3.1.1.2  DATE  UTC              POSITION         Uncor. MAX   # OF 
EXPOCODE No.   No.    Mmdd  TIME CODE  LATITUDE    LONGITUDE  DEPTH  PRESS BTLS  PAR.
-------- --- ------- ------ ---- ---- ----------  ----------  -----  ----- ---- -------
08AT004  014   14    030408 2114  BE  00 30.08 S  23 00.13 W  4625          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  014   14    030408 2144  BO  00 30.02 S  22 59.98 W  4627   1314   16  
08AT004  014   14    030408 2213  EN  00 30.07 S  22 59.69 W  4630          16  
08AT004  015   15    030508 0105  BE  00 15.01 S  23 00.01 W  4162          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  015   15    030508 0143  BO  00 14.97 5  22 59.84 W  4123   1315   16  
08AT004  015   15    030508 0216  EN  00 15.03 S  22 59.59 W  4107          16  
08AT004  016   16    030508 0833  BE  00 01.44 S  23 06.54 W  3943          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  016   16    030508 0948  BO  00 01.04 S  23 06.03 W  3942   3988   16  
08AT004  016   16    030508 1105  EN  00 00.41 S  23 05.59 W                16   
08AT004  017   17    030508 1935  BE  00 14.98 N  23 00.10 W                16   1,2,3,4
08AT004  017   17    030508 2006  BO  00 15.20 N  22 59.78 W         1315   16  
08AT004  017   17    030508 2035  EN  00 15.39 N  22 59.43 W                16   
08AT004  018   18    030508 2304  BE  00 30.07 N  22 59.95 W                16   1,2,3,4
08AT004  018   18    030508 2335  BO  00 30.41 N  22 59.63 W         1314   16  
08AT004  018   18    030608 0001  EN  00 30.59 N  22 59.46 W                16   
08AT004  019   19    030608 0250  BE  00 45.03 N  23 01.51 W                16   1,2,3,4
08AT004  019   19    030608 0319  BO  00 45.09 N  23 01.39 W         1304   16  
08AT004  019   19    030608 0349  EN  00 45.10 N  23 01.19 W                16   
08AT004  020   20    030608 1604  BE  00 59.98 N  23 00.03 W  3229          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  020   20    030608 1632  BO  01 00.04 N  22 59.98 W  3228   1302   16  
08AT004  020   20    030608 1738  EN  01 00.07 N  22 59.76 W         
08AT004  021   21    030708 0159  BE  01 20.01 N  22 59.98 W  4721          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  021   21    030708 0229  BO  01 19.96 N  22 59.84 W  4722   1302   16  
08AT004  021   21    030708 0256  EN  01 19.94 N  22 59.77 W  4726          16  
08AT004  022   22    030708 0603  BE  01 39.99 N  23 00.07 W  4130          16  3,4,7, 8
08AT004  022   22    030708 0634  BO  01 40.0  N  23 00.07 W  4128   1302   16  
08AT004  022   22    030708 0700  EN  01 40.07 N  23 00.01 W  4129          16  
08AT004  023   23    030708 1018  BE  02 02.05 N  23 01.05 W  4356          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  023   23    030708 1046  BO  02 02.16 N  23 00.85 W  4357   1311   16  
08AT004  023   23    030708 1111  EN  02 02.22 N  23 00.65 W  4362          16  
08AT004  024   24    030708 1413  BE  02 20.02 N  22 59.98 W  4283          16  1,2,4
08AT004  024   24    030708 1444  BO  02 20.04 N  23 00.06 W  4271   1302   16  
08AT004  024   24    030708 1553  EN  02 20.13 N  23 00.08 W  4257          16  
08AT004  025   25    030708 1801  BE  02 39.94 N  22 59.88 W  4728          16  1,2,3,4
08AT004  025   25    030708 1832  BO  02 40.02 N  22 59.85 W  4696   1305   16  
08AT004  025   25    030708 1932  EN  02 40.12 N  22 59.88 W  4696          16  
08AT004  026   26    030708 2245  BE  02 59.62 N  22 59.95 W  4647          16  2,4
08AT004  026   26    030708 2312  BO  02 59.73 N  23 00.06 W  4650   1315   16  
08AT004  026   26    030708 2338  EN  02 59.84 N  23 00.22 W  4654          16  
08AT004  027   27    030808 0157  BE  03 19.98 N  23 00.00 W  4161          16  2,3,4
08AT004  027   27    030808 0226  BO  03 20.00 N  23 00.00 W  4160   1306   16  
08AT004  027   27    030808 0250  EN  03 20.01 N  22 59.98 W  4161          16  



SHIP     Stn 3.1.1.3  DATE  UTC              POSITION         Uncor. MAX   # OF 
EXPOCODE No.   No.    Mmdd  TIME CODE  LATITUDE    LONGITUDE  DEPTH  PRESS BTLS  PAR.
-------- --- ------- ------ ---- ---- ----------  ----------  -----  ----- ---- -------
08AT004  028   28    030808 0603  BE  03 39.97 N  22 59.98 W  4434          16  2,4
08AT004  028   28    030808 0635  BO  03 40.06 N  23 00.13 W  4428   1303   16      
08AT004  028   28    030808 0711  EN  03 40.15 N  23 00.33 W  4421          16  
08AT004  029   29    030808 1030  BE  03 59.95 N  22 59.97 W  4221          16  2,3,4
08AT004  029   29    030808 1059  BO  04 00.14 N  23 00.06 W  4219   1302   16      
08AT004  029   29    030808 1157  EN  04 00.63 N  23 00.13 W  4219          16  
08AT004  030   30    030808 1458  BE  04 19.94 N  22 59.98 W  4250          16  2,4
08AT004  030   30    030808 1528  BO  04 19.96 N  23 00.00 W  4249   1302   16      
08AT004  030   30    030808 1634  EN  04 20.17 N  23 00.02 W  4262          16  
08AT004  031   31    030808 1851  BE  04 39.94 N  23 00.04 W  4220          16  2,3,4
08AT004  031   31    030808 1920  BO  04 39.88 N  23 00.03 W         1303   16      
08AT004  031   31    030808 1948  EN  04 40.02 N  23 00.22 W  4222          16  
08AT004  032   32    030808 2209  BE  05 01.12 N  22 59.44 W  4213          16  2,4
08AT004  032   32    030808 2235  BO  05 01.26 N  22 59.44 W  4213   1307   16      
08AT004  032   32    030808 2301  EN  05 01.49 N  22 59.40 W  4211          16  
08AT004  033   33    030908 0259  BE  05 29.97 N  22 59.98 W  4235          16  2,3,4
08AT004  033   33    030908 0330  BO  05 30.07 N  23 00.01 W  4231   1301   16      
08AT004  033   33    030908 0356  EN  05 30.12 N  22 59.95 W  4236          16  
08AT004  034   34    030908 0705  BE  05 59.98 N  23 00.04 W  4095          16  2,4
08AT004  034   34    030908 0733  BO  06 00.11 N  23 00.24 W  4094   1305   16      
08AT004  034   34    030908 0759  EN  06 00.15 N  23 00.38 W  4091          16
08AT004  035   35    030908 1149  BE  06 29.98 N  22 59.95 W  3135          16  2,3,4
08AT004  035   35    030908 1216  BO  06 30.26 N  23 00.03 W  3229   1299   16      
08AT004  035   35    030908 1317  EN  06 30.06 N  23 00.13 W  3107          16  
08AT004  036   36    030908 1640  BE  06 59.95 N  23 00.00 W  1497          16  2,4,
08AT004  036   36    030908 1707  BO  06 59.97 N  23 00.00 W  1475   1309   16      
08AT004  036   36    030908 1736  EN  07 00.08 N  23 00.04 W  1454          16  
08AT004  037   37    030908 2144  BE  07 29.88 N  22 59.95 W  4392          16  2,3,4
08AT004  037   37    030908 2213  BO  07 30.07 N  22 59.95 W  4392   1315   16      
08AT004  037   37    030908 2239  EN  07 30.20 N  23 00.05 W  4392          16  
08AT004  038   38    031008 0305  BE  08 02.14 N  22 59.99 W  4493          16  2,4
08AT004  038   38    031008 0334  BO  08 02.11 N  22 59.00 W  4488   1301   16      
08AT004  038   38    031008 0400  EN  08 02.16 N  22 59.07 W  4490          16  
08AT004  039   39    031008 0758  BE  08 29.98 N  23 00.03 W  4783          16  2,3,4
08AT004  039   39    031008 0829  BO  08 30.02 N  23 00.01 W  4783   1303   16      
08AT004  039   39    031008 0854  EN  08 30.12 N  23 00.01 W  4783          16  
08AT004  040   40    031008 1319  BE  09 00.00 N  23 00.01 W  4893          16  2,4
08AT004  040   40    031008 1349  BO  09 00.00 N  22 59.98 W  4897   1302   16      
08AT004  040   40    031008 1455  EN  08 59.98 N  22 59.99 W  4892          16  
08AT004  041   41    031008 1934  BE  09 29.95 N  22 59.98 W  4637          16  2,3,4
08AT004  041   41    031008 2000  BO  09 30.04 N  22 59.93 W  4637   1312   16      
08AT004  041   41    031008 2027  EN  09 30.06 N  23 00.01 W  4630          16  



SHIP     Stn 3.1.1.4  DATE  UTC              POSITION         Uncor. MAX   # OF 
EXPOCODE No.   No.    Mmdd  TIME CODE  LATITUDE    LONGITUDE  DEPTH  PRESS BTLS  PAR.
-------- --- ------- ------ ---- ---- ----------  ----------  -----  ----- ---- -------
08AT004  042   42    031108 0002  BE  09 59.92 N  22 59.98 W  5045          16  2,4
08AT004  042   42    031108 0031  BO  10 00.10 N  22 59.92 W  5032   1314   16      
08AT004  042   42    031108 0059  EN  10 00.26 N  22 59.92 W  5009          16  
08AT004  043   43    031108 0434  BE  10 30.00 N  23 00.06 W  5191          16  2,3,4
08AT004  043   43    031108 0505  BO  10 30.05 N  23 00.04 W  5186   1303   16      
08AT004  043   43    031108 0530  EN  10 30.12 N  22 59.97 W  5184          16  
08AT004  044   44    031108 0908  BE  11 00.01 N  23 00.00 W  5151          16  2,4
08AT004  044   44    031108 0937  BO  11 00.38 N  23 00.05 W  5149   1305   16      
08AT004  044   44    031108 1003  EN  11 00.66 N  23 00.15 W  5147          16  
08AT004  045   45    031108 1357  BE  11 29.98 N  23 00.01 W  5112          16  2,3,4
08AT004  045   45    031108 1426  BO  11 30.14 N  23 00.00 W  5112   1302   16      
08AT004  045   45    031108 1451  EN  11 30.26 N  23 00.04 W  5112          16  
08AT004  046   46    031108 1828  BE  11 59.98 N  22 59.98 W  5044          16  2,4
08AT004  046   46    031108 1858  BO  12 00.10 N  22 59.89 W  5044   1303   16      
08AT004  046   46    031108 1922  EN  12 00.20 N  22 59.80 W  5045          16  
08AT004  047   47    031108 2303  BE  12 29.91 N  22 59.95 W  4921          16  2,3,4
08AT004  047   47    031108 2331  BO  12 30.13 N  22 59.89 W  4919   1305   16      
08AT004  047   47    031108 2358  EN  12 30.43 N  22 59.79 W  4916          16  
08AT004  048   48    031208 0328  BE  12 59.94 N  23 00.03 W  4740          16  2,4
08AT004  048   48    031208 0357  BO  13 00.08 N  22 59.92 W  4741   1303   16      
08AT004  048   48    031208 0422  EN  13 00.19 N  22 59.81 W  4739          16  
08AT004  049   49    031208 0748  BE  13 29.89 N  23 00.06 W  4540          16  2,3,4
08AT004  049   49    031208 0821  BO  13 30.12 N  22 59.88 W  4536   1303    
08AT004  049   49    031208 0848  EN  13 30.24 N  22 59.81 W  4538          16  
08AT004  050   50    031208 1236  BE  14 00.31 N  22 59.98 W  4317          16  2,4
08AT004  050   50    031208 1304  BO  14 00.55 N  23 00.05 W  4317   1302   16      
08AT004  050   50    031208 1330  EN  14 00.78 N  23 00.08 W  4314       
08AT004  051   51    031308 2240  BE  17 35.43 N  24 15.12 W  3595          21  
08AT004  051   51    031308 2347  BO  17 35.04 N  24 15.48 W  3598   3636   21  2,3
08AT004  051   51    031408 0055  EN  17 36.45 N  24 15.82 W  3606          21  



Code: BE = begin, BO = bottom, EN = end
Parameters (Par.):, 1=He, 20xy, 3=Nuts, 4=Sal


Table A4.2: Calibration coefficients for the different optodes.

        Optode               Deployment           Temperature (°C)
         S/N   Cal Date   Location/Platform    Slope    Bias     rms
        ------ --------  -------------------  -----------------------
         349    Mar-08    KPO 1006  l27m      0.99816  0.02436  0.028
         688    Mar-08    KPO 1001  Profiler  0.99675  0.05808  0.019
         691    Mar-08    Glider    ifm03     0.99743  0.04524  0.027
         937    Mar-08    Pirata              0.99088  0.09257  0.113
         938    Mar-08    Pirata              0.99178  0.08532  0.077
         939    Mar-08    KPO 1023  306m      0.98556  0.14252  0.173
         940    Mar-08    Pirata              0.98653  0.12672  0.170
         941    Mar-08    KPO 1026  77m       0.98572  0.13294  0.181
         942    Mar-08    KPO 1023  501m      0.98970  0.09986  0.143
         944    Mar-08    KPO 1025  385m      0.99015  0.08868  0.092
         945    Mar-08    KPO 1025  495m      0.98488  0.14418  0.163
         946    Mar-08    Pirata              0.99113  0.09395  0.093
         943    Apr-08    Pirata              0.99951  0.02200  0.007
         839    Apr-08    Glider    ifm02     0.99991  0.01574  0.010


      Optode                       Oxygen (µmol/kg)
       S/N     Bias    A(O)     A(O**2)      A(t)        A(p)      rms
      ------  ------  ------  ----------  ----------  ----------  -----
       349    -1.245  1.1792  -3.720E-04   2.800E-02   5.758E-03  0.323
       688    -5.746  1.2348  -3.644E-04   1.705E-01   6.950E-03  0.293
       691   -18.426  1.1785  -3.142E-04   5.462E-01   6.083E-03  0.351
       937    45.771  0.951    6.052E-04  -2.209E+00  -2.052E-02  0.484
       938    53.680  0.931    7.490E-04  -2.720E+00  -2.751E-02  0.748
       939    28.366  0.974    4.879E-04  -1.333E+00  -1.563E-02  0.529
       940    49.229  0.929    7.266E-04  -2.461E+00  -2.363E-02  0.581
       941    53.571  0.914    8.073E-04  -2.754E+00  -2.591E-02  0.571
       942    50.091  0.944    6.780E-04  -2.478E+00  -2.320E-02  0.579
       944    68.165  0.906    9.996E-04  -3.716E+00  -3.736E-02  1.382
       945    53.246  0.911    8.279E-04  -2.702E+00  -2.670E-02  0.542
       946    48.823  0.936    6.908E-04  -2.451E+00  -2.186E-02  0.515
       943   147.960  0.389    6.180E-03  -7.946E+00  -8.864E-02  0.000
       839     0.000  1.248   -8.849E-05   7.569E-01   2.517E-02  0.000



Table A4.3: Calibration coefficients for Microcats and MTD Logger


CTD      |         Temperature        |         Conductivity       |            Pressure
No. S/N  |    Bias      Slope    RMS  |    Bias      Slope    RMS  |    Bias      Slope    RMS
--- ---- | -------------------------- | -------------------------- |  ---------------------------
 1  2245 |  0.004911  0.998937  0.012 |  -.023994  1.000162  0.011 | 
 1  2247 |  0.004947  0.999078  0.011 | -0.055289  1.001080  0.012 | 
 1  2248 |  0.003766  0.998999  0.012 | -0.000530  0.999448  0.011 | 
 2  3196 |  0.008469  0.998214  0.013 |  0.034991  0.998588  0.009 | 
 4    53 | -0.003237  0.999920  0.007 | -0.021154  1.000142  0.011 | 
 4  1269 |  0.000111  0.999252  0.011 | -0.170789  1.004694  0.026 | 
 4  1284 |  0.000637  0.999300  0.011 | -0.172329  1.005047  0.024 | 
 4  1286 | -0.000276  0.999322  0.010 | -0.170304  1.004671  0.024 | 
 4  2250 |  0.002997  0.998878  0.012 |  0.013979  0.997658  0.014 | 
 4  3144 |  0.002068  0.999017  0.011 | -0.000707  0.999503  0.013 | 
 5  1320 |  0.000663  0.999191  0.013 | -0.034962  1.001357  0.025 | 
 5  2249 |  0.001262  0.999005  0.015 |  0.025490  0.998195  0.013 | 
 5  2251 |  0.000946  0.999071  0.015 |  0.026441  0.998598  0.014 | 
20  1723 |  0.008747  0.997897  0.021 | -0.014345  0.999530  0.020 | 
20  2262 |  0.008516  0.997957  0.021 | -0.005466  0.999579  0.020 |  1.605862  1.001700  0.295
20  2488 |  0.007380  0.998181  0.022 | -0.007331  1.000148  0.020 |  1.588798  1.000768  0.541
20  3411 |  0.008690  0.998016  0.022 | -0.029081  0.999708  0.024 |  1.316540  1.002815  0.385
20  3415 |  0.008521  0.997876  0.020 | -0.051253  1.000956  0.027 |  1.441111  1.002220  0.498
20  3755 |  0.009967  0.997919  0.021 | -0.025978  0.999450  0.022 |  1.283954  0.998873  0.365
24  2718 | -0.006062  1.000384  0.025 | -0.047725  1.000955  0.030 | -0.235581  1.002688  0.413
24  1550 | -0.004278  0.999749  0.025 | -0.030215  1.000341  0.027 | 
24  1682 | -0.005485  0.999813  0.024 | -0.026442  1.000165  0.026 | 
24  2468 | -0.002495  0.999897  0.022 | -0.014239  1.000012  0.026 | 
24  2472 | -0.003592  1.000136  0.025 | -0.012015  0.999527  0.029 | 
24  2618 | -0.006761  1.000462  0.025 | -0.029201  1.000327  0.029 | 
25  1162 |  0.000821  0.999275  0.013 | -0.040287  1.000003  0.010 | 
25  1268 | -0.001834  0.999504  0.013 | -0.254478  1.007531  0.033 | 
25  2279 |  0.000388  0.999255  0.014 | -0.003304  1.000010  0.011 | 
25  2617 |  0.002528  0.999230  0.014 |  0.000494  0.999600  0.011 | 

29  2254 | -0.001425  0.999531  0.010 | -0.047930  1.001028  0.016 |     
29  2257 | -0.001622  0.999565  0.010 | -0.050548  1.000494  0.014 |     
29  2933 | -0.002023  0.999559  0.009 | -0.092354  1.002212  0.020 |     
29    24 |  0.088106  0.999515  0.019 |  MiniTD                    |  3.267423  0.997745  0.654
29    26 | -0.090633  1.000866  0.014 |  MiniTD                    | 15.098628  1.009004  3.477
30  2252 | -0.001873  0.999286  0.020 | -0.042792  1.000477  0.019 |     
30  2255 | -0.000544  0.999318  0.020 | -0.053731  1.000985  0.019 |     
30  3752 | -0.000441  0.999493  0.014 | -0.090715  1.000949  0.019 |  2.315372  1.001572  0.346
30  3753 |  0.001113  0.999524  0.015 | -0.073271  1.000087  0.016 |  2.607432  1.001131  0.349
30  3757 | -0.000749  0.999561  0.015 | -0.086916  1.001883  0.018 | -0.413203  1.003270  0.498

35  3754 |  0.006626  0.998641  0.015 |  0.008818  0.998980  0.012 |  0.765704  1.000394  0.520
35    52 |  0.001956  0.999758  0.013 | -0.062161  1.001668  0.011 | 
35    55 | -0.001090  0.999883  0.013 | -0.047535  1.001431  0.010 | 
35   278 | -0.003546  1.000110  0.017 | -0.244667  1.007412  0.026 | 
35   381 |  0.006351  0.999807  0.012 | -0.337975  1.010176  0.030 | 
35   780 |  0.001791  0.999836  0.011 | -0.350030  1.013055  0.035 | 
35   921 | -0.000040  0.999924  0.010 | -0.257379  1.007588  0.019 | 
35  2256 |  0.008486  0.998265  0.017 |  0.041119  0.998298  0.015 | 
40   922 | -0.006065  1.000383  0.008 | -0.174512  1.005103  0.027 | 
40   925 | -0.006815  1.000520  0.008 | -0.194128  1.006081  0.028 | 
40   936 | -0.003843  1.000050  0.007 | -0.160516  1.004714  0.025 | 
40  1281 | -0.005014  1.000396  0.009 | -0.250646  1.007043  0.021 | 
40  1282 | -0.006009  1.000509  0.009 | -0.171192  1.005412  0.026 | 
40  1583 | -0.001413  1.000219  0.009 |  0.007603  0.999202  0.009 | 
40  1599 | -0.001351  0.999701  0.007 |  0.007569  0.999685  0.007 | 



Table A4.4: Mooring Recoveries and Deployments

                 R/V L'ATALANTE IFM-GEOMAR-4 Mooring Recoveries

                                          Deployment  Recovery   Watchdog 
          Mooring    Latitude  Longitude     Date       Date     Argos ID
         ---------  ---------  ---------  ----------  ---------  --------
         AO_01       0N 00.00  23W 06.80  19-Jun-06    1-Mar-08   11278
         A0_02       0N 45.00  22W 59.50  20-Jun-06   29-Feb-08   15172
         A0_03       0S 44.95  22W 59.71  17-Jun-06    4-Mar-08   15173
         A0_04       0S 00.00  21W 29.60  21-Jun-06    2-Mar-08   2254
         A0_05       5N 00.90  23W 00.00   3-Jul-06   27-Feb-08   5461
         V440_1     17N 35.39  24W 15.12   8-Jul-06   19-Feb-08   5510


                 R/V L'ATALANTE IFM-GEOMAR-4 Mooring Deployments  

                                          Deployment  Recovery   Watchdog 
          Mooring    Latitude  Longitude     Date       Date     Argos ID
         ---------  ---------  ---------  ----------  ---------  --------
         23W 2S      1S 56.40  22W 57.00   3-Mar-08               7373
         23W 0:45S   0S 44.94  22W 59.70   4-Mar-08               12620
         23W 0N      0N 00.00  23W 06.80   1-Mar-08               108
         23W 0:45N   0N 45.17  22W 59.28   6-Mar-08               11458
         23W 2N      2N 02.50  23W 02.00  28-Feb-08               5481
         23W 5N      5N 00.90  23W 00.05  27-Feb-08               2267
         23W 8N      8N 01.00  22W 59.00  26-Feb-08               2255
         Cape Verde        




MOORING RECOVERIES

Mooring Recovery Equatorial Atlantic AO-01           Notes:

Vessel:     Meteor          
Deployed:   June 19 2006   19:53      
Vessel:     Atalante          
Recovered:  March 1 2008   07:21      
Latitude:         0 0.001 S      
Longitude:       23 6.800 W      
Water depth:   3931  Mag Var:  -16.3      
                                     Startup 
   ID     Depth  Instr. type  s/n      log    
--------  -----  -----------  -----  -------
                 Argos WD     11278           no signal received  
AO_01_01   126   ADCPWHup     508       x     good data  
AO_01_02   126   Mini-TD      24              good data  
AO_01_03   130   Microcat     52        x     good data  
AO_01_04   234   Microcat     55        x     good data  
AO_01_05   399   Microcat     278       x     good data  
AO_01_06   621   ADCPLRup     2395      x     good data  
AO_01_07   687   RCM-8        9930      x     good data  
AO_01_08   842   Argonaut     D182      x     good data  
AO-01-09   998   RCM-8        9964      x     bad data after 3/20/2007  
AO_01_10  2264   M-CTD MMP    120       x     good data initially, degrading with time
          3573   Release      174          Code:    9337       9339     A
          3573   Release      110          Code:    E972       E974     A
                                                 Interrogate  Release  Mode




Mooring Recovery Equatorial Atlantic AO-02           Notes:

Vessel:     Meteor        
Deployed:   June 20 2006   15:25    
Vessel:     Atalante        
Recovered:  Feb 29 2008   07:19            Flotation above releases imploded
Latitude:        0 45.000 N    
Longitude:      22 59.500 W    
Water depth:  4310  Mag Var:  -16.0    
                                     Startup 
   ID     Depth  Instr. type  s/n      log    
--------  -----  -----------  -----  -------  
                 ArgosWD      15172    
AO_02_01    51   Mini-TD      26              good data, minimum depth 32m
AO_02_02    87   Microcat     381       x     good data
AO-02_03   138   Microcat     780       x     good data, numerous read errors
AO_02_04   200   Microcat     921       x     good data, numerous read errors
AO_02_05   301   ADCP15Oup    589       x     good data
AO-02_06   301   Mini-TD      11              good data
AO_02_07   397   RCM-8        9346      x     good data
AO_02_08   552   RCM-8        9932      x     good data
AO_02_09   697   RCM-8        5881      x     good data
AO_02_10   851   Argonaut     D143      x     questionable data
AO_02_11  1007   RCM-8        8412      x     good data
          3632   Release      188          Code:    8181       8182     B
          3632   Release      189          Code:    8183       8184     B
                                                 Interrogate  Release  Mode




Mooring Recovery Equatorial Atlantic AO-03           Notes:

Vessel:     Meteor    
Deployed:   June 17  2006    18:21
Vessel:     Atalante    
Recovered:  March 4 2008     07:23            Fishing line entangled in top lOOm
Latitude:         0 44.950 S
Longitude:       22 59.710 W
Water depth:   3700  Mag Var:  -16.5
                                     Startup 
   ID     Depth  Instr. type  s/n      log    
--------  -----  -----------  -----  -------  
                 Argos WD     15173           no signal received
AO_03_01    47   Mini TD      22              instrument lost
AO_03_02    83   Microcat     922       x     good data
AO_03_03   144   Microcat     925       x     good data
AO_03_04   205   Microcat     936       x     good data
AO_03_05   307   ADCP150up    267       x     good data
AO_03_06   307   Mini-TD      27              good data
AO_03_07   403   RCM-8        9816      x     good data
AO_03_08   558   RCM-8        9349      x     good data
AO_03_09   702   RCM-8        9819      x     good data
AO_03_10   857   Argonaut     D145      x     good data
AO_03_11  1013   RCM-8        9820      x     good data
          3132   Release      190          Code:    8185       8186     B
          3132   Release      220          Code:    9151       9152     B
                                                 Interrogate  Release  Mode




Mooring Recovery Equatorial Atlantic AO-04           Notes:

Vessel:     Meteor        
Deployed:   June 21  2006    18:00    
Vessel:     Atalante        
Recovered:  March 2 2008     07:18            Top Argos and MiniTD torn off
Latitude:         0 0.000 S    
Longitude:       21 29.600 W    
Water depth:   4950  Mag Var:  -15.8    
                                     Startup 
   ID     Depth  Instr. type  s/n      log    
--------  -----  -----------  -----  -------
                 ArgosWD      2254            lost, top torn off
AO_04_01     4   Mini TD      73              lost, top torn off
AO_04_02    81   Microcat     1281      x     good data until July 2007
AO_04_03   142   Microcat     1282      x     good data until July 2007
AO_04_04   204   Microcat     1583      x     good data until July 2007
AO_04_05   455   ADCP LR up   2627      x     good data
AO_04_06   455   Mini-TD      61              good data
AO_04_07   459   Microcat     1599      x     good data
AO_04_08   553   RCM-8        10501     x     good data
AO_04_09   708   RCM-8        11621     x     good data
AO_04_10   852   RCM-8        9818      x     good data
AO_04_11  1007   Argonaut     D184      x     good data
          4291   Release      428          Code:    2457       2459     B
          4291   Release      635          Code:    3A95       3A96     A
                                                 Interrogate  Release  Mode




Mooring Recovery Equatorial Atlantic AO-05           Notes:

Vessel:      Meteor        
Deployed:   July 3   2006  11:36    
Vessel:     Atalante        
Recovered:  Feb 27 2008      07:33            Major entanglement with fishing line
Latitude:        5 0.900 N                    preventing profiler movement
Longitude:      23 0.000 W    
Water depth:  4210  Mag Var:  -14.5    
                                     Startup 
   ID     Depth  Instr. type  s/n      log    
--------  -----  -----------  -----  -------
                 Argos WD     5461            no signal received
AO_05_01    57   ADCPLRdn     3173      x     good data
AO_05_02    57   Mini TD      62              flooded, no data
AO_05_03   103   Microcat     1682      x     good data, tuna hit in Aug 2006
AO_05_04   616   M-CTD MMP    11617     x     45d of data, long-line hit in Aug 2006
AO_05_05  1044   Microcat     2478      x     good data, long-line hit in Aug 2006
AO_05_06  1045   RCM-8        10779     x     good data
          3513   Release      441          Code:    8A03       8A04     B
          3513   Release      633          Code:    3A91       3A92     A
                                                 Interrogate  Release  Mode




Mooring Recovery Cape Verde V440-O1                  Notes:

Vessel:     Meteor      
Deployed:   July 8 2006  15:56  
Vessel:     Atalante      
Recovered:  Feb 19 2008  08:23                Fishing line between 400 and 500m
Latitude:       17 35.390 N  
Longitude:      24 15.120 W  
Water depth:  3601  Mag Var:  -11.2  
                                     Startup 
   ID     Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------  -----  -----------   ----- -------
                 ArgosWD       5510           N/A
V440_1_01    40  Microcat      3753           good data w/press
V440_1_02    40  Fluorometer   269            data not read yet
V440_1_03    62  Microcat      3752           good data w/press
V440_1_04    81  Microcat      1162           good data
V440_1_05   103  ADCPWHup      1522     x     good data
V440_1_06   103  Microcat      3755           good data w/press
V440_1_07   127  RCM-11        325      x
V440_1_08   127  Optode       349  
V440_1_09   129  Microcat      2252           good data
V440_1_10   200  RCM-8         10810    x     good data
V440_1_11   202  Microcat      2255           good data
V440_1_12   302  Microcat      3754           good data w/press
V440_1_13   400  Microcat      2256           good data
V440_1_14   500  Microcat      2254           good data
V440_1_15   602  RCM-8         11622    x     good data, needs temp cal
V440_1_16   603  Microcat      3415           good data w/press
V440_1_17   753  Microcat      2257           good data, 4-day gap in Apr 2007
V440_1_18   899  Watchdog      2265           N/A
V440_1_19   899  Watchdog      11307          N/A
V440_1_20   900  RCM-8         11265    x     OKdata, 3gaps oflmonth each
V440_1_21   902  Microcat      2279           good data
V440_1_22   999  Sediment Trap 97150          sent to Kiel
V440_1_23  1002  Microcat      3757           good data w/press
V440_1_24  1151  Microcat      1550           good data
V440_1_25  1299  RCM-8         11267    x     good data, I gap of 20 days
                                              no data, not started prior to
V440_1_26  1301  Microcat      1269           deployment
V440_1_27  1498  Microcat      2717           good data w/press
V440_1_28  1749  Mini-TD       63             good data
V440_1_29  2001  RCM-8         10818    x     good data
V440_1_30  2003  Microcat      1268           good, data, numerous read errors
V440_1_31  2249  Mini-TD       64             good data
V440_1_32  2500  Microcat      2933           good data
V440_1_33  2748  Mini-TD       65             good data
V440_1_34  3003  RCM-8         10776    x     good data
V440_1_35  3005  Microcat      2617           good data
V440_1_36  3250  Mini-TD       72             good data
V440_1_37  3511  Microcat      2618           good data
V440_1_38  3563  Microcat      2472           good data
           3565  Release       108         Code:    E962       E964     A
           3565  Release       821         Code:    4AA7       4AA8     A
                                                  Interrogate  Release  Mode




MOORING DEPLOYMENTS


Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W 2S     Notes:   KPO_1021
Vessel:       Atalante
Deployed:     3-Mar 2008   14:09
Vessel:
Recovered:
Latitude:        1 56.701 S
Longitude:      22 56.653 W
Water depth:  4840  Mag Var:
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         7373
KPO_1021_01    298  ADCPNBup      270
KPO_1021_02    298  MiniTD        67
KPO_1021_03    395  Argonaut      304
KPO_1021_04    549  RCM-8         10504
KPO_1021_05    694  RCM-8         94
KPO_1021_06    848  Argonaut      179
KPO_1021_07   1003  RCM-8         10500
              4232  Release       31       Code:    5037       5039     A
              4232  Release       121      Code:    6177       6178     B
                                                  Interrogate  Release  Mode




Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W 0:45S  Notes: KPO_1022

Vessel:    Atalante        
Deployed:  4-Mar 2008   18:43    
Vessel:            
Recovered:            
Latitude:        0 44.940 S    
Longitude:      22 59.700 W    
Water depth:  3670  Mag Var:      
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         12620    
KPO_1022_01     62  MiniTD        58    
KPO_1022_02     96  Microcat      1269     x  
KPO_1022_03    144  Microcat      2250     x  
KPO_1022_04    295  MiniTD        46       
KPO_1022_05    553  ADCPLRup      2290     x  
KPO_1022_06    698  RCM-8         9933     x  
KPO_1022_07    853  Argonaut      329      x  
KPO_1022_08    997  RCM-8         9833     x  
              3117  Release       173      Code:    9332       9334      A
              3117  Release       174      Code:    9337       9339      A
                                                  Interrogate  Release  Mode
 
 


Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W  0:00N Notes: KPO_1023

Vessel:    Atalante    
Deployed:  1-Mar 2008   19:43
Vessel:      
Recovered:      
Latitude:        0 0.000 N
Longitude:      23 6.800 W
Water depth:  3935  Mag Var:  
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         108
KPO_1023_01    40   ADCP 1200 up  7279     x  Recovered 5-Mar 2008
KPO_1023_02   198   ADCPup        8237     x
KPO_1023_03   203   Microcat      1284     x
KPO_1023_04   305   Microcat      1286     x
KPO_1023_05   306   02 Logger     939
KPO_1023_06   500   Microcat      1320     x
KPO_1023_07   501   02 Logger     942
KPO_1023_08   703   ADCPLRup      1181     x
KPO_1023_09   848   Argonaut      144      x
KPO_1023_10  1003   RCM-8         6122     x
             3322   Release       107      Code:     E957        E959      A
             3322   Release       435      Code:   1469=ARM    1469+1455   B
                                                  Interrogate   Release   Mode




Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W 0:45N  Notes:  KPO_1024
Vessel:    Atalante
Deployed:  6-Mar 2008   10:35
Vessel:
Recovered:
Latitude:        0 45.170 N
Longitude:      22 59.280 W
Water depth:  4320  Mag Var:
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         11458
KPO_1024_01     64  MiniTD        57
KPO_1024_02     97  Microcat      2249     x
KPO_1024_03    143  Microcat      2251     x
KPO_1024_04    300  MiniTD        31
KPO_1024_05    555  ADCPLRup      3173     x
KPO_1024_06    700  RCM-8         10658    x
KPO_1024_07    855  Argonaut      151      x
KPO_1024_08   1009  RCM-8         9311     x
              3642  Release       271      Code:   1405=ARM    1404+1455   B
              3642  Release       122      Code:     6170        6179      B
                                                  Interrogate   Release   Mode




Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W 2N     Notes:   KPO_1025

Vessel:    Atalante
Deployed:  6-Mar 2008   10:35
Vessel:
Recovered:
Latitude:        2 2.500 N
Longitude:      23 2.000 W
Water depth:  4363  Mag Var:
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         5481
KPO_1025_01    297  ADCPup        623      x
KPO_1025_02    297  MiniTD        70
KPO_1025_03    385  02 Logger     944
KPO_1025_04    386  Microcat      3144     x
KPO_1025_05    394  Argonaut      294      x
KPO_1025_06    495  02 Logger     945
KPO_1025_07    496  Microcat      53       x
KPO_1025_08    549  RCM-8         12004    x
KPO_1025_09    693  RCM-8         8365     x
KPO_1025_10    848  Argonaut      299      x
KPO_1025_11   1003  RCM-8         10659    x
              3832  Release       95       Code:     0485        0455      B
              3832  Release       41       Code:     E847        E849      B
                                                  Interrogate   Release   Mode




Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W 5N     Notes:  KPO_1026

Vessel:    Atalante
Deployed:  27-Feb 2008  18:30
Vessel:
Recovered:
Latitude:        5 0.900 N
Longitude:      23 0.000 W
Water depth:  4216  Mag Var:
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         2267
KPO_1026_01     76  MiniTD        71
KPO_1026_02     77  02 Logger     941
KPO_1026_03     80  Microcat      2247     x
KPO_1026_04    594  M-CTD MMP     12201-1  x
KPO_1026_05   1022  RCM-8         9345     x
KPO_1026_06   1023  Microcat      3196     x
              3513  Release  107           Code:     0495        0455      B
              3513  Release  350           Code:     C620        C629      B
                                                  Interrogate   Release   Mode




Mooring Deployment Equatorial Atlantic 23W 8N     Notes:  KPO_1027
Vessel:    Atalante
Deployed:  26-Feb  2008   10:49
Vessel:
Recovered:
Latitude:  8  1.000 N
Longitude:  22  59.000  W
Water depth:    4484  Mag Var:
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    Argos         2255
KPO_1027_01     81  MiniTD        59
KPO_1027_02     85  Microcat      2245     x
KPO_1027_03    599  M-CTD MMP     12255-1  x
KPO_1027_04   1027  RCM-8         9727     x
KPO_1027_05   1028  Microcat      2248     x
              3922  Release       351      Code:     C375        C376      B
              3922  Release       659      Code:     4901        4902      A
                                                  Interrogate   Release   Mode




Mooring Deployment Cape Verde V440-02             Notes:  KPO_1028

Vessel:    Atalante
Deployed:  14-Mar    2008    10:58
Vessel:
Recovered:
Latitude:       17 36.400 N
Longitude:      24 14.980  W
Water depth:  3598    Mag Var:    -11.2
                                        Startup 
   ID        Depth  Instr. type   s/n     log    
--------     -----  -----------   ----- -------
                    ArgosWD                x
KPO_1028_01     42  Microcat      248      x      w/ press
KPO_1028_02     42  Fluorometer   268      x
KPO_1028_03     57  Microcat      1268     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_04     77  Microcat      1723     x
KPO_ 028_OS     79  02 NI0Z       A7
KPO_1028_06    100  Microcat      1599     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_07    103  ADCPWHup      1522     x
KPO_1028_08    127  RCM-11        325      x
KPO_1028_09    127  Optode        349      x
KPO_1028_10    128  Microcat      1162     x
KPO_1028_11    201  Microcat      1682     x
KPO_1028_12    300  Microcat      3411     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_13    301  RBR           10385    x
KPO_1028_14    401  02 NI0Z       A4
KPO_1028_15    403  Microcat      2279     x                  Wire cut after top 
KPO_1028_16    602  RCM-8         9322     x                  float resurfaced
KPO_1028_17    603  Microcat      2262     x                  on 14-Mar-08
KPO_1028_18    852  Microcat      2478     x
KPO_1028_19   1103  Microcat      1550     x
KPO_1028_20   1295  Sediment Trap 900000   x
KPO_1028_21   1329  RCM-8         10815    x
KPO_1028_22   1403  Microcat      3755     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_23   1702  Microcat      2718     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_24   1703  Mini-TD       42       x
KPO_1028_25   2028  Microcat      3415     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_26   2029  Mini-TD       26       x
KPO_1028_27   2528  Microcat      2617     x      w/ press
KPO_1028_28   2529  Mini-TD       24
KPO_1028_29   3001  Microcat      2618     x
KPO_1028_30   3002  Mini-TD       36       x
                                  11804-
KPO_1028_31   3468  Sediment Trap 1        x
KPO_1028_32   3503  RCM-8         10074    x
KPO_1028_33   3504  Microcat      2472     x
KPO_1028_34   3505  Mini-TD       34       x
                                                   1404=AR     1404+1455   B
              3565  Release       270      Code:                           M
              3565  Release       28       Code:     5022        5024      A
                                                  Interrogate   Release   Mode




Table A4.5: Microstructure Stations
                                                      max.
MSS   MSS   CTD    Date     Time     Lat     Long     Pres    shear shear 
Stn profile Cast   (UTC)    (UTC)    [°N]    [°W]     range     1     2
--- ------- ---- ---------  -----  -------  -------  -------  ----  ----
 1    1-6     3  26/2/2008   3:36   8.0195  22.9932  344-499  6070  6071
 2    7-9     4  27/2/2008   6:10   5.0348  23.0102  249-267  6070  6071
 3   11-13    4  27/2/2008  12:18   5.0350  22.9910  227-243  6070  6071
 4   14-16    6  29/2/2008   5:08   0.7701  22.9915  363-391  6070  6071
 5   20-25    7  29/2/2008  21:31  -0.0129  22.9993  162-180   003  6071
 6   26-30    7   1/3/2008   2:55   0.0415  22.9635  196-232   003  6071
 7   31-35    7   1/3/2008  12:35   0.0013  23.0706  206-267   003  6071
 8   36-38   11   3/3/2008  23:07  -1.3230  22.9869  207-227   003  6071
 9   39-45   12   4/3/2008   3:13  -0.9903  22.9975  219-236   003  6071
10   46-51   13   4/3/2008  12:34  -0.7388  22.9391  153-158   003  6071
11   52-54   14   4/3/2008  22:22  -0.4997  22.9953  152-178   003  6071
12   55-57   15   5/3/2008   2:21  -0.2568  22.9911  186-208   003  6071
13   58-67   16   5/3/2008   4:54  -0.0616  23.0908   92-215   003  6071
14   68-78   16   5/3/2008  11:13   0.0383  23.0855  125-278   003  6071
15   79-81   17   5/3/2008  20:42   0.2688  22.9874  222       003  6071
16   82-84   18   6/3/2008   0:42   0.5749  22.9885  209-215   003  6071
17   85-87   19   6/3/2008   3:54   0.7713  23.0135   86-263   003  6071
18   89-91   20   6/3/2008  17:44   0.9991  22.9888  270-397   003  6071
19   92-94   21   7/3/2008   3:00   1.3444  22.9965  220-225   003  6071
20   95-97   22   7/3/2008   7:07   1.7051  22.9981  246-249   003  6071
21   98-100  23   7/3/2008  11:17   2.0375  23.0045  255-264   003  6071
22  101-103  25   7/3/2008  19:39   2.6853  23.0041  280-298   003  6071
23  104-106  27   8/3/2008   2:58   3.3414  23.0009  240-390   003  6071
24  107-109  29   8/3/2008  12:01   4.0221  23.0036  234-247   003  6071
25  110-112  32   8/3/2008  23:07   5.0331  22.9868  245-273   003  6071
26  113-115  34   9/3/2008   8:06   6.0141  23.0035  220-226   003  6071
27  116-118  36   9/3/2008  17:40   7.0251  22.9963  265-317   003  6071
28  119-121  37   9/3/2008  22:45   7.5224  22.9986  278-335   003  6071
29  122-124  38  10/3/2008   4:05   8.0718  22.9853  384-415   003  6071
30  125-127  39  10/3/2008   9:00   8.5117  23.0006  353-378   003  6071
31  128-130  40  10/3/2008  15:01   9.0101  22.9998  347-408   003  6071
32  135-139  51  13/3/2008  18:50  17.6131  24.2501  400-458   003  6071
33  140-150  51  14/3/2008   0:57  17.6406  24.2814  366-454   003  6071
34  151-158  51  14/3/2008  11:39  17.5974  24.2569  318-418   003  6071
35  159-161  51  14/3/2008  18:15  17.6262  24.2486  380-430   003  6071
36  162-171  51  14/3/2008  20:43  17.6582  24.2497  316-420   003  6071
37  172-180  51  15/3/2008   1:28  17.60    24.25    407-475   003  6071
38  181-188  51  15/3/2008   8:34  17.60    24.25    351-485   003  6071





IFM-GEOMAR Reports

No. Title

 1  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 176 & 179 MERAMEX I & II
    (Merapi Amphibious Experiment) 18.05.-01.06.04 & 16.09.-07.1O.04. Ed.
    by Heidrun Kopp & Ernst R. Flueh, 2004, 206 pp. In English

 2  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 181 TIPTEQ (from The
    Incoming Plate to mega Thrust EarthQuakes) 06.12.2004.-26.02.2005.
    Ed. by Ernst R. Flueh & Ingo Grevemeyer, 2005, 533 pp.
    In English

 3  RV Poseidon Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS 316 Carbonate Mounds and
    Aphotic Corals in the NE-Atlantic 03.08.-17.08.2004. Ed. by Olaf
    Pfannkuche & Christine Utecht, 2005, 64 pp.
    In English

 4  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 177 - (Sino-German
    Cooperative Project, South China Sea: Distribution, Formation and Effect
    of Methane & Gas Hydrate on the Environment) 02.06.-20.07.2004. Ed.
    by Erwin Suess, Yongyang Huang, Nengyou Wu, Xiqiu Han & Xin Su,
    2005, 154 pp.
    In English and Chinese

 5  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 186 - GITEWS (German
    Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System 28.10.-13.1.2005 & 15.11.-
    28.11.2005 & 07.01.-20.01.2006. Ed. by Ernst R. Flueh, Tilo Schoene &
    Wilhelm Weinrebe, 2006, 169 pp.
    In English
 
 6  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO 186 -3 - SeaCause II, 26.02.-
    16.03.2006. Ed. by Heidrun Kopp & Ernst R. Flueh, 2006, 174 pp.
    In English

 7  RV Meteor, Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report M67/1 CHILE-MARGIN-SURVEY
    20.02.-13.03.2006. Ed. by Wilhelm Weinrebe und Silke Schenk, 2006, 112 PP.
    In English

 8  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 190 - SINDBAD (Seismic and
    Geoacoustic Investigations Along The Sunda-Banda Arc Transition)
    10.11.2006 - 24.12.2006. Ed. by Heidrun Kopp & Ernst R. Flueh, 2006,
    193 pp.
    In English
 
 9  RV Sonne Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 191 - New Vents "Puaretanga
    Hou" 11.01. - 23.03.2007. Ed. by Jörg Bialas, Jens Greinert, Peter Linke,
    Olaf Pfannkuche, 2007, 190 pp.
    In English
 
10  FS ALKOR Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report AL 275 - Geobiological
    investigations and sampling of aphotic coral reef ecosystems in the NE-
    , 24.03. - 30.03.2006, Andres Rüggeberg & Armin Form, 39 pp.
    In English

11  FS Sonne / Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 192-1: MANGO: Marine
    Geoscientific Investigations on the Input and Output of the Kermadec
    Subduction Zone, 24.03. - 22.04.2007, Ernst Flüh & Heidrun Kopp, 127 PP.
    In English

12  FS Maria S. Merian / Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report MSM 04-2: Seismic
    Wide-Angle Profiles, Fort-de-France - Fort-de-France, 03.01. -
    19.01.2007, Ernst Flüh, 45 pp.
    In English

13  FS Sonne / Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report 50 193: MANIHIKI Temporal,
    Spatial, and Tectonic Evolution of Oceanic Plateaus, Suva/Fiji -
    Apia/Samoa 19.05. - 30.06.2007, Reinhard Werner and Folkmar Hauff,
    201 pp.
    In English

14  FS Sonne / Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report S0195: TOTAL TOnga Thrust
    earthquake Asperity at Louisville Ridge, Suva/Fiji - Suva/Fiji 07.01. -
    16.02.2008, Ingo Grevemeyer & Ernst R. Flüh, xx pp.
    In English

15  RV Poseidon Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report P362-2: West Nile Delta Mud
    Volcanoes, Piräus - Heraklion 09.02. - 25.02.2008, Thomas Feseker, 63 PP.
    In English

16  RV Poseidon Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report P347: Mauritanian Upwelling and
    Mixing Process Study (MUMP), Las-Palmas - Las Palmas, 18.01. -
    05.02.2007, Marcus Dengler et al., 34 pp.
    In English

17  FS Maria S. Merian Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report MSM 04-1: Meridional
    Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE 2006), Fort de France - Fort de
    France, 02.12. - 21.12.2006, Thomas J. Müller, 41 pp.
    In English

18  FS Poseidon Fahrtbericht /Cruise Report P348: SOPRAN: Mauritanian
    Upwelling Study 2007, Las Palmas - Las Palmas, 08.02. - 26.02.2007,
    Hermann W. Bange, 42 pp.
    In English



IFM-GEOMAR 
Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Universität Kiel




Das Leibniz-Institut für               The Leibniz-Institute of Marine 
Meereswissenschaften                   Sciences is a member of the Leibniz
ist ein Institut der                   Association
Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft              (Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (WGL)        Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz).


Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences
IFM-GEOMAR 
Dienstgebäude Westufer I West Shore Building 
Düsternbrooker Weg 20 
D-24105  Kiel 
Germany

Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften / Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences
IFM-GEOMAR 
Dienstgebäude Ostufer / East Shore Building 
Wischhofstr. 1-3 
D-24148  Kiel Germany

Tel.: ++49 431 600-0
Fax:  ++49 431 600-2805
www.ifm-geomar.de



CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Person   Data Type      Action           Summary 
----------  -------  -------------  ---------------  ------------------------------------
2012-03-14  Bob Key  BTL            Submitted        to go online 

2012-03-14  Bob Key  Cruise Report  Submitted        to go online 

2012-04-05  C Berys  BTL/CrsRpt     Website Updated  Available under 'Files as received' 
            File 35A320080223.exc.csv containing bottle data, submitted by Bob 
            Key on 2012-03-14, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed 
            by CCHDO.

            File Short_Cruise_Report_LAtalante_Leg_4.pdf containing Cruise 
            Documentation, submitted by Bob Key on 2012-03-14, available under 
            'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. 

2012-05-11  J Kappa  CTD            Submitted         Downloaded from Pangaea

2012-05-14  Bob Key  BTL            Submitted         replaces previous file 

2012-05-18  J Kappa  CrsRpt         Website Update    New Text version online

