WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

WOCE section designation
A22

Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)
316N151_4

Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation
Terrence Joyce, WHOI

Dates
1997.08.15 - 1997.09.03

Ship
KNORR

Ports of call
Trinidad, Spain to Woods Hole, MA

Number of stations
79

Geographic boundaries of the stations
	40°46.47''N
66°58.66''W	64°45.01''W
	11°00.00''N

Floats and drifters deployed
10 Floats and 9 Drifters

Moorings deployed or recovered
1 Mooring recovered

Contributing Authors
(in order of appearance)
F. Bahr
G. Packard
D. Swift
L. Stein
S. Zimmermann
G. Knapp
A. Ross
D. Chaky
K.M. Johnson
K. Erickson
J. Goddard
R. Rotter
J. Curtice
P. Landry

Cruise report for Knorr 151, leg 4: Port of Spain-Woods Hole

A.	Cruise Narrative

Ship:	R/V KNORR operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Ports:	Port of Spain, Trinidad to Woods Hole, Mass, USA
Dates:	15 August depart Trinidad, 3 September arrive Woods Hole
WOCE Designator:
	316N151/4
Chief Scientist:
	Terrence M. Joyce
	Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.
	360 Woods Hole Rd., MS 21
	Woods Hole, Mass, 02543
e-mail:	tjoyce@whoi.edu
telephone:(508)289-2530
fax:	(508)457-2181

The Knorr departed Port of Spain, Trinidad as scheduled on 15 August and proceeded 
to our first station, a joint cast with the 'Hermano Gines', out of the EDIMAR 
Laboratory, Margarita, Venezuela.  This station was located just outside of the 
sill of the Cariaco Basin.  During the station, the chief scientist & R. Rotter 
went aboard the Gines taking some sample bottles and, after the cast, returning 
with some nutrient samples for analysis on Knorr.  We then proceeded to our start 
of the Caribbean transect, which we completed with station 23 on 20 August at the 
300m isobath south of Puerto Rico.  After taking two stations in the Virgin Island 
Basis, we continued our transect from the north of Puerto Rico, breaking off after 
station 57 to recover an Inverted Echo Sounder mooring for R. Watts, U. Rhode 
Island on 8/29/97 at 34°09.94'N, 66°59.14'W. The mooring was approximately 60nm 
west of our cruise track. After the mooring was recovered, we resumed our section, 
finishing the last station, number 77, on the continental shelf south of Cape Cod, 
Massachusetts.  The ship arrived in Woods Hole on 3 September, one day ahead of 
schedule.  

Cruise Objective

Our cruise is part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic 
Programme's (WHP) global, onetime survey of the oceans.  The effort to study the 
global ocean with state of the art instrumentation for highest quality measurements 
has been virtually completed in all of the major ocean basins except the North 
Atlantic.  As part of this effort, two meridional legs were planned for summer of 
1997 aboard the R/V KNORR at 52°W (WHP line designator A20) and 66°W (A22) as part 
of the US Atlantic Circulation & Climate Experiment (ACCE).  These lines were done 
back to back beginning off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, working southward 
along 52°W to the coast of Suriname with a port stop between legs in Trinidad.  The 
Knorr cruise (#151) departed on leg 1 for float deployment (T. Rossby, chief 
scientist), followed by leg 2 focussing on onetime hydrography in the sub-polar 
gyre (L. Talley, chief scientist), followed by our two legs.  Leg 3 under the 
direction of R. Pickart, chief scientist. As my leg, is number 4 in the cruise, it 
is assumed by WHP naming conventions that our EXPOCODE will be 316N151/4.  Our 
fourth leg worked northwards from the coast of Venezuela to Puerto Rico and thence 
northwards (along 66°W) to the continental shelf south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.  
Basic instrumentation and principal investigators for both legs were the same with 
small changes in at sea personnel.  This report is for the second of the two 
meridonal legs (A22): the only WHP line in the global survey that will sample in 
the Caribbean sea.

During the IGY in the mid 1950s and again in 1985, hydrographic stations were made 
to the ocean bottom in the region outside of the Caribbean along a nominal 
longitude of 66°W.  Changes in water properties between these two occupations 
reflect long-term changes in the deep waters of the western N. Atlantic (Joyce and 
Robbins, 1996).  Measurements to be made in 1997 will further document the evolving 
system, which is being strongly influenced by temporal changes in the Labrador Sea.  
Injection of newly ventilated waters from the sub-polar gyre can be detected with 
standard hydrographic sampling of dissolved oxygen, but detectability is improved 
with other tracer measurements such as CFCs and tritium/helium-3.  Furthermore, use 
of a Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) on the CTD/rosette package 
will permit direct measurements of horizontal velocity throughout the water column 
and facilitate estimation of flow rates near boundary currents such as the Gulf 
Stream and the Deep Western Boundary Current.

Measurements of flow and hydrographic properties throughout the water column in the 
Caribbean Sea will permit the whole section to be used as a constraint of no net 
flow (top to bottom) which should improve our estimation of geostrophic transport 
as a function of latitude and depth.  The deep inflow into the Caribbean Basin 
through the Anegada Passage should be reflected in water mass properties below 
1800m depth on the southern flank of the island of Puerto Rico while the upper 
layer flow into the basin from the South Atlantic is mainly found in the westward 
flow parallel to the coast of Venezuela.

Other measurements include profiling ALACE float deployment for a study of 18°C 
water in the northern Sargasso Sea and JGOFs CO2 and bio-optical measurements.  A 
complete station log (station .sum file) is attached as an appendix to the hard copy 
portion of this report.

Measurement program

Measurements made on the cruise include the following:

*	CTD profiles with Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
*	LADCP (mounted on 36 place, 10 liter rosette)
*	water sample analyses (at sea) for salinity, oxygen, silica, nitrate, nitrite 
	& phosphate (basic hydro)
*	freons (F11, F12, F113) & carbon tetrachloride
*	alkalinity, pCO2, tCO2 and halocarbons
*	water sampling for tritium/helium-3 and natural radiocarbon
*	underway hull-mounted ADCP , thermosalinograph, bathymetry (single beam), 
	meteorology & pCO2
*	profiling ALACE float deployment in northern Sargasso Sea

Principal Investigators

NAME			RESPONSIBILITY		INSTITUTION
Terrence M. Joyce	chief sci., basic T/S, 	WHOI
			hydro, ADCP, LADCP, Met.	
William Smethie Jr.	CFCs, CCl4		LDEO
William Jenkins		tritium/helium-3	WHOI
Steve Riser		PALACE			Univ. Washington
Louis Gordon		nutrients		OSU
Robert Key		CO2, radiocarbon	Princeton Univ.
Taro Takahashi		pCO2			LDEO
Robert Moore		halocarbons		Dalhousie Univ.

WHOI:	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
LDEO:	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia Univ.
OSU:	Oregon State Univ.

Cruise Personnel

Name			Responsibilities	Institution
Terrence Joyce		chief scientist		WHOI
Laura Stein		ctd operations		WHOI
Rochelle Ugstad		ctd operations		WHOI
Sara Zimmermann		ctd processing		WHOI
Jane Dunworth-Baker	ctd processing		WHOI
George Knapp		salinity/oxygen		WHOI
Dave Wellwood		salinity/oxygen		WHOI
Frank Bahr		ADCP,LADCP		WHOI
Stephanie Harrington	ctd watchstander	WHOI/MIT
Juan Botella		ctd watchstander	WHOI/MIT
Richard Wardle		ctd watchstander	WHOI/MIT
Ellen Levy		ctd watchstander	WHOI
Andrew A. Ross		nutrients		OSU
Julie Arrington		nutrients		OSU
Rosanne Swartz		CFCs			LDEO
Eugene Gorman		CFCs			LDEO
Damon Chaky		CFCs			LDEO
Linda Baker		CFSs			LDEO
Peter Landry		tritium/helium-3	WHOI
Joshua Curtice		tritium/helium-3	WHOI
Rich Rotter		C-14, TALK		Princeton
Carrie Thomas		C-14, TALK		Princeton
Ken Johnson		TCO2			Brookhaven
Ken Erikson		TCO2			Brookhaven
John Goddard		pCO2			LDEO
Dana Swift		PALACE			U. Wash.
Wayne Groszko		underway halocarbons	Dalhousie Univ.
Antonio Perez-Aguirre	Venezuelan observer	Venezuelan Navy

Problems Encountered

On 8/22/97 on the upcast of station 34, we lost all communication with the CTD and 
pylon.  We were at 2337dbar on the upcast of our deepest station thus far on the 
cruise: 6106dbar over the Puerto Rico trench.  This was perhaps the deepest station 
for the wire on the port winch.  After recovery, we found that the package would 
work on the wire of the starboard winch and we therefore switched winches.  It was 
found that a break in 2 of the 3 conductors had occurred at about 6000m from the 
instrument end of the wire (and 3700m from the winch end).  This must have been the 
point over the sheave at the maximum depth.  At this stage, only our small, backup 
CTD/rosette can operate on 1 conductor if the present wire should develop problems.  
Another reel on a drum is available but cannot be switched out safely at sea 
according to the bosun.  If it is necessary to do this, we will have to make a 
quick stop in Bermuda.

After returning from the mooring recovery, on our next station (58) along the 
cruise track, the CTD signal was lost on the up cast at a pressure of 2651dbars.  
We brought the package to the surface and, after sampling the deep bottles and 
determining that the conductor used by the CTD was shorted to the sea-cable ground, 
we switched to the 'spare', third conductor (the second being used by the rosette 
pylon), put the package back in the water and did a shallow cast for the upper 
bottles missed.  Thus, both cables had bad conductors: the one on the port winch 
with one working conductor and that on the starboard winch (which we used since 
station 34) with 2 good conductors.

We had some problems with the LADCP, and no data are available for stations 20 
through 23.  See the LADCP section for details.

B.	UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS
Shipboard ADCP (Frank Bahr)

The shipboard 150KHz narrow-band ADCP was operated throughout the cruise, and the 
data were logged on the ADCP PC as well as on a SUN via serial data transfer.  
Standard data collection parameters included 8 meter bins,16 meter pulse length, 
and 5 minute ensembles.  Navigation was provided by P-code GPS, and gyro heading 
was checked by recording 5-minute averages of the difference between gyro and 
Ashtech heading.  The Ashtech instrument calculates heading based on differential 
GPS from an array of four antennas.  Bottom tracking was turned on whenever the 
bottom was within ADCP range (during departure from Trinidad, near Puerto Rico, and 
on the final transit into Woods Hole).  With the Ashtech heading correction 
applied, an initial bottom track calibration determined transducer amplitude and 
rotation corrections to be 1.005 and -0.55 degrees, respectively. 

While waiting to meet up with the Venezuelan ship for the joint station 1, the ship 
occupied two octagonal "stop sign" patterns with ship speeds of two and six knots, 
respectively.  Each leg of constant heading was approximately 10 minutes long.  The 
purpose of these tests was to investigate gyro errors as function of heading.  
Initial results show a roughly sinusoidal dependency of the difference between 
Ashtech and gyro heading on heading. Higher speeds resulted in a higher amplitude.  
The picture is complicated by the superposition of time-dependant gyro errors 
following the course changes.

Standard Knorr underway measurements (Greg Packard)
-Athena/Science Data System.

All sensors/instruments in the system functioned continuously throughout the cruise 
with the exception of the Doppler speed log.  The transducer for this unit was 
removed from the hull for repair.

Athena, the shipboard data acquisition system, recorded meteorological and 
navigational data to three distinct files.

The primary data file is as such: kn97mmdd.00x (mm is month, dd is day, x is 
consecutive file for that day).  Recording of parameters to the primary data file 
is on a one minute basis.  The following parameters were recorded in the file:

001| JSECONDS	Time & date (Julian seconds)
002| CDATE	Computer date
003| CTIME	Computer time
009| GYRO	Ship's heading (Gyro syncro)
012| IMET	IMET data (Wnd, Bar, Hum, Swr, Prc)
024| SSCND	Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm)
025| SSTMP	Sea surface temperature (°C)
066| GPS	GPS (Primary GPS data source)
069| WIND	Wind speed & direction (true) 

The secondary data file is as such kn01min1.xxx (xxx is the consecutive data file 
written using this configuration).  This file offers some derived values from the 
primary raw data.  The following parameters were logged in this file at one minute 
intervals.

001| JSECONDS	Time & date (Julian seconds)
002| CDATE	Computer date
003| CTIME	Computer time
009| GYRO 	Ship's heading (Gyro syncro)
021| SPDLOG	Ship's speed (EDO Speedlog)
024| SSCND	Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm)
025| SSTMP	Sea surface temperature (°C)
029| GP20P_TP	Port GPS 200 time & position
034| GP20S_TP	Stbd GPS 200 time & position
036| GPS_COG	GPS course over ground
039| GPS_SOG	GPS speed over ground
040| GPS_TP	GPS time & position
042| IMET_AIR	Air temperature (°C)
043| IMET_BPR	Barometric pressure (millibars)
045| IMET_HUM	Relative humidity (percent)
052| IMET_PWN	Bow to Stern wind speed (m/sec)
059| SALINITY	Surface salinity, UNESCO 44
070| WND_SPD	True wind speed (m/sec)
071| WND_DIR	True wind direction (degrees)
 
The third logged file is the station.xxx file.  This is an event triggered file 
that was used in conjunction with underway and station surface samples taken by the 
science party.  This file was then parsed out into the respective sub-files based 
on the event that it marks (i.e. salt samples from underway system, surface CTD 
bottles, ALACE deployments).  The individual event files can be found in the /tsg 
directory of the cruise archive.

000| Event comment string
001| JSECONDS	Time & date (Julian seconds)
002| CDATE	Computer date
003| CTIME	Computer time
024| SSCND	Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm)
025| SSTMP	Sea surface temperature (°C) 
037| GPS_LAT	GPS Latitude
038| GPS_LON	GPS Longitude
040| GPS_TP	GPS time & position
059| SALINITY	Surface salinity, UNESCO 44

The only data gaps encountered are the drop in gyro input on two occasions.  The 
two occasions are listed as:

970828	1621-1704 GMT	Gyro converter box lock-up
970901	0510-1153 GMT	Gyro converter box lock-up

In both occasions it was a matter of the Synchro-RS232 signal converter box locking 
up.  The other parameter effected by this is the true wind calculations.

Parameter 034, Stbd GPS unit, is persistent in its null values about 33% of the 
time due to antenna placement.  This GPS parameter is only provided as back-up 
logging to the P-code Time and Position (parameter 040) and port GPS unit 
(parameter 029).

TSG salinity was compared to salt samples taken from the system.  The TSG salinity 
values trended a linear offset value of +.31psu when compared to the Autosal 
values.  Compared bottle sample salinities to TSG conductivity/salinity values can 
be found in the /tsg directory of the cruise archive.  TSG temperature values 
proved to be within acceptable ranges when compared to surface CTD measurements 
given the spatial variability.  This comparison file can be found in the /tsg 
directory as well.

Module IMET sensors provided the meteorological data.  The one minute data values 
listed in the file are a buffer average of values collected from the sensor for the 
past 60 seconds at a one second interval.  All sensors seemed to provide adequate 
data when referenced to other available sensors around the vessel (wheelhouse wind 
birds, temperature sensors and barograph).  These sensors are due for their annual 
calibrations in Sept. 97 and the chief scientist will be notified if anything is 
found that would effect the quality of the data collected on the cruise.

The following environmental parameter sensors were in use during the cruise:

Wind Sensor	IMET Module ID WND005
Bar. Press.	IMET Module ID BRP005
Rel. Humid.	IMET Module ID HRH106 (Note: also provide Temperature)
SW Rad.		IMET Module ID SWR114  
Precip.		IMET Module ID PRC106
SST		FSI OTM 1329
SSC		FSI OCM 1322

-SeaBeam Bathymetry System:

Along track bottom bathymetry was acquired using the vessel's SeaBeam 2100 
MutliBeam Bathymetry System.  The system works on a 12khz frequency with the ping 
rate constantly being adjusted with respect to depth.  The stripped center beam 
data files were provided to the science party.  These are daily files found in the 
/center beam directory of the cruise archive.  The naming convention is cb1997.XXX.  
The XXX represents the Julian day of the year 1997.  Note that a constant sound 
velocity curve of 1500 m/sec was used and all values in the file are uncorrected.

Care must be taken when looking at the values when the vessel is hove-to on a CTD 
station with the sampling package in the water.  The 12khz signal from the sampling 
package pinger interferes with the SeaBeam signal.  Another known influence is the 
vessels 12khz Raytheon Precision Depth Recorder unit.

The following are operation notes from the Seabeam log.

970816	0513 GMT	System start up.  Note that a constant 1500 m/sec sound 
velocity curve will be used for the cruise.
970818	1020 GMT	System hang.  Reset.
970820	2130 GMT	Start Jung-fern Passage Sill transect
	2235		Drop XBT (/scijunk/xbt/t5_0003.edf)
	2335		Finish passage transect
970823	1310 GMT	System shutdown on station to allow reboot of 
control/display station.
	1350		Back acquiring data
970827	2154 GMT	System hang
970828	0140 GMT	Reset
970829	0931 GMT	On idle for IES operations
	1130 GMT	Back on Survey
970831	0012 		System on idle
	0442 		Back to Survey mode.
970902	2030 GMT 	System secured for KN151-4.  Water depth at <50 meters and 
no return on center portion of swath.

-R/V Knorr's Precision Depth Recorder System.

The shipboard 12khz PDR system was used throughout the cruise.  The main purpose of 
this system was to track the sampling package in the water column during the 
vertical hydro-casts.  The PDR also provided bottom depth checks for station work 
and was used to track the Inverted Echo Sounder during the mooring recovery 
operations.

ALACE Float Deployments (Dana Swift)

Cruise report for deployment of Prof. Steve Riser's profiling drifters for Knorr 
cruise 151, leg-4 from Trinidad to WHOI.  This report is based on handwritten notes 
from my notebook.  Any discrepancies should be resolved in favor of the hand 
written notes.

8/24/97	Deployment preparation for Seabird Prototype 063 (WRC 47)

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
Seabird	063	15:50	8/24/97	22°52.16'N	65°59.86'W	41

This profiling drifter is a prototype of a newly developed model that integrates a 
Seabird MicroCat with a standard ALACE engine.  The float was reset at 13:47GMT. 
Six test transmissions were heard on the ARGOS up-link receiver.  Installed & 
tightened the drag disk.  The com port plug was not removed but its tightness was 
checked.  Double checked fastener tightness.  No sign of 'weather checks' on 
external bladder.  This float is not protected with antifoulant.  Pump stopped at 
14:23GMT with bladder fully extended.  Argos Id is 2787.  Transmission Rep Rate is 
88 sec.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/25/97	Deployment preparation for APEX Prototype 010 (WRC 2)

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
APEX	010	06:25	8/25/97	24°12.57'N	66°00.03'W	43

This float is the APEX prototype.  The float was reset at 2:56GMT.  Six test 
transmissions were heard on the ARGOS up-link receiver.  Also heard was the air 
pump inflating the air bladder for a few seconds.  By putting my ear to the float, 
I could hear the lead-screw driver inside the hull.  I could not see into the 
helmet to determine the state of the toroidal bladders.  The lead screw motor shut 
off at 3:11GMT.  Hence, it was turning for 15 minutes.  This float is not protected 
with antifoulant.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/25/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 024.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	024	20:24	8/25/97	25°32.81'N	65°59.27'W	45

2B9DE ARGOS ID number.
092	seconds repetition rate.
001	hour Trip interval.	Temperature Counts:	2715
240	intervals DOWN.	Pressure Counts:	011
015	intervals UP.	Vacuum Counts:	047
016	minutes deep pump time.	Battery Counts:	144
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE.  
Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2791).  Reset at 
16:48GMT.  Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  Heard 6 test 
transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug.  
Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & 
float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  
Significant 'weather checks' on external bladder.  Pump stopped at 17:14GMT.  This 
float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no 
difficulty.

8/26/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 028.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	028	09:45	8/26/97	26°52.27'N	65°59.67'W	47

2BAAC ARGOS ID number.
090	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	2820
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	011
240	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	046
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	146
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE.  
Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2794).  Reset at 
09:19GMT.  Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  Heard 6 test 
transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug.  
Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & 
float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  
Minor 'weather checks' on external bladder.  This float is protected with 
antifoulant from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/26/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 001.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	001	23:24	8/26/97	28°13.56'N	65°58.33'W	49

2BDA2 ARGOS ID number.
086	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	2670
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	010
240	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	030
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	222
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model (early version) commonly referred 
to as PALACE.  Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id: 
2806).  Reset at 19:14GMT.  Heard valve open.  Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  
Heard 6 test transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com 
port & plug.  Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag 
disk & float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  
No 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant 
from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/27/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 018.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	018	12:50	8/27/97	29°33.47'N	65°58.57'W	51

2BCBD ARGOS ID number.
084	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	2917
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	009
240	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	049
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	147
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE.  
Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2802).  Reset at 
10:27GMT.  Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  Heard 6 test 
transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug.  
Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & 
float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  No 
'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant from 
E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/27/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 019.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	019	02:05	8/28/97	30°53.19'N	65°59.90'W	53

2BB15 ARGOS ID number. 
088	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	2458
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	008
255	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	049
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	149
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE.  
Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2802).  Reset at 
10:27GMT.  Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  Heard 6 test 
transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug.  
Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & 
float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  
Minor to moderate 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with 
antifoulant from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/28/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 022.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	022	15:10	8/28/97	32°13.42'N	65°59.90'W	55

2BC1B ARGOS ID number.
090	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	2440
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	011
255	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	048 
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	146
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE.  
Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id:2800).  Reset at 
12:40GMT.  Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  Heard 6 test 
transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug.  
Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & 
float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  
Motor stopped pumping at 13:11GMT.  Moderate 'weather checks' on external bladder.  
However, there is a part of the bladder surface that has a matte finish and that is 
not weather checked.  The shape of this dull region suggests the a liquid was wiped 
across the surface --- the edges are uneven and appear to transition into the 
glossy region (normal appearance).  I took several polaroid photos of the region 
hoping to show both the 'weather checks' and the matte finished region.  The region 
is clearly visible in the photos but the weather checks are not.  This float is 
protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/29/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 017.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	017	04:35	8/29/97	33°33.49'N	65°59.28'W	57

2B791 ARGOS ID number. 
092	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	2798
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	013
240	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	047
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	144
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE.  
Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id:2782).  Reset at 
01:12GMT.  Heard valve open.  Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  Heard 6 test 
transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug.  
Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & 
float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe response.  
Light to moderate 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with 
antifoulant from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed with no difficulty.

8/30/97	Deployment preparation for Drifter 004.

Type	id	GMT	date	Latitude	Longitude	Stn.
PALACE	004	12:47	8/30/97	35°33.50'N	65°59.74'W	60

2BD04 ARGOS ID number. 
090	seconds repetition rate.	Temperature Counts:	3004
001	hour Trip interval.	Pressure Counts:	010
240	intervals DOWN.	Vacuum Counts:	031
015	intervals UP.	Battery Counts:	219
016	minutes deep pump time.
015	minutes 1st surface pump time.
060	minutes 2nd surface pump time.
250	minutes ascend time.

This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model (early version) commonly referred 
to as PALACE.  Mission was programmed as above.  Tested transmission (Argos Id: 
2804).  Reset at 11:19GMT.  Heard valve open.  Heard 16 second pump priming phase.  
Heard 6 test transmissions.  Installed drag disk.  Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com 
port & plug.  Installed & tightened com plug.  Verify matching serial numbers on 
drag disk & float.  Double checked fastener tightness.  Checked thermistor probe 
response.  Very minor 'weather checks' on external bladder near metal insert at 
center. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company.  Deployed 
with no difficulty.

C.	HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

C.1	CTD systems (Laura Stein & Sara Zimmermann)

A WHOI-modified EG&G Mk-III CTDs was used throughout the cruise (CTD #9).  It was 
provided with an oxygen current and temperature channel, a platinum temperature 
probe, and a 3 cm conductivity cell.  CTD9 was modified at WHOI to install a 
thermally-isolated titanium pressure transducer, with a separately digitized 
pressure temperature channel (Millard et al, 1993).  Temperature and pressure 
calibrations were performed at WHOI prior to KN151 leg 3.  Calibrations will also 
be performed upon return to WHOI.

A Sensormedics oxygen sensor was installed at the beginning of KN151leg 3, and was 
used for the first 58 stations.  The sensor was swapped out for a new sensor prior 
to station 59.

The CTD was left powered on at all times, except when disconnected due to cable 
change out or retermination.  In no event was the CTD warmed up less than 30 
minutes.  The CTD was kept out of the sun to avoid overheating of the case.

Two 1016 pylons (S/N 1467 and S/N 1460) were used to close bottles at depth.  The 
pylon was controlled using SIO SCI (Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Surface 
Control Interface) and power supply.  The SCI was controlled through a dedicated 
personal computer and software provided by SIO STS/ODF.

An FSI Integrated CTD, ICTD#1344, recording data internally, was used to collect 
backup data for selected stations.  ICTD 1344 data was downloaded directly to a 
computer, demodulated using FSI software. 

Three rosette frames were provided for the cruise.  Two frames, one from Scripps 
the other from LDEO consisted of 36 10-liter bottles, the third had 24 4-liter 
bottles.  The primary 36 10-liter frame from Scripps was used for the entire 
cruise.  Two FSI 24-position Sure Fire Water Samplers were available for the 24 4-
liter frame.  The bottles had been produced at  SIO and WHOI based on a design from 
PMEL.  Two Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (LADCP), one from University 
of Hawaii the other from WHOI were used on the cruise.  Besides a CTD and LADCP, a 
12-khz pinger was mounted on the frame.

C.2	Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements (George Knapp)

Water samples were collected from virtually every bottle during this cruise for the 
determination of salinity and dissolved oxygen.  The primary purpose of these 
measurements is to accurately calibrate the sensors on the CTD.

Salinity - Water was collected in 8 ounce glass bottles.  The bottles are rinsed 
twice, and then filled to the neck.  After the samples reach the lab temperature of 
22 degrees C., they were analyzed for salinity using a Guildline Autosal Model 
8400B (WHOI #11) salinometer.  The salinometer was standardized once a day using 
IAPSO Standard Seawater Batch P-131 (dated10-OCT-96).  Salinity readings are logged 
automatically to a computer, merged with the CTD data, and finally used to update 
the CTD calibrations.  Accuracy of salinity measurements are ± 0.002 PSS-78.

Prior to the first station it was noticed that this Autosal was not maintaining 
proper bath temperature control.  One of the two bath thermistors had failed.  That 
thermistor was removed from the circuit, and the salinometer was used for the 
entire cruise with just one baththermistor.  Close attention was paid to 
standardizations and to maintaining a constant lab temperature, and it is believed 
that salinity measurements were not adversely affected.

Dissolved Oxygen - Measurements are made using a modified Winkler technique similar 
to that described by Strickland and Parsons (1972).  Each seawater sample is 
collected in a 150 ml brown glass Tincture bottle.  When reagents are added to this 
sample, iodine is liberated which is proportional to the dissolved oxygen in the 
sample.  A carefully measured aliquot is collected from the prepared oxygen sample 
and titrated for total iodine content. Titration is automated, using a PC controller 
and a Metrohm Model 665 Dosimat buret.  The titration endpoint is determined 
amperometrically using a dual plate platinum electrode, with a resolution better 
than 0.001 ml.  Accuracy is about 0.02 ml/l, with a standard deviation of replicate 
samples of 0.005.  This technique is described more thoroughly by Knapp et al 
(1990).  Calculated oxygen is merged with the CTD data, and used to update the CTD 
calibrations.

Standardization of the thiosulphate titrant was performed daily.  The titration 
apparatus worked flawlessly, and no problems were noted.

C.3	Nutrient Analyses (Andrew Ross)

Nutrient analysts on the ACCE 66°W leg were Andrew A. Ross and Julie M. Arrington 
from Louis I. Gordon's group at Oregon State University's College of Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Sciences. The analyses were carried out using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer 
II (AAII) belonging to Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Oceanographic Data 
Facility.  The autosampler and data acquisition system were supplied by OSU, as was 
the software used to acquire and process the absorbance data.  All of the reagent 
and standard materials were provided by OSU.  The analytical methods used are 
described in Gordon et al (1994).
Nutrient samples were drawn from all CTD/rosette casts at stations 001 through 077 
and were analyzed within 1 - 3 hours.  The preliminary nutrient data has been 
merged with CTD and hydrographic data in WOCE format data files.  A nutrient 
intercomparison was done at station 001 with the Venezuelan Oceanographic Research 
Vessel Hermano Gines. The R/V Gines performed a simultaneous rosette cast during 
station 001 and provided our group with eleven nutrients samples covering 200meters 
to the surface.  Results were given to Knorr Chief Scientist Terry Joyce.

Throughout the cruise, replicate samples drawn in different sample bottles from the 
same Niskin bottle were analyzed to assess the precision of the AAII analyses.  
These replicate samples were analyzed as adjacent samples at the beginning and once 
again at the end of each sample run to help monitor deterioration in the samples or 
uncompensated instrumental drift.  Our estimates of short term precision based on 
these replicate analyses are given below.  The values given are the absolute mean 
differences between replicates from the beginning to the end of each sample run.  
(Units are reported in micromoles per liter and as percentages of typical deep 
water concentrations.)

	Phosphate: 0.003  (<.3%)	Nitrate + Nitrite : 0.041  (<0.2%)
	Silicic acid: 0.3 (<0.4%)	Nitrite: 0.001  (<2.0%)

C.4	Lowered ADCP (Frank Bahr)

For this cruise, the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP)owned by 
Terry Joyce (serial number 1290, 150KHz) was flown out to Trinidad.  With the help 
of Dan Torres, it was mounted on the 36-bottlerosette and checked out prior to 
leaving port.  The instrument performed well for the first 19 stations.  During 
preparations for station 20,however, it failed when the data cable was connected to 
it with the battery charger turned on.  The operator at the time (fb) insists that 
the cable was not hooked up incorrectly, which would likely have caused a short.  
Subsequent inspection of the instrument found one blown fuse (F11)and a damaged CPU 
board.  The converter from RS422 to RS232 that is part of the data cable was 
damaged as well.  The LADCP was eventually repaired by installing a makeshift fuse 
(soldered in place by Peter Landry) and, after some email exchange with RDI to 
clarify differences between the original and a spare board from Dan Torres' 
supplies, by replacing the damaged CPU board. Station 20 was part of the Puerto 
Rico approach with close station spacing.  To save time, the remaining relatively 
shallow stations of that approach (20 through 23) were sampled without an LADCP.  
The down time during the transit around Puerto Rico was used to exchange the 
damaged LADCP with Eric Firing's unit (serial number 1546, 150KHz).  Although the 
original LADCP was ready again around station 35, we continued to use LADCP 1546 to 
avoid the down time required for an instrument swap.

C.5	CFCs (Damon Chaky)

The CFC group measured the concentrations of F11, F12, and F113 in approximately 
2100 water samples.  Analyses were performed on two  electron capture gas 
chromatographs equipped with purge-and-trap systems.  Between 2 and 4 replicate 
samples were analyzed from each station as a check on internal consistency, and as 
a cross-check on performance of the two GC systems.  Bow air samples were also 
analyzed once a day on both systems.  System blanks and midrange gas standards were 
run after every eight water samples, and full 10-point calibration curves were 
performed twice weekly on each system.

Aside from shutdowns due to maintenance of the purge-and-trap units, no significant 
problems occurred during the course of the cruise.  Approximately 30 samples were 
lost due to sampler error.  Relative errors in cross-system and intra-system 
duplicates were less than 5% for F11 and F12 in most cases, and less than 10% for 
F113.

C.6	Total Carbon Dioxide Measurements (K. M. Johnson, K. Erickson)

Cruise 151-4 was the concluding leg of three consecutive WOCE cruises in the North 
Atlantic Ocean aboard the R/V Knorr for which Brookhaven National Laboratory was 
responsible for the measurement of the carbonate system parameter total carbon 
dioxide (CT).  The CT was measured by SOMMA-Coulometry which involves the automated 
continuous gas extraction of an acidified seawater sample with the resultant CO2 
determined by coulometric titration using a CO2 coulometer.  Three SOMMA-Coulometer 
systems were used for this work.  Two of them (S/N 004 and 030) were devoted to 
making discrete measurements, while the third (S/N 006) was configured to make 
continuous measurements (underway) of the CT in the surface waters.  In total, (not 
counting duplicates) 1,209 discrete samples were analyzed, and approximately 1200 
underway measurements were made during Cruise 151-4.  Discrete samples were taken 
at 49 of the 77 stations (64%) occupied during the cruise.  In addition, some 69 
duplicate samples were run on the discrete systems along with 48 Certified 
Reference Materials (CRM).  The CRM were from Batch 37 and had a salinity of 34.983 
and a certified total carbon dioxide value of 2044.15 µmol/kg.

The precision for the discrete sample measurements was ± 0.8 (S/N 004) and ± 1.2 
(S/N 030) µmol/kg.  The precision for the underway system is not yet known because 
it will have to be calculated from measurements made at constant salinity (i.e. 
periods where the ship was stationary).  The accuracy of the three systems as 
measured by the mean difference between the results for CRM analyzed by SOMMA-
Coulometry and the CRM certified value was - 0.17 µmol/kg (S/N 030, n = 19), - 0.57 
µmol/kg (S/N 004, n = 17), and - 0.19 (S/N 006, n = 12) indicating excellent 
accuracy for all three systems and excellent agreement between the three individual 
SOMMA-Coulometry systems.

As an additional check on accuracy, approximately 20 samples were collected for on-
shore analysis in the laboratory of Dr. C. D. Keeling at SIO, but it will be months 
before the results of these analyses will be known.  Based on these preliminary 
numbers the quality of the total carbon dioxide data set is expected to be very 
high.

C.7	pCO2 (John Goddard)
Principal Investigator - Dr. Taro Takahashi; Analyst - John G. Goddard  

Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was measured along WOCE ACCE line A22 as part of the 
DOE CO2 program.  Samples were drawn from 10 l. Niskin seawater sampling bottles 
into 250 ml. bottles and poisoned with mercuric chloride.  pCO2 was determined by 
equilibrating the seawater sample with head space gas for approximately 40 minutes 
and injecting a known volume of equilibrated gas into an infrared analyzer using a 
nitrogen carrier stream.  Equilibration was done in a water bath held to a constant 
temperature of 20.00 ± 0.02°C. Each seawater sample was analyzed twice.  A 
calibration curve using known concentration CO2 standards was determined at the 
start of each days analysis sequence and after each set of 12 samples.  At the end 
of each calibration sequence the sample data are corrected for instrumental drift.

Full station profiles or thermocline profiles were collected at 28 of the 77 
stations occupied during this leg.  Surface samples were collected on all but a few 
of the remaining stations.  The analytical precision (range/mean) of the duplicate 
analysis on an equilibrated sample is ~0.20%.  The sampling precision of duplicate 
samples drawn from the same Niskin is ~0.32%.  Preliminary sample data are 
tabulated as pCO2 (20) (uatm).

The analytical procedure used during this study is based on the same principle as 
that utilized during the Transient Tracers in the Ocean North Atlantic Study (TTO-
NAS) in the same geographic area during 1981.  The data obtained on this leg can 
thus be directly compared to pCO2 data obtained 16 years earlier.

C.8	Radiocarbon and Radium-228 (Richard Rotter)

Water samples were collected for radiocarbon by Richard Rotter, representing 
Princeton University.  Full or partial profiles were collected at 12 stations, 
where 500 ml aliquots were drawn into glass bottles from the rosette and poisoned 
with mercuric chloride.  Samples were stored, and delivered post-cruise, for 
subsequent analysis at the WHOI AMS facility.  Water samples were also collected 
for radium 228.  Surface water samples were collected at 10 stations and samples 
were stored for subsequent analysis at the Princeton Ocean Tracers Laboratory.

C.9	Tritium, helium-3 (J. Curtice & P. Landry)
Helium isotope laboratory, WHOI

During the cruise, we took a total of 470 helium samples and 470 tritium samples, 
which were processed at sea using our helium extraction line and tritium degassing 
line.  The samples will be analyzed on our mass spectrometer back in Woods Hole.

D.	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Captain George Silva and the crew of the Knorr for their excellent support 
during the cruise.  The cruise was sponsored by NSF as part of a WOCE grant to WHOI 
(OCE95-29607).

E.	REFERENCES

Gordon, L.I., J.C. Jennings, Jr., A.A. Ross and J.M. Krest, 1994.  A suggested 
   protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater nutrients 
   (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program 
   and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study.  In: WOCE Operations Manual. WHP Office 
   Report WHPO 91-1. WOCE Report No. 68/91.  November 1994, Revision 1.  Woods 
   Hole, MA, US
Knapp, G.P., M.C. Stalcup and R.J. Stanley, 1990. Automated Oxygen Titration and 
   Salinity Determination,.  WHOI Technical Report, WHOI-90-35, 25 pp.
Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons, 1972. The Practical Handbook of Seawater 
   Analysis.  Bulletin 167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 310 pp.
Millard, Robert, Gary Bond and John Toole, 1993.  Implementation of a titanium 
   strain gauge pressure transducer for CTD applications. Deep-Sea Research, 40, 
   1009-1021.


