Revised 2001.05.03


A.     Cruise Narrative

A.1    Highlights

A.1.a  WOCE designation  P13J

A.1.b  EXPOCODE          49HH932_1

A.1.c  Chief Scientist   Keisuke Taira (ORI, Univ. of Tokyo)
                         Ocean Research Institute
                         University of Tokyo
                         15-1  Minami-Dai
                         1 Chome
                         Tokyo, Japan  164
                         email: taira@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp
                         phone: 81-3-5351-6471
                         Fax:   81-3-5351-6418

A.1.d  Ship              R/V Hakuho Maru

A.1.e  Ports of call

A.1.f  Cruise dates      May 13 to May 30, 1993  (Leg 1) 

A.2    Cruise Summary Information
       Figure 1 shows the track of this cruise

A.2.a  Geographic boundaries

                               50N
                         159          165
                               29N

A.2.b  Stations occupied

CTD02 casts with 24-place 12-liter rosette water sample were carried out at  
19 stations. One of them was done at 29 04 N, 158 32 E as a test of the CTD  
system, and the others were occupied on 165E (Figure 2). CTD02 casts without water  
samplers were carried out at three stations on 165E (36N, 37N, 42N). Removing  
the samplers is due to wavy seas.  The interval of CTD stations was basically  
60 nautical miles. It was shortened to 30 nautical miles between 30N and 31N and 
between 32N and 33N, but was extended to 120 n. miles between 37N and 41N and 
between 42N and 44N because of stormy weather.


A.2.c  Floats and drifters deployed

A.2.d  Moorings deployed or recovered

We recovered five moorings of current meters at 27N, 29N, 31N, 33N and 35N on
165E, which were deployed in August 1991 in the cruise of KH-91-5 (P13C).  

A.3    List of Principal Investigators

Table 1: List of Principal Investigators

Name            Measurement responsibility       Affiliation
-----------------------------------------------------------------
K. Taira        CTD02, Salinity, Oxygen          ORI, U. of Tokyo
                Mooring
 
S. Watanabe     Nutrients, CFCs, Tritium         Hokkaido Univ.
                Other chemical properties
-----------------------------------------------------------------
 
A.4  Scientific Programme and Methods

The CTD is Sea-Bird Electronics instrument equipped with a dissolved oxygen  
sensor. The temperature and conductivity sensors were calibrated at the  
Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. before the cruise. The conductivity data were  
moreover calibrated at sea using data from the analysis of the salinity  
samples collected at each station. Water samples were collected from
twelve-liter Niskin bottles mounted on a General Oceanics Rosette Sampler. All  
of the water sample conductivity measurements and oxygen titrations were made  
with Portable Salinometer and an automated titration instrument soon after each  
cast was completed. Samples for the analysis of nutrients were collected at all  
CTD stations. Samples for CFCs, tritium, total carbon, alkalinity, pH, C-13,  
CH4, and C-14 were also collected.

Vertical distributions of potential temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and 
potential density are shown in Figures 3 to 6.

 
A.5  Major Problems and Goals not Achieved

We planned initially to do CTD02 casts within the exclusive economic zone and  
the territorial waters of Russia to near the Kamchatka Peninsula, but could not  
get a permission to do it.  We, then, changed the cruise plan into the  
observation south of 51 20 N, 165 E. However, the weather did not make  
us to complete even the shortened plan. The latitude of the northernmost CTD  
station was 48N.

CTD cast at Sta. C10 (34N, 165E) could not be lowered deeper than 3000 db  
because of strong current.

The General Oceanics rosette tripping mechanism was much better than our  
previous WOCE cruise (P13C). There were much less mis-firing and  
double-tripping of the water sampling bottles. To confirm the exact closing  
depths of Niskin bottles, we mounted ten or twelve reversing meters of  
pressure and temperature on the bottles. The check of the bottle-closed depth  
was much easier than in the previous cruise.

Another point different from our previous WOCE cruise is to almost disappear  
noises of CTD02 signal, due to reconstruction of the end portion of CTD wire  
connecting to a slip ring and renewal of the CTD system.


A.6  Other Incidents of Note

A.7  List of Cruise Participants

Table 2: List of Cruise participants

NAME              RESPONSIBILITY                        AFFILIATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Keisuke Taira     Chief Scientist/CTD Hardware/Mooring  ORI
Shoji Kitagawa    CTD Hard- and Software/Current Meter  ORI
Masaki Kawabe     Assistant to Chief Scientist/CTD      Processing ORI
Shinzou Fujio     Watch Stander/ADCP                    ORI
Shuichi Watanabe  Oxygen/Nutrients/CFCs/Tritium         Hokkaido Univ.
Toshio Suga       Watch Stander                         Tohoku Univ.
Syoichi Kizu      Watch Stander                         Tohoku Univ.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Twenty-one graduate students, two scientists from Meteorological Agency and one
WESTPAC scientist were joined this cruise for CTD watch and chemical analysis.
 
 
B.   Underway Measurements

B.1  Navigation and bathymetry

B.2  Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)

B.3  Thermosalinograph and underway dissolved oxygen, etc

B.4  XBT and XCTD

B.5  Meteorological observations

B.6  Atmospheric chemistry

C.   Hydrographic Measurements

C.1  CTD Measurements

Data Collection

Full signals of frequency, digitized 24 times per second, sent from the  
underwater CTD unit SBE 9 plus (Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.) were received with  
the onboard unit SBE 11 plus, and were converted to output sequences of  
IEEE-488 (GPIB). The data collection was made with the Sea-Bird Electronics  
CTD operating software, SEASOFT Version 4, using an IBM-compatible personal  
computer JD1994DX2-66 (PROSIDE CORP.) with a 215 MByte hard disk, which was  
connected to the onboard unit by a GPIB cable. In addition, the signals of  
frequency were recorded in a SONY digital audio tape as backup data.

Calibrations and Processing

The CTD temperature sensor used during the cruise is manufactured by Sea-Bird  
Electronics Inc. (SBE 3) who claim a resolution of 0.0002¯C and an initial  
accuracy of +0.002 C. The sensor was calibrated at the Sea-Bird Electronics  
Inc. before the cruise. The obtained calibration coefficients were used in the  
CTD operating software SEASOFT.

The CTD pressure sensor used during the cruise is manufactured by  
Paroscientific Digiquartz (Model 4xK), and have a resolution of 0.001% of  
full scale and an accuracy of +0.015 % of full scale (6000 db range).

The conductivity sensor is manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE 4)  
who claim a resolution of 0.0004 mmho/cm and an accuracy of +0.003 mmho/cm.  
The sensor was calibrated at the Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. before the cruise.  
The obtained calibration coefficients were used in the CTD operating software  
SEASOFT.  Cell factors (i.e., the ratio of conductivity from water sample to  
that from CTD) were calculated to over calibrate the conductivity data  
furthermore. The cell factor is nearly 1 with a small vertical change. The  
depth dependence is expressed by quadratic polynomial of

Pressure:

     CF = 1.000019 - 0.7583737x10**-7 x P + 0.9613456x10**11 x P**2

The oxygen sensor is manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE 13). The  
data were calibrated with the method shown in the WOCE Operations Manual (WHP  
Office Report WHPO 91-1, WOCE Report No. 68/91).


C.2  Salinity measurement

The water sample salinities were measured with a Guildline Portasal Model 8410  
salinometer that was standardized daily with IAPSO Standard Sea Water Batch  
P-114. All of the salinity measurements during this cruise were made within a  
temperature controlled (+ 1C) laboratory maintained a little below that of the  
salinometer water bath.


D.   Acknowledgments

E.   References

F.   WHPO Summary

Bottle Oxygen are not available therefore figures 3 and 4 (showing
deloxy) are not available.

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the 
49HH932_1.sum, 49HH932_1.hyd, 49HH932_1.csl and *.wct files.  The 
49HH932_1.sum file contains a summary of the location, time, type of 
parameters sampled, and other pertinent information regarding each 
hydrographic station.  The 49HH932_1.hyd file contains the bottle 
data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  The *.wct 
files are zipped into one file called 49HH932_1wct.zip. The 
49HH932_1.csl file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at 
standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and
calculated values were derived for the 49HH932_1.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure:  These three values were smoothed from
the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels.
using the following binomial filter-

        t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not
contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated
to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering.   

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4:
KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale
(PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80)
as described in the Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the
surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the
least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the
center of the interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two
differences between the standard level and the two closest values.
The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the
adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential
temperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco
publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares
slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the
standard level and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortran
routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical
component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e.
pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy
frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local
acceleration of gravity. 

Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic
leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff
(1990).  Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco
publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are
calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and 
Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N
(Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.  




G.   DQE REPORTS
     22 May 1996

G.1  CTD DQE 
     (Michio Aoyama)

General:

The data quality of WOCE P13J CTD data (EXPOCODE: 49HH93/2)  and the 
CTD salinity found in dot sea file are examined. The individual 1 dbar 
profiles were observed in temperature, salinity and oxygen by 
comparing the profiles obtained in the same basin. 

The CTD salinity and oxygen calibrations are examined using the water 
sample data file p13j.mka. Since DQE could not get the information on 
'OXYGEN' and 'OXYGN2', DQE used values at 'OXYGEN'.  DQE used the 
water sample data flagged "2" only for the DQE work. DQE put serial 
number from 100 to 121 for the original stations C00 -C21 for the 
convenience of data treatments by DQE. Then in some of the figures 
presented by DQE, the station numbers are shown in serial number by 
DQE.


Details

CTD profiles 

CTD temperature, salinity and oxygen look good. 


Evaluation of CTD calibrations to water samples

Salinity calibration;

The onboard calibration for salinity looks good in general. The 
histogram of Ds, Ds = CTD salinity in dot sea file - bottle salinity, 
for deeper than 2000 dbar shows an acceptable symmetric distribution. 
The standard deviation of Ds is 0.0024 PSS for deeper than 
2000 dbar. DQE thinks that standard deviation of 0.0024 PSS is a 
little bit larger than one would expect from good salinometer 
operation and CTD salinity calibrations. DQE found some of the bottle 
salinity flagged "2" by the data originator should be flagged "3" or 
"4". These questionable/bad bottle salinity data clearly increase the 
standard deviation of Ds.(See DQE comments for P13J hydrographic 
data.) DQE observed no significant pressure dependency, 
however, observed station dependency. DQE suggests that 
further correction using a few station groupings  will improve the 
quality of CTD salinity. 

Oxygen calibration;

The onboard calibration for CTD oxygen looks good in general. The 
histogram of Dox, Dox = CTD oxygen in CTD files - bottle oxygen, for 
deeper than 2000 dbar shows an broad distribution. The 
standard deviation of Dox is 5.18 µmol/kg for deeper than 2000 dbar. 
DQE thinks that standard deviation of 5.18 µmol/kg is relatively 
larger than that we considering the WHP one-time survey standards for 
CTD data. DQE observed weak pressure dependency and clear 
station dependency. DQE suggests that further correction 
using a few station groupings or a station-depending linear trend will 
improve the quality of CTD oxygen. 



The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

st. C04 at bottom: Oxygen looks very high.              Suggest flg. "3".
St. C05 at bottom: Oxygen shows unreasonable increase.  Suggest flg. "3".


 
G.2  Hydrographic DQE 
     (Michio Aoyama)                    

The data quality of the hydrographic data of the WOCE P13J cruise 
(EXPOCODE: 49HH93/2) are examined. Since the nutrient data are not 
submitted yet at the time of DQE, DQE was done using only salinity and 
oxygen. The data files for this DQE work were P13J.sum and P13J.mka 
(this P13J.mka file is created for DQE, then it has a new column of 
quality 2 word) provided by WHPO.

General

The station spacing ranged from 30 nautical miles to 120 nautical 
miles and the sampling layer spacing was kept ca. 500 dbar in the 
deeper layers during this P13J cruise. Although P13J data does not 
meet the WOCE WHP  cruise requirements on station spacing and the 
vertical sampling interval, P13J data will be an important part of the 
dataset of "WOCE one time line  P13". 

DQE used the data flagged "2" by data originator for this DQE work.

DQE examined 2 profiles and 3 property vs. property plots as listed below:

- salinity and oxygen profiles
- theta vs. salinity plot
- theta vs. oxygen plot
- salinity vs. oxygen plot


Salinity;

Bottle salinity profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. 
salinity plots also look reasonable. DQE thinks that most of  the 
flags of the bottle salinity data are reliable.

Oxygen;

Bottle oxygen profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. 
oxygen plots also look reasonable. DQE thinks that the flags of the 
bottle oxygen data are reliable.


The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

STNNBR XX/CASTNO X/SAMPNO XX at XXXX dbar:

st. COO/1/6 at 3497 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks high.           Suggest flg. "3".
st. C01/1/6 at 3496 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C01/1/2 at 5498 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C03/1/2 at 5500 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks high.           Suggest flg. "3".
st. C05/1/7 at 2999 dbar:  Bottle salinity and oxygen look high. Suggest flg. "3".
st. C05/1/8 at 2496 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks high.           Suggest flg. "3".
st. C07/1/5 at 3999 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C08/1/3 at 4994 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C11/1/5 at 3999 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C11/1/6 at 3497 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C14/1/6 at 35007 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C18/1/2 at 5002 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".
st. C20/1/6 at 3499 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks high.           Suggest flg. "3".
st. C21/1/7 at 2999 dbar:  Bottle salinity looks low.            Suggest flg. "3".



WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES:


Date      Contact  Data Type  Data Status             Summary  
  Notes:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7/6/93    Baba     DOC        Cruise Rpt Rcvd @ WHPO  preliminary  
          
11/26/93  Yamada   CTD        Submitted for DQE    
           
12/6/93   Yamada   SEA        Data rcvd @ WHPO    
           
5/22/96   Aoyama   CTD/S/O    DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO    

5/22/96   Aoyama   CTD/S/O    DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO    
          
6/12/96   Taira    CTD/S/O    DQE Report sent to PI    

6/12/96   Taira    CTD/S/O    DQE Report sent to PI    
          
5/8/00    Taira    DELC14     Not Measured            See note:  
  Samples for C-14 were also collected, but we cannot measure them in Japan and 
  don't have any plan to do it. (from cruise report for p13c: Chief Scientist 
  Taira/ORI)
             
5/11/00   Kawabe   CTD/BTL    Data are Public         See note:  
  I and my colleagues in the Ocean Research Institute (U. of Tokyo) made WHP 
  cruises twice: WHP P13C (1991) and P13J (1993).  I already opened (at least, I 
  believed I opened) the calibrated CTDO2 data and sample data (not including 
  nutrients and chemical data) in P13C and P13J several years ago, by submitting 
  the data to the WHPO and the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC).  I don't 
  remember that the WHPO asked me whether "not public" or "public".  This 
  question may have sent to Dr. Taira who was the chief scientist of the 
  cruises.
  
  Anyway, I hope to open our data in the WOCE community with non-encrypted usual 
  style.

(NB) All figures are available in the PDF version.
