Cruise Report
(See PDF report for Tables.  Figs not yet available)


A.   CRUISE NARRATIVE

A.1. HIGHLIGHTS

a.   WOCE designation:       SR04
b.   Expedition designation: 06AQANTX_7
c.   Chief scientist:        EBERHARD FAHRBACH
                             Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar 
                               und Meeresforschung
                             Columbusstrasse
                             Postfach 1201061
                             D-27515 Bremerhaven
                             Germany
                             Telephone: +49-471-4831-501
                             Telefax:   +49-471-4831-149 or -425
                             Telex:      238695 POLAR D
                             Internet:   efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de
d.   Ship:                   Polarstern
e.   Ports of call:          Cape Town, South Africa to Ushuaia, Argentina
f.   Cruise dates:           December 3, 1992 to January 22, 1993


A.2. CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

a.   GEOGRAPHIC boundaries: 

The first part of the cruise involved a transit from Cape Town south-southwest 
to Neumayer Station. ADCP, XBTs, and some mooring work were done during that 
transit. The repeat section, SR04, was begun near 70°31´S 9°9´W and proceeded 
northwest through the Weddell Sea to finish near 61°S 58°25´W. Another CTD 
transect was completed to the east of the Larsen Ice Shelf in the area between 
61°S and 69°S, 45°W to 60°42´W. The cruise finished with a transit from the 
South Shetland Islands across Drake Passage, during which ADCP and XBTs were 
done, to finish in Ushuaia near Cape Horn.

b.   Stations occupied: 

57 CTD-profiles (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) and discrete samples for 
temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and trace substances were done along 
SR04. A second transect with 20 stations was made from the edge of the Larsen 
Shelf Ice at 69°S 60°42´W towards the northeast.

c.   Floats and drifters deployed:  

No floats or drifters were deployed on this cruise.

d.   Moorings deployed or recovered: 

On the main section from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville Island 18 of 21 moorings 
were recovered (Fig. 7.2.3, Table 1) and 9 of them were exchanged (Table 2). The 
moorings to recover were equipped with 55 Aanderaa current meters (RCM4, RCM5 
RCM7, RCM8) as well as six Aanderaa thermistor cables and two Aanderaa water 
level recorders. In the near bottom layer nine EG&G acoustic current meters were 
used (ACM-2). On six moorings, upward-looking sonars (ULS) built by the 
Christian Michelsen Institute, were installed to measure the ice thickness. One 
mooring carried an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) from RD Instruments. 
The locations of the instruments in the moorings are shown in Fig. 7.2.6.

The recovery of the moorings was hampered by the malfunction of the acoustic 
releases. In water depths greater than 1500 m no reply signal could be received 
from the moored releases neither after interrogating nor after releasing, even 
when the instruments were returned to the surface and floating in sight of the 
ship in a distance of a few hundred meters. The missing communication link made 
it impossible to use the available ranging and bearing systems. Only due to the 
favorable ice conditions, serious losses did not occur. Normally some floats 
reached the surface in open water between the ice floes and could be located 
visually. Only one mooring was completely hidden under the ice after its release 
and was found only after some hours of searching.

Five times a mooring did not appear at the sea surface after being acoustically 
released, and dredging had to be tried. In three cases dredging was at least 
partially successful. The dredged moorings could not be recovered completely, 
from one only the ground weight and the release was obtained. One mooring was 
lost due to the rupture of the Kevlar dredging cable, which was used in order to 
increase the cable length to pick up the mooring with the release. The 
successful dredging indicates that unreliable acoustic releases are the most 
likely reason for the failure. The mooring KN4 and two moorings of the 
University of Southern California which were acoustically released on earlier 
cruises were dredged unsuccessfully.

Mooring 215 in a water depth of 448 m was most likely lost by contact with 
icebergs. It could neither be dredged nor acoustically ranged or released in 
spite of the shallow depth. Three other moorings had obviously been touched by 
icebergs, but only mooring 206-2 was seriously affected by the loss of the 
uppermost floats. Because the risk of damage by icebergs had to be accepted in 
order to obtain ice thickness and upper layer current measurements, moorings and 
instruments were designed to reduce the resistance to an iceberg in case of 
contact. The ULS in 150 m depth were protected by a conical floatation collar 
and the main buoyancy of the mooring was only in 250 m depth to allow the upper 
part of the mooring to be depressed by icebergs. The recovery rate of five out 
of six ULS proved that the taken precautions were efficient.

As a consequence of three complete and two partial losses of moorings, we lost 
15 current meters, one ULS and one water level recorder. From 59 recovered 
instruments, three were deployed only for one year and worked reliably, but only 
18 of the ones deployed for two years recorded longer than 600 days, whereas 30 
stopped after approximately one year due to the mismatch of power consumption 
and battery power, and eight instruments failed completely due to loss of memory 
or water intrusion. The five recovered ULS had to be returned to the Christian 
Michelsen Institute to read out the data due to a malfunction of the 
communication link.

Moorings recovered on the way from Cape Town to the Neumayer Station are shown 
in Table 3. Moorings deployed on the way from Cape Town to the same station are 
listed in Table 4. 



A.3. List of Principal Investigators

TABLE 5:  Principal investigators

Parameter     Investigator     Institution
------------  ---------------  -----------
CTD             E. Fahrbach    AWI
Salinity        E. Fahrbach    AWI
Oxygen          E. Fahrbach    AWI
Nutrients       K.-U. Richter  AWI
Carbon dioxide
Moorings
ADCP
XBTs
Thermosalinograph
Meteorology
Biological measurements
Bathymetry


A.4. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME AND METHODS

ITINERARY AND SUMMARY
     (E.   Fahrbach/AWI)

On 3 December 1992 the R.V. Polarstern left Cape Town to cross the Southern 
Ocean towards the Weddell Sea (Fig. 7.1.1). Oceanographic measurements from the 
moving ship started immediately on the continental shelf with XBT (Expendable 
Bathythermograph) and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) profiles. 
Additionally, the COMED-system to measure mixed layer temperature, salinity and 
the concentration of chlorophyll-a and humic substances as well as Raman- and 
Mie-backscattering was activated. The measurements showed a warm Agulhas ring 
and the Subtropical, Subantarctic and Polar Fronts during the transect across 
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The first iceberg was sighted at 44°45´S, 
10°23´E on 6 December and the Polar Front was crossed on 7 December at 48°20´S, 
07°20´E. Two moorings with sediment traps were recovered and redeployed in the 
area of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. At the mooring positions the first 
profiles with the CTD sonde (conductivity, temperature, depth) were measured. 
The ice edge was reached at 58°24´S, 02°15´E. The transition zone from the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Weddell Gyre was marked by a belt of 
frequent icebergs between 56° and 59°S. A third mooring was recovered in the 
northern Weddell Gyre boundary. On the way further south, towards Atka Bight we 
searched for some meteorological buoys and recovered one of them. At 65°00´S, 
08°48´W, the first biological station was carried out with a multinet. The CTD-
profile obtained at that station revealed a surprisingly high temperature of 
0.9°C in the temperature maximum of the Warm Deep Water. Even if the ice belt 
extended extremely far to the north when we left Cape Town, it decayed 
dramatically during our way to the south with the consequence that we could 
proceed rather undisturbed by the ice and reached the wide coastal polynya on 16 
December.

At the Neumayer-Station overwintering personnel and building crews disembarked 
to finish the new station and to dismantle the old one. Additional groups, which 
carried out drilling programs on the shelf ice with a hot water and an 
electrically heated system and the testing of an instrument to measure ice 
thickness by radar, I stayed at the station. Supply goods and equipment for the 
next overwintering period were deposited. During the night to 19 December we 
left the Atka Bight and followed the coastal polynya to the southwest. 

The basic scientific program in the Weddell Sea, on a transect from Kapp 
Norvegia to Joinville Island (Fig. 7.1.1), consisted of the measurement of 
vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and natural trace substances at 57 
hydrographic stations. On that transect 18 moorings with 79 instruments, current 
meters, thermistor chains, water level recorders and sediment traps were 
recovered and nine moorings were redeployed. Six upward-looking sonars are 
presently installed to measure ice thickness and five were recovered. The 
recovery was hampered by the malfunction of acoustic releases. The ones deeper 
than 1500 m meters and moored for two years did not respond with enough power to 
be acoustically ranged. Three of them did not release at all. Due to the 
favorable ice conditions and various dredging operations all but three moorings 
were recovered with a total loss of 16 instruments. 

The measurements aim to determine the circulation and the water mass 
distribution in the Weddell Gyre with the transports of mass, heat and salt. The 
data allow to estimate the rate of bottom water formation in the Weddell Sea 
which controls to a large extent the vertical exchange and consequently the 
ability of the ocean to store heat and dissolved substances. Bottom water 
formation determines the contribution of the Weddell Sea to the effect of the 
world ocean on climate variations. The investigations are part of the Weddell 
Gyre Study which began in 1989 in the framework of the World Ocean Circulation 
Experiment (WOCE). The preliminary data show that the mass transport of the 
cyclonic gyre of 30 106 m3s-1 is mainly determined by the 500 km wide boundary 
currents. In the interior an anticyclonic gyre transports about 3 m3s­1. In most 
part of the gyre the current direction reverses with depth. The outflow cycle. 
Longer period changes are especially visible in the temperature field. The most 
obvious variation was measured in the maximum temperature of the Warm Deep Water 
which increased significantly from 1990 to 1992.

The knowledge of the physical conditions provides the basis for chemical, 
biological and biogeochemical investigations. The biogeochemical programs 
referred to cycles of different inorganic and organic compounds in sea water and 
the exchange of carbon dioxide between ocean and atmosphere. The biological work 
focused on phyto- and zooplankton ecology. For this purpose 21 biological 
stations with multi- and bongo-net catches were carried out. Distribution of 
microbial biomass and respiratory activity was studied. Dissolved organic carbon 
and humic substances as well as dissolved and particulate sterns were measured. 
Altogether these programs contribute to a better understanding of the global 
carbon cycle and are to be viewed in the context of the Joint Global Ocean Flux 
Study (JGOFS). Special emphasis was given to the investigation of the effect of 
increasing UV-B radiation on Antarctic marine organisms.

With moderate winds, air temperatures at the freezing point and overcast sky we 
reached on 7 January the western ice edge at 64°34´S,44°25´W where the ice cover 
decreased from 90 to 10% within a short distance. The ice cover was split in two 
large bands which were separated by a rather open area in the center of the gyre 
and surrounded by the wide eastern and western polynyas. This structure was 
reflected in the hydrographic conditions and the status of the biological 
systems. Whereas in the area of the ice belt winter conditions still prevailed, 
the open areas, where light was available and the water column was stabilized by 
warming and melt water input, rich blooms had developed. In the eastern coastal 
polynya an advanced bloom of diatoms and Phaeocystis was observed. The one in 
the center was much less intense and obviously affected by grazing. In the west, 
where spring conditions prevailed since several weeks, the maximum of the diatom 
bloom was passed due to intensive grazing and a strong Phaeocystis bloom 
dominated the system. 

The station work on the main transect stopped east of Joinville Island. Due to 
the favorable ice conditions time was still available to take advantage at the 
unique conditions and to proceed to 69°S along the Larsen Ice Shelf (Fig. 
7.1.1), 50 nautical miles further south than C. A. Larsen when he explored this 
ice shelf in 1893. On the way we passed the Argentine Station "Marambio" on 
Seymour Island, where we could cultivate the international relations by a 
reception on board of "Polarstern". The shelf was cut by a series of depressions 
to a depth of 600 m which seemed to steer the cross shelf circulation. Sea 
surface temperatures of up to 2°C were observed in the polynya.

From 64°34´S,44°25´W we directed a transect with 20 CTD and four biological 
stations towards the northeast (Fig. 7.1.1). On the shelf three hauls with the 
Agassiz Trawl were carried out. The location of the transect was determined 
according to SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/lmager) satellite data of the ice 
cover as obtained from the Ice Centre of the Atmospheric Environment Service, 
Canada. It was in accordance with the satellite data, that we met heavy ice 
conditions only around 66°25´S,47°55´W where we were forced to turn northwest 
and to finish the transect at 64°48´S,47°35´W at about 40 nautical miles from 
our main transect. The hydrographic conditions on that transect indicate by low 
saline water overlying a thin near bottom higher saline layer, the admixture of 
Larsen Shelf water to the northward flowing Weddell Sea Bottom Water.

From the end of the transect Polarstern proceeded through the Antarctic Sound to 
King George Island where we deposited material at the Argentine "Jubany" Station 
which is now used jointly with German scientists. In the Maxwell Bight we met 
the Spanish R.V. "Hesperides" which was working in the Bransfield Strait and we 
transferred one of our CTDs. On our way to the Drake Passage we passed by 
Deception Island where we continued the oceanographic work from the moving ship 
across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with XBT, ADCP and COMED measurements. 
On 22 January 1993 "Polarstern" arrived at the port in Ushuaia.


SR04 ‹ PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Water masses and circulation in the Weddell Sea
    (T. Boehme, J. Corleis v. d. Voet, E. Fahrbach, H. Fischer, R. Hamann, L. 
     Kolb, A. Latten, G. Rohardt, E. Schutt, G. Seiss, V. Strass, H. Witte, F. 
     Zwein/AWI)


OBJECTIVES

The physical oceanography work was aimed at investigating the water mass 
distribution and circulation in the Weddell Sea in order to understand the 
influence of ocean, ice and atmosphere on the formation of water masses which 
leave the Weddell Gyre and affect the characteristics of the bottom water of the 
world oceans. The activities during ANT X/7 are part of a multiyear program, the 
Weddell Gyre Study, which contributes to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment 
(WOCE). During this programme, a hydrographic section between the northern tip 
of the Antarctic Peninsula and Kapp Norvegia (Fig. 7.1.1) was repeated four 
times. The repetition of the same section during different seasons and years 
allows to measure longer term mean conditions of water mass characteristics and 
to assess the seasonal as well as the interannual variability. The programme was 
initiated in 1989 with a hydrographic survey in late winter during which a set 
of seven current meter moorings was deployed. A second survey in early spring 
followed in 1990 during which the first set of moorings was recovered and a new 
set of 21 moorings was deployed. Early winter conditions were observed in 1992. 
However, due to the severe ice conditions during that cruise the section could 
not be covered completely. The present cruise was aimed to recover the 21 
moorings, to deploy a new set of 9 moorings and to obtain a summer survey.

The data from the moored current meters are used to describe the large scale 
current patterns of the Weddell Gyre and to estimate its volume transport. This 
can only be done with measurements from moored current meters, because of the 
contribution of the barotropic current field, which, for the time being, can 
only be derived from direct measurements as there is no indication on an 
appropriate reference level. Furthermore, intensive current fluctuations require 
long time series to determine statistically significant averages representative 
for those circulation patterns which are relevant to water mass formation. From 
the mass transport measured with the moored current meters and the water mass 
characteristics obtained during the hydrographic surveys, we can estimate heat 
and salt transports across the transect. The differences in volume between the 
water masses which are advected into the southwestern Weddell Sea and the ones 
which leave the area to the north reflect the formation of water masses south of 
the transect.

WORK AT SEA

The distribution of water mass characteristics along the hydrographic section 
from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville Island at the northern tip of the Antarctic 
Peninsula (Fig. 7.2.1) was measured with 57 CTD-profiles (Conductivity, 
Temperature, Depth) and discrete samples for temperature, salinity, oxygen, 
nutrients and trace substances. A second transect with 20 stations was made from 
the edge of the Larsen Shelf Ice at 69°S60°42´W towards the northeast (Fig. 
7.2.1). In order to measure during the available time the characteristics of the 
Weddell Sea Bottom Water as far south from the main section as possible, the 
location of the section was chosen to avoid areas with heavy pack ice.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

The sections of potential temperature, salinity and oxygen between Kapp Norvegia 
and Joinville Island (Fig. 7.2.9, 7.2.10, 7.2.13) show the typical water masses 
of the central Weddell Sea. The near surface layer is characterized during the 
summer by temperatures significantly above the freezing point, relatively low 
salinity and high oxygen concentrations. The Winter Water layer below it is 
obvious at a temperature minimum. In the section plots small scale structures 
and extreme values do not appear in the near surface and near bottom layers due 
to the applied smoothing procedures. The Winter Water is separated from the Warm 
Deep Water by a shallow thermo- and halocline. Its depth increases to several 
hundred meters from the open water towards the coast, above the upper 
continental slope in the east and the west. Due to its origin from the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current the Warm Deep Water causes a temperature and salinity 
maximum as well as an oxygen minimum. The Warm Deep Water is most pronounced 
near the eastern and western boundaries. The deeper parts of the water column 
are filled by Antarctic and Weddell Sea Bottom Waters, separated by the 
potential temperature of ­0.8°C. The newly formed Weddell Sea Bottom Water is 
most prominent at the western continental slope where the deepest temperatures 
and highest oxygen concentrations are found. On the continental slope off the 
Larsen Ice Shelf, between 1500 and 2500 m, a colder and saltier layer of only a 
few meters thickness is found under the lens of cold and fresh Weddell Sea 
Bottom Water (Fig. 7.2.11, 7.2.12). If the saline near bottom layer represents 
flow from the area of the Larsen Ice Shelf or water from the outflow of the 
Filchner Depression will be investigated in the course of the future analysis by 
use of all available parameters, in particular the stable isotope 180. On the 
shelf, in front of the Larsen Ice Shelf, depressions of up 600 m depth (Fig. 
7.2.15) could guide the flow to the deep sea. Significant variability of sea 
surface temperature and salinity are indicative of cross shelf flow, however, no 
supercooled water can be detected in the XBT records (Fig. 7.2.16).

Comparison of the near surface water mass characteristics observed during the 
present cruise, with the ones measured during ANT IX/2 from 17 November to 31 
December 1990 and ANT VIII/2 from 6 September to 30 October 1989, reveals the 
seasonal progress by the development of the summer surface water layer with 
increasing temperatures and decreasing salinities (Fig. 7.2.17) from late winter 
through spring to summer. However, as the present cruise occurred only two to 
four weeks later than ANT IX/2, not only seasonal change contributes to the 
differences, but interannual variability has also to be taken into account. It 
is obvious from the ice conditions that the present observations are subject to 
significant interannual variations. This is supported by the conditions in the 
Winter Water and Warm Deep Water layers (Fig. 7.2.18) which are significantly 
warmer during the present survey than in 1990.

The measurements from the moored current meters reveal the large scale 
circulation pattern of the Weddell Gyre. The record long average flow across the 
transect from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville Island is shown in Fig. 7.2.19. The 
structure of the cyclonic gyre is determined by the western and eastern boundary 
currents with annual mean speeds of up to 16 cm/s in the east and 11 cm/s in the 
west. The volume transport of the boundary currents which are approximately 500 
km wide amounts to 25 x 106 m3/s. The interior of the Weddell Sea circulation 
consists of an anticyclonic circulation cell of about 1000 km diameter. There, 
the current has an important component in the direction of the transect. 
Therefore, the annual mean speeds amount to 1 cm/s, whereas the flow across the 
transect is smaller than 0.5 cm/s. The transport of the interior anticyclonic 
gyre amounts to 3 x 106 m3/s. The vertical distribution of the current indicates 
a significant baroclinic component. Almost in the whole basin the flow reverses 
in the near bottom layers. This flow pattern suggests that the newly formed 
Weddell Sea Bottom Water leaves the southern part of the basin in the west. 
Partly, it recirculates in the interior supporting a secondary outflow in the 
east.

The average current system is subject to intensive fluctuations. Whereas the 
seasonal cycle dominates the variability of the eastern boundary current, it is 
barely visible in the west (Fig. 7.2.20). However, the temperature of the 
outflowing Weddell Sea Bottom water is subject to a clear seasonal cycle. In the 
interior only higher frequency fluctuations are present. The currents do not 
show a significant longer term trend, while the records of the thermistor cables 
(Fig. 7.2.20) indicate an increase of the maximum temperature in the Warm Deep 
Water layer during the two years of the observation period. This is consistent 
with the CTD measurements. Simultaneously, the temperatures of the outflowing 
Weddell Sea Bottom Water decrease (Fig. 7.2.20). The correlation of the observed 
seasonal and interannual variability of the oceanic circulation and temperatures 
with the fluctuations of the atmospheric driving forces and ice conditions will 
be investigated when the complete data sets will be available.


STRUCTURE OF THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT
    (T. Boehme, J. Corleis v. d. Voet, M. Damm, E. Fahrbach, H. Fischer, R. 
     Hamann, L. Kolb, A. Latten, G. Seiss, V. Strass, M. Tibcken, H. Witte, F. 
     Zwein/AWI)

OBJECTIVES

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the connection between three ocean basins. 
Its major transport occurs in oceanic fronts, the Subtropical, the Subantarctic 
and the Polar Front. In the area of our observations the boundary between the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Weddell Gyre is of special interest. In 
spite of the dominant zonal component of the mean current, significant 
meridional transports occur which are to a large extent caused by mesoscale 
fluctuations. These fluctuations are of interest also to the dynamics of the 
current, because they are transferring the momentum from the surface to the deep 
water. Measurements in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, made repeatedly 
underway and by moored current meters, aim at obtaining better statistics of the 
fluctuations and the fronts.

WORK AT SEA

On the way to and from the major working area 166 XBTs (Table 10 and Table 11) 
were launched and current profiles were measured with a vessel mounted acoustic 
Doppler sonar current meter (VM-ADCP) to gather information on the variability 
of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. In the area of the Antarctic Polar Frontal 
Zone and the northern boundary of the Weddell Gyre three current meter moorings 
were recovered and two were deployed (Table 3 and Table 4). The COMED system was 
recording temperature, salinity, Raman- and Mie-backscattering, fluorescence and 
chlorophyll in the ice free parts of the transects. 

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

The data from the XBTs show the typical structure of the Circumpolar Current 
with the associated fronts on the southbound transect from Cape Town to 
Antarctica (Fig. 7.2. 21) and in Drake Passage (Fig. 7.2.22). A statistical 
analysis is only possible in connection with the data from previous and further 
cruises.

A.5. MAJOR PROBLEMS AND GOALS NOT ACHIEVED

On the transect across the Drake Passage, the VM-ADCP measurements are degraded 
due to the failure of the ship´s pitch and roll platforms.

A.6. OTHER INCIDENTS OF NOTE

None noted.

A.7. LIST OF CRUISE PARTICIPANTS

Cruise participants are listed in Table 6. The participating institutions and 
their addresses and the abbreviations used in this report are given in Table 7.


TABLE 6:  Cruise participants

Name                                            RESPONSIBILITY    Institution
------------------      --------------------------------------    -----------
Ahlers, Petra                                                     AWI
Balen van, Antonius                                               NIOZ
Baumann, Marcus                                                   AWI
Boehme, Tobias                                                    AWI/FPB
Brandini, Frederico                                               CBM
Büchner, Jurgen                                                   HSW
Corleis v. d. Voet, Janja                                         AWI          
Döhler, Gunter                                                    BIF
Fahl, Kirstin                                                     AWI
Fahrbach, Eberhard     CHIEF SCIENTIST, CTD, SALINITY, OXYGEN     AWI
Fischer, Haika                                                    AWI/FPB
Goeyens, Leo                                                      AWI/VUB
Gorny, Mathias                                                    AWI
Günther, Sven                                                     AWI
Hamann, Rudolph                                                   AWI/FPB
Hanke, Georg                                                      AWI
Hillebrandt, Marc-Oliver                                          HSW
Hoppema, Mario                                                    AWI/NIOZ
Jesse, Sandra                                                     AWI
Klatt, Olaf                                                       AWI/FPB
Kolb, Leif                                                        AWI/FPB
Kurbjeweit, Frank                                                 AWI
Latten, Andrees                                                   AWI/FPB
Lundström,Volker                                                  HSW
Nachtigäller, Jutta                                               DUI
Richter, Klaus-Uwe                                   NUTRIENTS    AWI
Riegger, Lieselotte                                               AWI
Rohardt, Gerd                                                     AWI
Röttgers, Rudiger                                                 AWI
Schreiber, Detlef                                                 HSW
Schröder, Sabine                                                  AWI
Schütt, Ekkehard                                                  AWI
Schweimler, Imgrun                                                AWI/FPB
Seifert, Wolfgang                                                 DWD
Seiss, Guntram                                                    AWI/FPB
Skoog, Annelie                                                    AMK
Sonnabend, Hartmut                                                DWD
Strass, Volker                                                    AWI
Tibcken, Michael                                                  AWI
Vosjan, Jan H.                                                    NIOZ
Wedborg, Margareta                                                AMK
Witte, Hannelore                                                  AWI
Zwein, Frank                                                      AWI/FPB

     TO NEUMAYER-STATION  
Ahammer, Heinz                                                    PM
Behnsen, Uwe                                                      AWi
Behrens, Detlev                                                   KRA
Damm, Michael                                                     AWI
Eckstaller, Alfons                                                AWI
El Naggar, Saad El D.                                             AWI
Etspüler, Wolfgang                                                AWI
Gruhne, Mario                                                     AWI
Heinrich, Andreas                                                 TRE
Hofmann, Jorg                                                     AWI
Koenig, Roland                                                    TRE
Mertens, Rolf                                                     KRA
Muhle, Heiko                                                      AWI
Nixdorf, Uwe                                                      AWI
Nolting, Michael                                                  AWI
Reder, Giselher                                                   CN
Reiter, Alois                                                     AWI
Rosenberger, Andreas                                              AWI
Schneider, Hans                                                   AWI
Strecke, Volker                                                   AWI
Terzenbach, Uwe                                                   AWI
Trendelkamp,Joseph                                                TRE
Tüg, Helmut                                                       AWI
Wlcht, Manfred                                                    AWI
Wissing Manfred                                                   TRE
Witt, Raif                                                        AWI
Wunder, Hans                                                      CN
Zmmermann, Frerich                                                CN


TABLE 7:  Participating Institutions

GERMANY

AWI   Alfred-Wegener-lnstitute fur Polar- und Meeresforschung
      Columbusstrasse
      275 68 Bremerhaven
      Aussenstelle Potsdam
      Telegraphenberg A43
      144 73 Potsdam

BIF   Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat
      Botanisches Institut
      Siesmayerstr. 70
      W-6000 Frankfurt am Main 11

DUI   Deutsches Obersee-lnstitut
      Neuer Jungfernstieg 21
      W-2000 Hamburg 36

DWD   Deutscher Wetterdienst, Seewetteramt
      Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76
      2000 Hamburg 4

FBB   Universitat Bremen
      Meeresbotanik, FB2
      Postfach 33 04 40
      2800 Bremen 33

FGB   Universitat Bremen
      Fachbereich Geowissenschaften FB5
      Postfach 33 04 40
      2800 Bremen 33

HSW   Helicopter Service, Wasserthal GmbH
      Katnerweg 43
      2000 Hamburg 65

IFM   Institut fur Meereskunde
      Abt. Planktologie
      Dusternbrooker Weg 20
      2300 Kiel 1

SFB   Universitat Kiel
      SFB 313
      Olshausenstr. 40-60
      2300 Kiel 1

UOL   Universitat Oldenburg
      Fachbereich Physik 8
      Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11
      2900 Oldenburg

UNU   Universitat Ulm
      Abt. Analyt. Chemie & Umweltchemie
      Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
      7900 Ulm

BELGIUM

VUB   Vrije Universiteit Brussel-Anch
      Pleinlaan 2
      B-1050 Brussel, BELGIUM
      Groupe de Microbiologie des Milieux Aquatiques

ULB   Universite Libre de Bruxelles ULB
      Campus de la Plaine, CP 221
      B-1050 Brussels, BELGIUM

BRASIL

CBM   Centro de Biologia Marinha/UFPr
      Av. Beira Mar s/n, Pontal do Sul
      Paranagua 83200, PR, Brasil

DENMARK

MBL   K0benhavns Universitet Marine Biological Laboratory
      Strandpromenaden 5
      DK-3000 Helsing0r, Denmark

ESTONIA

IEMR  Institute of Ecology and Marine Research
      Paldiski Road 1
      200031 Tallinn, Estonia
      France

IEM   Universite de Bretagne Occidentale
      Institut d'Etudes Marines
      Laboratoire de Chimie des Ecosystemes Marins
      Avenue V. Le Gorgeu
      F-29287 Brest Cedex, France

NETHERLANDS

NIOZ  Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee NIOZ
      Postbox 59
      NL-1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands

IBN   Institute for Forestry & Nature Research (IBN-DLO)
      Postbox 167
      NL-1790 AD Den Burg, The Netherlands

SWEDEN

AMK   University of Goteborg and
      Chalmers University of Technology
      Analytical and Marine Chemistry
      S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

OSU   Oregon State University
      College of Oceanography
      Oceanography Admin. Bld. 104
      Corvaliis, Oregon 97331-5503, U.S.A.

TO NEUMAYER STATION

CN Fa.  Christiani & Nielsen
        Basedowstr.
        W-2000 Hamburg 26

KRA Fa. J.H. Kramer
        Labradorstr.
        W-2850 Bremerhaven

TRE Fa. Trendelkamp Stahl und Maschinenbau
        Westring 18
        W-4418 Nordwalde

PM POLARMAR GmbH
        Burger
        W-2850 Bremerhaven



B.   UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS

B.1. NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY 

B.2. ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (ADCP) 

B.3. THERMOSALINOGRAPH AND UNDERWAY DISSOLVED GASSES

B.4. EXPENDABLE BATHYTHERMOGRAPH AND SALINITY MEASUREMENTS 

XBT sections were carried out during the crossing of the western ice edge 
(Table 8) and off the Larsen Ice Shelf (Table 9). Because the XBTs had a high 
failure rate, most likely due to the low water temperatures, the sections have 
large gaps.

The deployment locations of XBTs launched during the transit of the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current from Cape Town to Atka Bight are given in Table 10. The 
launch locations of XBTs deployed during the transit across the Drake Passage 
are given in Table 11.


B.5. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
     (W. Seifert, H. Sonnabend/DWD)

During the first week of December the South Atlantic high-pressure-centre was 
situated relatively far north, near 25°S. Therefore a strong westerly flow 
formed an intensive frontal zone with a well developed gale centre southwest of 
Bouvet Island. It forced warm wave depressions from subtropical latitudes and 
secondary lows moving form the Drake Passage eastward in its steering 
circulation system which maintained the baroclinic structure. "Polarstern" 
passed the rear of the gale centre with southwesterly gales and wave heights up 
to 5 m. Reaching the sea-ice-belt the sea state weakened in spite of crossing 
cold fronts with snow showers and gusty conditions.

By mid-December the circulation pattern changed. The development of an intensive 
gale centre at the Antarctic Peninsula and the southeastern Weddell Sea 
generated a high pressure ridge over the eastern Weddell Sea with a descending 
air flow and rapidly decreasing cloud cover giving rise to sunny sky with light 
to moderate southerly winds during the stay at the Neumayer-Station.

During the following week the high pressure ridge moved northward while 
secondary lows formed at the western flank of the low east of Bouvet Island near 
20°E. Wave depressions embedded in the southwesterly flow produced gusty 
flurries. The weak anticyclonic southwesterly flow, locally interrupted by small 
embedded mesoscale waves persisted until 10. January 1993. The development of 
such waves is frequently observed in the Weddell Sea. It is caused by the 
vertical transport of mass and water vapor over regions with no or weak ice 
cover and water temperatures higher than ­1°C. The typical range of the 
mesoscale waves is 200 to 500 km. They form a vortex with frontal structures and 
the associated wind and weather conditions.

Towards mid-January, the high pressure system weakened and one of the mesoscale 
lows moved from the Filchner Shelf west-northwestwards under the influence of an 
upper secondary trough as part of the northeastern Antarctic low pressure 
system. It developed to a gale centre and became stationary two days later 
northeast of the Antarctic Sound with a core pressure below 975 hPa. At its rear 
the southerly winds increased to gale force Beaufort 8 to 9 with gusty snow 
showers and sea heights in open waters up to 3 m. The southerly winds were 
forced as barrier winds by the Antarctic Peninsula from southwest to northeast. 
By 15 January the low filled slowly up, while a high was moving from the 
southern Pacific across the Antarctic Peninsula to the western Weddell Sea 
inducing a weak pressure gradient with light southeasterly winds.

During the last five days of the cruise an intensive storm centre formed far 
northwest of the Drake Passage with eastward moving secondary lows developing at 
the occlusion point off the Drake Passage. With strong northerly winds and gusty 
snow showers "Polarstern" crossed the Antarctic Sound and reached the "Jubany" 
station under a following high pressure ridge. Another intensive gale centre 
west of the Drake Passage produced a stormy secondary low moving quickly east 
with northeasterly gales, force Beaufort 8, and waves up to 3.5 m. In a 
following ridge the wind decreased to force 4 Beaufort but the visibility became 
rather poor.

The meteorological conditions were favorable to achieve the objectives of the 
cruise. The wind statistics show that 70% of all observations were below force 
6 Beaufort (22 knots). The predominant wind directions were southerly to 
southwesterly in contrast to other years as 1990 when during ANTIX/2 easterly 
directions were frequently observed (Fig. 7.5.1). The zonal wind component 
averaged along the main transect was approximately 5 knots, while the longtime 
mean value for December and January averaged along 65°S over the same longitudes 
is ­2 knots,**** How can wind velocity, here expressed as magnitude, be 
negative?**** representing easterly wind components. The circulation seemed to 
differ from the typical pattern with a dominant low over the western Weddell Sea 
which would produce easterly winds south of 65°S due to the frequent formation a 
high pressure ridge over the Weddell Sea (Fig. 7.5.2). From the time series of 
surface air temperature, surface pressure and wind direction it appears that the 
wave depressions were triggered convective processes and not by advection.

B.6. ICE CONDITIONS 
     (T. Boehme, E. Fahrbach, H. Fischer, R. Hamann, L. Kolb, A. Latten, G. 
      Seiss, F. Zwein/AWI)

On 10 December 1992 hourly routine ice observations began with a more detailed 
observation every three hours. The first iceberg had been sighted at 44°45´S, 
10°23´E on 6 December. The ice edge was reached at 58°24´S, 02°15´E. The 
transition zone from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Weddell Gyre was 
marked by a belt of frequent icebergs between 56° and 59°S. Even if the ice belt 
extended extremely far to the north when we left Cape Town, it decayed 
dramatically during our way to the south with the consequence that we could 
proceed rather undisturbed by the ice and reached the wide coastal polynya on 16 
December. The ice concentration on a transect from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville 
Island was split in two large scale bands which were separated by a rather open 
area in the center of the gyre and surrounded by the wide eastern and western 
polynyas (Fig. 7.6.1, 7.6.2). The western ice edge, where the ice cover 
decreased from 90 to 10% within a short distance was reached on 7 January at 
64°34´S, 44°25´W. From 64°34´S, 44°25´W, we directed a transect towards the 
northeast according to the satellite data on the ice cover which we obtained 
from the Canadian Ice Center of the Atmospheric Environment Service. We met 
heavy ice conditions only at 66°25´S, 47°55´W which forced us to turn northwest 
and to finish the transect at 64°48´S, 47°35´W at about 40 nautical miles from 
our main transect. The ice observation record is available on diskette.

C.   HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

C.1. CTD

The CTD-measurements were carried out with a NB Mark IIIB sonde connected to a 
General Oceanics rosette water sampler with 24 12-liter bottles. 

The quality of the CTD-data relies on the laboratory calibrations of the 
temperature and pressure sensors made before the cruise at the Scripps 
Institution of Oceanography. The performance of the instrument during the cruise 
was controlled by use of SIS digital thermometers and pressure meters as well as 
Gohla mercury reversing thermometers. The pre-cruise temperature and pressure 
calibration values were applied to the measurements on board. ***Need these 
calibration values and how the measurements were fit to the calibrations **** 
The conductivity readings of the CTD were corrected by means of salinity 
measurements from the rosette water samples. The means and the standard 
deviations of the salinity differences between bottle samples and CTD readings 
for each profile are shown together with the number of samples for each profile 
in Fig. 7.2.2. Due to the stratification of the water column the scatter of the 
differences is higher in the upper levels. Therefore only differences in levels 
deeper than 500 m are used and displayed in Fig. 7.2.2 to get an impression of 
the quality of the instruments and processing. The preliminary data presented in 
this report are corrected by a constant offset of 0.0588. The accuracy of the 
preliminary data was estimated to 4 m°C in temperature, 4 dbar in pressure and 
0.005 PSU in salinity. The final data will be available after the post cruise 
laboratory calibration. The salinity correction will take into account the 
slight time drift which was observed.


C.2. WATER SAMPLE SALINITIES

The salinity of the water samples was determined with a Guildline Autosal 8400 A 
salinometer in reference to IAPSO Standard Seawater (**** Need batch 
number****). The salinities are given in PSU and calculated by use of the UNESCO 
Practical Salinity Scale (PSS78). 


C.3. WATER SAMPLE OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS

During the cruise the concentration of dissolved oxygen was measured by means of 
a computer controlled SIS Winkler-titrator from 1923 water samples taken at 81 
stations. The precision of the measurements was estimated by means of three 
calibration stations where all water bottles were closed in the same depth and 
24 samples were taken. The standard error of each station ranged between 0.04 
and 0.09 pM with a standard deviation from 0.19 to 0.44 mM corresponding to a 
precision of 0.1 to 0.2%. For the continuous control of precision, 238 double 
samples were taken from the same bottle during the cruise.


C.4. DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE WEDDELL SEA
     (P. Ahlers, K.-U. Richter, S. Schroder/AWI)

OBJECTIVES

The near surface layers, in particular the Winter Water, of the Weddell Gyre are 
supplied with nutrients by entrainment and upwelling of Warm Deep Water. 
Therefore, macronutrients are generally not considered as limiting factors for 
phytoplankton production in the Weddell Sea. Our objective was to measure the 
distribution of the nutrients on a transect through the Weddell Gyre from Kapp 
Norvegia to the Antarctic Peninsula and on a second transect from the Larsen Ice 
Shelf to the northeast.

WORK AT SEA

Water samples were collected with the oceanographic rosette sampler and analyzed 
on a Technicon Autoanalyzer II system. Nitrate was determined as nitrite after 
reduction with cadmium and reaction with sulfanilamide and N-(1naphtyl)-
ethylendiamin dihydrochloid as red colored azodye at l=520 nm. Ammonium was 
measured as blue colored indophenole at l=630 nm after the reaction with 
phenolate and hypochlorite under alkaline conditions (Berthelot reaction). For 
the determination of silicate and phosphate the compounds react with ammonium 
molybdate by forming a blue molybdate-complex that was measured at l=660 nm 
respectively at l=880 nm.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

As an example for the distribution of nutrients in the different water masses of 
the Weddell Sea the concentration of silicate is shown on the transect from Kapp 
Norvegia to Joinville Island (Fig. 7.3.1). The near surface layers are 
characterized by a strong vertical gradient due to nutrient consumption by 
phytoplankton in the euphotic zone. In the deeper layers of the Warm Deep Water 
and the Antarctic Bottom Water the concentration values between 120 and 130 mM 
vary only slightly with two exceptions. Silicate values higher then 130 mM 
indicate the inflow of silicate enriched Antarctic Bottom Water from the Enderby 
Basin near the eastern continental slope below 4000 m depth. At the western 
continental slope a distinct silicate minimum below 1500 m depth is related to 
the Weddell Sea Bottom Water. It is most pronounced with values of less than 
95 mM between 2000 and 3000 meters depth. The low silicate concentrations near 
the bottom extent almost over the total Weddell Basin and indicate the spreading 
of the Weddell Sea Bottom Water. The nitrate values show comparable structures 
with a strong gradient in the near surface layers and the influence of the 
Weddell Sea Bottom Water (Fig. 7.3.2). A nutrient maximum is related to the Warm 
Deep Water which is more pronounced in the western part of the gyre (Sta. 44 - 
61) with maximum nitrate concentrations higher then 35 mM between 300 and 1000 
m. In the Weddell Sea Bottom Water the concentration decrease to values below 33 
 mM.

The surface values of nitrate, silicate and phosphate reflect the biological 
conditions (Fig. 7.3.3). Due to the extensive bloom of large phytoplankton 
stocks in the coastal polynya off Kapp Norvegia (Sta. 13 to 23) and off the 
Antarctic Peninsula (Sta. 61 to 64), nutrients were remarkably depleted. The 
silicate concentration reached values of less than 58 mM in the eastern bloom 
and 62 mM in the western one. Similar minima are found in the nitrate and 
phosphate concentrations for both bloom areas with nitrate values of 19.8 mM in 
the east and 16.7 mM in the west and with phosphate values of 1.43 mM and 
1.12 mM respectively. A slight depletion at approximately 700 km from the 
western boundary, at the Sta. 47 to 49, can be related to a third bloom area. In 
contrast to the bloom areas, the nutrient concentrations are high elsewhere 
(Sta. 24 to 44). The concentrations range from 70 mM to 77 mM for silicate, from 
26.2 mM to 30.0 mM for nitrate and from 1.77 mM to 1.99 mM for phosphate.


C.5. CARBON DIOXIDE CHEMISTRY IN THE WEDDELL SEA
     (J.M.J. Hoppema, I. Schweimler/AWI)

OBJECTIVES

Carbon dioxide is a widely known greenhouse gas, whose concentration in the 
atmosphere has increased because of anthropogenic causes. The oceans are the 
most important sink of anthropogenic CO2 and among those the polar oceans are 
thought to be pivotal. For the Southern Ocean the details of the possible uptake 
of CO2 are still unclear. Particular attention will be given to the following 
points:

1. Partial pressures of CO2 in sea water and atmosphere. The difference between  
   those two is the driving force for the exchange of CO2 between both 
   reservoirs, which will be used to estimate the sink (or source) function of 
   the Weddell Sea.

2. Factors governing the CO2-system. For this purpose the total-CO2 and 
   alkalinity will be correlated with other properties such as salinity, oxygen, 
   nutrients etc.

3. Total-CO2 and alkalinity are unique properties of water masses. Their 
   potential as a tracer will be investigated.

4. Differences between the present measurements and those in winter, which were 
   performed during June and July 1992 in the Weddell Sea, will be analyzed.

WORK AT SEA

CO2 dissolved in sea water is actually part of a system of chemical equilibria, 
where the main component is the bicarbonate ion. Because of this it is not 
trivial to measure CO2, but rather one has to determine the CO2-system. Knowing 
two measurable quantities of the system enables calculation of all other system 
parameters. During this cruise, measurements were done of three parameters, 
notably, total-CO2 (TCO2), which is all inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and 
the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). In addition, the pCO2 of air was measured.

On almost all stations, where water was collected with the CTD-Rosette sampler 
TCO2 was determined with a standard coulometric method. Thus complete depth 
profiles were obtained for TCO2. Alkalinity was measured by means of a rapid 
potentiometric titration with open vessel. The alkalinity will be calculated 
from the titration data using the Gran method. As for TCO2, samples were 
analyzed for alkalinity at almost all CTD-stations, but at about half of the 
stations only the surface layer until 200 m was sampled. In between stations 
semi-continuous measurements for pCO2 were done. The water was taken in from 
about 9 m below the surface and continuously sprayed into an equilibrator where 
it was brought to equilibrium with air. Via a chemical dryer this air was pumped 
through a non-dispersive infrared Analyzer (Li-cor) where the absorption caused 
by CO2 was recorded. In the same way the CO2 concentration of marine air from 
approximately 20 m above sea level was obtained.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Fig. 7.3.4 shows a depth profile of TCO2 of a station in the centre of the 
Weddell Gyre. It has to be kept in mind that data are indeed preliminary and 
further processing has to be done. This can change the figure slightly, but will 
not significantly affect the shape of the profile. The profile shows a CO2 
depletion in the surface layer compared to the deep and bottom waters, which is 
mainly biologically mediated. At about 500 m there is a TCO2 maximum, indicating 
the depth where the Warm Deep Water exerts its largest influence. The depth of 
the TCO2 maximum in the Weddell Sea is not constant. In the surface layers a 
large variation of the TCO2 content was observed, with generally high values in 
the centre of the Weddell Gyre and values up to 100 mmol/l lower in the western 
Weddell Sea. The TCO2 values in the central Weddell Sea were comparable to 
values measured in the winter. The continuous pCO2 measurements confirmed this 
trend in the TCO2 data. In the central Weddell Sea the pCO2Of the sea water was 
always close to atmospheric values, whereas in the western Weddell Sea there was 
always undersaturation of CO2 with respect to the atmosphere, with values 
decreasing to approximately 150 ppm.


C.6. ORGANIC CARBON AND HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN THE WEDDELL SEA
     (A. Skoog, M. Wedborg/AMK)

OBJECTIVES

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean is the largest organic carbon 
reservoir in the global carbon cycle. It may be of importance as a sink of 
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Substantial quantities of DOM, mainly in the form of 
humic substances (HS), are added to the ocean by the rivers. The fate of this 
DOM, which is often referred to as biologically refractory, is uncertain. In the 
literature it has been reported that structural units, typical of terrestrial 
vascular plants are present in HS from the deep ocean, and that the marine HS 
can be quite old, between 5,000 and 10,000 years. This suggests that terrestrial 
DOM may be of significance as a part of the marine HS. The objective of this 
project was to increase the scarce information on total/dissolved organic carbon 
(TOC/DOC) and HS in the open ocean. The Weddell Sea is of special interest 
because the direct influence from the Antarctic continent is assumed to be 
negligible, while the biological productivity in the water column can be high.

WORK AT SEA

Water samples for determination of TOC/DOC and HS were taken at all but ten CTD 
stations. TOC/DOC was determined by the high temperature catalytic oxidation 
method, and HS by fluorescence spectrophotometry, excitation 350 nm, emission 
450 nm. The samples were normally processed within a few hours after sampling. 
HS were isolated on Amberlite XAD-2 columns, mainly for the purpose of 
estimating the fraction of TOC/DOC that is present as HS.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

The concentrations of TOC/DOC and HS found in the Weddell Sea were slightly 
lower than those from the Atlantic water in the deep Skagerrak, approximately 40 
to 50 mM of TOC/DOC and 0.2 to 0.7 mg/l (as quinine sulphate equivalents, QS) of 
HS. For TOC/DOC, the concentration normally increased towards the surface, 
whereas for HS the lowest concentrations were in most cases found at the 
surface, and a maximum at approximately 500 to 1000 m. At a few stations, some 
of which had a high biological productivity (e.g. Sta. 14 and 62, 72 to 76), the 
HS profile showed an increase at the surface but the TOC profiles for the 
stations with a high biological productivity were not notably different from 
those of the other stations (Fig. 7.3.5). For stations 79 to 85 the HS profiles 
resembled that of Sta. 62, with a marked decrease near the bottom, but without 
the increase at the surface (Fig. 7.3.5). The concentrations of TOC and HS in 
brown ice were found to be two to ten times as high as in the water column.

D.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

When we left "Polarstern" in Ushuaia, we all felt that we had an extremely 
successful cruise which was obviously to a large extent due to the most 
favorable ice and weather conditions and due the outstanding technical 
facilities of "Polarstern". However, it was obvious to us all, that only the 
continuous efforts of Master Jonas, his officers and his crew gave us the 
possibility to use this outstanding instrument. It was not only the active 
support which helped us to overcome difficult situations, but it was the hearty 
mood on board which made this cruise not only to a scientific success, but a 
cheerful adventure.

E.  REFERENCES


APPENDIX I:  CTD Measurements during AQANTX/7                                  
             
Instrument : Neil Brown CTD, Mark IIIB, Sn: 1069, BJ: 1984                     
                                                                               
             CTD temperature sensor : Rosemount Platinum                       
                                      Thermometer                              
             resolution :     0.0005 deg C                                     
             accuracy   : +/- 0.005  deg C                                     
             CTD pressure sensor    : Paine Model                              
             resolution :     0.1 dbar                                         
             accuracy   : +/- 6.5 dbar                                         
             CTD conductivity sensor : EG&G NBIS                               
             resolution :     0.001 mmho                                       
             accuracy   : +/- 0.005 mmho                                       
                                                                               
Software   : EG&G Oceansoft MkIII/SCTD Aquisition Version 2.01                 
                               CTD postprocessing Version 1.12                 
Time lag   : 0.05 s                                                            
                                                                               
Pressure pre-cruise calibration coefficients                                   
                                                                               
a1 = -1.022974E+01                                                             
a2 =  6.503845E-03                                                             
a3 = -1.175345E-05                                                             
a4 =  7.631715E-09                                                             
a5 = -2.169818E-12                                                             
a6 =  2.851089E-16                                                             
a7 = -1.427193E-20                                                             
                                                                               
dp = a1 +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4 +a6*p**5 +a7*p**6                     
 p = p + dp                                                                    
                                                                               
no post-cruise calibration for the calibration data are the same               
                                                                               
Temperature pre-cruise calibration coefficients                                
                                                                               
a1 = -2.992423E+00                                                             
a2 = -6.467617E-04                                                             
a3 = -1.247109E-05                                                             
a4 =  1.406644E-06                                                             
a5 = -1.906594E-08                                                             
                                                                               
dt = a1 +a2*t +a3*t**2 +a4*t**3 +a5*t**4                                       
 t = t + dt                                                                    
                                                                               
no post-cruise calibration for the calibration data are the same               
                                                                               
-----------------------------------------------------                          
correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples                
( conductivity of the salinometer data)                                        
evaluation of the coefficients with the mean of 14 stations                    
CD = ( CONDUCTIVITY SALINOMETER - CONDUCTIVITY CTD ) * 1000                    
CD = A0 + A1*PRES + A2*PRES**2 + A3*PRES**3                                    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------   
STATION        A0             A1             A2             A3                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------   
                                                                               
00301    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
00501    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
00801    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01003    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01101    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01202    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01301    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01401    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01501    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01702    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
01901    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
02001    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
02101    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
02201    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
02301    0.40097E+02    0.13961E-02   -0.62035E-06    0.78273E-10              
                                                                               
correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples                
evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 7 stations             
                                                                               
02401    0.44965E+02   -0.86689E-03    0.42263E-06   -0.47595E-10              
02505    0.44965E+02   -0.86689E-03    0.42263E-06   -0.47595E-10              
02601    0.44965E+02   -0.86689E-03    0.42263E-06   -0.47595E-10              
02702    0.44965E+02   -0.86689E-03    0.42263E-06   -0.47595E-10              
02802    0.43822E+02    0.48446E-03   -0.25160E-06    0.42966E-10              
02901    0.43835E+02    0.32420E-03   -0.14951E-06    0.28644E-10              
03001    0.43919E+02    0.18689E-03   -0.10745E-06    0.23665E-10              
03102    0.44038E+02    0.21539E-04   -0.73212E-07    0.21681E-10              
03201    0.44107E+02    0.58768E-04   -0.83728E-07    0.20917E-10              
03301    0.44296E+02   -0.26691E-03    0.46702E-07    0.29663E-11              
03401    0.44689E+02   -0.51701E-03    0.15368E-06   -0.10712E-10              
03501    0.45097E+02   -0.10554E-02    0.44458E-06   -0.52303E-10              
03606    0.45559E+02   -0.14528E-02    0.55199E-06   -0.61322E-10              
03701    0.45726E+02   -0.18585E-02    0.80565E-06   -0.98044E-10              
03804    0.45772E+02   -0.20032E-02    0.84883E-06   -0.10243E-09              
03901    0.45779E+02   -0.20912E-02    0.87895E-06   -0.10570E-09              
04002    0.45903E+02   -0.21774E-02    0.91354E-06   -0.10854E-09              
04105    0.45454E+02   -0.98999E-03    0.38891E-06   -0.44703E-10              
04201    0.45211E+02   -0.14068E-03   -0.65040E-08    0.59972E-11              
04301    0.44979E+02    0.48931E-03   -0.26277E-06    0.34550E-10              
04405    0.45075E+02    0.90788E-03   -0.52558E-06    0.76034E-10              
04501    0.45334E+02    0.82027E-03   -0.48796E-06    0.75557E-10              
04601    0.45851E+02    0.46172E-03   -0.34841E-06    0.59039E-10              
04709    0.45734E+02    0.38609E-03   -0.33138E-06    0.59671E-10              
04802    0.45946E+02    0.21605E-03   -0.41581E-06    0.83885E-10              
04901    0.46239E+02   -0.68338E-03   -0.13293E-07    0.35283E-10              
05001    0.46660E+02   -0.15578E-02    0.48073E-06   -0.32647E-10              
05107    0.47010E+02   -0.21735E-02    0.70932E-06   -0.55246E-10              
05201    0.47566E+02   -0.31364E-02    0.11145E-05   -0.10517E-09              
05301    0.47907E+02   -0.36161E-02    0.13570E-05   -0.13784E-09              
05409    0.48284E+02   -0.23454E-02    0.69915E-06   -0.51260E-10              
05501    0.48173E+02   -0.21436E-02    0.90543E-06   -0.99688E-10              
05601    0.48565E+02   -0.22444E-02    0.96576E-06   -0.10912E-09              
05704    0.48100E+02   -0.16081E-02    0.55235E-06   -0.44177E-10              
05801    0.48070E+02   -0.17760E-02    0.67554E-06   -0.68829E-10              
05904    0.47483E+02   -0.72877E-03    0.18102E-06   -0.60924E-11              
06001    0.47238E+02   -0.37313E-03    0.27003E-07    0.11686E-10              
06101    0.47019E+02   -0.63778E-03    0.20635E-06   -0.17690E-10              
06204    0.47084E+02   -0.47038E-03   -0.53129E-09    0.21141E-10              
06303    0.47289E+02   -0.99113E-03    0.26980E-06   -0.21588E-10              
06401    0.47328E+02   -0.14829E-02    0.59135E-06   -0.72485E-10              
06501    0.47322E+02   -0.17544E-02    0.85824E-06   -0.12835E-09              
06804    0.47449E+02   -0.18297E-02    0.76997E-06   -0.93999E-10              
06904    0.47992E+02   -0.35443E-02    0.20304E-05   -0.36930E-09              
07002    0.48227E+02   -0.48164E-02    0.34287E-05   -0.78486E-09              
07104    0.49396E+02   -0.11713E-01    0.12510E-04   -0.39442E-08              
07201    0.49853E+02   -0.14506E-01    0.18912E-04   -0.85326E-08              
07304    0.50611E+02   -0.26918E-01    0.76237E-04   -0.75660E-07              
07402    0.49996E+02   -0.10873E-01   -0.11264E-04    0.64430E-07              
07501    0.50713E+02   -0.30963E-01    0.98277E-04   -0.86457E-07              
07603    0.49564E+02   -0.13137E-01    0.30550E-04   -0.21597E-07              
07701    0.49193E+02   -0.75210E-02    0.11256E-04   -0.53980E-08              
07801    0.47759E+02    0.62618E-03   -0.56092E-06    0.27427E-11              
07901    0.47730E+02    0.13132E-02   -0.13962E-05    0.26690E-09              
08004    0.47470E+02    0.28071E-02   -0.30814E-05    0.82316E-09              
08101    0.47496E+02    0.13994E-02   -0.10899E-05    0.20585E-09              
08201    0.47560E+02    0.97582E-03   -0.70183E-06    0.11414E-09              
08301    0.47733E+02    0.85061E-03   -0.77909E-06    0.15358E-09              
08404    0.47811E+02    0.25509E-02   -0.22105E-05    0.45056E-09              
08501    0.47768E+02    0.29178E-02   -0.22634E-05    0.44073E-09              
08601    0.47543E+02    0.27148E-02   -0.16473E-05    0.27629E-09              
08701    0.47875E+02    0.18920E-02   -0.13298E-05    0.24001E-09              
08801    0.47627E+02    0.20224E-02   -0.11203E-05    0.17250E-09              
08901    0.47627E+02    0.20224E-02   -0.11203E-05    0.17250E-09              
09001    0.47627E+02    0.20224E-02   -0.11203E-05    0.17250E-09              
09101    0.47627E+02    0.20224E-02   -0.11203E-05    0.17250E-09              
                                                                               
                                                                               
The CTD-temperature is IPTS-68                                                 
                                                                               
CTD-Files column 5 : transmissiometer ( TRANSM )                               
                     raw data , range between 0 - 5 volt                       
                     input voltage 5 volt                                      
                     maximum level output voltage 4.81 volt                    
                     zero level 0.026 volt                                     
                     station 15 to 91: the transmissiometer don't work         
                                                                               
The *.SEA file:                                                                
                                                                               
The variable in column 15 : TCARBN is Total-CO2                                
                                                                               

