A.	Cruise Narrative:  A01E

A.1.	Highlights
                         WHP Cruise Summary Information

         WOCE section designation  A01E
Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  06MT18_1
      Chief Scientist/affiliation  Jens Meincke/IfMH*
                     Cruise Dates  1991.SEP.02 - 1991.SEP.26
                             Ship  METEOR
                    Ports of call  Reyjavik, Iceland to Hamburg, Germany
               Number of stations  64
                                              6000.00' N
  Stations' Geographic boundaries  4230.60' W           1415.20' W
                                              5210.10' N
     Floats and drifters deployed  0
   Moorings deployed or recovered  6 moored current meter arrays

             Contributing Authors  A. Sy,  M. Bersch,  A. Mittelslaedt,
                                   R. Bayer,  B. Hoffahrt,  A. Putzka,
                                   K. Blusiewicz,  G. Fraas,  B. Schneider,
                                   K. Johnson,  L. Mintrop,  H.-J. Isemer,
                                   J. Suebach,  H. Sonnabend,  D. Ellett

                 Institut fr Meereskunde  Universitt Hamburg
                  Troplowitzstrasse 7  22529 Hamburg  GERMANY
Email: meincke@ifm.uni-hamburg.de  phone: 49-40-4123-5985  fax: 49-40-4123-4644


WHP Cruise and Data Information


Cruise Summary Information                  Hydrographic Measurements
        
Description of scientific program           CTD measurements 18
                                               Conductivity 18
Geographic boundaries of the survey            Oxygen 19
Cruise track (figure)                          Pressure 20
Description of stations                        Salinity 21
Description of parameters sampled              Temperature 21
Bottle depth distributions (figure)  
Floats and drifters deployed                  Bottle Data
Moorings deployed or recovered                  Oxygen 25
Principal Investigators for all measurements    Salinity 25
Cruise Participants                             Nutrients 26
                                               CFC-11 and CFC-12 
Problems and goals not achieved  
Other incidents of note  

Underway Data Information                     DQE Reports
                                                CTD 
Navigation                                      S/O2/nutrients
Bathymetry                                      14C
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)  
Thermosalinograph and related measurements  
XBT and/or XCTD  
Meteorological observations  
Atmospheric chemistry data  

Methodology and Calibrations                  References    Acknowledgments
                                                HYD/BTL       HYD/BTL
CTD and hydrology measurements                  APNDX 2
CTD Instrumentation 13                          CFCs    
CTD instrument calibrations 13                  C14
CTD and hydrology data collection techniques
Water sampling methods 14  
Hydrology analytical methods                  Data Processing Notes
  

Abstract

The METEOR cruise no. 18 was aimed at contributing to the World Ocean Circulation 
Experiment (WOCE) in particular to the one-time survey of the WOCE-Hydrographic 
Programme.  The survey line from Ireland to Kap Farvel crosses the North Atlantic 
just to the south of the major convective regimes, so that transport estimates for 
the warm and the cold water masses can be used to estimate the North Atlantic 
overturning rate. This quantity is one of the key figures for the ocean's role in 
climate.

Measurements were carried out as outlined in the WOCE-documentation, i.e. the full 
suite of hydrographical and nutrient parameters and tracer substances as tritium, 
helium, CFCs and radiocarbon.  In addition the quantities relevant to determine the 
ocean carbon cycle were sampled.  The measurements on stratification were 
complemented by direct current measurements, employing an acoustic doppler current 
profiling system for the upper 300m and deploying long term moored current meter 
arrays at six locations along the survey line.  The quality of the data obtained 
was generally confirming to the standards set by WOCE.


Zusammenfassung

Die 18.  Reise der METEOR ist ein deutscher Beitrag zum World Ocean Circulation 
Experiment (WOCE), in diesem Falle sum sog.  'one time survey' des WOCE-
Hydrographic Programme.  Der bearbeitete hydrographische Schnitt von der Sudspitze 
Gronlands bis nach Irland quert den nordwrtsgerichteten Warmwassertransporte und 
die sdwartsgerichteten Kaltwassertransporte bilanziert werden, un die fr 
Klimabetrachtungen wichtige Umwalzrate des Nordatlantiks zu erhalten.

Das Meprogramm entsprach den Vorgaben von WOCE, d.h. zu den hydrographischen 
Parametern wie Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Sauerstoffgehalt kamen Nhrsalze und 
Spurenstoffe wie Tritium, Helium, FCKWs und 14C hinzu.  In enger Absprache mit dem 
internationalen Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) wurden die Komponenten zur 
Bestimmung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufes im Meer ebenfalls gemessen.  Zur direkten 
Bestimmung der Strmung kam ein akustischer Profilmesser fr die oberen 400 m vom 
fahrenden Schiff aus zum Einsatz und es wurden an 6 Positionen Stromungsmesserketten 
zur Langzeitregistrierung verankert.  Die Datenqualitt entsprach generell dem WOCE-
Standard.


1	Research Objectives

The North Atlantic Ocean is characterized by an intense meridional circulation 
cell, carrying near surface waters of tropical and subtropical origin northwards 
and deep waters of arctic and subarctic origin southwards.  The related 
"overturning" is driven by sinking of water masses at high latitudes.  The 
overturning rate and thus the intensity of the meridional transports of mass, heat 
and salt is an important control parameter for the modeling of the ocean's role in 
climate.  Certainly such estimates require more than one survey of the study area 
and therefore the METEOR cruise no. 18 was one in a series of cruises, which 
started in March 1991 and is expected to continue into 1995.  This effort, which is 
a joint project of the Institut fr Meereskunde, University of Hamburg and the 
Bundesamt fr Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg in cooperation with varying 
groups from other marine institutions, serves two purposes: On the one hand it is a 
German contribution to the international World Ocean Circulation Experiment, WOCE-
Hydrographic-Program, in particular to the WHP one-lime survey of the eastern part 
of the hydrographic section A1 and the repeats thereof (ANON, 1988).  On the other 
hand it serves the national project WOCE-NORD (North Atlantic Overturning Rate 
Determination).  Its objective is to determine directly the overturning rates by 
means of seasonally repeated hydrographic sections between the southern tip of 
Greenland and Ireland in combination with current measurements from long-term 
moored arrays (see Figure 1).  The location of the section was chosen to be to the 
south of the major wintertime convection regions to avoid water mass formation 
processes and to stay away from shallow topography in order to avoid difficulties 
in applying the geostrophic method for volume transport estimates.

The occasion of the cruise M 18 was also used to contribute to the global study of 
the carbonate system, which is carried out in the framework of the Joint Global 
Ocean Flux Study in close coordination with WOCE.


2	Participants

Name                         Specialty       Institute
---------------------------  --------------  ---------
Bassek, D., Technician       Meteorology     SWA
Bayer, R., Dr.               Tracer-Physics  IUPH
Beckmann, U., Technician     Oceanography    IFMK
Bersch, M., Dipl.-Oz.        Oceanography    IFMH
Bos, D., Technician          Tracer-Physics  SIO-ODF
Braun, W., Guest, State Dep  Oceanography    IFMH
Brunen, J. v., Dipl.-Phys.  Tracer-Physics  UBP
Bulsewiecz, K., Technician   Tracer-Physics  UBP
Falk, G., Technician         Tracer-Physics  UBP
Fraas, G., Technician        Tracer-Physics  UBP
Isemer, H.-J., Dr.           Meteorology     IFMK
Johnson, K., Dr.             Geochemistry    BNL
Korves, A., Technician       Geochemistry    IFMK
Maus, S., Student            Oceanography    IFMH
May, H., Technician          Oceanography    BSH
Meincke, J., Prof. Dr.       Oceanography    IFMH
Morak, A., Technician        Geochemistry    IFMK
Muus, D., Technician         Tracer-Physics  SIO-ODF
Nesemann, M., Student        Oceanography    IFMH
Paul, U., Dipl.-Oz.          Oceanography    BSH
Putzka, A., Dr.              Tracer-Physics  UBP
Ramirez, R., Technician      Geochemistry    BNL
Reichert, K., Student        Oceanography    IFMH
Schneider, B., Dr.           Geochemistry    IFMK
Stelter, G., Technician      Oceanography    BSH
Suebach, W., Reg. Rat.      Meteorology     SWA
Sy, A., Dr.    Oceanography  BSH
Verch, N., Technician        Oceanography    BSH
Wenk, A., Technician         Geochemistry    IFMK
Wllner, H., Technician      Oceanography    IFMH

Participating Institutions

BNL      Brookhaven National Laboratory
         Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences Division
         Upton, NY, 11973, USA
BSH      Bundesamt fur Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie
         Bernhard-Nocht-Str.78
         D-20359 Hamburg
IFMH     Institut fur Meereskunde der Universitat Hamburg
         Troplowitzstr.7
         D-22529 Hamburg
IFMK     Institut fur Meereskunde der Universitat Kiel
         Dusternbrooker Weg 20
         D-24105 Kiel
IUP      lnstitut fur Umweltphysik
         der Universitat Heidelberg
         Im Neuenheimer Feld 366
         D-69120 Heidelberg
SIO-ODF  Scripps Institution of Oceanography
         Ocean Data Facility
         La Jolla, Cal., 92093, USA
SWA      Seewetteramt Hamburg,  
         German Weather Service
         Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76,
         D-20359 Hamburg
UBP      Universitat Bremen, Fachbereich Physik
         Postfach 330 440
         D-28334 Bremen

3	Research Programme

3.1	Physical Oceanography

The physical oceanography programme consisted of two parts: Along the section 
between Greenland and Ireland 64 hydrographic stations were occupied.  On each 
station the vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen 
content and nutrient content (NO3, NO2, SIO3 and PO4) was obtained, using 
continuously measuring CTDO2-sondes as well as water samples from discrete depths.  
This data set will allow to determine the distribution of water masses and to 
estimate the relative transport distribution during the summer season.

At six locations near strong gradients of the bottom topography current meter 
moorings were deployed.  These records will allow to quantify the transports of 
deep topographically steered boundary currents as well as their temperature 
fluctuations over the period of one year.  Combining this information with the 
hydrographic data will result in total transport estimates of the various water 
masses present.

Throughout the cruise continuous current profiles using the ship-mounted acoustic 
doppler current profiler were measured as well as sea surface temperature and 
salinity.  To increase the spatial resolution of the hydrographic sampling, 
temperature and salinity profiles up to a depth of 800 m were also obtained by use of 
expendable sondes (XBTs).  These data were transmitted directly to the IGOSS 
(Integrated Global Ocean Services System) data bank via satellite.


3.2	Tracer Oceanography

Measurements of geochemical and radioactive tracers of anthropogenic origin allow 
an age determination of water masses if the atmospheric input function into the 
ocean is known.  Thus they complement the classical hydrographic work for the 
determination of watermasses.

Tracer measurements carried out on the hydrographic section between Greenland and 
Ireland may serve as northern-boundary values, as needed for evaluations of 
Atlantic tracer distributions.  The observations will specifically give starting 
concentrations for the North Atlantic Deep Water.  Tracer concentrations within the 
overflows will moreover yield information on the turnover of the water masses 
feeding the overflows.  Tracer measurements in the area have been carried out 
repeatedly since 1972, but for the first time, a complete section valuable in 
determining the temporal evolutions further on.  The point is that the main 
information content of the distribution is contained in their transient nature, as 
well as in differences in between the various tracers.

Measurements were carried out of the CFC's F11 and F12.  Samples for 3He, tritium 
and 14C, were taken for sample preparation and measurement at Heidelberg, the 14C-
measurements as such being carried out at Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule 
Zrich (ETH).  A new seagoing 3He sample extraction was tested, that is expected to 
improve sample quality and reduce the time lag until measurements can be made 
available.  All measurements were to meet WOCE quality standards.


3.3	Marine Chemistry

The focus of the chemistry programme was on the carbonate system, which is studied 
globally within the frame of the JGOFS and which is tightly co-ordinated with WOCE.

CO2 partial pressure difference (pCO2) between the atmosphere and the sea surface 
was measured along the section.  This quantity is the driving force for the air/sea 
exchange of CO2 into the ocean, provided sufficient information about the global 
distribution of pCO2 is available.

Vertical profiles of the parameters of the carbonate system were determined at 
selected stations.  Such data, in connection with oxygen and nutrient 
concentration, may be used to reconstruct the conditions in pre-industrial ocean 
surface waters and thus identify the anthropogenic signal.

The stations were partly located at positions where previous investigations of the 
carbonate system have been made.  This will allow to assess the seasonal 
variability, partial pressure, and pH.  By this over-determination (two parameters 
are sufficient to describe the system) the measured data may be checked for the 
thermodynamical consistency.

The chemical analysis of all components of the carbonate system was performed on 
board.  For the coulometric determination of the total carbonate, an additional 
system was used by a colleague from the Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA).  This 
allowed an intercomparison of methods and data.


3.4	Marine Meteorology

The meteorological part of the cruise was aimed at instrument developments to 
measure precipitation.  The ocean's thermohaline circulation is driven by density 
gradients that are to a large extent influenced by the freshwater balance at the 
sea surface.  Hence, measurements of precipitation at sea are needed.  Also, ground 
truth is still lacking for verification of both, numerical model results as well as 
satellite measurements and algorithms.  Unfortunately, reliable methods to measure 
rain from ships are not available, and hence it is not possible to rely on the 
several thousands of voluntary observing ships that by routine provide the bulk of 
reliable values of other parameters for weather forecasting and climatology.

During METEOR cruise no. 14, newly developed rain measuring equipment with novel 
techniques has been tested.  The experiences gained by these tests has led to 
improvements.  Two advanced instruments with mechanical and optical gauging 
techniques were tested on METEOR cruise no. 18.  This cruise was especially suited 
to test rain gauging equipment since the cruise lead right into the centre of the 
Atlantic storm activity.  The meteorological program is a contribution to WOCE.  In 
addition routine meteorological observation were made from the met-station aboard 
METEOR, to provide:

 short term weather and sea state forecasts,
 synoptic observations (every three hours) and radiosonde measurements (every   
  twelve hours) transmitted to the GTS for use in the world-wide weather forecast 
  centres,
 continuous registration of basic meteorological data for use by the scientific 
  working groups aboard METEOR.


4	Narrative of the Cruise 
 	(J. Meincke)

METEOR left Reykjavik on September 2, 1991, 11:00 UTC.  With heavy south-westerly 
winds for the first two days the progress towards the starting position of WOCE 
section A1/east (see Figure 1) was rather slow.  Two stations for testing the CTDs 
and the rosette sampling system were carried out en route to Kap Farvel before the 
hydrographic sampling was resumed with station 558 (see chapter 7) on September 5, 
13:40 on the SE-Greenland shelf.  The dense station spacing over the slope, in 
conjunction with quiet weather, made the establishing of the necessary routine in 
the station work a fast process.  However, electrical problems with the sliprings 
of the CTD winch, the failure of a diode in the CTD fish and irregularities in the 
rosette bottle-release interrupted the routine on September 6 and 7.  On September 
9, the first two moored current meter arrays were deployed over the western flank 
of the Reykjanes Ridge (Positions A and B on Figure 1), then hydrographic station 
work continued until the deployment of mooring C on September 10 and mooring D on 
September 11.  All moorings were deployed over rough topography, appropriate 
locations were found by means of short hydrosweep-surveys preceding each launch.  
Meanwhile winds had steadily increased, coming from SE.  Upon completion of station 
591 on September 13 all sampling had to be stopped for 16 hours because of winds 
with gale force up to 10, turning from SE to WNW.  CTD work was resumed on 
September 14 without the rosette because of heavy seas and swell on stations 592 to 
595.  These stations were oriented normal to the WOCE section and up slope over the 
southern flank of the Eriador Seamount which forms the southwestern tip of the 
Hatton Bank.  With this station arrangement, completed by the deployment of mooring 
E close to the intersection of the two hydrographic lines it is expected that the 
regional effect of topography on the flow pattern can be resolved.

The WOCE section was continued with full hydrography and reasonable weather 
conditions on September 15 and 16, only interrupted by the necessity to replace the 
electronics of the rosette underwater unit.  On September 17, work had to be 
interrupted for about 9 hours, because of winds up to Beaufort 10 to 11.  
Measurements on station 606 were resumed with the CTD without water samples on the 
next two stations only 12 out of 24 sampling bottles were mounted on the rosette 
frame to minimize the risk of damaging gear and cable in the heavy seas.  This 
"reduced" sampling again was restricted to another short hydrographic line normal 
to the WOCE line at the southern tip of Rockall Plateau.  The WOCE section was 
continued with complete profiling from station 611 onwards.

Although the weather remained rough with SW-winds around Beaufort 7, all stations 
and the deployment of mooring F could be completed.  The WOCE section was finished 
with station 622 on the Porcupine Shelf on September 21.  Because of the weather 
forecasts the original plans to return to Hamburg via the northern route through 
the Pentlands in a partly repeat of JGOFS-CO2 measurements during the METEOR cruise 
no. 10 were dropped.  Instead, the vessel set course for the English Channel and 
reached Hamburg on September 25, 06:00 LT.


5	Operational Details and Preliminary Results

5.1	Hydrographic Measurements 
 	(A. Sy)

Hydrographic casts were carried out with a NBIS MK-III CTDO2 unit mounted on a GO 
rosette frame with 24 x 10 litre Niskin bottles.  EG&G's Oceansoft rev. 3.1 was 
used for data acquisition at a rate of 32 ms/cycle.  The "NB3" CTD underwater unit 
was provided by IFM Kiel.  Pre-and post-cruise calibrations were carried out in 
July and December 1992 by the calibration laboratory at IFM Kiel.  This instrument 
ran without major problems during the whole cruise .  However, all the rosette 
systems used proved to be poorly adapted to the CTD system and/or were subject to 
various mechanical/electrical problems.  Three different systems were used.  
Nevertheless, tripping failures occurred more or less at most stations in 
particular at nos. 596 to 613 and additionally, CTD trip recording problems were 
experienced at station nos. 599 to 613.  Repeated checks on board and several 
careful verifications with the complete bottle data set, however, should ensure 
that all the samples will finally be assigned to their correct pressure levels.

The bottle sampling sequence was as follows.  Oxygen samples were collected soon 
after the CTD system was brought on board and after CFC and 3He were drawn.  The 
sample water temperature was measured immediately before the oxygen sample was 
drawn.  The next samples collected were pCO2, TCO2 alkalinity, 14C, 3H, nutrients 
(NO2, NO3, SIO3, PO4) and salinity.

Salinity samples were drawn into dry 200 ml BSH salinity bottles (Besser, Hamburg) 
with polyethylene stoppers and external thread screw caps.  It was found by 
KIRKWOOD and FOLKARD (1986) that these bottles guarantee best long-term storage 
conditions.  Bottles were rinsed three times before filling.  Samples were 
collected twice, once for shipboard salinity measurements and once for the 
possibility of cross checks by later shore-based salinity analyses.  The rosette 
sampling procedure was completed by readings of electronic (SIS, Kiel) and mechanic 
(Gohla, Kiel) deep sea reversing thermometers (DSRT) for a first quick check of the 
scheduled bottle pressure level and for in situ control of the CTD pressure and 
temperature calibration.

Sixty-four CTD casts were carried out along section A1/East (Figure 1); one cast 
failed and had to be repeated.  Four casts were used for rosette sample quality 
tests by means of multitrips at the same level.  The number of water sampling 
levels was 1208.  A distribution of water sample depths is given in Figure 2.  An 
overview of activities, occurrences and measured parameters is summarized in the 
station listing (chapter 7).

To meet WOCE quality requirements, the processing and quality control of CTD and 
bottle data followed the published guideline of the WOCE Operations Manual (WHPO 
91-9) as far as their realization was technically possible on this cruise.

CTD data were processed at BSH.  As a first step, physical time series were 
generated from raw binary data for which the EG&G standard hardware calibration 
file was used (no laboratory calibration was applied at this stage) to allow pre-
cruise, post-cruise and in situ correction comparisons as well as comparisons with 
the sensor history.  It turned out that the pre- and post-cruise laboratory 
calibration of pressure and temperature was stable (no significant differences) and 
thus this function was used for the final correction of the field data.

The difference between in situ and laboratory correction functions of the low-
gradient temperature domain was found to be +1 mK to +2 mK which corresponds well 
with the results of a temperature calibrations intercomparison carried out between 
4 laboratories in January 1992.  Whereas up to 12 electronic (SIS) DSRTs 
(calibrated in July and October 1992 by SIS, Kiel) are used in a rotating mode for 
in situ temperature comparisons, this cruise had at hits disposal only 2 electronic 
(SIS) DSR pressure sensors which were insufficient for in situ correction.  In 
addition to the electronic DSRTs, 12 lowrange Hg DSRTs were used in the same mode.  
These were calibrated by Gohla Precision in Kiel in July and October 1992.  
However, whereas the reproducibility of the Hg DSRT readings was found to be better 
than 3 mK (reproducibility of electronic DSRTs was better than 2 mK), the much 
larger difference between the CTD and SRT means was interpreted as a DSRT 
calibration problem.  Thus Hg DSRT readings were not used for CTD quality 
evaluation.

The salinity correction was carried out using in situ data only because it was found 
that the laboratory calibration facility was not sufficiently accurate to meet the 
WOCE requirements.  For salinity measurements a standard Guildline Autosal 
salinometer was used on board as was 1 ampoule of IAPSO Standard Seawater (batch P 
112) per station.  Salinity was measured 1 -2 days after water collection.  Owing to 
temporal conductivity sensor shifts, the correction was carried out for station nos. 
558-566, 567-602 and 603-622 separately (Figure 3).

Because oxygen sensors cannot be calibrated satisfactorily on the laboratory, field 
calibration is the only alternative.  This procedure was carried out in line with 
the guideline given by MILLARD (1991) by merging the down-profile CTD data with 
corresponding up-profile water samples.  Oxygen residuals of the final fit versus 
stations are shown in Figure 4.

Oxygen and nutrient measurements were carried out by ODF-technicians: The bottle 
data were made useable on board.  The final state, however, was obtained later by 
complete recalculation and verification at ODF in La Jolla.

After reading the water sample temperature, oxygen samples were drawn into 125 ml 
iodine flasks which were rinsed carefully with minimal agitation, then filled via a 
drawing tube and allowed to overflow for at least two flask volumes.  Reagents were 
added to fix the oxygen before stoppering.  The flasks were shaken twice - 
immediately and after 20 minutes - to ensure thorough dispersion of the Mn(OH)2 
precipitate.  The samples were analyzed within 4 to 36 hours after water collection.  
Dissolved oxygen measurements were performed via titration in the volume-calibrated 
iodine flasks with a 1 ml microburet, using whole-bottle Winkler titration technique 
after CARPENTER (1965) with modifications by CULBERSON et al. (1991) except that 
standards and blanks were run in seawater.  This parameter is reported in ml/1 
units.

A BSH technician, using distilled water with a commercially prepared standard, drew 
samples from most of the test rosette stations and ran them on the BSH Dosimat dead 
stop indicator titration system.  She consistently got lower values, from 0.20 ml/l 
on the first test cast to about 0.11 ml/l on the others.  Standards were exchanged, 
but the difference in standards was much less than that in data.  The reason for 
the difference was never conclusively determined.  Laboratory temperature ranged 
from 20 to 22C in the hood where the OXY-ring was set up based on periodic checks 
with the draw temperature.  Several standards were made up  and compared to ensure 
reproducibility of the results and to avoid basing the entire cruise on one 
standard.  A correction was made for the amount of oxygen added with the reagents.  
Combined reagent/seawater blanks were determined to account for oxidizing or 
reducing materials in the reagents.  The oxygen thionormality values and blanks 
were reviewed for possible problems and smoothed if necessary.

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 cc high density polyethylene, narrow mouth, 
screwcapped bottles which were rinsed twice before filling.  The water samples may 
have been refrigerated at 2 to 6C for a maximum of 15 hours.  Nutrient analyses 
were performed on a Technicon Autoanalyzer.  The procedures used are described in 
HAGER et al. (1972) and ATLAS et al. (1971).  Standardizations were performed with 
solutions prepared on board from pre-weighed standards.  These solutions were used 
as working standards before and after each cast (approximately 36 samples) to 
correct instrumental drift during analyses.  Sets of 4-6 different concentrations 
of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to determine the linearity of 
colorimeter response and the resulting correction factors.  Phosphate was analyzed 
using hydrazine reduction of phosphomolybdic acid as described by BERNHARDT and 
WILHELMS (1967).  Silicate was analyzed using stannous chloride reduction of 
silicomolbdic acid.  Nitrite was analyzed using diazotization and coupling to form 
dye.  Nitrate was reduced by copperized cadmium and then analyzed as nitrite.  
These three analyses use the methods of ARMSTRONG et al. (1967).  Nutrients are 
reported in mol/l units.

Property sections from CTD data as well as from water sample data, calculated by 
means of objective analyses, are presented in Figures 5 to 11.  CTD data processing 
and quality evaluation will be discussed in greater detail in a separate data 
report.  Moreover, a scientific analysis of all hydrographic data is in preparation 
and will be published elsewhere and thus preliminary results are not presented 
here.  All hydrographic data are submitted for independent quality evaluation to 
the WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office.

For test reasons only, XBT measurements were carried out at selected CTD stations 
in parallel with CTD casts.  The following probes of two manufacturers were tested: 
24 SIppian "Deep Blue", 12 Sparton "Deep Blue", 12 SParton "T-7", and 13 Sippican 
"T-5".  Acquisition systems used were Sippican MK-12 and Sparton BT.  The purpose 
of this test was to provide data from the North Atlantic for the international co-
ordinated re-evaluation of the probe's depth fall rate with the aim of developing 
community-wide accepted recommendations for a new depth formula or a revision of 
the standard coefficients respectively (SY, 1991).  A similar XCTD versus CTD test 
sequence failed to take place because the manufacturer was not able to provide 
probes in time.

5.2	Current Measurements 
 	(M. Bersch, J. Meincke, A. Mittelstaedt)

Two types of current measurements took place during METEOR cruise no. 18: The 
recording of the instantaneous near surface currents by means of an acoustic 
doppler current profiler (ADCP) and the long-term recording of currents by means of 
moored current meters.

For the ADCP measurements a hull-mounted system from RD Instruments, San Diego, was 
employed, using a pulse frequency of 150 KHz.  The data were sampled continuously 
and averaged over intervals of 4 minutes, starting September 2, 18:00 to September 
22, 10:37 UTC.  The parameters recorded were:

A  Horizontal and vertical velocity components relative to the ship in earth 
   coordinates (due to coupling of the ADCP with the ship's maingyro) in 30 depth 
   intervals of 16 m thickness in the upper 500 m.  The velocity components were 
   compensated for pitch and roll.
B  Navigation data of the Global Positioning System: latitude, longitude, ship 
   speed, ship course, pdop.
C  Sea surface temperature recorded by the ADCP for the computation of the sound 
   speed.

There were no larger gaps in GPS data available.  Small data gaps of a few hours in 
ADCP measurements were caused by bad weather conditions and computer problems.  In 
rough seas, which occurred only a few days, the depth penetration of the ADCP pulse 
reduced to less than 200 m.  Most of the time the penetration depth was greater 
than 300 m.  About 7000 velocity profiles were recorded during the cruise.  Spatial 
resolution was about 1 km.  On the Icelandic and Celtic shelves bottom tracking was 
activated and the ship speed was activated and the ship speed was recorded relative 
to the bottom, which enables a correction of the ADCP velocity data for 
misalignment of the ADCP transducer and the ship's keel.  Figure 12 shows the 
distribution of the currents along the ships track, integrated over a depth 
interval from 70 to 380 and the tides eliminated (BERSCH, 1993)

The moored current meter arrays were of standard design by IFMH (moorings A, B, C, 
D) and BSH (moorings E, F).  The deployment procedure was "top-buoyancy first-
anchor last".  Since all moorings were deployed over sloping bottom, a hydrosweep 
survey was carried out prior to deployment.  This avoided effectively misplacements 
of the systems in the rough topography.  The location of the moored arrays along 
the WOCE section A1/east and the vertical distribution of the recording instruments 
is given in Figure 13 as an overlay to the temperature distribution along the 
section.  The recording instruments were all Aanderaa RCMs of the type 4, 5 and 8.  
Pre-cruise calibration of the sensors was provided by Aanderaa for the instruments 
in moorings A to D, and by BSH for mooring E and F.  Details of the moorings will 
be part of the data volume, that is expected to be published after recovery of the 
systems.  So far, Table 1 provides information about the basic instrument 
locations.


5.3	Tracer Oceanography: Tritium/Helium and Radiocarbon 
 	(R. Bayer, B. Hoffarth)

An overview of the total of the stations occupied during M 18 is given in chapter 
7.  The tracer sampling program was performed with regard to the WHP sampling 
scheme but due to the restricted measurement capacity for tritium 3He/4He and 14C 
the sampling density particularly for these tracers needed to be somewhat coarser.  
The basic horizontal resolution was between 30 nm and 60 nm with a smaller station 
spacing near ocean boundaries and large-scale topographic features as the 
continental slope and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  The vertical sampling density was 
guided mainly from hydrographic features encountered with the CTD during the 
downcast.  Special emphasis was given to obtain a representative tracer data set 
from all the watermasses involved in the North Atlantic Overturning.

All samples were drawn from 10 liter Niskin bottles mounted to a 24 bottles 
rosette/CTD system.  Helium and tritium regularly were sampled parallel and only 
from bottles where also the CFCs were done.  450 tritium/helium pairs were derived 
from 43 stations, i.e. the tritium/helium coverage is about 35% of the total of 
water samples taken on the section (the lower limit recommended from WHP is about 
20%).  The typical sampling frequency varied between 10 and 14 sample pairs per 
station.  Radiocarbon sampling was restricted only to a few stations to 
characterize typical watermasses and a total of 80 samples was obtained.

Due to the extremely low concentrations of our tracers special care has to be taken 
that the tracer content in the water is not altered by contamination with ambient 
air.  To verify that no extraordinary levels for helium or tritium were encountered 
from the ship both air samples were flame sealed and water initially free of 
tritium was equilibrated with ambient water vapor repeatedly.  As the other samples 
these background control samples will be analyzed under routine conditions.

The measurement of tritium/helium and radiocarbon requires extraordinary laboratory 
equipment and cannot be done at sea.  For that reason our work during the cruise 
was restricted to the sampling program.  The data subset reported below was 
obtained during 1992.  The complete data set will be available until autumn 1993.

Due to the very low solubility in sea water, helium isotope analyses is very 
sensitive to any contamination and for this reason the water was sampled in an all 
metal pinched-off container.  In the home laboratory the samples were degassed in a 
vacuum extraction system.  The extracted gasses are transferred to a special mass 
spectrometer, where helium is separated from the other gasses and both the 3He/4He 
ratio and the 4He concentration are measured subsequently.  The achieved precision 
is about 0.15% for the 3He/4He ratio and ca. 0.5% for the 4He concentration.  Most 
of the helium isotope samples obtained from M 18 were processed during 1992 and the 
remaining measurements are scheduled for 1993.

Samples for tritium analyses were taken and stored in 1 liter glass bottles.  All 
analyses will be applying the 3He ingrowth method.  For this the sample is degassed 
and sealed off in a glass bulb.  During an appropriate time 3He will ingrow from 
tritium decay.  The measurement of this small gas amount is performed on the same 
mass spectrometer used for the helium isotopes.  All the mass spectrometric tritium 
measurements are scheduled for 1993.  The tritium detection limit will be 0.05 TU or 
better and the measurement precision will be around 1.5%.  The tritium data shown 
in this report were obtained by low-level counting.  The accuracy achievable with 
this classical method of tritium analysis does not fulfill the WHP requirements, but 
it comes very close to the standard recommended for the Northern Atlantic.  We plan 
to compare our mass spectrometric tritium measurements with the results obtained by 
b-counting.

Table 1:	Details on moored current meter arrays

                               Bottom  Instrument  Date of
Mooring                        depth   type/depth  deployment
ID       Latitude   Longitude   [m]    (Aanderaa)  1991
-------  ---------  ---------  ------  ----------  ----------
A1       5908.8 N  3401.0 W  2855    RCM 8 263   9/8
                                       RCM 8 876           
                                       RCM 8 2088           
                                       RCM 8 2551           
B1       5901.0 N  3248.6 W  2110    RCM 8 209   9/8
                                       RCM 8 822           
                                       RCM 8 1534           
                                       RCM 8 1996           
C1       5810.9 N  2937.9 W   2067    RCM 8 171   9/10
                                       RCM 8 784           
                                       RCM 8 1496           
                                       RCM 8 1958           
D1       5722.4 N  2811.4 W  2633    RCM 8 238   9/11
                                       RCM 8 851           
                                       RCM 8 2063           
                                       RCM 8 2526           
E1       5418.8 N  2552.2 W  3123    RCM 8 222   9/14
                                       RCM 8 822           
                                       RCM 8 2022           
                                       RCM 8 2872           
F1       5220.5 N  1620.1 W  3481    RCM 8 210   9/19
                                       RCM 8 510           
                                       RCM 8 810           
                                       RCM 8 2010           
                                       RCM 8 3010           
                                       RCM 8 3460           
        
For 14C analyses the water was transferred from the Niskin bottle into an evacuated 
glass bulb.  On-shore the total inorganic carbon contained in the bulb was 
converted to carbon dioxide and the latter was extracted quantitatively.  
Afterwards carbon was reduced via combustion and pressed  inside a so-called 
target.  The carbon isotope ratio of the material derived is determined using 
accelerator mass spectrometry (co-operation with ETH-Zrich, Switzerland).  The 
precision of the data is estimated to about 0.5%.

An outline of the tritium distribution on the M 18 section is given in Figure 14.  
Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) derived  from the Icelandic Sea is clearly 
indicated by high tritium concentrations in a deep boundary current at the western 
continental slope of the Irminger Sea.  The tritium values are close to the recent 
surface level and reflect the rapid renewal of this watermass.  The same feature is 
visible at the eastern slope of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where Iceland Scotland 
Overflow Water (ISOW) is spreading southward.  The tritium concentrations are 
moderately lower compared to the DSOW and display both the higher age of ISOW and 
the stronger dilution by mixing  with surrounding watermasses.  In the deep eastern 
part of the section the tritium values drop below the detection limit.  Here also  
extremely low CFC concentrations and an increased silicate content were observed and 
may be indicative for a northward moving watermass originating in the south.  In the 
upper water column on the west and on the east side of the section the East 
Greenland Current and the North Atlantic Current are delineated with relatively high 
tritium concentrations down to about 400 m depth.  In intermediate depths there 
seems to be a west to east tritium gradient with higher concentrations in the west 
where the water column is renewed by winter convection more effectively.

Figure 15 shows a part of the helium isotope data actually available (only some of 
the data obtained from below 1600 m depth are included) together the hydrographic 
measurements.   The helium values are given as d3He (the relative deviation of the 
samples 3He/4He ratio from that of atmospheric air), and the numbers are plotted at 
their respective positions in the T/S diagram.  Apparently the DSOW obtained in the 
deep western Irminger Sea (stations 558-566) shows the lowest d3He values (4.5-
5.5%) in this part of the section.  The samples obtained above and east from the 
DSOW (stations 558-577) show in three different branches the transition to Labrador 
Sea Water (LSW, d3He ~5.5%) and to Gibbs Fracture Zone Water (GFZW, d3He ~7.5%).  
On these branches from west to east (left to right in the Figure) d3He tends to 
increase slightly and reflects the successively growing influence of waters derived 
from the Northeast Atlantic.  Directly east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (stations 
578-599) d3He varies between 5% and 7% and in the branch connected to the IOSW a 
relative uniform distribution of d3He (~6%) is observed.  The lowest d3He values 
obtained from the M 18 cruise were sampled in the deep eastern part of the section 
(2%<d3He<4%, stations 600-622) where also zero tritium concentrations were 
detected.  We attribute this feature to the high age of this watermass and part of 
the 3He excess might be from terrigenic origin.

A rough sketch of tritium/3He age distribution is given in Figure 16.  Except the 
regions where deep western boundary currents are present ages apparently increase 
with depth.  In the deep eastern part of the section values rise above 30 years and 
the tritium/3He age is not trustworthy any longer.  More information about this 
watermass will be obtained from the radiocarbon measurements.  Minimum ages in DSOW 
(formal tritium/3He age about 10 years) and in ISOW (~14 years) reflect their 
higher ventilation rates compared to the surrounding watermasses.  To evaluate the 
ventilation age of both NADW constituents a model taking into account mixing 
effects and the mean residence time of the overflow waters in the European Polar 
Seas is needed.  For a first order approximation we may neglect any mixing effects 
and compare the 14 years obtained in the ISOW to the Tritium/3He age observed in 
the Faeroe-Bank-Channel (ca. 10 years, unpublished measurements).  The resulting 
traveling time for ISOW of about 4 years is an upper limit, as the dilution by 
surrounding waters results in an overestimation of the apparent age.  Therefore the 
mean propagation traveling velocity deduced from this guess (~1.3 cm/s) may be 
accepted as a lower limit.

The further evaluation will include the complete data set derived from M 18.  
Especially we plan to compare the tritium/3He information with the CFC data 
obtained parallel to our measurements.  In addition we plan to verify the potential 
of transient tracer ratios: we feel that the CFC/tritium ratio is a powerful tool 
to study watermass formation and circulation on the time scale of the last two 
decades.  CFC/tritium will yield information orthogonal to both the tritium/3He and 
the CFC-11 /CFC-12 age.


5.4	Tracer Oceanography 
 	(A. Putzka, K. Bulsiewicz, G. Fraas)

CFC-Work

Samples were taken according the WOCE scheme using glass syringes.  The capacity 
for measurements allowed to analyze every second water sample for F-11 and F-12.  
The detection limits were 0.005 pmol/kg, and the precision for surface water 
concentrations better than 1% for both F-11 and F-12.

Industrial production of the CFC's F-11 and F-12 since the 1940ies caused 
increasing concentrations in the atmosphere, and, due to interfacial gas exchange, 
in the surface layer of the oceans.  By transport processes surface water is 
transferred into the interior of the ocean where it can be traced by measuring 
distributions of non-steady state tracers (transient tracer concept).  'Younger' 
(age since leaving the surface) water is generally tagged with higher CFC 
concentration in comparison with 'older' water.  Additionally, the F-11/F-12-ratio 
supplies information since the atmospheric ratios have changed with time.

 Deep water formation processes within the North Atlantic and Labrador Sea, 
 overflows from the northern basins, ISOW and DSOW and,
 abyssal waters influenced by Antarctic Bottom Water supplied by eastern 
  intensified northward flow mainly in the eastern Atlantic.

Overflow and formation processes supply 'young' (tagged with high CFC 
concentration) water masses, whereas original east Atlantic abyssal water is 'old', 
i.e.  free of CFCs.  In Figure 17 the CFC F-11 section for the cruise is shown.  
Except for the deep eastern part, we found CFC-concentrations of at least ten times 
the detection limit throughout the section.

At the bottom of the Irminger Basin (stations 558 to 573) high F-11 concentration 
of 3.1 pmol/kg were found, indicating, together with temperature and salinity, 
Denmark Strait overflow water (DSOW).  A thin tongue reaching LIP to nearly 1500 m 
depth of DSOW-influenced water with high CFC concentration is met also at the slope 
to the Greenland continent.  At the western slope of the Reykjanes ridge a water 
mass with substantially lower CFC-concentration was found.  This CFC minimum 
spreads at mid-depth (about 2300 m) over nearly the whole basin except for the most 
western part.  This water is believed to be coming from the Charles-Gibbs Fracture 
Zone south of the Reykjanes Ridge.
At the slope east of the Reykjanes Ridge within the Iceland Basin (stations 573 to 
596) higher CFC concentrations were found.  These waters belong to the Iceland 
Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW).  For all stations within the Iceland Basin, aside 
from the shallow ones at the top of the ridge, the bottom CFC-concentrations were 
higher than those one to two hundred meters further up.  Downwards the slope, the 
bottom CFC and the corresponding F-11/17-12 values decrease steadily.  This 
indicates increasing 'age' of the corresponding waters.  A first order estimate 
(comparing measured ratios and concentrations with that of the atmospheric input 
history) leads to about 13 years for water masses just at the top of the ridge and 
20 years for the waters at the deepest part of the Iceland Basin.  This age 
reflects the age of the 'youngest' component of the water considered, The parallel 
smooth increase of silicate concentrations downwards the slope indicates increasing 
contribution of deep east Atlantic water, providing together with T and S 
characteristics, evidence for eastern Atlantic deep water spreading into the 
Iceland Basin.

The stations 599 to 609 were south of the Rockall Plateau.  The lowest CFC 
concentrations were detected at the bottom, decreasing from west to east.  Both 
features signify westward flowing eastern Atlantic abyssal water.

The final part of the section (stations 611 to 622) covers the entrance of the 
Rockall Trough.  The structure of the isolines in Figure 17 clearly indicates that 
the 'older' (lower CFC) water was intensified at the eastern slope as expected for 
northward flowing water.  CFC values near the bottom below 4000 m were close to the 
detection limit but certainly significant.  Since there are no other sources or 
'young' bottom water in the East Atlantic aside from ISOW, this fact might be 
interpreted that at least part of the ISOW, this fact might be interpreted that at 
least part of ISOW mixes into the deep eastern Atlantic south of this section.

Two types of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) were observed during the cruise: one west of 
Reykjanes Ridge, the other east of it.  Both types have homogeneous properties: LSW 
(west) with 3.46 pmol/kg and LSW (east) with 1.9 pmol/kg F-11.  The downward CFC 
decrease below the two types of LSW were different: steep for the western, but 
gradual for most of the eastern type LSW.  In the eastern part of the section below 
2000 m substantial CFC concentrations were found down to more than 3000 m.


CFC Calibration
(Roether)

Only CFC11 and CFC12 have been measured during the cruise. The gas chromatograph 
was equipped with a packed column (Porasil C). Standard gas by Ray Weiss has been 
used for calibration. The original data have been reported against SIO86 and have 
now been corrected for SIO93. Quality flags for CFC11 and CFC12 follow Woce 
standard.

Problems noticed: Some F11 and F12 ratios show rather high values for low 
concentrations. Since no water was encountered during the cruise with vanishing CFC 
concentrations it could be not be ruled out if some of the rosette water samplers 
were contaminated.


Reproducibility:
F-11:     0.7 %   or    0.006 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
F-12:     0.8 %   or    0,005 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)

Precision:
F11: 0.35%     for concentrations >0.5 pmol/kg and 
     3 fmol/kg for concentrations <0.5 pmol/kg
F12: 0.41%     for concentrations >0.5 pmol/kg and 
     2 fmol/kg for concentrations <0.5 pmol/kg

Mean water blank, detection limit:
(Has been measured in the lab after the cruise)
F-11:  0,00096 pmol/kg +/- 0.001
F-12:  0,0044  pmol/kg +/- 0.002


Air measurements:
  Individual air measurements performed during the cruise (SIO 93 scale):

Quality byte: F-11/F-12/F-113/F-10                             
                1    2    3     4                              

         Idx Stat Rec  F12     F11      F113    CCl4  Volume Ratio  Luftflag
         --- ---- --- ------  ------    ----    ----  ------ -----  --------
           1 563  11  510.64  267.61    1.00    1.01  3.45   -1.47  6699 
           2 563  12  510.44  266.66    1.00    1.01  3.45   -1.46  6699 
           3 563  13  514.02  271.11    1.00    1.01  3.45   -1.48  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 511.70  Error =   2.01  rel.Error = 0.4 
          Mean value F11 = 268.46  Error =   2.35  rel.Error = 0.9 

          31 571  21  504.25  265.57    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.49  6699 
          32 571  22  506.62  265.90    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.48  6699 
          33 571  23  505.98  266.07    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.49  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 505.62  Error =   1.22  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 265.85  Error =   0.26  rel.Error = 0.1 

          34 581  15  511.46  267.72    1.00    1.00  3.45    1.50  6699 
          35 581  16  510.55  267.01    1.00    1.00  3.45    1.50  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 511.01  Error =   0.65  rel.Error = 0.1 
          Mean value F11 = 267.37  Error =   0.50  rel.Error = 0.2 

          36 584  28  516.07  270.90    0.98    0.97  3.45    1.53  6699 
          37 584  29  514.32  268.06    0.98    0.97  3.45    1.52  6699 
          38 584  30  518.84  268.97    0.98    0.97  3.45    1.51  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 516.41  Error =   2.28  rel.Error = 0.4 
          Mean value F11 = 269.31  Error =   1.45  rel.Error = 0.5 

          39 585  21  515.44  270.09    0.97    0.96  3.45    1.54  6699 
          40 585  22  514.60  271.50    0.97    0.96  3.45    1.56  6699 
          41 585  23  515.37  270.09    0.97    0.96  3.45    1.55  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 515.14  Error =   0.47  rel.Error = 0.1 
          Mean value F11 = 270.56  Error =   0.81  rel.Error = 0.3 

          42 588  11  509.35  266.34    1.01    1.02  3.45    1.54  6699 
          43 588  12  510.74  265.86    1.01    1.02  3.45    1.54  6699 
          44 588  13  510.82  265.78    1.01    1.02  3.45    1.53  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 510.30  Error =   0.83  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 265.99  Error =   0.30  rel.Error = 0.1 

          45 591  13  509.07  267.53    0.98    0.99  3.45    1.54  6699 
          46 591  14  511.89  269.60    0.98    0.99  3.45    1.55  6699 
          48 591  13  509.07  267.53    0.94    0.95  3.45    1.54  6699 
          49 591  14  511.89  269.60    0.94    0.95  3.45    1.55  6699 
          51 591  33  508.84  267.64    0.97    0.99  3.45    1.51  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 510.15  Error =   1.59  rel.Error = 0.3
          Mean value F11 = 268.39  Error =   1.10  rel.Error = 0.4 

          55 1409  14  504.81  263.20    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.52  6699 
          56 1409  15  506.40  263.38    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.52  6699 
          57 1409  16  506.27  263.96    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.52  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 505.83  Error =   0.88  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 263.51  Error =   0.40  rel.Error = 0.2 


         Idx Stat Rec  F12     F11      F113    CCl4  Volume Ratio  Luftflag
         --- ---- --- ------  ------    ----    ----  ------ -----  --------
           1 591  13  510.43  268.66    0.94    0.95  3.45    1.54  6699 
           2 591  14  511.34  270.74    0.94    0.95  3.45    1.55  6699 
           3 591  15  509.45  270.39    0.94    0.95  3.45    1.53  6699 
           4 591  33  512.34  267.73    0.97    0.99  3.45    1.51  6699 
           5 591  34  511.01  272.03    0.97    0.99  3.45    1.53  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 510.91  Error =  1.07  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 269.91  Error =  1.71  rel.Error = 0.6 

           8 1409  14  505.68  264.23    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.52  6699 
           9 1409  15  507.31  264.43    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.52  6699 
          10 1409  16  507.20  265.02    1.00    1.01  3.45    1.52  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 506.73  Error =   0.91  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 264.56  Error =   0.41  rel.Error = 0.2 



          21 603  11  497.86  261.22    1.02    1.05  3.45    1.51  6699
          22 603  12  499.20  260.17    1.02    1.04  3.45    1.50  6699 
          23 603  13  497.65  260.89    1.02    1.04  3.45    1.51  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 498.23  Error =   0.84  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 260.76  Error =   0.54  rel.Error = 0.2 

          24 1709  11  496.76  261.76    1.05    1.09  3.45    1.49  6699 
          25 1709  12  507.09  269.18    1.05    1.09  3.45    1.51  6699 
          26 1709  13  507.28  267.15    1.05    1.09  3.45    1.49  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 503.71  Error =  6.20  rel.Error = 1.2
          Mean value F11 = 266.03  Error =  3.83  rel.Error = 1.4 


          33 613  33  505.17  261.63    0.92    0.93  3.45    1.40  6699 
          34 613  34  504.71  261.21    0.92    0.93  3.45    1.40  6699 
          35 613  35  502.87  260.98    0.92    0.93  3.45    1.40  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 504.25  Error =   1.21  rel.Error = 0.2 
          Mean value F11 = 261.27  Error =   0.33  rel.Error = 0.1 

          36 622  11  506.14  263.15    0.98    0.97  3.45    1.12  6699 
          37 622  12  507.01  264.92    0.98    0.97  3.45    0.83  6699 
          38 622  13  505.59  263.88    0.99    0.97  3.45    1.43  6699 
          39 622  15  506.56  263.99    0.99    0.97  3.45    1.34  6699 
          40 622  16  507.21  264.38    0.99    0.97  3.45    1.35  6699 
          41 622  17  506.77  263.09    0.99    0.97  3.45    1.52  6699 
          42 622  18  506.89  262.49    0.99    0.97  3.45    1.52  6699 
          43 622  19  505.18  263.10    0.99    0.97  3.45    1.52  6699 
          Mean value F12 = 506.42  Error = 0.72  rel.Error = 0.14 
          Mean value F11 = 263.62  Error = 0.80  rel.Error = 0.3 

Quality byte: 1 = Air from outside (good measurement)
              2 = Air from outside (too high, first measurement)                             
              3 = Air from laboratory                                    
              4 = Wallace Standard                             
              5 = Bremer Standard                              
              6 = Ueber wasserteil                             
              7 = bad measurement to high                           
              8 = bad measurement to low                            
              9 = no measurement                                


Seagoing He-Extraction

He-extraction is a shorthand for transfer of the air dissolved in a water sample 
into a sealed-off glass ampoule.  Later on, this ampoule is connected to the inlet 
system of a mass spectrometer to analyze the He-isotopes content.  The standard 
procedure is accomplishing extraction in the home laboratory using clamped copper 
tubes to collect and store the samples.  An extraction at sea avoids storage of the 
samples and allows one to shorten the required analysis time later on.  The 
conventional extraction method could not be used at sea.

Our recently developed seagoing system includes a new type of sampling container: 
glass pipettes closed at both ends with special valves.  For the extraction a 
defined amount of water is admitted from the pipette to a previously evacuated and 
leak tested extraction port, consisting of a glass bulb, a water cooler and the 
glass ampoule.  The water is heated in the bulb.  The cooler condenses most of the 
water vapour provided and leads it back to the glass bulb.  A smaller permanent 
stream of vapour continues into the glass ampoule which is held at room temperature 
to condense the water vapour, thereby pushing the gases released from the water 
sample into the ampoule.  The glass ampoule is flame sealed after about 12 min.  
The extraction system includes 8 extraction ports, vacuum pumps with gauges and a 
quadruple mass spectrometer for leak testing.

The work at sea included tests for all stages of the new procedure.  More than 150 
samples were extracted, extraction efficiency tests for real seawater samples were 
completed and 48 standard copper tube samples for inter-comparison were taken.  The 
main concept of the extraction system was successful although critical points in 
handling and equipment were found during the cruise.  The tests under real 
conditions on a cruise proved to be indispensable in order to establish the seagoing 
extraction as a standard procedure for future He-tracer work.


5.5	Marine Chemistry: The Carbonate System 
 	(B. Schneider, K. Johnson, L. Mintrop)

Extended measurements of the parameters of the oceanic carbonate system were 
performed during M 1.8.  The CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in surface water was 
measured continuously along the WOCE line and also between Reykjavik and Cape 
Farvel.  Hydrocast samples were analyzed for total carbonate (TCO2), total 
alkalinity (TA), and pCO2.  However, due to the time consuming analytical procedure, 
not all the samples could be analyzed.  TCO2 was determined for each second profile, 
whereas TA and pCO2 were measured at 13 stations for 12 selected depths.


The CO2 partial pressure

The pCO2 of surface water along the WOCE line (Figure 18a) varies between about 330 
atm and 280 atm and corresponds to a partial pressure difference between seawater 
and the atmosphere of -53 atm to -73 atm.  Hence, this area acts as a strong 
source for atmospheric CO2 during this time of the year.  But the pCO2 is not 
evenly distributed along the transect and as a first approximation to regimes may 
be distinguished.

Between Cape Farvel and the Reykjanes Ridge an extended area (150 km - 650 km) of 
relatively high (320 atm) and uniform pCO2 is observed.  Nitrate surface 
concentration also show elevated levels of about 9 mol/kg.  Moreover, the pCO2 
changes only slightly with depth (Fig. 18b) and is close to equilibrium with the 
atmosphere even in depths down to 2000 m.  This indicates that deep mixing occurs, 
inhibiting primary production in surface water and consequently preventing 
decomposition of sinking organic matter in deep water.  These findings are 
consistent with the oxygen distribution in this area (Figure 7).

East of Reykjanes Ridge (800 km) the pCO2 drops to values of roughly 285 atm, but 
is then increasing to about 310 atm, west of Ireland (2200 km).  This increase is 
superimposed by strong small scale fluctuations with amplitudes up to 15 atm.  
Low nitrate concentrations in this area indicate that production of biomass has 
drawn down the pCO2.  However, nitrate concentrations cannot explain the increase 
of pCO2 between 800 km and 2200 km as NO3 is decreasing from about 3 mol/kg to 
<0.5 mol/kg).  Therefore, the trend in pCO2 has to be explained by the increasing 
surface temperature and possibly by an enhanced uptake Of CO2 from the atmosphere 
due to an earlier onset of the spring bloom in the Southeast.  The distribution of 
pCO2 with depth (Fig. 18b) in the area between the Reykjanes Ridge and Ireland 
shows a distinct pCO2 maximum with values up to 410 atm between 200 in and 1000 m.  
This is obviously an older water mass that is enriched in CO2 and consequently 
depleted in OXY (Figure 7) due to the decomposition of sinking organic matter.  As 
this layer is close to the surface, local upwelling may introduce CO2-enriched 
water to the surface and is thus causing the observed small scale variability of 
pCO2.  As no pCO2 measurements for the winter months exist for the North Atlantic, 
the depth profile for TCO2 and pCO2 at station 607 (52.5 N/20.0 W) were used to 
calculate the surface pCO2 for the months October through March.  It was assumed 
that neither primary production nor respiration takes place during this time and 
that only convective mixing, cooling, and exchange with the atmosphere (20 cm/h), 
the state of the carbonate system was recalculated in time steps of one month.  
Figure 19 shows the results of these calculation and also obtained during other 
expeditions in May and June.  As this approach is very sensitive to the choice of 
the maximum of 335 atm it gives only a first idea and has to be examined by direct 
measurements.  Following the same procedure, also winter NO3 concentration were 
calculated and are presented in Figure 19.


Total carbonate and total alkalinity

The evaluation of TCO2 data is not yet finalized.  However, a plot of the TCO2 
distribution using preliminary data was produced and showed a pattern of consistent 
with that of the pCO2 distribution.

The alkalinity profiles of the stations sampled showed rather uniform 
characteristics: relative high but varying values (around 2330 - 2350 eq/kg) in 
the samples from the upper 40 - 60 m and a decrease to values below 2300 eq/kg at 
depth between 1000 and 2000 in, corresponding to oxygen minima and nutrient maxima.  
This was more expressed for the more southern stations (station 591 and higher), 
where nutrient concentrations approached zero at the surface.  Below 2000 m values 
gradually increase toward the sea floor and reach again values like at the surface 
or even higher (up to 22370 eq/kg).  Disregarding the contributions of different 
water masses, this behaviour can in principle be explained by remineralization of 
nitrate at medium depth, leading to alkalinity decrease and dissolution of calcium 
carbonate at greater depth, thus increasing alkalinity.  While the nitrate effect 
will only be of minor importance (approx. 10 eq/kg), dissolution of carbonate 
particles has a strong impact on alkalinity.  The substantially higher values at 
the surface therefore might reflect the properties of different water masses.  
Superimposed on the alkalinity profiles is a salinity effect, since alkalinity 
often is regarded as a rather conservative property.  Since salinity variation is 
low in these profiles, however, the normalization of the alkalinity values to 
constant salinity will not alter the profiles significantly.

A more detailed evaluation of the carbonate system of the part of the North 
Atlantic requires the compilation of all hydrographic and chemical data available 
and is undertaken at present.


5.6	Marine Meteorology 
 	(H.-J. Isemer)

During the cruise, the Department of Meteorology, Institut fr Meereskunde, Kiel 
tested newly developed rain gauges.  The high relative wind velocities necessitate 
special construction for rain gauges to be used at moving ships.  The mechanical 
IFM ship rain gauge was deployed at FS METEOR together with an optical disdrometer.  
Comparison of both provided the first in situ calibration of the ship rain gauge.  
The high wind speeds encountered during this cruise were extremely favourable for 
this calibration.  The result of the cruise further led to an improvement of 
details of construction.  Since cruise M 18 a mechanical ship rain gauge is in 
continuous use onboard METEOR.  The instrument has been replaced in mid 1992 with 
the improved version.  The help of the personal of the Deutscher Wetterdienst is 
acknowledged.


6	Ship's Meteorological Station 
 	(J. Suebach, H. Sonnabend)

Cruise M 18 began under rough weather conditions.  A low with S to SW winds of gale 
force 8 to 9 Beaufort moved from the Irminger Sea into NE direction.  The following 
quiet period until September 10 was characterized by warm and humid air masses with 
weak fronts over relatively cold water, resulting in extended fog coverage of the 
central and southwestern Irminger Sea.  On September 11, a cold front of a low 
pressure system between Newfoundland and Cape Farvel developed a wave, which 
intensified into a large scale storm system about 400 nm SE of Greenland.  With 
pressure failing to 980 hPa, its center passed METEOR slightly to the north and 
moved into the Norwegian Sea.  This development resulted in two days of 
unfavourable weather conditions with wind from cast turning through south to west 
and gale force 8 to 9, gusting up to 11 Beaufort, and wave heights reaching 8 m.

Extreme temperatures up to 18'C were reported on this occasion from Narssarssuaq in 
S-Greenland, which was caused by foehn at the edge of the a.m. depression.

Following another period of 3 days with relatively quiet weather, an initially 
minor low approached from SW of the Azores.  It suddenly deepened and in passing 
METEOR slightly to the NW of her position it brought an outburst of a SSW gale with 
10 to 11 Beaufort for several hours.  There were two other days with reasonable 
wind conditions, before a rapid succession of two lows with S to SW winds up to 9 
Beaufort brought about difficult working conditions for the oceanographic programme 
for the period September 19 to 22.

En route to Hamburg via the English Channel the strong winds related to the warm 
sector of a low near the Faeroe Islands were from astern and helped with a fast 
journey.

The statistics of the cruise are given in Figure 20 (winds) and 21 (waves) in 
addition to the actual observations at the synoptic hours (Table 2).  In total 187 
weather observations were taken. 186 of them were transmitted into the GTS, 40 
radiosondes were launded (0 and 12 UTC) and automatically transmitted into the GTS.

Table 2 (see pdf doc) Graphical listing of weather observations during METEOR 
cruise 18. The standard meteorological station code is given for the 
synoptic hours 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC. The positions at the synoptic hours are 
indicated on top of each entry.


8	Concluding Remarks

The 18th cruise of METEOR turned out to be an extremely rewarding effort with 
respect to participating expertise on water mass issues for the northern North 
Atlantic.  We expect from the Joint analysis of the most complete data set 
describing water mass properties in eddy-resolving section mode a reliable 
quantification of North Atlantic overturning rates.

A large portion of the success of this cruise has to be attributed to the captain 
and crew of METEOR who provided a reliable and enjoyful platform for our work under 
not always nice environmental conditions.

We appreciate the support from the Bundesminister ftir Forschung und Technologie 
(WOCE) and the Deutsche Forschungsgerneinschaft.


9	References

ANON (1988): World Ocean Circulation Experiment Implementation Plan, Vol. I + II. 
          World Climate Research Programme, Pub. WCRP 11 + 12, World Meteorological 
          Organization, Geneva 1988, 145 pp. and 128 pp.
ANON (1991): WOCE Operational Manual, Vol. 3, Sect. 3. 1, Part 3.1.2: Requirements 
          for WHP Data Reporting, WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No 
          67/91, Woods Hole 1991, 71 pp.
ARMSTRONG, F.A.J., C.R. STEARNS and J.D.H. STRICKLAND (1967): The measurement of 
          upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon 
          Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Research, 14, 381-389.
ATLAS, E.L., S.W. HAGER, L.I. GORDON and P.K. PARK (1971): A Practical Manual for Use 
          of the Technicon Autoanalyzer in Seawater Nutrient Analyses; Revised. 
          Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22. Oregon State University, Department 
          of Oceanography. 49 pp.
BERNHARDT, H. and A. WILHELMS (1967): The continuous determination of low level 
          iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer(r). 
          Technicon Symposia, Volume 1, 385-389.
BERSCH, M, (1993): On the upper layer circulation of the North Eastern North 
          Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research (submitted).
CARPENTER, J.H. (1965): The Chesaspeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
          dissolved oxygen method. Limnology and Oceanography, 10, 141-143.
CULBERSON, C.H., WILLIAMS, R.T., et al. (1991): A comparison of methods for the 
          determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater. WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-
          2, 15 pp.
HAGER, S.W., E.L. ATLAS, L.D. GORDON, A.W. MANTYLA and P.K. PARK (1972): A 
          comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, 
          nitrate, and silicate. Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 931-937.
KIRKWOOD D.S. and A. R. FOLKARD (1986): Results of the ICES salinity sample bottle 
          inter-comparison. ICES C.M. 1986, mimeo, 16 pp.
MILLARD, R.C. (1991): CTD oxygen calibration procedure. VVHP Operations and 
          Methods, WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-1, 27 pp.
SY. A. (1991): XBT measurements. WHP Operations and Methods, WHP Office Report, 
          WHPO 91-1, 19 pp.

EXPO-   WOCE  Sta Cast     Date    Time            Position             Bottom Meter Max. # of 
CODE   WHP-ID  #   #  Type         UTC  Code Latitude   Longitude  Code  Depth Wheel Pres BTLS Params*       Comments
------ ------ --- --- ---- ------  ---- ---- ---------  ---------- ---- ------ ----- ---- ---- ------------- ---------------------------
06MT18  A1/E  558  1  ROS  090591  1340  BE  60 00.0 N  042 30.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  558  1  ROS  090591  1346  BO  60 00.0 N  042 30.4 W  GPS   185   170   175  14  1-10,12,23-25
06MT18  A1/E  558  1  ROS  090591  1414  EN  60 00.0 N  042 30.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  559  1  ROS  090591  1548  BE  59 58.0 N  042 10.4 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  559  1  ROS  090591  1607  BO  59 58.0 N  042 10.5 W  GPS   504   479   483  18  1-10
06MT18  A1/E  559  1  ROS  090591  1652  EN  59 58.0 N  042 11.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  560  1  ROS  090591  1815  BE  59 55.9 N  041 51.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  560  1  ROS  090591  1855  BO  59 55.8 N  041 51.2 W  GPS  1823  1825  1811  24  1-10,25
06MT18  A1/E  560  1  ROS  090591  2000  EN  59 55.8 N  041 51.4 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  561  1  ROS  090591  2200  BE  59 53.7 N  041 30.5 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  561  1  ROS  090591  2242  BO  59 53.7 N  041 30.6 W  GPS  1898  1872  1885  23  1-10,23
06MT18  A1/E  561  1  ROS  090691  0016  EN  59 53.2 N  041 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  562  1  ROS  090691  0210  BE  59 52.0 N  041 12.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  562  1  ROS  090691  0251  BO  59 51.8 N  041 12.0 W  GPS  2042  2013  2031  24  1-10,12
06MT18  A1/E  562  1  ROS  090691  0417  EN  59 51.3 N  041 11.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  563  1  ROS  090691  0609  BE  59 50.1 N  040 52.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  563  1  ROS  090691  0657  BO  59 50.0 N  040 52.0 W  GPS  2330  2302  2322  24  1-10,12
06MT18  A1/E  563  1  ROS  090691  0818  EN  59 50.1 N  040 52.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  564  1  ROS  090691  1043  BE  59 47.2 N  040 13.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  564  1  ROS  090691  1138  BO  59 47.2 N  040 12.3 W  GPS  2631  2600  2629  23  1-10,23-25
06MT18  A1/E  564  1  ROS  090691  1306  EN  59 47.6 N  040 11.5 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  565  1  ROS  090691  1528  BE  59 42 3 N  039 35.3 W  GPS                                      CTD signal noise & offset
06MT18  A1/E  565  1  ROS  090691  1624  BO  59 42:3 N  039 35.4 W  GPS  2807  2782  2808  23  1-10,12       at 2480-2595 dbar downcast
06MT18  A1/E  565  1  ROS  090691  1816  EN  59 42.4 N  039 34.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  566  1  CTD  090691  2104  BE  59 35.4 N  038 35.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  566  1  CTD  090691  2205  BO                              3013  2870  2875                    CTD signal breakdown at 2875 dbar
06MT18  A1/E  566  1  CTD  090691  2253  EN                                                                  downcast (under water unit)
06MT18  A1/E  567  1  ROS  090791  1038  BE  59 30.5 N  037 37.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  567  1  ROS  090791  1139  BO  59 30.3 N  037 32.9 W  GPS  3129  3109  3139  22  1-10,12,23-25
06MT18  A1/E  567  1  ROS  090791  1336  EN  59 30.4 N  037 31.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  568  1  ROS  090791  1610  BE  59 24.5 N  036 39.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  568  1  ROS  090791  1701  BO  59 24.1 N  036 38.9 W  GPS  3130  3088  3130  24  1-10,12,23
06MT18  A1/E  568  1  ROS  090791  1858  EN  59 23.5 N  036 38.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  569  1  ROS  090791  2106  BE  59 20.4 N  035 57.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  569  1  ROS  090791  2210  BO  59 20.1 N  035 56.6 W  GPS  3116  3101  3128  23  1-10
06MT18  A1/E  569  1  ROS  090791  2356  EN  59 20.4 N  035 55.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  570  1  ROS  090891  0241  BE  59 14.2 N  034 59.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  570  1  ROS  090891  0348  BO  59 14.0 N  035 00.1 W  GPS  2861  2788  2820  23  1-10,23
06MT18  A1/E  570  1  ROS  090891  0533  EN  59 13.9 N  035 01.0 W  GPS
06MT18  ACM8  571     MOR  090891  1113      59 08.8 N  034 01.0 W  GPS                                      Mooring "A1" deployed
06MT18  A1/E  571  1  ROS  090891  1155  BE  59 08.7 N  034 02.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  571  1  ROS  090891  1222  BO  59 08.7 N  034 02.2 W  GPS  2855  1959  1962  24  1-8,10,23,24  ROS test #1 (multi-trips)
06MT18  A1/E  571  1  ROS  090891  1302  EN  59 08.8 N  034 02.3 W  GPS                                      at 1960 dbar
06MT18  ACM8  572     MOR  090891  1829      59 00.1 N  032 48.6 W  GPS                                      Mooring "B1" deployed
06MT18  A1/E  573  1  ROS  090891  2327  BE  59 08.3 N  033 59.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  573  1  ROS  090991  0035  BO  59 08.2 N  033 59.6 W  GPS  2734  2703  2736  23  1-10,23       CTD trip recording probs
06MT18  A1/E  573  1  ROS  090991  0212  EN  59 08.3 N  033 59.3 W  GPS                                      CTD trip recording probs
06MT18  A1/E  574  1  ROS  090991  0405  BE  59 04.5 N  033 24.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  574  1  ROS  090991  0453  BO  59 04.6 N  033 24.2 W  GPS  2521  2504  2529  24  1-10
06MT18  A1/E  574  1  ROS  090991  0641  EN  59 04.6 N  033 24.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  575  1  ROS  090991  0843  BE  59 00.7 N  032 46.1 W  GPS                                      CTD signal noise & offset at
06MT18  A1/E  575  1  ROS  090991  0920  BO  59 00.8 N  032 46.3 W  GPS  2063  2041  2066  23  1-10,23       434-638 dbar downcast
06MT18  A1/E  575  1  ROS  090991  1058  EN  59 01.0 N  032 47.1 W  GPS                                      CTD trip recording probs
06MT18  A1/E  576  1  ROS  090991  1331  BE  58 56.6 N  032 07.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  576  1  ROS  090991  1401  BO  58 56.5 N  032 07.7 W  GPS  1752  1722  1742  23  1-10,12
06MT18  A1/E  576  1  ROS  090991  1518  EN  58 56.6 N  032 07.5 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  577  1  ROS  090991  1719  BE  58 52.6 N  031 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  577  1  ROS  090991  1754  BO  58 52.8 N  031 30.0 W  GPS  1538  1510  1532                    ROS failed
06MT18  A1/E  577  1  ROS  090991  1928  EN  58 53.4 N  031 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  577  1  ROS  090991  2008  BE  58 52.5 N  031 29.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  577  1  ROS  090991  2040  BO  58 52.9 N  031 29.4 W  GPS  1550  1537  1537  22  1-10,23,25
06MT18  A1/E  577  1  ROS  090991  2202  EN  58 53.9 N  031 29.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  578  1  ROS  091091  0013  BE  58 47.8 N  030 49.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  578  1  ROS  091091  0041  BO  58 47.9 N  030 49.9 W  GPS  1272  1262  1255  19  1-8
06MT18  A1/E  578  1  ROS  091091  0157  EN  58 48.0 N  030 50.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  579  1  ROS  091091  0406  BE  58 33.7 N  030 23.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  579  1  ROS  091091  0437  BO  58 33.7 N  030 23.2.W  GPS  1736  1700  1721  24  1-10,12
06MT18  A1/E  579  1  ROS  091091  0607  EN  58 33.7 N  030 23.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  580  1  ROS  091091  0815  BE  58 19.5 N  029 56.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  580  1  ROS  091091  0858  BO  58 19.3 N  029 56.5 W  GPS  2369  2361  2370  23  1-10,23,25
06MT18  A1/E  580  1  ROS  091091  1034  EN  58 20.2 N  029 56.3 W  GPS
06MT18  ACM8  581     MOR  091091  1443      58 10.9 N  029 37.9 W  GPS                                      Mooring "C1" deployed
06MT18  A1/E  581  1  ROS  091091  1513  BE  58 11.1 N  029 37.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  581  1  ROS  091091  1547  BO  58 11.1 N  029 37.1 W  GPS  2070  2023  2039  22  1-10,23       ROS test #2 (multi-trips)
06MT18  A1/E  581  1  ROS  091091  1641  EN  58 11.0 N  029 37.1 W  GPS                                      at 2036 dbar
06MT18  A1/E  582  1  ROS  091091  1901  BE  58 05.2 N  029 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  582  1  ROS  091091  1944  BO  58 05.1 N  029 30.0 W  GPS  2252  2220  2248  24  1-10,23-25
06MT18  A1/E  582  1  ROS  091091  2125  EN  58 05.2 N  029 30.4 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  583  1  ROS  091091  2337  BE  57 51.1 N  029 04.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  583  1  ROS  091191  0020  BO  57 51.5 N  029 03.4 W  GPS  2333  2318  2341  24  1-8
06MT18  A1/E  583  1  ROS  091191  0200  EN  57 52.1 N  029 02.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  584  1  ROS  091191  0428  BE  57 36.9 N  028 38.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  584  1  ROS  091191  0519  BO  57 37.0 N  028 38.1 W  GPS  2420  2398  2422  24  1-10,12
06MT18  A1/E  584  1  ROS  091191  0723  EN  57 37.0 N  028 38.1 W  GPS
06MT18  ACM8  585     MOR  091191  1153      57 22.4 N  028 11.4 W  GPS                                      Mooring "D1" deployed
06MT18  A1/E  585  1  ROS  091191  1230  BE  57 22.2 N  028 09.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  585  1  ROS  091191  1321  BO  57 22.2 N  028 09.5 W  GPS  2645  2614  2647  24  1-10,23
06MT18  A1/E  585  1  ROS  091191  1515  EN  57 22.2 N  028 09.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  586  1  ROS  091191  1916  BE  56 54.7 N  027 50.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  586  1  ROS  091191  2005  BO  56 54.7 N  027 50.4 W  GPS  2922  2897  2926  24  1-10
06MT18  A1/E  586  1  ROS  091191  2205  EN  56 56.0 N  027 49.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  587  1  ROS  091291  0150  BE  56 27.3 N  027 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  587  1  ROS  091291  0242  BO  56 27.6 N  027 29.6 W  GPS  2779  2758  2781  13  1-8           CTD signal loss (cable), no
06MT18  A1/E  587  1  ROS  091291  0441  EN  56 28.0 N  027 29.0 W  GPS                                      bottles above 1271 dbar
06MT18  A1/E  588  1  ROS  091291  0849  BE  55 59.5 N  027 08.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  588  1  ROS  091291  0950  BO  55 59.5 N  027 07.5 W  GPS  2819  2793  2832  24  1-10,12,23-25
06MT18  A1/E  588  1  ROS  091291  1113  EN  55 59.9 N  027 07.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  589  1  ROS  091291  1441  BE  55 32.0 N  026 48.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  589  1  ROS  091291  1545  BO  55 32.0 N  026 48.0 W  GPS  3194  3185  3213  24  1-10
06MT18  A1/E  589  1  ROS  091291  1724  EN  55 31.8 N  026 47.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  590  1  ROS  091291  2045  BE  55 04.3 N  026 27.5 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  590  1  ROS  091291  2159  BO  55 04.1 N  026 27.6 W  GPS  3378  3376  3376  18  1-10,23       CTD cable problem
06MT18  A1/E  590  1  ROS  091291  2345  EN  55 04.6 N  026 27.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  591  1  ROS  091391  0400  BE  54 36.6 N  026 07.5 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  591  1  ROS  091391  0505  BO  54 36.6 N  026 07.1 W  GPS  3420  3398  3445  23  1-10,24,25
06MT18  A1/E  591  1  ROS  091391  0652  EN  54 36.6 N  026 06.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  592  1  CTD  091491  0125  BE  53 52.5 N  026 16.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  592  1  CTD  091491  0256  BO  53 51.9 N  026 17.1 W  GPS  3643  3638  3670
06MT18  A1/E  592  1  CTD  091491  0406  EN  53 51.9 N  026 17.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  593  1  CTD  091491  0547  BE  54 02.0 N  026 00.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  593  1  CTD  091491  0256  BO  54 02.0 N  026 01.1 W  GPS  3319  3295  3338
06MT18  A1/E  593  1  CTD  091491  0745  EN  54 01.9 N  026 01.5 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  594     MOR  091491  1135      54 19.9 N  025 51.4 W  GPS                                      Mooring "E1" deployed
06MT18  A1/E  595  1  CTD  091491  1318  BE  54 15.9 N  025 36.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  595  1  CTD  091491  1407  BO  54 15.9 N  025 36.0 W  GPS  2554  2529  2562
06MT18  A1/E  595  1  CTD  091491  1506  EN  54 16.0 N  025 35.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  596  1  ROS  091491  1639  BE  54 22.6 N  025 57.0 W  GPS                                      CTD signal noise & offset
06MT18  A1/E  596  1  ROS  091491  1741  BO  54 22.6 N  025 57.0 W  GPS  3229  3210  3249  21  1-10,12,23    at 830-859 dbar downcast
06MT18  A1/E  596  1  ROS  091491  1952  EN  54 22.5 N  025 57.0 W  GPS                                      ***: ROS mechanism problems
06MT18  A1/E  597  1  ROS  091491  2155  BE  54 09.0 N  025 46.4 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  597  1  ROS  091491  2254  BO  54 09.3 N  025 45.7 W  GPS  3156  3147  3186  13  1-10          ***
06MT18  A1/E  597  1  ROS  091591  0053  EN  54 09.4 N  025 45.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  598  1  ROS  091591  0225  BE  53 55.0 N  025 38.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  598  1  ROS  091591  0334  BO  53 55.2 N  025 38.2 W  GPS  3622  3612  3658  11  1-10,23-25    ***
06MT18  A1/E  598  1  ROS  091591  0600  EN  53 55.0 N  025 38.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  599  1  ROS  091591  1010  BE  53 40.3 N  025 25.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  599  1  ROS  091591  1120  BO  53 40.3 N  025 25.5 w  GPS  3626  3584  3632  24  1-10,23-25    ***
06MT18  A1/E  599  1  ROS  091591  1333  EN  53 40.3 N  025 25.3 W  GPS                                      +++: CTD trip recording probs
06MT18  A1/E  600  1  ROS  091591  1610  BE  53 27.9 N  024 41.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  600  1  ROS  091591  1715  BO  53 27.8 N  024 41.1 W  GPS  3570  3565  3605  24  1-10,23       ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  600  1  ROS  091591  1939  EN  53 28.0 N  024 41.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  601  1  ROS  091591  2226  BE  53 16.0 N  023 54.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  601  1  ROS  091591  2340  BO  53 16.0 N  023 53.9 W  GPS  3718  3703  3749  24  1-10           ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  601  1  ROS  091691  0206  EN  53 16.0 N  023 54.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  602  1  ROS  091691  0444  BE  53 04.0 N  023 07.7 W  GPS                                       Jellyfish in C-sensor at 2360 
06MT18  A1/E  602  1  ROS  091691  0559  BO  53 04.1 N  023 07.8 W  GPS  3875  3884  3923  24  1-10,12,23-25  dbar downcast
06MT18  A1/E  602  1  ROS  091691  0825  EN  53 04.0 N  023 07.3 W  GPS                                       ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  603  1  ROS  091691  1111  BE  52 52.0 N  022 23.2 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  603  1  ROS  091691  1236  BO  52 51.5 N  022 22.6 W  GPS  4005  4001  4057  24  1-10,12,23     ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  603  1  ROS  091691  1450  EN  52 50.5 N  022 21.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  604  1  ROS  091691  1728  BE  52 40 0 N  021 36.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  604  1  ROS  091691  1846  BO  52 39.3 N  021 36.8 W  GPS  3990  3996  4045  24  1-8,10         ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  604  1  ROS  091691  2106  EN  52.37.8 N  021 36.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  605  1  ROS  091791  0006  BE  52 28.0 N  020 51.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  605  1  ROS  091791  0114  BO  52 28.0 N  020 51.8 W  GPS  3739  3739  3787  23  1-10,12        ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  605  1  ROS  091791  0300  EN  52 28.2 N  020 50.9 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  606  1  ROS  091791  1136  BE  52 39.8 N  020 00.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  606  1  ROS  091791  1226  BO  52 39.6 N  019 59.6 W  GPS  2593  2573  2594
06MT18  A1/E  606  1  ROS  091791  1325  EN  52 39.3 N  019 59.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  607  1  ROS  091791  1503  BE  52 29.9 N  020 00.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  607  1  ROS  091791  1601  BO  52 29.8 N  020 00.0 W  GPS  2803  2782  2816  12  23-25          ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  607  1  ROS  091791  1710  EN  52 30.0 N  020 00.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  608  1  ROS  091791  2000  BE  52 10.1 N  020 00.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  608  1  ROS  091791  2123  BO  52 10.5 N  019 59.6 W  GPS  3783  3776  3826  12  1-18,10        ROS test #3 (multi-trips)
06MT18  A1/E  608  1  ROS  091791  2300  EN  52 10.3 N  019 59.3 W  GPS                                       at 3815 dbar
06MT18  A1/E  609  1  ROS  091891  0231  BE  52 21.8 N  020 27.8 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  609  1  ROS  091891  0345  BO  52 21.5 N  020 28.1 W  GPS  3646  3588  3627  15  1-8            ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  609  1  ROS  091891  0606  EN  52 21.9 N  020 28.3 W  GPS                                       leaking bottles (rough sea)
06MT18  A1/E  610  1  ROS  091891  0809  BE  52 20.0 N  020 00.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  610  1  ROS  091891  0920  BO  52 20.2 N  020 00.0 W  GPS  3308  3275  3309  22  1-10,23        ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  610  1  ROS  091891  1140  EN  52 21.1 N  019 58.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  611  1  ROS  091891  1348  BE  52 20.3 N  019 24.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  611  1  ROS  091891  1459  BO  52 20.2 N  019 24.7 W  GPS  3600  3630  3651  22  1-8,10,25      ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  611  1  ROS  091891  1715  EN  52 19.7 N  019 24.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  612  1  ROS  091891  1942  BE  52 19.9 N  018 37.8 W  GPS                                       Offset in S at 4034 dbar downcast
06MT18  A1/E  612  1  ROS  091891  2103  BO  52 19.4 N  018 37.2 W  GPS  4329  4331  4391  22  1-10,12        ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  612  1  ROS  091891  2351  EN  52 19.4 N  018 37.4 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  613  1  ROS  091991  0240  BE  52 20.1 N  017 49.8 W  GPS                                       Offset in S at 3974 dbar downcast
06MT18  A1/E  613  1  ROS  091991  0402  BO  52 19.9 N  017 48.9 W  GPS  4292  4331  4370  22  1-8,10,24-25   ***, +++
06MT18  A1/E  613  1  ROS  091991  0632  EN  52 19.3 N  017 48.0 W  GPS
06MT18  ACM8  614     MOR  091991  1253      52 20.5 N  016 20.1 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  615  1  ROS  091991  1740  BE  52 20.0 N  016 59.8 W  GPS                                       Mooring "F1" deployed
06MT18  A1/E  615  1  ROS  091991  1859  BO  52 19.6 N  016 59.3 W  GPS  3931  3927  3981  22  1-10,12,23
06MT18  A1/E  615  1  ROS  091991  2121  EN  52 18.4 N  016 58.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  616  1  ROS  092091  0008  BE  52 20.0 N  016 12.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  616  1  ROS  092091  0119  BO  52 19.5 N  016 12.1 W  GPS  3465  3451  3492  23  1-8
06MT18  A1/E  616  1  ROS  092091  0337  EN  52 19.0 N  016 11.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  617  1  ROS  092091  0552  BE  52 20.1 N  015 47.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  617  1  ROS  092091  0706  BO  52 20.3 N  015 46.3 W  GPS  3273  3264  3305  23  1-10,23-25
06MT18  A1/E  617  1  ROS  092091  0912  EN  52 21.2 N  015 46.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  618  1  ROS  092091  1110  BE  52 20.1 N  015 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  618  1  ROS  092091  1207  BO  52 20.1 N  015 30.1 W  GPS  2839  2805  2830  20  1-10,23
06MT18  A1/E  618  1  ROS  092091  1358  EN  52 20.6 N  015 29.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  618  2  ROS  092091  1611  BE  52 20.0 N  015 30.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  618  2  ROS  092091  1657  BO  52 20.1 N  015 30.0 W  GPS  2834  1955  1978  23  1-8            ROS test #4 (multi-trips)
06MT18  A1/E  618  2  ROS  092091  1748  EN  52 20.2 N  015 29.9 W  GPS                                       at 1855 dbar
06MT18  A1/E  619  1  ROS  092091  2223  BE  52 20.0 N  015 13.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  619  1  ROS  092091  2251  BO  52 19.9 N  015 13.1 W  GPS  1262  1250  1259  12  1-8,10,23
06MT18  A1/E  619  1  ROS  092091  2353  EN  52 20.3 N  015 13.3 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  620  1  ROS  092191  0154  BE  52 20.1 N  014 56.0 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  620  1  ROS  092191  0220  BO  52 20.0 N  014 55.9 W  GPS  839  832  839  12  1-8,23
06MT18  A1/E  620  1  ROS  092191  0312  EN  52 19.8 N  014 55.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  621  1  ROS  092191  0452  BE  52 20.0 N  014 38.7 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  621  1  ROS  092191  0508  BO  52 20.2 N  014 38.6 W  GPS  417  391  404  10  1-8,23
06MT18  A1/E  621  1  ROS  092191  0530  EN  52 20.1 N  014 38.6 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  622  1  ROS  092191  0715  BE  52 19.8 N  014 15.4 W  GPS
06MT18  A1/E  622  1  ROS  092191  0737  BO  52 20.0 N  014 15.2 W  GPS  335  314  320  10  1-8,10,25
06MT18  A1/E  622  1  ROS  092191  0805  EN  52 19.8 N  014 15.2 W  GPS

***: ROS mechanism problems (multiple uncontrolled, mis-, or double trips) Stat #569 through 613
+++: CTD trip recording problems (CTD values not recorded in bottle file for multiple trips) Stat #599 through 613
*    Parameter numbers according WOCE Operations Manual, WOCE Office Report 90-1, July 1991, Rev. 1, Table 3.5.


WHP Water Sample Record Format Description

One record is required for each water bottle sampled on each cast.  The individual 
water sample records are then compiled into a -.SEA file for submittal to the WHPO.  
Include only those variables measured during the cruise.  All parameters assigned a 
number and printed in BOLD require a quality byte in the quality word.  BTLNBR, 
CTDSAL, and CTDOXY also require quality bytes in the quality word but the 
definitions for these quality words differs from the water sample flags.  The first 
data record in the -.SEA file is preceded by four header records defined in the 
formatting notes.

Parameter* Parameter		Units	      Parameter				FORTRAN
Number	   Mnemonic	Mnemonic  Scientific  or see note no.	    Range	Format
	   STNNBR		  character   (Note 1)				2X,A6
	   CASTNO		  integer     (Note 2)				5X,I3
	   SAMPNO		  character   (Note 3)				1X,A7
	   BTLNBR		  character   (Note 4)				1X,A7
	   CTDRAW			      (Note 5)		    0,11000	1X,I7
	   CTDPRS	DBAR	  decibar     Pressure		    0,11000	F8.1
	   CTDTMP	DEG C	  C (ITS90)  Temperature	    -2,35	F8.4
	   CTDSAL-1	PSS-78	  PSS-78      Salinity-1	    0,42	F8.4
	   CTDOXY-	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Oxygen		    0,500	2X,F6.1
	   THETA	DEG C	  C (ITS90)  (Note 6)		    -2,35	F8.4
1	   SALNTY-1	PSS-78	  PSS-78      Salinity-1	    0,42	F8.4
2	   OXYGEN	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Oxygen		    0,500	2X,F6.1
3	   SILCAT	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Silicate		    0,250	1X,F7.2
4	   NITRAT-8	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Nitrate-4		    0,47	2X,F6.2
5	   NITRIT-8	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Nitrite-4		    0,15	2X,F6.2
6	   PHSPHT	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Phosphate		    0,5		2X,F6.2
7	   CFC-11	PMOL/KG	  pmol/kg     Freon 11		    0,10	1X,F7.3
8	   CFC-12	PMOL/KG	  pmol/kg     Freon 12		    0,10	1X,F7.3
	   REVPRS	DBAR	  decibar     (Note 7)		    0,11000	F8.1
	   REVTMP	DEG C	  C (ITS90)  (Note 8)		    -2,35	1X,F7.3
9	   TRITUM-2	TU	  TU7	      Tritium-2		    -1,100	1X,F7.3
10	   HELIUM	NMOL/KG	  nmol/kg     Helium-2		    1,3		2X,F6.4
11	   DELHE3-2	PERCNT	  %	      Helium-2		    -10,100	1X,F7.2
12	   DELC14-2,3	/MILLE	  per mille   Carbon 14-2,3	    -300,250	1X,F7.1
13	   DELC13-2,3	/MILLE	  per mille   Carbon 13-2,3	    -5,5	4X,F4.1
14	   KR-85-2,3	DPM/MG	  dpm/1000kg6 Krypton 85-2,3	    0,5		3X,F5.2
15	   ARGON-2,3	NMOL/KG	  nmol/kg     Argon-2,3		    0,10	2X,F6.2
16	   AR-39-2,3	PCTMOD	  %modern     Argon 39-2,3	    0,100	2X,F6.1
17	   NEON-2	NMOL/KG	  nmol/kg     Neon-2		    0,10	1X,F7.3
18	   RA-228-2,3	DM/.1MG	  dpm/100kg6  Radium-2,3	    -1,10	2X,F6.2
19	   RA-226-2,3	DM/.1MG	  dpm/100kg6  Radium-2,3	    3,80	2X,F6.2
20	   O18/O16-2	/MILLE	  per mille   O18/O16 ratio-2	    -5,5	2X,F6.2
21	   SR-90-2,3	DM/.1MG	  dpm/100kg6  Strontium 90-2,3	    0,100	1X,F7.2
22	   CS-137-2,3	DM/.1MG	  dpm/100kg6  Cesium 137-2,3	    0,100	1X,F7.2
23	   TCARBN	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Total Carbon C-T	    1800,2300	2X,F6.1
24	   ALKALI	UMOL/KG	  mol/kg     Total alkalinity A-T  2000,2500	2X,F6.1
25	   FCO2		UATM	  atm9	      Fugacity fCO2	    200,2000	2X,F6.1
26	   PH			  none	      pH		    7.6,8.3	2X,F6.4
n	   Additional parameters4
n+1	   |
n+x	   V
		Parameters requiring expected error data column
9	   TRITER-2	TU	  TU7	      Tritium-2				3X,F5.3
10	   HELIER-2	NMOL/KG	  nmol/kg     Helium-2				2X,F6.4
11	   DELHER-2	PERCNT	  %	      Helium-2				4X,F4.2
12	   C-14ER-2	PERCNT	  %	      Carbon 14-2			3X,F5.1
13	   C-13ER-2	PERCNT	  %	      Carbon 13-2			3X,F5.1
14	   KRP85ER-2	DM/.1MG	  dmp/100kg   Krypton 85-2			3X,F5.2
15	   ARGERR-2	NMOL/KG	  nmol/kg     Argon-2				4X,F4.2
16	   AR39ER-2	PCTMOD	  %modern     Argon 39-2			4X,F4.1
17	   NEONER-2	NMOL/KG	  nmol/kg     Neon-2				4X,F4.3
18	   R228ER-2	DM/.1MG	  dpm/100kg6  Radium-2				3X,F5.2
19	   R226ER-2	DM/.1MG	  dpm/100kg6  Radium-2				3X,F5.2
		Quality Words
EOR	   QUALT1		  none	      (Note 9)				mA1
N+1	   QUALT2		  none	      (Note 10)				mA1

8	CONCLUDING REMARKS

The 18th cruise of METEOR turned out to be an extremely rewarding effort with 
respect to participating expertise on water mass issues for the northern North 
Atlantic.  We expect from the Joint analysis of the most complete data set 
describing water mass properties in eddy-resolving section mode a reliable 
quantification of North Atlantic overturning rates.

A large portion of the success of this cruise has to be attributed to the captain 
and crew of METEOR who provided a reliable and enjoyful platform for our work under 
not always nice environmental conditions.

We appreciate the support from the Bundesminister ftir Forschung und Technologie 
(WOCE) and the Deutsche Forschungsgerneinschaft.

9	REFERENCES

ANON (1988): World Ocean Circulation Experiment Implementation Plan, Vol. I + II. 
	World Climate Research Programme, Pub. WCRP 11 + 12, World Meteorological 
	Organization, Geneva 1988, 145 pp. and 128 pp.
ANON (1991): WOCE Operational Manual, Vol. 3, Sect. 3. 1, Part 3.1.2: Requirements 
	for WHP Data Reporting, WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No 67/91, 
	Woods Hole 1991, 71 pp.
ARMSTRONG, F.A.J., C.R. STEARNS and J.D.H. STRICKLAND (1967): The measurement of 
	upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon 
	Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Research, 14, 381-389.
ATLAS, E.L., S.W. HAGER, L.I. GORDON and P.K. PARK (1971): A Practical Manual for Use 
	of the Technicon Autoanalyzer in Seawater Nutrient Analyses; Revised. Technical 
	Report 215, Reference 71-22. Oregon State University, Department of 
	Oceanography. 49 pp.
BERNHARDT, H. and A. WILHELMS (1967): The continuous determination of low level 
	iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer(r). Technicon 
	Symposia, Volume 1, 385-389.
BERSCH, M, (1993): On the upper layer circulation of the North Eastern North 
	Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research (submitted).
CARPENTER, J.H. (1965): The Chesaspeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
	dissolved oxygen method. Limnology and Oceanography, 10, 141-143.
CULBERSON, C.H., WILLIAMS, R.T., et al. (1991): A comparison of methods for the 
	determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater. WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-2, 
	15 pp.
HAGER, S.W., E.L. ATLAS, L.D. GORDON, A.W. MANTYLA and P.K. PARK (1972): A 
	comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, 
	and silicate. Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 931-937.
KIRKWOOD D.S. and A. R. FOLKARD (1986): Results of the ICES salinity sample bottle 
	inter-comparison. ICES C.M. 1986, mimeo, 16 pp.
MILLARD, R.C. (1991): CTD oxygen calibration procedure. VVHP Operations and 
	Methods, WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-1, 27 pp.
SY. A. (1991): XBT measurements. WHP Operations and Methods, WHP Office Report, 
	WHPO 91-1, 19 pp.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OXYGEN AND NUTRIENT MEASUREMENTS

The oxygen and nutrient data were entered into ODF's ship board data system 
and processed as the analyses were completed.  Pressure and temperature 
information were given to ODF by the German group.  The bottle data were 
brought to a useable, though perhaps not final, state at sea.  ODF data 
checking procedures included verification that the sample was assigned to the 
correct level.  This was accomplished by checking the raw data sheets, which 
included the raw data value and the water sample bottle, versus the sample log 
sheets.  Any comments regarding the water samples were investigated.  The raw 
data computer files were also checked for entry errors.  Investigation of the 
data included reviewing plots of the station profiles and comparing these to 
nearby stations.

If a data value did not agree with other nearby data, then analyst and 
sampling notes, plots, and nearby data were reviewed.

If any problem was indicated the data value was flagged.  The Bottle Data 
Processing Notes section includes comments regarding investigation of flagged 
samples.

The WOCE codes were assigned to the oxygen and nutrient data using the 
criteria:

code 9 =Sample not drawn.

code 5 =Data value deleted. Value did not fit station profile or adjoining 
	station data comparison. Comments were made that clearly indicated 
	a leak and contamination of the samples. This code was not 
	assigned to any of the data in the .sea file. The data that has 
	been deleted from the .sea files are included in a separate file.

code 4 =Does not fit station profile and/or adjoining station comparisons. 
	There are analytical notes indicating a problem, but data values 
	were reported. ODF recommends deletion of these data values.

code 3 =Does not fit station profile or adjoining station comparisons and 
	no analytical notes indicate a problem. The data could possibly be 
	real, but decision as to whether it is acceptable needs to be made 
	by a scientist rather than ODF's technicians.

code 2 =Acceptable measurement.

code 1 =Sample for this measurement was drawn from the bottle, but data 
	was not received and is not recoverable.

The following table is a tabulation of the number of ODF samples with a count 
for each of the different codes.

Stations 558-622

	  REPORTED		    WATER SAMPLE CODES
	  LEVELS	1	2	3	4	5	9
Oxygen	  1183		0	1163	4	16	63	15
Silicate  1183		0	1176	0	7	63	15
Nitrate	  1137		0	1031	45	107	63	15
Nitrite	  1183		0	1073	2	62	63	61
Phosphate 1183		0	1073	23	87	63	15
Number of reported sampling levels: 1198

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the sampler 
was brought on board and after CFC and Helium were drawn.  Nominal 125 ml 
volume iodine flasks were rinsed carefully with minimal agitation, then filled 
via a drawing tube, and allowed to overflow for at least 2 flask volumes.  The 
sample water temperature was measured immediately before the sample was drawn 
for most samples.  Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering.  
The flasks were shaken twice; immediately, and after 20 minutes, to assure 
thorough dispersion of the Mn(OH)2 precipitate.  The samples were analyzed 
within 4-36 hours.

Dissolved oxygen analyses, reportable in both milliliters per liter and 
micromoles per kilogram, were performed via titration in the volume-calibrated 
iodine flasks with a 1 ml microburet, using the whole bottle Winkler titration 
following the technique of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson et 
al. (1991) except that standards and blanks were run in seawater.

A German copy of Culberson's manuscript (no reference to publication) was made 
available during the cruise which stated distilled water should be used for 
standards and blanks.  Unfortunately, the ODF technician was not aware of the 
manuscript at the beginning of the cruise.

Some comparisons between seawater and distilled water standards and blanks 
were run at the end of the cruise.  A technician from BSH drew samples from 
most of the test rosette stations and ran them on the BSH Dosimat dead stop 
indicator titration system using distilled water with commercially prepared 
standard.  She consistently got lower values, from .20 ml/l on the first test 
cast to about .11 on the others.  We exchanged standards but the difference in 
standards was much less than the difference in data.  The reason for the 
difference was never conclusively determined.  Lab temperature stayed within 
20 to 22C in the hood where the OXY rig was set up based on periodic checks 
with the draw temp thermometer.  Standardizations were performed with 0.01N 
potassium iodate solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate 
crystals.  Standards were run at the beginning of each session of analyses, 
which typically included from 1 to 3 stations.  Several standards were made up 
and compared to assure that the results were reproducible, and to preclude 
basing the entire cruise on one standard.  A correction was made for the 
amount of oxygen added with the reagents.  Combined reagent/seawater blanks 
were determined to account for oxidizing or reducing materials in the 
reagents.  The oxygen thionormality values and blanks have been reviewed for 
possible problems and smoothed as necessary.

The temperature of the samples was measured at the time the sample was drawn 
from the bottle, and are included in this data submission.  On several 
stations, the thermometer used to measure the draw temperature failed to 
operate properly.  On these stations the in situ temperature is reported and 
comments to this effect are in the data remarks section documentation.

NUTRIENTS

Nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) analyses, reported in 
micromoles/liter, were performed on a Techni- con(r) AutoAnalyzer(r).  The 
procedures used are described in Hager et al. (1972) and Atlas et al. (1971).  
Standardizations were performed with solutions prepared aboard ship from pre-
weighed standards; these solutions were used as working standards before and 
after each cast (approximately 36 samples) to correct for instrumental drift 
during analyses.  Sets of 4-6 different concentrations of shipboard standards 
were analyzed periodically to determine the linearity of colorimeter response 
and the resulting correction factors.  Phosphate was analyzed using hydrazine 
reduction of phosphomolybdic acid as described by Bernhardt & Wilhelms (1967).  
Silicate was analyzed using stannous chloride reduction of silicomolybdic 
acid.  Nitrite was analyzed using diazotization and coupling to form dye; 
nitrate was reduced by copperized cadmium and then analyzed as nitrite.  These 
three analyses use the methods of Armstrong et al. (1967).

Sampling for nutrients followed that for the tracer gases, CFC's, He, tritium, 
and dissolved oxygen.  Samples were drawn into ~45 cc high density 
polyethylene, narrow mouth, screw-capped bottles which were rinsed twice 
before filling.  The samples may have been refrigerated at 2 to 6C for a 
maximum of 15 hours.

DATA COMPARISONS

The oxygen and nutrient data were compared by ODF with those from the adjacent 
stations.

DATA COMMENTS

Remarks for deleted and/or missing samples or WOCE codes other than 2 from 
WOCE NORD A1/E.  Investigation of data may include review of data plots of 
station profile and adjoining stations, rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients).  
Comments from the Sample Logs and ODF's results of investigation of oxygen and 
nutrients are included in this report.


Station 556

1all  Test station, no final CTD data was submitted. 
      ODF has included the oxygen and nutrients in a separate file.
106   OXY .13 high on calib station (all bottles tripped same level). 
      Calc ok. Note on data sheet "strong blue return" 
      Nutrient ok so probably over titrated, not bottle trip problem. 
      Footnote oxygen bad.
118   OXY .27 high on calib station (all bottles tripped same level). 
      Calc ok. Note on data sheet "slight blue return" 
      Nutrient ok so probably over titrated, not bottle trip problem. 
      Footnote oxygen bad.
122   Sample Log: "No samples taken."
123   Sample Log: "No samples taken."

Station 557

1all  Test station, no final CTD data was submitted. 
      ODF has included the oxygen and nutrients in a separate file.
108   108-110 Appears .07 low on calib cast 
      (all bottles tripped same level). 
      PO4 calc ok, peaks poor, no notes. 
      Other nutrients & oxygens ok. Footnote PO4 bad.
109   See 108 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
110   See 108 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
123   Sample Log: No samples taken.
124   Sample Log: No samples taken.

Station 558

1 all 14 bottles.
101 @ 171db -  Nutrient: "Begin End NO2, NO3, PO4 must be SSW being used  -  
               too much bio activity!" 
               Same problem Stations 558 through 560. Footnote NO2 bad. 
               Footnote PO4 bad. Footnote NO3 bad.
102 @ 171db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data. 
               See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
103 @ 151db -  See 101 comment, footnote #2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
104 @ 131db -  See 101 comment, footnote #2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
105 @ 111db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
106 @ 99db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
107 @ 86db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
108 @ 66db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
109 @ 47db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
110 @ 27db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "Noticed a very small bubble in burette." 
               Data looks ok.
111 @ 9db  -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
112 @ 8db  -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
113 @ 8db  -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.
114 @ 9db  -   See 101 comment, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 bad.

Station 559

1 all 18 bottles.
101 @ 477db -  Nutrient: "End NO2 STDs no good, use begin" 
               "SSW affecting stdizations!" 
               101-118 Same problem Stations 558 through 560. 
               Footnote NO2 bad. Footnote NO3 bad. Footnote PO4 bad.
102 @ 458db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
103 @ 439db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
104 @ 419db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
105 @ 398db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
106 @ 377db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
107 @ 329db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
108 @ 278db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
109 @ 229db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
110 @ 198db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
111 @ 156db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
112 @ 97db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
113 @ 57db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
114 @ 26db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
115 @ 8db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
116 @ 8db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
117 @ 8db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
118 @ 8db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.

Station 560

101 @ 1805db - Nutrient: "New batch SSW - try to alleviate STDs jumping around. 
               Didn't help much. We need to have a supply 
               of filtered sterilized low nut. water for universal use!!. 
               Use be NO2 F1 for end. Bugs screwing up NO2 too fast!! 
               NO3, PO4 use begin F1 for F1E." 101-124 
               Same problem Stations 558 through 560. NO3 values about 1.0 high. 
               Using original F1E would make values even higher. 
               Possibly standard was deteriorating when 1st set run. 
               PO4 values about 0.08 high. Using original F1E would make values even higher. 
               Possibly standard was deteriorating 
               when 1st set run. Footnote NO2 bad. Footnote NO3 bad. Footnote PO4 bad.
102            Sample log: "No oxygen, no Nitrate, 
               no Phosphate, no Silicate, no Nitrite."
103 @ 1744db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
104 @ 1693db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
105 @ 1642db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
106 @ 1592db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
107 @ 1493db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
108 @ 1395db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
109 @ 1297db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
110 @ 1198db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
111 @ 1100db - See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
112 @ 997db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
113 @ 902db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
114 @ 803db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
115 @ 692db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
116 @ 591db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
117 @ 493db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
118 @ 397db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
119 @ 297db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
120 @ 196db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
121 @ 97db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
122 @ 58db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
123 @ 29db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
124 @ 9db -    See 101 comments, footnote NO2 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.

Station 561

101 @ 1879db - 101-123 All nitrates appear 0.5 low compared to adjacent stations. 
               Calc ok. Changed N-1-N & Sulfanilimide after this cast.
102 @ 1831db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
103 @ 1814db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
104 @ 1748db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
105 @ 1647db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
106 @ 1596db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
107 @ 1545db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
108 @ 1496db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
109 @ 1395db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
110 @ 1294db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
111 @ 1193db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
112 @ 1092db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
113 @ 990db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
114 @ 890db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
115 @ 789db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
116 @ 688db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
117            See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad. 
               NB24 came up open, sample log indicates 
               probably forgot to trigger one bottle after NB16. 
               117-124, No CTD trip data for NBs17&19. 
               ODF has included the oxygen and nutrients in a separate file.
118 @ 388db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.
119            See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.
120 @ 236db -  See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
121 @ 236db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.
122 @ 100db -  See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.
               See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
123 @ 60db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.
124            See 117 comment, bottles did not trip as scheduled.

Station 562

101 @ 2027db - 101-124 Preliminary data appears 1.0 high. 
               Note on data sheet says "only 10ml std added" 
               with concentration of 8.75 used from calc on data sheet 
               "NO3 = 8 + .75 = 8.75" Believe calc should be NO3 
               conc = 11.25*2/3 + .75 = 8.25. Recalculated data looks much better.
124 @ 9db -    Delta-S .130 high at 9db. All water samples indicate 
               NB24 closed near 790db (NB14). 
               Leave for now. Foot- note oxygen and nutrients bad. 
               Inform PI that bottle tripped incorrectly. 
               ODF suggests this be coded leaky bottle and samples bad.

Station 563

1 all          Nutrient: "NO2 STD - only 10ml? =(.5)" 101-124 
               "NO2 pipet not delivering right - use 1.62 for F1B & F1E" 
               NO2 appears to be okay, agrees with Stations 562-565.

Station 564

1 all          Nutrient: "NO2 pipet wrong, use 1.62 for F1B & F1E" 101-123. 
               NO2 appears to be okay, agrees with Stations 562-565.
107 @ 2323db - Phosphate .1 too high. Analyst suspects contamination. 
               Footnote PO4 bad.
117 @ 508db -  Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients do not indicate a leak.
124            Sample log: "No oxygen, no Nitrate, no Phosphate, 
               no Silicate, no Nitrite." 
               No CTD trip information.

Station 565

114 @ 1195db - Sample log: "No oxygen (o-ring problem)" 
               Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
117 @ 496db -  Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen appears .07 high, 
               footnote OXY bad, leak affected the sample. 
               Nutrients appear to be okay.
121 @ 58db -   OXY appears .5 low at 58db. Calc ok, no notes. 
               Other water samples ok. 
               Footnote OXY uncertain.
124            Sample log: "No oxygen, no Nitrate, no Phosphate, 
               no Silicate, no Nitrite." 
               No CTD trip information.

Station 566

1 all          No German trip information as of 27 May 92 kms. 
               ODF has included the oxygen and nutrients in a separate file.

Station 567

102            Sample log: "No samples taken."
103 @ 3141db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients appear to be okay.
117 @ 1007db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients appear to be okay.
124            Sample log: "No samples taken."

Station 568

102 @ 3132db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data.

Station 569

103 @ 3103db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients data appears okay.
105 @ 2947db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
113            Sample log: "No samples taken."

Station 570

117            Sample log: "No oxygen, no Nitrate, no Phosphate, 
               no Silicate, no Nitrite."

Station 571

101 @ 1956db - 101-124 No NO2 run, calib cast, all samples at same level. 
               Footnote NO2 not analyzed.
102 @ 1956db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
103 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
104 @ 1956db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
105 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
106 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
107 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
108 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
109 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
110 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
111 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
112 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
113 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
114 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
115 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
116 @ 1957db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
117 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
118 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
119 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed. 
               Oxygen: "Apparent overtitration." 
               Added 1ml std and did normal overtitration procedure. 
               Oxygen okay.
120 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
121 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
122 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
123 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
124 @ 1958db - See 101 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.

Station 573

123 @ 13db -   Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients appear to be okay.
124            Sample log: "No oxygen, no Nitrate, no Phosphate, 
               no Silicate, no Nitrite." 
               No CTD trip information.

Station 574

114 @ 794db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
              Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 575

101            Sample log: "No oxygen, no nitrate, no phosphate, 
               no silicate, no nitrite."
103 @ 1899db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
114 @ 847db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
116 @ 538db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 576

101            Sample log: "No oxygen, no nitrate, no phosphate, 
               no silicate, no nitrite."
102 @ 1687db - NO3 appears .7 (3%) high compared to adjacent stations. 
               102 - 124 Calc & peaks ok. No notes. Leave for now. 
               Footnote NO3 uncertain.
103 @ 1637db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
104 @ 1586db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
105 @ 1535db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
106 @ 1484db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
107 @ 1435db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
108 @ 1333db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
109 @ 1233db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
110 @ 1132db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
111 @ 1031db - See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
112 @ 829db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
113 @ 728db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
114 @ 569db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
115 @ 569db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               Oxygen: "Small bubble in sample." 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip bottle 14. 
               However, OXY does not agree with Station 577, 
               but it does agree with Station 574. 
               Will leave data as is, not even footnoting.
116 @ 468db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
117 @ 368db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
118 @ 303db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
119 @ 203db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
120 @ 173db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
121 @ 127db -  See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
122 @ 90db -   See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
123 @ 40db -   See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.
124 @ 12db -   See 102 comments, footnote NO3 uncertain.

Station 577

201-203        Sample log: "No oxygen, no nitrate, 
               no phosphate, no silicate, no nitrite." No CTD trip information.
223-224        Sample log: "No oxygen, no nitrate, 
               no phosphate, no silicate, no nitrite." No CTD trip information.

Station 578

1 all 19 bottles.

Station 579

103 @ 1615db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients do not indicate a leak.

Station 580

114 @ 698db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data.
224            Sample log: "No oxygen, no nitrate, no phosphate, 
               no silicate, no nitrite." No CTD trip information.

Station 581

101            Sample log: "No samples taken."
102 @ 2033db - 102-123 No NO2 run, calib cast, all samples at same level. 
               Footnote NO2 not analyzed.
103 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
104 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
105 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
106 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
107 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
108 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed. 
               Oxygen: "OT". Sample okay after overtitration procedure.
109 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
110 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
111 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
112 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
113 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
114 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
115 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed. 
               Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients do not indicate a leaky bottle.
116 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
117 @ 2033db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
118 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
119 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
120 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
121 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
122 @ 2034db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed.
123 @ 2035db - See 102 comment, footnote NO2 not analyzed. 
               Oxygen .03 high with duplicate data, nutrients appear okay. 
               Footnote oxygen bad.
124            Sample log: "No samples taken."

Station 582

101 @ 2245db - NO3 appears 1.0 high. Calc & peaks ok. 
               Note on Chart "Probe stuck" during first set standards, 
               no apparent harm to data. 
               NO3 & PO4 F1s higher than adjacent stations. 
               SIL F1s & data ok. 101-123 Reason for high values unknown. 
               Footnote NO3 uncertain. PO4 appears 0.1 high. 
               Footnote PO4 uncertain.
102 @ 2194db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
103 @ 2144db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
104 @ 2103db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
105 @ 2053db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
106 @ 2002db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
107 @ 1952db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
108 @ 1901db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
109 @ 1698db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
110 @ 1495db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
111 @ 1293db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain. 
               OXY appears .1 high at 1293db. Calc ok. No notes. 
               Salinity min. Nutrients have normal gradient. 
               Footnote oxygen uncertain.
112 @ 1091db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain. 
               Oxygen: bubble (1/8" dia.)" Oxygen appears to be okay.
113 @ 889db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
114 @ 637db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
115 @ 586db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
116 @ 485db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain. 
               Oxygen: "bubble." Oxygen appears to be okay.
117 @ 385db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain.
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
118 @ 284db -  OXY appears .3 low at 284db. Calc ok, no notes. 
               Other water samples including salinity have bump this level. Delta-S .000. 
               ODF suggests this be coded leaky bottle and samples bad. 
               Footnote oxygen and nutrients bad. If tripping is resolved, 
               then code PO4 and NO3 as uncertain. 
               Inform PI that bottle tripped incorrectly.
119 @ 184db -  See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
120 @ 84db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain. 
               121 @ 43db - See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
122 @ 23db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
123 @ 13db -   See 101 comment, footnote NO3 uncertain. 
               See 101 comment, footnote PO4 uncertain.
124 @ 13db -   Sample log: "No OXY, NO3, PO4, sil or NO2."

Station 583

103 @ 2242db - See 101 comment.  Oxygen: "Bubble - strong blue back(?)"
               OXY appears .14 high at 2242db. 
               Calc ok. Other water samples ok. Footnote oxygen bad.
114 @ 702db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data.

Station 584

109 @ 1379db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen does not agrees with duplicate trip data. OXY .05 low. 
               Footnote oxygen bad.
115 @ 596db -  Bottle leaked as per final data submission. There is 
               a feature at this level which does not show 
               in the adjoining stations. However, if this is not a 
               real feature then bottle 14 is incorrect also.

Station 586

115 @ 1173db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
117 @ 969db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
119 @ 470db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
124 @ 14db -   NO3 appears 5um/l high at 14db. Calc & peak ok. 
               Delta- S .129 high at 14db. 
               All water samples indicate NB24 tripped just below NB23 at 34db. 
               It did not trip with bottle 23, but rather between bottles 22 and 23. 
               Footnote oxygen and nutrients bad. Inform PI that bottle tripped incorrectly. 
               ODF suggests this be coded leaky bottle and samples bad.

Station 587

111 @ 1465db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
124  No CTD trip data available. 
               ODF has included the oxygen and nutrients in a separate file.
114-123 Sample log: No samples taken. No CTD trip information.

Station 588

1 all          Oxygen draw temperature was not recorded. Used in situ temperature.
114 @ 712db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
121 @ 105db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 589

101 @ 28db -   NO3 appears 1.5 high. Calc & peaks ok. 
               Notes on nutrient data sheet: "New imidazole buffer". 
               "STDs look low! 4%!" 
               F1s a little higher than adjacent stations.
101-124        Other water samples including silicates ok. 
               Footnote NO3 bad. PO4 appears 0.05 high. 
               Footnote PO4 bad. Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data.
102 @ 28db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "Small bubble." Data okay.
103 @ 3215db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
104 @ 3165db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
105 @ 3111db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
106 @ 3063db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
107 @ 2964db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
108 @ 2802db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
109 @ 2597db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
110 @ 2392db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
111 @ 1986db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data.
112 @ 1986db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
113 @ 1784db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
114 @ 1696db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "Bubble." Data okay.
115 @ 1381db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
116 @ 1195db - See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "Bubble." Data okay.
117 @ 585db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "Bubble." Data okay. 
               Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen agrees with duplicate trip data.
118 @ 585db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
119 @ 585db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
120 @ 480db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "OT" Data okay.
121 @ 383db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
122 @ 286db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad. 
               Oxygen: "Bubble." Data okay.
123 @ 188db -  See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.
124 @ 99db -   See 101 comments, footnote NO3 bad.
               See 101 comments, footnote PO4 bad.

Station 590

1 all          18 bottle tripped.
108 @ 1813db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients look good and do not indicate leaking bottle.
114 @ 104db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
117 @ 19db -   Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 591

103 @ 2998db - Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
124            Sample log: "No samples taken."

Station 596

101            Sample log: "No samples taken"
107            Sample log: "No samples taken"
123            Sample log: "No samples taken"
124            Sample log: "No samples taken"

Station 597

102            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
104            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
105            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
106            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
107            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
109            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
110            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
111            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
112            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
113            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
115            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."

Station 598

102            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
103            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
104            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
107            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
109            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
110            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
111            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
112            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
115            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
121            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
122            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
123            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."
124            Sample log: "Bottle didn't close, no samples."

Station 599

122 @ 64db -   Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
123 @ 34db -   Sample log: "No nitrate, no phosphate, no silicate, no nitrite."

Station 600

102 @ 3556db - Oxygen: "Bubble." Appears .05 low. Calc ok. 
               Footnote oxygen bad.
122 @ 94db -   Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 601

1 all          Oxygen: Draw temp no good, -0.6 vs 3. Took therm apart to dry out. 
               No oxygen draw temperature, used in situ temperature.
106            Sample log: "No oxygen, no nitrate, no phosphate, no silicate," no nitrite.
113 @ 1412db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients do not indicate a bottle leak.
121 @ 205db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 602

114 @ 989db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients appear okay.
121 @ 103db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.

Station 603

120 @ 304db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen does not agree with duplicate trip data .02 low. 
               Nutrients agree with duplicate trip data.
122            Water samples indicate NB22 tripped near NB13 at 1814db. 
               Leave for now. No trip information received.

Station 604

122 @ 102db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen .03 lower than duplicate trip data. 
               Footnote oxygen bad. Nutrients appear to be okay.

Station 605

1 all          Oxygen: "No draw temps. therm read 1.6 at 1st NB, T=2.5" 
               No oxygen draw temperatures, in situ temperature used.
119 @ 201db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
122 @ 32db -   All water samples appear to be from about 300db instead 32db intended. 
               Delta-S .074 high. Inform PI that bottle tripped incorrectly. 
               ODF suggests this bottle be coded leaky and all samples bad.
124            Sample log: "No samples taken"

Station 608

101 @ 3818db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
103 @ 3820db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
105 @ 3820db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
107 @ 3818db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
109 @ 3820db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
110 @ 3820db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission 
               Oxygen and nutrients also indicate that this bottle leaked. 
               Footnote oxygen and nutrients bad.
111 @ 3821db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
113 @ 3819db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
115 @ 3819db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
116 @ 3819db - Bottle leaked as per final data submission 
               Oxygen and nutrients also indicate that this bottle leaked. 
               Footnote oxygen and nutrients bad.
117 @ 3820db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
119 @ 3818db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
121 @ 3818db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."
123 @ 3821db - Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 609

103 @ 3534db - NO2 .24 high at 3534db. Calc & peak ok. 
               No obvious relation to spike noted above. 
               See 104 comment. Footnote NO2 uncertain.
104 @ 3444db - There is a spike after 103 & 104 on NO2. 
               Analyst did not indicate any mechanical problem. 
               NO2 .04 high at 3444db. Calc & peak ok. 
               No obvious relation to spike noted above.
110            Sample log: "No samples." No CTD trip information.
114 @ 1180db - Oxygen: "Small bubble." Data okay. PO4 appears 0.1 low at 1180db. 
               Calc & peak ok. No notes. Footnote PO4 uncertain.
116            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
117            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
118            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
119            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
120            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
121            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
122            Oxygen: "Small bubble. " Intended to trip at 58db with NB23 
               but water samples indicate it closed deeper. 
               Nutrients appear to be from about 500db and oxygen from about 1700db. 
               oxy may be bad titration. 
               No CTD trip data or bottle salinity available tho 
               sample log indicates bottle salinity was drawn.
124            Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 610

110            Sample log: "No samples taken"
118 @ 304db -  Oxygen: "Bubble." Sample log says flask 1041 for this sample as well as 116. 
               Other stations using this box indicate 1043 as shown on data sheet is correct. 
               Value appears high based on gradient but vertical sections indicate it is probably good. 
               Footnote OXY uncertain.
122            Sample log: "No samples taken"

Station 611

119 @ 100db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
122            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
123 @ 11db -   Delta-S .237 high at 11db. 
               All water samples indicate bottle close between 100 & 200db.
124            Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 612

119 @ 63db -   Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
122            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
124            Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 613

110 @ 2078db - Oxygen: "Small bubble." Oxygen high compared with station profile, 
               but agrees with Stations 602-611. Footnote oxygen uncertain.
119 @ 90db -   Oxygen: "Bubble." Appears .07 high. All other water samples same as NB19. 
               Footnote oxygen bad.
120 @ 90db -   Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
121  Oxygen:   "Small bubble." Data okay. All water samples indicate 
               NB21 closed near 1000db rather than intended 22db level. 
               No CTD trip information. 
               Footnote Oxygen and nutrients bad because bottle did not trip correctly.
122            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
124            Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 615

113            Sample log: "No samples drawn."
119            Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 616

116            Sample log: "No samples drawn."

Station 617

116            Sample log: "No samples drawn.

Station 618

203 @ 1850db   Oxygen: "Small bubble." Data okay. 
               Bottle leaked as per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients do not indicate a bottle leak. 
               Data agrees with duplicate trip.
121-124        Sample log: "No samples drawn. No CTD trip information.
215            Sample log: "No samples taken"

Station 619

101            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
103            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
105            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
106 @ 797db -  Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
107 @ 797db -  Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
108 @ 797db -  Wrong pressure assigned. Suspect this tripped with 106. 
               Send inquiry to J.Swift. Done, and data changed. 
               Didn't trip as scheduled per final data submission. 
               Data looks good with corrected pressure. 
               Oxygen and nutrients agrees with duplicate trip data.
109            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
111            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
113            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
115            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
117            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
119            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
121            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."
123            Sample log: "No oxygen or nutrients drawn."

Station 620

1 all          12 bottles tripped.

Station 621

1 all          9 bottles tripped.
107 @ 98db -   Oxygen: "Small bubble." Possibly a little low per %sat. 
               Footnote OXY bad. Leak must have affected the oxygen. 
               Nutrients appear to be okay. Bottle leaked as per final data submission.



REFERENCES

Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
	Marine Science, No. 44.
Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. Unesco memograph By 
	JPOTS editorial panel.

WHPO SUMMARY

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the a1e.sum, 
a1e.hyd, a1e.csl and *.wct files.  The a1e.sum file contains a summary of the 
location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent information 
regarding each hydrographic station.  The a1e.hyd file contains the bottle 
data.  The *.wct files are the CTD data for each station.  The *.wct files are 
zipped into one file called a1e.wct.zip.  The a1e.csl file is a listing of CTD 
and calculated values at standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated 
values were derived for the a1e.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed using the 
following binomial filter-

           t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained 
within the CTD values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired 
level after applying the binomial filtering. 

Sigma-theta (SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): 
These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and 
the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the 
Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 
dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least 
squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of 
the interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two differences between 
the standard level and the two closest values.  The slope is first determined 
using CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to 
obtain the gradient potential temperature.  Equations and FORTRAN routines are 
described in Unesco publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope 
between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard 
level and the two closes values.  Equations and FORTRAN routines are described 
in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical 
component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, 
where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data 
expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local acceleration of gravity.

Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling 
method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990).  Equations and 
FORTRAN routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are 
calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  A constant value 
of specific volume anomaly is assumed.  Equations and FORTRAN routines are 
described in Unesco publication, Processing of Oceanographic station data.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N 
(Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.



Directory WOCE0: <HYDATA.ONETIME.A1E>

A1E.BAK; 1	18-JUL-1994 - original from ellett
A1E.DJE; 1	18-JUL-1994 - manually fixed duplicate trips
A1EDJE.CMP; 2	20-JUL-1994 - o/p compqual2

NUTOX.TEM	14-JUN-1994 - temperatures used to convert liters to kg

A1E.STA; 2	22-JUN-1993 - raw sum file
A1E.SUM; 1	2-NOV-1993

A1ECFC.RAW 	28-AUG-1996 - raw cfc data ftp'd to sun from
A1E.CFC		28-AUG-1996 - A. Putzka

A1E.CRB	Alex Kozyr =- tcarbn and alkali
METEOR18.SEA; 1	8-SEP-1993 - raw hydro data, needed re-formatting contains 
		nutl and oxyl temp cols.
A1E.HY2; 1	2-NOV-1993 - hydro data
A1EL.HY2; 1	26-OCT-1993 - "" in liters

A1EDQE.OLD	2-AUG-1994 - A1E.HY2 + A1E.DJE (SALNTY, OXYGEN, SILCAT, 
		NITRAT, NITRIT, PHSPHT)
		15-SEP-1994 - letter from Sy accepting dqe q2 bytes except 
		for 3 samples. q1 bytes flipped accordingly
		25-Jun-95 - reply to Eugenes dqe. modified only what Sy 
		agreed to.
A1E.DQE		13-JUN-1996 - RE-CALIBRATED pgm CTDSAL


C CTD-Salinity correction for salinity error:
C
IF(ISTA .GE. 558 .AND. ISTA .LE. 566)THEN
SADD1= -0.0177 + 0.000689 * CSAL
ELSE IF(ISTA .GE. 567 .AND. ISTA .LE. 602)THEN
SADD1= -0.2116 + 0.006299 * CSAL
ELSE IF(ISTA .GE. 603 .AND. ISTA .LE. 622)THEN
SADD1= 0.0793 - 0.002217 * CSAL
END IF
C CTD-Salinity correction for pressure dependence:
C
SADD2= 8.3E-5 + 1.374E-6 * PRS - 9.45329E-10 * PRS**2 +
&	1.117E-13 * PRS**3
C
SALnew= CSAL +SADD1 + SADD2 




DATA QUALITY EVALUATION


DQE OF CTD DATA FOR THE 18-TH CRUISE OF THE R/V "METEOR"
WOCE section A1E in the Northern Atlantic.
(Eugene Morozov)
1995.MAR.21


Data quality of 2-db CTD temperature, salinity and oxygen profiles and 
reference rosette samples were examined. Vertical distributions and theta-
salinity curves were compared for individual stations using the data of up and 
down CTD casts and rosette probes. Data of several neighboring stations were 
compared. The distance between stations was not less than 20 miles and the 
stations were often located in different water structures so that comparison of 
many stations was not reasonable. The data were compared with the 91/1 
cruise of the r/v "Tyro" carried out in the same region of the Northern 
Atlantic. Measurements made in April, 1991.

The data were also compared with the atlases:
  "North Atlantic Ocean Atlas", vol. 2, L.V. Worthington and W.R. Wright, WHOI,  
     1970.
  "World Ocean Atlas" (USSR Navy, 1977)


Questionable data in *.hy2 file were marked in QUALT2 word.

It is necessary to calibrate CTD salinities in upcast measurements. They are 
on the average lower than bottle salinity measurements by 0.01 with lesser 
differences in deeper waters.

As CTD oxygen measurements are concerned, it is clear that more work is 
needed to make the data acceptable to the requirements of WOCE. The 
resolution of the sensor is about 5 Umoles/kg that does not make vertical 
oxygen profiles smooth. This may be due to truncation of the original data 
before conversion to Umol/kg. There are serious problems in the 
measurements in the upper 200 db where the differences between CTDOXY 
and OXYGEN measurements can be as large as 50 Umoles/kg. Beginning 
with the station 600 unacceptable differences are found in the entire water 
depth. These discrepancies can be caused by an incorrect temperature 
compensation for the oxygen sensor as well as by many other reasons. The 
oxygen measurements made with bottle samples seem correct. Nevertheless 
some questionable data were found in these measurements. Duplicate 
determinations of salinity and oxygen made from rosette samples at the same 
level indicate that bottle measurements are a high quality data set that match 
WOCE requirements.

Listing of results from the comparison of salinity and oxygen data. Only those 
stations are listed which have data remarks.

Sta  Pressure            Remarks
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
559  56.7                SALNITY low by no less than 0.01 compared with downcast 
                           CTDSAL.
     458 db              I do not agree with D.Ellett that OXYGEN is high enough 
                           to flag it 4. It is high only by no more than 1.5 so 
                           flag 3 - questionable is better.

560  96.8                SALNTY high by no less than 0.01 compared with downcast 
                           CTDSAL. Upcast CTDSAL exceeds SALNTY.
     691                 I agree with D. Ellett. OXYGEN data exceed norm by 2, 
                           the flag is 3.

561  990                 OXYGEN measurements exceed norm by 3.5, and no other 
                           data show a maximum here, so I flag it 4.

562  9 db                I agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is high.

565  58 db               I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is low.
     496 db              I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is high.

568  27.1 db             SALNTY exceeds upcast and downcast CTDSAL by no less 
                           than 0.01.

571  1958 db sample 19   I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is high.
     1958 db sample 23   I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is high.

573  2535 db             I agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is high.
     2586 db             I flag SALNTY 4- Bad, it is lower than downcast CTDSAL.

574  around 566db        CTDOXY low   Changes of temperature are observed near 
     around 726db        CTDOXY low   these levels.
     around 890db        CTDOXY low   CTD data should be checked for temperature 
                                        compensation or these CTDOXY extrema are 
                                        caused by intrusions as well as 
                                        temperature and salinity changes.
     1000-1400 db        CTDOXY high, not supported by bottle measurements.

575  30 db               I agree that SALNTY is high.
     59 db               I agree that SALNTY is high. CTDTMP and CTDSAL in the 
                           interval 436 - 636 db seem to be linearly 
                           interpolated. It should be flagged in the quality 
                           word as 6 - interpolated over 6 db, if not by 4 - 
                           bad.
     around 516 db       CTDOXY high, CTD measurements do not repeat OXYGEN 
                           minimum registered by bottle measurements.
     around 1200 db      CTDOXY high, the maximum is not supported by  OXYGEN 
                           measurements, but it may be true. This maximum can 
                           also be seen on station 574.

576  around 960 db       CTDOXY high. The minimum is not supported by  OXYGEN 
                           measurements, nor there are any temperature or 
                           salinity extrema that could indicate intrusions.

578  300-380 db          CTDOXY low, this minimum is not supported by OXYGEN 
                           measurements, nor by temperature or salinity extrema 
                           that could indicate intrusions or bad temperature 
                           compensation.

579  8.1 db              SALNTY exceeds upcast and downcast CTDSAL by no less 
                           than 0.01.
     300-380 db          CTDOXY low, this minimum is not supported by OXYGEN 
                           measurements, nor by temperature or salinity extrema 
                           that could indicate intrusions or bad temperature 
                           compensation.

580  240 - 530 db        CTDOXY low, this minimum is not supported by OXYGEN 
                           measurements, nor by temperature or salinity extrema 
                           that could indicate intrusions or bad temperature 
                           compensation.

581  2034 db sample 23   I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is high.

582  around 1290 db      Unsupported CTDOXY maximum. It could be supported if 
                           OXYGEN measurements at 1293 db were not flagged 3.
     below 2198 db       CTDOXY is decreasing to the bottom instead of 
                           increasing which is registered by OXYGEN measurements

583  2242 db             I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is high.

584  197 db              SALNTY exceeds upcast and downcast CTDSAL by no less 
                           than 0.01.
     2349 db             I do not agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is high. 
                           Downcast CTDSAL agree well with the SALNTY. I flag it 
                           2.

585  200-730db           CTDOXY very low, CTDOXY measurements above 200 db are 
                           bad as noted in the text in the beginning of my 
                           report.

586  33.7                SALNTY exceeds upcast and downcast CTDSAL by no less 
                           than 0.01.
     63.9                SALNTY exceeds downcast CTDSAL by 0.01.  Upcast  CTDSAL 
                           exceeds SALNTY by 0.04. I flag SALNTY 3 - Qble.
     104 db              I agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is high.

587  2674 db             I agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is low.	

589  1783.5              SALNTY is lower than downcast CTDSAL the flag is 3 - 
                           Qble.

591  2998 db, sample 3   If the bottle was not flagged 4, 1 would consider 
                           SALNTY acceptable, 34.598 is not so high compared 
                           with 34.596 for the duplicate sample and agrees well 
                           with downcast CTDSAL - 34.596.  I flag it 3 - Qble.

597  38.2 db             SALNTY exceeds downcast CTDSAL by 0.1 and SALNTY is 
                           less than upcast CTDSAL by 0.04, the flag is 3 - 
                           Qble.
     68.5 db             SALNTY exceeds upcast and downcast CTDSAL by no less 
                           than 0.01.
     209 db              SALNTY is less than upcast CTDSAL by 0.02 and SALNTY is 
                           less than downcast CTDSAL by 0.05.

600  3556 db             I agree with D. Ellett that OXYGEN is low.

604  101 db, sample 22   I flag SALNTY 3 the bottle was flagged 4. The  
                           difference between SALNTY and upcast CTDSAL is not 
                           very large, upcast CTDSAL was not calibrated, and the 
                           vertical salinity gradient is very high. Anyhow the 
                           difference between duplicate samples is acceptable 
                           (35.183 and 35.181). OXYGEN seems OK.

616  500-700 db          CTDOXY low
     2120 db sample 8    I agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is high
     2721 db sample 6    I agree with D. Ellett that SALNTY is high

618  1849.8 db sample 7  1854 db in the report of D.Ellett).  The value of 
                           OXYGEN is 277 compared with 278 for duplicates. I 
                           flag it 3-qble not 4 as D.Ellett does.





PRINCIPAL SCIENTIST'S RESPONSE TO CTD DATA QUALITY EVALUATION (DQE)
(Alexander Sy)
1995.JUN.23


As noted, the CTD oxygen data are truncated. Provided with this document are corrected *.CTD files with oxygen data at a resolution of 0.001 ml/l. All data except oxygen remained unchanged.

However, I disagree with many of Eugene Morozov's further comments concerning salinity and oxygen. CTDSAL is calibrated from upcast and bottle data, CTDOXY is calibrated from downcast and bottle data. That means salinity calibration is sensitive for gradients, and oxygen calibration is very sensitive for gradients and for temporal variability. Strong vertical and horizontal gradients in both salinity and oxygen are dominant features of the upper layer. The eddy structure increases and deepens from west towards east (see vertical section plots attached). A considerable temporal variability does exist in the upper layer.

Because residuals (Bottle - CTD) in the upper layer increase significantly with decreasing depth of the rosette sampler, the in-situ calibration of both salinity and oxygen was carried out by comparing data from a gradient-free domain only, i.e. from deeper layers (at least deeper than 1000 dbar). Thus, as already stated, a definitive decision whether measurements within the upper layer are good or bad must be questionable. WOCE accuracies are essential for measurements taken in the deep layers where conditions are relatively stable in time and space. In the upper layers, however, measurements with a lesser accuracy should be acceptable. Attached you will find copies of the listings with Eugene's QUALT2 recommendations. My comment is either a "Y"(Eugene's flag accepted) or "N" (not accepted).

A gradient zone appears east of the Reykjanes Ridge from top to bottom (see section plots). Consequently Eugene found differences between bottle OXYGEN and CTDOXY (see his comments for M18 stat. # 574 ff. and V129 stat. # 18, 19). I assume these differences are due to a high mesoscale variability caused by the Irminger Current (see also Bersch & Meincke (1995), WOCE Newsletter, 18, 28-31).

Eugene reported about unacceptable differences between CTDOXY and OXYGEN in the entire water depth beginning with M18 stat. # 600. Attached you will also find a X-Y diagram which shows the final fit of the residuals of the in-situ oxygen calibration versus station no. There is no step at stat. # 600 detectable.

INPUT FILE: A1E.EGM
THE DATE TODAY IS: 21-MAR-95

STN CAST SAMP   CTD  CTD  CTD   
NBR  NO   NO    PRS  SAL  OXY  SALNTY  OXYGEN  QUALT1  QUALT2  PI AGREE?
--- ---- ---- ------ ---  ---  ------- ------  ------  ------  --------
559  1    13    56.7           34.7470          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
559  1     2   458.3                    287.9   ~~~2     ~~~3  Y
560  1    21    96.8           35.0370          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
560  1    15   691.5                    290.3   ~~~2     ~~~3  Y
561  1    13   990.1                    293.4   ~~~2     ~~~4  Y
562  1    24     9.0           34.8860          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
565  1    21    58.0                    269.3   ~~~3     ~~~4  Y
568  1    24    27.1           34.7540          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
571  1    19  1957.6                    278.3   ~~~2     ~~~4  Y
571  1    23  1958.1                    279.3   ~~~2     ~~~4  Y
573  1     5  2534.6           34.9400          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
573  1     4  2585.8           34.9370          ~~2~     ~~4~  Y
575  1    23    29.8           34.8630          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
575  1    22    58.5           34.8820          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
579  1    24     8.1           34.9700          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
582  1    11  1292.8                    279.3   ~~~3     ~~~2  Y
584  1    19   197.2           35.1180          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
586  1    23    33.7           34.9800          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
586  1    22    63.9           35.1190          ~~2~     ~~3~  N
586  1    21   104.1           35.1160          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
587  1     3  2674.3           34.9590          ~~3~     ~~4~  Y
589  1    13  1783.5           34.9080          ~~2~     ~~3~  Y
591  1     3  2997.5           34.9580          ~~2~     ~~3~  Y
597  1    23    38.2           34.9670          ~~2~     ~~3~  N
597  1    22    68.5           35.2630          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
597  1    20   209.0           35.0610          ~~2~     ~~4~  N
604  1    22   101.5           35.1830          ~~2~     ~~3~  Y
616  1     8  2120.0           34.9510  265.9   ~~22     ~~43  Y
 16  1     6  2720.7           34.9520          ~~2~     ~~4~  Y
618  2     7  1849.8                    277.0   ~~~2     ~~~3  Y


EXPOCODE:      06MT18
WHP-ID:        A1/E
STNNBR:        622
CASTNO:        1
NO. RECORDS =  157
INSTRUMENT NO: NB3
SAMPLING RATE: 1.25 HZ

CTDPRS  CTDTMP  CTDSAL   CTDOXY  NUMBER  QUALT1
 DBAR   DEG C   PSS-78   ML/L    
 2.0   14.8242  35.3166  5.259           2222
 4.0   14.8251  35.3173  5.268           2222
 6.0   14.8267  35.3184  5.275           2222
 8.0   14.8259  35.3183  5.273           2222
10.0   14.8252  35.3180  5.269           2222
12.0   14.8260  35.3185  5.259           2222
14.0   14.8269  35.3191  5.250           2222
16.0   14.8289  35.3190  5.244           2222
18.0   14.8294  35.3188  5.237           2222
20.0   14.8264  35.3188  5.227           2222
22.0   14.8234  35.3192  5.193           2222
24.0   14.8219  35.3193  5.145           2222
26.0   14.8198  35.3196  5.113           2222
28.0   14.8185  35.3198  5.119           2222
30.0   14.8129  35.3199  5.161           2222
32.0   14.8048  35.3204  5.202           2222
34.0   14.8035  35.3207  5.228           2222
36.0   14.8096  35.3200  5.241           2222
38.0   14.7849  35.3212  5.245           2222
40.0   14.7137  35.3253  5.241           2222
42.0   14.6527  35.3280  5.229           2222
44.0   14.5664  35.3291  5.209           2222
46.0   14.4222  35.3340  5.172           2222
48.0   14.3506  35.3391  5.160           2222



DQE EVALUATIONS


DQE OF BOTTLE DATA
(David Ellett)
1991.JUN.21


64 Hydrographic stations were sampled, using a Neil Brown Mk 3 CTD with 
General Oceanics rosette frames carrying 24 x 10 litre Niskin bottles.  Full 
details of the equipment and sampling methods are given in the cruise report 
(Meincke, 1993).  In the data received, the oxygen and nutrient data Q1 flags 
had been set as a result of a detailed examination by the Scripps' 
Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF), whose technicians carried out the analyses 
on board.  The cruise report and ODF report contain no analyses of duplicate 
determinations, though some information is available from four stations where 
all sampling bottles were triggered at the same depth, including oxygen 
determinations by a second method.  Both reports should be consulted for full 
details of the methods used and the corrections applied to the data.


Salinity: 

Salinity was sampled in duplicate, one sample being determined 
aboard and the other being kept for determination ashore if required for 
cross-checks.  It is assumed that the present set of salinity values is from 
single determinations and not the means of duplicates.  Calibration of the CTD 
salinity values listed in HY2 is being assessed by another DQE and they have 
not been examined except as providing a guide to relative changes.  Samples 
were collected in 200ml bottles with polythene stoppers and screw caps and 
measured 1-2 days after collection with a Guildline Autosal salinometer, using 
an ampoule of IAPSO standard seawater of batch P 112 per station.  No 
statistics of the reproducibility of salinity determination are given in the 
cruise report, but the number of samples giving rise to queries is very small.  
Of the total of 77 samples in the four batches of replicate samples at the 
stations, where all bottles were fired at the same depth, all outliers of the 
salinity values fell within +0.001 to -0.OOlpsu of the mean for the depth.  
And the precision of the salinity data thus appears to adequately meet WOCE 
standards.


Oxygen: 

These were the first samples drawn from the Niskin bottles at each station, and were determined on board within 4 to 36 hours by ODF technicians.  The whole-bottle Winkler titration technique described in the WOCE Operations Manual was used with the relevant corrections applied, differing only in that standards and blanks were run in seawater. For the four multi-sampled stations the ranges of values, discarding a small number of outliers, were 0.6 to 1.3 ymol/kg (about 0.015 to 0.030 ml/l). Towards the end of the cruise some comparisons were made between seawater and distilled water standards.  Consistently lower values by 0.20 to 0.11ml/1 were obtained by a BSH technician using a BSH Dosimat deadstop indicator titration system. But despite exchanges of standards the reason for the difference could not be determined. It is assumed that no further corrections were applied as a result of this investigation.


Nutrients: 

Nutrient samples were collected in 45ml polythene bottles. Some may have been kept in a refrigerator at 2 to 6 for up to 15 hours. Analyses were performed upon a Technicon(r) AutoAnalyzer(r) using the techniques of Hager et al. (1972) and Atlas et al. (1971), silicate, nitrite and nitrate being analyzed by the methods of Armstrong et al. (1967), and phosphate by that of Bernhardt and Williams (1967). Working standards were used before and after the determinations for each cast in order to correct for instrumental drift.

At the multi-sampled stations, silicate replicates, after discarding outliers, had ranges of from 0.20 to 0.29ymol/kg. Similarly, nitrate replicates had ranges at the four stations of 0.00 to 0.20ymol/kg and phosphate of 0.01 to0.03ymol/kg. Nitrite levels at the multi-sampled depths were minimal and thus do not yield useful data about precision.


General remarks: 

This is a high quality data set with little for the DQE to query, which has not already been flagged by the originators. Some analysis of duplicate determinations would have been of value for comparison with previous cruises by other laboratories, but the evidence of the four stations where multiple samples were obtained is that the data fully match WOCE standards.

Queries relating to salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate 
samples

In the following notes, a question mark implies a flag 3 has been entered and 
flag 4s are specifically noted.

STN.	SAMPLE	CTD		QUERY
NO.	NO.	PRESS.
558		All depths	Nutrients flagged 4 in Q1, so flagged 4 in Q2.
559		All depths	Flag 4 in Q1 adopted also for Q2,
559	2	458		Oxygen high. Flagged 4.
560	15	691		Oxygen high?
562	24	9		Salinity high cf CTD, flagged 4.
564	7	2323		Phspht high, flagged 4.
565	21	58		Oxygen low, flagged 4.
565	17	496		Oxygen high, flagged 4.
565	14	1195		Phspht low?
568	2	3132		Silcat high?
569	5	2947		Silcat high?
571	1-5	1956		Phspht high?
571	6	1957		Silcat low, flagged 4.
571	8	1957		Phspht high?
571	19	1958		Oxygen high, flagged 4.
571	22	1957		Phspht low?
571	23	1958		Oxygen and silcat high, both flagged 4.
571	24	1958		Phspht low?
573	5	2535		Salnty high cf CTD?
574	14	794		Silcat and nitrat both high?
575	23	30		Salnty high, flagged 4.
575	22	59		Salnty high, flagged 4.
576	2-24	All depths	Ql flagged 3 by originators, so adopted for Q2.
576	14	569		Nitrit high?
581	2	2033		Phspht low?
581	22	2034		Phspht high?
581	23	2034		Oxygen high? Phspht low?
582	1-23	All depths	Nitrat and phspht flagged 3 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
582	11	1293		Oxygen high? Flagged 3 in Q1 and Q2.
583	3	2242		Oxygen high. Flagged 4 in Q1 and Q2.
584	9	1378		Oxygen low, flagged 4 in Ql and Q2, silcat low?
584	3	2349		Salnty high?
586	24	14		Oxygen and nutrients flagged 4 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
586	21	104		Salnty high?
587	3	2674		Salnty low? Flagged 3 in Ql.
588	21	105		Nitrat high?
588	15	712		Silcat high?
588	14	712		Nitrat high, flagged 4 in Q2.
589	1-24	All depths	Nitrat and phspht flagged 4 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
589	17	585 		Silcat low, flagged 4 in Q2.
591	1	18 		Silcat and phspht high?
591	3	2998 		Salnty and silcat high cf duplicates?
596	4	2801 		Salnty flagged 4 in Q1 and deleted, flagged 9 in Q2.
596	3	2998 		Salnty flagged 4 in Q1 and deleted, flagged 9 in Q2.
599	23	34 		Nutrients flagged 9 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
599	22	64 		Silcat low?
600	22	94 		Salnty high? and silcat low? cf duplicates of samp. 23.
600	2	3556 		Oxygen low, flagged 4 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
603	20	304 		Oxygen low, flagged 4 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
604	22	101		Salnty high? Oxygen and silcat low, flagged 4 in Q1.
605	22	32 		Sal., oxy. and nutr. flagged 4 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
607	2-24	All depths	Values deleted by originators, flagged 9 in Q1 and Q2.
608	1	3817 		Values deleted, flagged 9 in Q1 and Q2.
608	2	3819 		Silcat high, flagged 4 in Q2.
608	8	3820 		Nitrat high, flagged 4 in Q2.
608	10	3820 		Oxygen high, silcat, nitrat & phspht low, flagged 4.
608	16	3817 		Oxygen high, nitrat and phspht low, flagged 4 in Q2.
608	24	3819 		Silcat low, flagged 4 in Q2.
609	14	1180 		Silcat, nitrat & phspht low, nitrit high? Flagged 3.
609	4	3444		Nitrit high, flagged 4 in Q2.
609	3	3534 		Nitrit high, flagged 4 in Q2.
610	18	304 		Oxygen flagged 3 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
610	1	3311		Nitrat low?
611	23	11 		Oxygen & nitrit low, silcat, nitrat & phspht high, all 
				flagged 4 in Q2.
613	19	90 		High oxygen? flagged 3 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
613	10	2078		High oxygen? flagged 3 in Q2, adopted for Q2.
616	8	2120 		High Salnty, silcat, nitrat, phspht, low oxygen all 
				flagged 4 in Q2.
616	6	2721 		Salnty high?
618	3	1850 		Silcat low?
618	7	1854 		Oxygen low, flagged 4 in Q2.
619	6	797		Nitrit low?
621	7	98 		Oxygen flagged 4 in Q1, adopted for Q2.
622	10	22 		Oxygen low?

Note for WHP Office of Q2 words needing modification ~ METEOR WOCE AGE

(Where two or more bottles fired at the same depth and sample values were 
identical it was possible to update the Q2 word on the screen, but only one 
set was updated in HY2.)

STN.	SAMPLE	CTD	Q2 SHOULD BE 
NO.	NO.	PRESS.
558	13	8.0	11222444
	12	7.9	11222444
	11	8.5	11222444
	1	170.7	11222444
559	18	8.3	11922444
	17	8.3	11922444
	16	8.4	11222444
	15	8.3	11222444
	14	26.1	11222444
	13	56.7	11222444
	12	97.2	11222444
	3	438.7	11222444
561	20	235.6	11222422
562	21	97.4	11222222
	1	2026.6	11222222
563	7	2045.4	11222222
565	16	700.7	11222222
	14	1195.2	11292223
	13	1194.9	11222222
568	1	3131.9	11222222
569	24	28.5	11222222
	5	2947.2	19223222
571	1-5	1955+	11222293-all
	6	1957.0	11224292
	7	1956.8	11222292
	8	1957.1	11222293
	9-18	1957+	11222292
	19	1957.6	11242292
	20-21	1957+	11222292
	22	1957.5	11222293
	23	1958.1	11244292
	24	1957.9	11222293
574	14	794.3	19223322
575	16	538.1	19222222
	14	847.2	19222222
	3	1899.2	19222222
576	24	11.8	11222322
	14	569.4	11222332
578	6	998.7	11922222
579	5	1519.5	11222222
580	15	697.6	11222222
	14	697.6	11222222
581	2	2032.9	11222293
	3-21	2032+	11222292
	22	2033.8	11222293
	23	2034.5	11242293
582	24	13.3	11299999
583	14	702.0	11222222
	8	1788.2	11922222
584	23	9.4	11222222
	22	28.9	11222222
	9	1378.5	11243222
586	18	470.0	11222222
	16	968.6	11222222
	14	1172.7	11222222
587	11	1470.3	11222222
	6	2576.8	11222222
588	23-22	105.3	11222222
	21	105.3	11222322
	15	711.8	11223222
	14	711.8	11222422
	1	2831.7	11922222
589	1	28.0	19222424
	18	584.8	11222424
	17	584.8	11224424
	11	1985.9	11222424
590	17	19.1	11222222
	14	104.2	19222222
591	23	17.7	11923223
	22	17.6	11222222
	4	2997.5	11222222
	3	2997.5	19323222
596	15	594.6	11222222
	4	2801.4	11922222
	3	2997.9	11922222
599	23	34.0	11229999
	22	63.6	11223222
	21	63.6	11222222
600	22	93.6	11323222
	21	93.6	11222222
601	20	204.6	11222222
602	21	102.6	19222222
	20	102.6	11222222
	4	3504.8	11922222
603	21	204.9	11222222
	19	304.0	11222222
	7	3425.8	11222222
604	22	101.5	19343222
	21	101.5	11222222
	7	2597.3	11222222
605	18	200.7	11222222
607	2-24	various	11999999
608	1	3817.7	11999999
	2	3819.0	11224222
	3	3814.6	11999999
	4	3816.6	11222222
	5	3820.4	11999999
	6	3819.3	11222222
	7	3817.7	11999999
	8	3820.5	11222422
	9	3820.2	11999999
	10	3820.3	11944424
	11	3820.5	11999999
	12	3821.0	11222222
	13	3819.0	11999999
	14	3819.2	11222222
	15	3819.3	11999999
	16	3818.6	11944424
	17	3819.6	11999999
	18	3820.6	11222222
	19	3817.7	11999999
	20	3817.5	11222222
	21	3817.5	11999999
	22	3921.2	11222222
	23	3821.1	11999999
	24	3819.0	11224222
609	14	1180.2	11923333
	6	3004.2	11222222
610	21	64.4	11222222
	20	104.4	11222222
	24	3307.3	11222222
611	23	10.6	11944444
	18	100.0	11222222
	8	2066.2	11222222
612	19	63.4	19222222
	3	4041.7	11222222
613	19	89.9	11232222
616	8	2120.0	11444423
617	22	64.8	11222222
618a	10	1315.1	11222222
618b	1	1853.5	11222222
	2	1851.6	11222222
	3	1850.3	11223222
	4-6	1850+	11222222
	7	1849.8	11242222
	8-17	1854+	11222222
	18	1851.4	11922222
	19-24	1850+	11222222
619	8	796.7	11222222
	7	796.7	11999999
	6	796.7	11222232
622	1	316.0	11222222


PI RESPONSE TO BTL DATA DQE

The suggestions made by the DQE were accepted by the chief scientist, except 
for 3 salinity samples: Stn. no 562, 575.  According to the chief scientist 
these three samples existed within a salinity gradient and a decision as to 
weather or not they were good or bad wasn't possible.  The measurements should 
be marked 3 instead of 4 as suggested by the DQE.



WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact         Data Type      Data Status Summary
--------  --------------  -------------  -------------------------------------
01/21/93  Sy              BTL/SUM        Submitted for DQE

08/27/93  Sy              BTL            Data Update

11/03/93  Ellett          s/o/nuts       DQE Begun

12/16/93  Crease          CTD            DQE Begun

12/29/93  Meincke         DOC            Submitted

06/21/94  Ellett          NUTs/S/O       DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO

08/01/94  Sy              NUTs/S/O       DQE Report sent to PI

09/10/94  Morozov         CTD            DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO

10/14/94  Dunworth-Baker  s/o/nuts       Units converted to umol/kg
          The oxygens and nutrients in the original sea data file were in 
          volumetric units.  In August of 1993 a final .sea file was 
          received from Alexander Sy, also volumetric.  Two of the columns 
          in that files were NUTLTMP and O2DTMP (nutrient lab temp and o2 
          draw-temp).  The *TMPs were removed from the file, and used to 
          convert the oxygens and nutrients to umol/kg.  Occasionally 
          temperatures were missing for samples; when that happened a 
          nominal lab temp of 22 was used for the nutrient conversion, and 
          potential temperature at the depth where the bottle was tripped 
          was used instead of the oxygen draw-temp.

03/21/95  Sy              CTD            DQE Report sent to PI

03/21/95  Meincke         DOC            Data Update

03/28/95  Meincke         DOC            Data Update  paper only

05/04/95  Meincke         DOC            Final Data Report @ WHPO 

03/04/96  Meincke         CTD            Data are Final

08/28/96  Putzka          CFCs           Submitted for DQE

03/09/99  Kappa           DOC            PDF DOC Dir. produced
            a01e_ar7e.memo.pdf
            a01e_cfc data   .pdf
            a01e_cru_pln.pdf
            a01e_data.hist.pdf
            a01e_doc.pdf
            a01e_odf.rpt.pdf
            a01e_s/o/nuts.dqe.pdf

04/30/99  Kappa           DOC            PDF Directory Updated 
          a01e_notes.pdf added

06/10/99  Klein           CFCs           Data are Public
          I now declare our consent to have CFC data public for this cruise.

09/12/99  Klein           CFC-11/12      Resubmitted
          I was preparing a CFC data file for John Bullister for the North 
          Atlanic CLIVAR activities. While I was checking the hydrography 
          data of the file that you have at the WHPO I noticed that all the 
          CFC-11 and CFC-12 quality flags in qual1 had been set to 1. 
          Therefore I am submitting the CFC-11 and CFC-12 data again 
          together with their quality flags. The only change is that the 
          CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations are now reported as SIO93 while 
          the earlier data set was reported as SIO86. The data file is 
          called m18cfc.woc and the corresponding meta information is given 
          in file m18cfcdoc.txt.

01/24/00  Newton          CFCs           Data Updated, put online
          Corrected EXPO code from 06MT18/1 to 06MT18_1.
          Merged in updated CFC's and CFC QUALT1 flags.
          QUALT2 flags unchanged.

02/14/00  Kozyr           ALKALI/TCARBN  Final Data Rcvd @ WHPO

04/13/00  Huynh           DOC            Updated doc online

04/14/00  Diggs           CFCs           Data again Updated, put online
          Since the original merge was in error, David Newton re-merged the 
          CFCs for A01E (Meteor 18) and I checked them for accuracy.  Data 
          checked out fine, and I placed the new file on the web.
          All files and tables updated.

03/16/01  Uribe           CTD            Expocodes updated, put online
          Karla and I have edited the expocode in all ctd files to match the 
          underscored expocode in the sum and bottle files. New files were 
          zipped and replaced existing ctd files online. Old files were 
          moved to original directory. 

06/20/01  Uribe           BTL            EXCHANGE File Added to Website
          Bottle file in exchange format has been linked to website.

06/21/01  Uribe           CTD/BTL        Website updated
          The exchange bottle file name in directory and index file was 
            modified to lower case.
          CTD exchange files were put online.

08/09/01  Uribe           BTL            Exchange file corrected, reformatted
          Bottle exchange file was corrected. The wrong file was online. 
          Bottle file was formatted by S. Diggs.

12/18/01  Uribe           CTD            Exchange file modified, put online
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online.

12/19/01  Hajrasuliha     CTD            Internal DQE run
          produced *check.txt file. Could NOT produce *.ps files.

09/19/02  Anderson        He/Tr, DELC14  Data merged into online file
          Added TRITIUM, HELIUM, DELHE3, DELC14, TRITER, HELIER, DELHER, and 
            C14ERR to online file. Made new exchange file. 
          Merge notes for a01e:
          Added TRITIUM, HELIUM, DELHE3, DELC14, TRITER, HELIER, DELHER, and 
            C14ERR 
              from file: 
                06MT18-1.SEA_NEW found in 
                  /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/atlantic/a01/a01e/    
                  original/ 1998.08.03_A01E_HE.TR.C14.ARNOLD 
              into online file 20000414SIODMN.
          
11/12/02  Kappa           DOC            Final PDF, TXT versions compiled
          Updated pdf and txt cruise reports now include Eugene Morozov's CTD 
          DQE report and Alexander Sy's response to it; Wolfgang Roether & 
          Birgit Klein's CFC report; and these Data Processing Notes.



