A.	CRUISE NARRATIVE: A21 S04A SR02



A.1.	HIGHLIGHTS

                        WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

         WOCE section designation  A21 S04A SR02
Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  06MT11_5
      Chief Scientist/affiliation  Wolfgang Roether/UB*
                            Dates  1990 JAN 23 - 1990 MAR 08
                             Ship  RV METEOR
                    Ports of call  Ushuaia to Cape Town
               Number of stations  79
                                               41 57.90' S
            Geographic boundaries  6815.80' W             1827.00' E
                                               63 10.60' S
     Floats and drifters deployed  10 prototype ALACE floats
   Moorings deployed or recovered  0
             Contributing Authors  B. Klein,     A. Kozyr,   A.F. Gaslightwala,
                                   R.G. Patrick, R. Van Woy, R Millard,
                                   A. Mantyla,               J.C. Jennings
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Universitt BremenKusteiner StrassePostfach 33 04 40D-28359 BremenGermany 
           Tel: 49-421-218-3511 or -4221  Fax: 49-421-218-3601 or -7018
                      email: wroether@physik.uni-bremen.de

DESCRIPTION OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

The cruise did A21 (Drake Passage) and SR02 (passage south of Africa; 
incomplete), with full tracer coverage. Additional work was carried out in WOCE 
WHP section S04A (northern Weddell Sea). Taken together this work at the same 
time completed the SAVE field work, and by this the large-volume WOCE tracer 
work in the Atlantic sector. Fig. 1 gives the cruise track and Table 1 some 
basics for the cruise. Table 2 lists the measurements taken and the PIs 
responsible. A list of participants is given in Table 3. An account of the 
cruise (in German, including all 5 legs of cruise no. 11) has been given to 
Roether et al. (1990). Basic cruise funding came from the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Bundesministerium fr Forschung und Technologie, 
Bonn, Germany.

TABLE 1: METEOR Cruise No. 11, Leg 5

                    leave Ushuaia  January 23, 1990
          return for winch repair  Feb. 2-3, 1990
                  enter Cape Town  Mar. 8, 1990
                       scientists  30
                             crew  32
                           master  Henning Papenhagen
                         stations  79
                          tracers  full suite
                    WOCE sections  A21 S04A SR02



TABLE 2: Principal Investigators for all measurements

Parameter(s)            Institution      PI
----------------------  ---------------  -----------------------
CTD, Salinity           AWI              G. Rohardt, E. Fahrbach
Nutrients, Oxygen       ODF Scripps      J. Swift, F. Delahoyde
CFMs                    Uni Bremen       W. Roether
Tritium, 3He            Uni Bremen       W. Roether
14C (L-V & AMS)         IUP Heidelberg   P. Schlosser, K.O. Munnich
39Ar                    Uni Bern         H.H. Loosli
85Kr                    LDGO             W. M. Smethie
CO2-Parameters          LDGO             D. Chipmann, T. Takahashi
226/228Ra               Uni Princeton    R. Key
                        IfM Kiel         M. Rhein
XBT, Thermosalinograph  AWI              U. Schauer, E. Fahrbach
ADCP                    AWI              E. Fahrbach
CTD-intercomparison     AWI/ODF Scripps  G. Rohardt, F. Delahoyde
ALACE Drifter           SIO, Texas A&M   R. Davis, W.D. Nowlin


TABLE 3: Cruise Participants

Name                          Responsibility         Institution
----------------------------  ---------------------  -----------
Roether, Wolfgang, Prof. Dr.  Chief Scientist        UBTO
Arango, Jose Maria            Observer               IADO
Beining, Peter                CFM measurement        UBTO
Bulsiewicz, Klaus             CFM measurement        UBTO
Ballegooyen, R. C.van         Observer               NRIO
Bargen, D. van                Meteorologist          DWD
Bos, David L.                 Nutrients              ODF
Breger, Dee                   CO2                    LDGO
Chipman, David W.             CO2                    LDGO
Costello, James. P.,          Oxygen                 ODF
Delahoyde, Frank M.,          CTD, data processing   ODF
Dscher, H.-J.                Meteorology            DWID
Fraas, Gerhard                Rosette, sampling      UBTO
Helas, G., Dr.                Air chemistry          MPCB
Junghans, Christel            14C processing         IUP
Junghans, Hans-Georg          14C processing         IUP
Key, Robert M., Dr.           Ra processing          AOSP
Legutke, Stefanie.            CTD                    IfM
Nowlin, Worth D., Prof. Dr.   Data analysis, ADCP    TAMU
Plep, Wilfried                Rosette, sampling      UBTO
Putzka, Alfted, Dr.           CFM measurement        UBTO
Ritschel, Kirstin             14C processing         IUP
Rohardt, Gerd                 CTD, data processing   AWI
Schlitzer, Reiner, Dr.        Bottle data analysis   UBTO
Schlosser, Peter, Dr.         L-V sampling           LDGO
Schauer, Ursel                CTD, XBT               AWI
Schebeske, G.                 Air chemistry          MPCB
Theisen, Stefan               Rosette, sampling      UBTO
Weppernik, Ralph              39Ar, 85Kr processing  PIB
Zaucker, Friedrich            L-V sampling           LDGO

AOSP  Program in Atmospheric & Oceanic Sci., Dept. of Geol. & Geophys. Sci.,
      Princeton University, P.0. Box CN 7 10, Princeton, NJ 08544-0710, USA
AWI   Alfred-Wegner-Institut fr Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrae,
      2850 Bremerhaven
DWD   Deutscher Wetterdienst, Seewetteramt, Postfach 301190, 2000 Hamburg 36
IADO  Instituto Argentina de Oceanografia, Av. Alem 53, CP 8000 Bahia Blanca,
      Argentinien
IfM   Institut fr Meereskunde, Universitt Hamburg, Troplowitzstr. 7, 2000
      Hamburg 54
IUP   Institut fr Umweltphysik, Universitt Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld
      366, 6900 Heidelberg
LDGO  Lamont - Doherty, Geological Observatory, Geochemstry Dept., Palisades,
      N.Y. 10964, USA
MPCB  Abteilung Biogeochemie, Max-Planck-Institut fr Chernie, Postfach 3060,
      6500 Mainz
NRIO  National Research Institute for Oceanology, CSIR, P.0. Box 320, 7600
      Stellenbosch, Sdafrika
ODF   Oceanographic Data Facility, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.
      Cal. S. D., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
PIB   Physikalisches Institt der Universtt Bern, Bern, Schweiz
TAMU  Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
      77843-3146, USA
UBTO  Universitt Bremen, FB, 1, Tracer-Ozeanographie, Postfach 330 440, 2800
      Bremen 33


DESCRIPTION OF STATIONS

The work was limited by the available ship time. The two WOCE sections and in 
particular the Drake Passage section were given highest priority. On SR02 about 
60nm station spacing was achieved. The work in between consisted of a short 
section north and east of the South Orkney Islands, in order to cross a 
possible deep-water outflow from the Weddell Sea, as well as boundary flow at 
the northern margin of the Weddell Basin. Furthermore, a section was obtained 
from the South Sandwich Trench eastward up to the African Passage section, 
crossing the deep outflow through the trench as well as a possible north-south 
exchange across the American-Antarctic Ridge. Sta. 149 (Fig. 1) reoccupied Sta. 
234 of WWSP 86, and, nearly, GEOSECS station 89'. WWSP 86 (Huber et al., 1989), 
that likewise included small and large-volume tracers, may be taken as the 
southward extension of our African passage section southward to the Antarctic 
continent. The Drake Passage section was placed westward of the "classical" 
ones (Sievers and Nowlin, 1984). While this coincided with the section as 
indicated in the WOCE implementation Plan, the idea behind was to stay west of 
major deep topography, in order to characterize the waters inflowing from the 
Pacific and minimum admixture from the Atlantic sector. As the Polar Front 
bends southward around the South Shetlands, our choice meant a rather wide 
Polar Frontal Zone. As for the passage south of Africa, we attempted to stay 
west of the Agulhas Retroflexion, and to follow the deep topography in order to 
enable characterization of deep and bottom waters in the Agulhas and Cape 
Basins. This resulted in crossing the ACC at least than 90 degrees, so that the 
fronts in our section appear as rather more gradual (cf. Witworth and Nowlin, 
1987), as well as in some curvature in the track.  The part east of the South 
Sandwich trench was placed just north of the axis of the Antarctic American 
Ridge.

METEOR entered Ushuaia Jan. 20, 1990 and installation of equipment started 
immediately. Some gear was found to be stuck at Buenos Aires, but finally 
reached the ship in time before departure. METEOR left Ushuaia on the morning 
of Jan. 23, 1990. We managed to start station work across Drake Passage already 
the next morning, following a trial station immediately after laving the Beagle 
Channel. The section started SW of Cape Horn on the shelf, and continued south 
at 30nm spacing. Basic equipment was a Neil Brown Mark IIIB CTD (AWI, 
calibrated at Scripps ODF) and a 24 x 12 liter GO Rosette system. A special 
cast was carried out to check for CFM sampling blanks, which were found to be 
vanishingly small except for a certain set of Niskin bottles that we 
consequently avoided to use. Large-volume stations (Fig. 1) were placed between 
the fronts so as to characterize the four principle hydrographic zones of the 
passage (Sievers and Nowlin, 1984). Apart from pCO2 which became operative only 
toward the end of the section, all measurements were carried out successfully. 
Salinity, nutrient and oxygen measurements were made in standard fashion. 14C, 
39Ar and 85Kr sample processing used the Heidelberg vacuum extraction system, 
and Ra processing the Princeton procedures. TCO2 and pCO2 measurement was 
coulometric. The CFM equipment employed was an automated system based on the 
Weiss and Bullister design (Bullister and Weiss, 1988). It was in routine use 
at sea for the first time, which led to some modification of procedures during 
the cruise. The section was accompanied by XBT drops at 10nm spacing, and 
thermosalinograph readings were obtained continuously.

We also ran the ship's ADCP, together with calibration runs. Quality of the 
ADCP data is open at this stage, and only partial GPS availability was a 
drawback.


FLOATS AND DRIFTERS DEPLOYED

A total of 10 prototype ALACE floats were deployed north of the Polar Front.  
Deployment was found to be straightforward, and 8 of the instruments, which 
were set at 750 m depth and fortnightly surfacing, have operated perfectly 
since. Weather was advantageous for all of the Drake Passage section.


PROBLEMS AND GOALS NOT ACHIEVED

After three days of station work, a breakdown of the winch computer system was 
encountered. The ship managed to provide makeshift operation for the 
CTD/Rosette winch, and trawl winch operation was similarly resumed two days 
later. It was decided to continue the section, and to return to Ushuaia for 
repair thereafter. The section was ended at the break of the South Shetland Arc 
shelf off Smith Island. It consisted of 13 standard and 4 large-volume 
stations. However, the large-volume part in the Polar Frontal Zone was only 
done on the way back to Ushuaia, i.e. not simultaneous with the corresponding 
main CTD/Rosette work. Likewise on the way back, some CFM fill-in sampling was 
carried out. A related 39Ar station (Sta. 121) was only done away from the 
Drake Passage section proper. In total, at least four days were lost by the 
incident.

After leaving Ushuaia (Feb. 2-3, 1990) again, station work was resumed on Feb. 
6, 1990 with a short section north and east of the South Orkneys (Stas. 122-
131). From here on and up to the Bouvet Fracture Zone region the ship 
encountered icebergs and growlers regularly. After a further break, and after 
having rounded Southern Thule of the South Sandwich Islands, station work 
started once more on Feb. 12, 1990 near to the South Sandwich Trench, to be 
continued up to the African shelf (Stas. 132-179). These sections were again 
accompanied by XBT drops (30 to 45nm spacing).

The cruise had been planned with some contingency time to allow for delays 
enforced by bad weather. Actually, only about 40 hours were spent for this.  
Hydrographic and even large-volume sampling work turned out to be feasible up 
to considerable wind force, i.e. 8. A larger part of the bad weather 
contingency was used for the winch repair, and some in the ship's speed having 
to be lowered on account of growlers (2-6 knots at night). One bad storm was 
encountered, however, on Feb. 20-21, 1990 with 90nm gusts and 17m waves, and 
some lesser storms before and after this event. Between there and Cape Town, a 
table tennis tournament and a cruise party brought a little variety to the 
somewhat monotonous station work.

In total, we managed to complete also the second WOCE section adequately. It 
ended at the African shelf break late on Mar. 6, 1990. CFM measurements were 
unfortunately missed on four consecutive stations of this section because of a 
system breakdown. Starting from Sta. 165 (45.5 S), we ran two Rosette/CTD 
systems, which enabled us to obtain about 36 sampling depths per station.  
Whereas further south 24 depths appeared as adequate to resolve the 
hydrographic structure, higher vertical resolution was now regarded as 
relevant. A shallow rosette cast was done first, which rosette was sampled 
while the deep rosette cast (carrying the primary CTD instrument) was made.  
This procedure meant no more than about 45 min extra time per station. During 
the cruise, and particularly while two rosette/CTS systems were operated, a 
comparison was made of the AWI and Scripps-ODF data handling and operation 
procedures. The comparison looked favorable, although a detailed account of has 
yet to be made.

METEOR entered Cape Town on the morning of Mar. 8, 1990. A historic remark: The 
German pre-war METEOR ran a cruise Ushuaia - Cape Town from Jan. 21 to March 
10, 1926, which was cruise 5 of its famous South Atlantic survey. The 
scientific topic, i.e. hydrography, was quite similar. Stations totaled 34 (6 
across Drake Passage), properties measured three (temperature, salinity, 
oxygen), and depths sampled were typically 26 (in three casts, naturally no 
continuous depth traces). Progress is slow after all.


DATA OBTAINED

Samples taken for shore-based measurement are listed in Table 4. The complete 
station list with some comment is given in Table 5. Data obtained aboard ship 
were quality-checked immediately, apart from the CFM data that were carefully 
evaluated and screened later on. A computerized bottle data list was set up.  
Working from it, sections were made using objective analysis with variable 
correlation length-scales (R. Schlitzer). A selection of these sections follows 
below.


XBT/THERMOSALINOGRAPH

XBT temperature readings were corrected 0.25 K downward and depth upward (by 20 
m at 300 m depth), according to comparisons with simultaneous CTD casts.  
Bucket and thermosalinograph temperatures were noted for each drop.  
Thermosalinograph readings were corrected upward by 0.05  0.04 K and 0.33  
0.2 PSU.


DRAKE PASSAGE: 

Fig. 2-6 give sections of potential temperature, salinity, density, silicate, 
and CFM 11, respectively. Subantarctic front is found near Sta. 105, Polar 
Front near Sta. 112, and Scotia Front near Sta. 116. The Fig. 2-5 sections are 
similar to previous ones, whereas a CFM section (Fig. 6) was done for the first 
time. Fig. 6 shows that the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, represented by the 
salinity maximum layer in Fig. 3, i.e. the presumed source of Warm Deep Water 
in the Weddell Sea (Sievers and Nowlin, 1984), is CFM-free when entering Drake 
Passage from the west.

Orkney section: The CFM 11 section in Fig. 7 indicates higher concentrations in 
the Scotia Sea area (Sta. 126-128) than in the Weddell Basin (Sta. 129- 131).

Section South Sandwich Trench and east: Potential temperature (Fig. 8), oxygen 
(Fig. 9), and silicate (Fig. 10) show relative extreme in the trench area (Sta. 
133-135), and well correlated features (eddies, front meanders?) in the top 
1000m.

African Passage section: The hydrographic structure given in Figs. 11 and 12 is 
as expected from the literature (Witworth and Nowlin, 1987), but strong 
features related to the Agulhas retroflexion are apparent (Sta. 175ff).

XBT and thermosalinograph sections are displayed in Figs. 13-15, and an XBT 
list is given in Table 6.

Fig. 16 gives ALACE float motions Jan. - end of August, 1990.



STS/ODF CTD AND BOTTLE DATA REPORT 
(from an unpublished preliminary ODF cruise report.)
J. Swift
2/20/03

Initially, a single 24-place 12-liter rosette system (General Oceanics) was 
used with an NBIS Mark III CTD (AWI CTD #1069). Other sensors included 
dissolved o2, and a transmissometer. Digital and mercury DSRTs and digital 
pressure gauges were employed as secondary integrity checks. A second 24-place 
12-liter rosette system was constructed using ODF CTD #1 for 11 stations (164-
176). This second rosette was used to provide greater vertical resolution on 
the SAVE section and was typically deployed to 800 M. On these stations, the 
AWI rosette was used for the second deep cast.

Large volume casts were performed by LDGO (P. Schlosser), Princeton (B. Key) 
and DHI (numerous) using DHI Gerard barrels. Mercury thermometers were used for 
temperature and pressure determination. Salinities and nutrients were analyzed 
from all barrels.

The AWI CTD data acquisition and processing system consisted of two IBM PC/AT 
computers, an NBIS 1150 deck unit, a 9-track mag tape unit connected to the 
1150, and a dual transport audio cassette recorder for analog backup. The EG&G 
software package was employed for data acquisition during the down-cast. a 
custom program was run for the up-cast to extract rosette trip information, and 
had no graphical display capability. The CTD data processing capability is 
currently still under development, but 5 db pressure-series down-cast data 
(pressure, temperature and salinity) with sensor lags and pressure, temperature 
and salinity corrections were generated on the second PC.

ODF CTD data processing was performed in parallel with the AWI system. One ISI 
system was employed and was attached to two 1150 deck units, one for each 
rosette system. A serial link from the AWI data acquisition PC to the ISI 
allowed automatic start-up of CTD data acquisition for the AWI rosette. 
Deployment of the SIO rosette was performed in the conventional (interactive) 
manner, as the ISI was the only system acquiring data for the 11 shallow 
rosette casts. A serial link to the shipboard navigation system provided 
automatic navigation and bathymetry data.

The STS/ODF CTD #1 failed on the up-cast of 176/01, apparently due to a power 
supply failure.

Two separate CTD winches were used for the rosette work. Both employed 11 mm 
single-conductor wire. Three terminations were made, two for the AWI rosette 
and one for the SIO rosette. Terminations were performed by a ship's 
electrician and took about 20 minutes each.

The trawl winch used for the Gerard casts developed a non-repairable electronic 
problem on station 116, making it necessary to return to Ushuaia for repairs.

Both pylons in the two rosette systems mis-tripped occasionally to frequently. 
Some of the Niskin bottles had stainless-steel lanyards which sometimes would 
not release.

All salinities (2305) were run on Autosal salinometers (serial # 52-530 and 57-
524). 57- 524 was used for all but about 5 boxes as it was new, and 52-530 
exhibited filling problems. The temperature of the salt room ranged from 18 to 
24 degrees C. The bath temperature was kept at 24 degrees C. No major problems 
were encountered.

Three areas of analysis were supported by the group from SIO. These consisted 
of: nutrient analysis, dissolved oxygen analysis and CTD data processing.

Nutrient concentrations were analyzed colorimetrically using a 4-channel 
Technicon auto-analyzer system, one channel for each of NO2, NO3, PO4 and SIO3. 
A total of 2267 nutrient samples were analyzed, from both CTD/rosette and 
Gerard casts. No major problems were encountered in the analyses.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations were analyzed using a modified Winkler 
titration method. A total of 2011 dissolved oxygen samples were analyzed from 
CTD/rosette casts. No major problems were encountered in the analyses.

CTD data processing was supported with software and a computer system run in 
parallel with the AWI system. Comparisons were made between the two groups CTD 
data processing techniques. 96 CTD/rosette casts were made at 79 stations. On 
11 of these stations, two separate CTD/rosette systems were deployed. No major 
problems were encountered in the CTD data acquisition, rosette deployment, or 
data processing. Additionally, SIO performed the in situ calibration of CTD 
conductivity sensors to salinity check samples taken from the rosette.

The data set quality was monitored by cross-checking the independent 
measurements for consistency. Malfunctioning or leaking Niskin bottles were 
identified. The preliminary calibrated data were found to be consistent with 
the hydrography of the region. 

 
BOTTLE DATA MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Basic instrumentation was a 24 x 12 liter General Oceanics Rosette and a Neil 
Brown Mark IIIB CTD with oxygen sensor, both from the AWI, Bremerhaven. 
Pressure and temperature sensors were calibrated at SIO before the cruise and 
thereafter.  During the cruise, the stability of the temperature and pressure 
sensors was monitored with reversing mercury and electronic thermometers and 
pressure gauges.  The in-situ calibration of the conductivity and oxygen 
sensors was based on water samples from the Rosette, usually taken at 24 depth 
levels. Salinities were measured with a Guildline Autosal 8400A. 16 stations 
consist of two casts where samples in 36 depth levels have been taken. The 
shallow cast was carried out with a second 24 x 10 liter Rosette, with an 
identical CTD from Scripps/ODF.

During the entire cruise, two different CDT data acquisition and processing 
systems were operated in parallel; one system from SIO, and one system from the 
AWL The processed data sets consist of 2 decibar pressure series. No major 
differences were found in processing techniques or the data sets.

Nutrient and dissolved oxygen analysis was done by Scripps/ODF. Nutrient 
concentrations were analyzed colorimetrically using a 4-channel Technicon auto- 
analyzer system, one channel for each of NO2, NO3, PO4 and SiO3. No major 
problems were encountered in the analyses. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were 
analyzed using a modified Winkler titration method, again with no major 
problems.

The data set quality was monitored by cross-checking the independent 
measurements for consistency. Malfunctioning or leaking Niskin bottles were 
identified. Due to tripping problems, the bottle-depth relation had to be 
rotated in a few instances, but the true relation was always unambiguous.

Following is a description of the CFM measurements and an assessment of CFM 
data quality.


CFM MEASUREMENTS

The measuring system employed is an automated variety of the Bullister and 
Weiss (Deep Sea Res., 1988) design. Water samples are taken in the common way 
using glass syringes. The system contains calibrated 30 ml water sample 
containers (Hastalloy C) connected to a 2 x 8 multiposition GC valve (Vici-
Valco), into which samples are introduced (upward displacement) through a 
regular GC valve manually.  For measurement, container content is automatically 
transferred into the extraction burette by a flow of carrier gas (downward 
displacement). All valves are air- actuated. Temperature of the collection trap 
is forced by Peltier cooling/heating.  Carrier gas purge (separately for GC and 
sample processing parts of the system) uses two lines each, of which one is 
back-flushed at higher temperature with a small flow of purified gas. System 
control and data handling is provided by a PC.  It has peak integration 
installed for quick data inspection, but final peak evaluation occurred off-
line by fitting Gaussians to the data. Calibration used compressed air from a 
tank, the CFM concentrations of which were later on calibrated by comparison 
with gas standards provided by R. F. Weiss, Scripps.

This was the first time that the system was used at sea, which led to some 
modification of procedures during the cruise. In general, the system and in 
particular the automation operated well. Some outliers (more than we had hoped) 
were observed, the cause of which was not always clear. A substantial blank was 
encountered in the beginning. However, the sample preparation line blank was 
quite stable and indistinguishable between water sample containers, as well as 
from the lowest values obtained in sample measurement. This showed that a 
sampling blank was negligible within errors, and at the same time gave proof of 
vanishingly low concentrations. A special cast was made early on into 
supposedly CFM-free water to compare different sets of Niskin bottles 
available, of which one was found contaminated. To monitor detection 
efficiency, gas standards were run regularly, and full calibration runs 
repeatedly (non-linearity was rather larger than usual).  Sta. 145 was omitted, 
and four stations (Sta. 162 -165) were missed when water accidentally went 
beyond the extraction burette. The calibration curve was substantially 
different after this incident.

The data have been post-processed carefully and an error analysis has been 
made.  The data blank was taken to be the sample preparation line blank, 
agreement between which and the lowest-concentration samples (see above) being 
found both at the beginning of the cruise (Drake Passage section) and towards 
the end (Cape Basin stations). Precision/accuracy estimates (standard errors 
throughout) were made considering the following error contributions (found to 
be similar for CFM 11 and 12)

* blank uncertainty ( 0.01 pmol/kg);
* sample replicate precision (about  1% for high concentrations);
* standard interpolation uncertainty (about  1.5%);
* uncertainty of calibration curve (<-  0.5%);
* uncertainty by drift in non-linearity (<-  0.5%);
* calibration uncertainty relative to the Scripps CFM scale ( 0.3%; 
  ignoring any drift between the time of measurements at sea and the 
  calibration later on).

By error propagation, the overall accuracy (relative to Scripps) is obtained as 
 2% or 0.01 pmol/kg, whichever is greater.

The calibration data points were fitted by a third order polynomial. The 
highest CFM 11 concentrations were outside the calibration range (by at most 
40%). The polynomial was extrapolated towards higher concentrations and the 
uncertainty of the extrapolation was calculated from the fit. The added 
uncertainty due to the extrapolation is calculated to be 2% for the maximum 
CFM 11 concentrations (about 6 pmol/kg), for which the total error thus becomes 
 3%.

Gas standard runs (temperature and pressure corrected) were fitted (in 
sections) by a straight line, and the standard interpolation uncertainty 
(apparently the largest error contribution, see above) is the standard 
deviation around such fit. Standard deviation among gas standards run 
consecutively was much smaller (about 0.3%).  This suggests that detection 
efficiency varies substantially on a time scale of several hours. Had gas 
standard runs been made somewhat more often and more regularly, it might have 
been possible to monitor these variations and reduce the overall error 
substantially.

The CFM 11 and 12 errors transform into a CFM 11/12 ratio error of 3% for 
large concentrations, rising to about 3.5% for CFM 11 approaching 6 pmol/kg. As 
a consequence of the blank uncertainty (0.01 pmol/kg), at 0.05 pmol/kg in CFM 
12 the ratio error exceeds 20%.

The data were screened as follows. Firstly, those data were removed for which 
samples or handling were considered faulty (e.g. samples from contaminated 
Niskins, see above). Secondly, CFM station profiles were inspected and compared 
to those of other properties, which led to rejection of just a few data 
considered as clearly unreasonable judging from the hydrographic structure. 
Thirdly, measurements were checked for CFM 11/12 ratio consistency. Those data 
that have ratios that differ significantly from a reasonable value (estimated 
from the general distribution of ratios), have been flagged in the data tables; 
the flag means that we believe one of the two CFM numbers to be faulty.

The CFM data of Stas. 122 to 139 have larger uncertainties and contain more 
outliers. The suspected cause of this is a leak in the 2 x 8 multiposition 
valve.  It looks as if some sample degassing in the water sample containers may 
have occurred, effected by a small amount of carrier gas leaking through. If 
this interpretation is correct, measured concentrations should be on the low 
side for these stations, and, due to different solubility, more so for CFM 12 
than for CFM 11. Such interpretation is supported by a comparison of surface 
water concentrations with values corresponding to solubility equilibrium with 
atmospheric concentrations, as wen as by profile information (i.e., high-ratio 
values tend to be low in the profiles). The flagged data for these stations may 
be low in CFM 12 by up to about 25% (10% for CFM 11), and there may be a 
general bias towards low values believed to be at most about 10% in CFM 12 (5% 
in CFM 11).



TRACER MEASUREMENTS (CFCs, TRITIUM, HELIUM, NEON)
(Birgit Klein)
1999 MAR 10


CFCs

CFCs are measured directly on the ship using a electron capture detector (ECD) 
packed column gas chromatograph. The column was filled with Porasil C and 
Porapak T.

Only f11 and f12 have been measured during the cruise. Part of the original 
documentation as been lost, information on system blanks and air measurements 
is unfortunately not available. The original measurements have been recorded on 
the sio86 scale and have latter been converted to sio93. Contamination problems 
and calibration problems are reflected in the relatively high errors. Quality 
flag for CFCs follow woce standards:

    2: good measurement
    3: questionable measurement
    4: bad measurement
    5: not reported
    6: replicate sample
    9: no sample drawn

errors:
sta.     f11                 f12
-------  ------------------  ---------------------
102-117  2% or 0.01 pmol/kg  2% or f120.01 pmol/kg
118-161  3% or 0.01 pmol/kg  2% or 0.01 pmol/kg
166-179  2% or 0.01 pmol/kg  2% or 0.01 pmol/kg


TRITIUM

Tritium is sampled in 1 l glass bottles which are analyzed after the cruise in 
the laboratory at Bremen. Tritium is measured through the in-growth of helium3 
from the radioactive decay. For the procedure the water samples are degassed 
and transferred to special glas containers which are sealed off and placed into 
freezers. After a storage time of 6 month to about a year to allow the in- 
growth of sufficient amounts of helium3 the samples are measured with the noble 
gas spectrometer described below.

A large number of tritium samples have been contaminated on the ship and could 
not be recovered. They have been identified by quality flag 5. A smaller number 
of samples had been contaminated during measurement procedures in the lab and 
has been retrieved through a second extraction. These samples have been 
assigned quality flag 6 although they are not strictly replicate samples. Each 
measurement has been assigned an individual error.

Tritium concentrations are scaled to 15 February 1990.


HELIUM AND NEON

40 ml water samples are filled into copper tubes at sea which are pinched off.  
In the laboratory the gas amount is vacuum extracted from the sample and 
transferred to a specialized helium/ neon isotope mass spectrometer.

The noble gas mass spectrometer is no commercial unit but has been specially 
designed at the University of Bremen. It contains two commercial units: a 
quadro-pole mass spectrometer (Balzer QMG 112) and a sector field (Mass 
Analyzer Products, type 215).

Two helium isotopes 3He, 4He and two Neon isotopes 20Ne, 22Ne are measured. Air 
aliquots provide the instrument calibration and monitor sensitivity changes. An 
internal standard filled with regular air has been used for the helium isotope 
and neon measurements at the lab in Bremen to make all measurements internally 
self-consistent. An external standard does not exist.

Helium data have been corrected for tritium decay during storage although the 
correction is very small due to the low tritium concentrations in the southern 
ocean. It is at maximum 0.5% and effects mostly upper waters.

Helium and neon measurements have been assigned individual errors.



ACKNOWLEMENTS

Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
         Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie,
         Bonn, Germany



REFERENCES

Bullister, J.L., and R.F. Weiss (1988): Determination of CCl3F and 
    CCl2F2 and air. Deep-Sea Res., 35,839-853.
Huber, B.A., et al. (1989): ANT V/2 CTD and Hydrographic Data, LDGO-89-
    3, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, 
    Palisades New York, 1989.
Roether, W., M. Sarnthein, T.J. Muller, W. Nellen and D. Sahrhage 
    (1990): Sudatlantik-Zirkumpolarstrom, Reise Nr. 11, 3. Oktober 1989 
    -11. Marz 1990. METEOR-Berichte, Universitat Hamburg, 90-2, 169 p.
Sievers, H.A., and W.D. Nowlin (1984): The stratification and water 
    masses at Drake Passage. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,489-10,514.
Witworth, T., III, and W.D. Nowlin (1987): Water masses of the Southern 
    Ocean at the Greenwich Meridian. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6462-6476.


TABLE 4: Tracer samples taken for shore-based analysis
         The number of samples for each station is given.
         Columns (1) to  (5): sampled by rosette;
         Columns (6) to (10): sampled by Gerards

    |    Sampled by rosette     |    Sampled by Gerards    |
    |(1) |(2) |  (3)  |(4) | (5)| (6)| (7) | (8) |(9) |(10)|
----|----|----|-------|----|----|----|-----|-----|----|----|
Sta#| He | Tri|13C/18O| Ba | 14C| 14C|228Ra|226Ra|85Kr|39Ar|
----|----|----|-------|----|----|----|-----|-----|----|----|
101 |    |  2 |   2   |  3 |    |    |     |     |    |    |
102 |  4 |  3 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
103 | 12 | 11 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
104 | 24 | 24 |  18   | 24 |    | 16 | 16  |  16 | 13 |    |
105 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
106 | 14 | 13 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
107 | 25 | 24 |  20   | 20 |    | 18 | 18  |  18 | 13 |  1 |
108 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
109 | 14 | 13 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
110 | 13 | 12 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
111 | 13 | 14 |       |    | 24 |    |     |     |    |    |
112 |  6 |  6 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
113 | 25 | 24 |       | 19 |    |    |     |     |    |    |
114 |    |    |       |    | 11 |    |     |     |    |    |
115 |  8 |  8 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
116 | 24 | 24 |       |    |  6 | 15 | 15  |  16 | 14 |    |
117 | 12 | 12 |       | 19 |    |    |     |     |    |    |
118 | 10 |  9 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
119 |    |    |       |    |    | 17 | 17  |  17 |  9 |  1 |
120 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
121 |    |    |       |    |    |  1 |     |     |    |  1 |
122 | 23 | 22 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
123 |  7 |  7 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
124 | 24 | 24 |       | 24 |    | 16 | 16  |  16 |  2 |  1 |
125 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
126 | 13 | 13 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
127 | 21 | 21 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
128 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
129 | 24 | 24 |       | 24 |    | 16 | 16  |  16 | 13 |    |
130 |  8 |  7 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
131 | 23 | 23 |  23   | 23 |    | 14 | 15  |  15 | 11 |  1 | 
132 | 16 | 15 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
133 |  5 |  5 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
134 | 24 | 24 |  24   | 24 |    | 18 | 18  |  17 | 14 |  1 |
135 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
136 | 24 | 24 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
137 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
138 | 22 | 22 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
139 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
140 | 25 | 24 |       | 24 |    | 18 | 18  |  18 | 14 |    |



    |    Sampled by rosette     |    Sampled by Gerards    |
    |(1) |(2) |  (3)  |(4) | (5)| (6)| (7) | (8) |(9) |(10)|
----|----|----|-------|----|----|----|-----|-----|----|----|
Sta#| He | Tri|13C/18O| Ba | 14C| 14C|228Ra|226Ra|85Kr|39Ar|
----|----|----|-------|----|----|----|-----|-----|----|----|
141 |  9 |  9 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
142 | 25 | 24 |  24   |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
143 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
144 | 24 | 24 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
145 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
146 | 24 | 24 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
147 | 15 | 15 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
148 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
149 | 24 | 24 |  24   | 24 | 11 |  9 |  5  |   9 |  4 |    |
150 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
151 | 24 | 24 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
152 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
153 | 24 | 24 |  24   | 24 |    | 18 | 18  |  17 | 13 |    |
154 |  7 |  7 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
155 | 12 | 12 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
156 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
157 | 12 | 12 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
158 | 18 | 13 |  24   | 24 |    | 16 | 16  |  16 | 13 |    |
159 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
160 | 25 | 24 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
161 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
162 | 30 | 30 |  22   | 30 |    | 16 | 16  |  16 | 12 |    |
163 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
164 | 31 | 30 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
165 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
166 | 31 | 30 |  22   | 30 |    | 18 | 18  |  18 |  8 |    |
167 |    |    |       |    |    |  2 |     |     |    |  2 |
168 | 28 | 28 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
169 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
170 | 30 | 29 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
171 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
172 | 28 | 20 |  24   | 32 |    | 15 | 18  |  18 |  7 |  1 |
173 |    |    |       |    |    |  7 |     |     |    |  1 |
174 | 27 | 22 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
175 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
176 | 26 | 20 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
177 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
178 | 39 | 30 |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |
179 |    |    |       |    |    |    |     |     |    |    |


TABLE 5: Station Inventory

Ship: METEOR (06MT11_5)
      WHP section A21:	Stas. 102 - 120 (suppl. 39Ar Sta.: 121)
      WHP section S04A:	Stas. 121-148
      WHP section SR02:	Stas. 149-179

Salinity, nutrients and oxygen were measured on all samples, and CFM's 
(11 and 12) on most. For other properties see Table 4. CO2 parameters 
(pCO2, TCO2) were measured on virtually all stations, but to varying degree.

Station/cast with non-normal operation (single bottle misfirings not noted):

101/1:   trial station only, no samples
102/1:   shelf station, some depth repeats
104/4:   CFM blank check only (3500 - 4000 m)
109/1:   winch computer breakdown followed after this cast
115/1:   top 8 bottles misfired
118/1:   at position of Sta. 115, to fill in above 1000 in depth; bottle-depth 
         relation had to be rotated; CFM test 600 m
119/1+3: Gerard casts at position of Sta. 109
119/2:   supporting rosette cast, samples below 500 m only; CFM test 2000 m
120/1:   at position of Sta. 106; CFM test 3400 m
121/1:   support for 39Ar cast, to 2400 m only
121/2:   39Ar cast to support Drake Passage section
122/1:   some firing problems
135/1:   bottle-depth relation had to be rotated
140/2:   bottle-depth relation had to be rotated
154/1:   very high sea
164/2:   only even rosette positions were sampled, mix-up 10 and 100 in 
         possible
165/1+2: delay between casts due to high sea
167/3:   39Ar cast in connection with L-V Sta. 166
173/3:   39Ar cast in connection with L-V Sta. 172
178/1:   CFM check 900 m


TABLE has one line per station, with data being arranged as follows:

   * Sta. No.
   * cast/date
   * type/latitude
   * longitude/time
   * depth/CTD institution
   * "CTD#1"
   * no. of rosette bottles fired

Format of entries:
   * latitude and longitude in the degrees/min.fraction of min, 
     at beginning of cast
   * time in UTC, beginning of cast
   * depth in m
   * AWI CTD #l: AWI instrument no. 1, ODF calibrated; AWI rosette 
     24 X 12 liter
   * SIO CTD #l: ODF instrument no. 1, Bremen rosette 24 X 10 liter

streport

101  1230190  ROS5519.4S  6621.9W2021    71AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
102  1240190  ROS5619.8S  6759.7W0709   103AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
103  1240190  ROS5655.0S  6815.0W1232  3090AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
104  1240190  ROS5319.8S  6815.0W1900  4390AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
104  2250190  GER5720.8S  6804.7W0216  4391      
104  3250190  ROS5720.0S  6814.7W0919  4390AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
105  1250190  ROS5750.1S  6814.5W2330  3757AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
106  1260190  ROS5820.1S  6814.3W0519  3855AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
107  1260190  GER5850.4S  6815.8W1032  3866      
107  2260190  ROS5850.0S  6814.9W1443  3842AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
107  3260190  GER5849.8S  6815.3W1649  3823      
108  1260190  ROS5919.9S  6814.8W2323  3665AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
109  1270190  ROS5949.9S  6815.0W0527  3738AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
110  1270190  ROS6019.8S  6808.0W1921  3818AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
111  1280190  ROS6049.9S  6800.0W0112  3954AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
112  2280190  ROS6112.9S  6719.8W1257  3849AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
113  1280190  ROS6135.9S  6640.3W1837  4013AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
114  1290190  ROS6200.0S  6559.1W0446  3587AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
115  1290190  ROS6216.9S  6512.7W0959  4083AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
116  1290190  GER6236.4S  6404.9W1603  3859      
116  1290190  ROS6236.0S  6416.3W1920  4015AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
116  3290190  GER6235.8S  6406.7W2237  4025      
117  1300190  ROS6251.4S  6331.5W0517  2099AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
118  1300190  ROS6217.0S  6513.0W1300  3860AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
119  1300190  GER6136.0S  6639.0W2020  3974      
119  2010290  ROS6136.0S  6640.3W2353  3995AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
119  3310190  GER6136.2S  6640.5W0244  3760      
120  1010290  ROS5820.1S  6815.3W0037  3855AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
121  1030290  ROS5529.4S  6429.1W2313  3642AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
121  2040290  GER5528.7S  6427.0W0025  3635      
122  1060290  ROS5915.1S  4715.0W1233  3895AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
123  1060290  ROS6012.3S  4539.9W2203  3785AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
124  1070290  GER6041.7S  4153.9W1405  3946      
124  2070290  ROS6039.1S  4156.1W1715  3978AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
124  3070290  GER6039.5S  4155.9W1935  4170      
125  1080290  ROS6041.2S  4117.2W0344  2905AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
126  1080290  ROS6032.3S  3911.8W1211  3471AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
127  1080290  ROS6042.4S  3814.0W1701  2738AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
128  1080290  ROS6121.8S  3707.6W2336  3556AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
129  1090290  GER6123.9S  374.0W0232   4355      
129  2090290  ROS6202.6S  3614.3W1046  4264AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
129  3090290  GER622.5S   3614.5W1252  4198      
130  1090290  ROS6236.0S  3530.4W2003  4469AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
131  1100290  GER631.7S   3455.8W0137  4860      
131  2100290  ROS6309.9S  3444.8W0445  5098AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
131  3100290  GER6310.6S  3444.7W0822  5104      
132  1120290  ROS5906.6S  2537.2W0248  2524AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
133  1120290  ROS5843.0S  2440.9W0907  3448AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
134  1120290  GER5844.2S  243.8W1340   5464      
134  2120290  ROS5844.0S  2404.0W1555  5413AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
134  3120290  GER5844.5S  243.5W2024   5491      
135  1130290  ROS5842.6S  2322.7W0446  5551AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
136  1130290  ROS5835.5S  2224.7W1112  4769AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
137  1130290  ROS5827.0S  2120.5W1946  4580AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
138  1140290  ROS5822.1S  2009.2W0456  3420AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
139  1140290  ROS5808.2S  1819.9W1314  4485AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
140  1140290  GER5758.6S  1651.9W2049  5138      
140  2140290  ROS5759.4S  1651.3W2307  5143AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
140  3150290  GER5758.7s  1652.0W0307  5155      
141  1150290  ROS5748.1S  1524.9W1042  4541AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
142  1150290  ROS5739.1S  1317.6W1925  4235AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
143  1160290  ROS5731.9S  1155.5W0542  4766AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
144  1160290  ROS5723.4S  1002.4W1433  3949AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
145  1170290  ROS5714.9S   820.7W0022  3688AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
146  1170290  ROS5719.7S   635.4W0912  4225AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
147  1170290  ROS5749.1S   451.5W1708  4142AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
148  1180290  ROS5809.0S   306.2W0414  4321AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
149  1180290  ROS5829.9S   100.0W1301  4759AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
149  2180290  GER5829.8S   100.2W1745  4768      
150  1190290  ROS5742.0S   025.0W0309  4101AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
151  1190290  ROS5659.9S   000.0E1037  3849AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
152  1190290  ROS5607.9S   037.6E1931  4157AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
153  1200290  GER5514.5S   109.4E0615  3423      
153  2200290  ROS5515.2S   105.6E0757  4130AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
153  3200290  GER5514.4S   105.2E1216  4125      
154  1210290  ROS5421.7S   145.1E1940  4890AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
155  1220290  ROS5331.0S   220.1E0557  3002AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
156  1220290  ROS5242.1S   249.9E1448  2910AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
157  1230290  ROS5152.6S   320.9E1034  3116AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
158  1230290  GER5108.9S   346.5E1853  3200      
158  2230290  ROS5109.4S   347.1E2212  3170AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
158  3240290  GER5110.3S   346.6E0222  4139      
159  1240290  ROS5025.1S   414.8E0853  2902AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
160  1240290  ROS4929.9S   445.0E1540  3574AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
161  1240290  ROS4841.6S   515.7E2329  3067AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
162  1250290  ROS4735.0S   549.3E0900  4321AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
162  2250290  GER4734.5S   550.0E1044  4283      
162  3250290  ROS4734.2S   549.6E1153  4289AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
162  4250290  GER4735.0S   549.6E1610  4315      
163  1260290  ROS4700.0S   640.0E0021  4093AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
164  1260290  ROS4609.6S   751.3E0938  3352AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
164  2260290  ROS4609.6S   751.0E1450  4055SIO  CTD  #1  24 bottles
165  1270290  ROS4534.9S   840.9E0254  4396SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
165  2270290  ROS4535.0S   841.0E1103  4394AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
166  1270290  ROS4453.2S   929.8E1835  4562AWI  CTD  #1  12 bottles
166  2270290  GER4453.6S   929.2E2050  5132      
166  3270290  ROS4453.1S   930.1E2228  4563AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
166  4280290  GER4454.1S   930.3E0316  4562      
167  1280290  ROS4357.0S   950.1E1033  4529SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
167  2280290  ROS4356.9S   951.0E1116  4539AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
167  3280290  GER4356.4S   949.5E1536  4507      
168  1010390  ROS4301.7S  1007.6E0058  4047SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
168  2010390  ROS4300.0S  1007.3E0147  4091AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
169  1010390  ROS4157.9S  1025.1E0928  4448SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
169  2010390  ROS4156.9S  1023.4E1057  4534AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
170  1010390  ROS4103.0S  1044.0E2214  4417SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
170  2010390  ROS4103.1S  1044.6E2308  4420AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
171  1020390  ROS4006.9S  1103.8E0809  4727SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
171  2020390  ROS4006.6S  1103.2E0855  4731AWI  CTD  #1  12 bottles
172  1020390  ROS3907.0S  1119.8E1849  5051AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
172  2020390  GER3905.7S  1117.4E2219  5063      
172  3020390  ROS3906.6S  1118.4E2247  5045AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
172  4030390  GER3906.0S  1116.3E0409  5065      
173  1030390  ROS3837.2S  1222.2E1137  4838SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
173  2030390  ROS3837.1S  1222.9E1222  4764AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
173  3030390  GER3837.1S  1222.6E1258  4741      
174  1030390  ROS3807.4S  1320.2E2230  5035SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
174  2030390  ROS3807.2S  1321.6E2327  5036AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
175  1040390  ROS3732.2S  1421.1E0724  4958SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
175  2040390  ROS3732.1S  1420.8E0816  4963AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
176  1050390  ROS3659.8S  1523.1E0504  4804SIO  CTD  #1  12 bottles
176  2050390  ROS3700.0S  1522.8E0617  4803AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
177  1050390  ROS3626.8S  1624.8E1706  4506AWI  CTD  #1  12 bottles
177  2050390  ROS3626.8S  1624.8E1845  4507AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
178  1060390  ROS3552.2S  1727.2E0332  3891AWI  CTD  #1  12 bottles
178  2060390  ROS3552.1S  1727.5E0556  3869AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles
179  1060390  ROS3519.9S  1827.0E1855  1794AWI  CTD  #1  24 bottles



TABLE 6: XBT-Stations METEOR 11/5

Drake Passage (part A)
Date/Time(GMT)   Sta  Latitude   Longitude
---------- ----  ---  ---------  ---------
23.01.1990/2215  101  55 24.4 S  66 25.4 W
24.01.1990/0747  102  56 21.2 S  68 00.6 W
24.01.1990/0852  103  56 28.7 S  68 04.3 W
24.01.1990/0958  104  56 36.6 S  68 08.4 W
24.01.1990/1059  105  56 43.3 S  68 11.6 W
24.01.1990/1535  106  56 56.2 S  68 14.7 W
24.01.1990/1637  107  57 03.8 S  68 15.8 W
24.01.1990/1733  108  57 10.6 S  68 14.1 W
24.01.1990/1829  109  57 17.5 S  68 14.2 W
25.01.1990/1803  110  57 36.1 S  68 09.8 W
25.01.1990/1931  111  57 42.4 S  68 09.0 W
25.01.1990/2055  113  57 47.0 S  68 12.0 W
25.01.1990/2224  114  57 52.6 S  68 15.0 W
26.01.1990/0231  115  57 52.1 S  68 12.5 W
26.01.1990/0331  116  58 01.4 S  68 13.2 W
26.01.1990/0429  117  58 11.8 S  68 14.7 W
26.01.1990/0818  118  58 21.6 S  68 14.7 W
26.01.1990/0908  119  58 30.0 S  68 15.1 W
26.01.1990/0944  120  58 37.5 S  68 14.9 W
26.01.1990/1015  121  58 43.6 S  68 15.0 W
26.01.1990/1739  122  58 49.8 S  68 15.4 W
26.01.1990/2047  123  58 57.4 S  68 15.3 W
26.01.1990/2131  124  59 05.4 S  68 15.4 W
26.01.1990/2224  125  59 13.1 S  68 15.2 W
27.01.1990/0239  126  59 23.1 S  68 13.7 W
27.01.1990/0343  127  59 32.9 S  68 15.5 W
27.01.1990/0424  128  59 39.7 S  68 14.1 W
27.01.1990/0516  129  59 48.5 S  68 14.0 W
27.01.1990/1140  130  59 58.2 S  68 08.1 W
27.01.1990/1251  131  60 05.8 S  68 09.4 W
27.01.1990/1353  132  60 12.5 S  68 04.6 W
27.01.1990/1454  133  60 19.1 S  68 06.9 W
28.01.1990/0015  134  60 14.9 S  68 06.3 W
28.01.1990/0342  135  60 18.9 S  68 08.3 W
28.01.1990/0426  136  60 26.5 S  68 06.2 W
28.01.1990/0513  137  60 35.5 S  68 04.0 W
28.01.1990/0557  138  60 43.8 S  68 01.6 W
28.01.1990/1208  140  61 07.1 S  67 27.6 W
28.01.1990/1559  141  61 12.2 S  67 14.8 W
28.01.1990/1854  147  61 35.9 S  66 40.1 W
29.01.1990/0209  148  61 36.5 S  66 36.1 W
29.01.1990/0253  149  61 43.4 S  66 26.3 W
29.01.1990/0342  150  61 51.2 S  66 13.0 W
29.01.1990/0812  151  62 05.5 S  65 44.3 W
29.01.1990/0901  152  62 11.2 S  65 27.1 W

Drake Passage (part A)
Date/Time(GMT)   Sta  Latitude   Longitude
---------- ----  ---  ---------  ---------
29.01.1990/1028  153  62 16.7 S  65 13.3 W
29.01.1990/1407  154  62 23.3 S  64 53.4 W
29.01.1990/1456  155  62 29.3 S  64 35.4 W
29.01.1990/2150  156  62 36.4 S  64 16.5 W
30.01.1990/0336  157  62 41.2 S  64 00.3 W
30.01.1990/0415  158  62 45.0 S  63 48.5 W
30.01.1990/0655  159  62 50.9 S  63 31.3 W
30.01.1990/0725  160  62 54.8 S  63 21.4 W
30.01.1990/0748  161  62 57.9 S  63 13.0 W
30.01.1990/0808  162  63 00.5 S  63 06.4 W
30.01.1990/0823  163  63 01.1 S  63 04.9 W

South Orkney (part B)
Date/Time(GMT)   Sta  Latitude   Longitude
---------- ----  ---  ---------  ---------
 6.02.1990/0918  164  59 04.1 S  48 08.4 W
 6.02.1990/1057  165  59 09.6 S  47 45.2 W
 6.02.1990/1243  166  59 15.2 S  47 14.8 W
 6.02.1990/1626  167  59 22.3 S  47 00.6 W
 6.02.1990/1745  168  59 34.0 S  46 44.5 W
 6.02.1990/1853  169  59 45.1 S  46 25.2 W
 6.02.1990/2000  170  59 56.3 S  46 06.6 W
 6.02.1990/2116  171  60 09.1 S  45 47.8 W
 6.02.1990/2210  172  60 12.3 S  45 40.0 W
 6.02.1990/0940  173  60 29.9 S  43 37.8 W
 6.02.1990/1032  174  60 31.6 S  43 17.7 W
 6.02.1990/1141  175  60 33.9 S  42 50.0 W
 6.02.1990/1257  176  60 37.4 S  42 20.1 W
 6.02.1990/1722  177  60 39.1 S  41 56.3 W
 7.02.1990/2336  178  60 38.9 S  41 53.2 W
 8.02.1990/0146  179  60 42.0 S  41 33.0 W
 8.02.1990/0402  180  60 41.5 S  41 16.8 W
 8.02.1990/0735  181  60 36.3 S  40 48.0 W
 8.02.1990/0839  182  60 32.3 S  40 22.4 W
 8.02.1990/0946  183  60 27.4 S  39 56.8 W
 8.02.1990/0958  184  60 27.4 S  39 56.8 W
 8.02.1990/1534  185  60 36.3 S  38 44.9 W
 8.02.1990/1541  186  60 36.9 S  38 41.3 W
 8.02.1990/1642  187  60 40.6 S  38 21.7 W
 8.02.1990/2025  188  60 56.0 S  37 51.7 W
 8.02.1990/2152  189  61 07.2 S  37 30.8 W

American-Antarctic Ridge (part C)
Date/Time(GMT)   Sta  Latitude   Longitude
---------- ----  ---  ---------  ---------
11.02.1990/2315  190  59 15.5 S  26 29.0 W
11.02.1990/0114  191  59 09.3 S  26 00.0 W
11.02.1990/0625  192  58 59.1 S  25 12.7 W
11.02.1990/0815  193  58 49.1 S  24 49.7 W
11.02.1990/0924  194  58 43.1 S  24 41.1 W
12.02.1990/0211  195  58 42.6 S  23 49.3 W
12.02.1990/0947  196  58 37.7 S  22 53.1 W
12.02.1990/1700  197  58 29.9 S  21 47.8 W
14.02.1990/0239  198  58 23.5 S  20 34.9 W
14.02.1990/1101  199  58 15.4 S  19 06.4 W
14.02.1990/1846  201  58 03.2 S  17 31.6 W
15.02.1990/0851  202  57 51.7 S  16 00.0 W
15.02.1990/1640  203  57 42.0 S  14 15.0 W
16.02.1990/0116  204  57 35.4 S  12 41.1 W
16.02.1990/1225  205  57 25.1 S  10 35.9 W
16.02.1990/2009  206  57 18.1 S  09 03.3 W
16.02.1990/0628  207  57 17.5 S  07 24.4 W
16.02.1990/1443  208  57 34.1 S  05 41.9 W
17.02.1990/2346  209  58 03.4 S  03 55.4 W
18.02.1990/1016  210  58 20.6 S  01 59.9 W
18.02.1990/2144  211  58 14.5 S  00 43.8 W

NS-Section to Cape Town (part D)
Date/Time(GMT)   Sta  Latitude   Longitude
---------- ----  ---  ---------  ---------
19.02.1990/0026  212  57 58.1 S  00 37.0 W
20.02.1990/0030  216  55 50.5 S  00 45.4 E
20.02.1990/0301  217  55 33.6 S  00 56.4 E
20.02.1990/1605  218  54 58.6 S  01 17.8 E
20.02.1990/1843  219  54 40.0 S  01 32.6 E
22.02.1990/1140  220  53 10.2 S  02 33.1 E
22.02.1990/1304  221  52 57.8 S  02 40.2 E
22.02.1990/1304  222  52 57.8 S  02 40.2 E
22.02.1990/1925  223  52 23.2 S  03 01.9 E
22.02.1990/1925  224  52 23.2 S  03 01.9 E
22.02.1990/2108  225  52 08.6 S  03 11.3 E
23.02.1990/1422  226  51 38.8 S  03 32.3 E
23.02.1990/1557  227  51 23.2 S  03 41.2 E
24.02.1990/1239  228  50 03.4 S  04 28.2 E
51.02.1990/5003  229  50 03.4 S  04 28.2 E
24.02.1990/1407  230  49 48.1 S  04 36.2 E
24.02.1990/2016  231  49 06.2 S  04 59.8 E
24.02.1990/2124  232  48 54.2 S  05 07.8 E
25.02.1990/0351  233  48 20.2 S  05 30.2 E
25.02.1990/0705  234  47 49.7 S  05 42.2 E
25.02.1990/2033  235  47 20.1 S  05 59.2 E
25.02.1990/2243  236  47 12.4 S  06 22.9 E
26.02.1990/0507  237  46 43.7 S  07 03.5 E

NS-Section to Cape Town (part D)
Date/Time(GMT)   Sta  Latitude   Longitude
---------- ----  ---  ---------  ---------
26.02.1990/0717  238  07 25.5 S  46 27.6 E
26.02.1990/2039  239  45 59.1 S  08 06.8 E
26.02.1990/2340  240  45 47.6 S  08 24.0 E
27.02.1990/1557  241  45 17.4 S  09 01.9 E
27.02.1990/1706  243  45 05.8 S  09 14.3 E
27.02.1990/0720  244  44 43.5 S  09 36.8 E
27.02.1990/0851  245  44 16.6 S  09 43.1 E
27.02.1990/2158  246  43 35.9 S  09 56.6 E
28.02.1990/2321  247  43 19.3 S  10 00.9 E
 1.03.1990/0601  248  42 37.2 S  10 14.5 E
 1.03.1990/0734  249  42 18.5 S  10 18.7 E
 1.03.1990/1727  251  41 45.7 S  10 29.1 E
 1.03.1990/1932  251  41 21.9 S  10 37.6 E
 2.03.1990/0415  252  40 44.0 S  10 51.6 E
 2.03.1990/0606  253  40 26.7 S  10 57.5 E
 2.03.1990/1447  254  39 46.7 S  11 13.6 E
 2.03.1990/1706  255  39 26.0 S  11 21.3 E
 3.03.1990/0830  256  38 55.8 S  11 41.6 E
 3.03.1990/0959  257  38 46.7 S  12 02.9 E
 4.03.1990/0536  258  37 43.4 S  14 01.1 E
 4.03.1990/0536  259  37 43.4 S  14 01.1 E
 4.03.1990/2109  260  37 27.0 S  14 41.7 E
 4.03.1990/2318  261  37 17.1 S  14 51.6 E
 5.03.1990/1253  262  36 14.8 S  15 47.0 E
 5.03.1990/1253  263  36 14.8 S  15 47.0 E
 5.03.1990/1438  264  36 26.9 S  15 57.6 E
 5.03.1990/1515  265  36 26.3 S  16 06.0 E
 5.03.1990/2330  266  36 15.4 S  16 46.1 E
 6.03.1990/0113  267  36 06.9 S  17 06.4 E
 6.03.1990/0356  268  35 53.2 S  17 27.4 E
 6.03.1990/0955  269  35 42.5 S  17 48.9 E
 6.03.1990/1246  270  35 29.9 S  18 07.1 E
 6.03.1990/1904  271  35 20.0 S  18 27.1 E
 6.03.1990/2225  272  35 12.6 S  18 35.9 E




FIGURES LEGENDS

Fig. 1:  Cruise track and stations (large dots: large volume stations), 
         METEOR cruise 11/5
Fig. 2:  Potential temperature section, Drake Passage, METEOR 11/5 (WOCE 
         S1/A21). Station positions see Fig. 1 and Table 4. Isolines by 
         objective analysis of original data (indicated by dots) by R. 
         Schlitzer. Bottom depth from ships recordings.
Fig. 3:  same, salinity section.
Fig. 4:  same, density parameter, sigma-0 (0-1000 m),sigma-2 (1000-3000 m); 
         sigma- 4 (3000-bottom)
Fig. 5:  same, silicate section.
Fig. 6:  same, CFM 11 section. The position of the lowest isoline, 0.025 pM, is 
         somewhat uncertain, for being near to the data error of about 0.01 
         pmol/kg.
Fig. 7:  CFM 11 section, Orkney Stas. (Fig. 1), for explanation see Fig. 2.
Fig. 8:  South Sandwich trench and east, potential temperature section, Stas. 
         see Fig. 1, for explanation see Fig. 2.
Fig. 9:  same, oxygen section.
Fig. 10: same silica section.
Fig. 11: African Passage section (WOCE S2/A12), potential temperature. Stas. 
         see Fig. 1, for explanation see Fig. 2.
Fig. 12: same, salinity section.
Fig. 13: Map of XBT drops, some numbers are omitted for clarity.
Fig. 14: XBT section, 0 to 700 m, in four parts as indicated in Fig. 13.
Fig. 15: Thermosalinograph section, in three parts as indicated in Fig. 13.
Fig. 16: Alace float trajectories, Jan. to end of August 1990. Vector 
         displacements for 14 day period between dive and surfacing position 
         are shown, coded for the individual floats; gap between vectors is 
         surface time (24 h). Float rise velocity exceeds 1 km/h, descent 
         starts at 700 m/h approaching zero at equilibrium depth.



CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA 
(A. Kozyr and A.F. Gaslightwala)
July 1994


Exerpted from Carbon Dioxide report ORNL/CDIAC-55
NDP-045

Chipman, D. W., T. Takahashi, D. Breger, and S. C. Sutherland.  1994.  Carbon 
Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor Cruise 
11/5 in the South Atlantic and Northern Weddell Sea Areas (WOCE sections A-12 
and A-21).  ORNL/CDIAC-55, NDP-045.  Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis 
Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.


ABSTRACT

This document presents the procedures and methods used to obtain carbon dioxide 
(CO2), hydrographic, and chemical data during the R/V Meteor Expedition 1115 in 
the South Atlantic Ocean, including the Drake Passage (Section A-12); the 
Northern Weddell Sea; and the Eastern South Atlantic Ocean (Section A-21). This 
cruise was conducted as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE).

The cruise started from Ushuaia, Argentina, on January 23, 1990, and ended at 
Capetown, South Africa on March 8, 1990. Samples were collected at 78 stations 
that covered the Drake Passage (56-63 S); the Northern Weddell Sea (45-35 W); 
a section along the 58 W parallel (25 W-prime meridian); and two segmented S-
N sections between the Northern Weddell Sea and Capetown, South Africa. 
Measurements taken at WOCE sections A-12 and A-21 included pressure, 
temperature, salinity measured by the Conductivity, Temperature and Depth 
sensor (CTD); bottle salinity; oxygen; phosphate; nitrate; nitrite; silicate; 
total carbon concentration (TCO2); and partial pressure Of CO2 (pCO2) measured 
at 20C. In addition, potential density at 0 decibar (dbar) and potential 
temperature were calculated from the measured variables.

The TCO2 concentration in seawater samples was measured using a coulometer with 
an estimated precision of approximately 1 mol/kg. The coulometer was 
calibrated frequently at sea by using a high-precision gas pipette and CO2 gas 
(99.998%). The pCO2 value in seawater samples was measured at 20C by means of 
a constant volume (500 ml seawater) equilibrator and a gas chromatograph. CO2 
in equilibrated gas was first converted to methane, by using a ruthenium 
catalyst, and then measured by a flame-ionization detector. The precision of 
pCO2 measurements has been estimated to be approximately 0.1%.

The CO2 investigation during the R/V Meteor Cruise 11/5 was supported by a 
grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (No. DE-FG02-90ER60943).

The data set is available, free of charge, as a Numeric Data Package (NDP) from 
CDIAC. The NDP consists of seven data files and this printed documentation, 
which describes the contents and format of all data files as well as the 
procedures and methods used to obtain these data during the R/V Meteor Cruise 
11/5.


1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The World Ocean plays a dynamic role in the Earth's climate: it captures heat 
from the sun, transports it, and releases it thousands of miles away. These 
oceanic-solar-atmospheric interactions affect winds, rainfall patterns, and 
temperatures on a global scale. The oceans also play a major role in global 
carbon cycle processes. Carbon in the oceans is unevenly distributed because of 
complex circulation patterns and biogeochernical cycles, neither of which is 
completely understood. In addition to circulation patterns, biological 
processes (i.e., photosynthesis and respiration) play a crucial role in the 
carbon cycle. The oceans are estimated to hold 38,000 gigatons of carbon, which 
is 50 times more carbon than that in the atmosphere and 20 times more carbon 
than that held by plants, animals, and the soil (Williams 1990). Thus, if only 
2% of the carbon stored in the oceans is released, the level of atmospheric 
carbon dioxide (CO2) would double (Williams 1990). Furthermore, every year more 
than 15 times as much CO2 is exchanged across the sea surface than the amount 
produced by the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human 
activities (Williams 1990).

Several large experiments were conducted in the past, and others are currently 
under way, attempting to better understand the oceans and their role in climate 
and the global carbon cycle. One of the earliest large-scale oceanographic 
projects was the Geochernical Ocean Section Study (GEOSECS). The goal of 
GEOSECS was to study geochernical properties of the oceans with respect to 
large-scale circulation problems. The project, which covered the Atlantic 
(1972-73), Pacific (1973-74), and Indian (1977-78) oceans, officially started 
in 1971 and was noted for its use of equipment and techniques that were at the 
forefront of modem technology and knowledge. The Transient Tracers in the Ocean 
(TTO) project (1982) was designed to measure the distribution of CO2 and 
hydrographic properties in the North Atlantic Ocean. The World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE) started in 1990 and is currently under way. WOCE 
is the first research program of sufficient scope to mount a true global study 
of the ocean. WOCE brings together the expertise of scientists and technicians 
from many nations in an oceanographic experiment that is larger than any ever 
attempted. Another multinational program currently under way is the Joint 
Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The purpose of JGOFS is to investigate the 
processes controlling marine biogeochernical cycles, specifically carbon and 
nutrient cycles.

Seventy-eight stations were occupied along the WOCE sections A-21 and A-12 
(Fig. 1).


3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES

Data file m115.dat (see description on pp. 26-28) in this numeric data package 
contains the following variables: station numbers; cast numbers; sample 
numbers; bottle numbers; CTD pressures; CTD temperatures; CTD salinities; 
potential temperatures; bottle salinities; concentrations of dissolved oxygen, 
silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate; total CO2 concentrations; partial 
pressures of CO2 at 20C; potential densities at 0 dbar; and quality flags. 
Station inventory file mll5sta.inv (pp. 24-25) contains section numbers; 
station numbers; latitude, longitude, sampling date (i.e., day, month, and 
year), and bottom depth for each station.

In accordance with WOCE data management policies, which stipulate that WOCE 
data are not final until designated as such by the chief scientist, we have 
rounded the CTD salinity, CTD temperature, potential temperature, and density 
values to two decimal places. If the chief scientist designates these 
parameters as final, these variables will be restored to their original 
precision.

The temperature and pressure readings of the Neil Brown IIIB CTD unit were 
corrected through the use of 4-6 pairs of reversing thermometers; the 
electrical conductivity readings were corrected by using the salinity values 
determined aboard the ship for all 24 Niskin samplers. A Guildline(trademark) 
Autosal 8400A salinometer and the Wormley Salinity Standards were used for the 
determination of salinity in the discrete water samples. The precision of the 
measurements obtained by the CTD unit has been estimated to be 0.002C for 
temperature and 0.002 for salinity. Potential temperature (theta) and 
potential density (sigma0) values were computed through the use of the 
potential temperature algorithm of Fofonoff (1980), the International Equation 
of State for Seawater (Millero et al. 1980), and Bryden's (1973) formulation 
for the adiabatic temperature gradient.

The concentration of dissolved oxygen was determined by means of the Winkler 
titration method. A molar volume at STP of 22.385 liter/mole (Kester 1975) was 
used to convert oxygen concentrations from milliliter per liter to micromoles 
per kilogram of seawater at the in situ temperature.

The concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate dissolved in 
the seawater samples were determined through the use of standard calorimetric 
methods with an Auto-Analyzer. Determinations were generally made within 6 
hours of collection. The water samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4C 
before analysis.

All of the concentration values are expressed in units of per kilogram of 
seawater, although analytical samples were isolated by volumetric means. For 
the conversion from the volume to the mass of seawater sample, the density of 
each water sample was computed by using the International Equation of State for 
Seawater (Millero et al. 1980) and the measured salinity and the temperature at 
which the volumetric measurements were made.

The total CO2 concentration in approximately 1300 seawater samples and the CO2 
partial pressure in approximately 870 seawater samples collected at 76 stations 
(Fig. 2) were determined aboard the ship. The TCO2 concentration in seawater 
samples was determined by the use of a coulometric system, which was modified 
from that described by Johnson et al. (1985).

For analysis, the seawater was introduced into the stripping chamber using 
fixed-volume syringes. The sample was acidified with 1 ml of 8.5% phosphoric 
acid while it was in the stripping chamber, where the evolved CO2 gas was swept 
from the sample and transferred with a stream of CO2-free air into the 
electrochemical cell of the CO2 coulometer (UTC-Coulometric Model-5011). In the 
coulometer cell, the CO2 was quantitatively absorbed by a solution of 
ethanolamine in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Reaction between the CO2 and the 
ethanolamine formed the weak hydroxyethylcarbamic acid. The pH change of the 
solution associated with the formation of the acid resulted in a color change 
of the thymophthalein pH indicator in the solution. The color change, from deep 
blue to colorless, was detected by a photodiode, which continually monitored 
the transmissivity of the solution. The electronic circuitry of the coulometer, 
on detecting the change in the color of the pH indicator, caused a current to 
be passed through the cell generating hydroxyl (OH-) ions from a small amount 
of water in the solution. The 0H- that was generated titrated the acid, 
returning the solution to its original pH (and hence color); the circuitry then 
interrupted the current flow. The product of current passed through the cell 
and time was related by the Faraday constant to the number of moles of OH- 
generated to titrate the acid and hence to the number of moles of CO2 absorbed 
to form the acid.

The volumes delivered by the constant-volume syringes were determined by 
repeatedly weighing distilled water dispensed in the same manner as a sample; 
the volume was calculated from the delivered weight by using the density of 
pure water at the temperature of the measurement and a buoyancy correction for 
the air displaced by the water (amounts to approximately 0.1% of the weight of 
the water). The density of the seawater in the pipet was calculated at the 
temperature of injection by using the International Equation of State (Millero 
et al. 1980).

The coulometer was calibrated by introducing research-grade CO2 gas (99.998%) 
into the carrier gas line upstream of the extraction tube, using a pair of 
fixed-volume sample loops on a gas-sampling valve and measuring the gas 
pressure in the loops as the gas was vented to the ambient atmosphere, and 
determining the barometric pressure by means of the electronic barometer used 
with the pCO2 system. The loop temperature was measured to 0.05C with a 
thermometer calibrated against one traceable to the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology (NIST), and the non-ideality of CO2 was incorporated 
in the computation of the loop contents. The volume of the calibration loop had 
previously been determined by weighing empty loops and then loops filled with 
mercury. The volumes of these loops have additionally been checked by comparing 
the amount Of CO2 introduced by them with the amount derived from gravimetric 
samples of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate. They were found to be 
accurate to within 0. 1%. During the expedition, the coulometer was calibrated 
several times daily by using the calibrated loop and pure CO2 gas.

In order to evaluate the long-term reproducibility and precision of the 
coulometric determination Of CO2 in seawater, a number of sample bottles were 
filled with a homogeneous sample of surface water and deep water. Bottles made 
of Pyrex glass and PET plastic (500 ml and 1000 ml, respectively) were used. 
Bottled samples were poisoned with mercuric chloride solutions (200 l for each 
500-ml water sample) and analyzed for total CO2 during the expedition. On the 
basis of these measurements (Fig. 3), the precision of TCO2 measurements during 
this expedition was estimated to be approximately 1 mol/kg. Additional 
details on the TCO2 measurements are discussed in Chipman et al. (1992).

A fully automated equilibrator-gas chromatograph system was used during the 
expedition to determined the pCO2 exerted by the seawater samples. Prior to 
analysis, the sample flasks were brought to 20C in the thermostated water bath, 
and approximately 45 ml of seawater was displaced with air that had a known CO2 
concentration. The air in the flasks and in the tubing connecting the flasks to 
the sample loop of the gas chromatograph was recirculated continuously for 
approximately 20 minutes; the gas disperser about 1 cm below the water surface 
provided a large contact area between the water and air bubbles. At the end of 
the equilibration period, the circulation pump was switched off, and the air 
pressure throughout the system was allowed to equalize. A 1-ml aliquot of the 
equilibrated air was isolated from the equilibration subsystem and injected into 
the carrier gas stream of the gas chromatograph by cycling the gas sampling 
valve to which the sample loop was attached. After chromatographic separation, 
the CO2 was converted into methane and water vapor through a reaction with the 
hydrogen carrier in the catalytic converter. The methane produced by this 
reaction was then measured with a precision of 0.05% (one standard deviation) 
by the flame ionization detector. The concentration of CO2 in the sample was 
determined through comparison with the peak areas of known amounts of CO2 from 
injections of three reference gas mixtures, which were calibrated against the 
World Meteorological Organization standards created by C. D. Keeling. The 
reference gas mixtures were injected into the gas chromatograph by means of the 
same sample loop used for the equilibrated air samples; the pressure of the gas 
in the sample loop at the time of injection was determined by venting the loop 
to atmospheric pressure and measuring that pressure by means of a high-accuracy 
electronic barometer (Setra Systems, Inc., Model 270, accuracy 0.3 millibar; 
calibration traceable to the NIST provided by the manufacturer). The sample loop 
was located within the well-controlled temperature environment of the column 
oven of the gas chromatograph; hence, all injections were made at a constant 
temperature.

The equilibrated air samples were saturated with water vapor at the temperature 
of equilibration and had the same pCO2 as the water sample. By injecting the 
air aliquot without removing the water vapor, the partial pressure of CO2 was 
determined directly, without the need to know the water vapor pressure 
(Takahashi et al. 1982). However, was necessary to know the pressure of 
equilibration, which was controlled by keeping the equilibrator flask at 
atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure was, in turn, measured with the 
electronic barometer at the time each equilibrated air sample was injected into 
the gas chromatograph. Corrections were required to account for the change in 
pCO2 of the sample water as a result of the transfer of CO2 to or from the 
water during equilibration with the recirculating air. The overall precision of 
the pCO2 measurement is estimated to be about 0.10%, based on the 
reproducibility of replicate equilibrations. Greater details on the pCO2 
measurements are discussed in Chipman et al. (1992).


4. DATA CHECKS PERFORMED BY CDIAC

An important part of the numeric data package (NDP) process at the Carbon 
Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) 
of data before distribution. Data received at CDIAC are rarely in a condition 
that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of the source. To 
guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC conducts extensive QA 
reviews. Reviews involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, 
and accuracy. Although they have common objectives, these reviews are tailored 
to each data set, often requiring extensive programming efforts. In short, the 
QA process is a critical component in the value-added concept of supplying 
accurate, usable data for researchers. The following summarizes the checks 
performed by CDIAC on the data obtained during the R/V Meteor 11/5 Expedition 
in the South Atlantic Ocean and Northern Weddell Sea areas.

1. These data were provided to CDIAC in three files: CO2 measurements, along 
   with downgraded hydrographic and chemical data, provided by Taro Takahashi 
   and David Chipman from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; hydrographic and 
   chemical measurements, and station information files provided by the WOCE 
   Hydrographic Program Office (WHPO) after quality evaluation; FORTRAN 77 
   retrieval code written and used to merge and reformat the first two data 
   files.

2. All data were plotted by using a PLOTNEST.C program written by Stewart C. 
   Sutherland (LDEO) to check for obvious outliers. The program plots a series 
   of nested profiles, using the station number as an offset; the first station 
   is defined at the beginning, and subsequent stations are offset by a fixed 
   interval (Figs. 4 and 5). Some outliers were identified and removed after 
   consultation with the principal investigators.

3. Property-property plots for all parameters were generated (Fig. 6), carefully 
   examined, and compared with plots from previous expeditions in the South 
   Atlantic Ocean to identify "noisy" data and possible systematic, 
   methodological errors.

4. All variables were checked for values exceeding physical limits, such as 
   sampling depth values that are greater than the given bottom depths.

5. Station locations (latitudes and longitudes) and sampling times were examined 
   for consistency with maps and with cruise information supplied by Chipman et 
   al. (1992).

6. CTD salinity, CTD temperature, potential temperature, and density have been 
   downgraded to two decimal places in accordance with WOCE data management 
   policies, which stipulate that data are not final until designated as such 
   by the chief scientist. If the chief scientist designates these parameters 
   as final, these values will be restored to their original precision.

7. The designation for missing values, given as -9.0 in the original files, was 
   changed to -999.9.



FIGURE LEGENDS (see PDF report for figs)

Figure 1. Station locations during the R/V Meteor Cruise 11/5.

Figure 2. Sampling depths at the 78 hydrographic stations occupied during the 
          R/V MIETEOR Cruise 1115.

Figure 3. Repeated measurements of the total CO2 concentration in sea surface 
          (A) and in deep water (B) samples. About 50 sample bottles were 
          analyzed over a 50-day period during the expedition. Only 20 bottles 
          were filled with a homogenized deep water sample and analyzed 
          subsequently over a period of 13 days. The analyses of these samples 
          yield a mean value of 1965.21.0 for the surface samples and 
          2262.21.0 for the deep water samples.

Figure 4. Nested profiles: Total carbon (mol/kg) vs pressure (dbar) for 
          stations 102-141.

Figure 5. Nested profiles: Total carbon (mol/kg) vs pressure (dbar) for 
          stations 142-179.

Figure 6. Property-property plots for all stations occupied during the R/V 
          Meteor Cruise 11/5.



6. REFERENCES

Bryden, H. L. 1973. New polynomials for thermal expansion, adiabatic 
          temperature gradient and potential temperature of seawater. Deep-Sea 
          Research 20: 401-08.

Chipman, D., T. Takahashi, D. Breger, S. Sutherland. 1992. Investigation of 
          carbon dioxide in the South Atlantic and Northern Weddell Sea Areas 
          (WOCE Sections A-12 and A-21) during the Meteor Expedition 11/5, 
          January-March 1990. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia 
          University, Palisades, N.Y.

Clark, W. C. 1982. Carbon dioxide review. Clarendon Press and Oxford Press, 
          Oxford, England, and New York.

Fofonoff, N. P. 1980. Computation of potential temperature of seawater for an 
          arbitrary reference pressure. Deep-Sea Research 24: 489-91.

Johnson, K. M., A. E. King, and M. Sirburth. 1985. Coulometric TCO2 analyses 
          for marine studies: An introduction. Marine Chemistry 16: 61-82.

Kester, D. R. 1975. Dissolved gases other than CO2. pp. 497-556. In 2nd 
          Edition, J.P. Riley, G. Skirrow (eds.), Chemical Oceanography. 
          Academic Press, London. Vol.1.

Millero, F. J., C.-T. Chen, A- Bradshaw and K. Schleicher. 1980. A new high-
          pressure equation of state for seawater. Deep-Sea Research 27: 225-
          64.

Roether, W., M. Sarnthein, T. J. Miffler, W. Nellen und D. Sahrhage. 1990. 
          SUDATLANTICZIRCUMPOLARSTORM, Reise Nr. 11. 3 October 1989 - 11 Mdrz 
          1990. Meteor-Berichte, Universitt Hamburg.

Sievers, H. A., and W. D. Nowlin. 1984. The stratification and water masses at 
          Drake Passage. Journal of Geophysics Research 89: 10489-514.

Takahashi, T., D. Chipman, N. Schechtman, J. Goddard, and R. Wanninkof. 1982. 
          Measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 in discrete water samples 
          during the North Atlantic Expedition, the Transient Tracers of Oceans 
          Project. Technical Report to NSF. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 
          Palisades, N.Y.

U.S. WOCE Implementation Plan. 1991. U.S. Implementation Report No. 1, U.S. 
          WOCE Office, College Station, Tex.

Williams, P. J. 1990. Oceans carbon, and climate change. Scientific Committee 
          on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Halifax, Canada.



CTD CALIBRATION REPORT 06MT11_5
(Ronala G. Patrick/SIO-ODF)
28 DEC 1989 (submitted to WHPO 16 JUL 1993)


CALIBRATION SUMMARY

Parameters:           Pressure and Temperature
Instruments:          1 ea NBIS Mark III CTD
Identification:       AWI CTD serial serial # 01-1069
Dates of calibration: 1989 DEC 13-19
By:                   R.T.Williams


Sequence of events of calibration:
13 Dec 89: Temperature calibration started. 
           Corrections were determined from -2.5 to 25.0 C.
14 Dec 89: (Continue temperature calibration)
14 Dec 89: 0-8830 psi (0-6080 dbars) pressure calib at -1.00 C
14 Dec 89: 0-1730 psi (0-1190 dbars) pressure calib at 5.00 C
15 Dec 89: (Continue temperature calibration)
19 Dec 89: (Continue temperature calibration)
19 Dec 89: Calibrations complete.


Calibrations carried out by: Robert T. Williams
                             Oceanographic Data Facility
                             Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                             U.C. San Diego, A-014
                             La Jolla, California 92093
                             (619) 534-4426


CTD TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION REPORT

Temperature transfer standard:
   Rosemount standard platinum resistance thermometer Model 162CE, 
     serial no. 2544. 
   Most recent triple point:     
     19 September 1989.

Resesistance Bridge:          
   NBIS ATB-1250

Constant Temperature Water Bath:
   375 liters volume, stirred with industrial stirrer moving 1500 
   liters/min. Controlled by Tronac PTC-41 temperature controller using 
   2 cooled heater units and 1 auxiliary cooling coil. Standard 
   deviation was 0.0003 degrees C or better during calibration. 
     Gradients in bath interior:
       approx. 0.001 degrees C/meter. The CTD was completely immersed in 
       the bath.

Procedure: 
   The CTD was suspended on rails in the center of the bath. The 
   Standard PRT (SPRT) was located as close as possible (less than 2 cm) 
   to the CTD temperature sensor. At each temperature, 30-70 SPRT 
   readings were taken, each reading being compared to an average of 15 
   frames of CTD data with a standard deviation of .0002. The time spent 
   taking readings after the bath stabilized at each temperature varied 
   from a few minutes to over an hour. 


13 DEC 89
01-1069 POST-OFFSET, PRE-METEOR 
in tank at 5 degrees at 1220

 TIME  SPRT TEMP. CTD TEMP. CORRECTION  # OF VALUES
(hhmm)  (deg.C)   (deg.C)    (deg.C)    IN AVERAGE

  1327    5.0018    7.9990     -2.9972       10
  1329    5.0024    7.9996     -2.9972       10
  1339    5.0025    7.9998     -2.9973       10
  1344    5.0028    8.0001     -2.9973       10
  1347    5.0025    7.9998     -2.9973       10

1349-1353 Go to 1 degree

  1414    1.0066    4.0000    -2.9934        10
  1437    1.0052    3.9987    -2.9935        10
  1551    1.0036    3.9970    -2.9934        10
  1557    1.0034    3.9969    -2.9935        10

Go to -1 degree

  1623    -1.0040    1.9876    -2.9916       10
  1626    -1.0032    1.9883    -2.9915       10
  1632    -1.0030    1.9885    -2.9915       10
  1716    -1.0030    1.9883    -2.9913       10
  1753    -1.0035    1.9880    -2.9915       10
14 DEC 89
  0957    -1.0037    1.9881    -2.9918       10
  1042    -1.0039    1.9878    -2.9917       10


 TIME  SPRT TEMP. CTD TEMP. CORRECTION  # OF VALUES
(hhmm)  (deg.C)   (deg.C)    (deg.C)    IN AVERAGE

Go to -2.5 degree

  1149    -2.5015    0.4887    -2.9902       10
  1159    -2.5014    0.4888    -2.9902       10
  1221    -2.5018    0.4889    -2.9907       10
  1231    -2.5014    0.4889    -2.9903       10

Go to -2.0 degree

  1252    -1.9988    0.9921    -2.9909       10
  1257    -1.9982    0.9926    -2.9908       10
  1308    -1.9986    0.9923    -2.9909       10

Go to -1.0 degree

  1320    -0.9999    1.9917    -2.9916       10
  1323    -1.0008    1.9910    -2.9918       10
  1333    -1.0009    1.9906    -2.9915       10
DO 0-8830 psi pressure calib. at -1 degrees
  1446    -1.0009    1.9906    -2.9915       10

1452-1500 Go to 3.0 degrees

  1503     3.0016    5.9977    -2.9961       10
  1628     3.0046    6.0006    -2.9960       10
  1630     3.0046    6.0006    -2.9960       10

1631-1637 Go to 5 degrees

  1638     4.9965    7.9941    -2.9976       10
  1644     4.9970    7.9947    -2.9977       10
  1659     4.9972    7.9950    -2.9978       10
Do 0-1730 psi pressure calib. at 5 degrees
  1725     4.9969    7.9948    -2.9979       10

1726-1732 Go to 10 degrees

  1736     9.9977   12.9987    -3.0010       10
  1806     9.9986   13.0001    -3.0015       10
  1812     9.9985   13.0000    -3.0015       10
  1815     9.9983   12.9999    -3.0016       10

Go to 15 degrees

  1825    15.0026    18.0066   -3.0040       10
  1831    15.0041    18.0085   -3.0044       10
  1834    15.0046    18.0089   -3.0043       10
  1924    15.0044    18.0087   -3.0043       10
  2015    15.0051    18.0092   -3.0041       10
15 DEC 89
  1908    15.0050    18.0094   -3.0044       10
  1918    15.0048    18.0092   -3.0044       10


 TIME  SPRT TEMP. CTD TEMP. CORRECTION  # OF VALUES
(hhmm)  (deg.C)   (deg.C)    (deg.C)    IN AVERAGE

Go to 20 degrees

  1934    20.0011    23.0072   -3.0061       10
  1935    20.0013    23.0076   -3.0063       10
  1942    20.0019    23.0083   -3.0064       10
  1950    20.0001    23.0065   -3.0064       10
  2006    19.9999    23.0063   -3.0064       10

Go to 25 degrees

  2025    25.0020    28.0094   -3.0074       10
  2027    25.0020    28.0094   -3.0074       10
  2117    25.0027    28.0099   -3.0072       10
  2208    25.0024    28.0094   -3.0070       10
  2259    25.0023    28.0091   -3.0068       10
19 Dec 89
  1539    25.0031    28.0097   -3.0066       10
  1541    25.0030    28.0096   -3.0066       10

1546-1548 Go to 14+ degrees

  1551    14.4393    17.4447   -3.0054        5
  1552    14.4388    17.4441   -3.0053        6
  1554    14.4393    17.4441   -3.0048       10
  1603    14.4384    17.4425   -3.0041       10
  1640    14.4382    17.4420   -3.0038       10
  1654    14.4378    17.4417   -3.0039       10
  1718    14.4382    17.4422   -3.0040       10

End of Calibration



Pressure transfer standard: Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gage
Piston gage serial number:  HC-792      
calib date:                 10 Jan 1985
Weight set serial number:   34221       
calib date:                 10 Jan 1985
Pressure range:             30 to 12000 psi.
CTD calibration date:       14 Dec 1989  
Barometer:                  1012.2 mbars

CTD pressure transducer 17.8 cm below standard reference plane

Bath temperature for this calibration: 5.00 degrees C

The CTD was connected to the Ruska pressure standard in a closed loop to 
apply desired pressures. Pressure was applied via calibrated plates of 
known mass starting with atmospheric pressure, going to the maximum 
pressure, then back to atmospheric pressure. The beginning and ending 
"zero"pressures were obtained by opening the system to the atmosphere, 
effectively applying only the barometric pressure and oil head pressure 
in the standard system to the CTD. At each pressure, a minimum of three 
readings were taken, with each reading compared to an average of 10 
frames of data, providing the standard deviation within the 10 frames of 
data did not exceed 0.1 decibar. The effects of physical parameters such 
as barometric pressure and head pressure of the oil were calculated and 
used to derive the correction values.

 STANDARD PRESSURE     CTD PRESSURE        CORRECTION NEEDED
(calibrated dbars)  (uncorrected dbars)  (dbars, at 5.00 deg.C)

       0.2                  5.1                  -4.9
      20.8                 25.6                  -4.8
      89.6                 94.1                  -4.5
     158.5                162.7                  -4.2
     227.3                231.3                  -4.0
     296.2                300.0                  -3.8
     365.0                368.8                  -3.8
     502.6                506.5                  -3.9
     640.3                644.5                  -4.2
     709.2                713.4                  -4.2
     846.8                851.4                  -4.6
    1053.3               1058.3                  -5.0
    1191.0               1196.3                  -5.3
    1053.3               1059.3                  -6.0
     846.8                853.8                  -7.0
     709.2                716.3                  -7.1
     640.3                647.6                  -7.3
     502.6               5,09.8                  -7.2
     365.0                372.0                  -7.0
     296.2                303.0                  -6.8
     227.3                233.8                  -6.5
     158.5                164.6                  -6.1
      89.6                 95.4                  -5.8
      20.8                 26.0                  -5.2
       0.2                  5.4                  -5.2



Pressure transfer standard: Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gage
Piston gage serial number:  HC-792
calib date:                 10 Jan 1985
Weight set serial number:   34221
calib date:                 10 Jan 1985
Pressure range:             30  to  12000   psi.
CTD calibration date:       14 Dec 1989  
Barometer:                  1012.2 mbars

CTD pressure transducer 17.8 cm below standard reference plane 

Bath temperature for this calibration: -1.00 degrees C

 STANDARD PRESSURE    CTD PRESSURE       CORRECTION NEEDED
(calibrated dbars) (uncorrected dbars) (dbars at -1.00 deg.C)

       0.2                  5.1                  -4.9
      20.8                 25.7                  -4.9
     158.5                162.8                  -4.3
     365.0                369.0                  -4.0
     709.2                713.8                  -4.6
    1053.3               1058.8                  -5.5
    1397.6               1403.4                  -5.8
    2086.0               2090.9                  -4.9
    2774.4               2777.6                  -3.2
    3463.0               3464.1    PRL           -1.1
    4151.5               4151.0                   0.5
    4840.0               4838.6                   1.4
    5528.6               5526.9                   1.7
    6079.5               6078.8                   0.7
    ------------------------------------------
    5528.6               5527.0                   1.6
    4840.0               4838.5                   1.5
    4151.5               4151.0                   0.5
    3463.0               3464.4                  -1.4
    2774.4               2778.4    PRN           -4.0
    2086.0               2092.8                  -6.8
    1397.6               1406.8                  -9.2
    1053.3               1063.1                  -9.8
     709.2                718.6                  -9.4
     365.0                373.1                  -8.1
     158.5                165.2                  -6.7
      20.8                 26.4                  -5.6
       0.2                  5.6                  -5.4
 
 

                                                       14/09/89-10241
                         APPENDIX H
                      PRESSURE AVERAGING

Pressure Averaging converts the raw time series instrument data from the 
CTD to a uniform pressure averaged series. Time lags between sensors are 
corrected before pressure averaging and the sensor calibrations are 
applied to convert the pressure averaged data to engineering units after 
pressure averaging. Any erroneous observations must be corrected using 
the manual editor before pressure averaging. The conversion of 
conductivity and temperature to engineering units and the computation of 
salinity according to the 1978 practical salinity scale is done on the 
pressure averaged data to reduce the number of calculations. Calculated 
data are stored in the output file in ASCII.

Sensor time lag corrections:
Because the output file is no longer a uniform time series, corrections 
for time lags between. sensors, particularly temperature and 
conductivity, must occur prior to carrying out the pressure averaging. 
The platinum temperature sensor has a time constant which has been 
observed to vary by a factor of three among sensors. The nominally 
mid-range time constant is .06 seconds. Note that some Mark III CTD's 
have summed platinum and thermistor temperature probes with a faster 
nominal thermal response but a more complex transfer function (reference 
17). The flushing length of the 3 centimeter conductivity sensor depends 
on lowering rate but is short (Approximately .03 seconds at I meter/sec 
lowering rates) compared to the thermal response of the temperature 
probe. To slow the conductivity cell down to match the temperature 
probe, an exponential recursive filter is applied to the conductivity 
sensor to give the conductivity a response closely approximating the 
temperature sensor (see Millard 1982).

C(t) = C(t-delta t)*W1 Ci(t)*Wo

where
     Wo = e-delta t/tau
     W1 = 1 - Wo

     tau is the platinum thermometer time constant. 
     delta t is the time between CTD observations. 
     The temperature probe time constant tau is stored in the instrument 
       calibration file. 

Pressure is treated similarly:

P(t) = P(t-delta t)*Wo Pi(t)*Wo

     Ci and Pi are the raw conductivity and pressure.
     C and P is output lagged conductivity and pressure

Although the shift in amplitude and phase of pressure is small from 
filtering, the resultant pressure is smoother varying and better behaved 
for differentiating to compute the lowering rate to look for pressure 
reversals.

The pressure averaging to create a uniform pressure series is broken 
into two steps. First, the time average of pressure, temperature, 
conductivity, and other parameters is performed between the starting 
pressure Po and Po + delta P. Depending on whether the instrument 
spends more or less time above the center pressure value Po + 1/2 
delta, the time averaged pressure will be less or greater than the 
center value. Secondly, a pressure interpolation is made to adjust the 
time weighted average of temperature, salinity, oxygen, etc. to the 
center pressure. The difference between mean pressure P and the center 
pressure of the interval Po + 1/2 delta P is used together with 
temperature and salinity gradient to adjust these properties to the 
center of the interval.

A detailed description of the pressure averaging method is now. 
presented. As described earlier, the sensor time lag corrections are 
applied to the data prior to the pressure averaging so the pressure 
P(t), and conductivity C(t) values employed are lag corrected.

     delta t is the CTD instrument sampling interval which can vary with      
     instrument set up.
          delta t = .128 sec for a standard Mark III B. 
     delta P is the pressure averaging interval and the output pressure
       sampling interval.
     jth refers to the jth pressure interval 
     Po is the starting pressure of the interval. 
     m is the number of observations averaged in the pressure interval.

The time averaged pressure P(1/2 m dela t) is computed while pressure 
lies between Po < P(t) < Po + delta p.

                                   m delta t
     P(1/2 m delta t)   1          sigma P(t) delta t = Pj
                        ---------
                        m delta t  0

P(1/2 m delta t) is the time averaged pressure position of the CTD 
sensors within the pressure interval Po+ 1/2 delta p.

The lowering rate  delta P/delta t  must also be positive for data to be 
included in the above time average. This screens out data occurring 
during instrument reversals, when the CTD sensors are in the wake of the 
fish and lack of flushing of the conductivity cell make this measurement 
unreliable. Otherwise the previous value is substituted in order to 
preserve the time sequence.

When delta P(k)/delta t < 0 then:
     P(k) = P(k-1)
     T(k) = T(k-1)
     C(k) = C(k-l)

The temperature and conductivity are averaged over the pressure interval 
(delta P), also applying the lowering rate constraint. The temperature 
and conductivity averages are located at the time averaged instrument 
position. These averages are carried out on the raw uncalibrated 
observations, which are scaled to physical units after the average is 
formed but prior to the calculation of salinity. The output pressure 
averaged data file is stored in ASCII, in physical units of decibars, 
degrees celsius, and salinity on PPS78.


                                Po + delta P
     Tj = T(Pj) =  1          sigma        T(P(t)) delta t 
                     ---------
                     m delta t  Po


                                Po + delta P
     Cj = C(Pj) =  1          sigma        C(P(t)) delta t 
                     ---------     
                     m delta t  Po

     #j = #(Pj) =  m : number of observations in pressure bin beta P.
                     
The number of observations in each pressure average interval is carried 
along as a crude time base (m delta t) and also to allow the lowering 
rate  delta P/delta t = delta P/m delta t  to be calculated.

Before computing salinity the conductivity in engineering units is 
adjusted for conductivity cell distortions with temperature alpha and 
pressure beta following Fofonoff, Hayes, and Millard (1973).

     Cj = Cj (1 + alpha{Tj-To)+beta(Pj - Po)}

where alpha and beta for a Mark III CTD alumina conductivity cell are 
stored in the calibration f ile together with To and Po.

     alpha = -6.5 E-6 
     beta  =  1.5 E-8 
     To   =  2 4 C
     Po   =  0 delta B


Salinity is computed from the time averaged values of pressure, 
temperature and conductivity before these observations are interpolated 
to the center pressure described next.

The temperature and conductivity averages T and C are located at the 
time averaged position within P , which is not necessarily the center of 
the pressure interval P.48P, and interpolation to the center pressure is 
performed to create a uniform pressure series. The gradients of 
temperature, salinity, and oxygen are estimated from neighboring 
pressure. intervals as follows.

For temperature:

     Tj(Po + 1/2 delta P) = 
       T(Pj)+[T(Pj-1)]-T(Pj+1)](Po+1/2 delta P-Pj)/(Pj-1 - Pj+1)

For salinity:

     Sj(Po + 1/2 delta P) = 
       S(Pj)+[S(Pj-1)]-S(Pj+1)](Po+1/2 delta P-Pj)/(Pj-1 - Pj+1)


The oxygen sensor requires lag correction as described by Owens &
Millard (1985). This lag correction of the oxygen current is
done after the pressure averaging using the time information
stored in the number of observations  #j  as follows.

     Oc    = oxygen current with lag correction.
     Ocj  = measured oxygen current.
     tauo = oxygen sensor lag approximately 5 - 8 seconds.
     Oc    = Ocj + tauo(delta Oc/delta t)

     where the derivative of oxygen current is estimated as follows:

     delta 0c/delta t = [Ocj-1 - 0cj+l]/(1/2{#j-l + #j+1}+#j)

It should be noted that adding the derivative of oxygen current
with ro larger than unity causes resultant oxygen values to have
a somewhat higher noise level. Lag corrected oxygen values are
best smoothed over 10 to 15 decibars. This smoothing is
currently not performed by the pressure averaging program.

Oxygen is computed from oxygen current as follows from Owens and Millard 
(1985).

Ox = Oc e{tcor(Tj+W(Tj-otj)+pcor P} Oxsat (T,S)

     where Oc has been converted to physical units and lagged corrected 
     as described before and Oxsat(T,S) is the oxygen saturation value 
     after Weiss (1973).

The coefficients tcor, pcor and W are membrane diffusion parameters 
which are stored along with tauo and other oxygen current bias and 
slope parameters in the calibration file. A fitting procedure for 
obtaining these oxygen parameters is discussed in Owens and Millard 
(1985).  Typical values are:

tcor  = -.036 
pcor  =  .00015 
W     =  .75 
tauo =   5 seconds


June 4, 1988

How to handle gaps in pressure in the time series (.EDT) input data 
file.

A gap is  N beta P  pressure intervals Po + NPo for which no input 
time series pressure values P(t) exist. Currently the program stops
output pressure averaged data at a gap although it continues searching 
the input data.

The logic of the pressure interpolation used to center up the time 
averaged pressure, temperature, conductivity etc. formed as described 
below can be extended to interpolate gaps in pressure as is shown under 
pressure centering logic on the next page.

The time averaged pressure P(kmSt) is computed while pressure lies 
between Po < P(t) < Po + beta P


                                   m delta t
     P(1/2 m delta t)   1          sigma P(t) delta t = Pj
                        ---------
                        m delta t  0

P(1/2 m delta t) is the time averaged pressure position of the CTD 
sensors within the pressure interval  Po + 1/2 beta P.

The temperature and conductivity are averaged over the pressure interval 
(beta P), also applying the lowering rate constraint. The temperature 
and conductivity averages are located at the time averaged instrument 
position. These averages are carried out on the raw uncalibrated 
observations, which are scaled to physical units after the average is 
formed but prior to the calculation of salinity. The output pressure 
averaged data file is stored in ASCII in physical units of decibars, 
degrees celsius, and salinity on PPS78.


                                Po + delta P
     Tj = T(Pj) =  1          sigma        T(P(t)) delta t 
                     ---------
                     m delta t  Po


                                Po + delta P
     Cj = C(Pj) =  1          sigma        C(P(t)) delta t 
                     ---------     
                     m delta t  Po

     #j = #(Pj) =  m : number of observations in pressure bin  beta P.
                     

Salinity is computed from the time averaged values of pressure, 
temperature and conductivity before these observations are interpolated 
to the center pressure described next.

PRESSURE CENTERING LOGIC WITH EXTENSION TO GAPS

The temperature and conductivity averages Tj and Cj are located
at the time averaged position within Pj which is not necessarily
the center of the pressure interval Po + 1/2 delta P, and interpolation 
to the center pressure is performed to create a uniform pressure
series. The gradients of temperature an salinity, and oxygen are
estimated from neighboring pressure intervals as follows.

Pressure centering logic:

For temperature:

     Tj(Po + 1/2 delta P) = 
       T(Pj)+[T(Pj-1)-T(Pj+1)](Po+1/2 delta P-Pj)/(Pj-1 - Pj+1)

For salinity:

     Sj(Po + 1/2 delta P) = 
       S(Pj)+[S(Pj-1))-S(Pj+1)](Po+1/2 delta P-Pj)/(Pj-1 - Pj+1)


EXTENSION TO HANDLE GAPS
The logic used to interpolate to the center of the pressure interval 
Po + 1/2 delta P  can be extended to include the interpolation over 
gaps in data as follows.

Suppose the pressure interval Pj has just been calculated together with 
Tj, etc.  A further test is inserted in the Basic code.in which the 
next input pressure value P(t) is compared with Po + N delta P

     where N=1,2,3 
       if P(t) > Po + N delta P where N > 2 then increment N by 1 and 
       retest until test is not true.

     Next, form time averaged pressure, temperature, etc. for: 
       Pj+n   Tj+n   Cj+n   and compute salinity.

Now we are ready to interpolate the last N missing pressure intervals 
for temperature, salinity, etc. using the pressure centering logic 
above.



DATA QUALITY EVALUATIONS

CTD DATA QUALITY EVALUATION: METEOR 11_5 
(Robert Millard) 
May 6, 1993


Two data sources have been looked at in quality controlling the CTD data 
of this cruise. For the most part, I used the .HY2 combined water sample 
and CTD data file, and to a lesser degree the individual 2-decibar .WCT 
CTD data files. The cruise report has no information on laboratory and 
at sea calibrations performed on the CTD data set. Without this 
information there is no way to evaluate the quality of the CTD pressure 
and temperature. The method of matching the CTD to water sample data 
needs to be described. It would also be useful to have a reference on 
the data processing methodology (i.e. converting the time series CTD 
data to a uniform pressure series, edit procedures both data glitches 
and pressure reversals). No CTD oxygens were provided and therefore no 
assessment of CTD oxygens was performed.


THE WATER SAMPLE DATA FROM THE .HY2 FILE

The CTD and water sample salinity difference (CTD-WS) is calculated for 
all observation levels of the .HY2 file and they are plotted versus 
station in figure 1. Figure 1 shows several stations with salinity 
differences of .003-.004 psu (sta. 138, 149, & 154), These could be 
problems associated with water sample or CTD salinity, but no mention is 
made of this in the cruise report. A histogram of salinity differences 
is shown in figure 2 with a mean difference of -0.00027 psu and a 
standard deviation of .0038 psu. A plot of the salt differences versus 
pressure (figure 3) shows that the scatter decreases with depth, 
particularly below 800 decibars. 

The least squares linear fit shows that mean difference is slightly 
greater than zero (~0.0005 psu) above 2000 dbars but approaches zero at 
the bottom. A plot of the salt differences below 2000 decibars (figure 
4) shows the smaller scatter as does the histogram for P > 2000 dbars of 
figure 5. Again, several stations (sta. 138, 149, 154 and perhaps 103) 
show salinity differences as noted earlier. The standard deviation below 
2000 dbars is reduced to .0021 psu and the mean salt difference is 
-0.00015 psu. 

Generally the CTD salinity is very well matched to the bottle salinity 
and the deep water salinity difference scatter indicates high quality 
water sample salinity as well. Figure 6 is a potential 
temperature/salinity plot for pressures greater than 1700 dbars for 
stations 153, 154, & 155. The CTD salinity of station 154 seems 
anomalously low compared to both neighboring station data & water sample 
salts. The CTD conductivity (salinity) appears to be well matched to 
rosette water sample salinities for all but the few stations mentioned, 
and these could be water sample salt problems, except for station 154 
which appears to have conductivity (salinity) miscalibrated.


THE 2 DECIBAR CTD PROFILES FROM THE .WCT FILES

A mean profile was created on pressure surfaces for all stations and 
then individual profiles compared to the mean profile in order to 
identify questionable data values. The mean profile was formed from all 
cruise data and has a larger than normal standard deviation because the 
station data transects a strong frontal zone, as indicated in a plot of 
the potential temperature below 2000 dbars (figure 7), which shows 
stations 120 - 156: a group of somewhat colder stations.

Two edit criteria were used to flag questionable data: 

1. Temperature and salinity variations whose difference from the mean 
   profile exceeds 3.0 standard deviations (for all of the station data 
   at that pressure level) or 
2. density inversions where the stability parameter (E) exceeds -1.0 E-4 
   per meter. 

Nearly all of the questionable data in the table below involve a few 
unstable regions that slightly exceed the E min = -1.0 E-04 edit 
criteria. A summary list of stations with questionable data follows 
below:


File name     Pmax E_Tot T_err S_err 02_err E_err Sd fact E Min
------------  ---- ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- -----------
M101CO1.WCT;    60    4    0     4     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M102CO1.WCT;    92    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M103CO1.WCT;  3072    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M104CO1.WCT;  4442    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M104CO4.WCT;  4004    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M105CO1.WCT;  3786    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M106CO1.WCT;  3888    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M107CO2.WCT;  3858    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M108CO1.WCT;  3670    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M109CO1.WCT;  3742    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M110CO1.WCT;  3854    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M111CO1.WCT;  4028    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M112CO2.WCT;  3888    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M113CO1.WCT;  4020    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M114CO1.WCT;  3600    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M115CO1.WCT;  4118    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M116CO1.WCT;  4074    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M117CO1.WCT;  2056    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M119CO2.WCT;  3960    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M120CO1.WCT;  3650    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M121CO1.WCT;  2158    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M122CO1.WCT;  3926    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M123CO1.WCT;  3736    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M124CO2.WCT;  4174    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M12SCO1.WCT;  3048    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M126CO1.WCT;  3476    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M127CO1.WCT;  2724    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M128CO1.WCT;  3360    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M129CO2.WCT;  4302    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M130CO1.WCT;  4478    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M131CO2.WCT;  5164    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M132CO1.WCT;  2496    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M133CO1.WCT;  3396    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04

File name     Pmax E_Tot T_err S_err 02_err E_err Sd fact E Min
------------  ---- ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- -----------
M134CO2.WCT;  5494    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M135CO1.WCT;  5714    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M136CO1.WCT;  4832    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M137CO1.WCT;  4624    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M138CO1.WCT;  4966    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M139CO1.WCT;  4554    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M140CO1.WCT;  3244    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M141CO1.WCT;  4440    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M142CO1.WCT;  4284    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M143CO1.WCT;  4798    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M144CO1.WCT;  3964    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M145CO1.WCT;  3756    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M146CO1.WCT;  4200    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M147CO1.WCT;  4156    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M148CO1.WCT;  4464    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M149CO1.WCT;  4804    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M150CO1.WCT;  4208    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M151CO1.WCT;  3826    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M152CO1.WCT;  4216    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M153CO2.WCT;  4188    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M154CO1.WCT;  4528    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M156CO1.WCT;  2856    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M157CO1.WCT;  3086    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M158CO1.WCT;  3158    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M159CO1.WCT;  2882    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M160CO1.WCT;  3592    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M161CO1.WCT;  3026    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M162CO1.WCT;   794    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M162CO3.WCT;  4326    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M163CO1.WCT;  4100    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M164CO1.WCT;  4134    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M165CO2.WCT;  4430    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M166CO1.WCT;  1412    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M166CO3.WCT;  4616    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M167CO2.WCT;  4608    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M168CO2.WCT;  3848    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M169CO2.WCT;  4588    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M170C02.WCT;  4506    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M171CO2.WCT;  4810    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M172CO1.WCT;  1210    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M172CO3.WCT;  5150    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M173CO2.WCT;  4838    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M174CO2.WCT;  5144    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M175CO2.WCT;  5058  113   50    63     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M176CO2.WCT;  4914  505  480   234     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M177CO1.WCT;   706    1    0     0     0     1      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M177CO2.WCT;  4584    1    1     1     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M178CO1.WCT;   904    0    0     0     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M178CO2.WCT;  3926   60    0    60     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
M179CO1.WCT;  1784   47    0    47     0     0      3.00  -0.1000E-04
  
  
Only a few questionable data were located, and nearly all were in 
temperature and salinity and occurred at the extremes of the survey 
region (stations 1, 176, 176, 178 and 179), which contains a strong 
frontal zone at all depths. The flagged observations just exceed the 3 
standard deviation edit criteria and most likely indicate the extreme 
variability of survey region (see figure 7) rather than questionable 
data.

Overall, the CTD data of Meteor cruise 11 leg 5, in both the water 
sample file and CTD data files, appear to be of good quality, both with 
respect to calibration of salinity and removal of erroneous data. A 
report addressing the laboratory calibration of pressure and 
temperature, together with a statement of the accuracy of these data, 
are necessary in order to complete the CTD data assessment.



HYDROGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY EVALUATION
(Arnold Mantyla) 
23 APR 1991


Meteor cruise 11/15 did not meet WOCE standards because of 
rather sparse sampling in the vertical; the majority of the 
stations had 23 or fewer discrete depth observations. Thirty-
six bottles were tripped on the latter part of the cruise, but 
those stations did not sample 36 different depths because of 
duplicate sampling in the mixed layer and other wasted sampling 
at the same depths on both casts.

There were some obvious erroneous CTD pressure and temperature 
trip data assigned to the bottle data. Without access to a hard 
copy of the deck log with tabulations of intended sampling 
depths, that data could not be corrected. There is no quality 
code to indicate mis-assigned CTD information, so I've flagged 
all of the data for those depths as questionable. Actually, the 
water sample data is probably OK, we just don't know where they 
came from. The questionable stations are 166, 170, 174 and 178.

The nutrient data apparently had not been looked over very 
carefully. There were samples that were analyzed but not listed 
with the stations, chart read errors, key entry errors and 
calibration errors. Those have all been corrected by the Data 
Facility and the enclosed diskette now has the corrected data. 
The stations that have changed nutrients are: 108, 110, 111, 
112, 114, 115, 132, 134, 139, 140, 141, 152, 153 and 174. The 
old AAII was showing its age with response shifts in the middle 
of a station set of samples, particularly for phosphate. 

Silicate showed the typical sensitivity to ambient temperature 
change with standard solutions varying in response by about 5% 
per degree Celsius temperature change. The nitrate cadmium 
reduction columns had varying efficiency of several per cent 
during a station run, a rather common occurrence when immidazol 
is used as a buffer. All in all, the nutrient data are nowhere 
near the WOCE standards for precision and accuracy. They are 
however, comparable to historical nutrient data (GEOSECS and 
AJAX expeditions). The WOCE standards may be too optimistic.

Many oxygens were left out of station 162 because of a mix-up 
in oxygen flasks and stoppers. Mismatched stoppers cause a 
slight volume error with subsequent concentration errors. ODF 
can salvage that data by recalibrating those flasks with the 
flask/stopper combinations used on station 162. Since there are 
no other modern stations near station 162, the oxygen data 
should be recovered.

The salinity agreement with the processed CTD salinities were 
generally quite good, most +0.001 PSU. I noticed that in ODF's 
comments, the bottle salinometer salinities were changed by 
.005 "to agree with the CTD" on one station. That seems 
contrary to the WOCE goals of reporting all measured data, but 
I've let it pass without comment. If the correct trip levels 
are identified for sta. 166, 1 believe that the CTD salinities 
will need adjustment by about 0.005 lower. Should add to the 
permanent records for this cruise that SSW batch P111 was used 
for stations 102-129 and P112 for stations 130-179.

Salts were not run from every bottle tripped. They should be, 
because comparison of the bottle salinity with the CTD is the 
most sensitive verification of the rosette bottle performance. 
Many pycnocline salinities have been omitted by the data 
originators, apparently because of disagreement with the CTD. 
The original values should be retained with the appropriate 
quality flags. The fact that salinities are often deleted in 
high gradient regions is a clue that the console operators may 
have tripped the bottle too quickly, before the Niskin bottle 
had sufficient time to flush long enough to collect a sample 
representative of the depth. When that occurs, the salinity 
error is in the direction of salinities deeper in the water 
column, rather than in the direction expected from the rosette 
bottle placement above the CTD sensors. If that is the case, 
then all of the analyses are somewhat non-representative of the 
depth and the information is of importance to the user of the 
water sample data.

The CTD 02 data were either not taken or not processed. WOCE 
should encourage the reporting of CTD-02 data. Some 
questionable bottle oxygen data could have been resolved if the 
CTD-02 had been available.

Station 172, cast 3, bottle 6 had no water sample data, though 
an oxygen was listed there, but no 02 was listed for bottle 5. 
ODF believes, and I concur based on comparisons with adjacent 
stations, that the 02 belongs to bottle 5; so the 02 has been 
moved to bottle 5 from bottle 6.

Bottle 6 malfunctioned often on the cruise, resulting in data 
gaps. Such obviously bad samplers should be replaced early in 
the cruise so as to avoid loss of so much data.

I am also enclosing a copy of my handwritten point check notes. 
I have not put them on electronic media because I feel freer to 
make my comments more candid if they are not likely to be 
widely distributed.

My proximity to ODF, just across the street, made some of the 
original data sheets for the Meteor cruise accessible so that some 
of the problems uncovered in this DQE exercise could be corrected. 
Many of the problems that show up in final data evaluations are 
easily corrected if one has access to the original data and 
computations. Without access to the original data, about all a DQE 
can do is pass judgement on whether the data seems to be OK, or 
seems to be questionable. Getting feedback from data originators 
in remote locations is not working. I've given up on trying to get 
the CTD trip problems resolved from Germany, so I'm sending the 
Meteor data back to you with known problems unresolved (but 
flagged).



INPUT FILE: METEOR.AWM     Mantyla    THE DATE TODAY IS: 25-APR-91

STN CAST SAMP 
NBR  NO   NO CTDPRS SALNTY  OXYGEN SILCAT  NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT QUALT1 QUALT2
                    ******  ****** ******  ****** ****** ******    
102  1    5    36.5                                       1.42  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
105  1    3  3247.4 34.7230                                     2~~~~~  3~~~~~
105  1    1  3755.2         216.9                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
106  1   17  2250.7                                       2.36  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
106  1   18  2499.5                                       2.44  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
106  1   19  2749.4                                       2.43  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
106  1   20  2999.0                                       2.37  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
106  1   21  3249.6                                       2.40  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
106  1   22  3449.1                                       2.41  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
106  1   23  3882.8                                       2.38  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1   14   691.4                                       2.24  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1   13   842.9                                       2.35  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1   12  1040.5                                       2.29  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1   11  1240.9                                       2.21  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1   10  1492.6                                       2.12  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    9  1741.3                                       2.14  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    8  1993.9                                       2.10  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    7  2245.5                                       2.23  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    6  2496.0                                       2.22  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    5  2746.4                                       2.17  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    4  2997.0                                       2.11  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    3  3198.7                                       2.06  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    2  3398.8                                       2.11  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
109  1    1  3734.5                                       2.00  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
110  1   14   843.4 34.5460                                     2~~~~~  3~~~~~
110  1   12  1242.5                                       2.36  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
110  1   11  1493.4                                       2.30  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
110  1   10  1743.1                                       2.27  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
113  1   14  1492.2         197.8                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
117  1   18     7.4         351.1                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
117  1    2  1947.2                                       2.38  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
121  1    1  2419.9         188.6                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~

STN CAST SAMP 
NBR  NO   NO CTDPRS SALNTY  OXYGEN SILCAT  NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT QUALT1 QUALT2
                    ******  ****** ******  ****** ****** ******    
123  1    9  2200.7         229.6                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
123  1    1  3704.8                                       2.39  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
128  1    7  2244.7 34.6660 227.9  125.88                       222~~~  333~~~
133  1   16   489.9 34.6760                                     2~~~~~  3~~~~~
138  1    5  3798.6                155.51                       ~~2~~~  ~~3~~~
141  1    6  3100.9         234.9                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
149  1    4  4208.2 34.6440                                     2~~~~~  3~~~~~
149  1    3  4510.8 34.6410                                     2~~~~~  3~~~~~
150  1    5  3298.0         251.0                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
151  1    6  2750.4         241.6                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
153  2   23    52.6 33.8400                                     2~~~~~  3~~~~~
156  1   21     9.7                                       1.83  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   20    37.0                                       1.85  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   19    75.7                                       1.86  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   18   124.7                                       2.11  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   17   194.8                                       2.42  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   15   344.4                                       2.42  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   14   413.2                                       2.34  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   13   491.5                                       2.36  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   12   591.4                                       2.29  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   11   692.2                                       2.19  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1   10   841.2                                       2.11  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    9   1059.7                                      2.16  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    8  1241.2                                       2.26  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    7  1491.5                                       2.15  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    6  1744.9                                       2.11  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    5  1993.3                                       2.30  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    4  2245.1                                       2.28  ~~~~~3  ~~~~~2
156  1    3  2495.1                                       2.24  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    2  2747.6                                       2.40  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
156  1    1  2858.1                                       2.13  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
160  1   13   992.0         191.6                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~

STN CAST SAMP 
NBR  NO   NO CTDPRS SALNTY  OXYGEN SILCAT  NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT QUALT1 QUALT2
                    ******  ****** ******  ****** ****** ******    
161  1   18   316.7 34.1210 270.9  21.81   28.36  0.04    1.98  222222  333333
161  1    3  2700.8         203.9                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~
162  3   22   298.7 34.1050 275.0  18.31   28.13  0.05    1.94  222222  333333
163  1    4  3503.4 34.7090 205.7  96.49   30.94  0.00    2.14  222222  333333
164  2   21   196.5                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2   20   196.7                               0.01          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2   19   398.3                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2   17   398.4                               0.03          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2   15   795.8                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2   13  1188.0                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2   11  1599.1                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2    9  2000.0                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2    7  2398.0                               0.01          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2    5  2799.4                               0.03          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2    3  3197.8                               0.02          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  2    1  3968.4                               0.11          ~~~~2~  ~~~~3~
164  1    1  4123.8         218.4                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~
165  2   10  2802.1 34.7930 215.1  77.37   28.39  0.00    1.94  222222  333333
165  2    7  3402.3 34.7480 212.5 100.26   30.79  0.00    2.11  222222  333333
166  3   11  2599.0 34.7880 208.7  76.00   28.42  0.00    2.00  222222  333333
166  3   10  2799.3 34.7900 212.3  80.13   28.45  0.00    2.01  222222  333333
166  3    9  3000.2 34.7850 213.6  83.51   28.60  0.00    2.02  222222  333333
166  3    8  3251.6 34.7740 213.3  89.67   29.16  0.00    2.05  222222  333333
166  3    7  3506.1 34.7590 214.3  97.10   29.71  0.00    2.11  222222  333333
166  3    6  3754.5 34.7430 214.6 105.08   30.52  0.00    2.17  222222  333333
166  3    5  4004.5 34.7280 214.8 112.84   31.24  0.00    2.21  222222  333333
166  3    4  4254.8 34.7170 214.9 117.80   31.62  0.00    2.26  222222  333333
166  3    3  4508.1 34.7070 215.3 123.56   32.12  0.00    2.29  222222  333333
166  3    2  4612.8 34.6970 216.9 128.04   32.36  0.00    2.30  222222  333333
167  2   23   128.1                                       0.90  ~~~~~2  ~~~~~3
169  2   22   271.4         266.4                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~~
170  2   13  2052.5 34.7420 196.7  67.12   30.46  0.00    2.05  222222  333333
174  2    5  4489.1 34.7520 222.9 104.40   30.15  0.00    2.01  222222  333333
175  2   15  1796.7         202.5                               ~2~~~~  ~3~~~
178  2   16  1116.9 34.5460 177.8  64.61   33.53  0.00    2.31  222222  333333




NUTRIENT AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN QC NOTES; METEOR 11/5
(J.C. Jennings)
July 12, 1991


The METEOR 11/5 nutrient and dissolved oxygen data appears 
overall to be of high quality with much of the variability in 
nutrient/theta and oxygen/theta relationships due to real 
oceanographic features encountered during the cruise. The 
cruise track crosses the Polar Frontal Zone in the Drake 
Passage enters the northwestern Weddell Gyre near the South 
Orkney Islands, then proceeds generally eastward to the 
Greenwich Meridian, thence northeast to Capetown. Because the 
fronts separating the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Scotia 
Sea from the Weddell Gyre are not at fixed latitudes, 
sequential stations along the main easterly track exhibit 
considerable variability in the Warm Deep Water (WDW) and 
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) water masses which is probably 
real and caused by eddies and multiple frontal crossings. On 
the northeasterly track from the Greenwich Meridian to 
Capetown, the Polar and Subantarctic fronts are crossed. The 
transition region from the eastward flowing ACC into the 
Agulhas retroflection area near the end of the cruise track is 
marked by numerous shallow property extrema which have been 
deemed "acceptable" because they correlate with features 
present in theta/salinity plots.

In carrying out the QC checking of these data, I used several 
versions of the "WHPEDIT.EXE" and "Q2EDIT.EXE" programs. The 
final version with QUALT2 bytes changed was produced by the 
Q2EDIT.EXE program and "Q2CHANGE.EXE". Each station was 
compared in groups of 2-10 sequential stations for consistency 
in variable/theta and variable/pressure relationships. In many 
cases, nutrient/oxygen and nutrient/salinity relationships were 
also examined. Where data have been flagged as "questionable", 
the intent is to suggest that it be reexamined by the 
originator and used judiciously. This is often the case where a 
single station's values lie just outside of the "envelope" of 
values for a group of stations. For example, the deep phosphate 
at station 139 appeared high and was flagged as questionable as 
was the deep silicate at station 110. Some individual data 
points were clearly out of the expected range and will probably 
be rejected in the final data report. Examples are the low 
silicate at 3503db in station 163 and the unusually high 
silicate value at 3798.6db in station 138.

In editing the nitrite data, I relied primarily on nitrite vs. 
pressure plots. Most of the nitrite data appears to be 
excellent with only a few anomalous deep water values. While 
deep water nitrite concentrations are usually near zero, in my 
experience the random noise in the nitrite analysis is often 
0.01-0.02 ~mole/kg, so I have deliberately not flagged deep 
water nitrite values of less than 0.03~M/kg as questionable.

The most difficult of the nutrients to evaluate was nitrate. 
The range of nitrate values at the same potential temperature 
was often 1.5 to 2.0 ~M/kg within a grouping of 4 to 10 
stations. This is about twice as much variability as I have 
observed in recent Weddell Sea nitrate data. When comparing 
nitrate/theta relationships for stations from 122-140, there 
are split envelopes. These may arise from genuine variability 
of the kind observed by Whitworth and Nowlin (1987) in the AJAX 
nitrate data, but I was unable to find covarying phosphate and 
oxygen relationships in these same stations. The variability in 
the AJAX data was largely restricted to the WDW, but in this 
METEOR data set, the split envelopes persist throughout the 
water column in some cases. Station 124 and 125 have higher 
nitrate values in the WDW that are found at station 123, but 
all are similar in the AABW and Weddell Sea Bottom Water. 
Stations 126 and 127 have lower nitrate values throughout the 
water column. The 130 series stations also separate into two 
distinct nitrate/theta envelopes, but the 140 series stations 
are more consistent and have a tighter envelope. I have not 
flagged all of these stations as questionable, but I would urge 
that the nitrate data be carefully compared with historic 
nitrate data from this area and that cruise logbooks be 
examined for any suggestions of analytical problems before 
interpreting this nitrate variability as oceanographically 
significant.

In the data for station 158, there are 11-911 values for theta 
for three of the deep water rosette bottles so these samples 
could not be compared in the variable/theta plots.


References:

Whitworth, T.,III, and W. D. Nowlin, Jr. Water Masses and 
Currents of the Southern Ocean at the Greenwich Meridian. 
JGR 92(C6) 6462-64760, 1987.


STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 102     1      2      92.2  291.0                              2~~~~  3~~~~
 103     1     10    1801.0                35.48                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 104     1     20     292.7  284.3                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 104     1     19     391.8  296.6                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 104     1     11    1743.4  174.0                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 105     1     19     181.2  295.5                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 105     1     18     274.0  299.0                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 105     1     16     490.7  249.3                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 105     1     13     837.8                               2.42  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1     12    1039.4                               2.51  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1     11    1240.3                               2.54  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1     10    1501.3                               2.50  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      9    1742.5                               2.42  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      8    2015.7                34.36          2.47  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 105     1      7    2249.9                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      6    2497.1                               2.47  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      5    2748.3                               2.31  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      4    3002.2                               2.31  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      3    3247.4                               2.32  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      2    3500.2                               2.37  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 105     1      1    3755.2  216.9                        2.43  2~~~2  3~~~3
 106     1      7     399.7  290.3                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 106     1      8     499.5  270.6                 0.05         2~~2~  3~~3~ 
 106     1      9     600.8  251.7                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 106     1     10     701.1                               2.41  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     11     850.3                               2.45  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     12    1049.7                               2.45  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     13    1250.4                               2.41  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     14    1499.8                               2.43  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     15    1748.6                               2.37  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     16    1999.9  189.7                        2.31  2~~~2  3~~~3
 106     1     17    2250.7  195.3                        2.36  2~~~2  3~~~3
 106     1     18    2499.5                               2.44  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     19    2749.4  201.5                        2.43  2~~~2  3~~~3
 106     1     20    2999.0  205.2                        2.37  2~~~2  3~~~3
 106     1     21    3249.6  208.5                        2.40  2~~~2  3~~~3
 106     1     22    3449.1                               2.41  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 106     1     23    3882.8                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 107     2      7    2258.8                32.16                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 107     2      6    2502.8                31.96                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 107     2      5    2750.5                31.86          2.17  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 107     2      4    2999.3                31.86                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 107     2      3    3300.2                32.06                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 107     2      2    3599.6                32.16                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 107     2      1    3855.2                32.35                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 108     1      9    1744.2                32.06                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 108     1      8    1994.4                32.13                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 108     1      6    2497.2                32.59                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 108     1      5    2745.6                31.96                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 108     1      4    2998.4                32.24                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 108     1      3    3248.1                32.39                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 109     1     11    1240.9                               2.21  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1     10    1492.6                               2.12  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      9    1741.3                               2.14  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      8    1993.9                               2.10  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      5    2746.4                               2.17  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      4    2997.0                               2.11  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      3    3198.7                               2.06  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      2    3398.8                               2.11  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 109     1      1    3734.5                               2.00  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 110     1     19     355.9  288.0                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 110     1     18     414.6  288.3                 0.04         2~~2~  3~~3~ 
 110     1     15     693.7         74.69                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1     14     843.4         83.34                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1     13    1042.8         91.21                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1     12    1242.5         95.30                 2.36  ~2~~2  ~3~~3
 110     1     11    1493.4         97.34                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1     10    1743.1        102.00                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1      9    1994.5        108.90                 2.16  ~2~~2  ~3~~3
 110     1      8    2245.2        111.78                 2.17  ~2~~2  ~3~~3
 110     1      7    2497.0        116.58                 2.18  ~2~~2  ~3~~3
 110     1      6    2746.4        121.32                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1      5    2997.9        125.02                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1      4    3249.6        129.97                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 110     1      3    3494.2        132.29                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 113     1     14    1492.2  197.8                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 115     1      2    3905.3        139.84                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 115     1      1    4107.3        141.37                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 117     1      3    1742.3                               2.28  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 117     1      2    1947.2                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 119     2      5    2997.8        132.29                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 119     2      4    3197.3        134.42                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 119     2      3    3400.8        136.56                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 119     2      2    3500.1        136.38                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 119     2      1    3601.9        136.97                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 122     1     21     196.5                34.56                ~~2~~  ~~3~~
 122     1     20     276.1  249.8         34.18   0.25         2~22~  3~33~
 122     1     12    1242.8                32.75                ~~2~~  ~~3~~
 123     1      6    2781.9                               2.30  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 123     1      1    3704.8                               2.39  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 124     2     17     595.4                35.09                ~~2~~  ~~3~~
 124     2      9    2244.5                               2.26  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 124     2      5    3247.1                               2.23  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 124     2      4    3501.1                               2.22  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 124     2      3    3798.2                               2.23  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 124     2      2    4101.0                               2.24  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 124     2      1    4166.4                               2.24  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 125     1     14     689.8                34.21                ~~2~~  ~~3~~
 125     1     13     841.8                34.60                ~~2~~  ~~3~~
 125     1      5    2224.2                               2.28  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 125     1      4    2495.8                               2.31  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 126     1      1    3455.9                               2.29  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 127     1     15     362.1        104.88                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 127     1      3    2447.5                               2.25  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 127     1      2    2647.8                               2.24  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 127     1      1    2718.1                               2.24  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 128     1      8    1996.7        120.74                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 130     1     13    1501.1        129.06                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 131     2     21     242.3                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 131     2     20     357.1                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 131     2     19     491.4                               2.39  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 131     2     18     591.5                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 131     2     17     740.2                               2.38  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 131     2     11    2497.0        132.25                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~
 132     1      1    2483.8  234.6                        2.38  2~~~2  3~~~3
 134     2     10    2998.0                               2.32  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 134     2      6    4200.7                               2.28  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 134     2      5    4500.6                               2.30  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 134     2      4    4810.6                               2.30  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 134     2      3    5102.0                               2.29  ~~~~2  ~~~~3

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 134     2      2    5327.3                               2.30  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 134     2      1    5496.7                               2.30  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 135     1     12    1743.4  212.5                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 135     1     11    1993.0  216.6                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 135     1     10    2405.9  218.4                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 135     1      9    2811.7  237.4 127.55                       22~~~  33~~~ 
 136     1      6    3201.4                33.02                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 138     1     15     839.9        114.16          0.03         ~2~2~  ~3~3~ 
 138     1      5    3798.6        155.51                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 139     1     24      10.7                               1.37  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     23      81.9                               1.83  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     21     235.8                               2.36  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     20     317.7                               2.36  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     19     414.8                               2.33  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     18     494.3                               2.33  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     17     596.9                               2.32  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     16     696.2                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     15     852.0                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     14    1051.6                               2.35  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     13    1248.9                33.89          2.38  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1     12    1499.4                34.03          2.39  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1     11    1805.1                               2.39  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1     10    2098.0                               2.39  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1      9    2407.1                               2.40  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 139     1      8    2701.4                34.03          2.39  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      7    3008.3                34.07          2.39  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      6    3306.9                33.98          2.40  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      5    3603.5                33.94          2.39  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      4    3910.0                33.89          2.38  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      3    4208.2                33.80          2.34  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      2    4391.3                33.75          2.34  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 139     1      1    4537.7                               2.33  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 140     2     11    3604.4        128.04                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 140     2      8    4611.4                               2.32  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 140     2      6    5102.7                               2.26  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 140     2      5    5218.4                               2.24  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 143     1     17     495.2                32.18                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1     16     594.3                32.48                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1     15     693.6                32.56                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1     14     842.4                32.77                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 143     1     13    1044.5                33.06                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1     11    1753.8                33.18                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1     10    1990.5                33.04                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1      9    2299.8                32.99                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1      8    2594.8                32.80                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1      7    2896.6                32.71                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1      6    3196.1                32.70                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 143     1      5    3595.8                32.73                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 145     1     18     423.2  217.4                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 145     1      8    2258.8                               2.36  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      7    2502.8                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      6    2754.5                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      5    3010.8                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      4    3262.2                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      3    3514.5                               2.32  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      2    3712.0                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 145     1      1    3742.5                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      9    2246.7                33.20                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 146     1      8    2501.1                               2.35  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      7    2750.1                               2.35  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      6    2999.4                               2.35  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      5    3244.7                               2.35  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      4    3512.6                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      3    3808.6                               2.35  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 146     1      2    4067.4                32.86          2.34  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 146     1      1    4190.5                               2.36  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 147     1     14    1054.6        128.79                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1     13    1254.3        130.42                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1     12    1511.9        128.80                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1     11    1757.2        129.69                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1     10    2010.3        129.07                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1      9    2257.7        127.95                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1      8    2508.0        127.09                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1      7    2759.7        127.72                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 147     1      5    3259.9        126.11                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 149     1     20     197.8  210.3                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 150     1     15     591.6        116.85                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 150     1      5    3298.0  251.0                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 152     1     10    1998.4                               2.28  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 152     1      3    3944.7                               2.22  ~~~~2  ~~~~3

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 153     2     10    2099.7  218.0                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 153     2      9    2404.2  221.3                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 153     2      8    2703.3  231.4 133.32                       22~~~  33~~~ 
 153     2      7    3001.4        133.13                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 153     2      3    3894.2                               2.36  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     21       9.7                               1.83  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     20      37.0                               1.85  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     19      75.7                               1.86  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     18     124.7                               2.11  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     17     194.8                               2.42  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     15     344.4                               2.42  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     14     413.2                               2.34  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     13     491.5                               2.36  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     12     591.4                               2.29  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     11     692.2                               2.19  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1     10     841.2                               2.11  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      9    1059.7                               2.16  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      8    1241.2                               2.26  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      7    1491.5                               2.15  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      6    1744.9                               2.11  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      5    1993.3                               2.30  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      4    2245.1                               2.28  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      3    2495.1                               2.24  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      2    2747.6                               2.40  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 156     1      1    2858.1                               2.13  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 161     1      3    2700.8  203.9                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 162     3     22     298.7         18.31                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 162     3     20     793.6                35.71                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     1      1     816.5                35.56                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     19     946.2                36.05                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     18    1098.0                35.47                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     17    1246.4                35.18                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     14    1798.0                30.88                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     13    1998.0                30.49                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     12    2198.9                30.32                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     11    2399.2                30.65                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 162     3     10    2599.5                31.30          2.17  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      9    2800.7                31.90          2.21  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      8    3002.5                32.37          2.24  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      7    3202.3                32.79          2.28  ~~2~2  ~~3~3

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 162     3      6    3402.7                33.08          2.30  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      5    3601.4                33.32          2.32  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      4    3801.4                33.65          2.34  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      3    4006.6                34.08          2.38  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      2    4202.5                34.23          2.40  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 162     3      1    4342.8                34.66          2.42  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 163     1      4    3503.4  205.7  96.49  30.94                222~~  333~~ 
 163     1      3    3755.2                31.77                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 164     2      5    2799.4                        0.03         ~~~2~  ~~~3~ 
 164     2      3    3197.8                30.41                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 164     2      1    3968.4                        0.11         ~~~2~  ~~~3~ 
 164     1      1    4123.8  218.4                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 165     2     10    2802.1         77.37                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 165     2      7    3402.3        100.26                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 167     2     23     128.1                               0.90  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 167     1      9     129.9                               1.02  ~~~~2  ~~~~3
 170     1      8     210.1  235.5                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 170     1      4     421.2                24.16          1.69  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 170     1      3     501.8                24.26          1.69  ~~2~2  ~~3~3
 170     2     17    1181.7                34.59                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2     16    1331.5                34.64                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2     15    1383.8                34.57                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2     14    1484.8                34.16                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2     12    2086.6                29.32                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2     11    2287.8                28.00                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2     10    2493.7                27.33                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      9    2743.7                26.62                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      8    3002.8                27.20                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      7    3246.8                28.51                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      6    3503.5                30.04                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      5    3753.1                31.18                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      4    4002.4                31.86                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      3    4205.2                32.22                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      2    4405.6                32.46                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 170     2      1    4506.1                32.57                ~~2~~  ~~3~~ 
 171     1      6     299.4  234.9                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 172     1      6     380.2  254.0   6.55                       22~~~  33~~~ 
 174     1      4     500.2  231.5                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 175     1     10      90.4          8.93                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 175     1      2     601.7  234.8                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 

STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT  QUALT1 QUALT2
                     ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******       
 175     1      1     714.7  201.3                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 175     2     15    1796.7  202.5                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 175     2      7    3750.1  229.9                              2~~~~  3~~~~ 
 179     1     17     242.3         19.12                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 179     1     16     298.2         27.55                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 
 179     1     15     366.8         25.48                       ~2~~~  ~3~~~ 

INPUT FILE: METEOR.LIG 	L Gordon/J Jennings	THE DATE TODAY IS: 16-JUL-91




CFC DATA QUALILTY EVALUATION
(R. Van Woy)
1991 July 24


I have completed a preliminary flagging of the Roether Meteor data. 
Since the PI has not supplied the additional information that I 
requested on 1 Mar 1991, 1 am not satisfied with my flag 
determinations. I wish to reserve the right to change them when the 
necessary data and plots are given me, to allow a proper job of quality 
control. 

Following is a list of additional information that I will need to 
continue the quality control of the CFC measurements from the Meteor 
cruise. I am most worried about the possibility of the CFC's being low 
due to the problem described in the comments to the data report 
submitted to the WOCE WHP. A plot of the surface partial pressures 
indicate that both CFCs, and especially CFC12, are unrealistically 
undersaturated in the surface (the oxygen is near saturation). This 
problem appears to continue to station 161 when water went past the 
stripping volume and the calibration curves changed. I hope that it is 
just a calibration problem rather than a equipment problem that would 
prevent the data from being recovered easily.
 

ADDITIONAL NEEDS FROM METEOR GROUP: 

 1. Air data to use for saturation calculations.
 2. Blank corrections applied.
 3. Stripping efficiency determination.
 4. Calibration curves data and plots.
 5. Observers quality control flags in WOCE format.
 6. Trapping experiment results to show no loss of either CFC by 
    bleedthrough.
 7. Sample chromatograms especially for surface waters where a problem 
    is indicated for CFC12.
 8. Reasoning and or repair history of problem that caused CFC's to be 
    partially lost for stations 122-139 since data indicates problem 
    continues after station 139.
 9. The remaining contour plots.
10. A list of any replicate samples if only mean values given. I wish 
    to reserve the right to change them, when the necessary data and 
    plots are given me, to allow a proper job of quality control.

The problem with the M 11/5 data is not unusual. An immediate solution 
would have been either an adjustment of the precolumn backflushing 
timing sequence, with a corresponding experiment to show that no CFC11 
is being lost, or an adjustment in the analysis timing to allow the 
baseline to return to normal before injecting the next sample.

As far as recovering what data is available, it will be necessary to go 
through all the chromatograms and flag which CFC12 peaks were 
integrated or a peak from the previous sample. Samples run after 
blanks, airs, standards, or the first water of a series should be free 
of this problem. I must assume that the samples were run in somewhat of 
a random order such that some surface samples are run after deeper 
samples. Also, if replicate samples were drawn from the surface 
bottles, then should be some of these that were integrated without the 
interference peak that might allow you to estimate the error caused by 
the late eluting peak. Comparing the CFC12 peaks that were flagged good 
to the integration-problem-flagged peaks should allow a correction 
factor to be determined. Of course these data will need to be flagged 
as such. I have just sent my preliminary flag determinations to the 
WOCE office, but I really need the additional information requested 
earlier for proper quality control. 

N.B.  On 29 SEP 1993 C. Correy noted that problems with these CFC data
      had not been addressed by the PI.  

      On 10 MAR 1999 B Klein resubmitted CFC data with the following
      documentation:

        From: Birgit Klein
        Cruise M11/5: Expocode 06MT11/5
 
        CFCs are measured directly on the ship using a electron capture 
        Detector (ECD) packed column gas chromatograph. The column was 
        filled with Porasil C and Porapak T.

        Only f11 and f12 have been measured during the cruise. Part of the 
        original documentation as been lost, information on system 
        blanks and air measurements is unfortunately not available. The 
        original measurements have been recorded on the sio86 scale and 
        have latter been converted to sio93. Contamination problems and 
        calibration problems are reflected in the relatively high 
        errors. Quality flag for CFCs follow woce standards:

                2 good measurement
                3 questionable measurement
                4 bad measurement
                5 not reported
                6 replicate sample
                9 no sample drawn

        errors:
        sta.                     f11               f12
        102-117            2% or 0.01 pmol/kg     2% or 0.01 pmol/kg
        118-161            3% or 0.01 pmol/kg     2% or 0.01 pmol/kg
        166-179            2% or 0.01 pmol/kg     2% or 0.01 pmol/kg


INPUT FILE: METEOR.RVW
THE DATE TODAY IS: 15-AUG-91

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  102	1	17	  10		3.6412		1.4098		22	34
  102	1	 6	  25.5		3.5808		1.3578		22	34
  102	1	 7	  25.5				1.4238		~2	~4
  102	1	 8	  25.5		3.6218		1.3702		22	34
  102	1	10	  25.5		3.6418		1.3931		22	34
  102	1	11	  25.5				1.3997		~2	~4
  102	1	12	  25.5		3.6636				2~	3~
  102	1	13	  25.5		3.6939		1.3908		22	34
  102	1	14	  25.5		3.6305		1.3852		22	34
  102	1	15	  25.5		3.6547		1.3643		22	34
  102	1	 5	  36.5		3.734		1.3971		22	34
  102	1	 4	  56.2		3.7772		1.7648		22	33
  102	1	 3	  75.1		3.8381		1.4408		22	34
  102	1	 2	  92.2		4.2238		2.0567		22	33
  103	1	12	1398		0.242		0.1207		22	33
  103	1	10	1801		0.0292		0.0224		22	33
  103	1	 8	2249.7				0.0264		~2	~3
  103	1	 3	3067.3				0.0135		~2	~3
  104	1	16	 692.2				1.513		~2	~4
  104	1	15	 841.8				0.772		~2	~4
  104	1	13	1242.5				0.1071		~2	~3
  104	1	12	1493.7				0.0946		~2	~3
  104	1	 9	2292.1		0.0516				2~	3~
  104	1	 8	2597.3				0.0189		~2	~3
  105	1	 5	2748.3				0.0159		~2	~3
  105	1	 4	3002.2				0.0121		~2	~3
  105	1	 1	3755.2				0.0126		~2	~3
  106	1	14	1499.8				0.0275		~2	~3
  106	1	21	3249.6				0.0154		~2	~3
  107	2	21	 157.2		4.3086				2~	3~
  107	2	19	 261.1		4.233		2.2469		22	34
  107	2	18	 321.6		4.463		2.4052		22	34
  107	2	12	1050.9				0.1365		~2	~3
  108	1	19	 243.3				1.9326		~2	~3
  108	1	 9	1744.2				0.0154		~2	~3
  108	1	 2	3498.8				0.014		~2	~3
  109	1	 4	2997				0.0143		~2	~3
  109	1	 3	3198.7				0.0138		~2	~3
  109	1	 1	3734.5				0.0127		~2	~3
  110	1	23	  46.8		5.2285				2~	3~
  110	1	 1	3852.6		0.0203		0.0225		22	33
  112	2	23	  64.5		6.0164				2~	3~
  112	2	22	 124.2		6.0363				2~	3~
  112	2	21	 171.6		6.0044				2~	3~
  112	2	19	 292.9		2.8475		1.3704		22	33
  113	1	 2	  65.6		7.5009		3.7225		22	34
  113	1	 3	 114.4		6.9463		2.7996		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  114	1	21	  74.9		6.869				2~	3~
  114	1	20	 116.5		6.3054				2~	3~
  114	1	17	 259.7		1.6854				2~	3~
  114	1	18	 259.7		1.657				2~	3~
  114	1	 9	1751.2				0.0125		~2	~3
  114	1	 5	2701.7				0.0107		~2	~3
  114	1	 4	2900.5				0.0216		~2	~3
  114	1	 3	3104.8				0.0191		~2	~3
  114	1	 2	3303.4				0.0266		~2	~3
  114	1	 1	3589.4				0.036		~2	~3
  116	2	24	   7.1		5.945				2~	3~
  116	2	23	  61.1		6.1689				2~	3~
  116	2	15	 836.4		0.021		0.0174		22	33
  117	1	19	   7.3		5.9731		2.505		22	33
  117	1	18	   7.4		5.9666		2.5696		22	33
  117	1	17	  34.8		6.2608				2~	3~
  118	1	13	  42.4		6.6274				2~	3~
  118	1	12	 112.1		6.4431				2~	3~
  118	1	 5	 491		0.2416		0.1126		22	33
  118	1	 6	 491		0.2513		0.108		22	33
  118	1	 7	 491		0.3699		0.1676		22	33
  118	1	 2	 594.2				0.1225		~2	~3
  118	1	21	 842.9		0.096		0.055		22	33
  118	1	20	1048.4		0.0587		0.0432		22	33
  119	2	21	1096.4		0.0648		0.0182		22	33
  120	1	 8	3000.7				-0.014		~2	~3
  121	1	24	  11.4		3.9962				2~	3~
  121	1	21	 295.5		2.376		0.7374		22	33
  121	1	18	 593.4		1.7487		0.6101		22	33
  121	1	17	 693		1.0867		0.2871		22	34
  121	1	15	1039.7		0.2912		0.0913		22	33
  121	1	14	1242		0.1775		0.0669		22	33
  121	1	12	1743.2		0.1422		0.0502		22	33
  121	1	 9	2247.5		0.0381		0.0749		22	34
  122	1	23	  11.2		5.6248		2.3937		22	33
  122	1	22	 100.7		4.2078		1.7512		22	33
  122	1	21	 196.5		2.1411		1.1461		22	33
  122	1	20	 276.1		2.7645		1.2764		22	33
  122	1	19	 353.6		0.5437		0.2337		22	33
  122	1	18	 425.1		0.1653		0.0663		22	33
  122	1	17	 503		0.1359		0.0659		22	33
  122	1	16	 592.7		0.1846		0.0798		22	33
  122	1	15	 692.7		0.3814		0.1477		22	33
  122	1	14	 842.3		0.7236		0.2933		22	33
  122	1	13	1041.9		0.3366		0.1171		22	33
  122	1	12	1242.8		0.268		0.085		22	33
  122	1	11	1495.5		0.1442		0.0294		22	33
  122	1	10	1749.1		0.1271		0.0542		22	33
  122	1	 8	2497.3		0.3525		0.1572		22	33
  122	1	 7	2745.3		0.3399		0.1323		22	33
  122	1	 6	2997		0.3347		0.1228		22	33
  122	1	 5	3199.6		0.5392		0.2863		22	33
  122	1	 4	3446.4		-9		-9		55	33
  122	1	 3	3652.6		0.5976		0.2573		22	33
  122	1	 2	3857.1		0.6998		0.3025		22	33
  122	1	 1	3915.9		0.668		0.2913		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  123	1	24	   9.2		5.2856		2.0517		22	33
  123	1	23	  50		5.1656		2.0667		22	33
  123	1	19	 397.2		1.1307				2~	3~
  123	1	18	 497		0.854				2~	3~
  123	1	17	 595.9		0.5204				2~	3~
  123	1	16	 695.3		0.4607				2~	3~
  123	1	15	 846.6		0.424				2~	3~
  123	1	14	 994.2		0.2713				2~	3~
  123	1	13	1248		0.406		0.1837		22	33
  123	1	12	1499.2		0.4095		0.1576		22	33
  123	1	11	1742.2		0.3792		0.1584		22	33
  123	1	10	1986.6		0.3168		0.1121		22	33
  123	1	 9	2200.7		0.3593		0.1513		22	33
  123	1	 8	2394.7		0.3822		0.1521		22	33
  123	1	 7	2595.4		0.3211		0.098		22	33
  123	1	 6	2781.9		0.593		0.2519		22	33
  123	1	 5	2996.1		0.659		0.2869		22	33
  123	1	 4	3196.2		0.5765		0.2442		22	33
  123	1	 3	3399.6		0.6422		0.2718		22	33
  123	1	 2	3600.4		0.6473		0.2647		22	33
  123	1	 1	3704.8		0.679		0.285		22	33
  124	2	24	  11.1		5.469		2.1089		22	33
  124	2	23	  79.5		4.345		1.639		22	33
  124	2	22	 131.8		3.8664		1.5434		22	33
  124	2	21	 209.9		2.039		0.8318		22	33
  124	2	19	 378.4		0.906		0.3859		22	33
  124	2	18	 491.2		0.5566		0.2297		22	33
  124	2	17	 595.4		0.3887		0.1549		22	33
  124	2	16	 694.7		0.2468		0.0968		22	33
  124	2	15	 841		0.1497		0.0585		22	33
  124	2	14	1040.4		0.1363		0.0584		22	33
  124	2	13	1240.7		0.1569		0.067		22	33
  124	2	11	1738.2		0.4001		0.1729		22	33
  124	2	10	1992.7		0.4113		0.1642		22	33
  124	2	 9	2244.5		0.4464		0.1869		22	33
  124	2	 8	2496.1		0.4346		0.185		22	33
  124	2	 7	2745.1		0.5769		0.2357		22	33
  124	2	 6	2997.5		0.6036		0.2186		22	33
  124	2	 4	3501.1		0.9502		0.3931		22	33
  124	2	 2	4101		1.0795		0.4504		22	33
  124	2	 1	4166.4		1.0462		0.4402		22	33
  125	1	24	   6.2		6.3391.		2.8322		22	33
  125	1	22	   6.3		5.9029		2.4292		22	33
  125	1	23	   6.5		4.7671		1.8816		22	33
  125	1	21	  74		3.7713		1.3082		22	33
  125	1	20	 123.3		3.6457		1.487		22	33
  125	1	19	 213.9		2.328		0.9552		22	33
  125	1	18	 292.9		1.3733		0.4815		22	33
  125	1	17	 387		1.3247		0.6326		22	33
  125	1	16	 490.9		0.9069		0.391		22	33
  125	1	15	 591.5		0.5436		0.2244		22	33
  125	1	14	 689.8		0.444		0.1883		22	33
  125	1	13	 841.8		0.2156		0.0653		22	33
  125	1	11	1240.8		0.3373		0.0992		22	33
  125	1	10	1491.4		0.3032		0.1274		22	33
  125	1	 9	1741.7		0.3367		0.1366		22	33
  125	1	 8	1993.7		0.3147		0.1113		22	33
  125	1	 7	1994.3		0.3833		0.1679		22	33
  125	1	 5	2224.2		0.4026		0.1804		22	33
  125	1	 4	2495.8		0.4528		0.1971		22	33
  125	1	 3	2700.2		0.3944		0.1325		22	33
  125	1	 2	2847.5		0.4889		0.1963		22	33
  125	1	 1	3026.4		0.5278		0.2356		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  126	1	24	   9.5		4.9894		1.9286		22	33
  126	1	22	  52.6		5.1957		2.1575		22	33
  126	1	21	 116.6		2.6966		1.1024		22	33
  126	1	20	 198.6		1.8681		0.7688		22	33
  126	1	19	 296.7		1.494		0.658		22	33
  126	1	18	 394.8		0.7262		0.3143		22	33
  126	1	16	 594.2		0.5082		0.2139		22	33
  126	1	15	 693.2		0.4524		0.1851		22	33
  126	1	13	1039.5		0.4697		0.1915		22	33
  126	1	12	1243.1		0.4031		0.1769		22	33
  126	1	11	1488.7		0.3562		0.1529		22	33
  126	1	10	1742.7		0.3975		0.1714		22	33
  126	1	 9	2001.3		0.3496		0.1382		22	33
  126	1	 8	2249.2		0.3888		0.1515		22	33
  126	1	 7	2502.7		0.4295		0.1781		22	33
  126	1	 6	2503.2		0.4604		0.2034		22	33
  126	1	 5	2748.6		0.4612		0.188		22	33
  126	1	 4	3001.5		0.4558		0.1619		22	33
  126	1	 3	3240.1		0.7839		0.3297		22	33
  126	1	 2	3406.5		0.9371		0.408		22	33
  126	1	 1	3455.9		0.991		0.4222		22	33
  127	1	19	  83.1		3.7651		1.3146		22	33
  127	1	18	 161.7		2.6234		1.015		22	33
  127	1	16	 291.7		1.3503		0.4744		22	33
  127	1	13	 491.8		0.8966		0.3693		22	33
  127	1	12	 590.8		0.5784		0.242		22	33
  127	1	11	 691.2		0.4136		0.1637		22	33
  127	1	 9	1041.3		0.2681		0.1002		22	33
  127	1	 8	1241.4		0.2461		0.0958		22	33
  127	1	 6	1741.6		0.2777		0.1222		22	33
  127	1	 5	1992.4		0.2791		0.1188		22	33
  127	1	 4	2245		0.3357		0.1382		22	33
  127	1	 3	2447.5		0.3947		0.1613		22	33
  127	1	 2	2647.8		0.6679		0.2701		22	33
  127	1	 1	2718.1		0.7248		0.2862		22	33
  128	1	23	   6.6		4.9697		1.8939		22	33
  128	1	21	  98.8		4.2123		1.8085		22	33
  128	1	19	 200		1.9343		0.8304		22	33
  128	1	18	 300.2		1.2212		0.4963		22	33
  128	1	17	 398.3		0.764		0.2573		22	33
  128	1	16	 499		0.6715		0.266		22	33
  128	1	15	 596.7		0.4827		0.163		22	33
  128	1	14	 699.5		0.4056		0.1172		22	33
  128	1	13	 846.8		0.5227		0.2089		22	33
  128	1	12	1044.6		0.3161		0.1497		22	33
  128	1	10	1492.6		0.2824		0.1293		22	33
  128	1	 8	1996.7		0.2408		0.0747		22	33
  128	1	 6	2502.5		0.277		0.1126		22	33
  128	1	 5	2750.9		0.3716		0.1349		22	33
  128	1	 3	3203.1		0.8866		0.386		22	33
  128	1	 2	3307.7		0.8644		0.3466		22	33
  128	1	 1	3352.9		0.8854		0.3488		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  129	2	24	  13		5.8911		2.3649		22	33
  129	2	23	  85.8		3.3859		1.3522		22	33
  129	2	21	 293.5		0.6725		0.2673		22	33
  129	2	20	 395		0.354		0.1266		22	33
  129	2	19	 492.8		0.2145		0.0698		22	33
  129	2	18	 591.3		0.1659		0.0582		22	33
  129	2	17	 691.8		0.1336		0.0421		22	33
  129	2	16	 841.4		0.0543		0.0199		22	33
  129	2	15	1043.5		0.0614		0.0207		22	33
  129	2	13	1492.1		0.1141		0.0518		22	33
  129	2	12	1743.4		0.1365		0.0673		22	33
  129	2	11	1993.5		0.1756		0.0753		22	33
  129	2	10	2244.9		0.1972		0.0733		22	33
  129	2	 9	2495.3		0.3505		0.1459		22	33
  129	2	 8	2746.1		0.4238		0.1634		22	33
  129	2	 6	3246.9		0.9304		0.3908		22	33
  129	2	 5	3499.4		0.8991		0.3364		22	33
  129	2	 4	3748.7		0.8981		0.3347		22	33
  129	2	 3	3999.4		0.8639		0.3154		22	33
  129	2	 2	4230.1		0.8354		0.3006		22	33
  129	2	 1	4283.2		0.8727		0.3121		22	33
  130	1	24	   4.3		4.749		1.7467		22	33
  130	1	23	  98.7		2.2402		0.7624		22	33
  130	1	22	 195.2		0.6447		0.22		22	33
  130	1	21	 294.7		0.2348		0.0712		22	33
  130	1	19	 496.6		0.132		0.0593		22	33
  130	1	18	 596.4		0.1365		0.0507		22	33
  130	1	17	 692.7		0.0641		0.0266		22	33
  130	1	16	 842.1		0.0543		0.0219		22	33
  130	1	15	1040.7		0.0507		0.0229		22	33
  130	1	13	1501.1		0.0749		0.0362		22	33
  130	1	12	1740.8		0.0782		0.0373		22	33
  130	1	11	1998		0.1075		0.0577		22	33
  130	1	10	2300.8		0.117		0.0542		22	33
  130	1	 9	2605.3		0.1275		0.0633		22	33
  130	1	 8	2898.7		0.1554		0.0579		22	33
  130	1	 6	3500.1		0.2658		0.1271		22	33
  130	1	 5	3749.9		0.6605		0.2763		22	33
  130	1	 4	4001.3		0.8911		0.3769		22	33
  130	1	 3	4252.5		0.9271		0.3506		22	33
  130	1	 2	4421.1		1.0156		0.4046		22	33
  130	1	 1	4468.7		1.0858		0.4578		22	33
  131	2	24	   9.3		5.4042		1.891		22	33
  131	2	23	  64.4		4.2074		1.5155		22	33
  131	2	22	 142		2.2344		0.8095		22	33
  131	2	21	 242.3		0.3724		0.1661		22	33
  131	2	20	 357.1		0.1147		0.037		22	33
  131	2	19	 491.4		0.0884		0.0364		22	33
  131	2	18	 591.5		0.076		0.0292		22	33
  131	2	17	 740.2		0.0478		0.0168		22	33
  131	2	16	 990.8		0.0615		0.0217		22	33
  131	2	15	1287.1		0.0632		0.0279		22	33
  131	2	13	1891.1		0.0811		0.0261		22	33
  131	2	12	2192.6		0.093		0.0244		22	33
  131	2	10	2846.7		0.0935		0.0352		22	33
  131	2	 9	3349		0.1401		0.0444		22	33
  131	2	 8	3698.2		0.1981		0.0558		22	33
  131	2	 7	3897.7		0.4856		0.2032		22	33
  131	2	 5	4498.7		0.9085		0.3201		22	33
  131	2	 4	4799.8		0.7947		0.2364		22	33
  131	2	 3	5081.5		0.9005		0.3016		22	33
  131	2	 2	5133.5		1.0215		0.3683		22	33
  131	2	 1	5134.5		0.768		0.2298		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  132	1	17	  48.3		5.9639		2.4515		22	33
  132	1	15	 198.3		1.7816		0.5787		22	33
  132	1	13	 302		0.5721		0.1859		22	33
  132	1	11	 504.3		0.2679		0.0868		22	33
  132	1	10	 607.6		0.2671		0.1359		22	33
  132	1	 9	 705.2		0.162		0.0715		22	33
  132	1	 8	 798.5		0.1445		0.0652		22	33
  132	1	 7	1002.1		0.0971		0.0368		22	33
  132	1	 6	1208		0.1521		0.0818		22	33
  132	1	 5	1498.7		0.1798		0.0734		22	33
  132	1	 4	1798.5		0.2691		6.1238		22	33
  132	1	 2	2193.4		0.3508		0.1516		22	33
  132	1	 1	2483.8		0.3749		0.1454		22	33
  133	1	24	  10.7		6.2131		2.4518		22	33
  133	1	22	  78.9		5.3327		2.067		22	33
  133	1	21	 114.3		4.0871		1.4609		22	33
  133	1	19	 216.7		1.4166		0.4919		22	33
  133	1	18	 292.6		0.6599		0.2147		22	33
  133	1	17	 394.1		0.2793		0.0882		22	33
  133	1	15	 570.5		0.138		0.0414		22	33
  133	1	14	 690.4		0.1675		0.0779		22	33
  133	1	13	 842.8		0.0911		0.0476		22	33
  133	1	12	1040.8		0.0903		0.0341		22	33
  133	1	11	1246.7		0.1028		0.0496		22	33
  133	1	10	1497.5		0.1595		0.0668		22	33
  133	1	 9	1742		0.1632		0.0539		22	33
  133	1	 8	1994.2		0.1962		0.0802		22	33
  133	1	 7	2247.9		0.2871		0.0978		22	33
  133	1	 6	2501.4		0.3343		0.0968		22	33
  133	1	 5	2741.8		0.4315		0.1464		22	33
  133	1	 4	2997.4		0.5777		0.1989		22	33
  133	1	 3	3152.2		0.7157		0.304		22	33
  133	1	 2	3299.4		0.5619		0.1986		22	33
  133	1	 1	3419.3		0.4581		0.1539		22	33
  134	2	24	 133.6		4.5359		1.7306		22	33
  134	2	23	 214.4		1.9352		0.7354		22	33
  134	2	21	 272.8		0.8885		0.3781		22	33
  134	2	20	 343.2		0.4956		0.1961		22	33
  134	2	19	 489.4		0.303		0.1196		22	33
  134	2	18	 648		0.3517		0.1298		22	33
  134	2	17	 788		0.3047		0.1266		22	33
  134	2	16	 991.4		0.2321		0.0823		22	33
  134	2	15	1190.4		0.2203		0.0888		22	33
  134	2	14	1492		0.2271		0.1015		22	33
  134	2	13	1791.3		0.2066		0.0923		22	33
  134	2	12	2193.8		0.1986		0.0892		22	33
  134	2	11	2595.5		0.2615		0.1096		22	33
  134	2	10	2998		0.3497		0.15		22	33
  134	2	 9	3296.4		0.3999		0.1552		22	33
  134	2	 8	3598.1		0.5075		0.2076		22	33
  134	2	 7	3899.6		0.6179		0.2671		22	33
  134	2	 6	4200.7		0.5849		0.2245		22	33
  134	2	 5	4500.6		0.5802		0.2033		22	33
  134	2	 4	4810.6		0.5851		0.1869		22	33
  134	2	 3	5102		0.6983		0.2238		22	33
  134	2	 2	5327.3		0.6373		0.2317		22	33
  134	2	 1	5496.7		0.7757		0.3116		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  135	1	23	   7.1		5.8954		2.5317		22	33
  135	1	22	  77		5.0935		1.7273		22	33
  135	1	20	 191.1		2.4123		0.8724		22	33
  135	1	19	 319		0.942		0.3127		22	33
  135	1	18	 400.4		0.5847		0.1612		22	33
  135	1	17	 492.8		0.7113		0.3101		22	33
  135	1	16	 643.8		0.543		0.2195		22	33
  135	1	15	 792.3		0.3409		0.1008		22	33
  135	1	13	1492.3		0.2066		0.0591		22	33
  135	1	11	1993		0.2302		0.0769		22	33
  135	1	10	2405.9		0.2122		0.0832		22	33
  135	1	 9	2811.7		0.3094		0.1245		22	33
  135	1	 8	3199.5		0.3149		0.1473		22	33
  135	1	 7	3599.8		0.359		0.1575		22	33
  135	1	 6	4000		0.4655		0.1991		22	33
  135	1	 5	4402.2		0.5634		0.2158		22	33
  135	1	 3	5155.7		0.6561		0.2662		22	33
  135	1	 1	5712.9		0.6572		0.3513		22	33
  136	1	24	   8.7		6.04		2.4074		22	33
  136	1	22	 138.7		4.3209		1.6641		22	33
  136	1	20	 212.3		3.1453		1.2281		22	33
  136	1	18	 397.3		0.6936		0.2653		22	33
  136	1	17	 496.4		0.5314		0.1701		22	33
  136	1	16	 595.6		0.4591		0.1884		22	33
  136	1	15	 689.9		0.2967		0.0958		22	33
  136	1	14	 795.9		0.2721		6.0857		22	33
  136	1	13	 956.6		0.2383		0.0856		22	33
  136	1	12	1095.6		0.2724		0.0956		22	33
  136	1	11	1392.7		0.2215		0.0662		22	33
  136	1	10	1691.2		0.2661		0.0991		22	33
  136	1	 9	1996.7		0.2248		0.0917		22	33
  136	1	 8	2400.6		0.2336		0.0912		22	33
  136	1	 7	2801.6		0.2193		0.0921		22	33
  136	1	 6	3201.4		0.2409		0.1001		22	33
  136	1	 5	3653.1		0.2986		0.1085		22	33
  136	1	 4	4199		0.3605		0.1332		22	33
  136	1	 3	4631		0.3753		0.1235		22	33
  136	1	 1	4813.2		0.3958		0.1158		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  137	1	22	 117.3		4.3501		1.8471		22	33
  137	1	21	 178.2		1.7758		0.7186		22	33
  137	1	20	 233.9		1.0146		0.4134		22	33
  137	1	19	 309.4		0.5955		0.2425		22	33
  137	1	18	 391.2		0.3866		0.1577		22	33
  137	1	17	 495.1		0.3415		0.1347		22	33
  137	1	16	 591.2		0.3048		0.1116		22	33
  137	1	15	 692.1		0.3554		0.149		22	33
  137	1	14	 840.5		0.4422		0.1678		22	33
  137	1	13	1040.3		0.2944		0.1182		22	33
  137	1	12	1240.8		0.2267		0.0818		22	33
  137	1	11	1491.6		0.2486		0.0859		22	33
  137	1	10	1741.1		0.2088		0.0849		22	33
  137	1	 9	1994.9		0.1937		0.0708		22	33
  137	1	 8	2394.6		0.2595		0.1156		22	33
  137	1	 7	2794.7		0.2601		0.109		22	33
  137	1	 5	3598.8		0.3335		0.1391		22	33
  137	1	 4	4000		0.4354		0.1786		22	33
  137	1	 3	4301.9		0.4805		0.2087		22	33
  137	1	 2	4503.9		0.477		0.1985		22	33
  137	1	 1	4608.3		0.5279		0.225		22	33
  138	1	24	   8		6.1028		2.3714		22	33
  138	1	23	  73.4		5.8682		2.2131		22	33
  138	1	22	 112.5		5.6357		2.1795		22	33
  138	1	21	 153.4		3.9186		1.5456		22	33
  138	1	18	 491.1		0.449		0.1754		22	33
  138	1	17	 591.4		0.2202		0.0953		22	33
  138	1	15	 839.9		0.558		0.2534		22	33
  138	1	14	1038.5		0.3343		0.1364		22	33
  138	1	13	1242.7		0.324		0.1379		22	33
  138	1	12	1489.5		0.2551		0.112		22	33
  138	1	11	1790.6		0.2273		0.0985		22	33
  138	1	10	2092.4		0.1682		0.0606		22	33
  138	1	 9	2393.6		0.2127		0.0869		22	33
  138	1	 8	2695.7		0.2905		0.1078		22	33
  138	1	 7	2995.7		0.2902		0.1272		22	33
  138	1	 5	3798.6		0.3098		0.1198		22	33
  138	1	 4	4197.1		0.4094		0.1792		22	33
  138	1	 3	4601.1		0.3996		0.1576		22	33
  138	1	 1	4955.4		0.5679		0.2386		22	33
  139	1	24	  10.7		6.1165		2.5159		22	33
  139	1	20	 317.7		1.1367		0.4364		22	33
  139	1	18	 494.3		0.4522		0.1792		22	33
  139	1	17	 596.9		0.3092		0.1255		22	33
  139	1	15	 852		0.2915		0.1051		22	33
  139	1	13	1248.9		0.2797		0.0956		22	33
  139	1	12	1499.4		0.2178		0.079		22	33
  139	1	11	1805.1		0.1902		0.0707		22	33
  139	1	10	2098		0.2488		0.1024		22	33
  139	1	 9	2407.1		0.2674		0.1139		22	33
  139	1	 8	2701.4		0.2637		0.109		22	33
  139	1	 7	3008.3		0.2605		0.1039		22	33
  139	1	 5	3603.5		0.305		0.123		22	33
  139	1	 3	4208.2		0.4539		0.1872		22	33
  139	1	 2	4391.3		0.4864		0.1977		22	33
  139	1	 1	4537.7		0.5357		0.206		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  140	2	22	 496		0.287		0.1111		22	33
  140	2	20	 697.1		0.278		0.099		22	33
  140	2	19	 845.4		0.1913		0.07		22	33
  140	2	18	 995.2		0.2041		0.0724		22	33
  140	2	12	3202.6		0.1814		0.0666		22	33
  140	2	10	4004.5		0.2137		0.0714		22	33
  140	2	 9	4313.6		0.251		0.0962		22	33
  140	2	 8	4611.4		0.3305		0.1185		22	33
  141	1	24	   8.7		6.018		2.3836		22	33
  141	1	23	  67.8		6.1653				2~	3~
  141	1	22	 108.4		5.9288				2~	3~
  141	1	21	 196.5		1.8872		0.7239		22	33
  141	1	 6	3100.9		0.1243		0.057		22	33
  142	1	24	  10.5		6.2346		2.5337		22	33
  142	1	 3	4003.3		0.2704		0.0901		22	33
  143	1	24	  15		6.2659				2~	3~
  143	1	23	  72.6		6.273		2.4433		22	33
  144	1	 5	3006.5		0.2181		0.1123		22	33
  146	1	24	   9		6.2247		2.3731		22	33
  146	1	23	  54.8		6.4936		2.4507		22	33
  146	1	22	 118.1		6.0147				2~	3~
  146	1	11	1741.7		0.3215		0.1204		22	33
  146	1	10	1998.8		0.2162		0.0824		22	33
  147	1	24	  28.8		5.971				2~	3~
  147	1	23	  63.9		6.0404		2.3719		22	33
  148	1	24	   6.6		6.0981		2.4455		22	33
  148	1	23	  44.6		6.0447		2.4699		22	33
  149	1	23	   4.4		6.2331		2.3689		22	33
  149	1	22	  49		6.2748		2.4126		22	33
  149	1	13	1497				0.0776		~2	~3
  150	1	24	   7.1		6.4232		2.6341		22	33
  150	1	21	   7.3		6.3586		2.596		22	33
  150	1	22	   7.3		6.3875		2.658		22	33
  151	1	24	   3.7		6.2098		2.2891		22	33
  151	1	23	  37.8		6.1418		2.3206		22	33
  152	1	24	   5.6		6.3788				2~	3~
  152	1	23	  45.1		6.0594				2~	3~
  153	2	23	  52.6		6.2088		2.2687		22	33
  153	2	24	  52.6		6.3189		2.3411		22	33
  153	2	 8	2703.3				0.1151		~2	~3
  154	1	22	 117.8		5.8231				2~	3~
  155	1	21	  10.4		6.404		2.4394		22	33
  155	1	20	  39.9		6.4449		2.4768		22	33
  155	1	19	  89.2		5.6275				2~	3~
  156	1	19	  75.7		6.4205		2.4568		22	33
  156	1	18	 124.7		5.7608				2~	3~
  157	1	23	   8.5		5.8627		2.2899		22	33
  157	1	22	  48.1		6.0816		2.3617		22	33
  157	1	15	 591.7		0.3182		0.1689		22	33
  157	1	 9	1595.4		0.09		0.064		22	33
  157	1	 8	1805.5		0.0924		0.0729		22	33
  157	1	 6	2198.9		0.116		0.0802		22	33
  157	1	 5	2399.5		0.112		0.0851		22	33
  157	1	 4	2602.9		0.109		0.0753		22	33
  157	1	 3	2812.1		0.1269		0.076		22	33
  157	1	 2	3001.6		0.1432		0.09		22	33
  157	1	 1	3084.8		0.1418		0.0874		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  158	2	24	   9		5.5825		2.3323		22	33
  158	2	23	  37.3		5.545		2.2047		22	33
  158	2	22	 108.1		5.5648		2.2078		22	33
  159	1	24	  15.1		5.4662		2.1345		22	33
  159	1	23	  42.4		5.4369		2.1264		22	33
  159	1	22	 101.8		5.4104		2.1501		22	33
  159	1	15	 696.6		0.4907		0.1697		22	33
  159	1	14	 843.1		0.3842		0.1451		22	33
  160	1	24	  33.3				2.0017		~2	~3
  160	1	23	  79.7				2.0037		~2	~3
  160	1	12	1141.9		0.1267		0.04		22	33
  160	1	 5	2747.7		0.1626		0.0534		22	33
  160	1	 4	2998		0.1365		0.0441		22	33
  161	1	23	   8.3				1.9787		~2	~3
  161	1	 4	2296.5		0.1394		0.0297		22	33
  161	1	 3	2700.8		0.1179		0.0385		22	33
  161	1	 1	3038.9		0.0658		0.0445		22	33
  166	3	15	1594.9		0.1115		0.0742		22	33
  166	3	14	1797		0.0422		0.0594		22	33
  166	3	13	1998.4		0.0454		0.0109		22	33
  166	3	 1	4607.8		0.0197		0.0404		22	33
  166	3	 2	4612.8		0.0073		0.0254		22	33
  167	2	18	1145.8		0.8275		0.3152		22	33
  167	2	10	2751.6				0.017		~2	~3
  167	2	 9	3002.3				0.0208		~2	~3
  167	2	 4	4256.7				0.0251		~2	~3
  167	2	 3	4406.1				0.0221		~2	~3
  167	2	 2	4555.1		0.0406		0.0215		22	33
  168	2	14	1691.9		0.0549		0.0409		22	33
  168	2	13	1894.2		0.028		0.0277		22	33
  168	2	11	2295.8		0.0395		0.0096		22	33
  168	2	10	2494.6		0.0051				2~	3~
  168	2	 8	2903.4		0.02		0.0217		22	33
  168	2	 1	3836		0.0376		0.0122		22	33
  169	2	10	2297.3		-0.0183		-0.0156		22	33
  169	2	 5	3751		0.0262				2~	3~
  169	2	 2	4504.9		0.0136				2~	3~
  169	2	 1	4586.2				0.0116		~2	~3
  170	2	17	1181.7		0.523		0.3213		22	33
  170	2	 3	4205.2		0.0145		0.0176		22	33
  170	2	 2	4405.6				0.0263		~2	~3
  171	2	16	1395.6		0.2891		0.1062		22	33
  171	2	13	1999.1		0.0091		0.0199		22	33
  171	2	11	2495.7				0.0139		~2	~3
  171	2	10	2747.3		0.0173		0.0238		22	33
  171	2	 9	2999.2		0.0144		0.0261		22	33
  171	2	 6	3751.9				0.0129		~2	~3
  171	2	 5	4001.4				0.0121		~2	~3
  171	2	 4	4254.5		0.0325		0.025		22	33
  171	2	 3	4510.6		0.0209		0.0278		22	33
  171	2	 2	4706.1				0.0225		~2	~3
  171	2	 1	4811.2		0.0376		0.0441		22	33

#STNNBR	CASTNO	SAMPNO	CTDPRS		CFC-11		CFC-12		QUALl	QUAL2
-------	------	------	------		------		------		-----	-----
  172	3	16	1796.7		0.0058		0.0243		22	33
  172	3	15	2004.8		0.002		0.0104		22	33
  173	1	11	  36.4		3.0108		1.3036		22	33
  173	2	 9	3001.2		-0.012				2~	3~
  173	2	 8	3253.1		-0.0145				2~	3~
  173	2	 7	3503.9		-0.0153				2~	3~
  173	2	 3	4505.5				0.0113		~2	~3
  174	2	11	2749.9				0.0172		~2	~3
  174	2	 9	3252.4				0.0097		~2	~3
  175	2	13	2248.2		-0.0124				2~	3~
  175	2	11	2741.3		-0.013				2~	3~
  175	2	 9	3250.3		0.0281				2~	3~
  175	2	 4	4509.7		-0.0073		-0.0014		22	33
  176	2	23	  15.2		1.2716		0.5334		22	33
  176	2	22	  80.9		1.6971		0.7678		22	33
  176	2	18	1047.5		0.8307		0.322		22	33
  176	2	14	1652.8		0.15		0.0306		22	33
  176	2	11	2248.1				0.0135		~2	~3
  176	2	 5	4010		-0.005				2~	3~
  176	2	 3	4510.8		-0.0037				2~	3~
  177	2	18	 943.9		0.1464		0.0877		22	33
  178	1	13	   6.1		2.1409		1.0641		22	33
  178	1	 2	 902.9		0.4061		0.1768		22	33
  178	1	 3	 903.1		0.3723				2~	3~
  178	1	 4	 903.1				0.1499		~2	~3
  178	2	 8	2754				0.013		~2	~3
  




DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact      Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  -----------  -----------------------------------------

03/04/91  Van Woy      CFCs         DQE Begun
          needs more info. to continue. See cruise report for Van Woy's full 
          DQE report and suggested flags.
            
03/08/91  Mantyla      NUTs/O       DQE Begun  Problems w/ nuts data
            
04/23/91  Mantyla      NUTs/O       DQE Report Submitted
          Data do not meet WOCE standards. See cruise report for Mantyla's 
          full DQE report and suggested flags.
            
07/12/91  Jennings-Jr. NUTs/O       DQE Complete
          "Data appears overall to be of high quality".  See cruise report 
          for Jennings' full DQE report and suggested flags.
            
05/06/93  Millard      CTD          DQE Report Submitted
            
07/15/93  Witte        CTD          Calibration Report Submitted
          The following is a description of the pressure averaging used at 
          AWI for preparing the 2-decibar CTD data. (see cruise report, "CTD 
          calibration report 06MT11_5")
          
          It is difficult to explain the difference between CTD salinity and 
          water sample salinity in the station number 154, since the CTD 
          salinity data used in the plot are not the data from the 2-decibar 
          CTD profile.
          
          Nothing points to a defect in the CTD during stations 175, 176, 
          178 and 179. It may be that the questionable data are an 
          indication of the extreme variability of the survey region.
            
12/09/94  Kozyr        CO2          Final Data Submitted
            
03/09/99  Newton       Tracers  cfc hel trit delhe neon merged into btl file
          o Data status notes say DQE found nuts/oxy/sal not up to WOCE 
            standards, but  there is no explanation in cruise docs.
          o merged CFC-11 CFC-12 TRITUM HELIUM DELHE3 TRITER HELIER DELHER. 
            added NEON NEONER.
          o Changed stn116 cast1 to cast2.
          o New values from stn173 cast1 had unmatched sampno's. No way to 
            reconcile and merge into a21hy.txt.  12 samples not merged.
          o New values from stn140 cast2 sampno1->4 had no counterparts in 
            a21hy.txt.
          o New values from stn164 cast2 sampno 2,4,6,8,10,12 had no 
            counterparts in a21hy.txt - can't tell if something's amiss here.
          o In a21hy.txt changed HELIUM and HELIER from 8.3 to 8.4, 
                         changed DELHE3 missing code from -9. to -999.
          o new a21hy.txt datestamp:  20000626WHPOSIODMN
            
03/09/99  Klein        Tracers      He/Tr/cfc/neon data Submitted
            

Date      Contact      Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  -----------  -----------------------------------------

03/10/99  Diggs        Tracers      (He/Tr/cfc) Clarification Requested
          After careful inspection of the data file that you sent, I have 
          concluded that there are some potential problems that we need to 
          resolve before I merge your A21/S04 data (Helium, Neon, Tritium, 
          CFCs) with the rest of the bottle data.
          
          Your data file has some minor problems with the header, but the 
          serious issues are those with the precision of the CFC, and NEON 
          values.  The WOCE specification of these fields is F8.3, yet you 
          report your values are F8.4. I had reformatted your files earlier 
          and noticed that my software caused your values to be rounded (not 
          truncated).  It may seem like a lot of
          trouble, but I don't think that the WHPO should be in the business 
          of reproducing data values from the originator's file.  Therefore, 
          would you be so kind as to re-send the data?  If not, I *could* 
          use the values that I have.  I would need some official statement 
          from you.  I could even send
          you my program that I wrote to reformat your files (it is written 
          in Perl 5).
          
          In addition, I have included two short files, which are the first 
          16 lines of your original file and my reformatter file.  These are 
          attachments.
          
          Please let me know what you decide.
            
08/03/99  Diggs        He/Tr/cfc/   Data are Final; questions resolved
            
02/14/00  Kozyr        TCARBN/PCO2  Final Data Submitted
          I've just put a total of 13 files [carbon data measured in Indian 
          (6 files) and Atlantic (7 files) oceans] to the WHPO ftp area. 
          Please let me know if you get data okay.
            
03/10/00  Holliday     Cruise ID    Website Update
          A20 NOT included in this cruise  A21/S04/SR02 (Roether) you also 
          have this under S01 but the cruise clearly isn't on S01 so that 
          entry should be removed.
            
04/18/00  Kappa        Cruise ID    Data Update; s01 designation changed to a21
            
06/12/00  Huynh        DOC          Line designations corrected (online docs)
            
06/26/00  Newton       Tracers      Merged into hyd file
          Merge notes for a21   06MT11/5 :
          o Merged file: Mar  9  1999 a21_bklein_cfc_tr-hr-ne_FIXED.dat
              directory: ..../a21/original/TRACERS_1999.03
              .sea file: Feb 27  1998 a21hy.txt    (no WHPO datestamp)
          o Data status notes say DQE found nuts/oxy/sal not up to WOCE 
            standards, but there is no explanation in cruise docs.
          o Merged CFC-11 CFC-12 TRITUM HELIUM DELHE3 TRITER HELIER DELHER.
          o Added NEON NEONER.
          o Changed stn116 cast1 to cast2.
          o New values from stn173 cast1 had unmatched sampno's. No way to 
            reconcile and merge into a21hy.txt.  12 samples not merged.
          o New values from stn140 cast2 sampno1->4 had no counterparts in 
            a21hy.txt.
          o New values from stn164 cast2 sampno 2,4,6,8,10,12 had no 
            counterparts in a21hy.txt - can't tell if something's amiss here.
          o In a21hy.txt changed HELIUM and HELIER from 8.3 to 8.4, changed 
            DELHE3 missing code from -9. to -999.
          o New a21hy.txt datestamp: WHPOSIODMN
            

Date      Contact      Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  -----------  -----------------------------------------

07/10/00  Bartolacci   BTL          Website Updated; newly merged file online
          Parameters: cfc-11, cfc-12, tritum, helium, delhe3, neon, triter, 
          helier, delher, neoner, qualt1, qualt2
          
          I have replaced the current botlte file with the newly merged file 
          containing cfc's he, trit, delhe3, neon, and associated errors, 
          merged by D. Newton
            
06/20/01  Uribe        BTL          Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added
            Bottle file in exchange format has been linked to website.
            
06/21/01  Uribe        CTD/BTL      Website Updated  CTD EXCHANGE File 
          Added, BTL EXCHANGE file modified  The exchange bottle file name 
          in directory and index file was modified to lower case.
          CTD exchange files were put online.
            
06/27/01  Uribe        CTD          Website Updated; EXCHANGE File put online
            
12/20/01  Uribe        CTD          Website Updated; EXCHANGE File put online
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online.
            
12/21/01  Hajrasuliha  CTD          Internal DQE completed
          created *check.txt file for this cruise. Created .ps files for 
          this cruise.
            
02/18/02  Klein  Tracers  CFC/He/Tr/Ne/DEL3HE resubmitted 
          When I last submitted the final helium/tritium data for the cruise 
          and and updated version of the cfc data, I noted a problem in the 
          merged data file later on due to an inconsitency of the basic 
          hydrography data. It resulted in profiles that were upside-down 
          (in CFC, helium, delta-3he, neon and Tritium) fo st. 106 and 113. 
          Sta. 173 had different bottle numbers in our file and therefore 
          the CFC data for this profile had not been remerged. And station 
          116 had a different cast number so data from that statin were also 
          not remerged. I have written to you about it in the past but 
          somehow the wrong profiles never got changed. Since we have been 
          working on a data quality assessment for the tracer data of the 
          south Atlantic we also examined the consistency of the tracer data 
          and gave new quality flags. Especially for the CFCs we have added 
          a larger number of data questionable. I changed our hydrography 
          data to be the same as yours and merged all tracer data and new 
          quality flags to your a21hy.txt file. The file I am sending  now 
          is correct in all tracer values, has unchanged data for stat, 
          cast, sample, bottle, pres, temp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, 
          silicate, nitrate, nitrit, phosphate and has an update of tracer 
          quality flags. You don't have to merge it again by your side, just 
          check for yourself against your old file that I only altered the 
          above mentioned problematic tracer profiles and changed tracer 
          quality bits and then please replace it on your webside.
             

Date      Contact      Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  -----------  -----------------------------------------

02/18/02  Diggs        Tracers      Need to be remerged into online file
          To be on the safe side, we will re-merge your file for the 
          parameters listed (CFC/He/Tr/Ne/DEL3HE) with our own online 
          version and re-check the values.  This should happen over the 
          course of the next two weeks.
          
          Take another look at our online files, just to be sure, sometime 
          around the first week in April. 
             
02/18/02  Bartolacci   DOC          Update Needed
          change line numbrs in doc to A21 and S04, SR02.  06MT11_5 occurred 
          during a time when PIs were not using current WOCE line naming 
          conventions.  Various segments of this cruise were given multiple 
          basin line designations according to the PI's discretion. Since 
          that time, the WHOI WHPO has renamed parts of the cruises line 
          designations in an attempt to make the lines conform  to 
          recognized WOCE lines.
          
          The original cruise track for 06MT11_5 was divided into 2 
          sections:  S01/A21 and S02/A12.  After the completion of the 
          cruise the S02/A12 designation was dropped and that section was 
          divided into S04 and SR02.
          
          The sum file now has line A21, S04 and SR02 as line numbers 
          covered by this cruise.  However the DOC file still lists the old 
          line designations of S01/A21, S02/A12 as well as the new 
          designation of A21/S04/SR02.  This cruise is currently on the WHPO 
          public table under the lines A21 and S04, SR02.
            
05/22/02  Key          LV data      Submitted
          I have attached my version of the LV data file for Meteor 11/5. In 
          this case, the "my" is important. This file was assembled from 
          various partial files obtained over a period of years. Simply 
          stated, the merging process was a nightmare. At the very least, 
          there are bound to be some errors in the flags (except for C14). 
          The file contains C13 data, which I have not checked at all. My 
          guess is that all these C13 data should be flagged 3 as is the 
          case for all the LV U.S. C13 data. The low quality of the C13 is a 
          result of the old technique (LV C13 data were only measured in 
          order to correct C14 measurements for fractionation during
          processing).
          
          Regardless, this is probably the most complete and correct version 
          of the LV data for that cruise which exists (at least 
          electronically). I have also attached a copy of my summary README* 
          which gives a small portion of the history of various data 
          components. I have far more info when/if needed.
          
          In the attached file I intentionally deleted all calculated 
          parameters (theta, sigmaX, aou, etc.) except for depth in case the 
          official WHP software differs from mine. The file format is very 
          similar to the WHP "exchange" format with "," separators and with 
          QUALT1 burst to single digit integers. I don't think you'll have 
          any problem reading it. Units are all WOCE standard.
          
          After taking a look at these 2 files, let me know what additional 
          info is needed - hopefully I can provide it.
          
          All the above specifically EXCLUDES H-3/He-3 info, details, etc. I 
          have never been on the "inside" with respect to these data 
          streams.
          
          *1/3/2001
            Initialized README file Meteor cruise 11/5 
            WOCE sections A12 and A21 (old designations, currently A21 S04 SR02)
            EXPOCODE: 06MT11_5
            Ushuaia, Argentina to Capetown, South Africa
            January 23, 1990 to March 8, 1990
            78 stations with 24 place Rosette
            18 LV stations for C14, K85, Ar39, Ra

          o W. Roether, Ch. Sci.
          o Hydro:    Who:    G. Rohardt, E. Fahrbach
                      Status: final
                      S Plus: up to date
          o Nuts/O2:  Who:    SIO
                      Status: final
                      S Plus: up to date
          o TCO2:     Who:    D. Chipman & T. Takahashi; 
                      Status: Final
                      S Plus: Up to date
                      Notes:  prior to CRM, coulometer analysis with 
                              estimated precision of 1umol/kg. Calibration 
                              against high purity CO2 gas also measured on LV 
                              samples NDP 045
          o TA:       Who:    n/a
                      Status: not measured
                      S Plus: n/a
          o pCO2:     Who:    D. Chipman & T. Takahashi
                      Status: Final
                      S Plus: Up to date 
                      Notes:  measured at 20C via fid GC on 500ml samples
          o pH25:     Who:    n/a
                      Status: not measured
                      S Plus: n/a
          o CFC:      Who:    W. roether
                      Status: final?
                      S Plus: up to date
                      Notes:  data from Smethie 5/10/93
          o C-14:     Who:    P. Schlosser
                      Status: final
                      S Plus: up to date
                      Notes:  AMS + LV collected. All existing results in LV 
                              files
          o C-13:     Who:    P. Schlosser
                      Status: final
                      S Plus: up to date
                      Notes:  AMS + LV collected. All existing results in LV 
                              files
          o H-3/He-3: Who:    W. Roether
                      Status: ?
                      S Plus: no data
            

Date      Contact      Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  -----------  -----------------------------------------

06/21/02  Wanninkhof   BTL          Update Needed 
          we are working with Bob Key, Alex Kozyr, Chris Sabine and many others 
          on the Global Carbon synthesis. The following notes are for the 
          synthesis group but some might be of relevance to you as well. 
          
          Betty has been doing a last check of our carbon synthesis product 
          for the Atlantic and the "WOCE bottle data" and "WOCE bottle data 
          in exchange format". Unfortunately the data in these files are not 
          always the same. [note, whpo@ucsd.edu perhaps clearly indicate 
          last updates in each of the files].
          
          We made the following changes to our data files which were 
          originally obtained from Alex via CDIAC.  The following are the 
          notes from Betty and will be reflected in our version 11 data.
          
          Alex please note the unresolved issues for A01W and AO2. Alex, 
          could you please determine if the WOCE files have the latest 
          carbon data. Because of differences in sample # between the 
          original file you sent and the WOCE file we cannot merge data from 
          one file to the other for A01W and A02
          
          A21 - In the WOCE file the last station is 120 while our file has 
          A21 ending at station 121.  Otherwise, the files are the same. 
          This is an issue of where A21 ends and A12 starts.  that is in our 
          file A12 starts with station A122 and the WOCE file starts with 
          A120.
 
05/02/03  Kappa        Doc          New PDF & TXT docs assembled
          Additions to cruise reports:
             1 CTD Calibration report
             2 CO2 Report
             3 Data Quality Reports:
                 CTD DQE report (Robert Millard)
                 Nutrients/Salinity/Oxygen DQE report (Arnold Mantyla)
                 Nutrients/Salinity/Oxygen DQE report (J.C. Jennings)
                 CFC DQE report (R. Van Woy)
             4 WHPO-generated cruise/station tracks
             5 Visually enhanced figures
             6 List of contributing authors
             7 These WHPO data processing notes
             8 Corrected line designations

