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      CRUISE REPORT: P14S P15S
      (Updated 8 DEC 2004)



      A.  HIGHLIGHTS
      
                              CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
      
                             Leg 1  (Stns 1-93)             Leg 2  (Stns 94-182)

               WOCE section  P14S                           P15S
      Expedition (EXPOCODE)  31DSCG96_1                     31DSCG96_2  
           Chief Scientists  JOHN BULLISTER*                RICHARD A. FEELY*
        Co Chief Scientists  Gregory C. Johnson*            Marilyn Roberts*
                      Dates  1996 JAN 05 to 1996 FEB 04     1996 FEB 06 to 1996 MAR 10
                       Ship  R/V DISCOVERER              
              Ports of call  Hobart, Tasmania               Wellington, NZ
                                  to Wellington, NZ              to Pago Pago, Samoa

                                      40°23.58 S                    0°0.01 S
      Geographic boundaries  169°59.27 E      169°58.3 W    173°2.13 W      168°36.87 W
                                      67°0.03 S                    40°23.66 S

         Number of Stations  29                             144
            Floats/drifters  14 ALACE floats deployed      
                   Moorings  0 deployed/recovered        
      
      *all at NOAA-PMEL
      ________________________________________________________________________________
      
         Contributing Authors  John Bullister,  Calvin Mordy,     Kristy McTaggart,
                               Greg Johnson,    Kirk Hargreaves,  Arnold Mantyla, 
                               Mark Rosenberg,  David Wisegarver 
      
                                 Chief Scientists' Contact Information
      Dr. John L. Bullister   ph: (206) 526-6741  fx: (206) 526-6744  email: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov
      Dr. Richard A. Feely    ph: (206) 526-6214  fx: (206) 526-6744  email: feely@pmel.noaa.gov
      Dr. Gregory C. Johnson  ph: (206) 526-6806  fx: (206) 526-6744  email: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov
      Ms. Marilyn Roberts     ph: (206)526-6252   fx: (206)526-6744   email: roberts@pmel.noaa.gov
      
      All at: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
              Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA-PMEL)
              600 Sand Point Way  NE • Seattle  WA  98115  USA
      
      SEE PDF REPORT FOR ALL FIGURES
      
                            Cruise Report: WHP Lines P14S and P15S (CGC96 cruise)
                              Prepared by: John Bullister, NOAA-PMEL 
           Date of this (NOAA-PMEL) draft: 12 June 2000 
                          Updated by WHPO: 12 July 2003
      
      
      NOTE: The following topics are discussed in this file:
      
      A. HIGHLIGHTS
           Links
           Station Plot
           Station/Param/Floats Smry
           ADCP
           Atmospheric Chemistry
           Principal Investigators
           Narrative
           Problems
           Participating Scientists
           PI Contact Information
           Station Locations Leg 1
           Station Locations Leg 2
           Parameter Data Plots
      
      B. HYDROGRAPHIC DATA
         B.1. Oxygen Measurement Techniques
              B.1.1. Overview
              B.1.2. Sampling and Pickling
              B.1.3. Analysis
              B.1.4. Standardization
              B.1.5. Post- processing
              B.1.6. Reagents
                References
                Appendix 1: Replicate 0xqgen Measurements
         B.2. Nutrient Measurement Techniques
         B.3. CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurement Techniques
                Appendix 2a: CFC Air Measurements
                Appendix 2b: Replicate CFC-11 measurements
                Appendix 2c: Replicate CFC-12 measurements
         B.4. Carbon Measurement Techniques
              B.4.1. pH
              B.4.2. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
              B.4.3. Total Alkalinity
              B.4.4. Discrete fC02
                Appendix 3: Listing of Bottle problems
      
      C. CTD DATA
         C.1. Introduction
         C.2. Standards and Pre-Cruise Calibrations 
              C.2.1. Conductivity 
              C.2.2. Temperature 
              C.2.3. Pressure
              C.2.4. Oxygen
         C.3. Data Acquisition
              C.3.1. Data Acquisition Problems 
              C.3.2. Salinity Analyses
         C.4. At Sea Processing
         C.5. Post-Cruise Calibrations
              C.5.1. Conductivity
              C.5.2. Temperature
              C.5.3. Oxygen
                Acknowledgements
                Table 1: CTD Cast Summary
                Table 2: STN groupings for CTD/O2 algorithm parameters 
      
      D. DATA QUALITY EVALUATIONS
         D.1. Hydrographic Data DOE
              D.1.1. Rag Changes
              D.1.2. PI Responses to DQE
         D.2. CTD Data DOE
              D.2.1. Salinity
              D.2.2. Oxygen
              D.2.3. Temperature
                Intra-Cruise Comparison 
                Table 3: Suspicious CTD salinity
                Table 4: Suspicious CTD oxygen data
                Table 5: Density inversions
                Table 6: Summary of lag changes
                CTD DOE Figures
         D.3. Response to CTD Data DOE 
                Salinity 
                Oxygen 
                Temperature 
                Despiking and Interpolation 
                Density Inversions
         D.4. Final CFC Data DOE
      DATA PROCESSING NOTES
      
      CHIEF SCIENTISTS:
      
      Leg 1: Dr. John L. Bullister (Chief Scientist)
             Tel:   (206)526-6741
             FAX:   (206)526-6744
             Email: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov
      
             Dr. Gregory C. Johnson (co-chief scientist)
             Tel:   (206)526-6806
             FAX:   (206)526-6744
             Email: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov
      
      Leg 2: Dr. Richard A. Feely (Chief Scientist)
             Tel:   (206)526-6214
             FAX:   (206)526-6744
             Email: feely@pmel.noaa.gov
      
             Ms. Marilyn Roberts (co-chief scientist)
             Tel:   (206)526-6252
             FAX:   (206)526-6744
             Email: roberts@pmel.noaa.gov
      ----------------------------------------------------------
      All at:
             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
             Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA-PMEL)
             7600 Sand Point Way, NE
             Seattle, WA 98115 USA
      
        
      Cruise Track: The station locations are shown in Fig. 1 and listed
                    in Appendix 1 and in the P14SP15S.sum file.
      
      182 Stations were completed:
      
        3 test stations on the transit leg from Hobart to the start of the
          P14S section (2 thirty-six position rosette stations;
          1 twenty-four position rosette station)
       29 stations on the P14S section (17 thirty-six position rosette stations;
          12 twenty-four position rosette stations)
      144 stations on the P15S section (132 thirty-six position rosette stations; 
          10 twenty-four position rosette stations)
        6 thirty-six position rosette stations in a short section across Samoa Passage
        1 shallow primary productivity cast (with light meter) per day was made while
          on the P14S and P15S sections. 
       
      Approximately number of water samples analysed:
      
          5700 salinity
          5700 oxygen
          5700 nutrients
          3300 CFC-11 and CFC-12
          1000 CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride
          3100 Total CO2 
          3000 pCO2
          5700 pH
          3100 Alkalinity
          1350 DOC
         
      Approximate number of water samples collected for shore-based analysis:
      
           975 AMS carbon isotope samples (C-13 and C-14) 
          1025 DON
      
      FLOATS:
      14 ALACE floats were deployed (8 standard and 6 stretched profilers). 
      
               Lat         Lon          Date           Time 
           ---------------------------------------------------------
           1   56 29.7 S   173 32.4 E   11 Jan 96      0323
           2   59 27.5 S   173 57.9 E   12 Jan 96      0035
           3   60 29.7 S   170 01.3 W   22 Jan 96      0606 Profiler
           4   57 30.1 S   170 00.7 W   23 Jan 96      2120 Profiler
           5   55 29.5 S   170 01.9 W   24 Jan 96      2321 Profiler
           6   53 59.5 S   169 59.3 W   25 Jan 96      1545 Profiler
           7   52 00.0 S   170 05.7 W   26 Jan 96      0155 Profiler
           8   50 00.4 S   170 00.4 W   28 Jan 96      0502 Profiler
           9   47 29.5 S   169 58.6 W   29 Jan 96      1505 
          10   45 10.6 S   172 43.8 W   31 Jan 96      0701
          11   42 23.7 S   174 24.6 W    1 Feb 96      2143
          12   39 04.4 S   172 06.8 W   14 Feb 96      1820
          13   29 59.2 S   169 59.5 W   20 Feb 96      0125
          14   24 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   22 Feb 96      0252
      
      
      ADCP
      Lowered ADCP profiles were obtained at about 70 stations on Leg 1 using a
        rosette mounted lowered ADCP instrument on 36 position rosette frame.
        Continous underway ADCP measurements were made along the cruise track.
      
      ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DATA:
        Air samples were collected at approximately 3 degrees intervals for
        analyses of atmospheric CFCs.
       
      PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS:
      
          NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory              (PMEL)
          NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
          Bermuda Biological Station for Research                   (BBSR)
          Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute                  (MBARI)
          Scripps Institution of Oceanography                       (SIO)
          Oregon State University                                   (OSU)
          Institute of Ocean Sciences                               (IOS)
          University of Tennessee                                   (UT)
          University of Hawaii                                      (UH)
          University of Miami                                       (UM)
          University of South Florida                               (USF)
          University of Charleston, South Carolina                  (UCSC)
          University of Washington                                  (UW)
      
      PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 
                                                                       Insti-  Funding 
      Measurements                  Principal Investigators (PI)       tution  Agency
      ----------------------------  ---------------------------------  ------   -------
      CTD/O2 and bottle salinity    Greg Johnson                       PMEL    (NOAA)
      Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):   John Bullister                     PMEL    (NOAA)
      Total CO2 (DIC), pCO2:        Dick Feely- PMEL/Rik Wanninkhof    AOML    (NOAA)
      C-14 (AMS radiocarbon), C-13  Paul Quay                          UW      (NOAA)
      Nutrients:                    Calvin Mordy-PMEL/Zia-Zhong Zhang  AOML    (NOAA)
      Dissolved Oxygen (discrete)   John Bullister                     PMEL    (NOAA)
      Total Alkalinity:             Frank Millero                      UM      (NOAA)
      pH:                           Robert Byrne                       USF     (NOAA)
      UW pH/DIC:                    Andrew Dickso                      SIO     (NOAA)
      DOC/DON:                      Dennis Hansell                     BBSR    (NOAA)
      ADCP:                         Peter Hacker/Eric Firing           U Hawaii
      ALACE Float deployment:       Russ Davis                         SIO
      Primary Productivity:         Jack DiTullio-UCSC/Walker Smith    UT      (NOAA)
      UW Chlorophyll:               F. Chavez                          MBARI   (NOAA)
      Bathymetry:                   Ship personnel
      Underway thermosalinograph:   Ship personnel
      
      
      
      NARRATIVE
      
      WOCE Hydrographic Sections P14S and P15S were completed on the NOAA
      Ship Discoverer in early 1996, measuring a wide suite of physical,
      chemical, and biological processes.  A total of 182 full-water column
      CTD/O2 stations were made along the sections (Fig. 1).  A 36 position
      rosette was used as the primary system.  On Leg 1, a lowered ADCP system
      was mounted on the 36 position rosette, reducing the number of
      available 10-liter sample bottles to 34.
      
      Of the 182 stations, 159 stations were made with the 36-position,
      10-liter bottle frame.  The other 23 stations were made using a
      24-position, 4-liter bottle frame, which was deployed primarily during
      bad weather.
      
      A Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus CTD was mounted in each frame.  In
      addition to the set of temperature and conductivity sensors resident on
      each CTD, a mobile set of temperature and conductivity sensors with a
      dissolved oxygen sensor was always mounted on the CTD in use.  This
      arrangement allowed redundant temperature and conductivity measurements
      for quality control and continuity of temperature and conductivity
      measurements while keeping each CTD mounted in its own frame.
      
      Water samples were collected at every station for analyses of salt,
      dissolved oxygen, and dissolved nutrients (silicate, nitrate, nitrite,
      and phosphate).  Fig. 2a and 2b show locations where water samples were
      collected.  Samples were drawn at selected locations for analysis of
      CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, carbon tetrachloride, dissolved inorganic
      carbon (DIC), total alkalinity, pH, pCO2, dissolved organic carbon
      (DOC), carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes, and other variables (see
      P14SP15s.sum file).
      
      Daily shallow casts were made for assessment of various biological
      parameters, including productivity.  
      
      A total of 14 ALACE floats were deployed during the cruise, including
      6 "Stretched T Profilers".
      
      For both sections sampled on this cruise, stations were occupied at a
      nominal spacing of 30 nm, closer over steeply sloped bathymetry, and
      never more distant than 60 nm.  Stations 1-3 were test stations
      occupied to evaluate the CTD/O2 and rosette systems on the transit from
      Hobart, Australia to the start of P14S.   Stations 177 to 182 were
      taken after the completion of P15S but prior to the final port stop in
      Pago-Pago, American Samoa.  These profiles constitute a short, nearly
      zonal, section across the Samoan Passage, taken to investigate deep
      water-mass and transport variability there.  These data are reported
      here.  The cruise was broken up into two legs of roughly one month
      duration each by a port stop in Wellington, New Zealand after station
      93.  Station 94 was a reoccupation of station 93 to evaluate temporal
      variations that occurred during the port stop.
        
      WOCE section P14S began with station 4 at 53°S, 170°E in 200 m of water
      on the south edge of the Campbell Plateau and ended with station 32 at
      66°S, 171°E, intersecting the zonal WHP section S4 occupied nominally
      along 67°S in 1992.  The section consisted of 29 stations.  It sampled
      the entire Antarctic Circumpolar Current between the edge of the
      Campbell Plateau and the crest of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.  At the
      ridge crest it explored a deep passage between the Ross Sea and the
      Southwest Pacific Basin.  South of the ridge crest, it entered the
      north side of the Ross Sea Gyre.
      
      WOCE section P15S began with station 33 at 67°S, 170°W, again
      intersecting the zonal WHP section S4 occupied nominally along 67°S in
      1992.  It proceeded north to station 72 at 47.5°S, 170°W, whereupon it
      followed a diagonal in towards the Chatham Rise until station 85 at
      43.25°S, 175°E.  From there it moved back away from the rise towards 170°W
      along a diagonal to station 104 at 36°S, 170°W.  It then resumed north to
      station 154 at 10.5°S, 170°W, whereupon it shifted longitudes slightly to
      follow the axis of the Samoan Passage until station 164 at 7.5°S,
      168.75°W.  
      
      From there it continued north to station 174 at the equator,
      168.75°W.  Station 175 and 176 were added to the section to improve
      meridional resolution in the vicinity of the Samoan Passage.  From 15°S
      to the equator the section overlapped WHP section P15N, occupied in
      1994.  The P15S section consisted of 143 stations, discounting the
      duplication after the Wellington port stop.  It sampled the north end
      of the Ross Sea Gyre, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Deep
      Western Boundary Current system on both flanks of the Chatham Rise, the
      Subtropical Gyre, and the Tropical Regime up to the equator.
      
         
      PROBLEMS:
      
      In general, the ship, winches and analytical systems performed well on
      this expedition.  All of the major goals of the program were met.  At
      the completion of the P14S and P15S sections,  enough time remained to
      extend the P15S section from 5°S to the equator and to complete an
      additional 8 stations in Samoa Passage.
      
      Some time was lost at the beginning of Leg 1 due to problems with the
      level-wind mechanism on the primary winch.  The wire was re-tensioned
      on the drum at sea by removing the CTD/rosette package, attaching a
      weight to the wire, and spooling the full length of the wire (except
      the last full wrap on the drum) behind the ship while underway.
      Level-wind problems were much reduced after this procedure.
      
      Figs. 3-18 show preliminary sections of bottle salinity, dissolved
      oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, CFC-11, CFC-12. These preliminary
      sections only utilize values listed in the P14S and P15S.sea file which
      are flagged as "good" (flags 2 or 6) and where the BTLNBR flag is also 2.  
      Bathymetry shown in these figures is from depth recorded at each station.
      
      
      PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS: 
                                                                        Nationality
      Program         Inst.    Leg 1                Leg 2               (if non-US)
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Chief Sci.      PMEL     John Bullister   M   Richard Feely    M
      Co-Chief Sci.   PMEL     Greg Johnson     M   Marilyn Roberts  F
      CTD/O2          PMEL     Kristy McTaggart F   Kristy McTaggart F
                      OSU                           Jim Richman      M  
                      IOS      John Love        M                        (CANADA)
                      SeaBird  Norge Larson     M
      
      Nutrients       PMEL     Calvin Mordy     M   Calvin Mordy     M  
                      AOML     Zia-Zhong Zhang  M   Zia-Zhong Zhang  M   (PRC)
      Oxygen          PMEL     Kirk Hargreaves  M   Kirk Hargreaves  M
      Salinity        AOML     Gregg Thomas     M   Gregg Thomas     M  
      CFC             PMEL     Dave Wisegarver  M   Dave Wisegarver  M
                      PMEL     Craig Neill      M   Craig Neill      M  
                      PMEL     Wenlin Huang     F                        (PRC)
      CFC/O2          IOS      Carol Stewart    F   Carol Stewart    F   (NZ)
      TALK            RSMAS    David Purkinson  M   Mary Roche       F  
                      RSMAS    Jamie Goen       F   Jamie Goen       F  
                      RSMAS    Chris Edwards    M   Xiarong Zhu      M  
      pH              USF      Sean McElligott  M   Sean McElliogott M
                      USF      Wensheng Yao     M   Wensheng Yao     M  
                      USF      Johan Schijf     M   Xeuwu Liu        M  
      U/W pCO2        PMEL     Cathy Cosca      F
      DIC             PMEL     Marilyn Roberts  F 
                                                    Kim Currie       F    (NZ)
                      AOML     Tom Lantry       M   Tom Lantry       M  
      pCO2            PMEL     Dana Greeley     M   Dana Greeley     M  
                      AOML     Hua Chen         M   
                                                    Rhonda Kelly     F
      Primary Prod    UTK      Kendra Daly      F   Kendra Daly      F  
                      USC      David Jones      M   David Jones      M  
                      MBARI    Peter Walz       M   Tim Pennington   M
      DOC             BBSR     Susan Becker     F   Susan Becker     F  
                      BBSR     Rachel Parsons   F   Rachel Parsons   F
      Carbon Isotop.  UW       Brian Kleinhaus  M   Tanya Westby     F  
      Lowered ADCP    UH       Eric Firing      M  
      
      
      ADDRESSES of PIs:
      
      CFCs, DISSOLVED OXYGEN:          | pH:
        Dr. John L. Bullister          |   Dr. Robert Byrne
        NOAA-PMEL                      |   Marine Science Department
        7600 Sand Point Way, NE        |   University of South Florida
        Seattle, WA 98115 USA          |   140 7th Ave. South
        Phone: 206-526-6741            |   St. Petersburg, FL 33701
        FAX:   206-526-6744            |   Phone: 813-893-9508
        Email: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov |   Email: byrne@msl1.marine.usf.edu
                                       |
      PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY:            | ALACE FLOATS:
        Dr. Francisco Chavez           |   Dr. Russ Davis
        MBARI                          |   SIO-UCSD
        160 Central Ave                |   MC 8030
        Pacific Grove, CA 93950        |   La Jolla, CA 92093
        Phone: 408-647-3700            |   Phone: 619-534-4415
        Email: chfr@mbari.org          |   Email: davis@nemo.ucsd.edu
                                       |
      TCO2:                            | LADCP:
        Dr. Richard A. Feely           |   Dr. Eric Firing
        NOAA-PMEL                      |   JIMAR
        7600 Sand Point Way, NE        |   University of Hawaii
        Seattle, WA 98115 USA          |   1000 Pope Road
        Phone: 206-526-6214            |   Honolulu, HI 96822
        FAX:   206-526-6744            |   Phone: 808-734-8621
        Email: feely@pmel.noaa.gov     |   Email: efiring@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu
                                       |
      CTD, SALINTY:                    | ALKALINITY:
        Dr. Gregory C. Johnson         |   Dr. Frank Millero
        NOAA-PMEL                      |   University of Miami
        7600 Sand Point Way, NE        |   RSMAS
        Seattle, WA 98115 USA          |   4600 Rickenbacher Causeway
        Phone: 206-526-6806            |   Miami, FL 33149
        FAX:   206-526-6744            |   Phone: 305-361-4707
        Email: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov  |   Email: millero@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu
                                       |
      NUTRIENTS:                       | CARBON ISOTOPES:
        Dr. Calvin Mordy               |   Dr. Paul Quay 
        NOAA-PMEL                      |   University of Washington
        7600 Sand Point Way, NE        |   School of Oceanography
        Seattle, WA 98115 USA          |   WB-10
        Phone: 206-526-6870            |   Seattle, WA 98195
        FAX: : 206-526-6744            |   Phone: 206-685-6081
        Email: mordy@pmel.noaa.gov     |   Email: pdquay@u.washington.edu
                                       |
      TCO2, DISCRETE pCO2:             |
        Dr, Rik Wanninkhof             |   Phone: 305-361-4379
        AOML                           |   Email: wanninkhof@ocean.aoml.noaa.gov
        430 1Rickenbacher Causeway     |
        Miami, FL 33149                |
                                                
      
      
        
      STATION LOCATIONS: LEG 1
      
      STATION                                         BOTTOM  
       NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date     DEPTH (M) 
      -------------------------------------------------------
           1   45 49.5 S   153 05.1 E    6 Jan 96      4468   
           2   48 19.1 S   158 29.9 E    7 Jan 96      4850   
           3   50 05.0 S   162 29.3 E    8 Jan 96      4456   
           4   53 00.1 S   169 59.3 E    9 Jan 96       198   
           5   53 29.9 S   170 29.7 E    9 Jan 96       743   
           6   53 59.9 S   171 00.1 E    9 Jan 96      1175   
           7   54 10.2 S   171 10.8 E    9 Jan 96      1370   
           8   54 19.8 S   171 20.2 E    9 Jan 96      2615   
           9   54 30.3 S   171 29.8 E    9 Jan 96      4390   
          10   54 59.7 S   172 00.7 E   10 Jan 96      5345   
          11   55 30.4 S   172 27.0 E   10 Jan 96      5332   
          12   55 59.8 S   173 00.6 E   10 Jan 96      5415   
          13   56 29.2 S   173 30.2 E   11 Jan 96      5345   
          14   56 59.7 S   173 58.6 E   11 Jan 96      5430   
          15   57 30.3 S   173 58.5 E   11 Jan 96      5358   
          16   58 00.2 S   173 59.5 E   12 Jan 96      5205   
          17   58 30.2 S   173 58.2 E   12 Jan 96      5046   
          18   58 59.8 S   174 00.0 E   12 Jan 96      5110   
          19   59 28.7 S   173 59.7 E   12 Jan 96      5002   
          20   59 57.9 S   173 57.9 E   13 Jan 96      4346   
          21   60 30.3 S   173 57.8 E   13 Jan 96      5028   
          22   60 59.1 S   173 58.9 E   14 Jan 96      4712   
          23   61 30.0 S   174 00.2 E   14 Jan 96      5037   
          24   62 00.0 S   173 16.1 E   14 Jan 96      4450   
          25   62 26.9 S   172 35.2 E   14 Jan 96      4440   
          26   62 44.7 S   172 09.0 E   15 Jan 96      4450   
          27   62 60.0 S   171 44.9 E   15 Jan 96      2636   
          28   63 30.1 S   170 59.6 E   15 Jan 96      2422   
          29   63 59.8 S   171 06.6 E   16 Jan 96      2600   
          30   64 40.6 S   170 58.6 E   16 Jan 96      3475   
          31   65 20.2 S   170 60.0 E   16 Jan 96      3449   
          32   66 00.9 S   171 01.6 E   17 Jan 96      3151   
          33   66 59.6 S   170 00.0 W   18 Jan 96      3630   
          34   66 20.3 S   169 60.0 W   18 Jan 96      3430   
          35   65 39.8 S   170 00.3 W   19 Jan 96      3180   
          36   64 59.6 S   170 00.9 W   19 Jan 96      2880   
          37   64 30.1 S   169 59.9 W   19 Jan 96      2370   
          38   63 59.7 S   170 02.0 W   19 Jan 96      2783   
          39   63 30.1 S   170 00.3 W   20 Jan 96      2805   
          40   62 59.7 S   170 01.4 W   20 Jan 96      3085   
          41   62 30.0 S   169 59.8 W   20 Jan 96      2843   
          42   62 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   20 Jan 96      3422   
          43   61 29.5 S   169 60.0 W   21 Jan 96      3501   
          44   61 00.1 S   170 00.3 W   21 Jan 96      3630   
          45   60 29.7 S   169 59.6 W   22 Jan 96      3960   
          46   60 00.3 S   170 00.3 W   22 Jan 96      3738   
          47   59 30.2 S   169 59.9 W   22 Jan 96      4030   
          48   58 59.9 S   170 00.2 W   22 Jan 96      4780   
          49   58 29.6 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96      5188   
          50   57 59.7 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96      4140   
          51   57 30.1 S   170 00.4 W   23 Jan 96      5001   
          52   57 00.2 S   170 00.2 W   24 Jan 96      5165   
          53   56 29.9 S   169 59.8 W   24 Jan 96      5055   
          54   55 60.0 S   170 01.8 W   24 Jan 96      5157   
          55   55 29.9 S   170 00.0 W   24 Jan 96      4950   
          56   54 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   25 Jan 96      4820   
          57   54 29.4 S   170 00.1 W   25 Jan 96      4819   
          58   54 00.1 S   169 59.3 W   25 Jan 96      5013   
          59   53 39.9 S   169 59.4 W   25 Jan 96      5125   
          60   53 19.9 S   169 59.6 W   26 Jan 96      5276   
          61   52 60.0 S   170 00.5 W   26 Jan 96      5185   
          62   52 29.9 S   170 01.8 W   26 Jan 96      5065   
          63   52 00.1 S   170 07.8 W   26 Jan 96      4968   
          64   51 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   27 Jan 96      4757   
          65   51 00.2 S   170 00.4 W   27 Jan 96      5239   
          66   50 29.9 S   169 59.6 W   27 Jan 96      5041   
          67   50 00.4 S   169 59.9 W   28 Jan 96      5340   
          68   49 30.2 S   170 00.9 W   28 Jan 96      5200   
          69   48 59.6 S   169 59.4 W   28 Jan 96      5235   
          70   48 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   28 Jan 96      5280   
          71   47 59.8 S   170 00.3 W   29 Jan 96      5270   
          72   47 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   29 Jan 96      5285   
          73   47 06.5 S   170 27.7 W   29 Jan 96      5365   
          74   46 43.4 S   170 54.7 W   30 Jan 96      5268   
          75   46 20.0 S   171 22.2 W   30 Jan 96      5083   
          76   45 57.0 S   171 49.5 W   30 Jan 96      5136   
          77   45 33.6 S   172 16.7 W   30 Jan 96      4953   
          78   45 10.6 S   172 44.2 W   31 Jan 96      4652   
          79   44 50.1 S   173 08.2 W   31 Jan 96      3838   
          80   44 31.8 S   173 29.4 W   31 Jan 96      3408   
          81   44 19.2 S   173 44.7 W   31 Jan 96      3090   
          82   44 09.4 S   173 56.3 W    1 Feb 96      1908   
          83   43 50.9 S   174 17.7 W    1 Feb 96       950   
          84   43 38.8 S   174 32.2 W    1 Feb 96       790   
          85   43 15.2 S   174 59.9 W    1 Feb 96       790   
          86   42 55.9 S   174 47.2 W    1 Feb 96      1059   
          87   42 44.8 S   174 39.3 W    1 Feb 96      1590   
          88   42 24.1 S   174 24.4 W    1 Feb 96      2668   
          89   42 10.0 S   174 15.0 W    2 Feb 96      2875   
          90   41 42.8 S   173 56.5 W    2 Feb 96      3130   
          91   41 16.0 S   173 38.6 W    2 Feb 96      3330   
          92   40 49.5 S   173 19.5 W    2 Feb 96      4170   
          93   40 23.6 S   173 02.0 W    2 Feb 96      4568   
      
      STATION LOCATIONS: LEG 2
      STATION                                         BOTTOM  
       NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date     DEPTH (M) 
      -------------------------------------------------------
          94   40 23.5 S   173 01.7 W   13 Feb 96      4568   
          95   39 57.7 S   172 42.2 W   14 Feb 96      4728   
          96   39 31.0 S   172 25.2 W   14 Feb 96      4751   
          97   39 04.3 S   172 07.7 W   14 Feb 96      4836   
          98   38 37.8 S   171 48.6 W   14 Feb 96      4901   
          99   38 11.4 S   171 30.2 W   15 Feb 96      4918   
         100   37 45.8 S   171 12.0 W   15 Feb 96      4980   
         101   37 18.6 S   170 53.7 W   15 Feb 96      5112   
         102   36 52.3 S   170 37.0 W   15 Feb 96      5254   
         103   36 27.0 S   170 17.2 W   16 Feb 96      5102   
         104   36 00.2 S   170 00.3 W   16 Feb 96      5050   
         105   35 40.3 S   170 00.9 W   16 Feb 96      4290   
         106   35 20.0 S   170 00.1 W   16 Feb 96      4880   
         107   35 00.5 S   169 59.6 W   17 Feb 96      5226   
         108   34 30.2 S   170 00.2 W   17 Feb 96      5457   
         109   33 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   17 Feb 96      5501   
         110   33 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96      5387   
         111   33 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96      5548   
         112   32 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96      5501   
         113   31 59.8 S   169 59.8 W   18 Feb 96      5640   
         114   31 30.0 S   169 59.3 W   19 Feb 96      5496   
         115   31 00.4 S   169 59.7 W   19 Feb 96      5572   
         116   30 30.3 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96      5505   
         117   30 00.2 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96      5394   
         118   29 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96      5127   
         119   29 00.8 S   169 59.9 W   20 Feb 96      5562   
         120   28 30.5 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96      5425   
         121   28 00.3 S   169 59.6 W   21 Feb 96      4888   
         122   27 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   21 Feb 96      5318   
         123   27 00.3 S   169 59.5 W   21 Feb 96      5214   
         124   26 29.7 S   169 59.4 W   21 Feb 96      5575   
         125   26 00.3 S   169 59.7 W   22 Feb 96      5563   
         126   25 30.0 S   169 60.0 W   22 Feb 96      5787   
         127   25 00.1 S   169 59.9 W   22 Feb 96      5600   
         128   24 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96      5610   
         129   23 59.8 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96      5637   
         130   23 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96      5626   
         131   22 59.8 S   169 59.7 W   23 Feb 96      5650   
         132   22 30.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96      5609   
         133   22 00.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96      5587   
         134   21 30.4 S   170 00.1 W   24 Feb 96      5388   
         135   20 59.7 S   169 59.6 W   25 Feb 96      5427   
         136   20 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96      5560   
         137   20 00.0 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96      5294   
         138   19 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96      4885   
         139   19 00.1 S   170 03.4 W   26 Feb 96      3000   
         140   18 30.3 S   170 00.1 W   26 Feb 96      5232   
         141   17 60.0 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96      4893   
         142   17 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96      5002   
         143   17 00.1 S   169 59.8 W   27 Feb 96      4954   
         144   16 30.3 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96      5109   
         145   16 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96      5120   
         146   15 29.8 S   170 00.1 W   27 Feb 96      5064   
         147   15 00.2 S   170 00.0 W   28 Feb 96      4803   
         148   14 40.0 S   169 59.9 W   28 Feb 96      3322   
         149   14 16.9 S   169 59.8 W   28 Feb 96      3540   
         150   13 58.3 S   169 60.0 W   28 Feb 96      2947   
         151   13 49.1 S   170 00.1 W   28 Feb 96      4297   
         152   13 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   29 Feb 96      4860   
         153   12 59.9 S   170 00.0 W   29 Feb 96      4949   
         154   12 29.9 S   169 59.9 W   29 Feb 96      4979   
         155   12 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   29 Feb 96      5055   
         156   11 30.0 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96      5035   
         157   11 00.1 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96      5100   
         158   10 30.1 S   169 59.8 W    1 Mar 96      4858   
         159   09 55.6 S   169 37.7 W    1 Mar 96      5179   
         160   09 30.1 S   168 59.9 W    2 Mar 96      5310   
         161   08 59.9 S   168 52.6 W    2 Mar 96      4848   
         162   08 29.9 S   168 44.9 W    2 Mar 96      5129   
         163   08 00.0 S   168 37.0 W    2 Mar 96      5138   
         164   07 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96      5244   
         165   06 60.0 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96      5628   
         166   06 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96      5498   
         167   06 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96      5629   
         168   05 30.1 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96      5347   
         169   05 00.0 S   168 44.9 W    4 Mar 96      5534   
         170   03 60.0 S   168 45.1 W    4 Mar 96      5191   
         171   03 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96      5347   
         172   02 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96      3293   
         173   01 00.1 S   168 45.2 W    6 Mar 96      5748   
         174   00 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    6 Mar 96      5542   
         175   07 44.8 S   168 40.2 W    8 Mar 96      5289   
         176   08 15.1 S   168 41.3 W    8 Mar 96      4944   
         177   10 08.7 S   168 58.8 W    8 Mar 96      4628   
         178   10 04.1 S   169 12.7 W    8 Mar 96      5226   
         179   09 55.2 S   169 37.7 W    9 Mar 96      5188   
         180   09 47.0 S   170 03.5 W    9 Mar 96      4993   
         181   09 41.6 S   170 19.5 W    9 Mar 96      4297   
         182   09 35.7 S   170 36.1 W    9 Mar 96      4038   
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      B. HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS
      
      B.1. OXYGEN MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
           (Kirk Hargreaves 15 May 1996)
      
      B.1.1  OVERVIEW
      
      Oxygen samples were drawn from every bottle for every
      station (except for some test casts and severely leaking
      bottles).  A total of 5683 samples plus 516 duplicates were
      analyzed.  Four people drew oxygen samples and three people ran
      analyses.  The estimated accuracy, relative to the standards, is
      0.1% (potentially 0.05%) plus an estimated precision of
      0.2 µmol/kg.  Note that precision is sampler dependent and was as
      good as 0.15 µmol/kg for some samplers.  Also, discounting the 12
      duplicates (2.5% of total) with more than three sigma error, the
      total precision is 0.15 µmol/kg.  Individual sampler variation is
      from 0.14 to 0.19 µmol/kg.
      
      Water temperature was not measured at the time of sampling. 
      Previous measurements have shown that even in the tropics, bottom
      water warms only a few degrees C before being sampled.  For a
      rise in temperature from 0°C to 4°C, the change in the density of
      the water is 0.03%.  Conversion to µmol/kg is calculated with
      potential density.
      
      Samples were titrated using Culberson's (Culberson, 1992)
      modifications to Carpenter's whole bottle technique (Carpenter,
      1969).  An auto-titrator based on a design by Gernot Friederich
      (Friederich, 1991) and using a modified version of Friederich's
      software was used to titrate the samples.  The titrator consists
      of a Kloehn 50100 Syringe Drive with a 5 ml syringe, a custom-
      built photometer with two color channels, LM35 temperature
      sensors, an eight channel A/D board, and a computer.  Post-
      processing software was used to add in temperature corrections
      and to analyze data.
      
      B.1.2  SAMPLING AND PICKLING
      
      Oxygen sampled immediately after CFC's.  Samples were drawn
      in calibrated 125 ml nominal volume iodine determination flasks
      (Corning 5400-125).  The sampling tube was inserted into the
      flask, allowed to flow freely and squeezed and tapped to remove
      bubbles, and then inverted.  The tube was pinched to reduce flow
      and allow water in the flask to drain.  A water sheet was formed
      on the inside of the flask, the sampling tube pinched to reduce
      flow, the flask drained, and then put right-side up.  The
      sampling tube was slowly released to prevent turbulent flow and
      the flask allowed to fill.  For best results, the sampling tube
      was kept pinched to keep the flow smooth throughout sampling.  By
      counting, the fill time was measured and used to ensure at least
      two volumes overflow.
      
      Reagents were introduced shortly after sampling using
      Brinkmann 1.0 ml Fixed Volume Dispensette repipets.  The tips of
      the repipets were lengthened using clear polyolefin shrink
      tubing.  The MnCl2 was added at the midpoint of the flask, and
      NaOH/NaI just below the neck.  Repipets were filled before
      inserting into the water.  If necessary, a little was dispensed
      to ensure the tubes were full.
      
      Flasks were capped at this point and shaken while pushing on
      the stopper until the reagents were well mixed.  The flask was
      inverted and checked for bubbles.  Deionized water was added to
      the collar of the flask and the flask stowed.  At least 20
      minutes after sampling was finished, flasks were reshaken and
      deionized water added to the collars again.
      
      B.1.3  ANALYSIS
      
      Samples were analyzed no earlier than 20 minutes and no
      later than 8 hours after remixing.  Liquid from the flask collar
      was aspirated with a transfer pipette and the stopper removed. 
      ~1ml of 10°N sulfuric acid and a rinsed, pivotless stir bar were
      added (pivotless stir bars spin most easily).  The flask was
      inserted into a water bath in the photometer and titrated with
      0.05 N sodium thiosulfate.  (The water path minimizes refractive
      effects). After titration, the sample was poured out and the
      flask rinsed with hot tap water.  The typical sample-to-sample
      time was 1.5 to 2 minutes.
      
      B.1.4  STANDARDIZATION
      
      Titrant was standardized daily with ~0.01°N (actually 0.01
      eq/kg) potassium iodate solution.  The standard deviation of 
      standardization is 0.05%, though one batch of thiosulfate
      solution showed a variation of 0.2%.  Standards were mixed before
      the cruise and stored in upside down air tight Boston round
      bottles.  All standards intercompared before the cruise to better
      than 0.02%.
      
      Standards were prepared by weight from two ~0.1 eq/kg stock
      solutions.  The stock solutions were made from oven dried and
      vacuum desiccated KIO3 from two different manufacturers
      (Mallinckrodt Lot #1094-KHSR and Fisher Lot #951151).  In
      addition, all standards were compared to a volumetrically
      prepared standard from Baker  (pre-weighed KIO3 obtained from
      Oregon State University.  Lot number unknown).  Mixing standards
      by weight is both faster and more accurate than mixing standards
      volumetrically.
      
      Standard was dispensed using a spare Kloehn 50100 with a
      calibrated 25 ml buret or an Eppendorf Maxipettor with calibrated
      tip.  Unfortunately, the Eppendorf Maxipettor has a large
      (0.02%/C) temperature dependence that needs to be taken into
      account.  The measured precision of the dispensed standards is
      0.6 uL and 2 uL for the Kloehn and Eppendorf, respectively.
      
      The temperature of the standard was measured directly with a
      calibrated thin film Pt-RTD (Sensycon GW2107-01) and thermometer
      (Cole-Parmer H-08497-00).  Standard concentration was converted
      to normality by dividing by then density of pure water at
      temperature plus 0.03% (mass fraction of the potassium iodate).
           
      B.1.5  POST-PROCESSING
      
      Post-processing software written in Perl (Wall, 1991) and
      using algorithms from "Numerical Recipes in C" (Press, 1988) was
      used to add in temperature corrections and update
      standardization.  Perl code was also used to generate the correct
      WOCE flags, average duplicate data, and generate the final
      output.  Lotus 1-2-3 was used to plot curves, compare bottle data
      to oxygen sensor data, and analyze duplicates.
      
      B.1.6  REAGENTS
      
      Reagents were gravimetrically prepared before the cruise. 
      600 g MnCl2 were added to 692.92 g water, and 320 g NaOH and 600
      g NaI were added to 753.68 g water.  At room temperature, these
      give molar concentrations equal to the WOCE specifications, but
      are much faster to mix.  Reagents were stored in glass or HDPE
      bottles.
      
      
      OXYGEN REFERENCES
      
      Carpenter, J.H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute Technique for the
           Winkler Dissolved Oxygen Method", Limnology and
           Oceanography, vol. 10, pp. 141-143.
      
      Culberson, C.H., "Dissolved Oxygen", WHP Operations and Methods,
           WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, July 1992.
      
      Friederich, G.E., Codispoti, L.A., and Sakamoto, C.M., "An Easy-
           to-Construct Automated Winkler Titration System", MBARI
           Technical Report 91-6, August 1991.
      
      Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., and Vetterling,
           W.T., "Numerical Recipies in C", Cambridge University Press,
           Cambridge, 1988.
      
      Wall, L., and Schwartz, Randal L., "Programming Perl", O'Reilly &
           Associates, USA, 1991. 
      
      
      
      APPENDIX 1:  REPLICATE OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS 
      
      These are the standard deviations of the oxygen data duplicates.
      The averaged data are in the oxygen data file and flagged with a '6'.
      
      Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev |   Sta  Smp   StdDev
      ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------ |   ---   ---  ------
        5   104   0      |   35   104   0.31   |   57   107   0.11
        6   104   0.15   |   35   107   0.19   |   57   113   0.02
        6   107   0.16   |   35   110   0.36   |   57   119   0.13
       10   204   0.01   |   40   108   0.21   |   57   125   0.14
       10   208   0.17   |   40   119   0.18   |   58   213   0.1
       11   105   0.11   |   41   109   0.04   |   58   227   0.39
       11   110   0      |   41   115   0.13   |   58   231   0.01
       11   115   0.06   |   41   121   0.79   |   59   106   0.32
       11   120   0.47   |   41   127   0.01   |   59   109   0.33
       14   112   0.16   |   42   107   0.79   |   60   104   0.31
       14   120   0.27   |   42   113   0.19   |   60   106   0.78
       14   128   0.14   |   42   119   0.22   |   60   109   0.07
       15   207   0.08   |   42   125   0.23   |   61   105   0.05
       15   214   0.19   |   46   103   0.17   |   61   109   0.19
       15   221   0.74   |   46   109   0.02   |   61   115   0.12
       15   229   0.35   |   46   115   0.53   |   61   119   0.05
       16   104   0.64   |   46   121   0.19   |   62   217   0.05
       16   108   0.75   |   47   213   0.09   |   62   219   0.02
       17   104   0.08   |   47   217   0.06   |   62   225   0.09
       17   108   0.05   |   47   221   0      |   62   231   0.07
       17   122   0.01   |   47   225   0.01   |   65   121   0.4
       18   105   0.01   |   48   104   0.44   |   65   123   0.05
       18   111   0.04   |   48   108   0.34   |   66   110   0.08
       18   117   0.04   |   49   113   0.01   |   66   117   0.3
       18   123   0.84   |   49   117   0.26   |   66   122   0.03
       28   111   0.05   |   50   105   0.16   |   66   128   0.06
       28   118   0.38   |   50   115   0.05   |   67   207   0.15
       29   203   0.08   |   50   121   0.15   |   67   209   0.21
       29   206   0.08   |   50   129   0.03   |   67   213   0.24
       29   210   0.31   |   51   108   0.02   |   68   107   0
       29   214   0.63   |   51   114   0.09   |   68   115   0.07
       30   105   0.1    |   51   120   0.03   |   68   123   0.2
       30   107   0.18   |   51   126   0.14   |   68   131   0.06
       30   117   0.21   |   52   105   0.08   |   69   208   0.06
       30   127   0.12   |   52   108   0.11   |   69   213   0.12
       31   207   0.03   |   52   112   0.43   |   69   221   0.03
       31   215   0      |   53   105   0.21   |   69   229   0.01
       31   223   0.24   |   53   111   0.04   |   70   106   0.35
       31   227   0.09   |   53   117   0.03   |   70   109   0.01
       32   104   0.2    |   53   121   0      |   70   111   0.08
       32   107   0.2    |   54   103   0.09   |   71   105   0.22
       32   114   0.02   |   54   109   0.13   |   71   113   0.06
       33   105   0.3    |   54   115   0.13   |   71   119   0.03
       33   111   0.91   |   54   121   0.05   |   71   123   0.08
       33   117   0.05   |   55   107   0.11   |   72   103   0.16
       33   123   0.04   |   55   110   0.16   |   72   113   0.06
       34   107   0.1    |   55   113   0.06   |   72   119   0.02
       34   113   0.14   |   56   106   0.09   |   72   127   0.06
       34   119   0.02   |   56   108   0.16   |   73   110   0.13
       34   125   0.02   |   56   110   0.16   |   73   118   0.07
      
      Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev
      ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------
       73   126   0.12   |   92   234   0.07   |  106   109   0.03
       74   205   0.39   |   93   101   0.36   |  106   121   0.28
       74   211   0.24   |   93   105   0.36   |  106   129   0.09
       74   216   0.06   |   93   108   0.12   |  107   101   0.2
       74   220   0.2    |   93   113   0.12   |  107   112   0.17
       75   107   0.38   |   94   105   0.01   |  107   124   0.09
       75   115   0      |   94   111   0.24   |  108   107   0.05
       75   123   0.41   |   94   117   0.03   |  108   117   0
       75   131   0.07   |   94   123   0.24   |  108   127   0.01
       76   213   0.04   |   95   101   0.17   |  108   135   0.15
       76   219   0.35   |   95   112   0.59   |  109   105   0.04
       76   225   0.34   |   95   124   0.14   |  109   121   0.19
       76   231   0.08   |   96   107   0.03   |  109   129   0.12
       77   106   0.01   |   96   123   0.05   |  110   212   0.63
       77   110   0.08   |   97   209   0.18   |  110   215   0.03
       77   112   0.05   |   97   215   0      |  110   219   0.15
       77   115   0.08   |   97   221   0.27   |  110   227   0.01
       78   104   0.1    |   97   227   0.06   |  111   107   0.07
       78   107   0.05   |   98   107   0.01   |  111   109   0.01
       78   111   0.01   |   98   113   0.05   |  111   115   0.03
       78   115   0.05   |   98   122   0.11   |  111   123   0.1
       79   111   0.04   |   98   130   0.05   |  112   105   0.03
       79   117   0.03   |   99   101   0.03   |  112   113   0.06
       79   123   0.09   |   99   112   0.19   |  112   121   0.15
       79   129   0.14   |   99   124   0.01   |  112   129   0.07
       80   215   0.04   |   99   136   0.09   |  114   112   0.1
       80   221   0.05   |  100   107   0.12   |  114   123   0.05
       80   227   0.56   |  100   113   0.08   |  114   134   0.04
       81   105   0.06   |  100   119   0.07   |  115   107   0.11
       81   108   0.09   |  100   125   0.25   |  115   115   0.04
       81   113   0.06   |  101   204   0.52   |  115   123   0.18
       82   104   0.15   |  101   211   0.02   |  115   131   0.25
       82   107   0.15   |  101   219   0.12   |  116   205   0.03
       82   110   0.07   |  101   231   0.06   |  116   213   0.09
       88   101   0      |  102   105   0.1    |  116   221   0.17
       88   104   0.11   |  102   115   0.11   |  116   229   0.06
       88   106   0.07   |  102   121   0.03   |  117   103   0.18
       89   201   0.14   |  102   129   0.03   |  117   109   0.05
       89   204   0      |  103   101   0.18   |  117   125   0.1
       89   208   0.11   |  103   119   0.21   |  117   135   0.12
       90   101   0.07   |  103   136   0.01   |  118   101   0.13
       90   104   0.04   |  104   105   0.09   |  118   112   0.04
       90   108   0.17   |  104   115   0.03   |  118   124   0.13
       91   107   0.03   |  104   125   0.09   |  118   136   0.03
       91   115   0.16   |  104   135   0.13   |  119   101   0.1
       91   121   0.05   |  105   209   0.07   |  119   111   0.02
       91   127   0.06   |  105   213   0.01   |  119   121   0.06
       92   209   0.12   |  105   223   0.06   |  119   133   0
       92   217   0.03   |  105   232   0.13   |  120   201   0.05
       92   225   0.03   |  106   105   0.04   |  120   211   0
      
      Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev
      ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------
      120   221   0.04   |  133   113   0.15   |  146   128   0.09
      120   231   0.04   |  133   125   0.11   |  147   101   0.26
      121   205   0.09   |  133   135   0.07   |  147   112   0.21
      121   211   0.21   |  134   201   0.05   |  147   125   0.11
      121   223   0.08   |  134   211   0.09   |  147   136   0.08
      121   231   0.63   |  134   221   0.11   |  148   101   0.08
      122   101   0.02   |  134   231   0.03   |  148   111   0.09
      122   112   0.01   |  135   203   0.11   |  148   119   0.02
      122   124   0.16   |  135   212   0.06   |  148   131   0.12
      122   136   0.02   |  135   219   0.08   |  150   201   0.01
      123   103   0.03   |  135   229   0.01   |  150   207   0
      123   113   0.05   |  136   101   0.11   |  150   215   0.04
      123   123   0.19   |  136   107   0.1    |  150   225   0.04
      123   135   0.08   |  136   113   0.08   |  151   105   0.01
      124   102   0.13   |  136   119   0.01   |  151   111   0.23
      124   112   0.06   |  137   103   0.04   |  151   118   0.06
      124   122   0.65   |  137   109   0.13   |  151   125   0.1
      124   132   0.21   |  137   115   0.06   |  152   103   0.14
      125   301   0.01   |  137   123   0.14   |  152   112   0.12
      125   312   0.13   |  138   105   0.24   |  152   124   0.2
      125   325   0.05   |  138   111   0.01   |  152   125   0.25
      126   101   0.03   |  138   119   0.09   |  153   105   0.05
      126   111   0.06   |  138   127   0.06   |  153   113   0.05
      126   121   0.12   |  140   104   0.22   |  153   121   0.03
      126   131   0.07   |  140   111   0.08   |  153   129   0.07
      127   205   0.01   |  140   121   0.01   |  154   101   0.06
      127   215   0      |  140   131   0.06   |  154   107   0.06
      127   225   0.64   |  141   101   0.08   |  154   117   0.04
      127   233   0.25   |  141   113   0.11   |  154   131   0.07
      128   205   0.11   |  141   125   0.02   |  155   105   0.07
      128   211   0.14   |  141   135   0.12   |  155   111   0.01
      128   221   0.21   |  142   105   0.21   |  155   119   0.18
      128   229   0.25   |  142   111   0.01   |  155   125   0.01
      129   102   0.07   |  142   119   0.02   |  156   103   0.29
      129   115   0.05   |  142   129   0.11   |  156   109   0
      129   122   0.18   |  143   105   0.02   |  156   123   0.01
      129   131   0.06   |  143   111   0.12   |  156   129   0.06
      130   101   0.49   |  143   121   0.27   |  157   109   0.01
      130   109   0.12   |  143   129   0.07   |  157   115   0.06
      130   117   0.05   |  144   104   0.24   |  157   118   0.09
      130   125   0.05   |  144   110   0.11   |  157   119   0.07
      131   105   0.08   |  144   117   0.02   |  158   104   0.2
      131   111   0.05   |  144   125   0.1    |  158   115   0.04
      131   119   0.01   |  145   101   0.06   |  158   119   0.01
      131   127   0.07   |  145   107   0.01   |  158   125   0.16
      132   101   0.06   |  145   113   0.17   |  159   105   0.06
      132   113   0.14   |  145   119   0.04   |  159   111   0.03
      132   124   0.03   |  146   103   0.14   |  159   119   0.07
      132   136   0.03   |  146   111   0.28   |  159   125   0.17
      133   101   0.01   |  146   119   0.14   |  160   101   0.09
      ||
      Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev |  Sta   Smp   StdDev
      ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------ |  ---   ---   ------
      160   112   0.09   |  167   219   0.05   |  175   203   0.14
      160   124   0.05   |  167   225   0.09   |  175   211   0.15
      161   107   0.06   |  168   104   0.3    |  175   217   0.11
      161   115   0.04   |  168   113   0.07   |  176   101   0.43
      161   122   0      |  168   123   0.03   |  176   112   0.03
      161   128   0.07   |  168   125   0.04   |  177   110   0.01
      162   204   0.15   |  169   210   0.02   |  177   113   0.06
      162   208   0.09   |  169   220   0.01   |  178   105   0.01
      162   225   0.11   |  169   225   0.06   |  178   109   0.03
      163   205   0.23   |  170   111   0.09   |  178   115   0.05
      163   211   0.13   |  170   119   0.11   |  179   103   0.06
      163   219   0.07   |  170   125   0.08   |  179   112   0.04
      163   227   0.05   |  171   107   0.12   |  180   108   0.24
      164   101   0.09   |  171   115   0.02   |  180   113   0.12
      164   112   0.07   |  171   121   0.04   |  181   106   0.13
      164   124   0.27   |  171   125   0.02   |  181   108   0.07
      166   209   0.02   |  172   202   0.05   |  182   103   0.02
      166   215   0.17   |  172   217   0.09   |         
      166   221   0.15   |  172   219   0.09   |         
      167   205   0.01   |  172   222   0      |      
      167   211   0.22   |                     |
      
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      B.2. NUTRIENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES             
           (Calvin Mordy, NOAA-PMEL)
      
      Nutrient samples were analyzed for dissolved phosphate, silicic acid, nitrate, 
      and nitrite using protocols of Gordon et al., 1993. Samples were collected in 20 
      ml high-density polyethylene scintillation vials closed with teflon lined 
      polyethylene caps. All vials and caps were rinsed with 10% HCl prior to each 
      station. Samples were usually analyzed immediately after collection; however, 
      several samples were stored for up to 12 hours at 4-6°C. Samples were 
      analyzed using an Alpkem RFA 300 modified with a custom heating coil and 
      Spectro-100 UV/VIS detectors from Thermo Separation Products. Analytical 
      temperatures were logged twice during every run and ranged from 16 to 25 degrees 
      C. The following analytical methods were employed: 
      
      Phosphate was converted to phosphomolybdic acid and reduced with ascorbic acid 
      to form phosphomolybdous acid in a reaction stream heated to 42°C 
      (Bernhardt and Wilhelms, 1967). 
      
      Silicic acid was converted to silicomolybdic acid and reduced with stannous 
      chloride to form silicomolybdous acid or molybdenum blue (Armstrong, 1967). 
      
      Nitrite was diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with NEDA to form a red 
      azo dye.  
      
      (NO3- + NO2-) was measured by first reducing nitrate to nitrite in a copperized 
      cadmium coil, and then analyzing for nitrite. Nitrate was determined from the 
      difference of (NO3- + NO2-) and NO2- (Armstrong, 1967). 
      
      Concentrations were converted to µmol/kg by calculating sample densities 
      using the laboratory temperature during analysis, the bottle or CTD salinity, 
      and the international equation of state (UNESCO, 1981). 
      
      Primary standards were prepared by dissolving standard material in deionized 
      water, and working standards were freshly made at each station in low nutrient 
      seawater. Standard material for silicic acid was sodium fluorosilicate which had 
      been referenced against a fused-quartz standard. All analysis were within the 
      linear range of the instrument. 
      
      Analytical precision was determined from replicate analysis (2 to 7 
      measurements) on one or more samples at almost every station. Average standard 
      deviations (µmol/kg) for replicate analysis were 0.008 for phosphate (n = 
      205), 0.08 for silicic acid (n = 408), 0.05 for nitrate (n = 378) and 0.004 for 
      nitrite (n = 15, for samples > 0.05 µmol/kg).
      
       
      REFERENCES: 
      
      Armstrong, F.A.J., C.R. Stearns, and J.D.H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of 
                 upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the 
                 Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14: 
                 381-389. 
      
      Bernhardt, H., and A. Wilhelms. 1967. The continuous determination of low level 
                 iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer.  
                 Technicon Symposia, Vol I, 385-389. 
      
      Gordon LI, Jennings JC Jr., Ross AA, Krest JM. (1993) A suggested protocol for 
                 continuous flow automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, 
                 nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program 
                 and the Joint Global Ocean fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, Part 
                 3.1.3 "WHP Operations and Methods" (WOCE Hydrographic Program Office, 
                 Methods Manual 91- 1) Bundesamt fur Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, 
                 Postfach 30 12 20, 2000 Hamburg 36 Germany 
      
      UNESCO.    (1981) The practical salinity scale 1978 and the international 
                 equation of state of seawater 1980. Tenth report of the Joint Panel 
                 on Oceanographic Tables and Standards.. UNESCO Technical Papers in 
                 Marine Science No. 36, UNESCO, Paris, France.
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      B.3. CFC-11 AND CFC-12 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 
           (J.Bullister, NOAA-PMEL)
      
      Specially designed 10 liter water sample bottles were used on the
      cruise to reduce CFC contamination.  These bottles have the same outer
      dimensions as standard 10 liter Niskin bottles, but use a modified
      end-cap design to minimize the contact of the water sample with the
      end-cap O-rings after closing.  The O-rings used in these water sample
      bottles were vacuum-baked prior to the first station.  Stainless steel
      springs covered with a nylon powder coat were substituted for the
      internal elastic tubing standardly used to close Niskin bottles.
      
      Water samples for CFC analysis were usually the first samples collected
      from the 10 liter bottles.  Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling
      of CFCs with other samples to minimize the time between the inital
      opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing.  In most
      cases, dissolved oxygen, total CO2, alkalinity and pH samples were
      collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each
      bottle.  To minimize contact with air, the CFC samples were drawn
      directly through the stopcocks of the 10 liter bottles into 100 ml
      precision glass syringes equipped with 2-way metal stopcocks.  The
      syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface seawater
      until analyses.
      
      To reduce the possibility of contamination from high levels of CFCs
      frequently present in the air inside research vessels, the CFC
      extraction/analysis system and syringe holding tank were housed in a
      modified 20' laboratory van on the deck of the ship.
      
      For air sampling, a ~100 meter length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run
      from the CFC lab van to the bow of the ship.  Air was sucked through
      this line into the CFC van using an Air Cadet pump.  The air was
      compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at about 1.5
      atm using a back-pressure regulator.  A tee allowed a flow (~100
      cc/min) of the compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves,
      while the bulk flow of the air (>7 liter/minute) was vented through the
      back pressure regulator.
      
      Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas
      standards on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas
      chromatography (EC-GC), using techniques similiar to those described by
      Bullister and Weiss (1988).  For seawater analyses, a ~30-ml aliquot of
      seawater from the glass syringe was transferred into the glass sparging
      chamber.  The dissolved CFCs in the seawater sample were extracted by
      passing a supply of CFC-free purge gas through the sparging chamber for
      a period of 4 minutes at ~70 cc/min.  Water vapor was removed from the
      purge gas while passing through a short tube of magnesium perchlorate
      dessicant.  The sample gases were concentrated on a cold-trap
      consisting of a 3-inch section of 1/8-inch stainless steel tubing
      packed with Porapak N (60-80 mesh) immersed in a bath of isopropanol
      held at -20°C.  After 4 minutes of purging the seawater sample,
      the sparging chamber was closed and the trap isolated.  The cold
      isopropanol in the bath was forced away from the trap which was heated
      electrically to 125°C.  The sample gases held in the trap were
      then injected onto a precolumn (12 inches of 1/8-inch O.D.  stainless
      steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil C, held at 90°C),
      for the initial separation of the CFCs and other rapidly eluting gases
      from more slowly eluting compounds.  The CFCs then passed into the main
      analytical column (10 feet, 1/8-inch stainless steel tubing packed with
      Porasil C 80-100 mesh, held at 90°C), and then into the EC
      detector.
      
      The CFC analytical system was calibrated frequently using standard gas
      of known CFC composition.  Gas sample loops of known volume were
      thoroughly flushed with standard gas and injected into the system.  The
      temperature and pressure was recorded so that the amount of gas
      injected could be calculated.  The procedures used to transfer the
      standard gas to the trap, precolumn, main chromatographic column and EC
      detector were similar to those used for analyzing water samples.  Two
      sizes of gas sample loops were present in the analytical system.
      Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be done to allow the
      system to be calibrated over a relatively wide range of CFC
      concentrations.  Air samples and system blanks (injections of loops of
      CFC-free gas) were injected and analyzed in a similar manner.  The
      typical analysis time for seawater, air, standard and blank samples was
      about 12 minutes.
      
      Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas
      standards are reported relative to the SIO93 calibration scale
      (Cunnold, et.  al., 1994).  CFC concentrations in air and standard gas
      are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are
      typically in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) range.  Dissolved CFC
      concentrations are given in units of picomoles of CFC per kg seawater
      (pmol/kg).  CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were
      determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point
      calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas
      from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 33790) into the analytical
      instrument.  The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working
      standard were calibrated before and after the cruise versus a primary
      standard (36743) (Bullister, 1984).  No measurable drift in the
      concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the working standard could be
      detected during this interval.  Full range calibration curves were run
      at intervals of ~ 3 days during the cruise.  Single injections of a
      fixed volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more
      frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes
      in detector sensitivity.
      
      Extremely low (<0.01 pmol/kg) CFC concentrations were measured in deep
      water (2000-3000 meters) from about 30°S to the equator along the P15S
      section, as expected from CFC measurements made during the earlier
      occupation of this section in 1990 (Wisegarveret al, 1995), and from other
      transient tracer studies made in this region of the southwest Pacific.
      Based on the median of CFC concentration measurements in the deep water
      of this region, which is believed to be nearly CFC-free, a blank
      correction of of 0.003 pmol/kg for CFC-11 and 0 pmol/kg for CFC-12 have
      been applied to the data set.  For very low concentration water
      samples, subtraction of the water sample CFC-11 blank from the measured
      CFC-11 water sample concentration yields a small negative reported
      value.
      
      On this expedition, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation)  of
      about 1% or 0.005 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved
      CFC-11 and CFC-12 measurements (see listing of replicate samples given
      at the end of this report). A number of water samples had clearly anomolous 
      CFC-11 and/or CFC-12 concentrations relative to adjacent samples. These 
      anomolous samples appeared to occur more or less randomly during the 
      cruise, and were not clearly associated with other features in the water 
      column (eg. elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity or temperature 
      features, etc.). This suggests that the high values were due to individual, 
      isolated low-level CFC contamination events. These samples are included in 
      this report and are give a quality flag of either 3 (questionable 
      measurement) or 4 (bad measurement). A total ~24 analyses of CFC-11 were 
      assigned a flag of 3 and ~33 analyses of CFC-12 were assigned a flag of 3. 
      A total of ~31 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 4 and ~178 CFC-12 
      samples assigned a flag of 4.
      
      A value of -9.0 is used for missing values in the listings.
      
      
      CFC REFERENCES:
      
      Bullister, J.L. Anthropogenic Chlorofluoromethanes as Tracers of Ocean 
          Circulation and Mixing Processes: Measurement and Calibration 
          Techniques and Studies in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, Ph.D. 
          dissertation, Univ. Calif. San Diego, 172 pp.
      
      Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss, Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in seawater 
          and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988.
      
      Cunnold, D.M., P.J. Fraser, R.F. Weiss, R.G. Prinn, P.G. Simmonds, B.R. 
          Miller,F.N. Alyea, and A.J.Crawford. Global trends and annual 
          releases of CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other 
          measurements from July 1978 to June 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1107-
          1126, 1994.
      
      Wisegarver, D.P., J.L. Bullister, F.A. Van Woy, F.A. Menzia, R.F. Weiss, A.H. 
          Orsi, and PK. Salameh (1995). Chlorofluorocarbon Measurements in the 
          Southwestern Pacific During the CGC-90 Expedition NOAA Data Report 
          1656
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      APPENDIX 2A: CFC AIR MEASUREMENTS (Interpolated to station locations)
       
       STATION                                      F11     F12  
       NUMBER  Latitude    Longitude    Date        PPT     PPT  
       ------- ---------   ----------   ---------   -----   -----
           1   45 49.5 S   153 05.1 E    6 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           2   48 19.1 S   158 29.9 E    7 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           3   50 05.0 S   162 29.3 E    8 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           4   53 00.1 S   169 59.3 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           5   53 29.9 S   170 29.7 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           6   53 59.9 S   171 00.1 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           7   54 10.2 S   171 10.8 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           8   54 19.8 S   171 20.2 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
           9   54 30.3 S   171 29.8 E    9 Jan 96   260.4   519.2 
          10   54 59.7 S   172 00.7 E   10 Jan 96   260.5   519.9 
          11   55 30.4 S   172 27.0 E   10 Jan 96   260.2   519.5 
          12   55 59.8 S   173 00.6 E   10 Jan 96   260.2   519.5 
          13   56 29.2 S   173 30.2 E   11 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
          14   56 59.7 S   173 58.6 E   11 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
          15   57 30.3 S   173 58.5 E   11 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
          16   58 00.2 S   173 59.5 E   12 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
          17   58 30.2 S   173 58.2 E   12 Jan 96   260.4   519.7 
          18   58 59.8 S   174 00.0 E   12 Jan 96   260.4   519.7 
          19   59 28.7 S   173 59.7 E   12 Jan 96   259.8   519.3 
          20   59 57.9 S   173 57.9 E   13 Jan 96   259.5   519.1 
          21   60 30.3 S   173 57.8 E   13 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          22   60 59.1 S   173 58.9 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          23   61 30.0 S   174 00.2 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          24   62 00.0 S   173 16.1 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          25   62 26.9 S   172 35.2 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          26   62 44.7 S   172 09.0 E   15 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          27   62 60.0 S   171 44.9 E   15 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          28   63 30.1 S   170 59.6 E   15 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          29   63 59.8 S   171 06.6 E   16 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          30   64 40.6 S   170 58.6 E   16 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          31   65 20.2 S   170 60.0 E   16 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          32   66 00.9 S   171 01.6 E   17 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
          33   66 59.6 S   170 00.0 W   18 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
          34   66 20.3 S   169 60.0 W   18 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
          35   65 39.8 S   170 00.3 W   19 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
          36   64 59.6 S   170 00.9 W   19 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
          37   64 30.1 S   169 59.9 W   19 Jan 96   260.3   523.7 
          38   63 59.7 S   170 02.0 W   19 Jan 96   260.3   523.7 
          39   63 30.1 S   170 00.3 W   20 Jan 96   260.3   523.7 
          40   62 59.7 S   170 01.4 W   20 Jan 96   260.0   522.5 
          41   62 30.0 S   169 59.8 W   20 Jan 96   259.3   521.5 
          42   62 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   20 Jan 96   259.3   521.5 
          43   61 29.5 S   169 60.0 W   21 Jan 96   259.2   523.0 
          44   61 00.1 S   170 00.3 W   21 Jan 96   259.2   523.0 
          45   60 29.7 S   169 59.6 W   22 Jan 96   259.0   522.9 
          46   60 00.3 S   170 00.3 W   22 Jan 96   259.0   522.9 
          47   59 30.2 S   169 59.9 W   22 Jan 96   259.0   522.9 
          48   58 59.9 S   170 00.2 W   22 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
          49   58 29.6 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
      
      
       STATION                                      F11     F12  
       NUMBER  Latitude    Longitude    Date        PPT     PPT  
       ------- ---------   ----------   ---------   -----   -----
          50   57 59.7 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
          51   57 30.1 S   170 00.4 W   23 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
          52   57 00.2 S   170 00.2 W   24 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
          53   56 29.9 S   169 59.8 W   24 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
          54   55 60.0 S   170 01.8 W   24 Jan 96   261.8   521.8 
          55   55 29.9 S   170 00.0 W   24 Jan 96   261.8   521.8 
          56   54 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   25 Jan 96   261.2   520.6 
          57   54 29.4 S   170 00.1 W   25 Jan 96   261.2   520.6 
          58   54 00.1 S   169 59.3 W   25 Jan 96   261.2   520.6 
          59   53 39.9 S   169 59.4 W   25 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          60   53 19.9 S   169 59.6 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          61   52 60.0 S   170 00.5 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          62   52 29.9 S   170 01.8 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          63   52 00.1 S   170 07.8 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          64   51 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   27 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          65   51 00.2 S   170 00.4 W   27 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
          66   50 29.9 S   169 59.6 W   27 Jan 96   260.2   519.6 
          67   50 00.4 S   169 59.9 W   28 Jan 96   260.2   519.6 
          68   49 30.2 S   170 00.9 W   28 Jan 96   260.2   519.6 
          69   48 59.6 S   169 59.4 W   28 Jan 96   260.3   519.7 
          70   48 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   28 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          71   47 59.8 S   170 00.3 W   29 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          72   47 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   29 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          73   47 06.5 S   170 27.7 W   29 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          74   46 43.4 S   170 54.7 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          75   46 20.0 S   171 22.2 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          76   45 57.0 S   171 49.5 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          77   45 33.6 S   172 16.7 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
          78   45 10.6 S   172 44.2 W   31 Jan 96   260.7   520.4 
          79   44 50.1 S   173 08.2 W   31 Jan 96   260.7   520.4 
          80   44 31.8 S   173 29.4 W   31 Jan 96   261.0   520.5 
          81   44 19.2 S   173 44.7 W   31 Jan 96   261.0   520.5 
          82   44 09.4 S   173 56.3 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          83   43 50.9 S   174 17.7 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          84   43 38.8 S   174 32.2 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          85   43 15.2 S   174 59.9 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          86   42 55.9 S   174 47.2 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          87   42 44.8 S   174 39.3 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          88   42 24.1 S   174 24.4 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          89   42 10.0 S   174 15.0 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          90   41 42.8 S   173 56.5 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          91   41 16.0 S   173 38.6 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          92   40 49.5 S   173 19.5 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          93   40 23.6 S   173 02.0 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
          94   40 23.5 S   173 01.7 W   13 Feb 96   260.4   521.7 
          95   39 57.7 S   172 42.2 W   14 Feb 96   260.4   521.6 
          96   39 31.0 S   172 25.2 W   14 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
          97   39 04.3 S   172 07.7 W   14 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
          98   38 37.8 S   171 48.6 W   14 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
          99   38 11.4 S   171 30.2 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
      
      
       STATION                                      F11     F12  
       NUMBER  Latitude    Longitude    Date        PPT     PPT  
       ------- ---------   ----------   ---------   -----   -----
         100   37 45.8 S   171 12.0 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
         101   37 18.6 S   170 53.7 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
         102   36 52.3 S   170 37.0 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
         103   36 27.0 S   170 17.2 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         104   36 00.2 S   170 00.3 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         105   35 40.3 S   170 00.9 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         106   35 20.0 S   170 00.1 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         107   35 00.5 S   169 59.6 W   17 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         108   34 30.2 S   170 00.2 W   17 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         109   33 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   17 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         110   33 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         111   33 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         112   32 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         113   31 59.8 S   169 59.8 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
         114   31 30.0 S   169 59.3 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.7 
         115   31 00.4 S   169 59.7 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         116   30 30.3 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         117   30 00.2 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         118   29 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         119   29 00.8 S   169 59.9 W   20 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         120   28 30.5 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         121   28 00.3 S   169 59.6 W   21 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         122   27 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   21 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         123   27 00.3 S   169 59.5 W   21 Feb 96   260.8   522.1 
         124   26 29.7 S   169 59.4 W   21 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         125   26 00.3 S   169 59.7 W   22 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         126   25 30.0 S   169 60.0 W   22 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
         127   25 00.1 S   169 59.9 W   22 Feb 96   260.9   522.3 
         128   24 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96   260.9   522.3 
         129   23 59.8 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
         130   23 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
         131   22 59.8 S   169 59.7 W   23 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
         132   22 30.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
         133   22 00.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
         134   21 30.4 S   170 00.1 W   24 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
         135   20 59.7 S   169 59.6 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         136   20 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         137   20 00.0 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         138   19 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         139   19 00.1 S   170 03.4 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         140   18 30.3 S   170 00.1 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         141   17 60.0 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         142   17 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
         143   17 00.1 S   169 59.8 W   27 Feb 96   262.3   525.0 
         144   16 30.3 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96   262.7   525.9 
         145   16 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96   262.7   525.9 
         146   15 29.8 S   170 00.1 W   27 Feb 96   262.8   525.6 
         147   15 00.2 S   170 00.0 W   28 Feb 96   262.8   525.6 
         148   14 40.0 S   169 59.9 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         149   14 16.9 S   169 59.8 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
      
       STATION                                      F11     F12  
       NUMBER  Latitude    Longitude    Date        PPT     PPT  
       ------- ---------   ----------   ---------   -----   -----
         150   13 58.3 S   169 60.0 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         151   13 49.1 S   170 00.1 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         152   13 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         153   12 59.9 S   170 00.0 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         154   12 29.9 S   169 59.9 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         155   12 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
         156   11 30.0 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96   262.9   525.5 
         157   11 00.1 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96   262.9   525.5 
         158   10 30.1 S   169 59.8 W    1 Mar 96   262.9   525.5 
         159   09 55.6 S   169 37.7 W    1 Mar 96   262.6   525.3 
         160   09 30.1 S   168 59.9 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.3 
         161   08 59.9 S   168 52.6 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
         162   08 29.9 S   168 44.9 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
         163   08 00.0 S   168 37.0 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
         164   07 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
         165   06 60.0 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96   262.8   526.1 
         166   06 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         167   06 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         168   05 30.1 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         169   05 00.0 S   168 44.9 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         170   03 60.0 S   168 45.1 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         171   03 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96   263.0   527.3 
         172   02 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96   263.5   528.4 
         173   01 00.1 S   168 45.2 W    6 Mar 96   263.5   528.4 
         174   00 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    6 Mar 96   263.5   528.4 
         175   07 44.8 S   168 40.2 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         176   08 15.1 S   168 41.3 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         177   10 08.7 S   168 58.8 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         178   10 04.1 S   169 12.7 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         179   09 55.2 S   169 37.7 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         180   09 47.0 S   170 03.5 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         181   09 41.6 S   170 19.5 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
         182   09 35.7 S   170 36.1 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
      
      
      
      APPENDIX 2B: REPLICATE CFC-11 MEASUREMENTS 
       
      STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ----------------------------------
           1      112    0.092    0.007 
           4      110    4.157    0.012 
           5      113    4.117    0.008 
           9      202    0.136    0.015 
           9      234    4.672    0.035 
          10      201    0.155    0.003 
          10      211    0.050    0.001 
          10      214    0.095    0.004 
          11      101    0.148    0.007 
          14      101    0.143    0.000 
          14      134    4.542    0.030 
          15      201    0.144    0.001 
          15      234    4.674    0.009 
          16      101    0.148    0.002 
          16      110    0.047    0.003 
          17      103    0.134    0.002 
          17      133    5.035    0.037 
          18      134    4.864    0.061 
          21      123    5.464    0.042 
          25      110    0.087    0.001 
          28      101    0.180    0.005 
          28      112    0.226    0.001 
          28      124    6.359    0.131 
          29      201    0.496    0.001 
          29      212    0.250    0.001 
          29      230    6.393    0.097 
          30      101    1.373    0.007 
          30      133    6.172    0.033 
          31      203    1.422    0.021 
          31      225    0.662    0.019 
          32      111    0.091    0.006 
          32      115    0.124    0.006 
          33      103    0.664    0.002 
          33      131    4.790    0.014 
          34      101    0.579    0.006 
          34      103    0.542    0.001 
          34      107    0.190    0.003 
          35      101    0.524    0.004 
          35      103    0.512    0.000 
          35      133    6.287    0.029 
          39      101    0.128    0.001 
          39      121    6.277    0.107 
          39      124    6.638    0.087 
          40      101    0.108    0.005 
          40      133    6.720    0.006 
          41      103    0.077    0.007 
          41      133    6.678    0.030 
          42      101    0.093    0.001 
          42      133    6.521    0.013 
          43      111    0.186    0.000 
          43      120    5.799    0.006 
          45      110    0.184    0.002 
          45      115    1.009    0.013 
          45      123    5.791    0.022 
          46      103    0.049    0.007 
          46      129    5.699    0.029 
          48      101    0.060    0.001 
          48      110    0.034    0.001 
          49      101    0.080    0.001 
          49      111    0.044    0.005 
          49      120    0.727    0.001 
          49      129    4.880    0.019 
      
      STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ----------------------------------
          50      104    0.045    0.008 
          50      116    0.198    0.008 
          50      132    5.214    0.038 
          52      101    0.090    0.000 
          52      110    0.040    0.009 
          52      113    0.058    0.002 
          52      121    1.006    0.009 
          52      132    5.044    0.006 
          53      103    0.084    0.003 
          53      125    3.138    0.019 
          54      102    0.082    0.007 
          54      114    0.074    0.000 
          54      132    4.758    0.088 
          56      103    0.078    0.000 
          56      111    0.039    0.001 
          56      132    4.654    0.025 
          57      103    0.073    0.004 
          58      211    0.035    0.006 
          58      232    4.508    0.036 
          61      103    0.086    0.006 
          61      113    0.083    0.003 
          61      123    3.373    0.011 
          61      131    4.015    0.003 
          62      203    0.068    0.003 
          63      103    0.052    0.002 
          63      122    4.015    0.021 
          65      101    0.090    0.002 
          65      110    0.103    0.003 
          65      114    2.096    0.021 
          65      122    4.111    0.004 
          66      101    0.082    0.001 
          66      133    3.836    0.007 
          67      202    0.071    0.000 
          67      233    3.457    0.002 
          68      102    0.067    0.003 
          69      201    0.080    0.001 
          69      231    3.791    0.000 
          70      101    0.072    0.001 
          70      107    0.026    0.000 
          71      104    0.051    0.001 
          71      128    4.000    0.007 
          72      101    0.084    0.003 
          73      103    0.070    0.005 
          73      115    0.290    0.003 
          73      133    3.444    0.008 
          74      202    0.088    0.006 
          75      102    0.095    0.001 
          75      128    3.592    0.027 
          76      201    0.101    0.003 
          76      203    0.082    0.001 
          76      208    0.037    0.003 
          77      102    0.089    0.000 
          77      112    0.063    0.002 
          77      133    3.101    0.001 
          78      101    0.094    0.005 
          79      102    0.045    0.001 
          79      132    2.876    0.002 
          80      203    0.030    0.004 
          81      109    0.796    0.004 
          83      101    0.372    0.002 
          83      105    1.986    0.003 
          86      101    0.199    0.006 
          87      101    0.030    0.003 
          88      101    0.016    0.001 
          88      104    0.005    0.001 
          88      113    1.807    0.007 
          88      125    3.050    0.021 
          89      202    0.018    0.000 
          89      206    0.012    0.003 
          89      232    2.466    0.001 
          90      103    0.012    0.003 
          92      201    0.054    0.004 
          93      102    0.058    0.000 
          94      102    0.055    0.002 
          94      112    0.009    0.002 
          94      130    2.911    0.013 
          95      101    0.065    0.000 
          96      102    0.055    0.001 
          96      119    0.344    0.008 
          96      135    2.563    0.001 
          97      201    0.068    0.002 
          98      102    0.046    0.002 
          98      134    2.506    0.007 
      
      STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ----------------------------------
         100      101    0.067    0.006 
         100      118    0.095    0.000 
         101      227    2.735    0.014 
         102      102    0.031    0.000 
         102      124    1.114    0.008 
         104      101    0.029    0.001 
         104      132    3.014    0.022 
         105      201    0.018    0.002 
         105      203    0.006    0.001 
         105      205    0.002    0.002 
         106      102    0.029    0.000 
         106      134    2.344    0.013 
         108      101    0.024    0.002 
         108      134    2.594    0.013 
         109      101    0.021    0.001 
         110      202    0.016    0.001 
         110      234    2.336    0.023 
         112      102    0.020    0.000 
         112      132    2.632    0.008 
         113      101    0.015    0.000 
         114      104    0.012    0.000 
         114      135    2.035    0.006 
         115      101    0.014    0.001 
         116      201    0.013    0.001 
         116      204    0.012    0.000 
         116      223    0.596    0.005 
         116      234    1.946    0.007 
         117      101    0.013    0.002 
         117      107    0.005    0.000 
         118      103    0.011    0.000 
         118      128    2.240    0.001 
         119      103    0.014    0.002 
         120      201    0.012    0.000 
         120      205    0.008    0.001 
         120      227    1.996    0.040 
         120      234    2.237    0.008 
         121      201    0.010    0.001 
         122      102    0.011    0.000 
         122      105    0.004    0.002 
         122      132    2.404    0.000 
         123      101    0.009    0.000 
         124      101    0.009    0.000 
         124      130    2.283    0.015 
         124      135    1.766    0.003 
         125      303    0.009    0.001 
         125      334    1.959    0.018 
         126      101    0.008    0.001 
         126      132    2.142    0.012 
         127      201    0.013    0.000 
         127      210    0.001    0.001 
         127      226    1.524    0.002 
         127      235    1.814    0.013 
         128      201    0.013    0.002 
         129      102    0.009    0.000 
         129      135    1.755    0.020 
         130      101    0.011    0.001 
         130      107    0.007    0.001 
         130      125    1.222    0.006 
         131      134    1.935    0.008 
         132      102    0.013    0.001 
         132      119    0.003    0.001 
         132      133    1.930    0.011 
         133      101    0.011    0.001 
         134      201    0.012    0.000 
         134      235    1.630    0.005 
         135      201    0.013    0.002 
         135      215   -0.001    0.000 
         135      234    1.919    0.001 
         136      103    0.010    0.000 
         137      101    0.011    0.002 
         137      121    0.003    0.002 
         137      133    1.892    0.002 
         140      102    0.009    0.000 
         140      133    1.872    0.004 
         141      101    0.011    0.001 
         142      102    0.015    0.002 
         142      123    0.071    0.000 
         142      135    1.641    0.007 
         143      101    0.011    0.000 
         144      102    0.006    0.001 
         144      129    1.962    0.011 
         145      103    0.005    0.002 
         146      102    0.007    0.001 
         146      125    0.351    0.001 
         146      131    1.827    0.011 
         147      101    0.009    0.000 
         148      121    0.719    0.000 
      
      STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ----------------------------------
         150      234    1.566    0.003 
         151      102    0.006    0.001 
         151      135    1.552    0.018 
         152      101    0.007    0.002 
         153      102    0.006    0.000 
         153      132    1.689    0.002 
         154      101    0.006    0.001 
         154      103    0.006    0.000 
         155      102    0.006    0.000 
         155      122    0.009    0.001 
         155      134    1.566    0.003 
         156      102    0.008    0.002 
         157      104    0.004    0.001 
         158      102    0.006    0.000 
         159      102    0.008    0.002 
         159      103    0.005    0.001 
         159      134    1.553    0.012 
         160      103    0.006    0.001 
         161      103    0.003    0.001 
         161      131    1.715    0.014 
         162      201    0.005    0.001 
         163      201    0.005    0.000 
         163      229    1.620    0.002 
         164      104    0.002    0.001 
         166      201    0.003    0.001 
         167      201    0.003    0.002 
         167      230    1.936    0.007 
         169      201    0.004    0.001 
         169      226    0.055    0.002 
         169      235    1.666    0.013 
         170      101    0.004    0.001 
         170      129    1.045    0.003 
         171      101    0.005    0.001 
         171      128    0.343    0.003 
         172      221    0.176    0.000 
         172      233    1.741    0.001 
         173      201    0.003    0.002 
         173      225    0.056    0.004 
         173      231    1.689    0.001 
         174      101   -0.000    0.000 
         175      204    0.003    0.000 
         176      101    0.005    0.001 
         177      101    0.003    0.000 
         177      104    0.000    0.000 
         178      101    0.005    0.000 
         179      101    0.005    0.000 
         180      101    0.005    0.001 
         181      101    0.006    0.000 
         182      101    0.006    0.001 
      
      
      APPENDIX 2C:  REPLICATE CFC-12 MEASUREMENTS
       
      STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ---------------------------------
           1      112    0.043    0.007 
           4      110    2.188    0.007 
           5      113    2.131    0.012 
           9      202    0.070    0.007 
           9      234    2.408    0.013 
          10      201    0.080    0.003 
          10      214    0.050    0.002 
          11      101    0.083    0.010 
          14      101    0.070    0.001 
          14      134    2.317    0.007 
          15      201    0.072    0.002 
          15      234    2.395    0.011 
          16      101    0.070    0.003 
          16      110    0.021    0.002 
          17      103    0.066    0.001 
          17      133    2.571    0.031 
          18      134    2.457    0.015 
          21      123    2.772    0.035 
          25      110    0.038    0.004 
          28      101    0.082    0.003 
          28      112    0.106    0.001 
          28      124    3.075    0.054 
          29      201    0.228    0.003 
          29      212    0.115    0.002 
          29      230    3.072    0.048 
          30      101    0.646    0.013 
          30      133    2.976    0.021 
          31      203    0.682    0.008 
          31      225    0.415    0.084 
          33      103    0.321    0.003 
          33      131    2.343    0.018 
          34      101    0.286    0.001 
          34      103    0.306    0.033 
          34      107    0.104    0.004 
          35      101    0.265    0.008 
          35      103    0.245    0.001 
          35      133    3.094    0.002 
          39      101    0.061    0.001 
          39      121    3.011    0.075 
          39      124    3.165    0.026 
          40      101    0.064    0.004 
          40      133    3.191    0.001 
          41      103    0.039    0.003 
          41      133    3.186    0.005 
          42      101    0.053    0.002 
          42      133    3.133    0.007 
          43      111    0.090    0.004 
          43      120    2.826    0.011 
          45      101    0.033    0.002 
          45      110    0.088    0.008 
          45      115    0.472    0.002 
          45      123    2.837    0.029 
          46      103    0.025    0.001 
          46      129    2.800    0.030 
          48      101    0.028    0.001 
          48      110    0.025    0.002 
          49      101    0.040    0.001 
          49      111    0.027    0.004 
          49      120    0.349    0.003 
          49      129    2.413    0.021 
      
      STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ---------------------------------
          50      104    0.027    0.000 
          50      116    0.097    0.001 
          50      132    2.642    0.018 
          52      101    0.044    0.001 
          52      110    0.021    0.006 
          52      113    0.030    0.004 
          52      121    0.476    0.008 
          52      132    2.556    0.008 
          53      103    0.046    0.000 
          53      125    1.531    0.004 
          54      102    0.044    0.002 
          54      114    0.042    0.008 
          54      132    2.414    0.032 
          56      103    0.043    0.004 
          56      111    0.021    0.001 
          56      132    2.422    0.007 
          57      103    0.032    0.002 
          58      211    0.019    0.001 
          58      232    2.323    0.020 
          61      103    0.038    0.005 
          61      113    0.041    0.002 
          61      123    1.680    0.011 
          61      131    2.128    0.030 
          62      203    0.034    0.004 
          63      103    0.028    0.000 
          63      122    2.119    0.011 
          65      101    0.049    0.003 
          65      110    0.050    0.002 
          65      114    1.009    0.016 
          65      122    2.133    0.012 
          66      101    0.046    0.008 
          66      133    2.050    0.001 
          67      202    0.040    0.000 
          67      233    1.864    0.013 
          68      102    0.037    0.002 
          69      201    0.041    0.001 
          69      231    2.000    0.005 
          70      101    0.039    0.003 
          70      107    0.014    0.001 
          71      104    0.032    0.001 
          72      101    0.045    0.000 
          73      103    0.043    0.002 
          73      115    0.144    0.000 
          73      133    1.841    0.009 
          74      202    0.056    0.007 
          75      128    1.863    0.011 
          76      201    0.053    0.004 
          76      203    0.059    0.004 
          77      102    0.058    0.002 
          77      133    1.695    0.012 
          78      101    0.076    0.007 
          79      132    1.610    0.013 
          81      109    0.474    0.008 
          83      101    0.235    0.007 
          83      105    1.014    0.014 
          86      101    0.153    0.005 
          88      113    0.959    0.018 
          88      125    1.701    0.001 
          89      232    1.394    0.025 
          90      103    0.004    0.003 
          93      102    0.035    0.001 
          94      102    0.031    0.004 
          94      130    1.535    0.001 
          95      101    0.034    0.000 
          96      102    0.028    0.000 
          96      119    0.182    0.003 
          96      135    1.402    0.008 
          97      201    0.037    0.004 
          98      102    0.030    0.000 
          98      134    1.365    0.011 
      
      STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ---------------------------------
         100      101    0.041    0.005 
         100      118    0.058    0.005 
         100      135    1.310    0.003 
         101      227    1.374    0.025 
         102      102    0.018    0.002 
         102      124    0.565    0.005 
         104      101    0.017    0.000 
         104      132    1.615    0.018 
         105      201    0.014    0.001 
         105      203    0.006    0.000 
         105      205    0.003    0.000 
         106      102    0.018    0.003 
         106      134    1.288    0.015 
         108      101    0.012    0.001 
         108      134    1.382    0.000 
         109      101    0.013    0.003 
         110      202    0.011    0.000 
         110      234    1.267    0.024 
         112      102    0.012    0.001 
         112      132    1.398    0.006 
         113      101    0.010    0.001 
         114      104    0.009    0.000 
         114      135    1.135    0.012 
         115      101    0.009    0.001 
         116      201    0.010    0.000 
         116      204    0.009    0.001 
         116      223    0.306    0.000 
         116      234    1.094    0.017 
         117      101    0.009    0.003 
         117      107    0.004    0.001 
         118      103    0.007    0.000 
         118      128    1.166    0.003 
         119      103    0.007    0.000 
         120      201    0.008    0.000 
         120      205    0.007    0.000 
         120      227    0.988    0.002 
         120      234    1.227    0.003 
         121      201    0.007    0.001 
         122      102    0.007    0.001 
         122      105    0.004    0.000 
         122      132    1.295    0.003 
         123      101    0.005    0.000 
         124      101    0.006    0.001 
         124      130    1.213    0.009 
         124      135    1.000    0.005 
         125      303    0.004    0.000 
         125      334    1.081    0.004 
         126      101    0.004    0.000 
         126      132    1.174    0.011 
         127      201    0.007    0.000 
         127      210    0.002    0.001 
         127      226    0.755    0.002 
         127      235    1.029    0.004 
         128      201    0.007    0.000 
         129      102    0.005    0.000 
         129      135    0.996    0.006 
         130      101    0.005    0.000 
         130      107    0.004    0.001 
         130      125    0.600    0.004 
         131      134    1.077    0.006 
         132      102    0.006    0.001 
         132      119    0.004    0.001 
         133      101    0.006    0.000 
         134      201    0.007    0.001 
         134      235    0.935    0.018 
         135      201    0.008    0.000 
         135      215    0.001    0.001 
         135      234    1.073    0.004 
         136      103    0.005    0.000 
         137      101    0.006    0.001 
         137      121    0.002    0.000 
         137      133    1.059    0.005 
         140      102    0.004    0.000 
         140      133    1.056    0.003 
         141      101    0.006    0.000 
         142      102    0.006    0.001 
         142      123    0.045    0.007 
         142      135    0.946    0.012 
         143      101    0.005    0.001 
         144      102    0.003    0.000 
         144      129    1.056    0.009 
         145      103    0.002    0.001 
         146      102    0.003    0.001 
         146      125    0.192    0.003 
         146      131    1.012    0.006 
         147      101    0.003    0.000 
         148      121    0.369    0.007 
      
      STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
       NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
      ---------------------------------
         150      234    0.914    0.004 
         151      102    0.001    0.002 
         151      135    0.888    0.006 
         152      101    0.005    0.002 
         153      102    0.003    0.000 
         153      132    0.946    0.003 
         154      101    0.001    0.002 
         154      103    0.001    0.000 
         155      102    0.002    0.001 
         155      122    0.004    0.001 
         155      134    0.892    0.013 
         156      102    0.003    0.001 
         157      104    0.001    0.000 
         158      102    0.003    0.001 
         159      102    0.002    0.000 
         159      103    0.002    0.001 
         159      134    0.910    0.038 
         160      103    0.002    0.001 
         161      103    0.000    0.001 
         161      131    0.935    0.008 
         162      201    0.003    0.000 
         163      201    0.002    0.001 
         163      229    0.848    0.001 
         164      104    0.000    0.001 
         167      201    0.002    0.000 
         167      230    1.042    0.006 
         169      201    0.002    0.001 
         169      226    0.029    0.002 
         169      235    0.937    0.004 
         170      101    0.009    0.000 
         170      129    0.551    0.002 
         171      101    0.000    0.001 
         171      128    0.180    0.002 
         172      221    0.089    0.001 
         172      233    0.949    0.006 
         173      201    0.000    0.000 
         173      225    0.020    0.002 
         173      231    0.879    0.007 
         174      101    0.000    0.000 
         178      101    0.003    0.000 
         179      101    0.002    0.000 
         180      101    0.004    0.002 
         181      101    0.004    0.000 
         182      101    0.004    0.001 
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      B.4. CARBON MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
      
      B.4.1 pH
      
      Seawater samples were drawn from the PVC bottles with a 25-cm length of
      silicon tubing. One end of the tubing was fit over the petcock of the
      PVC bottle and the other end was attached over the opening of a 10-cm
      glass spectrophotometric cell. The spectrophotometric cell was rinsed
      three to four times with a total volume of approximately 200 mL of
      seawater; the Teflon(tm) endcaps were also rinsed and then used to trap
      a sample of seawater in the glass cell. While drawing the sample, care
      was taken to make sure that no air bubbles were trapped within the
      cell.
      
      Seawater pH was measured using a three-wavelength spectrophotometric
      procedure (Byrne, 1987) and the indicator calibration of Clayton and
      Byrne (1993). The indicator was a 8.0-mM solution of Kodak(tm) m-cresol
      purple sodium salt (C21H17O5Na) in a 10% ethanol solution; the
      absorbance ratio of the concentrated indicator solution (RI =
      578A/434A) was 1.00. All absorbance ratio measurements were obtained in
      the thermostatted (25.0 +/- 0.05°C) cell compartments of HP 8453 diode
      array spectrophotometers. Periodically the spectrophotometric cells
      were cleaned with a 1 N HCl solution to preclude biological growth.
      Measurements of pH were taken at 25°C on the total hydrogen ion
      concentration ([H+]t) scale, in mol/kg soln.
      
      
      B.4.2 DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC)
      
      The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container
      modified for use as a laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry;
      two analytical systems were used simultaneously on the cruise, each
      consisting of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA (Single
      Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) inlet system developed by
      Ken Johnson (Johnson et al., 1985,1987,1993; Johnson, 1992) of
      Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Pipette volume was determined
      based on the procedures described in Handbook of Methods for CO2
      Analysis (DOE, 1994).
      
      In the coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted
      to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen to the seawater sample, and
      the evolved CO2 gas is carried into the titration cell of the
      coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent
      based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions.  These are
      subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH-.  CO2 is thus
      measured by integrating the total charge required to achieve this.
      Samples were drawn from the PVC bottles into cleaned, precombusted
      500-mL Pyrex(tm) bottles using Tygon(tm) tubing according to procedures
      outlined in the Handbook of Methods for CO2 Analysis (DOE, 1994).
      Bottles were rinsed once and filled from the bottom, overflowing half a
      volume, and care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. The tube was
      pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-mL headspace, and 0.2 mL of
      saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative.
      
      The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with
      Apiezon-L(tm) grease, and were stored at room temperature for a maximum
      of 12 hours prior to analysis.
      
      The coulometers were calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2
      (99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops
      that had been calibrated at BNL (Wilke, 1993). All DIC values were
      corrected for dilution by 0.2 mL of HgCl2; total water volume was 540
      mL. The correction factor used was 1.00037. The instruments were
      calibrated at the beginning, middle, and end of each coulometer cell
      solution with a set of the gas loop injections.
      
      CRMs (Batch 29) were provided by Dr. Andrew Dickson (SIO), and was
      analyzed on both instruments over the duration of the cruise.  The CRM
      certified value was 1902.54 +/-1.05 (n=14).  The overall accuracy and
      precision for the CRMs on both instruments combined was -1.1 +/-0.9
      (n=153).  Replicate measurements from different PVC bottles tripped at
      the same depth, along with replicate measurements from the same PVC
      bottle was within +/-1.9 mol/kg DIC. DIC data reported for this cruise
      have been corrected to the Batch 29 CRM value by adding the difference
      between the certified value and the mean shipboard CRM value (certified
      value - shipboard analyses) on a per instrument/per leg basis.
      
      
      B.4.3. TOTAL ALKALINITY (TA)
      
      The titration system used to determine TA consisted of a Metrohm 665
      Dosimat(tm) titrator and an Orion(tm) 720A pH meter controlled by a
      personal computer (Millero et al., 1993). The acid titrant, in a
      water-jacketed burette, and the seawater sample, in a water-jacketed
      cell, were kept at 25 +/- 0.1°C with a Neslab(tm) constant-temperature
      bath. The plexiglass water-jacketed cells were similar to those used by
      Bradshaw et al. (1988), except that a larger volume (200 mL) was used
      to increase the precision. The cells had fill and drain valves with
      zero dead-volume to increase the reproducibility of the cell volume.
      
      The HCl solutions used throughout the cruise were made, standardized,
      and stored in 500-mL glass bottles in the laboratory for use at sea.
      The 0.2487 M HCl solutions were made from 1 M Mallinckrodt(tm) standard
      solutions in 0.45 M NaCl to yield an ionic strength equivalent to that
      of average seawater (0.7 M). The acid was independently standardized
      using a coulometric technique (Taylor and Smith, 1959; Marinenko and
      Taylor, 1968) by the University of Miami and by Dr. Dickson. The two
      standardization techniques agreed to +/-0.0001 N.
      
      The volume of HCl delivered to the cell is traditionally assumed to
      have a small uncertainty (Dickson, 1981) and is equated with the
      digital output of the titrator. Calibrations of the Dosimat(tm)
      burettes with Milli Q(tm) water at 25°C indicated that the systems
      deliver 3.000 mL (the value for a titration of seawater) to a precision
      of 0.0004 mL. This uncertainty resulted in an error of 0.4 mol/kg in
      TA.
      
      Internal consistency of each cell was checked before, during, and after
      the cruise by titrating CRM Batches 29 and 30 prepared by Dr. Dickson.
      The TA of CRM was determined by open cell (weighed) titration in the
      laboratory prior to the cruise and was found to be 2184.8 +/- 1.3
      mol/kg (n= 15) and 2201.9 +/- 1.0 mol/kg (n = 21), respectively. A
      total of 85 CRM measurements made at sea yielded 2173.8 +/- 1.6 mol/kg
      for Batch 29 and 2190.8 +/- 1.7 mol/kg for Batch 30 on three different
      cells. This offset was due to changes in the volume of the cells. All
      TA data have been corrected to laboratory CRM values for each cell and
      each leg.
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      B.4.4. DISCRETE FCO2 (FUGACITY OF CO2) MEASUREMENTS DURING CGC-96 
             Principal Investigator: Rik Wanninkhof (Wanninkhof@aoml.noaa.gov)
             Analysts: Dana Greeley and Hua Chen
             Note: all data is fCO2 data but labeled as pCO2
      
      Approximately 2900 discrete fCO2 samples from 168 station were taken
      and analyzed on the cruise using an analysis system based on gas
      chromatography (Neill et al., 1997).  The measurement was performed by
      equilibrating 10-mL headspace with 120-mL seawater sample at 20°C in a
      bottle with crimp seal and Teflon lined cap. The headspace was injected
      into a gas chromatographic column that separates CO2 from the other
      gases in the headspace. The CO2 is subsequently quantitatively
      converted to methane using a ruthenium catalyst.  The methane is
      measured at high sensitivity with a flame ionization detector.
      
      The data obtained from the cruise has an uncertainty proportional to
      the gas concentration in contrast to our previous system that was based
      on infrared analysis using larger samples (Wanninkhof and Thoning,
      1993).  The current system has slightly worse precision for surface
      water samples but better precision for samples with high pCO2.  During
      leg 1, 38 duplicate samples had a precision of 0.9% (1- st. dev.);
      during leg 2, 41 duplicates yielded a precision of 1%.
        
      
      The quality control steps were as follows.  All samples that had
      sampling irregularities such as leakage, detachment of the sample
      bottle from the intake line etc. were flagged as questionable during
      analysis on the cruise.  During data reduction the following checks
      were performed:
      
      (1) Plotting fCO2 against depth               
      (2) Plotting fCO2 against DIC                 
      (3) Plotting fCO2 against pH
      (4) Performing internal consistency calculations using the Lewis and
          Wallace (1998) program and calculating TA(TC,fCO2) and TA(TC,pH) and
          {TA(meas)- TA(TC,fCO2)} and {TA(meas)- TA(TC,pH)}. These differences
          were then plotted for four consecutive stations against depth.
      
      Based on these comparisons a subjective assessment was made as to the
      quality of the data and quality control flags were adjusted as deemed
      proper.
      
      
      fCO2 REFERENCES:
      
      Lewis, E., and D.W.R. Wallace, Program developed for CO2 system
          calculations, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 1998.
      
      Neill, C., K.M. Johnson, E. Lewis, and D.W.R. Wallace,  Small volume,
          batch equilibration measurement of fCO2 in discrete water samples.,
      Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1774-1783, 1997.
      
      Wanninkhof, R., and K. Thoning, Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in
          surface water using continuous and discrete sampling methods, Mar.
          Chem., 44 (2-4), 189-205, 1993.
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      APPENDIX 3:  LISTING OF CGC96 BOTTLE PROBLEMS, WITH QC EVALUATIONS
      
      * indicates no nutrient sample.                                                                                 
      
                   initial                                                                                        
      Stn Samp Cast Fbtl         Problem as annotated;                                                           fbtlnbr
      Nbr  no   no  nbr  Ctdprs   on deck logs                         Comments                                  re-set to:
      --- ---  ---- ---  ------  ------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------  ---------
      1   106   1    3   3001.9  Leaking, *                            ctd-sal < .001,no O2,cfc,sil                      2
      2   110   1    3   3997.2  Leaking, *                            ctd-sal = 0,no O2,cfc,sil                         2
      2   121   1    3   1600.5  Leaking, *                            ctd-sal < .0014,no O2,sil, cfc=good               2
      2   129   1    3   2235.5  Leaking, *                            no sal,O2,cfc,sil                                 3
      2   133   1    3   2236.5  Leaking, *                            no sal,O2,sil cfc=OK                              3
      3   129   1    3     37.5  Leaking, *                            NO BOTTLE DATA FO STA=3                           3
      4   104   1    3    117.7  Leaking, high nutrients               ctd-sal < .001, O2=OK,cfc=OK,sil=high             3
      4   109   1    3      9.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal = -.0085,O2=OK, cfc=OK                    2
      5   107   1    3    465.9  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal < 0.001,no O2,cfc                         3
      5   113   1    3    207.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal = -.0011,others=OK                        2
      5   114   1    3    180.8  Top endcap cracked                    ctd-sal=0.001,sil=OK,no cfc,O2                    3
      6   103   1    4   1070.5  Did not trip properly, *              no samples                                        4
      6   110   1    3    490.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0004,sil=OK, no others                 2
      7   108   1    3    724.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=.0003,O2,sil=OK,no cfc                    2
      7   120   1    3    154.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=.0003,O2,sil=OK, no cfc                   2
      8   108   1    3   1213.6  Huge Leak at top cap, *               ctd-sal=.0007,no O2,cfc,sil                       3
      8   132   1    3     11.1  Stopcock open, 131/132                nut reps look OK  ctd-sal=0.0001,o2=OK,no cfc     3
      11  103   1    3   5120    Stopcock pushed in,102/103            nut reps=ok ctd-sal=-.0006,O2,nuts=OK,no cfc      2
      11  117   1    3   1317.8  Leaking, *                            no sal,nuts,cfc; O2=high  BAD                     3
      12  203   2    4   4900.2  no comment                            ctd-sal=0.5,nuts-very low, o2=very high   fbtlnbr 4
      12  206   2    3   3699.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0009,o2,sil=OK                          2
      12  209   2    3   2504.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=.0017,o2,sil=OK                           2
      13  106   1    3   3498.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0010,no o2,cfc,sil=OK                   2
      13  109   1    3   2293.5  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0017,no O2,cfc;sil=OK                   2
      14  117   1    3   1214    Leaking, *                            no sal,cfc,sil;O2 a little high?                  3
      15  208   2    3   3561.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0013;no cfc;o2,sil=OK                   2
      15  213   2    3   2316.3  Band broken on btm                    ctd-sal=0.001;o2,cfc,sil=OK                       2
      15  217   2    3   1310    Leaking, *                            no sal,cfc,nuts; o2=high                          3
      15  225   2    3    427.1  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0009;no cfc,sil;o2-ctd=low             3
      15  233   2    4     31.2  Did not trip, *                                                                         4
      16  109   1    3   3188.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0010;o2,sil=OK,no cfc                   2
      16  117   1    3   1224.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0015;o2,sil=OK,no cfc                   2
      17  120   1    3    926.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.00008;o2,cfc,sil=OK                     2
      17  131   1    3     78.5  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0012;o2,sil=OK;no cfc                   2
      18  103   1    3   4878.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0013;o2,sil,cfc=OK;ph?                  3
      18  133   1    4     19.4  Did not close, *                                                                        4
      19  106   1    3   3093.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0012;f12 a little high,no pH           2
      19  110   1    3   1504.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0029;                                   2
      19  117   1    3    420.1  Stopcock pushed in *                                                                    3
      20  105   1    4   2889.9  Empty, *                                                                                4
      20  106   1    3   2502.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal <0.001;sil=OK                             3
      20  109   1    3   1355.7  Damaged bottle                                                                          3
      20  114   1    3    577    Stopcock pushed in                                                                      3
      21  103   1    4   4702.5  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      21  106   1    3   3502    Leaking, PO4 high, sil & NO3 ok       ctd-sal=0.0009;cfc,sil=OK                         2
      21  122   1    4     67.2  Empty, *                                                                                4
      22  205   2    4   3300.8  Did not trip properly, *              no sal,o2,cfc,sil                                 4
      22  206   2    3   2899.0  Did not trip properly, *              ctd-sal=0.0049;no cfc;o2,sil=OK                   3
      23  109   1    3   2299.5  Vent open                             ctd-sal=0.0010;o2,cfc,sil=OK                      2
      23  115   1    3    603    Bottom open, *                                                                          4
      25  104   1    3   3496.2  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal<<0.001;cfc,o2,sil,ph=OK                   2
      25  105   1    4   3096.6  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      27  111   1    4    722.4  Did not close-lanyard hung up, *                                                        4
      28  117   1    3    191.3  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.001;o2,sil=OK;no cfc                   2
      29  209   2    3   1029.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0011;no cfc,o2;sil=OK                   2
      29  220   2    3    269.6  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0002;sil,o2=OK;no cfc                   2
      29  226   2    3    106.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0025;sil,o2,cfc=OK                      2
      30  104   1    3   3185.7  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0003;sil,o2,cfc=OK                      2
      30  120   1    3    436.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal = 0.0006;no cfc;o2,sil=OK                 2
      31  229   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      31  230   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      31  231   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      31  232   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      31  233   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      31  234   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      32  131   1    3     45.1  Leaking                                                                                 3
      33  113   1    3   1136.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0002;o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                  2
      34  110   1    3   1439.2  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0004;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                2
      35  131   1    3     59.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0176;no cfc,o2;sil=OK                   3
      36  101   1    3   2901    Stopcock pushed in                    no sal,cfc;o2,sil,ph=OK                           3
      36  102   1    3   2752.2  Stopcock pushed in                    no sal,cfc;o2,sil,ph=OK                           3
      37  107   1    3   1030.9  Top may be been cracked by tag lines  ctd-sal=0.0002;o2,sil,cfc,ph=OK                   2
      37  108   1    3    921    Top may be been cracked by tag lines  ctd-sal=0.0002;o2,sil,cfc,ph=OK                   2
      37  109   1    3    820    Top may be been cracked by tag lines  ctd-sal=0.0067                                    3
      38  103   1    3   2099.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0012;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc;              2
      38  122   1    3     41.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0051;sil=OK;no cfc,ph,o2               2
      39  104   1    3   1897.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0005;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc               2
      39  109   1    3    919.5  Stopcock pushed in                    no sal,cfc;sil,ph,o2=OK                           3
      40  131   1    3     43.3                                        ctd-sal=-0.0025;o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc               2
      40  134   1    3     10.7  bottom leaking                        ctd-sal=-0.0034;sil=OK;no cfc,o2,ph               2
      41  130   1    3      8.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0036;sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc           2
      42  110   1    3   1693.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0009;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph               2
      42  131   1    3     45.1  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal = -0.0011;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph             2
      43  103   1    3   2706.8  no comment                            sal,o2,cfc,nuts flagged                           3
      45  120   1    3    166.3  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0013;sil=OK;no cfc,ph,o2               3
      46  126   1    3    193.2  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0010;o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                  2
      46  131   1    3     67    Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0042;sil=OK;no cfc,ph                   3
      47  201   2    3   4100.7  Leaking                               cts-sal=0.0011;o2-ctd high,sil=OK                 3
      47  231   2    3     82.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0006;o2,sil=OK                         2
      48  106                                                          fo2=4    4% lower than surrounding points
      49  120   1    3    927    Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=0.0011;o2,cfc,sal=OK,no ph                2
      50  101   1    3   4489.5  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0008;o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc                2
      50  102                                                          fo2=3:1.5% higher than rep and surrounding points
      50  111   1    3   2440    Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0013;o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                   2
      50  114   1    3   1661.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0004;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                2
      51  104   1    3   4566.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0012;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                2
      52  112   1    3   2437.5  Vent valve left open                  ctd-sal=0.0021;                                   3
      53  101   1    3   5144.9  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=0.0007;o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc                2
      53  133   1    3     29.7  Did not trip properly, *                                                                3
      55  133   1    4     31.3  "Bottom open, lanyard hung up",*                                                        4
      56  116   1    3   1440.2  Leaking, *                                                                              3
      56  117   1    3   1216.5  Leaking, *                                                                              3
      57  104   1    3   4565.9  Leaking                                                                                 3
      57  116   1    3   1562.5  Leaking                                                                                 3
      57  133   1    4     28.4  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      59  103   1    3   4814.1  Leaking                                                                                 3
      60  128   1    3    189.2  Leaking                                                                                 3
      60  133   1    4     19.1  "Empty, lanyard hung up", *                                                             4
      61  127   1    3    261.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0008;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                2
      62  201   2    3   5171    Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0005;o2,sil=OK,no cfc,ph               2
      62  204   2    4   4439.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=0.0003;o2,sil=OK,no cfc,ph                2
      63  105   1    3   3495.9  no comment                            ctd-sal=0.0083;o2,cfc=high hp-high?               3
      64  116   1    4    478.4  Did not trip properly, low nuts                                                         4
      64  117   1    4    365.8  "Empty, lanyard hung up", *                                                             4
      66  116   1    3   1436.3  Stopcock pushed in                                                                      3
      66  126   1    3    291.2  Leaking                                                                                 3
      67  219   2    3   1027.4  no comment                            ctd-sal=0.0056;                                   3
      67  226   2    3    319.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0003;o2-ctd=4;ph,sil=OK                2
      67  231   2    3     79    Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.011;o2,sil,ph,cfc=OK                   2
      68  101   1    3   5334.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0003;sil,ph=OK;no cfc,o2=high           3
      69  227   2    3    265.5  "Large leak, top"                                                                       4
      70  116   1    3   1441.3  Minor btm leak                        sal,o2,ph,sil=OK                                  2
      71  131   1    3     79.2                                        sal,o2,ph,sil=OK                                  2
      71  134   1    4      9.7  lanyard hangup                                                                          4
      72  131   1    3     69.6                                        ctd-sal=-0.006                                    3
      73  131   1    3     80.1                                        sal,o2,cfc,ph,sil=OK                              2
      73  134   1    3     10.1  leak bottom cap                       no sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph                              3
      74  201   2    3   5385.3  Leaking, NO3 & sil low,               PO4 n/a=bad sal                                   4
      77  101   1    3   5056.0                                        fo2=3;O2 >2% high
      77  107   1    3   3565.6                                        fo2=3; O2 high
      79  133   1    3     13.4  Leaking                                                                                 3
      80  212   2    3   1075.3  Leaking                                                                                 2
      80  228   2    4    119.4  Leaking, high nutrients BAD sal                                                         4
      80  229   2    4     93.6  Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
      80  230   2    4     69.1  Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
      80  231   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
      80  232   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
      80  233   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
      80  234   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
      81  104   1    3   2555.9  Leaking                               sal,o2,ph,sil=OK no cfc                           2
      81  133   1    3      9.6  Leaking, *                            no samp                                           3
      83  103   1    3    725.5  Small leak                            sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      83  104   1    3    624.9  Small leak                            sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      83  116   1    3    130.9  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      85  104   1    3    565.8  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil,ph-OK;no cfc                           2
      85  121   1    3     10    "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil,phcfc=OK                               2
      87  103   1    3   1314.2  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,ph,sil,cfc=OK                              2
      89  222   2    3    230.6  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,sil,ph=OK;o2 low,no cfc                       2
      90  116   1    3    590.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      91  116   1    3    623.8  Small leak, bottom cap                sal:OK;o2sil,ph,cfc=OK                            2
      91  133   1    3      9.2  Leaking, *                                                                              3
      92  222   2    3    474.9  Small leak, bottom cap                sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc.ph                           2
      92  226   2    3    240.5  Small leak, bottom cap                                                                  2
      92  233   2    3     20.5  Large leak, bottom cap                sal,o2=OK                                         2
      93  133   1    3     30.1  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,cfc=OK;no ph                           2
      94  101   1    3   4655.3  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      94  119   1    4    874.6                                        sal=high,o2,cfc,ph=low,sil=high                   4
      94  121   1    3    676.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                              2
      95  136   1    3      2.4  Leaking, *                            sal OK, no other sample data                      3
      97  224   2    3    525.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      97  233   2    3     79.3  Leaking                               sal,o2,ph,sil=OK; no cfc                          2
      99  116   1    3   1350.2  Small leak, bottom cap                sal,o2,sil.ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      99  133   1    3     79.6  Small leak, bottom cap                sal,o2,sil.ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      100 129   1    4    190.3  Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                       4
      100 130   1    4    145.7  Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                       4
      100 131   1    4     -9    "Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                      4
      100 132   1    4     -9    "Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                      4
      103 107   1    4   3564.9  Vent left open                        sal=OK,sil=BAD                                    4
      105 233   2    4     56.4  "Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                      4
      106 124   1    3    478    Possible leak                         sal,cfc,sil,ph=OK;no o2                           2
      106 133   1    4     69.9  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      107 129   1    3    190.4  Leaking                               sal=ok;sil,ph,o2=OK;no cfc                        2
      107 130   1    3    143.9  Leaking                               sal=ok;sil,ph,o2=OK;no cfc                        2
      107 133   1    4     69.9  Lanyard hung up                                                                         4
      107 136   1    4      4.7  leaking badly                                                                           4
      109 103   1    2                                                 fo2=3; 4%higher than surrounding points
      109 111   1    3   3064.2  Leaking                                                                                 3
      110 216   2    3   1939.3  Leaking, *                            no sal,o2,sil,ph;cfc=OK                           3
      110 218   2    3   1440.5  Spigot leaking                        sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                              2
      114 111   1    3   3191    "Small leak, bottom cap               sal,o2.cfc.sil.ph+OK                              2
      114 124   1    3    669    Leaking                               sal,o2.cfc.sil.ph+OK                              2
      114 136   1    4      5.3  Vent open                             only sal,sil;  OK                                 2
      115 126   1    3    524.1  "Small leak, bottom cap               sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      116 210   2    3   3440.6  no comment                            sal,o2,=low                                       3
      117 116   1    3   1814.5  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      118 131   1    3    120.4  "Small leak, bottom cap               sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      119 109   1    3   3561.9  "Large leak, top cap"                 sal,o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc                           2
      119 126   1    3    526.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      119 131   1    3    163.9  "Large leak, bottom cap"                                                                3
      120 226   2    3    474.6  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil,cfc=OK                                 2
      120 231   2    3    140.1  Slight leak                           sal,o2,sil,cfc,ph=OK                              2
      121 203   2    3   4565    Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      121 209   2    3   3065.5  Leaked before vent open               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      121 218   2    3   1125.5  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      123 133   1    3     80.5  Slight leak                           sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc                              2
      124 117                                                          fo2=3; high
      124 124   1    3    677.8  Leaking, *                            no sal,cfc,sil,ph                                 3
      125 324   3    3    720.1  Leaking                               sil,ph=OK                                         2
      126 124   1    3    670.5  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,cfc,sil=OK                                    2
      127 207   2    4   4316.1  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      127 209   2    3   3815.3  Leaking                               sal=BAD,no cfc,ph                                 3
      127 224   2    3    719.5  Major leaker                                                                            3
      129 104                                                          ph l0oks low ????
      129 111   1    3   3314.1  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      130 104                                                          phlooks low ????
      130 126   1    3    476.6  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.007;no cfc,ph                          3
      131 104                                                          ph looks low ????
      131 136   1    3      3.6  "Leaker, top cap", *                  o2,ph=OK                                          2
      132 110   1    3   3437.4  "Leaker, top cap"                     sil,sal=OK                                        2
      132 112   1    3   2939.4  "Small leak, top cap"                 sil,sal=OK                                        2
      132 131   1    3    140.7  Small leak                            sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
      133 104   1    3   5067.6  Bottom leak                           sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
      133 107   1    3   4314.1  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
      134 224   2    3    673.6  Leaking                               sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
      135 209   2    3   3565.1  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      136 109   1    3   3671.3  "Leaker, top cap"                     sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      136 130   1    3    190.4  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
      137 124   1    3    726.1  Major leak                            sal,sil=OK;no cfc,o2,ph                           3
      137 130   1    3    217.6  "Large leak, bottom cap"              sal,sil=OK; no cfc,ph,o2                          3
      139 109   1    3   1814.7  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      140 109   1    3   3439.6  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      140 135   1    3     18.5  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      141 102   1    3   4814.8  Small leak                            sal,o2,sil=OK;no ph,cfc                           2
      141 103   1    3   4566.3  Small leak                            sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
      141 109   1    3   3065.8  Small leakk                           sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
      141 131   1    3    129.3  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no ph,cfc                           2
      144 125   1    3    475.7  Small leak                            sal,cfc,sil=ok; no,ph.o2                          2
      144 133   1    3     69.8  Leaking                               sal,sil=ok;o2=high?,no cfc,ph                     3
      146 102   1    3   4940.2  Leaking                               sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph"OK                              2
      147 133   1    3     79.2  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      147 135   1    3     28.4  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      152 126   1    4    375.1  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
      152 133   1    3     70.1  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      152 136   1    3      4.3  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      153 133   1    3     78.6  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=ok;no cfc,ph                           2
      158 111   1    3   2441.2  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      160 102   1    4   5247.9  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;nocfc,o2,ph                            2
      160 105   1    3   4866.2  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK; no cfc,ph                          2
      160 106   1    3   4738.1  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK; no cfc,ph                          2
      160 128   1    4    290.7  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.007,sil=OK;no cfc,ph,o2                4
      160 136   1    4      5.1  Vent left open                        sal,sil=OK,no o2,cfc,ph                           2
      161 106   1    3   4288.5  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      163 206   2    3   4564.4  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      163 228   2    3    324.5  Leaking from top                      sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      163 232   2    3    117.1  Leaking from top                      sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      163 234   2    3     57.9  Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      163 235   2    3     29.6  Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      163 236   2    3      5.3  Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph,cfc=OK                              2
      164 102   1    3   5179.4  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      164 136   1    3      4    Leaking                               sal,sil=ok;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
      165 102   1    3   5599.4  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      165 106   1    3   4564.3  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      165 129   1    3    265.1  Stopcock pushed in                                                                      3
      166 228   2    3    286.8  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      167 206   2    3   4566    Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK no cfc,ph                           2
      167 228   2    3    326.4  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
      168 109   1    3   3686.8  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      168 131   1    3    140.1  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      171 112   1    3   2812.9  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      171 113   1    3   2562.7  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      171 117   1    3   1564    Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
      171 127   1    3    421.6  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
      172 235   2    3     10    Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK,no cfc,ph                           2
      173 226   2    3    525.3  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
      174 105   1    3   4689    Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      174 117   1    3   1690.4  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      174 127   1    3    374.2  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
      174 135   1    3     20.4  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
      175 205   2    3   4899.9  Leaking from top                      sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      178 110   1    3   4098.9  Leaking stopcock                      sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
      181 110   1    3   3253    Leaking, *                                                                              3
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      C.  CTD/O2 TECHNIQUES
      
          McTaggart, K.E. and  and G.C. Johnson (1997). CTD/O2 Measurements Collected 
             on a Climate & Global Change Cruise  (WOCE Sections P14S and P15S) During 
             January - March, 1996.  NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-63, Pacific Marine 
             Environmental Laboratory, Seattle. Washington, September 1997.
      
      
                                        ABSTRACT 
      
      Summaries of CTD/O2 measurements and hydrographic data acquired on 
      a Climate and Global Change cruise during the winter of 1996 aboard the NOAA 
      ship DISCOVERER are presented.  The majority of these data were collected along
      WOCE section P14S from 53°S, 170°E to 66°S, 171°E and WOCE section P15S from 67°S, 
      170°W to 0, 169°W.  Also presented are data collected along a short section across
      the Samoa Passage.  Data acquisition and processing systems are described
      and calibration procedures are documented.  Station location, meteorological 
      conditions, CTD/O2 summary data listings, profiles, and potential temperature-
      salinity diagrams are included for each cast.  Section plots of oceanographic 
      variables and hydrographic data listings are also given.
      
      
      C.1.  INTRODUCTION
      
      The long-term objective of the Climate and Global Change Program is to
      provide reliable predictions of climate change and associated regional 
      implications on time scales ranging from seasons to centuries.  In support of 
      NOAA's Climate Program, PMEL scientists have been measuring the growing burden
      of greenhouse gases in the Pacific Ocean and the overlying atmosphere since 
      1980.  The NOAA Office of Global Programs (OGP) sponsors the Ocean Tracers and 
      Hydrography Program and Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) to study
      ocean circulation, mixing processes, and the rate at which CO2 and chloro-
      fluorocarbons (CFCs) are taken up and released by the oceans.  Work on this 
      cruise was cooperative with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and 
      the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS).  Data from this cruise will allow
      quantification of the zonal currents and meridional distribution of water 
      masses throughout the full water column in the southwestern Pacific.  Tracer
      measurements will be used to study the rates of mass formation and transport 
      processes throughout the water column.
      
      For both sections sampled on this cruise, stations were occupied at a 
      nominal spacing of 30 nm, closer over steeply sloped bathymetry, and never 
      more distant than 60 nm.  Stations 1-3 were test stations occupied to evaluate
      the CTD/O2 and rosette systems on the transit from Hobart, Australia to the 
      start of P14S.  These profiles were not processed and are not included in this
      data report.  Stations 177 to 182 were taken after the completion of P15S but 
      prior to the final port stop in Pago-Pago, American Samoa.  These profiles 
      constitute a short, nearly zonal, section across the Samoan Passage, taken to 
      investigate deep water-mass and transport variability there.  These data are
      reported here.  The cruise was broken up into two legs of roughly one month 
      duration each by a port stop in Wellington, New Zealand after station 93.  
      Station 94 was a reoccupation of station 93 to evaluate temporal variations 
      that occurred during the port stop.  
      
      Full water column CTD/O2 profiles were collected at all stations.  Lowered
      Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements were also collected on 
      most casts of leg 1.  In addition, underway salinity, temperature, and CO2 
      measurements were taken along the cruise track.  Shallow productivity casts 
      were made daily, and ALACE floats were deployed during the cruise.  Water 
      samples were analyzed for a suite of natural and anthropogenic tracers 
      including salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, CFCs, carbon 
      tetrachloride, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, pCO2, 
      dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, carbon isotopes, and 
      oxygen isotopes.  Samples were collected from productivity casts for 
      chlorophyll and primary productivity.  Fig. 1 shows station locations.  Table 
      1 provides a summary of cast information.
      
      WOCE section P14S began with station 4 at 53°S, 170°E in 200 m of water on 
      the south edge of the Campbell Plateau and ended with station 32 at 66°S, 171°E,
      intersecting the zonal WHP section S4 occupied nominally along 67°S in 1992.
      The section consisted of 29 stations.  It sampled the entire Antarctic 
      Circumpolar Current between the edge of the Campbell Plateau and the crest of 
      the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.  At the ridge crest it explored a deep passage 
      between the Ross Sea and the Southwest Pacific Basin.  South of the ridge 
      crest, it entered the north side of the Ross Sea Gyre.
      
      WOCE section P15S began with station 33 at 67°S, 170°W, again intersecting 
      the zonal WHP section S4 occupied nominally along 67°S in 1992.  It proceeded 
      north to station 72 at 47.5°S, 170°W, whereupon it followed a diagonal in towards
      the Chatham Rise until station 85 at 43.25°S, 175°E.  From there it moved back 
      away from the rise towards 170°W along a diagonal to station 104 at 36°S, 170°W.
      It then resumed north to station 154 at 10.5°S, 170°W, whereupon it shifted 
      longitudes slightly to follow the axis of the Samoan Passage until station 164
      at 7.5°S, 168.75°W.  From there it continued north to station 174 at the equator,
      168.75°W.  Station 175 and 176 were added to the section to improve meridional 
      resolution in the vicinity of the Samoan Passage.  From 15°S to the equator the
      section overlapped WHP section P15N, occupied in 1994.  The section consisted 
      of 143 stations, discounting the duplication after the Wellington port stop.  
      It sampled the north end of the Ross Sea Gyre, the Antarctic Circumpolar 
      Current, the Deep Western Boundary Current system on both flanks of the 
      Chatham Rise, the Subtropical Gyre, and the Tropical Regime up to the equator.
      
      
      C.2.  STANDARDS AND PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS
      
      The CTD/O2 system is a real time data system with the data from a 
      Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (SBE) 9plus underwater unit transmitted via a 
      conducting cable to the SBE 11plus deck unit.  The serial data from the 
      underwater unit is sent to the deck unit in RS-232 NRZ format using a 34560 Hz 
      carrier-modulated differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) telemetry link.  The 
      deck unit decodes the serial data and sends it to a personal computer for 
      display and storage in a disk file using Sea-Bird SEASOFT software.
      
      The SBE 911plus system transmits data from primary and auxiliary sensors 
      in the form of binary number equivalents of the frequency or voltage outputs 
      from those sensors.  The calculations required to convert from raw data to 
      engineering units of the parameters being measured are performed by software, 
      either in real-time, or after the data has been stored in a disk file.  
      
      The SBE 911plus system is electrically and mechanically compatible with 
      standard unmodified rosette water samplers made by General Oceanics (GO), 
      including the 1016 36-position sampler, which was used for most stations on this
      cruise.  An optional modem and rosette interface allows the 911plus system to 
      control the operation of the rosette directly without interrupting the data 
      from the CTD, eliminating the need for a rosette deck unit.  
      
      The SBE 9plus underwater unit uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature
      (SBE 3) and conductivity (SBE 4) sensors which are mounted with a single clamp 
      and "L" bracket to the lower end cap.  The conductivity cell entrance is 
      co-planar with the tip of the temperature sensor's protective steel sheath.  
      The pressure sensor is mounted inside the underwater unit main housing and is 
      ported to outside pressure through the oil-filled plastic capillary tube seen 
      protruding from the main housing bottom end cap.  A compact, modular unit 
      consisting of a centrifugal pump head and a brushless DC ball bearing motor 
      contained in an aluminum underwater housing pump flushes water through sensor 
      tubing at a constant rate independent of the CTD's motion.  This improves 
      dynamic performance.  Motor speed and pumping rate (3000 rpm) remain nearly 
      constant over the entire input voltage range of 12-18 volts DC.
      
      The SBE 11plus deck unit is a rack-mountable interface which supplies DC 
      power to the underwater unit, decodes the serial data stream, formats the data
      under microprocessor control, and passes the data to a companion computer.  It 
      provides access to the modem channel and control of the rosette interface.  
      Output data is in RS-232 (serial) format.
      
      
      C.2.1  CONDUCTIVITY
      
      The flow-through conductivity-sensing element is a glass tube (cell) with 
      three platinum electrodes.  The resistance measured between the center 
      electrode and end electrode pair is determined by the cell geometry and the 
      specific conductance of the fluid within the cell, and controls the output 
      frequency of a Wien Bridge circuit.  The sensor has a frequency output of 
      approximately 3 to 12 kHz corresponding to conductivity from 0 to 7 S/m (0 to 
      70 mmho/cm).  The SBE 4 has a typical accuracy/stability of +/- 0.0003 
      S/m/month; resolution of 0.00004 S/m at 24 samples per second; and 6800 meter 
      anodized aluminum housing depth rating.
      
      Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics,
      Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into 
      SEASOFT using software module SEACON:
      
               S/N 748                 S/N 1561                S/N 1562
           December 14, 1995       December 14, 1995       December 14, 1995
      ------------------------ ----------------------- -----------------------
           g = -4.13299236         g = -4.09205330         g = -4.16899749
           h =  4.36576287e-01     h =  5.28538155e-01     h =  5.53740992e-01
           i = -1.39236118e-04     i = -1.56949585e-04     i = -5.94323544e-05
           j =  2.59599092e-05     j =  3.46776288e-05     j =  3.11836344e-05
       ctcor =  3.2500e-06     ctcor =  3.2500e-06     ctcor =  3.2500e-06
       cpcor = -9.5700e-08     cpcor = -9.5700e-08     cpcor = -9.5700e-08
        
      Conductivity calibration certificates show an equation containing the 
      appropriate pressure-dependent correction term to account for the effect of
      hydrostatic loading (pressure) on the conductivity cell:
      
                C (S/m) = (af^m + bf^2 + c + dt) / [10 (1 - 9.57e-08 p)]
      
      where a, b, c, d, and m are the calibration coefficients above, f is the 
      instrument frequency (kHz), t is the water temperature (C), and p is the water 
      pressure (dbar).  SEASOFT automatically implements this equation.
      
      
      C.2.2  TEMPERATURE
      
      The temperature-sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, 
      pressure-protected by a stainless steel tube.  The sensor output frequency 
      ranges from approximately 5 to 13 kHz corresponding to temperature from -5 to 
      35°C.  The output frequency is inversly proportional to the square root of the 
      thermistor resistance which controls the output of a patented Wien Bridge 
      circuit.  The thermistor resistance is exponentially related to temperature.  
      The SBE 3 thermometer has a typical accuracy/stability of +/- 0.004°C per year;
      and resolution of 0.0003°C at 24 samples per second.  The SBE 3 thermometer 
      has a fast response time of 70 ms.  It's anodized aluminum housing provides a 
      depth rating of 6800 m.
      
      Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics,
      Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into 
      SEASOFT using software module SEACON:
      
               S/N 1370                S/N 2038                S/N 2037
           November 22, 1995       December 14, 1995       December 14, 1995
          -------------------     -------------------     -------------------
           g = 4.84042876e-03      g = 4.11396861e-03      g = 4.13135090e-03
           h = 6.74974915e-04      h = 6.20923913e-04      h = 6.33482482e-04
           i = 2.38622986e-05      i = 1.98024796e-05      i = 2.11340704e-05
           j = 1.66698127e-06      j = 1.99224715e-06      j = 2.16252937e-06     
          f0 = 1000.0             f0 = 1000.0             f0 = 1000.0
      
                    Temperature (IPTS-68) is computed according to
      
              T (C) = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f)]+c[ln^2(f0/f)]+d[ln^3(f0/f)]}-273.15
      
      where a, b, c, d, and f0 are the calibration coefficients above and f is the 
      instrument frequency (kHz).  SEASOFT automatically implements this equation.
      
      
      C.2.3  PRESSURE
      
      The Paroscientific series 4000 Digiquartz high pressure transducer uses a 
      quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of oscillation varies with pressure 
      induced stress measuring changes in pressure as small as 0.01 parts per million
      with an absolute range of 0 to 10,000 psia (0 to 6885 dbar).  Also, a quartz 
      crystal temperature signal is used to compensate for a wide range of 
      temperature changes.  Repeatability, hysteresis, and pressure conformance are
      0.005% FS.  The nominal pressure frequency (0 to full scale) is 34 to 38 kHz.
      The nominal temperature frequency is 172 kHz + 50 ppm/degree Celsius.
      
      Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics,
      Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into 
      SEASOFT using software module SEACON:
      
                             S/N 53960           S/N 53586
                           April 11, 1995     October 29, 1993
                         ------------------  ------------------
                         c1 = -4.315048e+04  c1 = -3.920451e+04
                         c2 =  4.542800e-01  c2 =  6.234560e-01
                         c3 =  1.344380e-02  c3 =  1.350570e-02
                         d1 =  3.795200e-02  d1 =  3.894300e-02
                         d2 =  0.0           d2 =  0.0
                         t1 =  3.034230e+01  t1 =  3.046303e+01
                         t2 = -1.809380e-04  t2 = -9.018862e-05
                         t3 =  4.616150e-06  t3 =  4.528890e-06
                         t4 =  2.084220e-09  t4 =  3.309590e-09
      
      Pressure coefficients are first formulated into
      
                             c = c1 + c2*U + c3*U^2
                             d = d1 + d2*U
                            t0 = t1 + t2*U + t3*U^2 + t4*U^3
      
      where U is temperature in degrees Celsius.  Then pressure is computed according to
      
                 P (psia) = c * [1 - (t0^2/t^2)] * {1 - d[1 - (t0^2/t^2)]}
      
      where t is pressure period (us).  SEASOFT automatically implements this 
      equation.
      
      
      C.2.4  OXYGEN
      
      The SBE 13 dissolved oxygen sensor uses a Beckman polarographic element to 
      provide in-situ measurements at depths up to 6800 meters.  This auxiliary 
      sensor is also included in the path of pumped sea water.  Oxygen sensors 
      determine the dissolved oxygen concentration by counting the number of oxygen
      molecules per second (flux) that diffuse through a membrane.  By knowing the 
      flux of oxygen and the geometry of the diffusion path the concentration of 
      oxygen can be computed.  The permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a 
      function of temperature and ambient pressure.  The interface electronics 
      outputs voltages proportional to membrane current (oxygen current) and membrane
      temperature (oxygen temperature).  Oxygen temperature is used for internal 
      temperature compensation.  Computation of dissolved oxygen in engineering units
      is done in the software.  The range for dissolved oxygen is 0 to 650 µmol/kg; 
      accuracy is 4 µmol/kg; resolution is 0.4 µmol/kg.  Response times are 2 s at 
      25°C and 5 s at 0°C.
      
      The following oxygen calibrations were entered into SEASOFT using SEACON:
      
                                       S/N 130309  
                                   September 28, 1995
                                  -------------------
                                     m =  2.4544 e-07     
                                     b = -4.6633 e-10
                                   soc =  2.6721
                                   boc = -0.0178
                                  tcor = -3.3e-02
                                  pcor =  1.5e-04
                                   tau =  2.0
                                    wt =  0.67
                                     k =  8.9224
                                     c = -6.9788
      
      The use of these constants in linear equations of the form I = mV + b and 
      T = kV + c will yield sensor membrane current and temperature (with a maximum 
      error of about 0.5°C) as a function of sensor output voltage.  These 
      scaled values of oxygen current and oxygen temperature were carried through 
      the SEASOFT processing stream unaltered.
      
      
      C.3.  DATA ACQUISITION
      
      CTD/O2 measurements were made using one of two Seabird 9plus CTDs each 
      equipped with a fixed pumped temperature-conductivity (TC) sensor pair.  A 
      mobile pumped TC pair with dissolved oxygen sensor was mounted on whichever CTD
      was in use so that dual TC measurements and dissolved oxygen measurements were
      always collected.  The TC pairs were monitored for calibration drift and shifts 
      by examining the differences between the two pairs on each CTD and comparing 
      CTD salinities with bottle salinity measurements.  
      
      PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 09P8431-0315 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was 
      mounted in a 36-position frame and employed as the primary package.  Auxiliary 
      sensors included a lowered ADCP, Metrox load cell, and Benthos altimeter. 
      Water samples were collected using a General Oceanics 36-bottle rosette and 
      10-liter Nisken bottles.  The primary package was used for the majority of 182
      casts.  
      
      PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 329053-0209 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was 
      mounted in a 24-position frame and employed as the backup package.  Auxiliary 
      sensors included a Metrox load cell and Benthos altimeter.  Water samples were 
      collected using a Sea-Bird 24-bottle rosette, and 4-liter Niskin bottles.  
      One test cast and 22 bad-weather stations were made using the smaller backup
      package.  
      
      The package entered the water from the stern of the ship and was held
      5-15 m beneath the surface for one minute in order to activate the pump and
      attach tag lines for package recovery.  Under ideal conditions the package was 
      lowered at a rate of 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min to depth.
      Ship heave often caused substantial variation about these mean lowering rates,
      especially at southern ocean stations.  Load cell values were monitored in 
      real-time during each cast.  The position of the package relative to the bottom
      was monitored on the ship's Precision Depth Recorder (PDR) and an altimeter.
      A bottom depth was estimated from bathymetric charts and the PDR ran during the
      bottom 1000 m of the cast.  Stations were generally made to within 10 m of the
      bottom, sometimes farther away in heavy weather. Fig. 2 shows the depths of 
      bottle closures during the upcast.  
      
      Upon completion of the cast, sensors were flushed with deionized water and 
      stored with a dilute Triton-X solution in the plumbing.  Niskin bottles were 
      then sampled for various water properties detailed in the introduction.  Sample
      protocols conformed to those specified by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme.  
      
      A Sea-Bird 11plus deck unit received the data signal from the CTD.  The 
      analog data stream was recorded onto video cassette tape as a backup.  
      Digitized data were forwarded to a 286-AT personal computer equipped with 
      SEASOFT acquisition and processing software version 4.216.  Temperature, 
      salinity, and oxygen profiles were displayed in real-time.  Raw data files were 
      transferred to a 486 personal computer using Laplink version 3 and backed up 
      to optical disk.
      
      
      C.3.1 DATA ACQUISITION PROBLEMS
      
      Some time was lost at the beginning of leg 1 owing to level-wind problems
      on the primary winch.  The sea cable was retensioned on the drum at sea by 
      removing the CTD/rosette package, attaching a weight to the cable, and spooling
      the full length of cable behind the ship while underway to within the last full
      wrap on the drum .  Level-wind problems were much reduced after this procedure.
      
      No useful data from the secondary TC pair and dissolved oxygen sensor was 
      collected during station 12 owing to biological fouling of the mobile sensors.
      Data from the primary TC pair were processed for station 12, as well as for 
      stations 69, 78, 79, 128, 130, 131, and 159 owing to noise.  No oxygen data are
      available for stations 132, 133, 134, and 144 during which problems with the 
      dissolved oxygen sensor were being diagnosed and repaired.
      
      
      C.3.2  SALINITY ANALYSES
      
      Bottle salinity analyses were performed in the ship's salinity laboratory
      using two Guildline Model 8400A inductive autosalinometers standardized with 
      IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P114.  The autosalinometer in use was 
      standardized before each run and either at the end of each run or after no more
      than 48 samples.  The drift between standardizations was monitored and the 
      individual samples were corrected for that drift by linear interpolation.  
      Duplicate samples taken from the deepest bottle on each cast were analyzed on 
      a subsequent day.  Bottle salinities were compared with preliminary CTD 
      salinities to aid in identification of leaking bottles as well as to monitor 
      the CTD conductivity cells' performance and drift.  
      
      The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an accomplished operator
      is 0.001 PSS, with an accuracy of 0.003.  To assess the precision of discrete
      salinity measurements on this cruise, a comparison was made for data from the
      instances in which two bottles were tripped within 10 dbar of each other at the 
      same station below a depth of 2000 dbar.  For the 124 instances in which both 
      bottles of the pair have acceptable salinity measurements, the standard 
      deviation of the differences is 0.0008 PSS.  This value is below the expected 
      precision.  
      
      
      C.4.   AT SEA PROCESSING
      
      SEASOFT consists of modular menu driven routines for acquisition, display, 
      processing, and archiving of oceanographic data acquired with Sea-Bird 
      equipment and is designed to work with an IBM or compatible personal computer.
      Raw data is acquired from the instruments and is stored as unmodified data.  
      The conversion module DATCNV uses the instrument configuration and calibration 
      coefficients to create a converted engineering unit data file that is operated 
      on by all SEASOFT post processing modules.  Each SEASOFT module that modifies 
      the converted data file adds information to the header of the converted file 
      permitting tracking of how the various oceanographic parameters were obtained.  
      The converted data is stored in either rows and columns of ascii numbers or as 
      a binary data stream with each value stored as a 4 byte binary floating point 
      number.  The last data column is a flag field used to mark scans as good or bad.
      
      The following are the SEASOFT processing module sequence and specifications
      used in the reduction of P14S/P15S CTD/O2 data:
      
      DATCNV    converted the raw data to pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen 
                current, and oxygen temperature; and computed salinity and the time 
                rate of change of oxygen current. DATCNV also extracted bottle 
                information where scans were marked with the bottle confirm bit during 
                acquisition.
      
      ROSSUM    created a summary of the bottle data. Bottle position, date, and time 
                were output as the first two columns. Pressure, temperature, 
                conductivity, salinity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and time 
                rate of change of oxygen current were averaged over a 2-s interval (48 
                scans). For the primary package, the time interval was from 5 to 3 s 
                prior to the confirm bit in order to avoid spikes in conductivity and 
                oxygen current owing to minor incompatibilities between the Sea-Bird 
                911plus CTD/O2 system and General Oceanics 1016 rosette. Bottle data 
                from the backup package were averaged from 1 s prior to the confirm 
                bit to 1 s after the confirm bit in the data stream. ROSSUM computed 
                CTD oxygen, potential temperature, and sigma-theta.
      
      WILDEDIT  marked extreme outliers in the data files. The first pass of WILDEDIT 
                obtained an accurate estimate of the true standard deviation of the 
                data. The data were read in blocks of 200 scans. Data greater than two 
                standard deviations were flagged. The second pass computed a standard 
                deviation over the same 200 scans excluding the flagged values. Values 
                greater than 16 standard deviations were marked bad. 
      
      SPLIT     removed decreasing pressure records from the data files leaving only 
                the downcast.
      
      FILTER    performed a low pass filter on pressure with a time constant of 0.15 s. 
                In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the filter first runs 
                forward through the file and then runs backwards through the file.
      
      ALIGNCTD  aligned conductivity in time relative to pressure to ensure that all 
                calculations were made using measurements from the same parcel of 
                water.  Conductivity for the primary sensor on the 36-bottle package 
                was advanced by -0.020 s. Conductivity for the primary sensor on the 
                24-bottle package was advanced by -0.010 s. Conductivity for the 
                secondary, mobile sensor on either package was advanced 0.055 s.
      
      CELLTM    used a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass 
                effects from the measured conductivity. For C748 with an epoxy 
                coating, the thermal anomaly amplitude (alpha=0.03) and the time 
                constant (1/beta=9.0) were higher than for C1561 and C1562 with no 
                coating (alpha=0.02, 1/beta=7.0).
      
      DERIVE    was used to compute fall rate (m/s) with a time window size for fall 
                rate and acceleration of 2.0 seonds.
      
      LOOPEDIT  marked scans where the CTD was moving less than the minimum velocity 
                of 0.25 m/s or travelling backwards due to ship roll.
      
      BINAVG    averaged the data into 1-dbar pressure bins starting at 1 dbar with no 
                surface bin. The center value of the first bin was set equal to the 
                bin size. The bin minimum and maximum values are the center value +/- 
                half the bin size. Scans with pressures greater than the minimum and 
                less than or equal to the maximum were averaged. Scans were 
                interpolated so that a data record exists every decibar. 
      
      STRIP     removed scan number and fall rate from the data files.
      
      TRANS     converted the data file format from binary to ascii. 
      
      
      C.5.  POST-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS
      
      Post-cruise sensor calibrations were done at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.
      during May 1996.  Mobile, secondary sensor pair T1370 and C748 were selected 
      for final data reduction for all stations except 12, 69, 128, 130, 131, and 159.
      Post-cruise calibrations showed T1370 to have drifted by 0.43e-03°C over the 3.2
      months between calibrations.  Station 12 data are from sensors T2037 and C1562.
      Post-cruise calibrations showed T2037 to have drifted by -0.28e-03°C over the
      3.2 months between calibrations.  The remaining station data are from sensors
      T2038 and C1561.  Post-cruise calibrations showed T2038 to have drifted by 
      0.11e-03°C over the 3.3 months between calibrations.  
      
      
      C.5.1  CONDUCTIVITY
      
      SEASOFT module ALIGNCTD was used to align conductivity measurements in
      time relative to pressure.  Measurements can be misaligned due to the inherent
      time delay of the sensor response, the water transit time delay in the pumped 
      plumbing line, and the sensors being physically misaligned in depth.  Because 
      SBE 3 temperature response is fast (0.06 s), it is not necessary to advance 
      temperature relative to pressure.  When measurements are properly aligned, 
      salinity spiking and density errors are minimized.  
      
      For a SBE 9 CTD with ducted TC sensors and a 3000 rpm pump the typical 
      net advance of conductivity relative to temperature is 0.073 s.  The SBE 11 
      deck units advanced primary conductivity 0.073 s but do not advance secondary 
      conductivity.  Therefore the alignment of C748 conductivity data, which was 
      from the secondary sensor channel (except for stations 78 and 79), was much 
      larger, typically 0.06 s versus coming from a primary sensor channel, typically 
      0.02 s.
      
      Conductivity slope and bias, along with a linear pressure term (modified 
      beta), were computed by a least-squares minimization of CTD and bottle 
      conductivity differences.  The function minimized was
      
                               BC - m * CC - b - beta * CP
      
      where BC is bottle conductivity (S/m), CC is pre-cruise calibrated CTD 
      conductivity (S/m), CP is the CTD pressure (dbar), m is the conductivity slope,
      b is the bias (S/m), and beta is a linear pressure term (S/m/dbar).  The 
      final CTD conductivity (S/m) is 
      
                                 m * CC + b + beta * CP
      
      The slope term m is a fourth-order polynomial function of station number to 
      allow the entire cruise to be fit at once with a smoothly-varying station-
      dependent slope correction.  For sensors C748 and C1561 a series of fits were 
      made, each fit throwing out bottle values for locations having a residual 
      between CTD and bottle conductivities greater than three standard deviations.
      This procedure was repeated with the remaining bottle values until no more
      bottle values were thrown out.  
      
      For C748, the slope correction ranged from 1.0000501 to 1.0001274, the
      bias applied was -7.5e-04, and the beta term was -9.01e-09.  Of 5680 bottles, 
      the percentage of bottles retained in the fit was 85.2 with a standard devia-
      tion of CTD versus bottle conductivity differences of 9.88e-05 S/m.  For C1561,
      the slope correction ranged from 1.0001481 to 1.0002849, the bias applied was 
      -3.8e-04, and the beta term was -3.16e-09.  Of 5118 bottles, the percentage of 
      bottles retained in the fit was 88.1 with a standard deviation of 9.93e-05 S/m.
      
      For station 12, station 13 calibrated secondary salinity data was used as
      a reference.  A slope, bias, and pressure correction was determined that 
      matched station 13 uncalibrated primary salinity (C1562,T2037) to station 13 
      calibrated secondary salinity (C748,T1370).  These coefficients (slope=1.004,
      bias=-0.0011, beta=-2.49e-08) were used to calibrate station 12 primary 
      salinity (C1562,T2037).
      
      CTD-bottle conductivity are plotted against cast number to show the 
      stability of the calibrated CTD conductivities relative to the bottle 
      conductivities (McTaggart and Johnson, 1997; Fig. 3, upper panel).  CTD-bottle 
      conductivity differences are plotted against pressure to show the tight fit 
      below 800 m and the increasing scatter above 800 m (McTaggart and Johnson, 1997; 
      Fig. 3, lower panel).    
      
      
      C.5.2  TEMPERATURE
      
      Adjustments were made to the bias of the thermistors as deviations from 
      the pre-cruise calibrations on a station by station basis.  These deviations 
      were obtained from a linear fit of the pre-cruise and post-cruise temperature 
      residuals from the pre-cruise calibration versus time.  
      
      A pressure correction was then applied to each sensor such that
      
                                  CT = CT * pcor * CP
      
      where CT is CTD temperature (C) with the bias adjustment, pcor is the pressure
      correction (dbar) for each sensor, and CP is CTD pressure (dbar).
      
                        pcor1370 = -2.6e-03/9000 = -2.8889e-007
                        pcor2037 = -2.3e-03/9000 = -2.5556e-007
                        pcor2038 = -1.7e-03/9000 = -1.8889e-007
      
      Also, a uniform correction is applied for heating of the thermistor owing 
      to viscous effects.  All the thermistors are biased high by this effect and 
      were adjusted down accordingly.  An adjustment of 0.6e-03°C results in errors 
      of no more than +-0.15°C from this effect for the full range of oceanographic
      temperature and salinity.
      
      Post-cruise temperature and conductivity calibrations were applied to all 
      sensor pairs using PMEL program CALCTD (STA12CAL for station 12).  Surface 
      values were filled using PMEL program FILLSFC.  FILLSFC copied the first good
      value of salinity and potential temperature back to the surface and then back-
      calculated temperature and conductivity.  Primary and secondary sensor 
      differences were examined.  Data from the secondary sensor pair (T1370/C748) 
      was chosen for all stations except 12, 69, 78, 79, 128, 130, 131, and 159.  
      Primary sensor data chosen for these 8 stations were within .001 psu of the
      secondary sensor data of the surrounding stations.  All profiles were despiked 
      and data linearly interpolated using PMEL program DESPIKE.  
      
      Package slowdowns and reversals owing to ships heave can move mixed water 
      in tow to in front of the CTD sensors and obscure measurements.  In addition to
      SEASOFT module LOOPEDIT (see below), PMEL program DELOOP computed values of 
      density locally referenced between every 1 dbar of pressure to compute
      N^2 = (-g/rho)(drho/dz) and linearly interpolated over those records where 
      N^2 <= -1.0e-05 s^(-2).  
      
      Post-cruise calibrations were applied to CTD data associated with bottle 
      data using PMEL program CALMSTR.  CALMSTR also ammended WOCE quality flags 
      associated with CTD and bottle salinities.  Eighteen CTD salinities were 
      flagged as bad during station 78 likely owing to clogged plumbing of the 
      primary sensors during the up-cast.  Of the 5640 bottle salinities, 0.33% 
      were flagged as bad and 2.68% were flagged as questionable.
           
      
      5.3  OXYGEN
      
      In situ oxygen samples collected during CTD profiles are used for 
      post-measurement calibration.  Calibrated CTD data associated with bottle
      data were merged with bottle oxygen data flagged as 'good'.  Because the
      dissolved oxygen sensor has an obvious hysteresis, program OXDWNP replaced 
      up-profile water sample data with corresponding down-profile CTD/O2 data at 
      common pressure levels.  The time rate of change of oxygen current was 
      computed using 2 second intervals in SEASOFT and smoothed using a median 
      filter of width 5 dbar prior to OXDWNP.  Oxygen saturation values were 
      computed according to Benson and Krause (1984) in units of µmol/kg.  
      
      The algorithm used for converting oxygen sensor current and probe 
      temperature measurements to oxygen as described by Owens and Millard (1985)
      requires a non-linear least squares regression technique in order to determine 
      the best fit coefficients of the model for oxygen sensor behavior to the water 
      sample observations.  WHOI program OXFITMR uses Numerical Recipes (Press et 
      al., 1986) Fortran routines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, GAUSSJ, and COVSRT to perform 
      non-linear least squares regression using Levenberg-Marquardt method.  A 
      Fortran subroutine FOXY describes the oxygen model with the derivatives of the 
      model with respect to six coefficients in the following order:  oxygen current 
      slope, temperature correction, pressure correction, weight, oxygen current 
      bias, and oxygen current lag.
      
      Program OXFITMR reads the data for a group of stations.  The data are 
      editted to remove spurious points where values are less than zero or greater 
      than 1.2 times the saturation value.  The routine varies the six (or fewer) 
      parameters of the model in such a way as to produce the minimum sum of squares
      in the difference between the calibration oxygens and the computed values.  
      Individual differences between the calibration oxygens and the computed oxygen
      values (residuals) are then compared with the standard deviation of the 
      residuals.  Any residual exceeding an edit factor of 2.8 standard deviations 
      is rejected.  A factor of 2.8 will have a 0.5% chance of rejecting a valid 
      oxygen value for a normally distributed set of residuals.  The iterative 
      fitting process is continued until none of the data fail the edit criteria.  
      The best fit to the oxygen probe model coefficients is then determined.  
      Coefficents were applied by PMEL program CALOX2W and CTD oxygen was computed 
      using subroutine OXY6W.  
      
      By plotting the oxygen residuals versus station, appropriate station 
      groupings for further refinements of fitting were obtained by looking for abrupt
      station to station changes in the residuals.  For each grouping, two sets of 
      coefficients were determined, one fitting all the bottles and a second fitting
      only bottles deeper than just above the median bottle oxygen minimum.
      Sometimes it was necessary to fix values of some oxygen algorithm parameters 
      to keep those parameters within a reasonable range (noted by asterisks in 
      Table 2).  Final coefficients were applied to downcast data using PMEL
      program OXYCALC; and to bottle data using OXYCALB.  The two sets of coefficients
      were blended at the oxygen minimum using a set of hyperbolic tangent functions
      with 250-dbar decay scales.
      
      CTD oxygen values were despiked using PMEL program CLEANOX.  Bad CTD 
      oxygen data were flagged for all of station 12 owing to clogged plumbing, parts
      of stations 127-131 where the dissolved oxygen module failed in the deep water 
      (the dissolved oxygen module was replaced prior to station 135), and stations 
      177-182 above 2850 dbar where no shallow bottle data were available to calibrate
      the sensor.
      
      CTD-bottle oxygen differences are plotted against station number to show 
      the stability of the calibrated CTD oxygens relative to the bottle oxygens 
      (McTaggart and Johnson, 1997; Fig. 4, upper panel).  CTD-bottle oxygen differences 
      are plotted against pressure to show the tight fit below 1200 m and the increasing 
      scatter above 1200 m (McTagart and Jihnson, 1997; Fig. 4, lower panel).    
      
      PMEL program P15_EPIC converted finalized CTD data files into EPIC format
      (Soreide, 1995); and computed ITS-90 temperature, ITS-90 potential temperature,
      and dynamic height.  EPIC datafiles contain a WOCE quality flag parameter 
      associated with pressure, temperature, salinity, and CTD oxygen.  Quality flag
      definitions can be found in the WOCE Operations Manual (1994).  
      
      
      TABLE 1. CTD CAST SUMMARY.
      
      STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH† HAB* CAST
                                             T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
        4  53 0.1S   169 59.3E   9 JAN 96    13  270   5   195    12   185
        5  53 29.9S  170 29.6E   9 JAN 96   342  275   8   732    10   733
        6  53 59.9S  171 0.1E    9 JAN 96   736  275  10  1159    10  1172
        7  54 10.2S  171 10.9E   9 JAN 96  1022  320   9  1346    10  1368
        8  54 19.8S  171 20.2E   9 JAN 96  1338  315  15  2583    11  2582
        9  54 30.3S  171 29.8E   9 JAN 96  1852  355  16  4373     9  4503
       10  54 59.7S  172 0.7E   10 JAN 96   203  260  19  5350     5  5469
       11  55 30.4S  172 27.0E  10 JAN 96   904  250  38          10  5453
       12  55 59.8S  173 0.6E   10 JAN 96  1750  240  27  5448    10  5544
       13  56 29.2S  173 30.2E  11 JAN 96    42  220  20  5350     0  5466
       14  56 59.7S  173 58.6E  11 JAN 96   908  230  17  5437    10  5549
       15  57 30.3S  173 58.5E  11 JAN 96  1731  275  23  5368    11  5425
       16  58 0.2S   173 59.5E  12 JAN 96     1  300  18  5206    16  5308
       17  58 30.3S  173 58.2E  12 JAN 96   641  315  21  5043     5  5108
       18  58 59.8S  174 0.0E   13 JAN 96  1344  265  25  5109     8  5216
       19  59 28.7S  173 59.7E  13 JAN 96  2208  280  30  4998    18  5077
       20  59 57.9S  173 57.9E  13 JAN 96   530  270  34          40  4419
       21  60 30.3S  173 57.8E  13 JAN 96  1958  285  25  5016    22  5107
       22  60 59.1S  173 58.8E  14 JAN 96   257  315  19  4692     9  4774
       23  61 30.0S  174 0.2E   14 JAN 96   856  340  27  5025    10  5134
       24  62 0.0S   173 16.1E  14 JAN 96  1631  330  23  4450    10  4538
       25  62 26.9S  172 35.2E  14 JAN 96  2249  305  26  4414    12  4499
       26  62 44.7S  172 9.0E   15 JAN 96   424  270  30  4425    39  4052
       27  63 0.0S   171 44.9E  15 JAN 96  1135  295  23          10  2644
       28  63 30.1S  170 59.6E  15 JAN 96  1744    5  16  2374    12  2391
       29  63 59.8S  171 6.6E   16 JAN 96    29   10  26  2551    25  2534
       30  64 40.6S  170 58.6E  16 JAN 96   737  330  24  3430    10  3457
       31  65 20.2S  171 0.0E   16 JAN 96  1459   35  14  3403     6  3461
       32  66 0.9S   171 1.6E   17 JAN 96    11  355  12  3103     7  3159
       33  66 59.6S  170 0.0W   18 JAN 96  1150  340  18  3587    10  3668
       34  66 20.3S  170 0.0W   18 JAN 96  1930  325  12  3384    10  3431
       35  65 39.8S  170 0.3W   19 JAN 96   114  305  17  3142     7  3190
       36  64 59.6S  170 0.9W   19 JAN 96   815  265  23           6  2905
       37  64 30.1S  169 59.9W  19 JAN 96  1333  230  32  2332    11  2357
       38  63 59.7S  170 2.0W   19 JAN 96  1858  240  28  2744    19  2922
       39  63 30.1S  170 0.3W   20 JAN 96    57  280  23  2766    12  2842
       40  62 59.7S  170 1.4W   20 JAN 96   630  255  17  3046    12  3064
       41  62 30.0S  169 59.8W  20 JAN 96  1206  310  15          17  2473
       42  62 0.2S   169 59.9W  20 JAN 96  1806  330  28  3384    11  3431
       43  61 29.5S  170 0.0W   21 JAN 96    37  315  33  3463    12  3434
       44  61 0.1S   170 0.3W   21 JAN 96  2105  300  15  4169    30  4190
       45  60 29.7S  169 59.6W  22 JAN 96   410  280  34  3926    10  4013
       46  60 0.3S   170 0.3W   22 JAN 96  1030  310  17  3702    12  3747
       47  59 30.2S  169 59.9W  22 JAN 96  1702  315  20  4007    10  4104
       48  58 59.9S  170 0.2W   22 JAN 96  2311  310  18  4771    10  4860
       49  58 29.6S  170 0.8W   23 JAN 96   547  315  17  5188    10  5295
      
      STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH† HAB* CAST
                                             T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
       50  57 59.7S  170 0.8W   23 JAN 96  1212  290  13  4119     8  4492
       51  57 30.1S  170 0.4W   23 JAN 96  1858  240   9  4998     7  5110
       52  57 0.2S   170 0.2W   24 JAN 96   122  250  14  5165     8  5261
       53  56 29S    169 59.8W  24 JAN 96   751  250  21  5052     9  5159
       54  56 0.0S   170 1.8W   24 JAN 96  1352  220  20  5157     7  5236
       55  55 29.9S  170 0.0W   24 JAN 96  2050  240   5  4945     9  5049
       56  54 59.8S  170 0.0W   25 JAN 96   307  285  11  4812     7  4916
       57  54 29S    170 0.1W   25 JAN 96   900  285  13  4811     3  4929
       58  54 0.1S   169 59.3W  25 JAN 96  1545  290  16  5009     8  5138
       59  53 39S    169 59.4W  25 JAN 96  2122  270  17  5131     5  5253
       60  53 19.9S  169 59.6W  26 JAN 96   320  280  22  5286     8  5459
       61  53 0.0S   170 0.5W   26 JAN 96   925  275  22  5193     9  5298
       62  52 29.9S  170 1.8W   26 JAN 96  1643  270  27  5070     7  5173
       63  52 0.1S   170 7.8W   26 JAN 96  2325  275  26  4970    10  5067
       64  51 30.0S  170 0.2W   27 JAN 96   606  270  26  4754    20  4876
       65  51 0.2S   170 0.4W   27 JAN 96  1221  250  20  5249    12  5321
       66  50 29S    169 59.6W  27 JAN 96  1937  220  10  5052    15  5129
       67  50 0S     169 59.4W  28 JAN 96   225  210  11  5361     8  5479
       68  49 30.3S  170 0.9W   28 JAN 96   917  265  15  5217    15  5337
       69  48 59.6S  169 59.4W  28 JAN 96  1633  270  18  5253    10  5340
       70  48 30.0S  170 0.2W   28 JAN 96  2248  310  10  5303     5  5409
       71  47 59.8S  170 0.3W   29 JAN 96   531  340  10  5293    10  5400
       72  47 30.3S  169 59.8W  29 JAN 96  1148   45  13  5309     5  5474
       73  47 6.5S   170 27.7W  29 JAN 96  1902   70   6  5391     8  5500
       74  46 43S    170 54.7W  30 JAN 96   124   45   6  5292     9  5387
       75  46 20.0S  171 22.2W  30 JAN 96   743   50  10  5101     8  5196
       76  45 57.0S  171 49.5W  30 JAN 96  1446  100  15  5156     9  5250
       77  45 33.6S  172 16.7W  30 JAN 96  2127  110   9  4968     7  5057
       78  45 10.6S  172 44.2W  31 JAN 96   443  180  10  4660    10  4738
       79  44 50.1S  173 8.2W   31 JAN 96  1035  230  15  3832    10  3869
       80  44 31.8S  173 29.4W  31 JAN 96  1707  230  16  3397    10  3452
       81  44 19.2S  173 44.7W  31 JAN 96  2119  225  10  3077     9  3115
       82  44 9S     173 56.3W   I FEB 96   106  280   5  1897    10  1911
       83  43 50S    174 17.7W   1 FEB 96   434  250  11   946    10   959
       84  43 38.8S  174 32.2W   1 FEB 96   710    0   0   790    10   789
       85  43 15.2S  174 59.9W   1 FEB 96  1023  280   9   788    12   785
       86  42 55S    174 47.2W   1 FEB 96  1328  270   5  1054    10  1055
       87  42 44.8S  174 39.3W   1 FEB 96  1627  300   4  1581     9  1595
       88  42 24.1S  174 24.4W   1 FEB 96  2014  315   7  2654    10  2677
       89  42 10.1S  174 15.0W   2 FEB 96     6  350  10  2862     7  2889
       90  41 42.8S  173 56.5W   2 FEB 96   520  330  12  3118     6  3162
       91  41 16.0S  173 38.7W   2 FEB 96  1014  325  12  3319     6  3353
       92  40 49.5S  173 19.5W   2 FEB 96  1545  330  14  4169     6  4239
       93  40 23.6S  173 2.0W    2 FEB 96  2056  345  18  4574     9  4652
       94  40 23.5S  173 1.7W   13 FEB 96  2049  130  15  4574     4  4658
       95  39 57.7S  172 42.2W  14 FEB 96   326  150  22  4738     8  4823
       96  39 31-0S  172 25.2W  14 FEB 96   937  190  23  4761     8  4848
       97  39 4.3S   172 7.7W   14 FEB 96  1612  160  18  4835    10  4929
       98  38 37.8S  171 48.6W  14 FEB 96  2202  140  12  4914    10  5003
       99  38 11S    171 30.2W  15 FEB 96   423  140   8  4932    10  5031
      
      STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH† HAB* CAST
                                             T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      100  37 45.8S  171 12.0W  15 FEB 96  1033  130  14  4997     7  5119
      101  37 18.6S  170 53.7W  15 FEB 96  1727  145  14  5130     5  5230
      102  36 52.3S  170 37.0W  15 FEB 96  2306  210  12  5278     6  5384
      103  36 27.0S  170 17.2W  16 FEB 96   513  220  15  5122     8  5219
      104  36 0.2S   170 0.3W   16 FEB 96  1135  200  19  5069     8  5156
      105  35 40.3S  170 0.9W   16 FEB 96  1727  205  24  4292     5  4329
      106  35 20.0S  170 0.1W   16 FEB 96  2233  170  21  4895     7  4981
      107  35 0.5S   169 59.6W  17 FEB 96   415  140  19  5250     5  5348
      108  34 30.3S  170 0.2W   17 FEB 96  1137  160  20  5487     6  5591
      109  33 59.8S  170 0.0W   17 FEB 96  1849  150  16  5533     6  5640
      110  33 29.9S  170 0.1W   18 FEB 96   119  150  10  5416     6  5509
      111  33 0.1S   170 0.1W   18 FEB 96   736  115  10  5582    10  5677
      112  32 30.1S  170 0.1W   18 FEB 96  1404  115   8  5533     7  5651
      113  31 59.8S  169 59.8W  18 FEB 96  2055  140   6  5677     7  5790
      114  31 30.0S  169 59.3W  19 FEB 96   330   90   7  5526     8  5645
      115  31 0S     169 59.7W  19 FEB 96   951   80  15  5606     7  5725
      116  30 30.3S  169 59.8W  19 FEB 96  1640   90  14  5537     9  5640
      117  30 0.2S   169 59.8W  19 FEB 96  2259   80  12  5413     7  5514
      118  29 30.2S  169 59.8W  20 FEB 96   503   90  15  5148    12  5190
      119  29 0.8S   169 59.9W  20 FEB 96  1113   70  18  5596    15  5684
      120  28 30.5S  169 59.8W  20 FEB 96  1809   90  10  5459     9  5555
      121  28 0.3S   169 59.6W  21 FEB 96    10   90  13  4907    10  4966
      122  27 30.1S  170 0.1W   21 FEB 96   600  100  20  5349     7  5485
      123  27 0.3S   169 59.5W  21 FEB 96  1202   95  13  5241     7  5331
      124  26 29.7S  169 59.4W  21 FEB 96  1906  110  24  5613     8  5710
      125  26 0.3S   169 59.7W  22 FEB 96   321  100  20  5601     9  5695
      126  25 30.0S  170 0.0W   22 FEB 96  1005  105  17  5833     9  5944
      127  25 0.1S   169 59.9W  22 FEB 96  1734  100  20  5640     3  5818
      128  24 30.0S  170 0.1W   23 FEB 96    16   90  16  5650    10  5757
      129  23 59.8S  170 0.1W   23 FEB 96   720   80  16  5678    10  5780
      130  23 30.1S  170 0.1W   23 FEB 96  1404  100  18  5666     7  5781
      131  22 59.8S  169 59.7W  23 FEB 96  2139  120   9  5691     9  5799
      132  22 30.0S  169 59.9W  24 FEB 96  448   120  13  5649     7  5752
      133  22 0.0S   169 59.9W  24 FEB 96  1127  160  12  5626     8  5731
      134  21 30S    170 0.1W   24 FEB 96  1837  150   7  5421     6  5514
      135  20 59.7S  169 59.6W  25 FEB 96   107  160   5  5461     4  5566
      136  20 29S    170 0.1W   25 FEB 96   739  175   5  5598    40  5722
      137  20 0.0S   170 0.1W   25 FEB 96  1354  170   6  5315     7  5429
      138  19 29.9S  170 0.1W   25 FEB 96  2023   80   4  4904     8  4982
      139  19 0.1S   170 3.4W   26 FEB 96   159  350   5  2991    10  3047
      140  18 30.3S  170 0.1W   26 FEB 96   730  330   9  5260     3  5343
      141  18 0.0S   170 0.0W   26 FEB 96  1324  350   3  4912     9  4991
      142  17 30.1S  170 0.0W   26 FEB 96  1948   65   5  5024     8  5097
      143  17 0.1S   169 59.8W  27 FEB 96   156   80  12  4974     7  5081
      144  16 30.3S  169 59.9W  27 FEB 96   746   80  17  5134     6  5208
      145  16 0.2S   169 59.9W  27 FEB 96  1343   90  13  5145     5  5233
      146  15 29.8S  170 0.1W   27 FEB 96  2028   70  10  5087     8  5172
      147  15 0.2S   170 0.0W   28 FEB 96   250    0  10  4820     8  4884
      148  14 40.0S  169 59.9W  28 FEB 96   800   80  14  3315     8  3365
      149  14 16.9S  169 59.8W  28 FEB 96  1225   20  10  3535     8  3578
      
      STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH† HAB* CAST
                                             T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
      150  13 58.3S  170 0.0W   28 FEB 96  1648  355  11  2938     9  2986
      151  13 49.1S  170 0.1W   28 FEB 96  2111   40   7  4303     7  4367
      152  13 30.1S  170 0.0W   29 FEB 96   231  280   6  4878     8  4952
      153  12 59S    170 0.0W   29 FEB 96   821   95  11  4969    10  5047
      154  12 29.9S  169 59.9W  29 FEB 96  1403   20   7  5000     5  5084
      155  12 0.1S   170 0.1W   29 FEB 96  2018  310  11  5078     9  5016
      156  11 30.0S  170 0.0W    1 MAR 96   217  330  13  5057     9  5138
      157  11 0.1S   170 0.0W    1 MAR 96   807   20   9  5124    10  5205
      158  10 30.1S  169 59.8W   1 MAR 96  1345  350   7  4876     5  4964
      159  9 55.5S   169 37.7W   1 MAR 96  2112   20  20  5205    10  5285
      160  9 30.1S   168 59.4W   2 MAR 96   429   60  18  5340     5  5432
      161  9 0.0S    168 52.6W   2 MAR 96  1036   70  19  4866     9  4973
      162  8 29S     168 44.9W   2 MAR 96  1726   40  10  5154     6  5243
      163  8 0.0S    168 37.0W   2 MAR 96  2343   40   5  5164     8  5260
      164  7 30.0S   168 45.0W   3 MAR 96   542   70  10  5273     7  5364
      165  7 0.0S    168 44.9W   3 MAR 96  1141  100  10  5670     8  5767
      166  6 30.1S   168 44.9W   3 MAR 96  1854   70  10  5535    10  5646
      167  6 0.0S    168 45.0W   4 MAR 96   123   30  10  5671     8  5769
      168  5 30.1S   168 45.0W   4 MAR 96   803   50  10  5379     8  5522
      169  5 0.0S    168 45.0W   4 MAR 96  1441   50   9  5572    10  5666
      170  4 0.0S    168 45.1W   4 MAR 96  2242   40  14  5208     8  5290
      171  3 0S      168 45.0W   5 MAR 96   712   30  20  5379     4  5467
      172  2 0S      168 45.0W   5 MAR 96  1555   40  17  3285    10  3447
      173  1 0S      168 45.2W   6 MAR 96    12   80  17  5786     8  5891
      174  0 0.1S    168 45.0W   6 MAR 96   828   70  16  5581    10  5683
      175  7 44.8S   168 40.2W   8 MAR 96    14   80  14  5319     3  5414
      176  8 15.1S   168 41.3W   8 MAR 96   549   75  10  4964     6  5051
      177  10 8.7S   168 58.8W   8 MAR 96  1642  100  12  4640     8  4709
      178  10 4.1S   169 12.7W   8 MAR 96  2108  100  10  5254    10  5336
      179  9 55.2S   169 37.7W   9 MAR 96   248   70  11  5215     4  5306
      180  9 47.0S   170 3.5W    9 MAR 96  1024   95   7  5014     8  5097
      181  9 41.6S   170 19.5W   9 MAR 96  1459   30   6  4293     8  4372
      182  9 35.7S   170 36.1W   9 MAR 96  1900   90   9  4038     7  4090
      ___________________________
      * height above bottom depth 
      † corrected water depth
         
      
      TABLE 2A: FULL WATER COLUMN STATION GROUPINGS FOR CTD OXYGEN ALGORITHM PARAMETERS.  
      
      Station	StdDev		#Obs	2.8*sd	1:Bias	2:Slope		3:Pcor		4:Tcor		5:Wt		6:Lag
      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      4-9	0.1351E+01	96	3.782	 0.014	0.3616E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3149E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      10-13	0.1732E+01	73	4.849	 0.026	0.3561E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3003E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      14-18	0.9219E+00	145	2.581	 0.007	0.3815E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3797E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      19-24	0.1207E+01	108	3.380	 0.020	0.3702E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3494E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      25-31	0.8802E+00	149	2.465	 0.019	0.3738E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3822E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      32-45	0.1088E+01	322	3.045	 0.017	0.3772E-02	0.1338E-03	-0.3540E-01	0.6807E+00	0.7588E+01
      46-53	0.9705E+00	237	2.718	 0.023	0.3676E-02	0.1345E-03	-0.3174E-01	0.6084E+00	0.6309E+01
      54-62	0.1516E+01	273	4.244	 0.021	0.3675E-02	0.1361E-03	-0.3032E-01	0.8185E+00	0.1341E+01
      63-77	0.2001E+01	430	5.603	 0.045	0.3481E-02	0.1310E-03	-0.2757E-01	0.8358E+00	0.2439E+01
      78-87	0.2184E+01	231	6.114	 0.044	0.3320E-02	0.1449E-03	-0.2536E-01	0.7788E+00	0.2021E+01
      88-95	0.1724E+01	255	4.827	 0.050	0.3271E-02	0.1409E-03	-0.2511E-01	0.7474E+00	0.2745E+01
      96-113	0.1770E+01	574	4.956	 0.034	0.3472E-02	0.1389E-03	-0.2739E-01	0.8249E+00	0.2537E+01
      114-131	0.1687E+01	587	4.724	 0.034	0.3479E-02	0.1390E-03	-0.2703E-01	0.8737E+00	0.3543E+01
      135-154	0.1714E+01	624	4.800	 0.045	0.2938E-02	0.1476E-03	-0.2465E-01	0.8803E+00	0.5267E-01
      155-171	0.1929E+01	558	5.402	 0.009	0.3289E-02	0.1508E-03	-0.2794E-01	0.8965E+00	0.1374E-01
      172-176	0.1494E+01	124	4.182	-0.006	0.3554E-02	0.1474E-03	-0.3070E-01	0.7925E+00	0.0000E+00*
      177	0.4873E+00	13	1.364	 0.021	0.3213E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.4386E-01	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      178	0.8195E+00	16	2.295	-0.009	0.3443E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.8431E-01	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      179	0.5936E+00	15	1.662	-0.019	0.3316E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.9472E-01	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      180	0.5059E+00	13	1.416	-0.040	0.3283E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1163E+00	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      181	0.3037E+00	10	0.850	-0.041	0.3268E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1508E+00	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      182	0.1928E+01	7	5.398	-0.098	0.3711E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1875E+00	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      
      
      fixed parameter
      
      TABLE 2B: DEEP WATER COLUMN STATION GROUPINGS FOR CTD OXYGEN ALGORITHM PARAMETERS.
      
      Station	StdDev		#Obs	2.8*,sd	1:Bias	2:Slope		3:Pcor		4:Tcor		5:Wt		6:Lag
      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      10-18	0.8233E+00	119	2.305	 0.000	0.3918E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.4539E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      19-31	0.8240E+00	187	2.307	 0.016	0.3754E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3740E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
      32-45	0.8000E+00	237	2.240	 0.021	0.3735E-02	0.1338E-03*	-0.3460E-01	0.6807E+00*	0.7588E+01*
      46-53	0.5762E+00	131	1.613	 0.010	0.3846E-02	0.1345E-03*	-0.3893E-01	0.6084E+00*	0.6309E+01*
      54-62	0.4671E+00	139	1.308	-0.001	0.3939E-02	0.1361E-03*	-0.3908E-01	0.8185E+00*	0.1341E+01*
      63-77	0.5677E+00	190	1.590	 0.008	0.3972E-02	0.1310E-03*	-0.4515E-01	0.8358E+00*	0.2439E+01*
      78-95	0.8477E+00	90	2.374	-0.011	0.3991E-02	0.1409E-03*	-0.3776E-01	0.7474E+00*	0.2745E+01*
      96-113	0.7719E+00	196	2.161	-0.001	0.3901E-02	0.1389E-03*	-0.3079E-01	0.8249E+00*	0.2537E+01*
      114-131	0.7562E+00	213	2.117	-0.008	0.4008E-02	0.1390E-03*	-0.3101E-01	0.8737E+00*	0.3543E+01*
      135-154	0.8193E+00	180	2.294	-0.003	0.3476E-02	0.1476E-03*	-0.2547E-01	0.8803E+00*	0.5267E-01*
      155-171	0.8459E+00	225	2.368	-0.013	0.3480E-02	0.1508E-03*	-0.6254E-02	0.8965E+00*	0.1374E-01*
      172-176	0.1120E+01	64	3.135	-0.009	0.3524E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1246E-01	0.7500E+00*	0.0000E+00*
      
      
      
      8.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
      
      The assistance of the officers, crew, and survey department of the NOAA ship 
      DISCOVERER is gratefully acknowledged.  Funds for the CTD/O2 program were 
      provided to PMEL by the Climate and Global Change program under NOAA's Office of 
      Global Programs.
      
      
      9.  REFERENCES
      
      Benson, B.B. and D. Krausse Jr., 1984 : The concentration and isotopic 
          fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in 
          equilibrium with the atmosphere.  Limnology and Oceanography, 29, 620-
          632.
      
      Denbo, D.W., 1992 : PPLUS Graphics, P.O. Box 4, Sequim, WA, 98382.  
      
      McTaggart, K.E. and  and G.C. Johnson, 1997. CTD/O2 Measurements Collected 
          on a Climate & Global Change Cruise  (WOCE Sections P14S and P15S) 
          During January - March, 1996.  NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-63, Pacific 
          Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle. Washington, September 1997.
          
      Owens, W.B. and R.C. Millard Jr., 1985 : A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
          calibration.  J. Physical Oceanography, 15, 621-631.
      
      Press, W., B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, 1986 : Numerical 
          Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, 
          818 pp.
      
      Seasoft CTD Aquisition Software Manual, 1994 : Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.,  1808 
          136th Place NE, Bellevue, Washington, 98005.
      
      Soreide, N.N., M.L. Schall, W.H. Zhu, D.W. Denbo and D.C. McClurg, 1995 :   
          EPIC:  An oceanographic data management, display and analysis system. 
          Proceedings, 11th International Conference on Interactive Information 
          and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology,  
          January 15-20, 1995, Dallas, TX, 316-321.
      
      WOCE Operations Manual, 1994 :  Volume 3: The Observational Programme, Section 
          3.1: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.2: Requirements for WHP 
          Data Reporting.  WHP Office Report 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, Woods 
          Hole, MA, 02543.
      
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      D. DATA QUALITY EVALUATIONS
      
      D.1. HYDROGRAPHIC DATA DQE             
           (Arnold Mantyla - 1998.NOV.18)
      
      The first leg, P14S, was along approximately 170°E southward from 
      Campbell Island to about 66°S, providing an excellent section across the 
      main flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Data from WOCE section 
      S04 stations 769 to 783 could be tacked onto this section to complete 
      the section to the Antarctic coast at Victoria Land. The cruise 
      continued to 67°S, 170°W to start a long northward section, providing 
      another crossing of the ACC; and then extending through the Samoan 
      Passage on to the equator. There was considerable overlap with P15N. 
      Crossings of P06, P21, p31 and S04 provided comparisons with other WOCE 
      sections as well. The sampling density and data quality for this cruise 
      was quite good on the stations where the 34 place rosette could be used. 
      On the stations where the larger rosette could not be used because of 
      rough weather, the 24 place rosette was still able to get a reasonable 
      profile for the full water column.
      
      The data originators have looked over the data quite thoroughly but they 
      have flagged quite a bit more data as questionable than I would have. In 
      the case of phosphate, many profile bumps of only .01, which is well 
      within measurement uncertainty or even round off truncations, were 
      flagged as uncertain. Unless there was some problem in the measurement, 
      those values should have been accepted as ok.
      
      In the case of salinity, most of the flagged values were in high 
      gradient regions or near sharp extrema in the profiles. There are a 
      number of reasons why the CTD and water samples may not agree perfectly, 
      and yet neither may be "wrong". The two measurements are quite different 
      snapshots of the water column. Ray Weiss's study on the flushing 
      characteristics of oceanographic samplers (DSR 18: 653-656) points out 
      water samples are really "an integration of the water column through 
      which the sampling bottle has been passed"; while the CTD is an 
      instantaneous measure of the ocean that is in the wake of the rosette 
      package. In high gradient regions either measurement can have problems. 
      If the rosette bottle is tripped too quickly, some water will be 
      entrained from below, so the operators usually wait a bit at each stop 
      so as to collect a more representative sample from the target depth, but 
      even a slightly smeared out sample with respect to depth will be 
      acceptable to most data users. CTD processing routines have a number of 
      checks to result in smoother data: pressure reversals (common when a 
      rosette stops), gradient "spikes", statistical tests, and various 
      averaging schemes that can result in a number that is not equivalent to 
      what the rosette bottle is seeing, not to mention that the two types of 
      samplers are usually physically separated in depth. Ideally, the CTD 
      check should be an average of the CTD data just prior to the rosette 
      trip so as to be equivalent to when the rosette sampler is integrating 
      the water column (though stopped, the package moves up and down with the 
      ship roll and changing wire angle). 
      
      The purpose of the salinity samples from every rosette bottle is to 
      confirm that the water samples really come from the target depth and 
      verify correct trips and tight seals, or no leakage during the cast. 
      Comparison of the salinometer salinity with the CTD salinity provides a 
      very sensitive validation of the quality of the water samples, and they 
      were usually very good on this cruise. Where differences are greater 
      than that expected from the combined precisions of the two measurements, 
      one looks to see if there could have been a trip problem, leakage, 
      sample collection errors, or analytical errors. It's often a judgement 
      call, but it is not reasonable to believe that sample handling errors 
      occur primarily in the upper water column, where the majority of the u'd 
      values were. A little more care should have been taken to evaluate those 
      apparent salt errors to see if they were possible, given the local 
      gradients. 
      
      I have not changed many of the quality flags, tending to accept the 
      originator's call, but these data are clearly over-edited. The following 
      are a few specific comments that should be looked into: 
      
      STATIONS 111-127: 
               Most have isolated mid-depth bottle salts flagged "u", but examination 
               of the density curves and theta/s curves compared to adjacent stations 
               indicate the bottle salinity is more likely to be correct and the CTD 
               slightly off. I asked Mark Rosenberg to check out stations 116, 117, 
               and 120 and he confirmed that the down CTD trace agreed with the 
               bottle data, so I switched the flags on those stations. However, 
               single values at depths between 1800 and 2400db on the other stations 
               should also be changed to accept the bottle salts as ok (if verified 
               by the down CTD trace). 
      
      STATIONS 100, 104, 139, and 163: 
               These stations have negative oxygen values, either -.78, -.88, or -
               .98, that may be just a computation residual from a busted analyses. 
               They are flagged as "bad" data, but they are not data at all and 
               should be omitted, and flagged missing or lost. 
      
               There are quite a few stations (listed below) that have lines without 
               any data, not even a CTD pressure. Some have nutrients or a salinity, 
               but without a location for the data, they have no value and should not 
               be left in to clutter eventual global archives. I suggest the lines 
               without any pressure information be deleted on stations 25, 26, 31, 
               36, 37, 39, 41 43-45, 48, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78, 80-83, 91, 
               95-97, 106, 107, 114, 131, 134, 155, 160, 164, 170, 175-182. Most of 
               these are single lines labeled sample 140 or 240, but others have 
               numerous empty fields. 
      
      STATIONS 30-32 PO4's: 
               Station 32 phosphates below 970db were u'd, apparently because they 
               differ from station 31. However, 32 agrees well with 30, so could 
               station 31 be off instead? All are lower than WOCE S04 PO4's. 
      
      STATION 26:
               Station 26 is an unusual one; it is in a mid ocean ridge fracture zone 
               and the deep temperatures are much colder than the previous station, 
               indicating the passage is open to the south to the next basin. All 
               phosphates were flagged "u", but if there is not analytical reason to 
               do so, I would change them to ok. They agree well at the same 
               potential temperatures with nearby stations. 
      
               Low surface PO4's: Ten stations have zero surface phosphates, unlike 
               any other cruise that I have seen and unlike the NODC Atlas NESDIS 1 
               for nutrients. Plots of PO4 vs NO3 usually have a positive PO4 
               intercept at zero NO3 around 0.2 PO4, although values of less than 0.1 
               (but non-zero) are seen in the western subtropical gyres of the 
               northern hemisphere. PO4/NO3 plots for this cruise compare well with 
               P06 and P15N, except at the surface. Could there be a low level 
               detection problem with the Alpkem Autoanalyzer? The zero values are 
               suspect, and should be flagged "u". The problem stations are between 
               stations 79 and 147.
      
      STATION 116, 3441db: 
               The water samples are clearly poor and are not from this level. Salt 
               and 3 of 4 nutrients were u'd, but O2 and NO2 were accepted as ok. The 
               CTD confirms the O2 is poor also, and even though the NO2 would "fit" 
               at this level, the water did not come from this depth, so all water 
               samples should be u'd. 
      
               Below is a list of the lines in the .sea file where the DQE has made 
               changes to 
               the QUALT2 flags.
      
      
      EXPOCODE 31DSCG96_1, 31DSCG96_2 WHP-ID P14S & P15S DATE 010596 to 031096 19980930WHPOSIOSA 
      
                 STN CAST SAMP BTL CTD                                                              NIT   NIT   PHS                 DEL  DEL  C14  C13 
                 NBR  NO   NO  NBR RAW CTDPRS  CTDTMP CTDSAL  CTDOXY  THETA  SALNTY  OXYGEN SILCAT  RAT   RIT   PHT  CFC-11 CFC-12  C14  C13  ERR  ERR QUALT1        QUALT2
      c16          1  1   112  404 -9  1604.8  2.8508 34.5703 154.04  2.7359 34.5732 162.52  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00  0.091  0.043 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2212411916699 2212311916699
      c127         4  1   104 1003 -9   117.7  7.1622 34.3993 281.42  7.1512 34.3992 282.10   6.21 17.55  0.35  1.30  4.298  2.228 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3222233332299 3222222222299
      c153         5  1   101 1022 -9   730.0  6.1802 34.3576 237.54  6.1144 34.3574  32.62  15.77 24.36  0.02  1.67  2.780  1.395 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222423322299 2222422222299
      c180         7  1   127 1234 -9     8.4  7.3430 34.1401 301.74  7.3422 34.1480 298.43   3.36 18.71  0.20  1.28 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229999 2223222229999
      c296        10  2   211 1114 -9  2690.5  1.6186 34.7383 198.84  1.4278 34.7371 196.92  98.99 31.13  0.00  2.11  0.049  0.022 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266636299 2222266626299
      c358        12  2   203  439 -9  4900.2  0.9043 34.7045 174.10  0.5018 34.2147 269.69  13.40 24.68  0.00  1.66 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 4244333239999 4244333339999
      c364        13  1   121  417 -9   113.0  6.0008 34.2096 289.67  5.9913 34.2109 280.74   7.60 21.73  0.10  1.43  4.245  2.139 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222333332299
      c402        14  1   117 1104 -9  1214.0  2.4670 34.5815 177.31  2.3874 -9.0000 179.15  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3225299991199 3225399991199
      c528        18  1   127 1234 -9   237.8  4.7880 34.1270 287.94  4.7701 34.1274 294.64   9.21 22.91  0.22  1.56 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229999 2222322229999
      c532        18  1   123 1250 -9   575.3  3.4305 34.2090 234.77  3.3917 34.2078 241.92  29.11 30.39  0.01  2.05 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222622229999 2222322229999
      c543        18  1   112 1217 -9  2440.0  1.7297 34.7410 194.51  1.5594 34.7401 195.95  95.54 31.14  0.00  2.10 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232229999 2222222229999
      c547 550    18  1   108 1263 -9  3443.3  1.0807 34.7185 204.15  0.8305 34.7166 204.31 116.24 32.00  0.00  2.16 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232229999 2222222229999
                  18  1   107 1245 -9  3687.7  0.9947 34.7139 205.88  0.7223 34.7121 206.06 119.55 32.10  0.00  2.17  0.064  0.034 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232222299 2222222222299
                  18  1   106 1262 -9  3937.1  0.9228 34.7104 207.69  0.6266 34.7081 207.52 121.94 32.22  0.00  2.18 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232229999 2222222229999
                  18  1   105 1113 -9  4189.5  0.8652 34.7069 208.63  0.5439 34.7046 209.27 124.13 32.30  0.00  2.18  0.101  0.053 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222632222299 2222622222299
      c645        22  2   206  441 -9  2899.0  1.1234 34.7217 203.40  0.9240 34.7266 202.17 110.16 31.78  0.00  2.16 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3223266629999 3223366629999
      c881        31  2   240   -9 -9    -9.0 -9.0000 -9.0000  -9.00 -9.0000 -9.0000  -9.00  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2999999999999 4999999999999
      c1038       35  1   108 1263 -9  1819.9  0.5258 34.7017 208.35  0.4248 34.7015 212.68 123.89 32.50  0.00  2.20  0.169  0.098 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
      c1070       36  1   101  406 -9  2901.0  0.3685 34.6982 214.11  0.1853 -9.0000 217.54 124.83 32.55  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3229266669991 3229366669991
      c1084       37  1   112  404 -9   523.9  1.8990 34.7181 182.81  1.8698 -9.0000 190.80  84.50 31.80  0.00  2.16  0.179  0.121 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2229222222499 2229322222499
      c1118 1119  38  1   102  414 -9  2496.9  0.6984 34.7055 206.81  0.5426 34.7072 212.39 126.37 32.40  0.00  2.19 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266649999 2222366649999
                  38  1   101  406 -9  2918.1  0.7321 34.7056 207.56  0.5395 34.7068 221.63 126.37 32.20  0.00  2.20 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266669999 2222366669999
      c1254       43  1   119  416 -9   164.0 -1.0130 33.9776 282.03 -1.0174 33.9684 347.50  48.12 29.28  0.13  2.06  6.051  2.960 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222210 2222322222210
      c1270       43  1   103  439 -9  2706.8  0.8684 34.7112 206.25  0.6914 34.7334 198.77 103.13 31.53  0.00  2.14  0.058  0.117 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3224233232410 3224333232410
      c1315 1317  45  1   108  440 -9  1502.3  1.9898 34.7290 188.46  1.8930 34.7301 188.18  86.44 31.32  0.00  2.16  0.077  0.038 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
                  45  1   107  436 -9  1897.2  1.7051 34.7401 194.05  1.5811 34.7395 194.98  94.56 31.16  0.00  2.15  0.059  0.030 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
                  45  1   106  441 -9  2297.6  1.4063 34.7339 198.76  1.2541 34.7337 198.67 103.62 31.43  0.00  2.16  0.049  0.021 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
      c1345       46  1   112 1217 -9  1437.1  2.0886 34.7170 184.93  1.9957 34.7161 184.19  83.94 31.87  0.00  2.15  0.098  0.078 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232490 2222222222490
      c1390       47  2   201 1022 -9  4100.7  0.8609 34.7068 209.34  0.5492 34.7057 209.96 123.01 32.27  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3222266669999 3222236669999
      c1539       52  1   123 1250 -9   577.2  2.9835 34.2949 212.74  2.9465 33.8992 216.19  41.70 32.55  0.00  2.21  1.930  0.927 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224422222290 2224222222290
      c1922       63  1   105  423 -9  3495.9  1.2560 34.7237 203.08  0.9961 34.7155 206.36 107.43 31.21  0.00  2.13  0.077  0.043 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3223233334499 3223333334499
      c1935       64  1   116  409 -9   478.4  5.1715 34.2241 262.54  5.1331 34.2565 276.72   7.77 20.14  0.07  1.50 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 4223322229911 4223333339911
      c2229       73  1   124 1218 -9   525.8  7.2659 34.4211 251.35  7.2149 34.4244 251.23   8.37 20.71  0.01  1.45 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222221199 2222222221199
      c2286       74  2   201 1022 -9  5385.3  0.9691 34.7041 209.79  0.5060 34.6873 209.27 119.27 31.77  0.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 4224233659910 4224333659910
      c2492       80  2   201 1022 -9  3448.0  1.2375 34.7220 203.06  0.9829 34.7214 210.74 111.48 31.99  0.00  2.18  0.042  0.151 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266662499 2222366662499
      c2512       81  1   116 1211 -9   564.0  7.8179 34.4918 235.88  7.7606 34.5526 229.52  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224299999999 2224399999999
      c2843       92  2   202 1030 -9  4190.2  0.9208 34.7076 206.04  0.5978 34.7072 206.36 122.04 32.15  0.00  2.22  0.043  0.028 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
      c2845       92  2   201 1022 -9  4237.3  0.9014 34.7065 206.26  0.5738 34.7072 208.69 122.85 32.28  0.00  2.22  0.054  0.126 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266636499 2222266626499
      c2968       96  1   122 1265 -9   673.0  7.4823 34.4927 210.85  7.4152 34.4913 211.30  11.27 23.17  0.00  1.57  1.218  0.613 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222299 2222222222299
      c2970       96  1   120 1015 -9   872.8  6.4577 34.4489 198.18  6.3762 34.4482 199.99  20.43 26.40  0.00  1.79  0.548  0.288 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222299 2222222222299
      c2989       96  1   101 1022 -9  4846.1  0.9441 34.7053 208.33  0.5467 34.7049 207.72 123.20 32.39  0.00  2.22  0.069  0.031 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222466622299 2222266622299
      c3167 3169 101  2   203  999 -9  4807.7  1.0028 34.7083 206.98  0.6078 34.7074 206.16 121.68 32.53  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222263629910 2222262629910
                 101  2   202 1030 -9  5063.7  1.0137 34.7072 207.80  0.5881 34.7064 202.95 122.18 32.56  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222223229910 2222322229910
                 101  2   201 1022 -9  5227.8  1.0189 34.7065 207.81  0.5733 34.7066 207.33 122.58 32.54  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222263669910 2222262669910
      c3344      106  1   107 1263 -9  3443.7  1.6337 34.7153 184.89  1.3697 34.7159 190.60 108.72 32.38  0.00  2.23  0.003  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
      c3462      110  2   234 1216 -9    44.6 20.1116 35.6224 228.82 20.1034 35.6264 233.32   1.22  0.01  0.00  0.10  2.336  1.267 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422226699 2222222226699
      c3464      110  2   232 1039 -9    95.7 15.2980 35.4279 240.33 15.2833 35.4331 243.71   1.48  0.28  0.03  0.21  2.748  1.455 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
      c3536      112  1   132 1039 -9    94.1 15.8199 35.4880 217.81 15.8051 35.4889 240.41   1.91  0.40  0.05  0.22  2.632  1.398 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222236610 2222222226610
      c3556      112  1   112 1217 -9  2689.1  1.9488 34.6579 147.63  1.7520 34.6581 148.39 125.52 36.04  0.00  2.49 -0.001  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222210 2222222222210
      c3582      113  1   122 1265 -9   927.1  5.4371 34.3316 214.11  5.3575 34.4098 213.22  19.78 28.09  0.00  1.90 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224322229999 2224222229999
      c3587      113  1   117 1267 -9  1816.7  2.4545 34.6015 152.77  2.3269 34.6016 153.95 101.60 35.60  0.00  2.46 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222322229999 2222222229999
      c3589      113  1   115 1041 -9  2315.8  2.1241 34.6384 146.58  1.9583 34.6407 146.54 119.45 36.13  0.00  2.51 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422229999 2222222229999
      c3645      115  1   132 1039 -9   113.5 16.2967 35.5503 215.22 16.2784 35.5536 227.46   1.63  1.03  0.10  0.24  2.549  1.354 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
      c3651      115  1   126 1025 -9   524.1  8.6264 34.5883 207.21  8.5701 34.5836 207.43   7.19 20.17  0.00  1.38 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
      c3677 3678 116  2   236 1245 -9     4.0 23.5176 35.8167 223.52 23.5167 35.8274 212.22   1.15  0.05  0.00  0.03  1.946  1.078 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2223222222210
                 116  2   235 1113 -9    19.4 23.5276 35.8183 213.91 23.5236 35.8183 222.57   1.16  0.06  0.00  0.03  1.948  1.095 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
      c3689      116  2   224 1013 -9   675.2  7.0551 34.4163 227.11  6.9900 34.4164 226.59   8.82 22.83  0.00  1.55  0.966  0.477 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222299 2222222222299
      c3698      116  2   215 1041 -9  2189.2  2.1769 34.6255 146.99  2.0215 34.6341 145.96 117.20 36.20  0.00  2.50 -0.002  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2322222222299
      c3703      116  2   210 1301 -9  3440.6  1.6287 34.7042 175.73  1.3652 34.6753 157.91 123.48 35.26  0.00  2.43 -0.001  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3224233232299 3224333332299
      c3734 3735 117  1   115 1041 -9  2046.1  2.2843 34.6220 147.78  2.1395 34.6262 147.52 112.57 35.84  0.00  2.49 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229990 2322222229990
                 117  1   114 1017 -9  2315.9  2.1070 34.6356 146.42  1.9415 34.6419 145.76 120.96 36.08  0.00  2.51 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229990 2322222229990
      c3744      117  1   105 1264 -9  4564.6  1.0366 34.7103 206.04  0.6685 34.7127 205.87 119.61 32.11  0.00  2.21  0.009  0.006 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232290 2222222222290
      c3821      120  2   236 1245 -9     4.7 23.9467 35.8507 213.93 23.9457 35.8641 211.66   1.30  0.02  0.00  0.03  1.933  1.119 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2323222222210
      c3843 3844 120  2   214 1017 -9  2189.3  2.1045 34.6325 145.78  1.9501 34.6400 145.96 120.13 36.07  0.00  2.51 -0.001  0.004 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2222222222299
                 120  2   213 1302 -9  2439.1  1.9871 34.6471 146.09  1.8126 34.6520 145.47 125.28 36.18  0.00  2.51  0.001  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2222222222299
      c3951      123  1   114 1017 -9  2064.3  2.1895 34.6222 145.70  2.0447 34.6315 145.77 117.53 36.25  0.00  2.50 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
      c4013      125  3   324 1013 -9   720.1  6.9901 34.4017 230.38  6.9208 34.4056 228.05   8.70 22.71  0.00  1.55 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
      c4095 4107 127  2   214 1017 -9  2559.0  1.8973 34.6520 145.97  1.7135 34.6590 145.66 128.66 36.13  0.00  2.53 -0.001  0.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   213 1302 -9  2810.0  1.8188 34.6602 146.34  1.6132 34.6661 146.63 131.92 36.18  0.00  2.52  0.002  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   212 1217 -9  3065.2  1.7567 34.6679 147.91  1.5279 34.6704 148.97 132.89 35.94  0.00  2.51  0.003  0.001 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   211 1114 -9  3315.0  1.6346 34.6811 155.99  1.3838 34.6830 158.01 131.06 35.28  0.00  2.46  0.002  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   210 1301 -9  3565.8  1.5221 34.6942 175.79  1.2485 34.7028 178.44 119.58 33.49  0.00  2.32  0.001  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222226690 2322222226690
                 127  2   209 1233 -9  3815.3  1.4040 34.7125 193.65  1.1073 34.7205 194.88 111.50 32.14  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3223222229990 3322222229990
                 127  2   208 1227 -9  3992.6  1.3077 34.7164 198.57  0.9948 34.7185 199.26 112.17 31.94  0.00  2.20  0.005  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   207 1263 -9  4316.1  1.1466 34.7123 203.32  0.8030 34.7144 203.93 115.99 32.01  0.00  2.20 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229990 2322222229990
                 127  2   206 1262 -9  4566.6  1.0717 34.7095 205.05  0.7023 34.7111 205.58 118.71 32.16  0.00  2.21  0.011  0.005 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   205 1264 -9  4811.8  1.0511 34.7077 205.50  0.6540 34.7093 206.36 119.83 32.19  0.00  2.21  0.012  0.006 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222622222290 2322622222290
                 127  2   204 1003 -9  5061.5  1.0523 34.7067 206.09  0.6257 34.7085 206.26 120.78 32.22  0.00  2.21  0.009  0.005 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
                 127  2   203 1035 -9  5321.2  1.0691 34.7067 190.77  0.6103 34.7088 206.65 121.16 32.25  0.00  2.22  0.009  0.006 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2242222222290 2342222222290
                 127  2   202 1030 -9  5602.1  1.0978 34.7062 206.37  0.6028 34.7089 208.01 121.36 32.27  0.00  2.21  0.012  0.007 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2242222222290 2342222222290
      c4254      132  1   136 1245 -9     5.1 27.8460 34.7999  -9.00 27.8448 34.8053 199.16   1.02  0.02  0.00  0.00  1.637  0.959 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2292622222210 2293622222210
      c4373 4374 135  2   226 1025 -9   527.7  8.4781 34.5337 201.07  8.4221 34.5336 204.22   9.11 22.92  0.00  1.58  1.131  0.555 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2222233332210
                 135  2   225 1119 -9   625.5  6.9897 34.4038 223.91  6.9299 34.4054 224.06   9.13 22.96  0.00  1.58  0.942  0.466 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2222233332210
      c4793      146  1   102 1030 -9  4940.2  1.0523 34.7090 206.05  0.6401 34.7097 207.91 120.70 32.25  0.00  2.21  0.007  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222226610 2222322226610
      c4811      147  1   120 1015 -9   829.0  4.7780 34.4723 148.90  4.7114 34.4689 147.28  53.59 33.97  0.00  2.36  0.023  0.009 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2222222222299
      c5059      154  1   124 1244 -9   575.5  6.6821 34.4886 153.19  6.6285 34.4854 148.48  30.37 30.54  0.00  2.11 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
      c5114      155  1   106 1262 -9  3815.6  1.4825 34.6898 165.83  1.1838 34.6922 166.18 132.95 35.15  0.00  2.40 -0.001  0.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222223222299
      c5452      165  1   130 1257 -9   213.6 20.5119 35.8367 145.40 20.4715 35.9834 150.40   2.31  6.96  0.01  0.71  1.965  1.055 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224222222210 2223222222210
      c5483      166  2   235 1113 -9    21.7 28.8105 35.4380 194.94 28.8053 35.5323 196.00   1.52  0.10  0.01  0.22 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2322222229999
      c5637      170  1   125 1119 -9   573.6  7.4558 34.6053 47.04   7.3990 34.6018  44.01  44.91 39.55  0.00  2.75  0.011  0.005 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223622222299 2222622222299
      c5688      171  1   110 1301 -9  3314.3  1.5556 34.6817 148.42  1.3068 34.6842 153.44 140.83 35.86  0.00  2.47 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222221199 2223333331199
      c5699      172  2   235 1113 -9    10.0 26.5125 35.3942 201.31 26.5102 35.4018 201.33   2.84  4.37  0.32  0.48 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229910 2223222229910
      c5737      173  2   233 1021 -9    81.0 26.6480 35.5076 200.63 26.6296 35.5114 200.45   2.55  4.02  0.32  0.49  1.719  1.101 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222322223399 2222222223399
      c5742      173  2   228 1230 -9   326.4 10.8877 34.7808  69.58 10.8475 34.7792  70.52  25.57 29.37  0.00  2.05  0.379  0.223 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222322222399 2222222222399
      c5866      176  1   112 1217 -9  3648.1  1.4940 34.6875 162.59  1.2126 34.6827 157.82 135.40 35.75  0.00  2.46 -0.002 -0.001 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223666662499 2223366662499
      c5947      178  1   103 1302 -9  5100.1  1.0852 34.7087 205.62  0.6528 34.7089 201.39 120.21 32.46  0.00  2.21  0.003  0.001 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      APPENDIX 9B: RESPONSES TO WOCE DQE COMMENTS ON INITIAL .SEA FILE  
      
      We have removed 4 oxygen values that were 'lost' data.
      
      We have removed samples where no CTD pressures or other parameters
      were reported.  We have left in some samples (typically sample '140')
      which were surface samples collected from the underway pumping system
      while on station. These samples we analysed for tcarbn and alkali, and 
      although no CTD values are available, we feel it is useful to include
      them in th file for completeness.
      
      We have adopted most of the suggested changes in the salnty, ctdsal
      and oxygen flags suggested by A. Mantyla. 
      
      The following response to the Nutrient DQE comments was provided
      by Calvin Mordy:
      
      Changes to Version 8 of P15/P14S Nutrient Data (6/8/00)
      
      CWM initiated edits
      
                45  102-105  Changed PO4 flag from 2 to 6 (oversight)
               139  108      Changed PO4 flag from 5 to 3 (typo)
      
      
      A. Mantyla initiated edits
      
      PO4
      32      REJECTED  Deep water remains flagged as 4 due to DOC phosphoric acid   
                        contamination
      26      ACCEPTED  Changed flag to 2 or 6 except for bottle 3 (QF=3)
      83-142  ACCEPTED  Shallow PO4s less than 0.4 µmol/kg were flagged as  
                        questionable.
      
      
      ACCEPTED changes suggested by A. Mantyla (FLAG = SIL/NO3/NO2/PO4)
      
      STA  BOTTLE     OLD FLAG  NEW FLAG
      ---  ---------- --------  --------
        4  104          3333     2222
        5  101          2332     2222
       12  203          3323     3333
       13  121          2222     3333
       18  105-108,112  3222     2222  Reruns due to bubble in flowcell look ok.
       45  106-108      2223     2222
       46  112          2223     2222
       64  116          2222     3333
       92  201,202      2223     2222
      110  232          2223     2222
      112  132          2223     2222
      115  132          2223     2222
      116  210          3323     3333
      117  105          2223     2222
      135  225,226      2222     3333
      171  110          2222     3333
      
      
      REJECTED changes suggested by A. Mantyla  (FLAG = SIL/NO3/NO2/PO4)
      
      STA  BOT  FLAG  Rejected COMMENT
                      Flag
      ---  ---  ----  -------- -------------------------------------------------
       10  211  6663  6662     Air bubble in PO4 peak, rerun was suspect
       47  201  6666  3666     No problem with silicic acid peak or concentraton
      101  201  6366  6266     Peak corrected for severe bubble drift, still questionable
      101  202  2322  2222     Peak corrected for severe bubble drift, still questionable
      101  203  6362  6262     Peak corrected for severe bubble drift, still questionable
      155  106  2222  2322     NO3 peak is ok, not a flier
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      D.2. CTD DATA DQE              
           (Mark Rosenberg - October 1998)
                    
      
      This report contains a data quality evaluation of the CTD data files for 
      the Pacific sector cruise along WOCE meridional sections P14S and P15S 
      (Figure 1) on the RV Discoverer in January to March, 1996. Bottle data 
      are evaluated by Arnold Mantyla in a separate report. The data are in 
      general of good quality, and help to fill a former sampling void for the 
      Southern Ocean in particular. Notably, the P15S section provides a 
      contiguous high density sampling through tropical, subtropical and 
      Antarctic waters, crossing several major fronts. The most significant 
      problem is the biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations, as 
      detailed below. Note that the comments in this report are offered as 
      suggestions (hopefully helpful ones) from an outside perspective, 
      focussing on various data and methodology problems. They are not 
      intended to detract from the general high standard and usefulness of the 
      data set. 
      
      
      STATION SUMMARY FILE (.sum)
      
       •  Stations 21 and 77 are listed as cast 2 in .sum and .ctd files, but 
          cast 1 in .sea file - needs clarification.
      
       •  The uncorrected sounder depth at the bottom of the cast appears wrong 
          for stations 44 and 50, as follows (N.B. depth from CTD = altimeter 
          reading + maximum pressure recalculated in meters):
      
                  Station  depth from  wire out  sounder depth at
                             CTD (m)     (m)     bottom of cast (m)
                  -------  ----------  --------  ------------------
                    44       4134       4114           3630
                    50       4409       4423           4140
      
       •  Sound speed and transducer depth information for the ship's sounder 
          were not provided in the documentation. "Corrected depth" in the .sum 
          file was therefore calculated from the CTD at the bottom of the cast  
          i.e. altimeter reading + maximum CTD pressure recalculated in meters 
          (using the method of Saunders and Fofonoff, 1976). For stations with 
          no altimeter reading, no corrected depth was calculated. These 
          corrected depth values are in an ascii file corrdepth.dat, and have 
          not been merged into the .sum file.
      
      
      D.2.1 SALINITY
      
      In the following discussion, only CTD and bottle values with a quality 
      flag of  2 are considered (i.e. QUALT1=2 for CTDSAL and SALNTY in the 
      .sea file). See Table 3 for a station by station summary of data problems.
      
      
      SCATTER OF SALINITY RESIDUALS
      
      The salinity residual data delta-S (where delta-S = bottle - CTD salinity 
      difference) for all depths is shown in Figure 2. Outliers were rejected 
      iteratively by the data processors, as described in the cruise report. 
      Below 500 dbar, scatter of delta-S is greatly reduced (Figure 3), so the 
      outliers are from samples shallower than 500 dbar. Much of the scatter 
      for the shallower samples is no doubt due to sampling errors in steep 
      vertical gradients. However, the sign of delta-S can not always be 
      reconciled with the direction of the vertical salinity gradient 
      (assuming here that the CTD sensors are below the Niskin bottles on the 
      rosette package). It may be possible to improve this scatter by 
      increasing the averaging period for the upcast CTD burst data from 2 
      seconds to 10 seconds. This larger averaging period more closely matches 
      the swell wave period, and may better average out the effect of the 
      rolling ship during bottle stops. 
      
      
      BIASING OF CTD SALINITY DATA FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS
      
      Standard deviations for delta-S for the whole cruise were calculated from 
      data in the .sea file ("uncorrected data" in Table 1). The value of 
      0.0018, calculated using all sampling depths and |delta-S| ≤ 0.008, is a 
      reasonable estimate of the salinity accuracy for the cruise (note that 
      0.008 ~ 2.8*0.0029, where 0.0029 is the standard deviation for all 
      bottles from Table 1). When the cruise is viewed as a whole, this 
      salinity accuracy meets WOCE requirements and delta-S varies about a mean of 
      zero (Figures 2 and 3). However when individual stations are examined, 
      there is a significant problem with biasing of the CTD salinity data 
      (Table 3). This is clearly evident through visual examination of Figures 
      2 and 3: the mean value of delta-S for each station varies (a good example 
      is for stations 46 to 53, where delta-S is clearly negative).
      
      The biasing is a direct result of the conductivity calibration method as 
      described in the cruise report, where the whole cruise is fitted in one 
      group and the fourth order station dependent slope correction fails to 
      fully track the variation of conductivity sensor behaviour over the 
      cruise. Breaking down the stations into smaller calibration groups is 
      strongly recommended - this would allow the station dependent slope 
      correction to remove the bias for individual stations. 
      
      To prove this point, I've done an extra fit to the delta-S data to minimize 
      the residuals and biasing, as follows. Note that back-calculating 
      conductivity made no difference to the resulting corrections, so 
      salinity was used. Firstly, Figure 3 was examined and station groups 
      formed to reflect the variation through the cruise of mean delta-S for each 
      station (Table 2). Next, samples for which |deltaS| > 0.008 were rejected. 
      A linear fit of CTD to bottle salinity (i.e. Sctd to Sbtl) was then found 
      for each station group:
      
                               Sctd = a1 Sbtl + a2
      
      for fit coefficients a1 and a2. Lastly, corrected salinity Scor was calculated 
      each station group:
      
                              Scor = (Sctd - a2)/a1
      
      The resulting Sbtl - Scor residuals are plotted in Figure 4 (all depths) 
      and Figure 5 (deeper than 500 dbar). Standard deviation calculations for 
      these "corrected" data are shown in Table 1.
      
      As expected, there is only a small improvement to standard deviations 
      calculated for the whole cruise (Table 1). The important point is the 
      marked improvement to the biasing of individual stations, revealed by 
      comparing Figure 5 to Figure 3. Corrected and uncorrected delta-S vertical 
      profiles for a few example stations are plotted in Figure 6. Stations 
      for which the correction improves salinity biasing are indicated in 
      Table 3.
      
      I hope this does not put too fine a point on the conductivity 
      calibration. True, the salinity biasing errors for the submitted data 
      are less than 0.002, however delta-S  values for each station ought to be 
      scattered around a mean value of zero. Clearly, breaking down a cruise 
      into smaller station groups for the calibration of CTD conductivity 
      significantly improves the calibration. Note that the correction done 
      here is only a rough version - for a real calibration on selected 
      station groups, groups would be selected with a linear variation of 
      station mean delta-S, allowing the station dependent slope correction to 
      take effect within each group and giving even better calibration 
      results.
      
      
      TABLE 1: Standard deviations for salinity residuals _S (using only 
               bottle and CTD data for which the quality flag=2), where "uncorrected 
               data" are as submitted to WHPO, and corrected data are with additional 
               delta-S fit applied.
      
                                            standard deviation  standard deviation 
                                                of delta-S,         of delta-S
               data                          uncorrected data    corrected data
               ---------------------------  ------------------  ------------------
               all depths                        0.0029              0.0028
               deeper than 500 dbar              0.0010              0.0009
               all depths, |delta-S|≤0.008       0.0018              0.0017
      
      
      Table 2:   Station grouping used for additional fit of salinity residuals.
      
                         1-3   41-45   75-80   133-137  162-174
                         4-8   46-53   81-99   138-146  175-182
                         9-18  54-59  100-105  147-148
                        19-25  60-62  106-109  149-151
                        26-30  63-65  110-121  152-154
                        31-35  66-70  122-129  155-157
                        36-40  71-74  130-132  158-161
      
      
      PROBLEM SALINITY BOTTLE DATA
      
      Comparing bottle salinity values for adjacent stations on deepwater theta-S 
      curves, the following problems were found:
      
            station  problem                      recommendation
            -------  ---------------------------  ------------------------
              19     bottle salts high by ~0.002  don't use in calibration
              49     bottle salts low by  ~0.001  don't use in calibration
             117     bottle salts high by ~0.002  don't use in calibration
             164     bottle salts low by  ~0.001  don't use in calibration
            
      
      D.2.2. OXYGEN
      
      The CTD oxygen data are of the highest quality. Calibration results are 
      excellent, and oxygen profiles are remarkably free of noise. The Seabird 
      design of constant flow past the oxygen sensor membrane appears to have 
      merit. Due to the inherent small scale variability of membrane-type 
      oxygen sensors, I do not believe the concerns expressed about data 
      despiking later in this report are relevant here. Oxygen residual data 
      are plotted in Figure 7, noting that large outliers lie beyond the axis 
      limits on the graph.
      
      Many stations appear to have suspicious oxygen data for the top few 
      bins, due to transient sensor errors as the instrument enters the water 
      and the pump winds up, combined with the despiking errors discussed 
      below. Stations where these errors are greater than ~4 µmol/kg, and 
      where there is no matching T/S feature, are summarised in Table 4, and a 
      quality flag of "3" is recommended for bins not already flagged as "7" 
      in the .ctd files. Also listed in Table 4 are a few stations where most 
      of the CTD oxygen profile has a constant offset from the bottle values. 
      In all cases the offset is small (~1%), however given the high quality 
      of the CTD oxygen data set these stations are worth pointing out. 
      
      
      D.2.3. TEMPERATURE
      
      The following temperature spikes were identified in the .ctd files:
      
      station 43: very spikey T structure between 100 and 300 dbar on 
                  downcast, not reflected in salinity - would like to confirm 
                  with upcast CTD temperature
      station 45: temperature spike at 9 dbar, flag as 3 in .ctd file
      station 49: temperature spike at 8-11 dbar, flag as 3 in .ctd file
      station 54: small temperature spike at 7 dbar, status uncertain due to 
                  despiking of salinity data
      station 60: small temperature spike at 5-6 dbar, status uncertain due to 
                  despiking of salinity data
      station 64: small temperature spike at 7-8 dbar, status uncertain due to 
                  despiking of salinity data
      station 106:small temperature spike at 7 dbar, status uncertain 
                  due to despiking of salinity data
      station 108:small temperature spike at 4 dbar, status uncertain 
                  due to despiking of salinity data
      
      D.2.3.1. DESPIKING AND INTERPOLATION
      
      There is a large number of interpolated CTD temperature and salinity 
      values in the .ctd files, flagged as "6". This needs an explanation  
      i.e. is it due to fouling of the pump line, data dropouts from the 
      instrument or some other electronic problem? Or is it mainly due to 
      interpolations from the program DELOOP mentioned in the cruise report?
      
      I have concerns about despiking of the temperature and salinity data 
      (program DESPIKE mentioned in the cruise report). In particular, 
      salinity data near the surface is often continued to the surface as an 
      identical value from the first good data bin a few decibars down, and 
      flagged as "7" (program FILLSFC mentioned in the cruise report). As a 
      result, temperature features are often not relected in the salinity data 
      (e.g. Figure 8), and density inversions can occur. In some instances, 
      erroneous salinity features may appear (e.g. station 159, top 9 dbar in 
      Figure 8). Rather than inserting these fictional salinity data near the 
      surface, it might be preferable to leave the original bad data there and 
      flag as "3" or "4", or else remove the data entirely. In general, all 
      data in the top 15 dbar with a "7" flag should be regarded as 
      questionable.  
      
      
      D.2.3.2. DENSITY INVERSIONS
      
      Locations of unstable vertical density gradients are shown in Figure 9; 
      only gradients more unstable than -0.003 kg/m3/dbar are shown. Unstable 
      density gradient values are summarised in Table 5. All except for 
      station 40 occur in the top 20 dbar. In addition, almost all occur where 
      the CTD salinity data has been "despiked" (flag 7 in the .ctd file). The 
      worst instance is for station 78 at 9 dbar: a temperature feature occurs 
      at this level, however the salinity data has been artificially smoothed, 
      leaving a large density instability. 
      
      
      D.2.4. INTRA-CRUISE COMPARISON
      
      Deepwater theta-S and theta-oxygen curves compare well for the coincident 
      station pair 93/94. More variability is evident for the station pair 159/179.
      
      
      COMPARISONS WITH OTHER CRUISES
      
      Deepwater theta-S and theta-oxygen curves were compared for P15S stations 
      coincident with other cruise data sets, as follows. In general, there is 
      reasonable consistency between the different data sets.
      
      P15S and P15N (P.I. H. Freeland) (Figure 10)
                    P15N salinity lower than P15S by on average 0.001.
                    No CTD oxygen data for P15N.
      
      P15S and P31  (P.I.  D. Roemmich) (Figure 11)
                    P31 salinity lower than P15S by on average 0.001.
                    Oxygen data compare well.
      
      P15S and P21  (P.I. H. Bryden on western leg) (Figure 12)
                    Limited data only for comparison, and stations separated 
                       longitudinally by 19 miles.
                    P21 salinity higher than P15S by ~0.001 above (theta=1.3o; 
                       compare well at bottom.
                    Oxygen data compare well below theta=1.25o
      
      P15S and P6   (P.I. M.McCartney on central leg) (Figure 12)
                    Limited data only for comparison, and stations separated 
                       longitudinally by up to 12 miles.
                    Salinity data compare well.
                    Oxygen data compare well around the oxygen minimum; at the 
                       bottom, P6 is higher by ~2 µmol/kg
      
      P15S and S4P  (P.I. Koshlyakov) (Figure 12)
                    Limited data only for comparison, and stations separated 
                       longitudinally by up to 17.5 miles.
                    S4P salinity lower by ~0.0015.
                    Oxygen data a bit variable, but within ~1%.
      
      
      DOCUMENTATION
      
      The documentation is good and thorough. It would be useful to add the 
      following information:
      
       •  PDR sound speed used for sounder readings, and whether or not readings have 
          been corrected for transducer depth below the waterline;
       •  criteria used for despiking. 
      
      
      REFERENCES
      
      Saunders, P.M. and Fofonoff, N.P., 1976. Conversion of pressure to depth in the 
          ocean. Deep Sea Research, 23:109-111.
      
      
      TABLE 3:  SUSPICIOUS CTD SALINITY (SCTD) DATA. 
                * Indicates calibration improved by additional correction described in 
                  the text (i.e. using smaller station groupings).
      
      stn  comment                                              recommendation
      ---  --------------------------------------------------   ---------------------------------
        *8  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings
              (impressive interfingering for this station!)
        *9  Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile              use smaller station  groupings    
       *10  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings    
       *11  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings    
       *13  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *15  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *16  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *17  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings    
       *18  Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile              use smaller station  groupings    
        23  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 possibly due to bottles
       *26  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings
              (interesting T feature at 2600 dbar on downcast)
       *27  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings
       *29  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 800 dbar, low at surface  use smaller station  groupings
        37  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar  
        38  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile  
       *41  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar, low at surface  use smaller station  groupings
       *46  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *47  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *48  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings
       *50  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *51  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings    
       *52  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 4000 dbar           use smaller station  groupings    
       *53  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
       *54  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                  use smaller station  groupings
       *57  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station  groupings    
       *58  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings    
        61  1 to 5 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd      
        63  1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
       *63  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station  groupings    
       *64  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station  groupings    
       *65  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings
        69  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar            
        70  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile            
        73  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar  
        74  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2500 dbar  
              (interesting S in top 120 m)
      
        75  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile  
       *76  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station grouping
       *77  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station grouping    
       *79  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station grouping
       *80  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 2500 to 3500 dbar           use smaller station grouping
        90  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile  
        95  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile  
        96  Sctd high by ~0.001 for top 3000 dbar  
      *100  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings     
      *101  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *102  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *103  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *105  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *111  Sctd low by ~0.0008 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings
      *112  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings     
      *115  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings     
      *119  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 3500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *120  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1200 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *121  Sctd low by ~0.0015 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station groupings     
       124  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 3000 dbar       
       126  1 to 13 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
       126  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile  
       127  upcast CTDSAL values in .sea file bad  flag as 3 in .sea file the CTDSAL
            below 2500 dbar (possible fouling)  values for samples 202 to 214
      
       128  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 5000 dbar
      *130  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings     
      *132  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 2000 to 5000 dbar           use smaller station groupings
       133  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar  
      *138  Sctd high by ~0.0008 below 2000 dbar                use smaller station groupings     
      *140  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 4000 dbar           use smaller station groupings
      *143  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1500 to 4000 dbar           use smaller station groupings
       144  Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 2000 dbar  
       146  1 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
      *147  Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile              use smaller station groupings     
      *148  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *154  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1200 to 3500 dbar           use smaller station groupings     
      *155  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *156  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
      *158  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
       159  1 to 9 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
       160  1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
       160  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 500 to 4000 dbar, low below 4000 dbar
      
       168  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 800 to 4500 dbar  
       173  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar  
      
      
      TABLE 4:   Suspicious CTD oxygen data
      
      station    comment                                 recommendation
      -------    -------------------------------------   ------------------------------
       8         high by ~2 µmol/kg below 500 dbar       calibrate station individually
       10        high by ~2 µmol/kg below 1000 dbar      calibrate station individually
       13        1 to 5 dbar transient/despiking error    
       16        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
       17        1 to 7 dbar transient/despiking error    
       18        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
       19        1 to 7 dbar transient/despiking error    
       21        1 to 7 dbar transient/despiking error    
       22 to 25  1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
       27        55 to 57 dbar spike                     flag as 3 in .ctd file
       29        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
       32        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
       40        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
       43        1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error    
       44        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
       45        1 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error    
       46, 47    1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error    
       52        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
       54        1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error    
       55        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
       63        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
      112        1 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error    
      119        12 dbar spike                           flag as 3 in .ctd file
      135        high by ~2.5 µmol/kg for whole profile  calibrate station individually
      148        1 to 5 dbar transient/despiking error    
      152, 153   1 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error    
      155        1 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error    
      161        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
      164        1 to 3 dbar transient/despiking error    
      165        1 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error    
      
      
      TABLE 5:  DENSITY INVERSIONS < -0.003 kg/m3/dbar, AND QUALITY FLAG FOR SALINITY 
                IN .CTD FILE FOR THE PRESSURE BIN.
      
      stn  pres. density  sal. |  stn  pres. density  sal. |  stn  pres. density  sal.
          (dbar) gradient flag |      (dbar) gradient flag |      (dbar) gradient flag
      --- ------ -------- ---- |  --- ------ -------- ---- |  --- ------ -------- ----
        8    7   -0.0057   7   |  106   8    -0.0163   7   |  155   10   -0.0048   6
        8    8   -0.0032   7   |  107   2    -0.0059   7   |  155   11   -0.0048   2
       10    7   -0.0058   7   |  107   3    -0.0046   7   |  157    5   -0.0099   7
       20    4   -0.0047   7   |  107   9    -0.0190   7   |  159    6   -0.0052   7
       22    6   -0.0061   7   |  107  12    -0.0099   6   |  162    5   -0.0036   7
       40  105   -0.0031   6   |  107  13    -0.0099   6   |  162   12   -0.0030   6
       40  106   -0.0031   6   |  107  14    -0.0100   2   |  162   13   -0.0030   6
       40  107   -0.0032   2   |  108   5    -0.0108   7   |  162   14   -0.0030   2
       45    9   -0.0102   7   |  109   2    -0.0193   7   |  165    4   -0.0050   7
       49    8   -0.0181   7   |  110   2    -0.0037   7   |  167    4   -0.0125   7
       54    8   -0.0044   7   |  111   2    -0.0094   7   |  169    3   -0.0053   7
       57    2   -0.0041   7   |  112   2    -0.0122   7   |  169    5   -0.0034   7
       60    7   -0.0114   7   |  113   3    -0.0037   7   |  170    2   -0.0035   7
       64    8   -0.0054   7   |  113   4    -0.0034   7   |  174    4   -0.0036   7
       64    9   -0.0040   7   |  117   3    -0.0046   7   |  176    2   -0.0130   7
       68    2   -0.0052   7   |  117   7    -0.0059   7   |  176    5   -0.0033   7
       69   11   -0.0061   7   |  120   2    -0.0032   7   |  177    3   -0.0049   7
       69   12   -0.0030   6   |  121   2    -0.0040   7   |  177    4   -0.0035   7
       69   13   -0.0030   6   |  124   3    -0.0135   7   |  180    2   -0.0108   7
       69   14   -0.0031   2   |  124   4    -0.0047   7   |  181    2   -0.0073   7
       70    4   -0.0058   7   |  125   2    -0.0042   7   |  182    2   -0.0034   7
       70    6   -0.0046   7   |  126   2    -0.0055   7   |  182    3   -0.0078   7
       71    7   -0.0054   7   |  131   7    -0.0033   7   | 
       78    5   -0.0094   7   |  131  11    -0.0053   7   | 
       78    8   -0.0080   7   |  132   2    -0.0034   7   | 
       78    9   -0.0254   7   |  134   4    -0.0030   7   | 
       82    3   -0.0032   7   |  134   7    -0.0033   7   | 
       83    8   -0.0089   7   |  135   2    -0.0063   7   | 
       84    2   -0.0042   7   |  136   2    -0.0125   7   | 
       85    5   -0.0082   7   |  139   9    -0.0103   7   | 
       86    2   -0.0031   7   |  140   6    -0.0134   7   | 
       87    2   -0.0036   7   |  143   2    -0.0073   7   | 
       88    5   -0.0173   7   |  143   3    -0.0067   7   | 
       89    4   -0.0063   7   |  143   4    -0.0038   7   | 
       89    5   -0.0075   7   |  144   2    -0.0066   7   | 
       90    5   -0.0071   7   |  148   2    -0.0084   7   | 
       90    9   -0.0151   7   |  152   3    -0.0047   7   | 
       91    4   -0.0057   7   |  153   2    -0.0136   7   | 
       99    3   -0.0042   7   |  154   2    -0.0054   7   | 
      101    4   -0.0033   7   |  154   4    -0.0059   7   | 
      101    8   -0.0046   7   |  155   6    -0.0047   6   | 
      102    7   -0.0040   7   |  155   7    -0.0048   6   | 
      105    4   -0.0054   7   |  155   8    -0.0048   6   | 
      106    4   -0.0038   7   |  155   9    -0.0048   6   | 
      
      
      
      TABLE 6:  Summary of flag changes recommended in .ctd (i.e. .wct) files. Note 
                that for all cases shallower than 15 dbar, all data above the 
                reflagged values was already flagged as "7" (i.e. despiked) - "7" 
                flags were not changed.
      
                      station  parameter  pressure  old flag  new flag
                      -------  ---------  --------  --------  --------
                         45       T           9         2         3
                         49       T        8 to 11      2         3
                         61       S           5         2         3
                         63       S        6 to 10      2         3
                        126       S          11         2         3
                        126       S       12 to 13      6         3
                        146       S           6         2         3
                        159       S        8 to 9       2         3
                        160       S          11         6         3
                         13       O           5         2         3
                         19       O           7         2         3
                         25       O           8         2         3
                         27       O       55 to 57      2         3
                         52       O          11         2         3
                         63       O          11         2         3
                        119       O          12         2         3
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      D.3. RESPONSE TO CTD DATA DQE
           (Kristy McTaggart and Greg Johnson)
      
      
      We considered each of the suggestions and the following is an itemized 
      explanation of what we did or didn't change in our data files, as well as 
      answers to DQE's questions.
      
      
      STATION SUMMARY FILE (.sum)
      
      Stations 21 and 77 should be listed as cast 1.  The .sum and .ctd files
      should be corrected.  We've corrected our files here.
      
      The uncorrected sounder depth at the bottom of the cast for stations 44 and
      55 may appear erroneous.  However, these are not typos.  They are the
      values calculated from the ship's PDR during acquisition.  The bottom at
      station 44 in particular was noted to be strongly sloping.  We did not
      change these values in our files.
      
      The PDR sound speed used for sounder readings was 1500 m/s.  The readings
      were not corrected for transducer depth below the waterline.  The depth of
      the transducer would've been about 5.5 +/- 0.6 m.  We would prefer to use
      the PDR depths as listed and correct them using Carter's tables so that 
      they serve as independent measurements and can be used as a check on CTD
      pressure.
      
      
      SALINITY 
      
      Scatter Of Salinity Residuals
      
      There is an incompatibility between the General Oceanics rosette sampler
      and the Sea-Bird 911plus CTD system that generates a spike in the data
      stream at the moment a bottle is confirmed as tripped.  Because of this,
      upcast CTD burst data had to be averaged prior to the bottle confirm bit.
      Two-second averages were chosen over a longer interval because the CTD
      operators did not always let the package sit at bottle depth for at least
      10 seconds before firing the rosette.  Hence no changes were made.
      
      
      Biasing Of CTD Salinity Data For Individual Stations
      
      Of course one can seemingly make a (very slight) improvement in the 
      CTD-bottle residual statistics by allowing more degrees of freedom in the
      fit as the DQE has suggested (that is, breaking up the fit into small 
      station groupings).  One could get the best statistics by individually
      fitting each station to its bottles, but most experts would argue that
      this would be a bad choice, because one would not be taking advantage of
      the CTD calibration as a way to average out station-to-station bottle
      salinity noise.
      
      We believe that the SBE-9/11 CTD conductivity slope drifts gradually, and
      is actually more stable than the day-to-day fluctuations in the autosal-
      inometer salinities owing to small temperature drifts in the laboratory
      and the fact that severe budgetary constraints on these cruises forced us
      to economize even on such things as standard sea water.  We suspect that
      the "biasing of the CTD salinity data" mentioned in the DQE evaluations is
      actually noise in the bottle data.  Somewhat suspicious is that the station
      groupings recommended by the DQE of the correct size (most often 3-5 
      stations per group) that they could easily be owing to daily drift problems
      in the autosalinometer.  For our original calibrations we deliberately
      chose to model the conductivity slope adjustments of the entire data sets
      for P14S/P15S and P18 using 4th-order polynomial functions of station
      number to average out bottle salinity noise.  We did this because we saw
      no obvious jumps in the CTD calibration for either cruise, just gradual
      drifts.
      
      Statistical support for our philosophy over that of the DQE is given by
      the following exercise:  The 2°C potential isotherm is well within the
      oldest Pacific Deep Water, and has some of the tightest Theta-S relation-
      ships in the Pacific Ocean (and probably the world).  For both P18 and
      P14S/P15S, we looked at the absolute values of station-to-station changes
      in CTD salinity on Theta=2.0°C (Figure 1) for our original calibration,
      creating a histogram of station-to-station differences for each cruise in
      0.001 bins.  We then applied the DQE's suggested ad-hoc calibrations for 
      smaller station groupings to the data and conducted the same analysis.
      When the histograms are differenced (Figure 2), one can see that the
      Theta-S relations at 2°C after the DQE's corrections are noisier for both
      cruises.  For P18, after the DQE's suggested correction there are four less
      station pairs in the 0.000 difference bin and one less in the 0.001 
      difference bin whereas there are three more in the 0.002 difference bin
      and two more in the 0.003 difference bin.  For P15S/P15S there are four
      less stations in the 0.000 difference bin after the DQE's suggested
      correction, with one more in the 0.001 difference bin and three more in 
      the 0.002 difference bin.  Since the DQE's "corrections" actually
      introduce more noise in the CTD Theta-S relation at 2°C than our original
      calibration, we decline application of them.  The small groups do not 
      improve the calibraiton, they degrade, perhaps by introducing autosalinometer
      drift noise.
      
      Regarding suspicious CTD salinity data listed in Table 3, no changes were
      made to any profile data (see above) nor flags associated with "transient/
      despiking errors".  As for CTDSAL values in the .sea file for station 127,
      we agree that they should be flagged as 3 for samples 202 to 214.  Also,
      BOTSAL flags for samples 209, 210, 213, and 214 should then be changed to 2.
      
      
      PROBLEM SALINITY BOTTLE DATA
      
      Excluding stations 19, 49, 117, and 164 bottle salinity values from the
      calibration of this data set as a whole would not significantly change the
      fit as we have done it, thus we didn't make this adjustment.
      
      
      OXYGEN
      
      Quality flags should be ammended as suggested in Table 4.  However, stations
      8, 10, and 135 will not be recalibrated individually as they are among the
      first casts with a new sensor module.  As a rule, the first few casts with a
      new module are problematic, and this cruise was no exception.
      
      
      TEMPERATURE
      
      The very spikey temperature structure between 100 and 300 dbar at station 
      43 is also seen in salinity and has been identified as Antarctic
      Intermediate Water interleaving at the front.  It is also seen at 
      adjacent stations 42 and 44.  Nothing should be done to this profile.
      
      Temperature spikes listed were examined but not changed.  Neither were
      their flags changed.
      
      
      DESPIKING AND INTERPOLATION
      
      Interpolated temperature and salinity data are the result of processing
      programs and not instrument or electronic problems.  In program DESPIKE
      salinity profiles are viewed and interactively despiked using linear
      interpolation.  Conductivity, theta, and sigma-theta are recomputed for
      the interpolated records.  Only the salinity quality flag is ammended to
      6.  In program DELOOP Brunt-Vaisala Frequency squared (N^2) is computed
      at the mid depths and bracketed between two vectors, one padded with 
      zeros at the surface and one padded with zeros at depth.  If the first
      and second points of a -N^2 fail the criteria (<=-1e-05), then temperature
      and conductivity are linearly interpolated and salinity, theta, and sigma-
      theta are recomputed.  The quantity of interpolated points is large 
      because we were working with a large package off the stern of the ship,
      often in the Southern Ocean.  Hence, there was a lot of wake problems.
      
      As for the filled surface records flagged as 7, we maintain that this is
      more useful than leaving flagged bad or questionable data or removing the
      data entirely.  It should be noted in the documentation that all data in 
      the top 15 dbar with a flag of 7 should be regarded as questionable.
      
      
      DENSITY INVERSIONS
      
      Density inversions listed in Table 5 were examined and salinity quality
      flags were changed to '3' for the following records.
      
                    Station  Pressure     Station  Pressure
                    -------  --------     -------  --------
                        8      5-7         108       4
                       10      1-7         109       1
                       20      1-3         110       1
                       22      1-5         111       1
                       45      1-8         112       1
                       49      1-7         113      1-3
                       54       7          117      1-6
                       57       1          120       1
                       60      5-6         121       1
                       64      7-8         124      1-3
                       68       1          125      1-3
                       69      1-14        126      1-13
                       70      3,5         131    3,5,6,10
                       71       6          132      1-9
                       78      1-9         134      1-3,6
                       82      1-4         135       1
                       83       7          136       1
                       84      1-2         139       8
                       85       4          140      4,5
                       86       1          143      1-3
                       87       1          144       1
                       88      3,4         146      1-6
                       89      3,4         148      1-3
                       90      4,8         152      1-2
                       91      1-4         153      1-2
                       99      1-2         154      1-3
                      101      1,3,7       155      1-15
                      102       6          157      1-4
                      105      1-3         159      1-6
                      106    1-3,6,7       160      1-12
                      107   1-2,8,11-13    162      1-13
                                           165      1-3
                                           167      1-3
                                           169      1-7
                                           170      1-3
                                           174      1-3
                                           176      1-4
                                           177      1-3
                                           180      1-3
                                           181       1
                                           182      1-2 
      
      
      DOCUMENTATION
      
      Again, the PDR sound speed was 1500 m/s, and the readings have not been
      corrected for transducer depth (5.5 +/- 0.6 m) below the waterline.
      
      The criteria used for despiking are explained above under DESPIKING AND
      INTERPOLATION.
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      D.3. Final CFC Data DQE             
           (David Wisegarver - Dec 2000)
       
      During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number
      of samples were given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial
      QUALT1 flags assigned by the PI.  After discussion, the PI concurred
      with the DQE assigned flags and updated the QUAL1 flags for these
      samples.
      
      The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale
      (Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on
      a common calibration scale.
      
      For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC
      PI for this section 
                          J. Bullister, (johnb@pmel.noaa.gov)
                                          or
                         David Wisegarver (wise@pmel.noaa.gov).
      
      Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at:
                             http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc.
      
      ********************************************************************************
      Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold,
          F. N. Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, 
          R. H. J. Wang, D. E. Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, 
          P. M. Midgley, and A. McCulloch, A history of chemically and radiatively 
          important gases  in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE.  Journal of Geophysical 
          Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.
      ********************************************************************************
       
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
      
      
      
      WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES
      
      Date      Contact     Data Type     Data Status Summary  
      ==========================================================================
      05/06/98  Bullister   SUM/SEA/DOC   Submitted for DQE 
                P14S & P15S data are combined.
                P14s/p15s has been updated with a new SUMfile, SEA-HYDfile and 
                additional documentation from John Bullister.  
                          
      10/06/98  Anderson    CTD/BTL/SUM   Reformatted by WHPO
                Reformatted .sum file:
                  Changed EXPOCODE from 31DICG96/1 to 31DSCG96_1 
                                    and 31DICG96/2 to 31DSCG96_2.
                Ran over sumchk, no problems.
      
                .sea file ok except for first header.  
                  Changed EXPCODE to EXPOCODE.  
                  Changed 31DICG96/1 to 31DSCG96_1 
                      and 31DSCG96_2 to 31DSCG96_2.
                  Reordered pressures so they are shallowest to deepest.
      
                For stas. 21 and 77 .sum file had only cast 2, .sea file
                had only cast 1.  I don't know which is correct so I did
                not change.
      
                Ran over wocecvt, only problem above mentioned cast number
                discrepancies.
      
                CTD - ctd data was ok except for EXPOCODE.  Changed from
                  31DICG96/1 and 31DICG96/2 to 
                  31DSCG96_1 and 31DSCG96_2.
      
                Dates in .sum and .wct files for sta/cast 13/1, 16/1, 29/2,
                32/1, 39/1, 43/1, 52/1, 74/2, 89/2, 110/2, 121/2, 128/2, 
                135/2, 167/2, 173/2, and 175/2 do not agree.  
                  In all cases the BE time is before midnight and the BO time is 
                  after midnight so the day is different.  The originator used 
                  the BE dates for the ctd's.  I did not change the .wct files.  
      
      10/15/98  Mantyla     NUTs/S/O      DQE Begun    
      
      10/15/98  Rosenberg   CTD           DQE Begun at WHPO/SIO  
                          
      11/16/98  Rosenberg   CTD           DQE Complete
                          
      11/18/98  Rosenberg   CTD           DQE Report sent to Chief Scientist    
      
      11/18/98  Mantyla     NUTs/S/O      DQE Report Complete   
                          
      01/11/99  Bullister   CTD/BTL*/CFC  Data are Public
                NUTs, S/O, c14 collected and sent to WHOI. Checking w/ Quay re c14 
                data status
      
      01/11/99  Johnson     CTD/S/O       DQE Report sent to Chief Scientist
                ctdoxy data are public, all else nonpublic  
                          
      04/29/99  Bartolocci  DELC13        Data and/or Status info Requested (P.Quay)
                          
      07/15/99  Johnson     CTD/HYD       DQE Reports rcvd by PI
                Kristy will be mailing you our responses to both 
                reports (and submitting some revised data) shortly.  Please 
                don't make any changes to the CTD data for these cruises 
                until you have our replies in hand.
                          
      08/17/99  Anderson    SUM/HYD       Data Files Reformatted
                p14ssu.txt:
                  Reformatted to conform with the WHPO standard .sum format.   
                  Mostly adding and/or deleting spaces.   
                p14shy.txt:
                  Reordered pressures that were not in descending order.  
                  Changed station 21 cast 1 to cast 2 to conform with the 
                sum file:
                  Changed station 77 cast 1 to cast 2 to conform with the 
                    .sum file.  
                  Ran over wocecvt and sumchk without any errors. 
                          
      03/20/00  Diggs       SUM/HYD       Website Updated    
                SUM and HYD files are now out on the website, and all tables
                have been updated.
      
      04/19/00  Bartolacci  DELC14        Website Updated: no samples collected
                However I'd like to clarify this with you, because the DOC file that 
                we have indicates that some 900 or so samples were taken for both 
                C14 and C113, did they not get processed?  (There are columns in the 
                data file for both of these parameters  that will need to be edited 
                out.)  
                          
      04/20/00  Key         DELC14        No Data Submitted; Not Processed
                P14S15S is problematic. Paul did collect samples which could 
                have been used for C-13 and C-14. I'm pretty sure that many of 
                the C-13 samples have been analyzed. Unfortunately, in his proposal, 
                Paul did not request funding for C-14 analysis. Paul saved an 
                aliquot of the extracted CO2 gas which can be analyzed for C-14 
                if we can get the funds. We plan on submitting a proposal which, 
                if funded, will cover C-14 anlaysis costs on a few cruises including:           
                  P14S15S
                  EqPac (Fall and Spring; NOAA)
                  P1 (Japanese E-W transect)
                  Unnamed German cruise in the upwelling region west of S. Am.
                          
      06/13/00  Bullister   BTL/SUM/DOC   Final Data Submitted w/ DQE-related updates. 
                I just re-sent p14sp15s .sea, .sum and .doc files to the WHPO ftp site.
                  The file names are:
                    p14sp15s.doc.senttoWHPO12jun2000
                    p14sp15s.sea.senttoWHPO12jun2000
                    p14sp15s.sum.senttoWHPO12jun2000
                These files have a number of updates compared to the 'p14s' files 
                  now posted at the WHPO web site.  Please note that the data in these 
                  files (and in the old 'p14s' posted at the WHPO web site) are for 
                  both p14s AND p15s- both sections were done on the same expedition.
                The .sea file now ncludes tcarbn, alkali and pH data; the CFC data 
                  are reported on the SI093 calibration scale.  
                We have incorporated most of the changes recommended in A. Mantyla's 
                  DQE recommendations.  Details of these changes are included at the 
                  end of the p14sp15s.doc.senttoWHPO12jun2000 file.
                PS: Please note that the formatting instructions given for delc13 in 
                    the WHPO 90-1 manual posted at the WHPO web site still ask for F8.1. 
                    This should be F8.2.  A lot of the value of the delc13 data is lost 
                    if they are only reported to 1 decimal precision.
                          
      06/16/00  Bartolacci  BTL/SUM/DOC   Website Updated
                  • Re-aligned column headings and date, lat/lon columns.  
                  • Changed expocode backslashes to underscores.
                  • Changed expocode from 31DICG96_ to 31DSCG96_
                  • Added time/name stamp.
                  • ran sumck a second time with no errors.  New file named p14sp15s.sum.edt
                BOT: 
                  • ran wocecvt, warnings on pressure and depth sequencing problems.
                  • Inverted all samples to be in increasing pressure order. 
                  • Changed expocode backslashes to underscores.
                  • Changed expocode from 31DICG96_ to 31DSCG96_
                  • Added time/name stamp.
                  • ran wocecvt a second time with only duplicate depth warnings.  New file
                    named p14sp15s.sea.edt
                DOC:  new doc file will replace current online version.
      
      06/17/00  Bartolacci  BTL/SUM/DOC   Final data files put online
                I have updated the current sumfile and doc file for this cruise as well 
                  as the bottle file.
                The new bottle file contains:
                  CTDRAW  CTDPRS  CTDTMP  CTDSAL  CTDOXY  THETA    SALNTY  OXYGEN  
                  SILCAT  NITRAT  NITRIT  PHSPHT  CFC-11  CFC-12   DELC14  DELC13  
                  C14ERR  C13ERR  TCARBN  ALKALI  PCO2    PCO2TMP  PH      PHTEMP
                There are no data in the columns for DELC14,  DELC13 C14ERR,  C13ERR, 
                  PCO2TMP  and PHTEMP
                Bullister has been notified via email that the above changes have been made.
                          
      06/24/00  Bullister   PCO2          Submitted 
                I just received a revised pCO2 data file for the 
                  P14SP15S cruise, along with a short description of the analytical 
                  methods used, all from the PI (Rik Wanninkhof  wanninkhof@aoml.noaa.gov)
                I just put 2 files at the WHPO INCOMING ftp site:
                  p14sp15spco2.dat
                  p14sp15spco2.txt
                Could you please merge the pco2 data into the p14sp15shy.txt file at 
                  your site, and include the text of p14sp15spco2.txt in the cruise 
                  documentation file?
                          
      07/05/00  McNichol    DELC13        Submitted  csv for p15s leg only
                I have just uploaded three files p15sbmt2.csv, p15submt.des, 
                  and p13submt.des to your ftp site.  The csv file contains the 
                  following fields in a comma-delimited file:
                    LabID, Trackline, Station, cast, niskin, del13C, QC
                The LabID is to distinguish between the two laboratories where the 
                  majority of the measurements were made--University of Washington and 
                  NOSAMS, WHOI.
                The files labelled des describe the samples flagged with a "6" in 
                  greater detail.  Can you accept these as well?
                Paul Quay and I would like to append a statement *somewhere* 
                  indicating the status of our laboratory data comparisons.  Do you 
                  have an appropriate place for this?
                          
      09/29/00  McNichol    DELC13        Data are Public; See Note:
                All the Pacific data (most of which I still need to send you) 
                is public.  I should be sending you a pile of data next month.
                
                Also, if the future, if you have a question that you need answered 
                immediately, the best person to get in contact with besides me is 
                Dana Stuart.  Her contact info is dstuart@whoi.edu
                          
      11/21/00  Uribe       DOC           Submitted  See Note:  
                2000.11.21  KJU
                File contained here is CRUISE SUMMARIES and NOT sumfiles.  Files 
                listed below should be  considered WHP DOC files. Documention is 
                online.
                
                2000.10.11 KJU
                Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
                directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper 
                cruise. All of them are sumfiles.
                Received 1997 August 15th.
                          
      03/15/01  Key         DELC14        Measured as per .DOC  
                Funding now available to analyze  Got word from Eric this A.M. that he 
                will fund NOSAMS at the rate of 1000/year to analyze previously 
                collected, but unfunded C14 samples. Highest priority will be to fill 
                in Pacific "holes" starting with P14S15S (NOAA), P15N (Wong) and P1 
                (Japan). Policy decision supported by WOCE SSC. Eric would, if 
                possible, like these data to be included in the atlas. In reality I 
                don't know if this is possible/practical, but I will do everything 
                possible to expedite. Scheduling at NOSAMS will be complicated, but 
                order listed above is the "scientific" priority as of now.
                          
      06/22/01  Uribe       CTD/BTL       Website Updated; CSV File Added
                CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online.
                          
      10/01/01  Muus        CFC/BTL/SUM   Data Merged into BTL file  
                CFCs merged into BTL, SUM file modified, CSV file updated  Merged July 
                2001 CFCs into bottle file, modified SUM file WOCE SECT column to 
                allow conversion to exchange format, made new exchange file and 
                place all on web. 
                
                Notes on P14S CFC merging Sept 26, 2001.     D. Muus
                
                1. New CFC-11 and CFC-12 from:
                   /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/pacific/p14/p14s/original/ 
                   20010709_CFC_UPDT_WISEGARVER_P14SP15S/20010709.173406_ 
                   WISEGARVER_P14SP15S/20010709.173406_WISEGARVER_P14SP15S_p14s_
                   CFC_DQE.dat
                 
                   merged into SEA file taken from web Sept 26, 2001 
                   (20000616SIOWHPODMB)
                
                   Most "1"s in QUALT1 changed to "9"s and QUALT2 replaced by new 
                   QUALT1 prior to merging. CTDOXY has values for Stations 1 through 3 
                   but QUALT1 code is "1". Bottle oxygens taken on Station 1 and from 
                   Station 4 on. No bottle oxygens on Stations 2 and 3. QUALT1 code 
                   for CTDOXY is "2" from Station 4 on. Left "1"s as quality codes for 
                   Station 1 - 3 CTDOXY as caution to users.
      
        
                2. Conversion from woce bottle format to exchange format failed using 
                   the web SUMMARY file (20000616SIOWHPODMB). Modified SUM file by 
                   replacing blanks in WOCE SECT columns for Stations 1 - 3 with "x"s. 
                   Moved WOCE SECT header so column is left justified. Conversion to 
                   exchange file worked after these modifications made.
      
                3. Exchange file checked using Java Ocean Atlas.
                          
      01/22/02  Uribe       CTD           Website Updated  CSV File Added; see note:
                CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
                online. Files for station 21 and 77 has a mismatch in the cast 
                number in the sumfile. The sumfile contained data for a cast 1 but 
                the CTD files said cast 2 so the CTD files were modified for the 
                purpose of the conversion.
                          
                
      06/21/02  Kappa       Doc           PDF & TXT files updated, new sections added: 
                New sections include a CTD cast summary and CTD oxygen algorithm 
                parameters tables, HYD DQE report, CTD DQE report, PI response to
                CTD DQE report, CFC DQE report, Report on CO2fugacity Measurements, 
                and WHPO data processing notes.
      
                PDF Cruise Report includes all the above, plus figures and internal
                links between figures and table of contents and relevant text.
      
      06/26/02  Tibbetts    DOC           Website Updated  
                pdf, txt versions online  
                New txt & pdf docs online
                
      03/05/03  Muus        DELC13        Website Updated; Data Merged into OnLine File 
                Notes on P14S/P15S         Mar, 5, 2003      D. Muus
                1. Merged DELC13 with 2-decimal-place DELC13 from:
                     /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/pacific/p15/p15s/original/
                      2000.07.05_P15S_MCNICHOL/p15submt2_reformat.csv
                   into p14shy.txt (20010927WHPOSIODM)
                2. No DELC13 in P14S part of cruise (Stations 1-32).
                3. Both QUALT1 and QUALT2 set to QC value given in original data file.
                4. C13ERR column was in web bottle with all missing value indicators.
                   No C13ERR data in C13 data file.
                5. 6 samples in data file have 2 delc13 values. First was used in merge.
                    Second values follow:
                          STNNBR  CASTNO  SAMPNO  DELC13 QC
                          ------  ------  ------  ------ --
                            53       1     124    1.03   2
                            62       2     224    1.41   2
                            67       2     228    2.12   2*
                            84       1     105    1.13   2
                           101       2     202    0.43   2
                           112       1     132    1.3    2
                   *First value for 67/2/228 is 1.32, QC=6. Second value looks high.
                6. Made new exchange file for Bottle data.
                7. Checked new bottle file with Java Ocean Atlas.
                
      06/24/03  Swift       PH            Data Update  
                Code is cutting 4 decimals to 2, will have to be fixed  After checking 
                P15S and P14N I am guessing that whatever code were are using to 
                convert 'original WOCE' format to 'WHP Exchange' format is truncating 
                pH to two decimal places.  Steve will have to fix the code, and then 
                the staff will have to update every Exchange data file with pH data.  
                '90-1' clearly shows that there is a 4-decimal place specification for 
                pH.
      
      07/12/03  Kappa       DOC           PDF and Text docs updated
                CTD DQE report by R. Millard added
                Data Processing Notes Expanded
                
      07/16/03  Coartney    DOC           Website Updated; New PDF and text docs online

      03/02/04  Key         DELC14        Final Data DQE'd, Submitted; No Report
                I just finished uploading the c14 data (DELC14, C14ERR, C14FLAG)
                for p14s15s (the noaa cruise). 

                As usual, my software hasn't truncated to the correct number of decimal 
                places, it does, on the other hand drop trailing zeroes.
                
                These analyses were funded by a special NSF grant obtained to measure 
                some of the samples which were collected, but without c14 analysis money.
                
                The C14 PI for these data is Paul Quay. Paul also measured the C13 
                values which are currently in the WHP files. NOSAMS reran the C13, but 
                the NOSAMS c13 values will not replace Paul's values.
                
                I did the QC on the C14 and have already sent copies (merged) back to 
                NSOAMS and to Quay.
                
                I have not written a final report for this cruise, and probably won't.
                
                As noted on the submission form (Data quality somewhat lower than norm for 
                WOCE), the data from this cruise (especially the lower station numbers) 
                are noiser than normal for WOCE, but the number of "fliers" is not too 
                bad. Cause is probably extra storage and handling, but that's just a 
                guess.
                
                Given the geographic location, these certainly need to be included in any 
                updated versions of the WHP files - that is, they fill a giant data hole.            
                      
      03/03/04  Anderson    DELC14        Data Reformatted/OnLine
                Merged the DELC14 and C14ERR from file   
                  20040302.100353_KEY_P14S15S_p14s15s.c14.WHP 
                submitted by Bob Key into online file  20030305SIOWHPODM.
                See email below.
                
                The file Key sent had station, cast, and bottle number.  The bottle 
                number did not agree with the bottle number in the online bottle file.
                They did agree with the sample no in the online file if you added the 
                cast number, ie 24 in Key's file was 124 in the online file if it was
                cast 1 (or 224 if cast 2, 324 if cast 3, etc).
                
                Key's file had quite a few stations with sample numbers that were not 
                in the online file, but since there were no DELC14 values for these I 
                ignored them.
                
                The online file had -9.0 for all DELC14 values so the QUALT1 and QUALT2 
                flags were all 9.  Key's file had only one Q flag.  When I merged the 
                data I used Key's Q flag for both Q1 and Q2.  Also, Key's file had a Q 
                flag of 2 for all the -999.0 values, I changed those to 9.  
                
                Had to add P14S under WOCE SECT for stas. 1-3 in the .sum files in order 
                to get the exchange file made. 
					
      06/29/04  Kozyr       PH            Correct pH values truncated in exchange file     
                Andrew Dickson of SIO recently send me a message that for WOCE P14N and 
                P14S sections pH was reported to 2 decimal points in exchange formatted 
                files, but to 3 and 4 decimal points in old WHP formatted files. I did not 
                check other files where pH is reported but I think that it is probably 
                a mistake in that pearl code that converts the data. Could you please 
                check this out. It is very important to have pH reported to 3 or 4 
                decimal points and many users now copy the data in exchange format. 

      07/07/04  Diggs       PH            Exchange values corrected from 2 to 4 decimal points     
                I have fixed the code that produces the Exchange files and subsequent 
                NetCDF files. PH is now an F9.4 number. Danie, Jim and I are working on 
                a strategy to re-do all of the files online in the near future. 
					
      11/12/04  Kappa       DOC           Cruise Report Updated
                • Deleted CTD DQE Report by Bob Millard. 
                  [Report belonged with P15N Leg 1 CTD data] 
                • Added figures for McTaggart & Johnson's response to the CTD DQE
                • Added bookmarks to PDF version
                • Added table of contents to text version
                • Added introduction to CTD report by K.E. McTaggart and G.C. Johnson
                • Expanded these Data Processing Notes
                • Updated OnLine Data History

