WHP Ref. No.: PR23/PR24
Last updated: 31 July 1995

A.	Cruise Narrative

A.1	Highlights

A.1.a	WOCE designation	PR23 PR24
A.1.b	EXPOCODE		49XK9406/1
				KAIYO-9406
A.1.c	Chief Scientist		Michio Aoyama, JAMSTEC, Japan
				Ocean Research Department
				Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 
				2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 236 Japan
				Tel.: 0468-65-3608 ex. 255  F
				Fax.: 0468-66-7018
				E-mail: AOYAMAM@mstkid.jamstec.go.jp
A.1.d	Ship			R/V KAIYO
A.1.e	Ports of call		Malakal, Palau to Malakal, Palau
A.1.f	Cruise dates		14 Jan. 1995 - 24 Jan. 1995

A.2	Cruise Summary Information

A.2.a	Geographic boundaries

A.2.b	Stations occupied
15  CTD/Rosette stations with 16 cast, 1 Rosette only cast and  2 
trial casts were occupied. 

We used 36 position Rossete water sampler with 36 Niskin bottles 
at the cast between PR23-01 and PR23-05 and at PR23-09. Except for 
these stations, the Niskin bottles were reduced to 24 because of the 
hard sea condition.       

The sampling depths shallower than 1000m 
were 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 
800, 900 and 1000m when we used 36 bottles. Below 1000m, we sampled 
sea water every 250m. In the case of 24 bottles, sampling depths were 
50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 and 1000m above 1000m.  Below 
1000m, sampling depths used with 24 bottles were almost same as 36 
bottles.      

At PR23-15  on the Philippine trench, 2 
casts/observations were carried out with 24 bottles in order to sample 
every 250m.      

At PR23-09 and PR23-14, the CTD was not lowered below 
5500m because of the danger of high wire tension causing deformity of 
the sheave we were afraid that the sheave was  by high tension of the 
wire.

17 XBT casts were occupied.

AMS radiocarbon  92 (5 stations, all replicate samples)
H3/He3 13 (1 station)

Three hourly meteorological observations were carried out  during the 
entire cruise.  

Measurements of surface layer pCO2 and atmospheric pCO2 were made 
along the entire ship track.

The images scanned by Advanced Very High Resilution Radiometer (AVHRR) 
mounted on the polar orbiting NOAA satellite were received 5 to 9 
passes per day during the entire cruise.

A.2.c	Floats and drifters deployed

A.2.d	Moorings deploued or recovered

A.3	List of Principal Investigators

Table 1: List of Principal Investigators
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameter / Instr.       Sampling Group    Principal Investigator(s)  
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CTD/rosette              JAMSTEC           Yuji Kashino/ 
                                           Takeshi Kawano
ADCP                     JAMSTEC           Yuji Kashino/
                                           Michio Aoyama
XBT                      JAMSTEC           Haruo Ishii
Salinity                 JAMSTEC           Takeshi Kawano
O2, NO3, NO2, PO4, SiO2  JAMSTEC           Michio Aoyama
Radiocarbon, H3/He3*     JAMSTEC           Michio Aoyama
CO2                      MRI               Hisayuki Y. Inoue
NOAA HRPT                JAMSTEC           Ichio Asanuma
--------------------------------------------------------------------
* funds are still pending

Michio Aoyama   
Ocean Research Department
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 236 Japan
Tel.; 0468-65-3608 ex. 255  Fax.; 0468-66-7018
E-mail; AOYAMAM@mstkid.jamstec.go.jp

Takeshi Kawano   
Ocean Research Department
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Tel.; 0468-65-3608 ex. 255  Fax.; 0468-66-7018
E-mail; KAWANOT@mstkid.jamstec.go.jp

Yuji Kashino   
Ocean Research Department
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Tel.; 0468-65-3608 ex. 34  Fax.; 0468-65-3202
E-mail; KASHINOY@mstkid.jamstec.go.jp

Haruo Ishii   
Ocean Research Department
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Tel.; 0468-65-3608   Fax.; 0468-65-3202

Ichio Asanuma   
Ocean Research Department
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Tel.; 0468-65-3608 ex.  Fax.; 0468-65-3202
E-mail; ASANUMAI@mstkid.jamstec.go.jp

Hisayuki I. Yoshikawa
Geochemical Research Division
Meteorological Research Institute
1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, 305 Japan
Tel.; 0298-53-8721  Fax.; 0298-53-8728

Angel A. Bravo
Mines and Geo-Science Bureau
Department of Environment and Natural Resource
North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philipinnes
Tel.; 632-99-86-59     Fax.; 632-99-86-59

A.4	Scientific Programme and Methods

We started the WOCE cruise at (7 30 N,134 00 E)  along 7 30 N. on 
14 January 1995. Since the clearance for PR24 and PR1S, which pass 
through Indonesian water, could not be obtained from Indonesia, our 
observation and collection of samples were limited to the EEZ of Palau 
and Philippines.  After the observations at PR23-5 were completed, 
strong winds and high sea conditions were forecast. Then we decided to 
change the order of the observation so waiting time (for better sea 
conditions) would be reduced. After we waited for two days at the 
Philippine coast near Station PR24-4, we started observation again 
from the opposite direction. We, however, stopped by the morning after 
PR24-1 due to slightly high wave and night time. At 20:46 (UTC) on 16 
January 199 5, a big earthquake of magnitude 7.2 hit Kobe City and 
killed more than 5000 persons. The director of JAMSTEC ordered R/V 
Kaiyo to shorten her schedule and return to Japan to assist in the 
national rescue activity for this heavy disaster. The shedule of 
arrival in Palau was moved to the morning on 24 January 1995. To save 
on observation time, the cruise track was shifted from 7 30 N to7 00 N 
and station spacing wa modified. Observations were stopped at PR23-9 
(7 00 N, 130 00 E), the same locations of PR1S-1 9 in the previous R/V 
Kaiyo cruise in Feb. - Mar. 1994. 

The deep water temperature and salinity in the southern Philippine 
Basin along 7 N is almost the same as the observation results from the 
previous cruise for PR24, PR1S and 6N in Feb. - Mar. 1994 within the 
precision and accuracy of the observation/analyses.

The Mindanao Undercurrent  toward the north was observed below 300m 
depth around 127 30 E along 7 N. The maximum northward velocity 
measured by ADCP was 20 cm/s. In this location, high salinity and high 
oxygen water was seen. This water seems to be some part of the South 
Pacific Tropical Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water advected by 
the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent from the South Pacific.  

The analysis of CTD corrected by the Autosal indicate that they  
meet WHP one-time survey standards for accuracy. The precision of CTD 
measurements are better or close to WHP one-time survey standards. 
Salinity measurement  due to bottle samplings has shown  ca. 0.001 PSS 
in accuracy and ca. 0.0005 PSS in precision. These meet WHP one-time 
survey standards for water samples. The precision of dissolved oxygen 
(DO.) measurement,  0.09%, meets  WHP one-time survey standards for 
water samples.  The precision of nitrate analysis and  silicate 
analysis are close upon 0.2%, and that of phosphate also close  upon 
0.4% at the begining of the observation. These precisions meet WHP 
one-time survey standards for water samples, however, we have  failed  
to keep these good precisions at some of the stations. The accuracy  
of nutrients measurements are better or close to WHP one-time survey 
standards.  

CTD observations were done at 12 and 4 stations for PR23 and PR24, 
respectively. Just after departure from Palau, we conducted observations 
at 5 stations (from PR23-01 to PR23-05)  of PR23 from 7 30 N, 134 00 E 
to 7 30 N, 132 00 E with an interval of 30 nm. Because of bad weather, 
we moved to the south of Mindanao and started the observation of PR24 from 
6 16.7 N, 126 50 E to 6 50 N, 126 30 E (from PR24-04 to PR24-01). After 
the observation of PR24, we carried out the observation of PR23 along 
7N from 126 45 E to 130 00 E (from PR23-17 to PR23-09). The interval 
between stations near the Philippine trench (at the west of 127-30E) 
were less than 15 nm. At the east of 127 30 E, the station intervals 
were 30nm or 60nm. We returned to Palau after the last cast at 
PR23-09.

Preliminary Results
by  M. Aoyama (23 March 1995)

The deep water character in the southern Philippine Basin along PR23 
and PR24N  was summarized together with the observation results from 
the previous cruise for PR24, PR1 S and 6N in Feb. -Mar. 19954(Table 2).  
Salinity and phosphate observed in Jan. 1995  are in good 
agreement with those in Feb.-Mar. 1994 within  the precision of the 
observation/analyses. Silicate concentration in Jan. 1995 , however, 
shows 1.0 % lower than that in Feb.-Mar. 1994. Nitrate concentration 
in Jan. 1995 shows 1.4 % lower than that in Feb. -Mar. 1994.  
Dissolved oxygen in Jan. 1995 show 1.1-1.3 %  higher than that in 
Feb.-Mar. 1994. When we assume that the deep water in the southern 
Philippine Basin has almost the same properties, these differences 
seen in dissolve oxygen, silicate and nitrate show the accuracy of our 
observation. 

The Mindanao Undercurrent  toward the north was observed below 300m 
depth around 127-30 E along 7 N. The maximum northward velocity 
measured by ADCP was 20 cm/s. In this location, high 
salinity and high oxygen water was seen. This water seems to be some 
part of the South Pacific Tropical Water and Antarctic Intermediate 
Water advected by the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent from the South 
Pacific (Tsuchiya et al., 1989; Tsuchiya 1991; Fine et al.,1994).  The 
analysis of CTD corrected by the Autosal indicate that they  meet WHP 
one-time survey standards for accuracy. The precision of CTD 
measurements are better or close to WHP one-time survey standards. 
Salinity measurement  due to bottle samplings has shown  ca. 0.001 PSS 
in accuracy and ca. 0.0005 PSS in precision. These meet WHP one-time 
survey standards for water samples. The precision of dissolved oxygen 
(DO.) measurement,  0.09 %, meets  WHP one-time survey standards for 
water samples.  The precision of nitrate analysis and  silicate 
analysis are close upon 0.2 %, and that of phosphate also close  upon 
0.4% at the begining of the observation. These precisions meet WHP 
one-time survey standards for water samples, however, we have  failed  
to keep these good precisions at some of the stations. The accuracy  
of nutrients measurements are better or close to WHP one-time survey 
standards.  

 The accuracy and precision for CTD observation and water sample 
analysis for these two year WOCE cruise are tablated  together with 
the WHP one-time survey standrads in Table 3.  

Table 2  The average and the standard deviation of the properties 
below 3000 dbar in 1994 and 1995. 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Range   	THETA      SALNTY     OXYGEN    SILICAT    NITRAT    PHSPHT 
dbar    	degree       PSS      umol/kg   umol/kg   umol/kg    umol/kg 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feb. -Mar. 1994 
7600 - 4998     1.2395    34.6794      150.6     139.7     36.08      2.46
                0.0029     0.0007        0.73      1.06     0.31      0.03

Jan. 1995
7921 - 4995     1.2392    34.6790      152.68    138.28    35.57      2.45
                0.0023     0.0004        0.42      0.38     0.26      0.02

Feb.-Mar. 1994
6001 - 4998     1.2403    34.6793       150.6    139.7     36.11      2.47
                0.0024     0.0008         0.76     1.14     0.31      0.02

Jan. 1995
6000 - 4995     1.2403    34.6791       152.53   138.26    35.65      2.45
                0.0016     0.0004         0.41     0.44     0.25      0.02

Feb.-Mar. 1994
5003 - 3996     1.2447    34.6790        150.4   139.8     36.12      2.47
                0.0042     0.0009          0.88    1.22     0.33      0.03

Jan. 1995
5009 - 3996     1.2469    34.6789        152.03   138.32    35.63     2.46
                0.0049     0.0005          0.45     0.46     0.20     0.01

Feb. -Mar. 1994
4003 - 2998     1.3060    34.6748        146.8    140.5    36.29     2.48
                0.0482     0.0034           3.03     1.26    0.34     0.04

Jan. 1995
4002 - 2997     1.3052    34.6745        148.02    138.84   36.03     2.48
                0.0552     0.0038          3.46      0.76    0.59     0.02
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 3. The accuracy and precision for CTD observation and water 
sample analysis for these two year WOCE cruise  together with the WHP 
one-time survey standrads.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CTD-TEMP   -SALNTY   -PRES    SALNTY     OXYGEN    SILICAT    NITRAT    PHSPHT
deg C       PSS-78    dbar    PSS-78       %         %          %          %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated accuracy 
0.001        0.001     1       0.001      1.3       1.0        1.4        <1

WHP one-time survey standrads of accuracy
0.002        0.002     3       0.002     < 0.5    ca. 1-3     ca. 1    ca. 1-2 

Estimated precision
<0.002      <0.002    0.4      0.0005      0.09   ca. 0.2     ca. 0.2  ca. 0.4

WHP one-time survey standrads of precision
0.0005      <0.001    0.5     < 0.001       0.1       0.2         0.2      0.4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The accuracies of CTD-temperature and pressure were referenced to pre- 
and post cruise calibrations. The accuracies of CTD-salinity and water 
sample salinity were referenced to IAPSO standard seawater of batch # 
P124. The accuracies of dissolved oxygen and nutrients were estimated 
based on the diferences between the concentrations of deep water 
(deeper than 4000 dbar) in 1994 and those in 1995.

The precisions  of CTD-temperature and CTD-salinity were evaluated 
based on the data between 3500 dbar and 3850 dbar of the trial casts. 
The precision of CTD pressure was evaluated using the repeat 
observations of the dead weight tester. The precision of the data of 
the water sample analyses were evaluated repeat analyses of the same 
water samples.

A.5	Major Problems and Goals not Achieved

A.6	Other Incidents of Note

A.7	List of Cruise Participants

Table 5-2: Cruise participants
---------------------------------------------------------------
Cruise participants with role and / or affiliation in parentheses.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Michio Aoyama          JAMSTEC Chief Scientist/O2,Nutrients,C-14,
                               H-3/He-3
Haruo Ishii            JAMSTEC CTD/X-BT
Takeshi Kawano         JAMSTEC Salinity,CTD/rosette hardware
Yuji Kashino           JAMSTEC CTD Softwares/ADCP
Akira Sonoda           NME     O2
Hiroshi Yamamoto       NME     CTD
Koichi Takao           NME     Salinity
Atsuo Ito              NME     Salinity
Misumi Aoki            NME     O2
Mitsuru Hayashi        NME     CTD
Yasunori Nakashima     STM     CTD 
Ranko Takeo            STM     O2
Takehiko Shiribiki     STM     O2
Keiko Komine           STM     Nutrients
Teruhisa Hattori       STM     CTD
Hidekazu Ota           KEEC    Nutrients
Kiyotaka Nakao         KEEC    Nutrients
Takashi Kitao          KEEC    CTD/CO2
Hirohiko Takata        NHE     Satellite rec. sys. op. 
Angel Bravo            MGSB    Head of Philippine delegation
Allan Antonio A.Conda  MGSB    CTD
Conrad R. Miranda      MGSB    CTD    
---------------------------------------------------------------
note: JAMSTEC Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Japan
      STM Sanyo Techno Marine, Inc., Japan
      NME Nippon Marine Enterprises, Ltd., Japan
      KEEC Kansai Environmental Engineering Center, Ltd., Japan
      MRI Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
      NHE Nippon Hakuyo Engineering, Ltd., Japan
      MGSB  Mines and Geo-Science Bureau, Department of Environment 
            and Natural Resources, Philippines

