CRUISE REPORT: A16S 
(Updated OCT 2019) 







Highlights 





                        Cruise Summary Information

          WOCE Section Designation  A16S  
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  33RO20131223  
                   Chief Scientist  Dr. Rik Wanninkhof / NOAA/AOML
                co-Chief Scientist  Dr. Leticia Barbero / AOML/CIMAS  
                             Dates  2013 DEC 23 - 2014 FEB 05  
                              Ship  Ronald H. Brown  
                     Ports of call  Recife, Brazil – Punta Arenas, Chile  

                                                 6° 0' 6" S 
             Geographic Boundaries  36°22'59" W               24°59'48" W 
                                                60° 0' 47" S  

                          Stations  113  
      Floats and drifters deployed  14 Argo floats deployed  
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0  

                           Contact Information:

                            Dr. Rik Wanninkhof
        NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
    R/E/AO/OCD • 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway • Miami, FL • 33149-1046 
 Tel: 305-361-4379 • Fax: 305-361-4582 • Email: wanninkhof@aoml.noaa.gov




              Final Report Assembly by Jerry Kappa, SIO/UCSD





















                           GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S
                          NOAAS Ronald H. Brown
                   23 December 2013 – 05 February 2014
                  Recife, Brazil – Punta Arenas, Chile


                             Chief Scientist:
                            Dr. Rik Wanninkhof
          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, AOML

                           Co-Chief Scientist:
                           Dr. Leticia Barbero
                               AOML/CIMAS

                        Preliminary Cruise Report

                          CTD Data Submitted by:

                          Kristene E. McTaggart
          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, PMEL
                               Seattle, WA


                   Preliminary Bottle Data Submitted by:

                            Alejandro Quintero
         Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic Data Facility
            Scripps Institution of Oceanography/UC San Diego
                               La Jolla, CA














                                 Contents


Introduction 
Acknowledgements 
Background 
GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S Participating Institutions 
Principal Programs of GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S 
Scientific Personnel GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S 
Measurement Program Summary 

1.  CTD DATA ACQUISITION AND ROSETTE OPERATION 
    CTD Underwater Package 
      CTD Data Acquisition 
      Acquisition Problems 
      CTD Data Processing 
        Pressure Calibration 
        Temperature Calibration 
        Conductivity Calibration 
        Oxygen Calibration 
      Despiking 
    Water Sampling 
    Bottle Sampling 
    Bottle Data Processing 
    Analytical Problems 

2.  SALINITY

3.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS 

4.  NUTRIENTS 

5.  CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) AND SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) 

6.  DISCRETE pCO2 

7.  DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) 

8.  pH 

9.  TOTAL ALKALINITY 

10.  DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) 

11.  CARBON ISOTOPES IN SEAWATER ((^14/13)C) 

12.  TRITIUM, HELIUM AND (^18)O 

13.  DENSITY 

14.  LADCP 
     SADCP 

15.  CHIPOD 

16.  TRACE METAL PROGRAM  

Aerosol Samples 

Rain Samples 

Argo Float Deployments 

References 

APPENDIX 
     Cast Bottom Data 
     Bottle Data Quality Code Summary and Comments 
     CCHDO Data Processing Notes 





Introduction 

The GO-SHIP CLIVAR/CO2 cruise in the South Atlantic on NOAA ship Ronald 
H. Brown was successfully completed over the period from 23 December 2013 
to 05 February 2014. This cruise is part of a decadal series of repeat 
hydrography sections jointly funded by NOAA-CPO/COD and NSF-OCE as part 
of the GO-SHIP (Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations 
Program) CLIVAR/CO2/hydrography/tracer program (http://ushydro.ucsd.edu). 
The goal of this effort is to occupy a set of hydrographic transects over 
the global ocean with full water column measurements to study physical 
and hydrographic trends and variability overtime. 

The A16S cruise began in Recife, Brazil and ended in Punta Arenas, Chile. 
Many academic institutions and two NOAA research laboratories 
participated in the cruise. The A16S section ran due south along 25°W 
from approximately 6°S to 35°S, and then transited in a Southwest 
direction to South Georgia Island at 54°S, 36°W. The last part of the 
section crossed the Scotia Sea with a terminus at 60°S, 31°W. This is a 
repeat of the section previously occupied by the U.S. in 1989 and 2005. A 
total of 113 full water column CTD/O2/LADCP/rosette casts were completed 
along the A16S section at 30 nautical mile (nm) (54 km) spacing, with 
closer spacing at the basin boundaries near South Georgia. Measurements 
taken from the instrument package include temperature, salinity, oxygen, 
currents (LADCP), micro-turbulence structure (Chipod), particles 
(transmissometer), and colored dissolved organic matter, CDOM 
(ﬂuorometry). Approximately 2700 Bullister bottle samples were collected 
on these casts and analyzed for a variety of parameters including 
salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chloroﬂuorocarbons (CFCs), SF6, 
dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, pCO2, pH, carbon isotopes 
(14CDIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 18O/16O, helium, tritium, 
density, and trace metals. 

Underway data collection included upper-ocean current measurements from 
the shipboard ADCP, surface oceanographic (proxi-chlorophyll by 
ﬂuorometry, temperature, salinity, CO2) and meteorological parameters 
from the ship’s scientiﬁc seawater supply, bathymetric data and 
atmospheric measurements of CO2, CFCs, and SF6. 

Data from this cruise are available from CCHDO at: 
http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data_access/show_cruise?ExpoCode=33RO20131223 


Acknowledgements 

The successful completion of the cruise relied on the dedicated 
assistance from many individuals on shore and on the NOAA ship Ronald H. 
Brown. Funded investigators in the project and members of the GO-SHIP 
CLIVAR/CO2 program were instrumental in the successful planning and 
executing of the cruise. All of the participants showed dedication, 
cooperation and camaraderie during their 45 days at sea. Ofﬁcers and crew 
of the Ronald H. Brown exhibited a high degree of professionalism and 
assistance in accomplishing the mission and made us feel at home during 
the voyage. Commanding ofﬁcer Joseph Pica oversaw a smoothly running ship 
and engaged with the scientiﬁc party. Operations ofﬁcer Paul Chamberlain 
was an excellent liaison before, during, and after the cruise to 
accommodate all scientiﬁc operations and scheduling. Survey Technicians 
Darcy Balcarce, Jonathan Shannahoff and Electronics Technician Clay 
Norﬂeet contributed to the success of this cruise through their able deck 
handling, stewardship of shipboard scientiﬁc gear and expert instrument 
and infrastructure troubleshooting experience. All ofﬁcers, deck crew, 
engineers, and galley staff contributed to the success of this long 
cruise that occurred over the holiday season. Their sacriﬁce, assistance 
and good cheer are gratefully acknowledged. 

The U.S. GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography/CO2 Program is sponsored by the NOAA 
Climate Observation Division of the Climate Program Ofﬁce (COD/CPO) and 
the National Science Foundation. In particular, we wish to thank program 
managers David Legler and Joel Levy (NOAA/CPO), and Eric Itsweire and Don 
Rice (NSF/OCE), for their insights, moral and ﬁnancial support. 
Clearance was requested and granted from the sovereign nations of the 
United Kingdom and Argentina for research conducted in their declared 
territorial waters. Their permission to execute the research effort in 
the waters surrounding South Georgia Island/Isla Georgia del Sur was 
critical for the repeat occupation and is greatly appreciated. 


Background 

The CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program focuses on the need to monitor 
inventories of CO2, tracers, heat and freshwater and their transports in 
the ocean. Earlier programs under WOCE and JGOFS provided a baseline 
observational ﬁeld for these parameters. The new measurements reveal much 
about the changing patterns on decadal scales. The program serves as a 
backbone to assess changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical cycle in 
response to natural and/or man-induced activity. Global changes in the 
ocean’s transport of heat and freshwater, which can have a signiﬁcant 
impact on climate, can be followed through these long-term measurements. 
The CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography Program provides a robust observational 
framework to monitor these long-term trends. These measurements are in 
support of: 

• Model calibration and testing 
• Carbon system studies 
• Heat and fresh water storage and ﬂux studies 
• Deep and shallow water mass and ventilation studies 
• Calibration of autonomous sensors 

This program follows the invasion of anthropogenic CO2 and transient 
tracers into intermediate and deep water on decadal timescales and 
determines the variability of the inorganic carbon system and its 
relationship to biological and physical processes. More details on the 
program can be found at the website: http://ushydro.ucsd.edu. Speciﬁc 
information about this cruise can be found at: 

            http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/A16S_2014/

Thanks to science participant Rachel Shelley for her informal "blogs" 
that recount cruise/port highlights. A link to this blog can be found on 
the cruise website. 


GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S Participating Institutions 

Abbre-  Institution 
via-
tion
——————  —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
AOML    Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory - NOAA 
RSMAS   Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science/University of 
        Miami 
PMEL    Paciﬁc Marine Environmental Laboratory - NOAA 
FSU     Florida State University 
SIO     Scripps Institution of Oceanography/University of California at 
        San Diego 
UH      University of Hawaii at Manoa 
UCSB    University of California Santa Barbara 
UT      University of Texas at Austin 
WHOI    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 
PU      Princeton University 
OSU     Oregon State University 
LDEO    Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory/Columbia University 



Principal Programs of GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S 

Analysis             Institution  Principal        Investigator email 
———————————————————  ———————————  ———————————————  ——————————————————————————
CTDO                 NOAA/PMEL    Gregory Johnson  Gregory.C.Johnson@noaa.gov 
                     NOAA/AOML    Molly Baringer   Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov 
Salinity             NOAA/AOML    Molly Baringer   Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov 
UW & Discrete pCO2   NOAA/AOML    Rik Wanninkhof   Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov 
Total CO2 (DIC)      NOAA/PMEL    Richard Feely    Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov 
                     NOAA/AOML    Rik Wanninkhof   Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov 
Nutrients            NOAA/AOML    Jia-Zhong Zhang  Jia-Zhong.Zhang@noaa.gov 
                     NOAA/PMEL    Calvin Mordy     Calvin.W.Mordy@noaa.gov 
Dissolved O2         NOAA/AOML    Molly Baringer   Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov 
                     RSMAS        Chris Langdon    clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu 
Total Alkalinity/pH  RSMAS        Frank Millero    fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu 
Chlorofluorocarbons  NOAA/PMEL    John Bullister   John.L.Bullister@noaa.gov 
(CFCs)/SF6
3He/Tritium          LDEO         Peter Schlosser  peters@ldeo.columbia.edu 
                     WHOI         William Jenkins  wjenkins@whoi.edu 
CDOM                 UCSB/MSI     Craig Carlson    carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu 
Chipod               OSU          Jonathan Nash    nash@coas.oregonstate.edu 
ADCP/Lowered ADCP    U Hawaii     Eric Firing      efiring@hawaii.edu 
Trace Metals         FSU          William Landing  wlanding@fsu.edu 
                     UH           Chris Measures   measures@hawaii.edu 
14C/DIC              WHOI         Ann McNichols    amcnichol@whoi.edu 
                     PU           Robert Key       key@princeton.edu 
DOC                  RSMAS        Dennis Hansell   dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu 
Data Management      SIO          James Swift      jswift@ucsd.edu 
                     SIO          Susan Becker     sbecker@ucsd.edu 



Scientific Personnel GO-SHIP CLIVAR A16S 

Duties              Name                       Afﬁliation  email 
——————————————————  —————————————————————————  ——————————  —————————————————————————————
Chief Scientist     Rik Wanninkhof             AOML        rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov 
Co-Chief Scientist  Leticia Barbero            AOML/CIMAS  leticia.barbero@noaa.gov 
Data Management     Alex Quintero              SIO         alexq@ucsd.edu 
CTD Data Processor  Kristene McTaggart         PMEL        kristene.e.mctaggart@noaa.gov 
CTD watch-stander   Jonathan Christophersen    FSU         jac10r@my.fsu.edu 
CTD watch-stander   Gabrielle Weiss            U Hawaii    gweiss@hawaii.edu 
LADCP               Lora VanUffelen            U Hawaii    loravu@hawaii.edu 
LADCP/Salinity      Jay Hooper V               AOML/CIMAS  james.hooper@noaa.gov 
Salinity            Edward Hunt                Contract    edhuntjones@mindspring.com 
O2                  Laura Stoltenberg          RSMAS       l.stolti@yahoo.com 
O2                  Andrew Stefanick           AOML        Andrew.Stefanick@noaa.gov 
Nutrients           Charles Fischer            AOML        Charles.Fischer@noaa.gov 
Nutrients           Eric Wisegarver            PMEL        eric.wisegarver@noaa.gov 
DIC                 Robert Castle              AOML        robert.castle@noaa.gov 
DIC                 Julie Arrington            PMEL        julie.seahorse@gmail.com 
Alkalinity/pH       Ryan Woosley               RSMAS       rwoosley@rsmas.miami.edu 
Alkalinity/pH       Carmen Rodriguez           RSMAS       crodriguez@rsmas.miami.edu 
Alkalinity/pH       Julie Paine                RSMAS       julie.seahorse@gmail.com 
Trace Metals        William Landing            FSU         wlanding@fsu.edu 
Trace Metals        Rachel Shelley             FSU         rshelley@fsu.edu 
Trace Metals        Chris Measures             U Hawaii    measures@hawaii.edu 
Trace Metals        Mariko Hatta               U Hawaii    mhatta@hawaii.edu 
CFCs/SF6            David Wisegarver           PMEL        eric.wisegarver@noaa.gov 
CFCs/SF6            Patrick Mears              U Texas     patrickamears@gmail.com 
Helium/Tritium      Anthony Dachille           LDEO        dachille@ldeo.columbia.edu 
DI 14C/DOC          Valentina Gonzalez-Caccia  WHOI        valecaccia@yahoo.com 
Chipod              Byungho Lim                OSU         blim@coas.oregonstate.edu 



Measurement Program Summary 

NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown departed Recife, Brazil, after a 2-day delay 
waiting for the arrival of two drums of conducting cable for the CTD 
winch, early morning on 23 December 2013 and arrived in Punta Arenas, 
Chile on 5 February 2014. A total of 113 stations were occupied during 
the A16S cruise which was run from north to south. The stations 
encompassed 113 CTD/O2/LADCP/rosette casts and 58 trace metal casts. 
Fourteen Argo ﬂoats were deployed during the cruise. CTD/O2 data, LADCP 
data, Chipod data, and 24 water samples were collected on the main CTD 
casts. Twelve samples were collected on most trace metal casts. With the 
use of the main rosette equipped with an altimeter, each cast came to 
within 8-20 meters of the bottom (see Appendix). The trace metal casts 
went to a depth of approximately 1000 meters. For all occupied stations, 
a 24-position, 11-liter Bullister bottle rosette frame (NOAA/AOML white 
frame) was used. A dedicated winch, 12-position rosette with 10-liter GO-
FLO bottles, a white specially coated Rosette frame and special cable, to 
avoid trace metal contamination, supplied by UH/FSU was used every other 
station for trace metals. Salinity and nutrient samples were collected 
and analyzed on all the water samples collected from the CTD and trace 
metal casts. Detailed sample collection from the trace metal casts is 
outlined in the Trace Metals section describing the UH/FSU trace metal 
analytical program. The distribution of the Bullister bottle samples 
during the course of the cruise can be seen in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 below. 



1.  CTD DATA ACQUISITION AND ROSETTE OPERATION 


CTD Underwater Package 

Sea-Bird instrumentation was mounted in a white 24-position aluminum 
frame with 24, 11-liter PMEL Bullister bottles and PMEL 24-position 
carousel combination s/n 3210881-0053 (pylon, stations 1-44) or s/n 
3217371-0163 (pylon, stations 45-113) and s/n 3232696-0471 (tripping 
mechanism, stations 1-30) or s/n 3217371-0163 (tripping mechanism, 
stations 31-113). Sea-Bird sensors on the package included AOML’s 9plus 
CTD s/n 09P54833-0957 and shared TCO (temperature, conductivity, oxygen) 
sensors: primary TCO s/n 03-02/F-1370, 04C-3860, 43-0664 with 05T-1227; 
and secondary TCO s/n 03-02-1710, 04C-1467, 43-1890 (stations 1-80) or 
43-154 (stations 81-113) with 05T-0819. Equal distance between the 
temperature sensors was PMEL’s SBE 35RTinternally recording reference 
temperature sensor s/n 54996-0072. Also mounted on the underwater package 
was a Metrox load cell s/n 8756, Kongsberg altimeter s/n 1108078 
(stations 1-8) or s/n 1108080 (stations 9-113) and battery pack, UH’s150 
kHz downward looking LACDP and battery pack, TAMU’s Cstar transmissometer 
s/n CST-327DR, UCSB’s Wetlabs CDOM ﬂuorometer s/n FLCDRTD-3117(all 
stations except 11-12), AOML’s Wetlabs ﬂuorometer s/n FLRTD-2088 
(stations 11-12), and 5 Chipod sensors and battery pack. There was no 
room to mount a pinger. 

The underwater package was electrically terminated to the new0.322" cable 
on the aft winch using hot glue in heat shrink. A grounding strap was 
necessary at the winch to prevent acquisition alarms and errors. A strand 
of armor was not used in the electrical termination as recommended by 
Sea-Bird. 



CTD Data Acquisition 

The CTD data acquisition system consisted of the ship’sSBE-11plus (V2) 
deck unit s/n 11P9852-0367 and a networked Dell Optiplex755 PC 
workstation running Windows XP Professional. SBE Seasave v.7.21d software 
(c.2011) was used for data acquisition and to close bottles on the 
rosette. Real-time digital data were backed up by the data manager, and 
raw data ﬁles were archived immediately after each cast on a thumb drive 
as well as on Survey and PMEL networked PCs. No real-time data were lost 
during this cruise. 

CTD deployments were initiated by Survey after the Bridge advised that 
the ship was on station. The computer console operator maintained a CTD 
Cast log recording position and depth information at the surface, depth, 
and end of each cast; a record of every attempt to close a bottle, and 
any pertinent comments. 

After the underwater package entered the water, the winch operator would 
lower it to 15 meters and hold. After a 60-second startup delay, the 
pumps turned on. The console operator watched the CTD data for reasonable 
values, waited three minutes at the soak depth for sensors to stabilize, 
instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the surface, paused 
for 20 seconds, and began the descent to a target depth approximately 10 
meters above the sea ﬂoor. The descent rate was nominally 30 m/min to 50 
m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min deeper than 200 m. These rates could 
vary depending on sea cable tension and the sea state. 

The console operator monitored the progress of the deployment and quality 
of the CTD data through interactive graphics and operational displays. 
The Chief or co-Chief created a sample log for the cast that would be 
used to record the water samples taken from each Bullister bottle. The 
altimeter channel, CTD depth, wire-out, and EM122 bathymetric depth were 
all monitored to determine the distance of the package from the bottom 
allowing a safe approach to within 10 meters. 

Bottles were closed on the upcast through the software, and were tripped 
30 seconds after stopping at a bottle depth to allow the rosette wake to 
dissipate and the bottles to ﬂush. The winch operator was instructed to 
proceed to the next bottle stop 15 seconds after closing bottles to 
ensure that stable CTD and reference temperature data were associated 
with the trip. 

Near the surface, Survey directed the winch to stop the rosette just 
beneath the surface. After the surface bottle was closed, the package was 
recovered. Once on deck, the console operator terminated data 
acquisition, turned off the deck unit, and assisted with rosette 
sampling. 

At the end of each cast, primary and secondary CTDO sensors were ﬂushed 
with a solution of dilute Triton-X in de-ionized water using syringes 
ﬁtted with tubing. The syringes were left attached to the temperature 
ducts between casts, with the temperature and conductivity sensors 
immersed in the rinsing solution to guard against airborne contaminants. 
The transmissometer windows were cleaned and capped after each cast with 
the same solution to prevent salt buildup. The base of the ﬂuorometer was 
also cleaned but not capped after each cast. 



Acquisition Problems 

During the test cast, the primary conductivity sensor failed on the 
downcast and was replaced prior to the ﬁrst station with new04C sensor 
s/n 3860. 

During cast 7 and thereafter, the ﬂuorometer developed a positive offset 
and noisy excursions below about 3000 dbar. The connection at the 
ﬂuorometer as well as the y-cable between the optical sensors were tested 
and found not to be the problem. AOML’s FLRTD-2088 was used without issue 
on casts 11 and 12 to further conﬁrm the problem was with the UCSB 
sensor. 

Kongsberg altimeter s/n 078 was replaced with s/n 080 after the signal 
went full scale near the bottom of cast 8. Prior to cast 14, the 
Kongsberg altimeter battery s/n 01 was replaced with s/n 02 after 
corrosion and severe pitting was found at the connector. The battery 
charger was also investigated and the metal case was left open to 
facilitate air ventilation. The altimeter battery was charged every day 
rather than every other day because it seemed not to hold a charge as 
long as expected. The lithium batteries likely need to be replaced after 
several years of use now. 

The carousel trigger mechanism s/n 471 was replaced with s/n 163 prior to 
cast 31 after bottle 18 failed to close for the third time. The carousel 
pylon s/n 53 was replaced with s/n 163 prior to cast 45 after bottle 18 
failed to close another four times. 

The transmissometer window caps were left on during cast 41. 

During cast 48, within the top 200 db of the upcast, the bottle ﬁring 
software did not increment properly. As a result, Niskins 21-24 didn’t 
close and the bottle data for Niskins 20, 21, and 23 were bad, and no 
reference temperature data were captured at those three depths. CTD data 
for Niskins 22 and 24 were good but there were no water samples taken. 
Shutting down the acquisition computer and rebooting ﬁxed the problem, 
and it was done every other day after that. 

Secondary oxygen sensor s/n 1890 was replaced with s/n 0154 prior to cast 
81. The Secondary TCO sensors were slimed during cast 80 at 1600 dbar on 
the downcast, and secondary oxygen didn’t recover so it was replaced with 
AOML s/n 154 prior to cast 81. After vigorous ﬂushing with dilute Triton-
X solution, temperature and conductivity differences remained the same. 
The new oxygen differences were even better than before. 

At the bottom of cast 87/2, modem errors prevented bottles from being 
ﬁred through the software or through the deck unit. Carousel s/n 163 was 
found to be at fault and was replaced with s/n 471. The station was 
reoccupied successfully as cast 87/3. 

During cast 113/1, modulo errors indicative of data dropouts began on the 
downcast and increased signiﬁcantly at depth. Communication was lost to 
the carousel so the cast was aborted. After exhaustive troubleshooting, 
including anew electrical termination, a second cast 113/3 was 
successfully collected, along with water samples. This cast still 
contained several modulo errors, which was believed to be caused by the 
wire since there was only a few meters cut off of it during termination. 
The top ~20 meters are usually discarded during retermination, getting 
rid of the section that is repeatedly strained over the block during 
deployments and recoveries. 



CTD Data Processing 

The reduction of proﬁle data began with a standard suite of processing 
modules using Sea-Bird Data Processing Version 7.21d software in the 
following order: 

• DATCNV converts raw data into engineering units and creates a .ROS 
bottle ﬁle. Both down and up casts were processed for scan, elapsed 
time(s), pressure, t0, t1, c0, c1, oxvo1, oxvo2, ox1 and ox2. Optical 
sensor data were converted to voltages and also carried through the 
processing stream. MARKSCAN was used to skip over scans acquired on deck 
and while priming the system under water. 

• ALIGNCTD aligns temperature, conductivity, and oxygen measurements in 
time relative to pressure to ensure that derived parameters are made 
using measurements from the same parcel of water. Primary and secondary 
conductivity were automatically advanced in the V2 deck unit by 0.073 
seconds. No further alignment was warranted. It was not necessary to 
align temperature or oxygen. 

• BOTTLESUM averages burst data overan8-second interval (± 4 seconds of 
the conﬁrm bit) and derives both primary and secondary salinity, 
potential temperature (θ), and potential density anomaly (σθ). Primary 
and secondary oxygen (in µmol/kg) were derived in DATCNV and averaged in 
BOTTLESUM, as recommended recently by Sea-Bird. 

• FILTER applies a lowpass ﬁlter to pressure with a time constant of 0.15 
seconds. In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the ﬁlter is ﬁrst 
run forward through the ﬁle and then run backwards through the ﬁle. 

• CELLTM uses a recursive ﬁlter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass 
effects from measured conductivity. In areas with steep temperature 
gradients the thermal mass correction is on the order of 0.005 PSS-78. In 
other areas the correction is negligible. Nominal values of 0.03 and 7.0 
s were used for the thermal anomaly amplitude (α)and the thermal anomaly 
time constant (ß^(-1)), respectively, as suggested by Sea-Bird. 

• LOOPEDIT removes scans associated with pressure slowdowns and 
reversals. If the CTD velocity is less than 0.25 m/s or the pressure is 
not greater than the previous maximum scan, the scan is omitted. 

• DERIVE uses 1-dbar averaged pressure, temperature, and conductivity to 
compute primary and secondary salinity, as well as more accurate oxygen 
values. 

• BINAV G averages the data into 1-dbar bins. Each bin is centered on an 
integer pressure value, e.g. the 1-dbar bin averages scans where pressure 
is between 0.5 dbar and 1.5 dbar. There is no surface bin. The number of 
points averaged in each bin is included in the data ﬁle. 

• STRIP removes oxygen that was derived in DATCNV. 

• TRANS converts the binary data ﬁle to ASCII format. 

Package slowdowns and reversals owing to ship roll can move mixed water 
in tow to in front of the CTD sensors and create artiﬁcial density 
inversions and other artifacts. In addition to Seasoft module LOOPEDIT, 
MATLAB program deloop.m computes values of density locally referenced 
between every 1 dbar of pressure to compute the square of the buoyancy 
frequency, N2, and linearly interpolates temperature, conductivity, and 
oxygen voltage over those records where N2 is less than or equal to 
-1x10(^-5)m/s(^2). Some proﬁles failed the criteria in the top 5-13 
dbars. These data were retained by program deloop_post.m and will be 
ﬂagged as questionable in the ﬁnal WOCE formatted ﬁles. 

Program calctd.m reads the delooped data ﬁles and applies preliminary 
calibrations to temperature, conductivity, and oxygen; and computes 
calibrated salinity. 



Pressure Calibration 

Pre-cruise pressure calibrations did not account for the 2.4 dbar mean 
offset that existed with CTD s/n 0957. This offset was not applied during 
data acquisition but was subtracted prior to preliminary salinity and 
oxygen calibrations and to the preliminary data set at the end of the 
cruise. 

On-deck pressure readings prior to each cast were examined and remained 
within 0.5 dbar of their offsets. Differences between ﬁrst and last 
submerged pressures for each cast were also examined and the residual 
pressure offsets were also less than 0.5 dbar. 

Post-cruise, the ship’s barometric pressure record was used to correct 
the CTD pressure sensor by -2.4505 dbar. This uniform correction was 
based on comparing in-air pressure values from the CTD to the ship’s 
barometer and setting the pressure to 0 dbar at standard atmospheric 
pressure (1013.25 millibars), which is the TEOS-10 deﬁnition. An average 
offset was calculated for the entire cruise. 

Pressure calibrations were applied to proﬁle data using program calctd.m 
and to burst data using calclo.m. 



Temperature Calibration 

A viscous heating correction of -0.0006°C was applied (as recommended by 
Sea-Bird) prior to preliminary temperature, conductivity, and oxygen 
calibrations; and to the preliminary data set at the end of the cruise. 

Post-cruise, SBE 35 reference temperature sensor data were used to 
correct SBE 3 temperature sensor data. For each SBE 3 sensor, residuals 
between its data and that from the SBE 35 were minimized to determine a 
slope, offset, and pressure correction term to be applied to temperatures 
below a determined pressure. For secondary temperature sensor s/n 1710, 
these values were 8.0555e-04, -3.4122e-06, -2.9144e-07, and 2140 dbar, 
respectively. 

Temperature corrections were applied to proﬁle data using program 
calctd.m and to burst data using calclo.m. 



Conductivity Calibration 

Seasoft module BOTTLESUM creates a sample ﬁle for each cast. These ﬁles 
were appended using program sbecal.f. Program addsal.f matched sample 
salinities to CTD salinities by station/sample number. 

For secondary conductivity sensor s/n 1467, a quadratic station-dependent 
slope, a single conductivity bias, and a single pressure correction 
(pressure times measured conductivity) were determined using program 
calcop2.m to produce the best ﬁt to sample data for stations 1-113: 


             • number of points used     2204 
             • total number of points    2636 
             • % of points used in ﬁt      83.61 
             • ﬁt standard deviation        0.001128 
             • ﬁt bias                      0.0033106492 
             • ﬁt co pressure correction   -3.5805367e-007 
             • min ﬁt slope                 0.99990882 
             • max ﬁt slope                 0.99998348 


Conductivity calibrations were applied to proﬁle data using program 
calctd.m and to burst data using calclo.m. CTD-bottle conductivity 
differences plotted against station number (Figure 1.1) and pressure 
(Figure 1.2) allow a visual assessment of the success of the ﬁts. 


Figure 1.1: A16S CTD-bottle conductivity differences versus station. 

Figure 1.2: A16S CTD-bottle conductivity differences versus pressure. 



Oxygen Calibration 

A hybrid of the Owens-Millard (1985) and Murphy-Larson (revised 2010) 
oxygen sensor modeling equations was used to calibrate the SBE-43 oxygen 
sensor data from this cruise. The equation has the form 


                                     dV      Os(^T×T(cor)P×P(cor))
Ox = Soc × [V + V    + τ(^DI×P+D2×T)——— ] × ————————————————————————
                 off                 dt            273.15 + T 


Where Ox is the CTD oxygen (µmol/kg), Soc is the oxygen signal slope, V 
is the measured oxygen voltage (in volts), dV/dt is the temporal gradient 
of the oxygen voltage (in volts/s estimated by running linear ﬁts made 
over 5 seconds), P is the CTD pressure (in dbar), T is the CTD 
temperature (in °C), and Os is the oxygen saturation computed from the 
CTD data following Garcia & Gordon (1992). Oxygen sensor hysteresis was 
improved by matching upcast bottle oxygen data to downcast CTD data by 
potential density anomalies referenced to the closest 1000-dbar interval 
using program match_sgn.m. We used the values provided by SBE for each 
sensor for the constants D1(1.9263e(^-4)) and D2 (-4.6480e(^-2)) to model 
the pressure and temperature dependence of the response time for the 
sensor. For each group of stations ﬁt we determined values of Soc 
(sometimes station dependent), V(off), τ, T(cor), and P(cor) by 
minimizing the residuals between the bottle oxygen and CTD oxygen. W 
(listed in the tables below) represents ﬁtting switches. If the switches 
are set to 0,0 the ﬁt is a regular L2 (least squares) norm for the entire 
group. If the switches are set to 1,0 the ﬁt is a regular L2 norm for the 
entire group but with a slope that is a linear function of station 
number. If the switches are set to 2,0 the program ﬁrst ﬁts the entire 
group, then goes back and ﬁts a slope and bias to individual stations, 
keeping the other parameters at the group values. If the switches are set 
to 0,1 the ﬁt is a regular L2 norm for the entire group but it is 
weighted by the nominal oxygen bottle spacing, thus ﬁtting the deep 
portion of the water column better. 

Program addsal.f matched bottle sample oxygen values to CTD oxygen values 
by station/sample number. Program run_oxygen_cal_ml.m was used to 
determine calibration coefﬁcients for two station groupings (owing to a 
fouling event) for primary oxygen sensor s/n 664 determined by visual 
inspection: 


 Stns   Start     Voff    Tau     Tcor     Pcor   Points Used  StdDev  W 
         Soc 
——————  ——————  ———————  ——————  ———————  ——————  ———————————  ——————  ——
 1-79   0.4960  -0.5128  7.8554  -0.0011  0.0404  24 ea 83.3%  1.2185  20 
80-113  0.5172  -0.5110  8.2289  -0.0026  0.0390  24 ea 91.7%  1.0956  20 


Oxygen calibration coefﬁcients were applied to proﬁle data using program 
calctd.m, and to burst data using calclo.m. 

Calibrated (CTD - bottle) oxygen differences plotted against station 
number (Figure 1.3) and pressure (Figure 1.4) allow a visual assessment 
of the success of the ﬁts 



Despiking 

Proﬁle 10 was edited after DATCNV to remove three bad 24-Hz records 
around 57 dbar down and 175 dbar up. Proﬁle 80 went through some biomass 
around 1600 dbar down rendering the secondary conductivity and oxygen 
data unusable. 


Figure 1.3: A16S CTD-bottle oxygen differences versus station. 

Figure 1.4: A16S CTD-bottle oxygen differences versus pressure. 

Figure 1.1: A16S Sample distribution, stations 1-60. 

Figure 1.2: A16S Sample distribution, stations 61-113. 



Water Sampling 

The NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown has two Markey DESH-5 winches. The Forward 
winch was used for all stations on A16S. All rosette casts were lowered 
to within 8-20 meters of the bottom, using both the altimeter to 
determine distance. Details of these bottom approaches can be found in 
the Appendix. 

We utilised a sample plan to stagger sample depths for all stations 
throughout A16S. Staggering sample depths was to avoid spatial aliasing 
within this sample data set. 

The 24-place SBE32 carousel had few bottle lanyard or mis-tripped bottle 
problems. Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings 
were changed and lanyards repaired as necessary. Bottle maintenance was 
performed each day to insure proper closure and sealing. Valves were 
inspected for leaks and repaired or replaced as needed. Periodic leaks 
were noted on sample logs. Log notes were cross referenced with sample 
data values and quality coded. Log notes, mis-trips, bottle lanyard 
issues and associated quality codes can be found in Appendix. 



Bottle Sampling 

At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the 
bottles in the following order: 

• Chloroﬂuorocarbons (CFCs) 
• Helium 3He 
• Dissolved Oxygen O2 
• Discrete pCO2 
• Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) 
• pH(sw25) 
• Total Alkalinity (TAlk) 
• 14CDIC 
• Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) 
• Oxygen Isotopes 18O/16O 
• Tritium 
• Nutrients 
• Density 
• Salinity 


The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette 
bottle position (1-24) from which the sample was drawn was recorded on 
the sample log for the cast. This log also included any comments or 
anomalous conditions noted about the rosette and bottles. One member of 
the sampling team was designated the sample cop, whose sole 
responsibility was to maintain this log and insure that sampling 
progressed in the proper drawing order. 

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the 
air vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This 
observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard 
caught in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in 
determining sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log. 
Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the draw temperature from the 
bottle. The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes 
useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles. 

Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were 
distributed for analysis. On-board analyses were performed on computer-
assisted analytical equipment networked to the data processing computer 
for centralized data management. 



Bottle Data Processing 

Shipboard CTDO data were re-processed automatically at the end of each 
deployment using SIO/ODF CTD processing software v.5.2.0. The raw CTDO 
data and bottle trips acquired by SBE SeaSave on the Windows XP 
workstation were copied onto the Linux database and web server system. 
Pre-cruise calibration data were applied to CTD Pressure, Temperature and 
Conductivity sensor data, then the data were processed to a 0.5-second 
time series. A1-decibar down-cast pressure series was created from the 
time series; CTDO data from downcasts were matched along isopycnals to 
upcast trips and extracted, then ﬁt to bottle O2 data at trips. The 
pressure series data were used by the web service for interactive plots, 
sections and on-board CTDO data distribution; the 0.5 second time series 
data were also available for distribution through the web service. 

CTDO data at bottle trips were extracted and added to the bottle database 
to use for CTD Pressure, Temperature and Salinity data in the preliminary 
bottle ﬁles. Downcast CTDO data, matched to upcast bottle trips along 
isopycnals, were used for preliminary bottle ﬁle CTDO data. When ﬁnal 
CTDO data are submitted, the NOAA/PMEL ﬁnal PTSO data will replace the 
preliminary SIO/ODF CTD data in the bottle ﬁles. 

Water samples collected and properties analyzed shipboard were managed 
centrally in a relational database (PostgreSQL-8.1.23-6.el5_8) run on a 
CentOS-5.9 Linux system. A web service (OpenACS-5.3.2-3 and AOLServer-
4.5.1-1) front-end provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample 
data. Web-based facilities included on-demand arbitrary property-property 
plots and vertical sections as well as data uploads and downloads. 

The Sample Log information (and any diagnostic comments) were entered 
into the database once sampling was completed. Quality ﬂags associated 
with sampled properties were set to indicate that the property had been 
sampled, and sample container identiﬁcations were noted where applicable 
(e.g., oxygen ﬂask number). 

Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various 
analytical groups and incorporated into the database. These results 
included a quality code associated with each measured value and followed 
the coding scheme developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment 
(WOCE) Hydrographic Programme (WHP) [Joyc94]. 

Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued 
throughout the cruise. A summary of Bottle Data Quality Codes and 
sampling comments are included in the Appendix. 



Analytical Problems 

Few bottle problems occurred during A16S. Those that occurred are noted 
in the quality table in the Appendix. More speciﬁc details on analysis 
problems can be found in the various water property sections below. 





2.  SALINITY


Figure 2.1: A16S shallow salinities for stations 1-113. 

Figure 2.2: A16S all salinities for stations 1-113. 



Equipment and Techniques 

A single Guildline Autosal, model 8400B salinometer (S/N 60843, nicknamed 
Joysey), located in salinity analysis room, was used for all salinity 
measurements. The autosal was recently calibrated on 7/20/2013 before the 
previous expedition, A16N. The salinometer readings were logged on a 
computer using Ocean Scientiﬁc International’s logging hardware and 
software. The Autosal’s water bath temperature was set to 24°C, which the 
Autosal is designed to automatically maintain. The laboratory’s 
temperature was also set and maintained to just below 24°C, to help 
further stabilize reading values and improve accuracy. Salinity analyses 
were performed after samples had equilibrated to laboratory temperature, 
usually at least 12 hours after collection. The salinometer was 
standardized for each group of samples analyzed (usually 2 casts and up 
to 52 samples) using two bottles of standard seawater: one at the 
beginning and end of each set of measurements. The salinometer output was 
logged to a computer ﬁle. The software prompted the analyst to ﬂush the 
instrument’s cell and change samples when appropriate. Prior to each run 
a sub-standard ﬂush, approximately 200 ml, of the conductivity cell was 
conducted to ﬂush out the DI water used in between runs. Foreach 
calibration standard, the salinometer cell was initially ﬂushed 6 times 
before a set of conductivity ratio reading was taken. For each sample, 
the salinometer cell was initially ﬂushed at least 3 times before a set 
of conductivity ratio readings were taken. 

IAPSO Standard Seawater Batch P-154 was used to standardize all casts. 



Sampling and Data Processing 

The salinity samples were collected in 200 ml Kimax high-alumina 
borosilicate bottles that had been rinsed at least three times with 
sample water prior to ﬁlling. The bottles were sealed with custom-made 
plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screwcaps. This assembly provides 
very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. Prior to sample 
collection, inserts were inspected for proper ﬁt and loose inserts 
replaced to insure an airtight seal. Laboratory temperature was also 
monitored electronically throughout the cruise. PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] 
was calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity ratios. The 
offset between the initial standard seawater value and its reference 
value was applied to each sample. Then the difference (if any) between 
the initial and ﬁnal vials of standard seawater was applied to each 
sample as a linear function of elapsed run time. The corrected salinity 
data was then incorporated into the cruise database. When duplicate 
measurements were deemed to have been collected and run properly, they 
were averaged and submitted with a quality ﬂag of 6. 

On A16S, approximately 3450 salinity measurements were taken, including 
219 duplicates, and approximately 112 vials of standard seawater (SSW) 
were used. Up to two duplicate sample, one for shallow casts, was drawn 
from each cast to determine total analytical precision. 

The running standard calibration values and duplicates are below. Through 
the course of the 45 day cruise, the autosal standards changed by 0.00014 
in conductivity ratio (about 0.005 in salinity). The duplicates taken 
during the cruise showed a median precision of 0.0001 ± 0.0007 psu. 


Figure 2.1: A16S SSW values for stations 1-113. The good and bad starts 
            represent the QC’d calibration standards at the beginning and 
            end of each run used to calculate and apply the drift 
            correction. 





3.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS 


Figure 3.1: A16S stations 1-113 



Equipment and Techniques 

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an automated titrator using 
amperometric end-point detection [Lang10]. Sample titration, data 
logging, and graphical display were performed with a PC running a LabView 
program written by Ulises Rivero of AOML. Lab temperature was maintained 
at 19.2-22.7°C. The temperature-corrected molarity of the thiosulfate 
titrant was determined as given by [DOE94]. Thiosulfate was dispensed by 
a 2 ml Gilmont syringe driven with a stepper motor controlled by the 
titrator. The whole-bottle titration technique of Carpenter [Carp65], 
with modiﬁcations by Culberson et al. [Culb91], was used. Three to four 
replicate 10 ml iodate standards were run every 3-4 days (SD<1 uL). 
Standards prepared with KIO3 solution prepared at AOML before the cruise 
were compared with standards prepared using KIO3 certiﬁed reference 
material (OSIL iodate standard). The KIO3 solutions from Guildeline were 
certiﬁed to be 1.667 millimolar (0.0100 N). A total of three standards 
were prepared using AOML (0.0100 N) KIO3 solutions and three using the 
OSIL certiﬁed iodate solution (bottles 26017 and 26012), with a mean and 
S.D. of 707.77±0.47 uL and 706.21±0.11 uL, respectively. The reagent 
blank determined as the difference between V1 and V2, the volumes of 
thiosulfate required to titrate 1-ml aliquots of the iodate standard, was 
determined at the beginning, middle and end of the cruise. A new step in 
the technique was to leave the probes soaking in 10% HNO3 between 
stations. This seemed to keep the response of the detector constant 
overtime (minimal changes in titration slope). 



Sampling and Data Processing 

Dissolved oxygen samples were drawn from Bullister bottles into 
calibrated 125-150 ml iodine titration ﬂasks using silicon tubing to 
avoid contamination of DOC and CDOM samples. Samples were drawn by 
counting while the ﬂask was allowed to ﬁll at full ﬂow from the 
Bullister. This count was then doubled and repeated thereby allowing the 
ﬂask to be overﬂowed by two ﬂask volumes. At this point the silicone 
tubing was pinched to reduce the ﬂow to a trickle. This was continued 
until a stable draw temperature was obtained on the Oakton meter. These 
temperatures were used to calculate µmol/kg concentrations, and provide a 
diagnostic check of Bullister bottle integrity. 1 ml of MnCl2 and 1 ml of 
NaOH/NaI were added immediately after drawing the sample using a Re-
pipetor. The ﬂasks were then stoppered and shaken well. DIW was added to 
the neck of each ﬂask to create a water seal. 24 samples plus two 
duplicates were drawn at each station. The total number of samples 
collected from the rosette was 2866. 

The samples were stored in the lab in plastic totes at room temperature 
for 1 hour before analysis. The data were incorporated into the cruise 
database shortly after analysis. 

Thiosulfate normality was calculated for each standardization and 
corrected to the laboratory temperature. This temperature ranged between 
19.2-22.7°C. 

Reagent blanks were run at the beginning (2.6±0.7 µL), middle (2.5±0.4 
µL) and end of the cruise (3.9±0.8 µL). 



Volumetric Calibration 

The dispenser used for the standard solution (SOCOREX Calibrex520) and 
the burette were calibrated gravimetrically just before the cruise. 
Oxygen ﬂask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed 
deionized water at AOML. The correction for buoyancy was applied. Flask 
volumes were corrected to the draw temperature. 



Duplicate Samples 

Duplicate samples were drawn at two depths on every cast, with the 
exception of a very shallow cast where a duplicate was drawn at one depth 
only. The Bullisters selected for the duplicates and hence the oxygen 
ﬂasks were changed for each cast. A total of 225 sets of duplicates were 
run. The average standard deviation of all sets was 0.19 µmol/kg. 


Figure 3.2: Standard deviation of duplicate oxygen analyses performed 
            during A16S. Median was 0.13 µmol/kg, IQR was 0.06-0.28 
            µmol/kg, n=223. 



Problems 

One ﬂask was replaced with a different ﬂask from a separate set due to 
poor ﬁtting of the stopper. At each ﬁlling of the NaI/NaOH reagent, the 
dispenser was rinsed out with DIW to prevent sticking. None of these 
problems ever rose to the point that the errors exceed 1 µmol/kg. 

Assigned quality codes along with comments can be found in the Appendix. 




4.  NUTRIENTS 


Figure 4.1: A16S silicate stations 1-113 

Figure 4.2: A16S nitrate stations 1-113 

Figure 4.3: A16S nitrite for stations 1-113 

Figure 4.4: A16S phosphate stations 1-113 



Equipment and Techniques 

Dissolved nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were 
measured by using an automated continuous ﬂow analytical system with 
segmented ﬂow and colormetric detection. The four channel auto-analyzer 
was customized with various components from other systems. 

The major components of the nutrient system consisted of an Alpkem auto-
sampler, (model 301), two peristaltic pumps, four Lab Alliance 
monochrometer detectors (model 500) and custom software for digitally 
logging and processing the chromatograms. In addition, glass coils were 
used for the mixing of the nutrients. 

Detailed methodologies are described by [Gord94] 

Silicic acid was analyzed using a modiﬁcation of [Arms67]. An acidic 
solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce 
silicomolybic acid. Oxalic acid was then added to inhibit a secondary 
reaction with phosphate. Finally, a reaction with ascorbic acid formed 
the blue compound silicomolybdous acid. The color formation was detected 
at 814 nm. The use of oxalic acid and ascorbic acid (instead of tartaric 
acid and stannous chloride by [Gord94] were employed to reduce the 
toxicity of our waste steam. 

Nitrate and Nitrite analyses were also a modiﬁcation of [Arms67]. Nitrate 
was reduced to nitrite via a copperized cadmium column to form a red azo 
dye by complexing nitrite with sulfanilamide and N-1-
naphthylethylenediamine (NED). Color formation was detected at 540 nm. 
The same technique was used to measure nitrite, (excluding the reduction 
step). 

Phosphate analysis was based on a technique by [Bern67]. An acidic 
solution of ammonium molybdate was added to the sample to produce 
phosphomolybdate acid. This was reduced to the blue compound 
phosphomolybdous acid following the addition of hydrazine sulfate. The 
color formation was detected at 819 nm. 



Sampling and Standards 

Nutrient samples were drawn in 30ml HDPE Nalgene sample bottles that had 
been stored in 10% HCl. The bottles are rinsed 3-4 times with sample 
prior to ﬁlling. A replicate was normally drawn from the deep Niskin 
bottle at each station for analysis to reduce carry over. Samples were 
then brought to room temperature prior to analysis. Fresh mixed working 
standards were prepared before each analysis. In addition to the samples, 
each analysis consisted of 4replicate standards, 3 deionized water (DIW) 
blanks and 3 Matrix blanks placed at the beginning and then repeated at 
the end (with the addition of a fourth Matrix Blank) of each run. Also, 
one mixed working standard from the previous analytical run was used at 
the beginning of the new run to determine differences between the two 
standards. Samples are analyzed from deep water to the surface. Low 
Nutrient Seawater (LNSW) was used as a wash, base line carrier and medium 
for the working standards. 

The working standard was made by the addition of 0.2 ml of primary 
nitrite standard and 15.0 ml of a secondary mixed standard (containing 
silicic acid, nitrate, and phosphate) into a 500ml calibrated volumetric 
ﬂask of LNSW. Working standards were prepared daily. 

Dry standards of a high purity were pre-weighed at PMEL. Nitrite 
standards were dissolved at sea. The secondary mixed standard was 
prepared by the addition of 30ml of a nitrate - phosphate primary 
standard to the silicic acid standard. Nutrient concentrations were 
reported in micromoles per liter. Lab temperatures were recorded for each 
analytical run. All the pump tubing was replaced at least three times 
during the A16S cruise. 

Approximately 3252 samples were analyzed. 




5.  CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) AND SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) 


Figure 5.1: A16S stations 1-113 

Figure 5.2: A16S stations 1-113 

Figure 5.3: A16S stations 1-113 


A PMEL analytical system [Bull08] was used for CFC-11, CFC-12, sulfur 
hexaﬂuoride (SF6) and nitrous oxide (N2O) analyses on the 2013 CLIVAR 
A16S expedition. Approximately 1850 samples of dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12, 
and SF6 (’CFC/SF6’) were analysed. In general, the analytical system 
performed well for CFC-12, SF6 and nitrous oxide during the cruise. There 
were some analytical problems with CFC-11. Typical dissolved SF6 
concentrations in modern surface water are approximately 1-2 fmolkg(^-1) 
seawater (1 fmol= femtomole = 10(^-15) moles), approximately 1000 times 
lower than dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations. The limits of 
detection for SF6 were approximately 0.03 fmol kg(^-1). SF6 measurements 
in seawater remain extremely challenging. Improvements in the analytical 
sensitivity to this compound at low concentrations are essential to make 
these measurements more routine on future CLIVAR cruises. 

Water samples were collected in bottles designed with a modiﬁed end-cap 
to minimize the contact of the water sample with the end-cap O-rings 
after closing. Stainless steel springs covered with a nylon powder coat 
were substituted for the internal elastic tubing provided with standard 
Niskin bottles. When taken, water samples collected for dissolved CFC-11, 
CFC-12 and SF6 analysis were the ﬁrst samples drawn from the bottles. 
Care was taken to coordinate the sampling of CFC/SF6 with other samples 
to minimize the time between the initial opening of each bottle and the 
completion of sample drawing. Samples easily impacted by gas exchange 
(dissolved oxygen, 3He, DIC and pH) were collected within several minutes 
of the initial opening of each bottle. To minimize contact with air, the 
CFC/SF6 samples were drawn directly through the stopcocks of the bottles 
into 250 ml precision glass syringes equipped with three-way plastic 
stopcocks. The syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface 
seawater held at ~10°C until 20 minutes before being analyzed. At that 
time, the syringe was place in a bath of surface seawater heated to 30°C. 

For atmospheric sampling, a ~75 m length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was 
run from the CFC van located on the fantail to the bow of the ship. A ﬂow 
of air was drawn through this line into the main laboratory using an Air 
Cadet pump. The air was compressed in the pump, with the downstream 
pressure held at ~1.5 atm. using a back pressure regulator. A tee allowed 
a ﬂowof~100 ml/min of the compressed air to be directed to the gas sample 
valves of the CFC/SF6 analytical systems, while the bulk ﬂow of the air 
(>7 l/min) was vented through the back-pressure regulator. Air samples 
were analyzed only when the relative wind direction was within 60 degrees 
of the bow of the ship to reduce the possibility of shipboard 
contamination. Analysis of bow air was performed at ~18 locations along 
the cruise track. At each location, at least ﬁve air measurements were 
made to determine the precision of the measurements. 



Analysis 

Concentrations of CFC/SF6 in air samples, seawater, and gas standards 
were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography (EC-GC) 
using techniques modiﬁed from those described by Bullister and Weiss 
[Bull88] and Bullister and Wisegarver [Bull08], as outlined below. For 
seawater analyses, water was transferred from a glass syringe to a glass-
sparging chamber (volume ˜200 ml). The dissolved gases in the seawater 
sample were extracted by passing a supply of CFC/SF6 free purge gas 
through the sparging chamber for a period of 6 minutes at ~200 ml/min. 
Water vapor was removed from the purge gas during passage through a Naﬁon 
drier. Carbon dioxide was removed with an 18 cm long, 3/8" diameter glass 
tube packed with Ascarite and a small amount of magnesium perchlorate 
desiccant. The sample gases were concentrated on a cold-trap consisting 
of a 1/16" OD stainless steel tube with a 2.5 cm section packed tightly 
with Porapak Q (60-80 mesh), a 15 cm section packed with Carboxen 1000 
and a 2.5 cm section packed with MS5A. A Neslab Cryocool CC-100 was used 
to cool the trap to ~-70°C. After 6 minutes of purging, the trap was 
isolated, and it was heated electrically to ~175°C. The sample gases held 
in the trap were then injected onto a precolumn (~61 cm of 1/8" O.D. 
stainless steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil B, held at 80°C) 
for the initial separation of CFC-12, CFC-11, SF6 and CCL4 from later 
eluting peaks. After the SF6 and CFC-12 had passed from the pre-column 
and into the second precolumn (25 cm of 1/8" O.D. stainless steel tubing 
packed with MS5A, 80°C) and into the analytical column #1 (174 cm of 1/8" 
OD stainless steel tubing packed with MS5A + 60 cm Porasil C held at 
80°C), the outﬂow from the ﬁrst precolumn was diverted to the second 
analytical column (180 cm 1/8" OD stainless steel tubing packed with 
Porasil B, 80-100 mesh, held at 80°C). The gases remaining after CCl4 had 
passed through the ﬁrst pre-column, were backﬂushed from the pre column 
and vented. After CFC-12 had passed through the second pre-column, a ﬂow 
of Argon-Methane (95:5) was used to divert the N2Otoathird analytical 
column (30 cm of MS5A, 150°C). Column #3 and the second pre-column were 
held in a Shimadzu GC8 gas chromatograph with an electron capture 
detector (ECD) held at 330°C. Columns #1, #2, and the ﬁrst precolumn were 
in another Shimadzu GC8 gas chromatograph with ECD. The outﬂow from 
column #2 was directed to a Shimadzu Mini-2 gas chromatograph (no column) 
with the ECD held at 250°C. 

The analytical system was calibrated frequently using a standard gas of 
known CFC/SF6 composition. Gas sample loops of known volume were 
thoroughly ﬂushed with standard gas and injected into the system. The 
temperature and pressure were recorded so that the amount of gas injected 
could be calculated. The procedures used to transfer the standard gas to 
the trap, precolumn, main chromatographic column, and ECD were similar to 
those used for analyzing water samples. Four sizes of gas sample loops 
were used. Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be made to 
allow the system to be calibrated over a relatively wide range of 
concentrations. Air samples and system blanks (injections of loops of 
CFC/SF6 free gas) were injected and analyzed in a similar manner. The 
typical analysis time for seawater, air, standard or blank samples was 
˜11 minutes. Concentrations of the CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater 
samples, and gas standards are reported relative to the SIO98 calibration 
scale [Prin00], [Bull10]. Concentrations of SF6 in air, seawater samples, 
and gas standards are reported relative to the SIO-2005 calibration scale 
[Bull10]. Concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of 
mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically in the parts per trillion 
(ppt) range. Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in units of picomoles 
per kilogram seawater (pmol/kg) and SF6 concentrations in fmol/kg. 
CFC/SF6 concentrations in air and seawater samples were determined by 
ﬁtting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point calibration 
curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas from a 
working standard (PMEL cylinder WRS72611) into the analytical instrument. 
The response of the detector to the range of moles of CFC/SF6 passing 
through the detector remained relatively constant during the cruise. 
Full-range calibration curves were run at intervals of 4-5 days during 
the cruise. Single injections of a ﬁxed volume of standard gas at one 
atmosphere were run much more frequently (at intervals of ~90 minutes) to 
monitor short-term changes in detector sensitivity. 

The purging efﬁciency was estimated by re-purging a high-concentration 
water sample and measuring this residual signal. At a ﬂow rate of 200 
cc/min for 6 minutes, the purging efﬁciency for both SF6 and CFC gases 
was > 99%. The efﬁciency for N2O was about 97%. 

On this expedition, based on the analysis of more than 190 pairs of 
duplicate samples, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation) of about 
1% or 0.002 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-12 and CFC-11 
measurements. The estimated precision for SF6 was 2% or 0.02 fmol kg(^-1), 
(whichever is greater). Overall accuracy of the measurements (a function 
of the absolute accuracy of the calibration gases, volumetric calibrations 
of the sample gas loops and purge chamber, errors in ﬁts to the 
calibration curves and other factors) is estimated to be about 2% or 0.004 
pmol/kg for CFC11 and CFC-12 and 4% or 0.04 fmol/kg for SF6). 

A small number of water samples had anomalously high CFC-12 and/or SF6 
concentrations relative to adjacent samples. These samples occurred 
sporadically during the cruise and were not clearly associated with other 
features in the water column (e.g., anomalous dissolved oxygen, salinity, 
or temperature features). This suggests that these samples were probably 
contaminated with CFCs/SF6 during the sampling or analysis processes. 

Measured concentrations for these anomalous samples are included in the 
data ﬁle, but are given a quality ﬂag value of either 3 (questionable 
measurement) or 4 (bad measurement). Less than 2% of samples were ﬂagged 
as bad or questionable during this voyage. A quality ﬂag of 5 was 
assigned to samples which were drawn from the rosette but never analyzed 
due to a variety of reasons (e.g., leaking stopcock, plunger jammed in 
syringe barrel, etc.). 

During the cruise an analytical problem developed with the analysis of 
CFC-11. After numerous attempts to solve the problem, it was determined 
that the calibration loop used for monitoring the stability of the 
detector, was producing large and variable responses. A second large loop 
was created and its volume crudely determined using CFC-12 and nitrous 
oxide. It is believed this determination of the volume is within about 2% 
of the true volume, and will require a robust calibration upon its return 
in the laboratory. However, using this loop allowed the measurements of 
CFC-11 to continue. The worst of the problems occurred between stations 
30 and 60 and these data were ﬂagged as questionable. 

A signiﬁcant number of samples in the deep (>3000 m) Brazil Basin between 
about 20°S and 33°S had anomalously high SF6 concentrations relative to 
the CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations. These high SF6 concentrations 
occurred in a coherent pattern in the water column over more than 20 
stations and are thought to be due to earlier deliberate deep SF6 tracer 
release experiments in this region [Rye12]. 





6.  DISCRETE pCO2 


Figure 6.1: A16S stations 1-113 



Sampling 

Samples were drawn from 11-L Bullister bottles into 500 ml glass bottles 
using Tygon tubing with a Silicone adapter that ﬁt over the spigot to 
avoid contamination of DOM samples. Bottles were rinsed twice with about 
200 ml of seawater. Then they were ﬁlled from the bottom, overﬂowing half 
a volume while taking care not to entrain any bubbles. About 5 ml of 
water were withdrawn to allow for expansion of the water as it warms and 
to provide space for the stopper and tubing of the analytical system. 
Saturated mercuric chloride solution (0.2 ml) was added as a 
preservative. The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly 
covered with grease (Down Corning silicone high vacuum grease) and were 
stored at room temperature for a maximum of twelve hours prior to 
analysis. 

The analyses for pCO2 were done with the discrete samples at 20°C. A 
primary water bath was kept within 0.03°C of the analytical temperature; 
a secondary bath was kept within 0.3°C of the analytical temperature. The 
majority of the samples were analyzed in batches of twelve bottles with 
17 minute run time, which with standards took approximately 4 hours. When 
twelve bottles were moved into the primary water bath for analyses, the 
next twelve bottles were moved into the secondary water bath. Sample 
bottles spent at least two hours in the secondary water bath prior to 
being moved to the analytical water bath. A spot check indicated that 
bottom water samples (approx. 2°C) reached a temperature of 18.6-18.8°C 
after 2.5 hours in the pre-bath. 

The sampling focus was on drawing full casts every 2 degrees in latitude. 
Duplicate samples from the same Niskin were drawn to check the precision 
of the sampling and analysis. Some discrete samples were collected from 
the underway (UW) ﬂowing sea water line aboard the ship. The UW samples 
will be compared to the results from the autonomous pCO2 instrument. Most 
discrete UW samples were collected as a station was being completed. 

Over 700 samples were drawn at 113 stations. About 28 duplicate samples 
were collected from the UW seawater line. More than 140 sets of duplicate 
bottles were drawn at various depths. The average relative deviation 
 /  Max - Av \
| = ————————— |  of these duplicate pairs was 0.3% while the median 
 \  Av × 100 /   relative error was 0.1%.



Analyzer Description 

The principles of the discrete pCO2 system are described in [Wann93] and 
[Chip93]. The major difference in the current system is the method of 
equilibrating the water sample by passing it once through the 
equilibriation module into a drain, with the constantly circulating gas 
phase. This system uses miniature membrane contactors (Micromodules from 
Membrana, Inc.), which contain bundles of hydrophobic micro-porous tubes 
in polycarbonate shells (2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm). The sample water is pumped 
for 17 minutes over the outside of the tubing bundles in two contactors 
in series at approximately 20 ml/min, with a total of 350 ml of the 550 
ml of the bottle used. The gas is recirculated in a vented loop, which 
includes the tubing bundles and a non-dispersive infrared analyzer (LI-
COR™ model 840) at approximately 24 ml/min. There was a slight draw into 
the vent of 0-1 ml/min based on the ﬂuctuations of an Aalborg electronic 
ﬂowmeter on the vent line. 

The ﬂow rates of the water (20 ml/min) and gas (24 ml/min) for the A16S 
cruise are chosen with consideration of competing concerns. This 
optimization differs for different cruises. Faster water and gas ﬂows 
yield faster equilibration. A slower water ﬂow would allow collection of 
smaller sample volume; plus a slower gas ﬂow would minimize the pressure 
increase in the contactor. Additionally, the ﬂowrates are chosen so that 
the two ﬂuids generate equal pressures at the micro-pores in the tubes to 
avoid leakage into or out of the tubes. A signiﬁcant advantage of this 
instrumental design is the complete immersion of the miniature contactors 
in the constant temperature bath. Also in the water bath are coils of 
stainless steel tubing before the contactors that ensure the water and 
gas enter the contactors at the known equilibration temperature. 

The instrumental system employs a large insulated cooler (Igloo Inc.) 
that accommodates twelve sample bottles, the miniature contactors, a 
water stirrer, a copper coil connected to a refrigerated circulating 
water bath, an immersion heater, a12-position sample distribution valve, 
two thermistors, and two miniature pumps. The immersion heater works in 
opposition to the cooler water passing through the copper coil. One 
thermistor is immersed in the water bath, while the second thermistor is 
in a sample ﬂow cell after the second contactor. The difference between 
the two thermistor readings was consistently less than 0.05°C. In a 
separate enclosure are the 8-port gas distribution valve, the infrared 
analyzer, a barometer, and other electronic components. The gas 
distribution valve is connected to the air-circulation pump and to six 
standard gas cylinders. 

The instrumental system was designed and built by Tim Newberger and was 
supported by C. Sweeney and T. Takahashi. Their skill, assistance, and 
generosity were essential to the successful use of this instrumental 
system during this cruise. 



Standardization 

To ensure analytical accuracy, a set of six gas standards (ranging from 
288 to 1534 ppm) was run through the analyzer before and after every 
sample batch. The standards were obtained from Scott-Marin and referenced 
against primary standards purchased from C.D. Keeling in 1991, which are 
on the WMO-78 scale. 


                          Standard Gas Cylinders 

                            Cylinder  ppm CO2  
                            ————————  ———————
                            JB03282    288.46  
                            JB03268    384.14  
                            JB03309    567.40  
                            CA05980    792.51  
                            CA05984   1036.95  
                            CA05940   1533.7  



Data Processing 

A custom program developed using LabView™ controls the system and 
graphically displays the CO2 concentration as well as the temperature and 
pressure during the equilibration step of the process. The CO2 in the gas 
phase changes greatly during the ﬁrst minute of a new sample and then 
goes through several more oscillations. The oscillations dampen quickly 
as the concentration asymptotically approaches equilibrium. The ﬂows are 
stopped after 17 minutes, and the program records an average of ten 
readings from the infrared analyzer along with other sensor readings. The 
data ﬁles from the discrete pCO2 program are reformatted so that a Matlab 
program designed for processing data from the continuous pCO2 systems can 
be used to calculate the fugacity of the discrete samples at 20°C. The 
details of the data reduction are described in [Pier09]. 



Problems 

There were several issues with the system that had remained on the ship 
after A16N and did not get its usual pre-cruise check and refurbishment. 

During the ﬁrst run at the test station water got into the Naﬁon drier 
and IR possibly due to a blocked distribution valve. The Naﬁon drier was 
replaced. The IR did not respond except to the highest standard. The IR 
(Li-840) ﬂow cell was removed following downloaded instructions and it 
was discovered that the bottom half of the gold mirrored cell was lightly 
coated with salt. It was cleaned with acetone and DI water and dried. The 
zero and span software was downloaded but because of interface issues 
only the CO2 channel was spanned and not the H2O channel which was 
unresponsive and showed a reading of about 8 mmol/mol throughout the 
cruise, irrespective if sample or standard was run. 

On several occasions the head of the 8-position gas distribution valve 
came loose and the gas ﬂow was interrupted. Initially it was thought that 
the valve was clogged and cleaning was attempted. The distribution valve 
was cleaned once and then replaced. To get enough torque on the hexscrew 
on the collar of the head securing it to the valve body, a small hole was 
drilled in the enclosure to be able to use a long allen wrench. 

The water pump had issues starting to pump water from sample bottles and 
priming was required to start the ﬂow. The pump was replaced mid-cruise 
and this solved the problem. Samples did not reach full equilibrium in 
the ﬁrst stations, regardless of increasing the equilibration time. As 
the cruise progressed, the equilibration achieved decreased from 99% to 
96%. The membrane modules were cleaned with acid to improve performance 
and when that didn’t work, they were replaced. After replacement of the 
modules, equilibration (> 99.7 %) was achieved before the end of the 
equilibration time. 

In the last stations, a decrease of up to 6 ppm in the measurements was 
sometimes observed in the last minutes of the equilibration period. For 
some samples the sinusoidal response observed for the ﬁrst 6 minutes 
reappeared suddenly around 10 minutes. 

During the cruise, the laptop controlling the analytical system suffered 
occasional crashes (blue screen of death). The error message indicated 
the problem was with a memory overload or interaction with the keyspan in 
the system. Rebooting the computer every 24 samples seemed to decrease 
the frequency of the crashes. 

The response to all standards decreased appreciably (by about 80 ppm for 
the 1533 ppm standard) in the last week of the cruise but relative 
response remained unaffected. 



Tests 

Several tests were performed during the cruise in part to facilitate 
post-cruise data reduction. 

A test was run to evaluate the difference in CO2 measurements when the 
six standard gases were wetted by bubbling through a small volume of 
acidiﬁed DI water versus running them dry. No signiﬁcant differences were 
observed. 

To check for possible gas loss during equilibration through the Naﬁon 
drier and/or the vent, a duplicate sample was run with the regular N2 gas 
through the naﬁon drier. The air circulation loop vent line was placed in 
the N2 ﬂow, such that N2 would enter the vent. Then for the next 
duplicate the N2 was replaced by the 1533 ppm std. No difference was seen 
indicating the integrity of the air circulation loop. 

During the cruise we tested the preservation of the water samples with 
and without preservative (mercuric chloride) and with and without grease 
on the stopper. Samples were stored up to 48 hours and analyzed later. No 
signiﬁcant difference was observed between the greased/poisoned and 
ungreased/non-poisoned samples. 



Post cruise data reduction 

The data supplied are preliminary and represent the pCO2(20) values as 
calculated by the data acquisition program, developed by Tim Newberger 
using the preceding standards and water bath temperature readings by the 
thermistors that appear very precise but biased high by 0.3°C compared to 
a Fluke/Hart thermometer. The water channel was not functioning. 

For ﬁnal data reduction the thermistors need to be calibrated in the lab, 
the response of the detector needs to be compared with current setting 
and after spanning and zeroing both CO2 and H2O channels. The response of 
equilibration needs to be determined from the RAW ﬁles that log data for 
each run at 1-second intervals and data has to be adjusted. These RAW 
ﬁles will also be used to pick the plateau in concentrations for the 
samples where concentrations changed in the last 5 minutes as the correct 
value. 



Undwerway pCO2 Analysis 

During the A16S cruise, there was an automated underway pCO2 system from 
AOML situated in the hydrolab, as it has been since 1997. The current 
design of the instrumental system is based on [Wann93], and Feely et al. 
[Feel98], while the details of the instrument and of the data processing 
are described in Pierrot, et.al. [Pier09]. 

The repeating cycle of the system includes 4 gas standards, 5 ambient air 
samples, and 66 headspace samples from its equilibrator within 3.3 hours. 
The concentrations of the standards range from 285 to 546 ppm CO2 in 
compressed natural air. They were purchased from NOAA/ESRL in Boulder and 
are directly traceable to the WMO scale. 

The system includes an equilibrator where approximately 0.6 liters of 
constantly refreshed surface seawater from the bow intake is equilibrated 
with 0.8 liters of gaseous headspace. The water ﬂowrate through the 
equilibrator was 1.5 -2.0 liters/min, which yielded a vigorous spray 
pattern during this cruise. 

The equilibrator headspace is circulated through a non-dispersive 
infrared analyzer (IR) (LI-COR™ model 6262) and then returned to the 
equilibrator. When ambient air or standard gas is analyzed, the gas 
leaving the analyzer is vented to the lab. A KNF pump constantly draws 6-
8 liter/min of marine air through 100 m of 0.95 cm (= 3/8") OD Dekoron™ 
tubing from an intake on the bow mast. The intake has a rain guard and a 
ﬁlter of glass wool to prevent water and larger particles from reaching 
the pump. The headspace and marine air gases are dried before ﬂushing the 
IR analyzer. 

A custom program developed using LabView™ controls the system and 
graphically displays the air and water results. The program records the 
output of the infrared analyzer, the GPS position, water and gas ﬂows, 
water and air temperatures, internal and external pressures, and a 
variety of other sensors. The program records all of these data for each 
analysis. 



Problems 

The system ran very well during the cruise and only two problems were 
encountered. During the start of the cruise the circulation gas was high 
and variable at about 120 ml/min. This did not seem to affect the CO2 
values. Flow was decreased to 80 ml/min and ﬂows were steadier. On Jan. 
22nd, the uncontaminated seawater line pump was turned off for about 12 
hours after the strainer became clogged twice with salps. 





7.  DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) 


Figure 7.1: A16S stations 1-113 



Sampling 

Samples for TCO2 measurements were drawn according to procedures outlined 
in the Handbook of Methods for CO2 Analysis [DOE94] from Bullister 
bottles into cleaned 294-ml glass bottles. Bottles were rinsed and ﬁlled 
from the bottom, leaving 6 ml of headspace; care was taken not to entrain 
any bubbles. After 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a 
preservative, the sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly 
covered with Apiezon-L grease and were stored at room temperature for a 
maximum of 12 hours prior to analysis. 

TCO2 samples were collected from a variety of depths with one to three 
replicate samples. Typically the replicate seawater samples were taken 
from the surface, around 1000 m, and bottom Bullister bottles and run at 
different times during the cell. No systematic difference between the 
replicates was observed. 



Analysis 

The TCO2 analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing laboratory van. 
The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (AOML3 
and AOML4) used simultaneously on the cruise. Each system consisted of a 
coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a Dissolved Inorganic Carbon 
Extractor (DICE) inlet system. DICE was developed by Esa Peltola and 
Denis Pierrot of NOAA/AOML and Dana Greeley of NOAA/PMEL to modernize a 
carbon extractor called SOMMA [John85] [John87] [John92] [John93] 
[John99]. In the coulometric analysis of TCO2,all carbonate species are 
converted to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen ion (acid) to the 
seawater sample, and the evolved CO2 gas is swept into the titration cell 
of the coulometer with pure air or compressed nitrogen, where it reacts 
quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to 
generate hydrogen ions. In this process, the solution changes from blue 
to colorless, triggering a current through the cell and causing 
coulometrical generation of OH(^-) ions at the anode. The OH(^-) ions 
react with the H(^+), and the solution turns blue again. A beam of light 
is shone through the solution, and a photometric detector at the opposite 
side of the cell senses the change in transmission. Once the percent 
transmission reaches its original value, the coulometric titration is 
stopped, and the amount of CO2 that enters the cell is determined by 
integrating the total charge during the titration. 

The coulometers were calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 
(99.99%) by means of an 8-port valve outﬁtted with two sample loops with 
known gas volumes bracketing the amount of CO2 extracted from the water 
samples for the two AOML systems. 

The stability of each coulometer cell solution was conﬁrmed three 
different ways: two sets of gas loops were measured at the beginning; 
also the Certiﬁed Reference Material (CRM), Batch 129, supplied by Dr. A. 
Dickson of SIO, was measured at the beginning; and the duplicate samples 
at the beginning, middle, and end of each cell solution. The coulometer 
cell solution was replaced after 25-30 mg of carbon was titrated, 
typically after 9-12 hours of continuous use. 

The pipette volume was determined by taking aliquots at known temperature 
of distilled water from the volumes. The weights with the appropriate 
densities were used to determine the volume of the pipettes. Calculation 
of the amount of CO2 injected was according to the CO2 handbook (DOE 
1994). The concentration of CO2 ([CO2]) in the samples was determined 
according to: 

                               (Counts - Blank × Run Time) × K
     [CO2] = Cal. Factor time ——————————————————————————————————
                               Pipette Volume × Sample Density 


where Cal. Factor is the calibration factor, Counts is the instrument 
reading at the end of the analysis, Blank is the counts/minute determined 
from blank runs performed at least once for each cell solution, Run Time 
is the length of coulometric titration (in minutes), and K is the 
conversion factor from counts to µmol. 

All TCO2 values were recalculated to a molar weight (µmol/kg) using 
density obtained from the CTD’s salinity. The TCO2 values were corrected 
for dilution by 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 used for sample preservation. 
The total water volume of the sample bottles was 288 ml (calibrated by 
Esa Peltola, AOML). The correction factor used for dilution was 1.0007. A 
correction was also applied for the offset from the CRM. This correction 
was applied for each cell using the CRM value obtained in the beginning 
of the cell. The average correction was -3.22 µmol/kg for AOML 3 and 1.57 
for AOML 4. The average difference of the duplicates was 1.58 µmol/kg for 
AOML 3 and 1.57 for AOML 4. The results underwent initial quality control 
on the ship using TCO2-pressure proﬁles and TCO2-NO3 and TCO2-pH plots. 



Analytical Problems 

In general, both systems worked well. One solenoid valve failed and was 
replaced. Two cell caps went bad and a new one was constructed. On 
station 34, the calibration factor was unusually high after running 3 gas 
loops. The CRM value was very good with the high calibration factor, but 
later comparisons with NO3 and pH showed that all analyses for this 
station are likely bad. This anomalous calibration factor did not recur 
during the cruise. The total dissolved inorganic carbon data reported to 
the database directly from the ship are to be considered preliminary 
until a more thorough quality assurance can be completed shore side. 





8.  pH 

Figure 8.1: pH (sea water at 25 C) on A16S stations 1-113 



Sampling 

Samples were collected in 50ml borosilicate glass syringes rinsing 2 
times and thermostated to 25°C before analysis. Two duplicates were 
collected from each station. Samples were collected on the same Bullister 
bottles as total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon in order to 
completely characterize the carbon system. One sample per station was 
collected and analyzed with double the amount of indicator in order to 
correct for pH changes as a result of adding the indicator, this 
correction has not been applied to the preliminary data. All data should 
be considered preliminary. 



Analysis 

pH (umol/kg seawater) on the seawater scale was measured using a Agilent 
8453 spectrophotometer according to the methods outlined by [Clay93] An 
RTE10 water bath maintained spectrophotometric cell temperature at 
25.0°C. A 10cm ﬂow through cell was ﬁlled automatically using a Kloehn 6v 
syringe pump. The sulfonephthalein indicator m-cresol purple (mCP) was 
also injected automatically by the kloehn 6v syringe pump into the 
spectrophotometric cells, and the absorbance of light was measured at 
three different wavelengths (434 nm, 578 nm, 730 nm). The ratios of 
absorbances at the different wavelengths were input and used to calculate 
pH on the total and seawater scales, incorporating temperature and 
salinity into the equations. The equations of [Dick87], Dickson and Riley 
[Dick79], and Dickson [Dick90] were used to convert pH from total to 
seawater scales. Salinity data were obtained from the conductivity sensor 
on the CTD. These data were later corroborated by shipboard measurements. 
Temperature of the samples was measured immediately after 
spectrophotometric measurements using a Guildline 9540 digital platinum 
resistance thermometer. 



Reagents 

The mCP indicator dye was a concentrated solution of approx. 2.0 mM. 
Unpurifed indicator was used purchased from Alpha-Aeser. 



Standardization 

The precision of the data can be accessed from measurements of duplicate 
samples, certiﬁed reference material (CRM) Batch 129 (Dr. Andrew Dickson, 
UCSD) and TRIS buffers. The measurement of CRM and TRIS was alternated at 
each station. The mean and standard deviation for the CRMs was 7.9125± 
0.0033 (n=58) and 8.0879±0.0035 (n=40) for TRIS buffer. TRIS bottles 6 
and 7 were high by approximately 0.01 relative to all measurements on 
both A16N and A16S and have thus been excluded. 



Data Processing 

Addition of the indicator affects the pH of the sample, and the degree to 
which pH is affected is a function of the pH difference between the 
seawater and indicator. Therefore, a correction is applied for each batch 
of dye. One sample from each station was measured twice, once normally 
and a second time with double the amount of indicator. The change in the 
ratio is then plotted versus the change in the isobestic point to develop 
an empirical relationship for the effect of the indicator on the pH. A 
preliminary correction based on the measurements of A16N has been applied 
to this data. The mean and standard deviation of the duplicates was 
0.0004 ± 0.0017 (N = 198). The preliminary quality control is shown in 
the Appendix Table. 



Problems 

The only major problem that occurred was on station 108 when the water 
bath failed and was unable to cool. The variability in the temperature of 
the water bath showed increased variability the few days before it 
failed, but was still within the acceptable range. The water bath was 
quickly replaced and no samples were lost. 





9.  TOTAL ALKALINITY 


Figure 9.1: A16S stations 1-113 



Sampling 

At each station total alkalinity (TA) samples were drawn from Bullister 
bottles into 500 ml borosilicate ﬂasks using silicone tubing that ﬁt over 
the stopcock. Bottles were rinsed a minimum of three times, then ﬁlled 
from the bottom and allowed to overﬂow half of the bottle volume. The 
sampler was careful not to entrain any bubbles during the ﬁlling 
procedure. Approximately 15 ml of water was withdrawn from the ﬂask by 
halting the sample ﬂow and removing the sampling tube, thus creating a 
reproducible headspace for thermal expansion during thermal 
equilibration. The sample bottles were sealed at a ground glass joint 
with a glass stopper. The samples were then thermostated at 25°C before 
analysis. Three duplicates were collected at each station. Samples were 
collected from the same Bullister bottles as pH or dissolved inorganic 
carbon (DIC) in order to completely characterize the carbon system. 



Analyzer Description 

The sample TA was then evaluated from the proton balance at the 
alkalinity equivalence point, 4.5 at 25°C and zero ionic strength. This 
method utilized a multi-point hydrochloric acid titration of seawater 
[Dick81]. The instrument program used a Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear 
least-squares algorithm to calculate the TA, DIC, and pH from the 
potentiometric titration data. The program was patterned after those 
developed by [Dick81], [Joha82], and [DOE94]. The least-squares algorithm 
of the potentiometric titrations not only gave values of TA but also 
those of DIC, initial pH as calculated from the initial EMF, the standard 
potential of the electrode system (E0), and the ﬁrst dissociation 
constant of CO2 at the given temperature and ionic strength (pK1). Two 
titration systems, A and B were used for TA analysis. Each of them 
consisted of a Metrohm 765 Dosimat titrator, an Orion 720A or 720A+, pH 
meter and a custom designed plexiglass water-jacketed titration cell 
[Mill93]. The titration cell allowed for the titration to be conducted in 
a closed system by incorporating a 5 ml ground glass syringe to allow for 
volume expansion during the acid addition. The seawater samples were 
temperature equilibrated to a constant temperature of 25± 0.1°C with a 
water bath (Neslab, RTE-10). The electrodes used to measure the EMF of 
the sample during a titration were a ROSS glass pH electrode (Orion, 
model 810100) and a double junction Ag, AgCl reference electrode (Orion, 
model 900200). The water-jacketed cell was similar to the cells used by 
[Brad88] except a larger volume (~200 ml) was employed to increase the 
precision. Each cell had a ﬁll and drain valve which increased the 
reproducibility of the volume of sample contained in the cell. A typical 
titration recorded the stable solution EMF (deviation less than 0.09 mV) 
and added enough acid to change the voltage a pre-assigned increment (13 
mV). A full titration (25 points) took about 20 minutes. A 6 port valve 
(VICI, Valco EMTCA-CE) allowed 6 samples to be loaded into the instrument 
and successively measured. 



Reagents 

A single 50-l batch of -0.25 m HCl acid was prepared in 0.45 m NaCl by 
dilution of concentrated HCl, AR Select, Mallinckrodt, to yield a total 
ionic strength similar to seawater of salinity 35.0 (I = 0.7 M). The acid 
was standardized by a coulometric technique [Mari68] [Tayl59], and 
veriﬁed with alkalinity titrations on seawater of known alkalinity. The 
calibrated molarity of the acid used was 0.24361 ±0.0001 N HCl. The acid 
was stored in 500-ml glass bottles sealed with Apiezon L grease for use 
at sea. 



Standardization 

The reproducibility and precision of measurements were checked using low 
nutrient surface seawater, used as a substandard, and Certiﬁed Reference 
Material (CRM) from Dr. Andrew Dickson, Marine Physical Laboratory, La 
Jolla, California. The CRM was utilized to account for instrument drift 
over the duration of the cruise and to maintain measurement precision. 
One CRM was measured on each instrument every other station as well as 
the low nutrient surface. Duplicate analysis provided additional quality 
assurance. Three duplicates were taken, in which 2 samples were taken 
from the same Bullister bottle, at each station. The duplicates were then 
analyzed on system A, system B, or split between systems A and B. This 
provided a measure of the precision on the same system and between 
systems. Laboratory calibrations of the Dosimat burette system with water 
indicated the systems delivered 3.000 ml of acid (the approximate value 
for a titration of 200 ml of seawater) to a precision of ±0.0004 ml, 
resulting in an error of ±0.3 µmol/kg in TA. 



Data Processing 

Measurements on CRM batches 129 were made. The difference between the 
measured and certiﬁed values on system A is 1.87 ± 2.85 (N=55) and on B 
is 2.73 ± 3.45 (N=55). Part way through the cruise a noticeable decrease 
in precision of the CRMs occurred. It was determined to be caused by 
using old CRMs from DIC, the use of which was immediately stopped. These 
old CRMs have not yet been excluded from the data analysis; this is the 
reason for the high standard deviation of the CRMs and will be improved 
when they are excluded during ﬁnal data analysis. Six different batches 
of low nutrient surface water were used. All had standard deviations 
between 0.5 and 2.5µmol/kg. 

A total of 306 sets of duplicates were analyzed. The preliminary mean and 
standard deviations for both run on system A is 0.04 ± 1.84 (N = 103), 
for both run on system B is -0.13 ± 1.75 (N = 93), and for one on each 
system (A-B) is 2.04 ± 278 (N = 98). 



Problems 

The only major problem occurred on station 105 when the computer for 
system B irreparably crashed. It was quickly replaced and only resulted 
in the loss of one sample. 





10.  DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) 

DOC and Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) samples were taken from every 
Bullister bottle at every other station (odd stations). 1368 samples were 
taken from 57 stations in total. Samples from depths of 250m and 
shallower were ﬁltered through GF/F ﬁlters using in-line ﬁltration. 
Samples from deeper depths were not ﬁltered. High-density polyethylene 60 
ml sample bottles were pre-cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed with Mili-Q 
water. Filters were combusted a 450°C overnight. Filter holders and 
silicone tube were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed with Mili-Q water 
before sampling. Bottles were rinsed three times with the seawater before 
collecting 50-60 ml of sample at each Bullister bottle. Samples were kept 
frozen in coolers inside the ship’s freezer. Frozen samples will ship 
back to Miami in four coolers for laboratory analysis. Gloves were used 
during all process of collection and storage. 





11.  CARBON ISOTOPES IN SEAWATER ((^14/13)C) 

A total of 576 samples were collected from 25 stations. In addition, 
surface samples were also collected from 14 stations. Seven stations were 
partially sampled (16 samples) while the rest were full cast (24 
samples). Duplicates were collected at almost all stations. Samples were 
collected in 500 ml airtight glass bottles. Using silicone tubing, the 
ﬂasks were rinsed 2 times with the seawater from the correspondent Niskin 
bottle. While keeping the tubing at the bottom of the ﬂask, the ﬂask was 
ﬁlled and ﬂushed by allowing it to overﬂow one and a half times its full 
volume. Once the sample was taken, a small amount (about 30 cc) of water 
was removed to create a headspace and 200 l of 50% saturated mercuric 
chloride solution was added in the sampling bay. 

In order to avoid contamination, gloves were used during all collection, 
handling, and storage processes. Sample handling was done on a clean 
table covered with new aluminum foil for each batch. 

After all samples were collected from a station the glass stoppers were 
dried and greased with Apiezon-M grease to ensure an air tight seal. The 
stoppers were secured with a rubber band which wrapped over the entire 
bottle. The samples were stored in AMS crates or boxes inside the ship’s 
main laboratory during the cruise. The samples will be shipped to WHOI 
for analysis. 

The radiocarbon/DIC content of seawater (DI14C) is measured by extracting 
the inorganic carbon as CO2 gas, converting the gas to graphite, then 
counting the number of 14C atoms in the sample directly using an 
accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS). 

Radiocarbon values will be reported as 14C using established procedures 
modiﬁed for AMS applications. The 13C/12C of the CO2 extracted from 
seawater is measured relative to the 13C/12C a CO2 gas standard 
calibrated to the PDB standard using an isotope radio mass spectrometer 
(IRMS) at NOSAMS. 


Problems 

16 boxes of pre-cleaned bottles got wet with rainwater in Recife, Brazil 
prior to leaving. Samples were collected in 10 of these boxes making sure 
that bottles were clean and dry and not affected by the rain water at 
all. 





12.  TRITIUM, HELIUM AND (^18)O 

Helium samples were taken from designated Niskins in 90 cc 316 type 
stainless steel gas tight vessels with valves. The samples were then 
extracted into aluminum silicate glass storage vessels within 24 hours 
using the at sea gas extraction system. The helium samples are to be 
shipped to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University 
Nobel Gas Lab for mass spectrometric measurements. A corresponding one-
liter water sample was collected from the same Niskin as the helium 
sample in a preprocessed glass bottle for degassing back at the shore 
based laboratory and subsequent tritium determination by 3He in-growth 
method. 18O samples were collected and shipped to LDEO for analysis. 

During A16S, 18 stations were sampled, collecting 346 samples for 
tritium, 414 samples for helium and 254 samples for 18O analysis. No 
duplicate samples were taken. 





13.  DENSITY 

Sampling 

Over the course of A16S, 5 stations were sampled (stations 19, 43, 67, 85 
and 111), for a total of 111 density samples. Each Niskin was sampled 
using a 150 ml HDPE bottle. The bottles were rinsed 3 times, allowed to 
ﬁll until overﬂowing, capped, and sealed with Paraﬁlm. This procedure 
leaves as little head space as possible to minimize evaporation until 
analysis. 



Analyzer Description 

The sealed samples will be shipped to the Millero Lab at RSMAS in Miami 
where the salinity will be re-measured on a salinometer (Guildline 
Portosal), and the density will be measured using an Anton-Paar DMA 5000 
densitometer. 





14.  LADCP 

System Conﬁguration 

A single downward-facing WH150-kHz LADCP (serial number 16283) was 
secured with brackets to a metal plate mounted on 24-bottle CTD rosette 
frame. The ADCP was positioned to avoid interference with the rosette 
frame. The instrument was connected to a NOAA 48-Volt rechargeable lead-
acid battery pack mounted in the center of the rosette via a NOAA custom 
star cable assembly typically used for conﬁgurations consisting of both 
upward and downward looking ADCPs. Since only one ADCP was used in this 
conﬁguration, the unused cable connectors were covered with dummy caps. 
On deck, the rosette was moved into and out of a sheltered sampling 
hanger atop a platform mounted on two tracks. 

The power supply and data transfer was handled independently from any CTD 
connections. While on deck, a communications and power cable was 
connected to a cable in the sampling hangar that ran into the hydro lab 
on the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown. This cable connected to a NOAA battery 
charger located in the Hydro lab for power and an acquisition computer 
via USB connection for data download. The LADCP and CTD acquisition 
computer clocks both used NTP to stay in sync with the ship clock and to 
assure that the absolute time recorded by the CTD and LADCP were the 
same. 


Figure 14.1: Cross-sectional diagram (looking down) of CTD rosette 
             showing relative position and orientation of ADCP. 



LADCP Operation 

Operational LADCP scripts, written in python by Eric Firing and the group 
at the University of Hawaii, were used for instrument control and data 
transmission. The command ﬁle used in communication with the LADCP is 
shown below:  

•CR1        # factory defaults  
•PS0        # Print system serial number and other info.  
•WM15       # sets LADCP mode; WB -> 1, WP -> 001, TP -> 000100, TE -> 
              0000010  0  
•TC2        # 2ensembles per burst  
•TB         00:00:02.80  
•TE         00:00:01.20  
•TP         00:00.00  
•WN40       # 40 cells, so blank + 320 m with 8-m cells  
•WS0800     # 8-m cells  
•WT1600     # 16-m pulse  
•WF1600     # Blank, 16-m  
•WV330      # 330 is max effective ambiguity velocity for WB1  
•EZ0011101  # Soundspeed from EC (default, 1500)  
•EX00100    # No transformation (middle 1 means tilts would be used 
              otherwise) 
•CF11101    # automatic binary, no serial 
•LZ30,230   # for LADCP mode BT; slightly increased 220->230 from Dan 
              Torres 
•CL0        # don’t sleep between pings (CL0 required for software break) 


This command ﬁle was sent to the instrument prior to each cast. 
Communication between the computer and the instrument was then 
terminated, the battery charger was turned off, the power cable was 
disconnected, and all connections were sealed with dummy plugs and 
secured. 

After the CTD was brought back on deck after a cast, the data and the 
power supply cable was rinsed with fresh water and reconnected to the 
computer and battery charger. The data acquisition was terminated, the 
battery was charged, and the data were downloaded using the LADCP 
software. The battery charger remained on from the time of data download 
until the time the instrument was prepared for the next cast. 

Log ﬁles were kept for each cast to ensure that all the steps were 
completed and a data acquisition log was maintained during the cruise to 
summarize the data collected and document any special situations in the 
data collection or processing. 



Data Processing 

Within 10 hours after each cast, the data were preliminarily processed 
using Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) LADCP software for data 
processing in Matlab [Thur08]. Ancillary data were downloaded including 
the CTD proﬁle and timeseries, and the shipboard ADCP data. These data 
were used in conjunction with the LADCP data to produce both shear and 
inverse solutions for the absolute velocities. The preliminary processing 
produced velocity proﬁles, rosette frame angular movements, and Matlab 
ﬁles. Section plots of U and V were produced and were made available on 
the cruise website on the local network. 

The data acquisition log summarizes errors in the data processing. A 
common error was "Increased error because of shear-inverse difference." 
This was common in the early casts during the cruise and was presumably 
due to a lack of scatterers in the water column at these lower latitudes. 
Occasionally there were errors indicating a U and/or V bottom track bias. 
In all but one instance, this was resolved by setting p.btrack_mode=0 in 
the matlab script set_cast_params. 



Problems 

Prior to starting casts, LADCP battery problems were indicated by faint 
pinging that terminated prematurely during deck tests. The battery was 
swapped out for another NOAA battery, and the star cable was also 
replaced with a brand new cable. All problems were resolved with deck 
testing prior to the test cast, which preceded the ﬁrst station. 
Data collection was largely routine and problem free until cast 93. When 
this cast came up, the data processing indicated that one of the beams 
had failed. There was a severe drop in voltage and corresponding increase 
in current evident near the bottom of the cast. In the sampling hangar, 
the top of the ADCP was removed and the inside of the instrument was 
inspected. There was no indication of leaking or corrosion and all 
connections were secure. The O-rings were replaced and the instrument re-
sealed. The instrument remained on the rosette for the duration of the 
cruise and continued to collect data from the 3 remaining beams. 



Summary and Preliminary Results 

Data were successfully collected on all 113 stations sampled during the 
cruise. Issues with the CTD led to repeat casts on two stations (87 and 
113) and LADCP data were collected on both the problematic and repeat 
casts in each case. 

Latitude-depth sections of measured zonal (U) and meridional (V) 
velocities are shown in Figure 14.2 and 14.3. Stations 1-60 followed the 
25 West line of longitude (Figure 14.2), and Stations 60-113 were between 
25 and 36.5 South (Figure 14.3). 

Currents were much stronger in the southern part of the transect. Note 
the difference in scale between Figures 14.2 and 14.3. Much of the 
northern portion of the transect (Figure 14.2) is in the subtropical gyre 
and was characterized by weaker currents and fewer scatterers in the 
water column. 

Strong currents extending from the surface to the full ocean depth are 
observable at around 47 degrees South. This may correspond with the 
southern boundary of the South Atlantic Current. 

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is observable heading East at the end 
of the transect, below South Georgia Island. 


Figure 14.2: Zonal (U, upper) and meridional (V, lower) velocities 
             measured from Stations 1-60. 

Figure 14.3: Zonal (U, upper) and meridional (V, lower) velocities 
             measured from Stations 60-113. 



SADCP 

Sampling 

The Ronald H. Brown has a permanently mounted 75 kHz acoustic Doppler 
current proﬁler (Teledyne RDI) for measuring ocean velocity in the upper 
water column. The ADCP is a Phased Array instrument, capable of pinging 
in broadband mode (for higher resolution), narrowband mode (lower 
resolution, deeper penetration), or interleaved mode (alternating). On 
this cruise, data were collected with 8m broadband pings and 16m 
narrowband pings. The depth range achieved depends on weather (bubbles), 
installation (e.g. ship noise), scattering levels, and other factors. 
Data were recorded during the entire cruise. 



Processing 

Specialized software developed at the University of Hawaii has been 
installed on the Brown for the purpose of ADCP acquisition, preliminary 
processing, and ﬁgure generation during each cruise. The acquisition 
system ("UHDAS", University of Hawaii Data Acquisition System) acquires 
data from the ADCPs, gyro heading (for reliability), Mahrs and POSMV 
headings (for increased accuracy), and GPS positions from various 
sensors. Single-ping ADCP data are automatically edited and combined with 
ancillary feeds, averaged, and disseminated via the ship’s web, as 
regularly-updated ﬁgures on a web page and as Matlab and netCDF ﬁles. 



Summary 

Shipboard ADCP data were collected for the duration of A16S. The ADCP 
system and data were monitored remotely. There were no changes or errors 
noted, beyond a continuing 15 percent failure level of the POSMV. 
Although the Mahrs and the POSMV are supposed to be accurate, neither is 
perfect and post-processing of the ADCP data will be necessary to obtain 
best accuracy for data while the ship is steaming. When the ship speed is 
near zero, heading errors do not cause signiﬁcant errors in ocean 
velocity. Therefore the automated at-sea product should be good enough 
for preliminary use while the ship is on station. All in all, the 
instrument, ancillary devices, and acquisition system performed 
reasonably well. 





15.  CHIPOD 


System Conﬁguration and Sampling 

Three Chipods were mounted on the CTD rosette frame to measure 
temperature (T), its time derivative (Tt), and acceleration at 50, 100, 
and 50 Hz, respectively. One Chipod-CTD has two T/Tt sensors, looking 
upward, and three-dimensional accelerator. Two RBR-Chipods, one looking 
upward and the other looking downward, are a combination of RBR Duo, 
which measures T and pressure at 1 Hz, and Chipod with one T/Tt sensor 
and one horizontal accelerator. Figure 15.1 shows details of the 
conﬁguration of the Chipods and sensors. Three upward looking T/Tt 
sensors were positioned above the Niskin bottles by 8.25 inches and above 
the bottom of the CTD rosette frame by 82.25 inches using a unistrut in 
order to avoid false turbulence, which might be generated by the movement 
of the rosette frame during the upcast. The upward looking Chipod-RBR was 
assembled lower than the neighboring upward looking T/Tt sensors to avoid 
possible disturbances by its position due to the rotation of the CTD 
frame, and collected data from cast 12 onward. The downward looking T/Tt 
sensor was placed on the LADCP battery pack above the bottom of the CTD 
frame by 2 inches toward the center of the CTD rosette to avoid picking 
up false signals due to turbulence from the LADCP modules and/or CTD 
system during the downcast. 


Figure 15.1: Chipod conﬁguration on the rosette. The red, cyan, and 
             yellow circles show the positions of T/Tt sensors, Chipod-
             CTD, and upward looking RBR-Chipod, respectively. The 
             downward looking RBR-Chipod is not seen in this photo. 



Data Processing 

To derive proﬁles of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation (ε)and thermal 
variance dissipation (X), Chipod T/Tt records ﬁrst need to be aligned to 
pressure. Since Chipod does not have a pressure sensor, double-
integration of vertical acceleration, thus displacement of the unit, has 
to be ﬁt to pressure from CTD to align T/Tt to pressure. Then, ε and X 
as a function of pressure can be estimated by ﬁtting the vertical 
temperature gradient (Tz)spectrum, which can be computed from Tt and 
Chipod descent rate, to the theoretical temperature gradient spectrum, 
which requires buoyancy frequency and Tz, by using an iterative procedure 
suggested by [Moum09]. 



Problems 

In the ﬁrst thee casts, 0.3 sec interval noise was found in the signal 
from the secondary Chipod-CTD Tt sensor, which disappeared after the 
sensor cable was replaced. From station 90 onward, T/Tt sensor 
malfunction occurred when the package was submerged in cold water 
(< -0.15°C), and the T/Tt signals drifted with signiﬁcant noise. 



Summary 

Figure 15.2 shows a comparison of upward looking Chipod-CTD (red) and 
downward looking RBR-Chipod data. In the top panel, all T signals 
represent the temperature variation during the entire cast. The RBR-
Chipod Tt signal (black line in the bottom panel) shows a distinct 
transition between the downcast and the upcast, which occurred at ~11:27 
AM. Compared to the downcast Tt signal, the upcast signal shows more 
noise, which seems linked to a signiﬁcant disturbance by the ascending 
CTD structure, i.e., 24 Bullister bottles, CTD and LADCP instruments, and 
the frame. The upward looking Tt signals (blue and red lines) do not show 
such distinct changes at the transition that may be related to the 
rotation of the CTD frame during the cast. The LADCP heading record shows 
the CTD rosette rotating much faster during the upcast compared to the 
downcast at most stations. Such spinning of the CTD frame implies the 
revolution of Tt sensors around the winch cable. Thus, false turbulence 
might be generated by the sensor protector and/or any structure nearby 
while the CTD frame is rotating due to the position of the sensors (see 
Figure 15.1), and measured by the sensors, yielding noise in the signal. 
However, the downward looking sensor, which is placed in the center of 
the CTD frame, may not be affected signiﬁcantly by the spinning of the 
CTD frame. Moreover, the rotation rate of the CTD frame during the 
downcast is less than that during the upcast. 


Figure 15.2: An example proﬁle of Chipod-CTD and RBR-Chipod data. The 
             blue and red lines indicate the ﬁrst and secondary upward 
             looking Chipod-CTD T/Tt, and the black line shows the 
             downward looking RBR-Chipod T/Tt at station 5 





16.  TRACE METAL PROGRAM  


Figure 16.2: A16S Sample distribution for stations 61-113 



Water Column Sampling 

627 water-column trace metal samples were collected at 53 stations and a 
test station using a dedicated trace-element rosette with 12 Teﬂon-
coated, 12 L General Oceanics GO-FLO bottles [Meas08] modiﬁed with the 
addition of curved Teﬂon tubing from the sample valve reaching the bottom 
of the bottle (for quantitative suspended matter sampling). Bottles were 
conditioned for 24 hours with sub-surface (approx. 1000 m) seawater 
collected during the test cast. Sub-sampling was conducted in a clean 
van. Bottles were ﬁrst sub-sampled for unﬁltered seawater samples 
(nutrients and salinity) then pressurized with ﬁltered, compressed air. 
Filtered trace metal sub-samples were collected by ﬁltration through 
acid-washed 0.4 µm polycarbonate track-etched 47 mm ﬁlters in 
polypropylene ﬁlter holders. 

Filtered subsamples collected in acid-washed 125 ml LDPE bottles were 
acidiﬁed to 0.024M HCl and analyzed shipboard for dissolved Al and Fe 
using ﬂow injection analyses [Resi94] [Meas95]. Replicate samples were 
collected at all depths for post-cruise analysis at FSU. Total suspended 
matter samples on 0.4 µm, 47 mm PCTE ﬁlters were rinsed immediately after 
collection with 15-20 ml DI water (adjusted to pH 8 with dilute ammonia) 
and stored for post-cruise analysis at FSU. 

Several planned stations (73, 75, 77, 91 & 93) were not sampled as a 
result of high winds and large swells that made launching from the stern 
A frame imprudent. Generally most samples were collected as planned, but 
on a few occasions bottles were found not to have tripped correctly as a 
result of a lanyard catching on various parts of the system. Initial 
problems with the signals from the SBE T probe were diagnosed as a 
problem of the probe itself, which was replaced with a spare at Stn 007. 
This probe had not been calibrated since its original use in 2004 and 
gave relatively high readings using the old calibration factors. It will 
be recalibrated after the cruise. The SBE O2 sensor started giving 
problems at station 021 and attempts to ﬁx this by changing cables etc. 
did not solve the problem. As there was no spare it was left on the 
rosette but the data are not correct. 

Preliminary values for dissolved Al concentrations are shown in Figure 
16.3 High surface values reﬂecting the inﬂuence of the Saharan plume and 
gyre transport systems are evident in the surface waters to approximately 
18°S. Continuing south, values decrease throughout the upper 1,000m. A 
small maximum between 200 and 400m between 32 and 41°S appears to be 
related to mode water formation. To the south of this latitude surface 
waters are extremely low reﬂecting the lack of aerosol inputs to the 
surface waters of this region. Both surface and sub-surface Al values 
increase again to the south of South Georgia Island in the tectonically 
active East Scotia Basin. 


Figure 16.3: A16S Stations 1-113. Preliminary shipboard FIA dissolved 
             Al in the top 1000 m. 



Aerosol Samples 

Aerosol samples (representing 25 separate deployment intervals) were 
collected using a Tisch-5170VBL High Volume sampler onto 12 Whatman-41 
(W41) mixed cellulose ester ﬁlters over 24-48 hour sampling periods. The 
sampler was automatically activated only when the wind was within 60° of 
either side of the bow (away from ship exhaust). Throughout the cruise, 1 
or 3 replicates were processed for instantaneously soluble elements 
[Buck06] and frozen for subsequent analysis at FSU. The remaining 
subsamples were stored frozen to be digested and analyzed for major and 
trace elements including Al, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb 
and others (FSU). While no samples were analyzed at sea, the ﬁlters were 
visually inspected for some indication of the composition of the aerosols 
collected. Filters from Stations 1-18 were colored grey, indicating a 
primarily anthropogenic composition, possibly biomass burning. The ﬁlters 
for the remainder of the cruise were only lightly loaded. 



Rain Samples 

Rainwater was collected using a trace element-clean funnel and bottle 
system in a tall bucket in an NCON automated wet deposition collector, 
where falling rain triggers a sensor to open the lid automatically. A 
minimum of 40 ml of rainwater is necessary to adequately sample a rain 
event for unﬁltered and ﬁltered trace elements, as well as major anions. 
Nine rain samples were collected of varying volumes (5-390 ml). There 
were no rain events north of 21.5°S. In addition, two snow samples were 
collected (57 and 60°S), with sufﬁcient volume to allow both ﬁltered and 
unﬁltered sub-samples and an aliquot for major anion determination to be 
taken. Trace elements and major anions will be determined in the home 
laboratory. 



Argo Float Deployments 

Fourteen Argo proﬁling CTD ﬂoats were deployed during this cruise at the 
request of WHOI and PMEL groups. These ﬂoats are part of the Argo array, 
a global network of over 3000 proﬁling ﬂoats. The ﬂoats are designed to 
sink to a depth of 1000m. They then drift freely at depth for ten days, 
before sinking to 2000m and then immediately rising to the surface, 
collecting CTD data as they rise. Conductivity (salinity), temperature, 
and pressure are measured and recorded at various levels (about 73 levels 
for Navis and every 2 decibars for the SOLOs) during each ﬂoat ascent. At 
the surface, before the next dive begins, the acquired data is 
transmitted to shore via satellite, along with a location estimate taken 
while the ﬂoat sits at the surface. The typical lifetime of the ﬂoats in 
the water is about four years. All Argo ﬂoat data is made publicly 
available on the web in real-time at 
http://www.usgodae.org/argo/argo.html. 

All SOLO ﬂoats were checked on the ship and started at least 8 hours 
before deployment, by passing a magnet over the ’reset’ area on the ﬂoat. 
The Navis ﬂoats were preprogrammed and did not require this before 
deployment. Each ﬂoat’s startup time was logged. When in position, each 
Navis ﬂoat was launched by carefully lowering it into the water using a 
hand-held line strung through the deployment collar. Each SOLO ﬂoat was 
deployed in the protective box the ﬂoat shipped with. Deployments were 
done after the completion of the CTD station nearest to the requested 
deployment location, immediately after the ship had turned, and begun its 
course to the next station and had reached a speed of approximately one 
knot. All fourteen ﬂoats were deployed successfully. An e-mail report was 
sent to WHOI or PEML, depending on who provided the ﬂoat, to report the 
ﬂoat ID number, ﬂoat start time, exact ﬂoat deployment time, location, 
wind speed, wind direction, sea state and deployer’s name(s). The 
following table shows the location of each Argo Float deployment made on 
GO-SHIP CLIVAR/CO2. 


    Number   Latitude     Longitude   Time(GMT)    Serial Number  
    ——————  ———————————  ———————————  —————————  ———————————————————
       1    lat: -06.00  lon: -25.00    07:19    WHOI_S2A-7190  
       2    lat: -08.00  lon: -25.00    14:38    WHOI_S2A-7191  
       3    lat: -10.00  lon: -25.00    19:55    WHOI_S2A-7192  
       4    lat: -12.00  lon: -25.00    00:13    WHOI_S2A-7198  
       5    lat: -14.00  lon: -25.00    08:09    WHOI_S2A-7182  
       6    lat: -17.00  lon: -25.00    04:15    WHOI_SOLO-1-1157  
       7    lat: -20.00  lon: -25.00    01:35    WHOI_SOLO-1-IR-1107  
       8    lat: -24.00  lon: -25.00    13:20    WHOI_SOLO-1-1159  
       9    lat: -38.00  lon: -26.55    19:00    PMEL_NAVIS-280  
      10    lat: -40.00  lon: -27.80    01:33    WHOI_SOLO-1-1163  
      11    lat: -42.00  lon: -29.03    07:14    PMEL_NAVIS-281  
      12    lat: -44.00  lon: -30.27    01:53    PMEL_NAVIS-163  
      13    lat: -46.00  lon: -31.52    08:57    WHOI_SOLO-1-1168  
      14    lat: -48.00  lon: -32.75    16:53    PMEL_NAVIS-285  



References 

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    measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means 
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Bern67. 
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Brad88. 
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Buck06. 
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Bull10. 
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Bull88. 
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Bull08. 
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    trace levels of sulfur hexaﬂuoride, chloroﬂuorocarbon-11 and 
    chloroﬂuorocarbon-12 in seawater,” Deep-Sea Res., 55, pp. 1063-1074 
    (2008). 

Carp65. 
    Carpenter, J.H., “The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the 
    Winkler dissolved oxygen method,” Limnology and Oceanography, 10, 
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APPENDIX 



Cast Bottom Data 

Foreach station/cast the following table shows the following information 
for the bottom of each cast, respectively: 

• Station/Cast Number 
• GMT Date and Time 
• Latitude and Longitude 
• Bathymetric Depth (meters) 
• Distance Above Bottom (via Altimeter reading, meters) 
• CTD Pressure of deepest bottle tripped (decibars) 


A ’-999’ for any of these values indicates either an instrument error or 
data was not given. 



                            A16S Cast bottom data

SSS/CC      Date & Time         Latitude & Longitude     Bathy   DAB   CTDPres  
                                                         Depth
——————  ———————————————————  ——————————————————————————  —————  —————  ———————
  1/2   2013-12-26 04:58:50   6  0.0984 S, 24 59.9886 W  5809     9.4  5905.6  
  2/1   2013-12-26 12:15:32   6 29.8620 S, 24 59.9934 W  5628     9.6  5715.5  
  3/2   2013-12-26 21:01:15   6 59.9298 S, 25  0.2556 W  5578    15    5661.5  
  4/1   2013-12-27 04:02:41   7 29.9802 S, 25  0.0006 W  5795     9    5885.9  
  5/2   2013-12-27 11:23:58   7 59.9364 S, 24 59.9550 W  5709  -999    5805.4  
  6/1   2013-12-27 19:19:59   8 29.9904 S, 24 59.9970 W  5739    10    5829.6  
  7/2   2013-12-28 03:13:05   8 59.9514 S, 25  0.0042 W  5691    10.3  5720.5  
  8/1   2013-12-28 10:00:19   9 30.0366 S, 24 59.8086 W  5783     9.3  5661  
  9/2   2013-12-28 17:46:44  10  0.0216 S, 25  0.0078 W  5406  -999    5517.7  
 10/1   2013-12-29 00:22:35  10 29.9880 S, 24 59.9898 W  5427    10.5  5495.8  
 11/1   2013-12-29 07:09:43  10 59.9406 S, 24 59.9934 W  5417  -999    5507.1  
 12/1   2013-12-29 14:25:33  11 29.9892 S, 24 59.9892 W  4331    10.5  4397.2  
 13/2   2013-12-29 21:59:57  11 59.9052 S, 24 59.9916 W  5808  -999    5914.3  
 14/2   2013-12-30 05:37:46  12 30.0318 S, 25  0.0078 W  5587     8.9  5686.7  
 15/1   2013-12-30 12:32:21  12 59.9544 S, 24 59.9802 W  5778  -999    5870.6  
 16/1   2013-12-30 20:50:18  13 30.0006 S, 25  0.0198 W  5158    10.4  5250.1  
 17/2   2013-12-31 05:48:23  14  0.0090 S, 25  0.0090 W  5922  -999    6019.5  
 18/1   2013-12-31 12:53:30  14 30.0270 S, 25  0.0492 W  5405    10    5487.7  
 19/2   2013-12-31 20:43:47  15  0.0024 S, 25  0.0066 W  5247    10    5322.9  
 20/1   2014-01-01 03:27:02  15 29.9646 S, 24 59.9940 W  4995    10.5  5072  
 21/1   2014-01-01 10:29:02  16  0.0288 S, 25  0.0900 W  5657    11.1  5746.5  
 22/1   2014-01-01 18:18:12  16 30.0204 S, 25  0.0042 W  5118    10.7  5193.8  
 23/2   2014-01-02 02:11:55  16 59.9988 S, 25  0.0024 W  5279     9.9  5342.9  
 24/1   2014-01-02 09:08:07  17 30.1356 S, 25  0.0006 W  5172    10.1  5246.3  
 25/2   2014-01-02 16:59:18  18  0.0198 S, 25  0.0042 W  5564    10.8  5649.6  
 26/1   2014-01-03 00:00:17  18 30.0138 S, 25  0.0048 W  5471    10.1  5613.8  
 27/1   2014-01-03 07:06:04  18 59.8368 S, 25  0.1008 W  5816     9.8  5929  
 28/1   2014-01-03 14:58:28  19 30.0300 S, 25  0.0036 W  5460    10.5  5550.7  
 29/2   2014-01-03 23:13:30  19 59.9676 S, 24 59.8722 W  6028    10.3  6133.8  
 30/1   2014-01-04 06:17:40  20 30.0072 S, 25  0.0042 W  5433    10    5521.8  
 31/1   2014-01-04 13:03:41  21  0.1134 S, 25  0.2466 W  5231    10    5301.6  
 32/1   2014-01-04 21:06:23  21 30.0306 S, 25  0.0084 W  5330    11.5  5416.1  
 33/2   2014-01-05 05:23:16  21 59.9874 S, 25  0.0078 W  5133    10.2  5217.1  
 34/1   2014-01-05 12:27:52  22 29.9958 S, 24 59.9934 W  5533    10.5  5616  
 35/2   2014-01-05 20:18:03  22 59.9598 S, 24 59.9802 W  5114  -999    5178.8  
 36/1   2014-01-06 03:10:19  23 30.0096 S, 25  0.0126 W  5435    11.9  5503.2  



SSS/CC      Date & Time         Latitude & Longitude     Bathy   DAB   CTDPres  
                                                         Depth
——————  ———————————————————  ——————————————————————————  —————  —————  ———————
 37/1   2014-01-06 10:17:16  23 59.9946 S, 25  0.0114 W  5619    10.9  5706.5  
 38/1   2014-01-06 17:55:02  24 30.0018 S, 25  0.0012 W  5217    10    5367.8  
 39/2   2014-01-07 01:42:07  25  0.0318 S, 25  0.0216 W  5430     9    5551.3  
 40/1   2014-01-07 08:19:06  25 29.7648 S, 25  0.2832 W  4981     9.8  5058.6  
 41/2   2014-01-07 15:48:08  26  0.0054 S, 25  0.0078 W  4897  -999    4966.9  
 42/1   2014-01-07 22:13:32  26 30.0666 S, 25  0.0834 W  4765     9.5  4837.4  
 43/2   2014-01-08 05:50:35  26 59.9868 S, 25  0.0090 W  4721    10.4  4784.9  
 44/1   2014-01-08 12:05:41  27 30.0426 S, 25  0.2964 W  4848     9.2  4911  
 45/2   2014-01-08 19:37:29  28  0.0030 S, 25  0.0126 W  5323  -999    5403.5  
 46/1   2014-01-09 02:14:57  28 30.0300 S, 25  0.1230 W  5307    10.3  5392.2  
 47/1   2014-01-09 08:47:36  28 59.9610 S, 25  0.1062 W  5031  -999    5107.5  
 48/1   2014-01-09 16:33:32  29 30.0180 S, 25  0.0006 W  5348     8.4  5431.1  
 49/2   2014-01-10 00:19:16  30  0.0144 S, 24 59.8512 W  5593  -999    5688.5  
 50/1   2014-01-10 06:56:31  30 30.0216 S, 24 59.9772 W  4675    10.3  4741.1  
 51/1   2014-01-10 13:06:29  31  0.1992 S, 25  0.0342 W  4537    10.2  4602.2  
 52/1   2014-01-10 20:31:04  31 30.0216 S, 25  0.0204 W  4494    10.3  4561.4  
 53/2   2014-01-11 03:49:37  32  0.0288 S, 25  0.0066 W  4321     9.6  4382.9  
 54/1   2014-01-11 10:05:38  32 30.0210 S, 24 59.9718 W  4158    12.1  4218  
 55/2   2014-01-11 17:22:01  33  0.0060 S, 25  0.0018 W  4586  -999    4643.6  
 56/1   2014-01-11 23:48:09  33 29.8098 S, 24 59.9100 W  4388     8.6  4446.9  
 57/2   2014-01-12 07:12:56  34  0.0138 S, 25  0.0282 W  4079    10.2  4140.2  
 58/1   2014-01-12 13:19:39  34 29.9802 S, 24 59.9598 W  3973     9.2  4022  
 59/2   2014-01-12 20:31:05  34 59.8614 S, 24 59.9916 W  4115  -999    4171  
 60/1   2014-01-13 03:11:22  35 29.9928 S, 25  0.0030 W  4113    11.8  4162.3  
 61/1   2014-01-13 10:04:30  36  0.0006 S, 25 18.0090 W  4039    10.3  4098.6  
 62/1   2014-01-13 17:57:07  36 29.9940 S, 25 36.0090 W  4093     9.9  4140.3  
 63/2   2014-01-14 01:59:39  36 59.9628 S, 25 53.9634 W  4126    10.5  4182.9  
 64/1   2014-01-14 09:19:19  37 29.9634 S, 26 12.0150 W  4195     9.3  4251.2  
 65/2   2014-01-14 17:15:01  38  0.0000 S, 26 26.3244 W  4068  -999    4117.3  
 66/1   2014-01-15 01:25:04  38 29.9178 S, 26 52.0212 W  4173    10.6  4233.9  
 67/1   2014-01-15 08:52:40  38 59.6754 S, 27  9.6684 W  4138  -999    4197.7  
 68/1   2014-01-15 16:19:26  39 30.0066 S, 27 29.0928 W  4502     9.2  4568.9  
 69/2   2014-01-15 23:46:46  39 59.9148 S, 27 48.0090 W  4301     8.1  4360.6  
 70/1   2014-01-16 06:22:31  40 29.9760 S, 28  6.0354 W  4360    10    4429  
 71/2   2014-01-16 14:00:22  41  0.7140 S, 28 24.2910 W  4328    10.5  4396.2  
 72/1   2014-01-16 21:00:14  41 30.0186 S, 28 42.9426 W  4355    10.6  4427  
 73/1   2014-01-17 05:15:59  41 59.9922 S, 29  1.9680 W  4437    12.6  4507  
 74/1   2014-01-17 14:24:56  42 30.0288 S, 29 20.8440 W  4506     9.7  4580.3  
 75/1   2014-01-18 08:40:21  43  0.2556 S, 29 38.6556 W  4479    14.1  4542.5  
 76/1   2014-01-18 16:51:51  43 29.9814 S, 29 57.7998 W  4689  -999    4763.1  
 77/1   2014-01-19 00:04:17  44  0.0888 S, 30 15.8160 W  4620     9.8  4692  
 78/1   2014-01-19 07:01:36  44 30.0048 S, 30 34.9896 W  5106     9.9  5202.5  
 79/1   2014-01-19 13:53:46  45  0.0012 S, 30 54.2496 W  4817    12    4899.9  
 80/1   2014-01-19 22:03:57  45 29.4738 S, 31 11.1168 W  5094    10.8  5181.4  
 81/2   2014-01-20 06:51:58  45 59.9454 S, 31 30.7794 W  5262     8.8  5346  
 82/1   2014-01-20 14:26:11  46 29.9196 S, 31 48.4728 W  5240  -999    5343.7  
 83/1   2014-01-20 21:53:32  46 59.9550 S, 32  7.4442 W  5179    16.3  5276.8  
 84/1   2014-01-21 06:47:25  47 30.5040 S, 32 27.4422 W  5352    25.5  5438.9  
 85/1   2014-01-21 13:44:46  48  0.4248 S, 32 46.6032 W  5325    27.1  5418.2  
 86/1   2014-01-21 21:50:55  48 30.1992 S, 33  4.0284 W  4961    17    5048.7  
 87/3   2014-01-22 13:37:33  49  0.3876 S, 33 22.1406 W  4940    85.3  5014.2  
 88/1   2014-01-22 20:54:52  49 30.2460 S, 33 40.3404 W  5176  -999    5273  



SSS/CC      Date & Time         Latitude & Longitude     Bathy   DAB   CTDPres  
                                                         Depth
——————  ———————————————————  ——————————————————————————  —————  —————  ———————
 89/2   2014-01-23 05:18:37  50  0.0462 S, 34  0.0090 W  5043     9.9  5132.5  
 90/1   2014-01-23 12:24:07  50 30.0756 S, 34 17.8866 W  4892    10.8  4969.8  
 91/1   2014-01-23 19:55:51  51  0.0264 S, 34 36.8706 W  5000     9.8  5089.7  
 92/1   2014-01-24 13:09:57  51 29.9664 S, 34 55.8840 W  4816     9.8  4897.6  
 93/1   2014-01-24 20:24:02  52  0.0018 S, 35 13.9800 W  4453    16.4  4528.6  
 94/1   2014-01-25 03:20:40  52 29.9886 S, 35 33.0000 W  3868    18    3928.3  
 95/1   2014-01-25 09:35:15  53  0.0564 S, 35 50.8296 W  3526     8.7  3575.8  
 96/1   2014-01-25 15:24:46  53 15.4182 S, 36  1.6608 W  3295  -999    3339.7  
 97/1   2014-01-25 19:26:51  53 25.9002 S, 36  6.9132 W  2716    14.4  2746.1  
 98/1   2014-01-25 23:44:27  53 35.6526 S, 36 12.6408 W  1779  -999    1796.6  
 99/2   2014-01-26 03:12:01  53 44.4006 S, 36 14.5884 W   923    10.5  923.8  
100/2   2014-01-26 05:49:12  53 51.0132 S, 36 22.9896 W   219    10.2  209.8  
101/1   2014-01-26 17:37:54  55 13.8114 S, 34 44.2662 W   177    15.4  170.4  
102/1   2014-01-26 19:34:02  55 16.0608 S, 34 37.7562 W   941    11.7  945  
103/2   2014-01-26 22:50:10  55 19.7742 S, 34 31.7706 W  1836     9    1849.4  
104/1   2014-01-27 03:11:56  55 35.9640 S, 34 10.9590 W  2210    15.3  2234.7  
105/1   2014-01-27 08:22:58  55 59.9526 S, 33 37.9692 W  2552  -999    2577.4  
106/1   2014-01-27 15:48:24  56 30.0036 S, 32 56.8896 W  3719    10.2  3778.3  
107/1   2014-01-27 22:32:00  56 59.9250 S, 32 17.2584 W  3703    15.9  3753.9  
108/1   2014-01-28 06:35:50  57 29.9832 S, 31 35.9508 W  3399    10.7  3439  
109/1   2014-01-28 13:13:06  58  1.6848 S, 30 54.7092 W  3554  -999    3607.3  
110/1   2014-01-28 20:05:32  58 30.0612 S, 30 55.7736 W  2926    15.9  2949.3  
111/2   2014-01-29 02:44:31  58 59.9448 S, 30 55.4226 W  3093    11    3141.3  




                    A16S Trace Metals Cast bottom data

SSS/CC      Date & Time         Latitude & Longitude     Bathy  CTDPres  
                                                         Depth
——————  ———————————————————  ——————————————————————————  —————  ———————
  1/1   2013-12-26 02:29:07   6  0.0690 S, 25  0.1380 W  5799   1022.6  
  3/1   2013-12-26 18:12:12   7  0.0108 S, 25  0.1446 W  5580    986  
  5/3   2013-12-27 14:00:38   7 59.9718 S, 24 59.9328 W  5708   1001.3  
  7/1   2013-12-28 00:47:40   9  0.0060 S, 25  0.1788 W  5619   1019.9  
  9/1   2013-12-28 15:29:05   9 59.9952 S, 25  0.1188 W  5426    999.3  
 11/2   2013-12-29 09:41:36  11  0.0510 S, 24 59.9412 W  5417    980.3  
 13/1   2013-12-29 19:37:47  11 59.9886 S, 25  0.0510 W  5808   1020.2  
 15/2   2013-12-30 15:06:39  12 59.9892 S, 24 59.8344 W  5779    977.6  
 17/1   2013-12-31 02:22:45  14  0.0486 S, 25  0.0390 W  5927   1000.2  
 19/1   2013-12-31 18:29:26  15  0.0210 S, 25  0.0768 W  5272    979.8  
 21/2   2014-01-01 12:59:43  16  0.0648 S, 24 59.9946 W  5667   1020.4  
 23/1   2014-01-01 23:51:50  17  0.0270 S, 25  0.0336 W  5245    990.3  
 25/1   2014-01-02 14:42:19  18  0.1080 S, 25  0.0228 W  5558    999.7  
 27/2   2014-01-03 09:37:10  18 59.8398 S, 25  0.0072 W  5799    981.3  
 29/1   2014-01-03 20:42:29  20  0.0804 S, 24 59.9682 W  6035   1021.8  
 31/2   2014-01-04 15:26:31  21  0.0672 S, 25  0.1434 W  5217    582  
 33/1   2014-01-05 03:04:48  21 59.9970 S, 25  0.0054 W  5093   1002.2  
 35/1   2014-01-05 18:02:49  22 59.8734 S, 25  0.2676 W  5099    979.9  
 37/2   2014-01-06 12:43:48  23 59.9820 S, 24 59.8920 W  5626   1022  
 39/1   2014-01-06 23:21:43  24 59.9946 S, 25  0.0708 W  5468    989.9  
 41/1   2014-01-07 13:36:42  26  0.0054 S, 25  0.2442 W  4894   1000.6  
 43/1   2014-01-08 03:36:13  26 59.9658 S, 25  0.2460 W  4767    979.6  
 45/1   2014-01-08 17:16:37  27 59.9148 S, 25  0.2160 W  5316   1025.1  
 47/2   2014-01-09 11:05:26  28 59.9262 S, 25  0.0522 W  5027    986.1  
 49/1   2014-01-09 22:00:03  30  0.2010 S, 25  0.0366 W  5606    998.1  
 53/1   2014-01-11 01:50:51  31 59.7330 S, 25  0.0840 W  4326   1021.5  
 55/1   2014-01-11 15:16:57  32 59.8302 S, 24 59.8932 W  4622    978.2  
 57/1   2014-01-12 05:15:33  34  0.0810 S, 24 59.9250 W  4027   1002.7  
 59/1   2014-01-12 18:36:47  35  0.1392 S, 24 59.9250 W  4112    979.8  
 61/2   2014-01-13 12:08:34  36  0.1674 S, 25 18.0360 W  4037   1021.5  
 63/1   2014-01-14 00:02:22  36 59.7768 S, 25 53.7684 W  4119    991.6  
 65/1   2014-01-14 15:13:57  37 59.5920 S, 26 26.1432 W  4069   1001  
 67/2   2014-01-15 11:01:24  38 59.8662 S, 27  9.7398 W  4136    980.7  
 69/1   2014-01-15 21:51:23  39 59.8692 S, 27 47.9166 W  4299   1022.4  
 71/1   2014-01-16 11:49:57  41  0.3744 S, 28 24.7746 W  4340    912.2  
 79/2   2014-01-19 16:22:57  44 59.9262 S, 30 53.8440 W  4843   1172.1  
 81/1   2014-01-20 04:31:36  45 59.5356 S, 31 30.6702 W  5254    978.1  
 83/2   2014-01-21 00:25:53  47  0.4320 S, 32  5.7234 W  5167    994.4  
 85/2   2014-01-21 16:17:32  48  0.4320 S, 32 48.3606 W  5346    990.5  
 87/1   2014-01-22 03:38:27  48 59.9646 S, 33 22.5834 W  4751   1002.7  
 89/1   2014-01-23 02:56:19  50  0.3960 S, 33 59.3682 W  5045    964.5  
 95/2   2014-01-25 11:34:24  52 59.9700 S, 35 50.8830 W  3526   1022.1  
 97/2   2014-01-25 21:10:46  53 26.0052 S, 36  7.2600 W  2622    991.7  
 99/1   2014-01-26 02:12:12  53 44.4018 S, 36 14.3940 W   935    895.2  
100/1   2014-01-26 05:16:04  53 50.9706 S, 36 22.3068 W   225    181.6  
101/2   2014-01-26 18:09:22  55 13.8822 S, 34 44.3514 W   177    146.5  
103/1   2014-01-26 21:34:48  55 19.7382 S, 34 31.6104 W  1847   1002.8  
105/2   2014-01-27 10:06:02  55 59.9844 S, 33 38.1882 W  2548    993.4  
107/2   2014-01-28 00:44:58  56 59.6286 S, 32 17.3688 W  3687   1021.1  
109/2   2014-01-28 15:19:43  58  1.7472 S, 30 54.6936 W  3553    992.7  
111/1   2014-01-29 01:00:07  59  0.0240 S, 30 55.1250 W  3095   1009.4  



Bottle Data Quality Code Summary and Comments 

This section contains WOCE quality codes [Joyc94] used during this 
cruise, and remarks regarding bottle data. 


                  A16S Water Sample Quality Code Summary

        Property       1    2      3   4   5   6   7  8  9  Total  
        ———————————  ————  ————  ———  ——  ——  ———  —  —  —  —————
        Bottle          0  3210   36  24   8    0  0  0  6  3284  
        Al             15   582    4  13   0    4  0  0  0  618  
        CFC-11          0  1285  374   5  38    0  0  0  2  1704  
        CFC-12          0  1659    3   2  38    0  0  0  2  1704  
        SF6             0  1655    7   2  38    0  0  0  2  1704  
        cf 13C/ 14C  1703     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  1703  
        density       113     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  113  
        Fe             15   579   10  10   0    4  0  0  0  618  
        3He           414     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  414  
        Ammonium     3261     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  3261  
        18O           254     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  254  
        O2              0  2634    0   5   3    0  0  0  0  2642  
        ph              0  2008   10  62  14  200  0  0  2  2296  
        pCO2            0   687    2   3   4    1  0  0  0  697  
        DIC             0  1941    4   9   3  317  0  0  1  2275  
        tAlk            0  1923   20  33  12  306  0  0  2  2296  
        13C/ 14C      524     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  524  
        Tritium       346     0    0   0   0    0  0  0  0  346  
        Nitrate         0  2588    0   1   2  661  0  0  9  3261  
        Nitrite         0  2567    0   1   2  682  0  0  9  3261  
        Phosphate       0  2588    1   1   2  660  0  0  9  3261  
        Silicic Acid    0  2602    0   1   2  647  0  0  9  3261  
        sAlt            0  3030    0   0   0  201  0  0  4  3235  


Quality evaluation of data included comparison of bottle salinity and 
bottle oxygen data with CTDO data using plots of differences; and review 
of various property plots and vertical sections of the station proﬁles 
and adjoining stations. Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of 
investigations into bottle problems and anomalous sample values are 
included in this report. Sample number in this table is the cast number 
times 100 plus the bottle position number. 



Table 16.3: A16S Bottle Quality Codes and Comments 

Station  Sample                 Quality 
 /Cast   Number   Property        Code   Comment 
———————  ———————  ————————————  ———————  ————————————————————————————————————————————————
001/02     201    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking.  
001/02     206    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking.  
001/02     206    Dissolved O2      4    Bottle value low for CTD up and down proﬁle.  
001/02     207    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking. Loose o-ring.  
002/01     101    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking.  
002/01     104    Total Alkalinity  9    Sample not drawn.  
002/01     104    pH                9    Sample not drawn.  
002/01     122    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking due to open vent.  
003/02     201    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking.  
004/01     109    Bottle            3    Spigot leaking.  
004/01     124    Dissolved O2      5    Sample lost.  
005/02   201-224  Bottle            4    All Bottles offset by one position.  
005/02     214    Bottle            4    Both Nutrients and Oxygen values are off. 
                                         Likely mistrip.   
005/02     214    Dissolved O2      4    Bottle value high for CTD up and down 
                                         proﬁle.  
006/01     106    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in top cap. Leaking (air in 
                                         sample).     
007/02     215    Bottle            3    Vent valve was open.  
008/01     108    Salinity          9    Sample not taken.  
009/02     109    Bottle            4    Bottle did not close. No samples.  
009/02     109    Bottle            4    Bottle did not close. No samples.  
009/02     109    Salinity          4    Bottle did not close. No samples.  
010/01     117    Bottle            3    Vent valve was open.  
011/01     101    Bottle            3    Vent valve was open.  
015/01   121-124  Bottle            2    Incinerator burning. Possible carbon 
                                         contamination.     
021/01   101-106  Bottle            2    No gloves worn during sampling.  
021/01     108    Bottle            3    Vent valve was open.  
021/01     108    Dissolved O2      4    Bottle value low for CTD up and down proﬁle.  
021/01     115    Bottle            3    Major Bottle leak.  
021/01     116    Bottle            3    Major Bottle leak.  
022/01     118    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close.  
025/02     213    Bottle            3    Slight leak. Bottle dripping.  
027/01     101    Bottle            3    Vent valve was open.  
028/01     102    Total CO2         2    DIC Bottle 303 is greaseless, without HgCl 2.  
028/01     104    Total CO2         2    DIC Bottle 304 is greaseless, without HgCl 2.  
029/02     206    Bottle            3    Spigot leaking.  
029/02     206    Dissolved O2      4    Bad oxygen value. Likely due to leak.  
029/02     206    Total Alkalinity  9    No sample taken due to the leak.  
029/02     206    Total CO2         9    No sample taken due to the leak.  
029/02     206    pH                9    No sample taken due to the leak.  
029/02     206    pcDissolved O2    9    No sample taken due to the leak.  
029/02     212    Salinity          9    No water left for sample.  
029/02     217    Salinity          9    No water left for sample.  
029/02     218    Bottle            5    Bottle did not close.  
030/01     118    Bottle            5    Bottle did not close. Carousel head changed 
                                         after sampling.   
030/01     124    Bottle            3    Bad Leak.  
035/02     206    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in top cap.  
035/02     208    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in top cap.  
036/01     101    Bottle            3    Bottle leaking.  
037/01     106    Bottle            3    Lanyard from Niskin 5 caught in top cap.  
037/01     106    Dissolved O2      4    Oxygen low. Likely due to leak.  
041/02     218    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close.  
042/01     118    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close.  
043/02     218    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close.  
044/01     118    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close.  
048/01   120-124  Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close. Computer error.  
051/01     106    Bottle            3    Bad leak.  
051/01     115    Bottle            2    Hands without gloves sampled.  
051/01     123    Bottle            2    Blackish residue on niskin nipple.  
061/01     101    Bottle            2    No gloves worn by 1 person.  
061/01     102    Bottle            2    No gloves worn by 1 person.  
061/01     122    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in Bottle cap. Leaking 
                                         bottle.  
069/02     215    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in top cap. Possible leak.  
070/01     118    Bottle            3    Leaking. 
072/01     122    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in cap. Leaking. 
072/01     122    Dissolved O2      5    Sample lost. 
075/01     122    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in bottle top cap. Leaking. 
076/01     122    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in bottle top cap. Leaking. 
083/01     116    Dissolved O2      5    Sample lost. 
091/01     122    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in Bottle cap. Leaking. 
093/01     118    Bottle            3    Leaking. 
094/01     101    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close but pin tripped. 
095/01     118    Bottle            3    Major leak. 
099/02     101    Bottle            5    Niskin didn’t close but pin tripped. 
103/02     218    Bottle            3    Leaking. 
107/01     121    Bottle            3    Bottle hit during recovery. Leaking. 
109/01     122    Bottle            3    Lanyard caught in Bottle cap. Leaking. 
111/02     218    Bottle            3    Leaking. 
112/01     118    Bottle            3    Leaking. 
112/01     122    Bottle            3    Leaking with vent closed. 
113/03     313    Bottle            2    Cigarette smoke. 
113/03     314    Bottle            2    Cigarette smoke. 





References 

Joyc94. 
    Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., “Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
    Programme Data Reporting,” Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91., 
    pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Ofﬁce, Woods Hole, MA, USA 
    (May 1994, Rev. 2). 





CCHDO Data Processing Notes 


•	File Online Carolina Berys
33RO20131223.exc.csv (download) #0269b 
Date: 2019-05-21 
Current Status: unprocessed


•	File Submission Robert Key
33RO20131223.exc.csv (download) #0269b 
Date: 2018-12-18 
Current Status: unprocessed 
Notes
File includes final C13 and C14 data. Previous submissions were 
missing two stations. Header edited accordingly.


•	File Online Carolina Berys
33RO20131223.exc.csv (download) #2deb1 
Date: 2018-08-06 
Current Status: unprocessed


•	File Submission Robert Key
33RO20131223.exc.csv (download) #2deb1 
Date: 2018-07-19 
Current Status: unprocessed 
Notes
Updated file with C14 and C13 added. There will eventually be carbon 
isotope data for 2 more stations (57 and 73).
Please do take this opportunity to clean up the header, particularly 
removal of the e-mail addresses!
thx


•	File Merge CCHSIO
33RO20131223_ct1.zip (download) #5bc5f 
Date: 2017-11-14 
Current Status: merged


•	File Merge CCHSIO
33RO20131223_nc_ctd.zip (download) #6eba1 
Date: 2017-11-14 
Current Status: merged


•	File Merge CCHSIO
2013A16S.TXT (download) #eb03a 
Date: 2017-11-14 
Current Status: merged


•	Merged CTDBEAMCP into CTD files CCHSIO 
Date: 2017-11-14 
Data Type: CTD 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
A16S 2013 33RO20131223 processing - CTD merge CTDBEAMCP into existing 
Exchange file

2017-11-14

CCHDO

Submission

filename      submitted by date       id  
------------  ------------ ---------- -----
2013A16S.TXT  Wilf Gardner 2017-06-01 12768

Changes
-------

33RO20131223_ct1.zip
       - merged CTDBEAMCP data from Wilf Gardner
       - removed TRANSM, no longer needed since CTDBEAMCP is available
       - changed FLUORM to CTDFLUOR
       - Separated the CTDFLUOR column into two columns: STNNBR 11,12 
are from a chloryphyll fluorometer (CTDFLUOR),  the remaining stations 
are from a CDOM (CTDCDOMFRAW) fluorometer
       - Changed units of CTDFLUOR from VDC to 0-5VDC
       - Changed units of CTDCDOMFRAW from VDC to 0-5VDC, although max 
is 5.3V
       - Station 41 did not have CTDBEAMCP data to merge,  so used 
fill values.
       - added header and unit comments
       - added cruise comments


Conversion
----------

file                    converted from       software               
----------------------- -------------------- -----------------
33RO20131223_nc_ctd.zip 33RO20131223_ct1.zip 0.8.2-48-g594e1cb


Updated Files Manifest
----------------------

file                    stamp            
--------------------- ----------------
33RO20131223_ct1.zip    20171114CCHSIO
33RO20131223_nc_ctd.zip 20171114CCHSIO

:Removed parameters: TRANSM, TRANSM_FLAG_W
:Merged parameters: CTDBEAMCP, CTDBEAMCP_FLAG_W
:Separated parameters: FLUORM into CTDFLUOR and CTDCDOMFRAW

opened in JOA with no apparent problems:
       33RO20131223_ct1.zip 
       33RO20131223_nc_ctd.zip

opened in ODV with no apparent problems:
       33RO20131223_ct1.zip

					
•	File Online Carolina Berys
2013A16S.TXT (download) #eb03a 
Date: 2017-06-01 
Current Status: merged


•	File Submission see
2013A16S.TXT (download) #eb03a 
Date: 2017-06-01 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Wilf Gardner's CTDBEAMCP final data to be merged


•	Exchange and netCDF files online Rox 
Date: 2015-03-30 
Data Type: O2_TCO2_PCO2 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
======================================================================
=======================================================
33RO20131223 processing - BTL/merge - BTLNBR_FLAG_W, CTDPRS, TCARBN, 
TCARBN_FLAG_W, PCO2, PCO2_FLAG_W, PCO2TMP, OXYGEN_FLAG_W
======================================================================
=======================================================

2015-03-30

R Lee

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Submission
==========

========================================= ============== 
========================== =============== ====
filename                                  submitted by   date                       
data type       id  
========================================= ============== 
========================== =============== ====
A16S2013_NiskinQCdataCCHDO.xls            Carolina Berys 2015-02-09 
19:03:20.415735 data_suggestion 6390
A16S_33RO20131223_TCO2_PCO2_final_hy1.csv Carolina Berys 2015-02-09 
19:03:48.652953 data_suggestion 6392
a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv           Carolina Berys 2015-03-09 
16:55:53.217389 data_suggestion 6439
========================================= ============== 
========================== =============== ====

Parameters
----------

A16S2013_NiskinQCdataCCHDO.xls
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS

A16S_33RO20131223_TCO2_PCO2_final_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS
- TCARBN [1]_
- PCO2 [1]_
- PCO2TMP

a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDOXY [1]_
- OXYGEN [1]_



.. [1] parameter has quality flag column
.. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data
.. [3] not in WOCE bottle file
.. [4] merged, see merge_

Process
=======

Changes
-------

a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- PH_TMP unit changed from 'DEG_C' to 'DEG C'

Merge
-------

A16S2013_NiskinQCdataCCHDO.xls
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Merged A16S2013_NiskinQCdataCCHDO.xls into 33RO20131223_hy1.csv 
using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.
- Updated parameters: BTLNBR_FLAG_W, CTDPRS


A16S_33RO20131223_TCO2_PCO2_final_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Merged A16S_33RO20131223_TCO2_PCO2_final_hy1.csv into 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.
- Updated parameters: TCARBN, TCARBN_FLAG_W, PCO2, PCO2_FLAG_W, 
PCO2TMP

a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Merged a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv into 33RO20131223_hy1.csv 
using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.
- Updated parameters: OXYGEN_FLAG_W

.. _merge:


Conversion
----------

======================= ==================== =======================
file                    converted from       software               
======================= ==================== =======================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
======================= ==================== =======================

All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= =================
file                    stamp            
======================= =================
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20150327CCHSIORJL
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20150327CCHSIORJL
======================= =================
					

•	File Submission Chris Langdon
a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv (download) #10b34 
Date: 2015-03-09 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: Ron H Brown
Woce Line: A16S
Note: None


•	As Received Carolina Berys 
Date: 2015-03-09 
Data Type:  
Action: Data available 
Note: 
The following data are now available As Received, unprocessed by the 
CCHDO.

http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/cruise/33RO20131223
	a16s_2013_final_discrete_o2.csv	
					

•	As Received Carolina Berys 
Date: 2015-02-09 
Data Type:  
Action: Data available 
Note: 
The following data are now available As Received, unprocessed by the 
CCHDO.

http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/cruise/33RO20131223
	A16S2013_NiskinQCdataCCHDO.xls	
					

•	As Received Carolina Berys 
Date: 2015-02-09 
Data Type:  
Action: Data available 
Note: 
The following data are now available As Received, unprocessed by the 
CCHDO.

http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/cruise/33RO20131223
	A16S_33RO20131223_TCO2_PCO2_final_hy1.csv	
					

•	File Submission Alex Kozyr
A16S_33RO20131223_TCO2_PCO2_final_hy1.csv (download) #96336 
Date: 2015-02-03 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223 
Ship: Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: A16S
Note: The final and public TCARBN and PCO2 data were submitted to 
CDIAC by Rik Wanninkhof on 20150202. 


•	File Submission Leticia Barbero
A16S2013_NiskinQCdataCCHDO.xls (download) #67f47 
Date: 2015-02-02 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: Ron Brown
Woce Line: A16S 2013
Note: Please use this file, which includes updated QC flags and 
corrected Niskin depths instead of the file I sent earlier today. 
Sorry for the mess!


•	ALKALI and PH_SWS update online in all formats Carolina Berys 
Date: 2015-01-28 
Data Type: ALKALI-PH 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
===========================================================
A16S 2013 33RO20131223 processing  - BTL/merge - ALKALI, PH
===========================================================

2015-01-28

C Berys

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Submission
==========

========================================== ============== 
========================== =============== ====
filename                                   submitted by   date                       
data type       id  
========================================== ============== 
========================== =============== ====
A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20150127.csv Carolina Berys 2015-01-27 
12:55:04.142401 data_suggestion 6380
========================================== ============== 
========================== =============== ====

Parameters
----------

A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20150127.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ALKALI [1]_ [4]_
- PH_SWS [1]_ [4]_
- CTDPRS
- PH_TMP


.. [1] parameter has quality flag column
.. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data
.. [3] not in WOCE bottle file
.. [4] merged, see merge_

Process
=======

.. _merge:

Merge
-----

A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20150127.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20150127.csv into 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.

:Updated parameters: PH_SWS, PH_SWS_FLAG_W, PH_TMP, ALKALI, 
ALKALI_FLAG_W

All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge. 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Conversion
----------

======================= ==================== =======================
file                    converted from       software               
======================= ==================== =======================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
33RO20131223hy.txt      33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
======================= ==================== =======================

All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= =================
file                    stamp            
======================= =================
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20150127CCHSIOCBG
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20150127CCHSIOCBG
33RO20131223hy.txt                       
======================= =================
					

•	File Submission Alex Kozyr
A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20150127.csv (download) #c7b99 
Date: 2015-01-27 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: A16S
Note: The ALKALI and pH flags were changed since last submission per 
PI request. Please, replace these data in the .hy file at CCHDO.


•	As Received Carolina Berys 
Date: 2015-01-27 
Data Type:  
Action: Data available 
Note: 
The following data are now available As Received, unprocessed by the 
CCHDO.

http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/cruise/33RO20131223
	A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20150127.csv	ALKALI/PH
					

•	Updated ALKALI, PH, DOC, TDN, NUTS, CFCs, bottle data online in all 
formats Carolina Berys 
Date: 2014-12-18 
Data Type: ALKALI-PH_DOC-TDN_NUTS_CFCs 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
======================================================================
==========
A16S 2013 33RO20131223 processing - BTL/merge - ALKALI, PH, DOC, TDN, 
NUTS, CFCs
======================================================================
==========

2014-12-16

C Berys

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Submission
==========

========================================== ================ 
========================== =============== ====
filename                                   submitted by     date                       
data type       id  
========================================== ================ 
========================== =============== ====
A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20140722.csv Alex Kozyr       2014-11-10 
00:00:00        data_suggestion 5654
A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final_v2.csv     Alex Kozyr       2014-11-11 
00:00:00        data_suggestion 5656
A16S_2013_NUTS_umol-kg_141112.txt          Eric Wisegarver  2014-11-12 
00:00:00        data_suggestion 5658
a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_8_dec_2014.txt         David Wisegarver 2014-12-08 
16:54:43.955708 bottle_exchange 6331
========================================== ================ 
========================== =============== ====

Parameters
----------

A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20140722.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS
- ALKALI [1]_ [4]_
- PH_SWS [1]_ [4]_
- PH_TMP [4]_

A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final_v2.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS
- DOC [1]_ [4]_
- TDN [1]_ [3]_ [4]_

A16S_2013_NUTS_umol-kg_141112.txt
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- SILCAT [1]_ [4]_
- NITRAT [1]_ [4]_
- NITRIT [1]_ [4]_
- PHSPHT [1]_ [4]_

a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_8_dec_2014.txt
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS
- CFC-11 [1]_ [4]_
- CFC-12 [1]_ [4]_
- SF6 [1]_ [4]_
- N2O [1]_ [3]_ [4]_
- CCL4 [1]_ [2]_ [4]_

.. [1] parameter has quality flag column
.. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data
.. [3] not in WOCE bottle file
.. [4] merged, see merge_

Process
=======

.. _merge:

Merge
-----

A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20140722.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20140722.csv into 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.

:Updated parameters: PH_SWS, PH_SWS_FLAG_W, PH_TMP, ALKALI, 
ALKALI_FLAG_W

A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final_v2.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final_v2.csv into 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.

:New parameters: DOC, DOC_FLAG_W, TDN, TDN_FLAG_W

A16S_2013_NUTS_umol-kg_141112.txt
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged A16S_2013_NUTS_umol-kg_141112.txt into 33RO20131223_hy1.csv 
using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.

:Updated parameters: PHSPHT, SILCAT, NITRAT, NITRIT, PHSPHT_FLAG_W, 
SILCAT_FLAG_W, NITRAT_FLAG_W, NITRIT_FLAG_W


a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_8_dec_2014.txt
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_8_dec_2014.txt into 33RO20131223_hy1.csv 
using hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2.

:Updated parameters: CFC-11, CFC-11_FLAG_W, CFC-12, CFC-12_FLAG_W, 
SF6, SF6_FLAG_W, N2O, N2O_FLAG_W 

All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge. 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Conversion
----------

======================= ==================== =======================
file                    converted from       software               
======================= ==================== =======================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
33RO20131223hy.txt      33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
======================= ==================== =======================

All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= =================
file                    stamp            
======================= =================
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20141218CCHSIOCBG
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20141218CCHSIOCBG
33RO20131223hy.txt                       
======================= =================
					

•	File Submission David Wisegarver
a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_8_dec_2014.txt (download) #1c4b2 
Date: 2014-12-08 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: Ronald H Brown
Woce Line: None
Note: None


•	Updated CFC data submitted Carolina Berys 
Date: 2014-12-08 
Data Type: CFC 
Action: submission 
Note: 
Updated CFC file received with correction to sample 101 station 94. 
Available as received.
					

•	As Received Carolina Berys 
Date: 2014-12-08 
Data Type:  
Action: Data available 
Note: 
The following data are now available As Received, unprocessed by the 
CCHDO.

http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/cruise/33RO20131223
	a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_8_dec_2014.txt	CFC
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-11-14 
Data Type: CFC 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s_2013_cfc_cchdo_13_nov_2014.txt
					

•	to go online David Wisegarver 
Date: 2014-11-13 
Data Type: CFCs 
Action: Submitted


•	File Submission Eric Wisegarver
A16S_2013_NUTS_umol-kg_141112.txt (download) #090f2 
Date: 2014-11-12 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: A16S
Note: None


•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-11-12 
Data Type: NUTS 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

A16S_2013_NUTS_umol-kg_141112.txt
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-11-12 
Data Type: DOC/TDN 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final_v2.csv
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-11-12 
Data Type: ALKALI/PH 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20140722.csv
					

•	Place Online, Merge Data, Updated Parameters Eric Wisegarver 
Date: 2014-11-12 
Data Type: NUTs 
Action: Submitted


•	File Submission Alex Kozyr
A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final_v2.csv (download) #75933 
Date: 2014-11-11 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: RONALD H. BROWN
Woce Line: A16S_2013
Note: This is a resubmission of final and public DOC/TDN data with 
some data and flag corrections. Please, replace the file submitted on 
20141110 with this one.


•	flag corrections Alex Kozyr 
Date: 2014-11-11 
Data Type: DOC/TDN 
Action: Re-submitted 
Note: 
This is a resubmission of final and public DOC/TDN data with some data 
and flag corrections. Please, replace the file submitted on 20141110 
with this one.
					

•	File Submission Alex Kozyr
A16S_2013_ALKALI_PH_SWS_FINAL_20140722.csv (download) #32f65 
Date: 2014-11-10 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: RONALD H. BROWN
Woce Line: A16S_2013
Note: The ALKALI and PH_SWS data were submitted by Frank Millero to 
CDIAC on 20140722. 


•	Final data, to go online Alex Kozyr 
Date: 2014-11-10 
Data Type: DOC/TDN 
Action: Submitted 
Note: 
The final and public DOC/TDN data were sent to CDIAC by Dennis Hansell 
on 20141110.
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-11-10 
Data Type: DOC/TDN 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

A16S_33RO20131223_DOC_TDN_final.csv
					

•	File Merge Carolina Berys
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #7c4c0 
Date: 2014-10-14 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
BTL


•	Fixed station 5 flags, bottle data online in all formats Carolina 
Berys 
Date: 2014-10-14 
Data Type: BTL-fix 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
=======================
33RO20131223 processing
=======================

2014-10-14

C Berys

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Process
=======
- replaced files

Directories
===========
:working directory:
  
/data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223/original/2014.10.14_BTL
-fix_CBG
:cruise directory:
  /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= =================
file                    stamp            
======================= =================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20141014CCHSIOCBG
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20141014CCHSIOCBG
======================= =================
					

•	Fixed station 5 flags, bottle data online in all formats Carolina 
Berys 
Date: 2014-10-14 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
======================================================================
===================
A16S 2013 33RO20131223 processing - BTL/merge - BTLNBR, SALNTY, CTDOXY 
flags at station 5
======================================================================
===================

2014-10-14

C Berys

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Submission
==========

============ ============= ========== ========= ====
filename     submitted by  date       data type id  
============ ============= ========== ========= ====
a16s_hy1.csv Alex Quintero 2014-06-20 BTL       1183
============ ============= ========== ========= ====

Parameters
----------

a16s_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- BTLNBR [1]_ [4]_
- CTDPRS
- CTDTMP
- CTDSAL [1]_
- SALNTY [1]_ [4]_
- CTDOXY [1]_ [4]_
- OXYGEN [1]_
- SILCAT [1]_
- NITRAT [1]_
- NITRIT [1]_
- PHSPHT [1]_
- CFC-11 [1]_
- CFC-12 [1]_
- SF6 [1]_
- TCARBN [1]_
- ALKALI [1]_
- PCO2TMP
- PH_TOT [1]_
- PH_TMP
- TRITUM [1]_ [2]_
- HELIUM [1]_ [2]_
- REFTMP [3]_
- REFTMP_FLAG [3]_
- SALTREF [1]_ [3]_
- N2O [1]_ [3]_
- PCO2 [1]_
- DOC [1]_ [2]_
- 14C_DIC [1]_ [2]_ [3]_
- OXY_18 [1]_ [2]_ [3]_
- SIGMA-THETA [3]_
- SIGMA-1 [3]_
- SIGMA-2 [3]_
- SIGMA-3 [3]_
- SIGMA-4 [3]_


.. [1] parameter has quality flag column
.. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data
.. [3] not in WOCE bottle file
.. [4] merged, see merge_

Process
=======

Changes
-------

33RO20131223_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- edits to header and added citation information

.. _merge:

Merge
-----

a16s_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged a16n_hy1.csv into 33RO201312239_hy1.csv using hydro 0.8.2-40-
g569f4c2.

:Updated parameters:  BTLNBR_FLAG_W, SALNTY_FLAG_W, CTDOXY_FLAG_W

All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge. 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Conversion
----------

======================= ==================== =======================
file                    converted from       software               
======================= ==================== =======================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 33RO20131223_hy1.zip hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
33RO20131223hy.txt      33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-40-g569f4c2
======================= ==================== =======================

All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Directories
===========
:working directory:
  
/data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223/original/2014.10.14_BTL
_CBG
:cruise directory:
  /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= =================
file                    stamp            
======================= =================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20141014CCHSIOCBG
33RO20131223hy.txt                       
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20141014CCHSIOCBG
======================= =================
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-06-23 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s_hy1.csv
					

•	File Submission Alex Quintero
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #7c4c0 
Date: 2014-06-20 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Fixed station 5 flags.


•	File Submission Alex Quintero
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #7c4c0 
Date: 2014-06-20 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: None
Note: Fixed station 5 flags.


•	Fixed station 5 flags. Alex Quintero 
Date: 2014-06-20 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Submitted


•	Exchange and netCDF files online Rox Lee 
Date: 2014-06-17 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
==================================
33RO20131223 processing - Citation
==================================

2014-06-17

R Lee

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Process
=======


Changes
-------
- Added citation instructions for data use


Conversion
----------

======================= ==================== ========================
file                    converted from       software                
======================= ==================== ========================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-128-g4494380
======================= ==================== ========================

All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Directories
===========
:working directory:
  
/data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223/original/2014.06.17_BTL
_RJL
:cruise directory:
  /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= =================
file                    stamp            
======================= =================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20140617SIOCCHRJL
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20140617SIOCCHRJL
======================= =================
					

•	File Merge cchdo_admin
a16s_final.sea (download) #e609a 
Date: 2014-06-06 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
BTL


•	File Merge Carolina Berys
33RO20131223su.txt (download) #c20ac 
Date: 2014-06-06 
Current Status: dataset 
Notes
SUM


•	File Merge cchdo_admin
a16s_final_ct1.zip (download) #281fd 
Date: 2014-06-06 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
CTD


•	File Merge Carolina Berys
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #c0e83 
Date: 2014-06-06 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
SUM


•	File Merge Carolina Berys
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #52436 
Date: 2014-06-06 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
BTL


•	Exchange, netCDF, and WOCE files online. SUM, CTD, and bottle with 
updated CTDO Carolina Berys 
Date: 2014-06-06 
Data Type: BTL-NUTS-CTDO-CTD 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
======================================================================
=======================================
A16S 2013 33RO20131223 processing - SUM/CTD/BTL/merge - CTDRAW, 
CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL, CTDOXY, THETA, SALNTY
======================================================================
=======================================

2014-06-06

C Berys

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Submission
==========

================== ================ ========== ========= ====
filename           submitted by     date       data type id  
================== ================ ========== ========= ====
a16s_final_ct1.zip Kristy McTaggart 2014-04-10 CTD       1153
a16s_final.sea     Kristy McTaggart 2014-04-10 BTL       1154
a16s_hy1.csv       Alex Quintero    2014-05-02 BTL       1164
a16s_hy1.csv       Alex Quintero    2014-05-13 BTL       1166
a16s.sum           Alex Quintero    2014-05-13 SUM       1168
================== ================ ========== ========= ====

Parameters
----------

a16s_final_ct1.zip
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS [1]_
- CTDTMP [1]_
- CTDSAL [1]_
- CTDOXY [1]_
- TRANSM [3]_
- FLUORM [3]_

a16s_final.sea
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS [4]_
- CTDTMP [4]_
- CTDSAL [1]_ [4]_
- SALNTY [1]_ [4]_
- CTDOXY [1]_ [4]_
- CTDRAW [3]_ [4]_
- THETA [3]_ [4]_

a16s_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS [4]_
- CTDTMP [4]_
- CTDSAL [1]_ [4]_
- SALNTY [1]_ [4]_
- CTDOXY [1]_ [4]_
- OXYGEN [1]_
- SILCAT [1]_
- NITRAT [1]_
- NITRIT [1]_
- PHSPHT [1]_
- CFC-11 [1]_
- TCARBN [1]_
- ALKALI [1]_
- PCO2 [1]_
- PCO2TMP
- PH_TOT [1]_
- PH_TMP
- TRITUM [1]_ [2]_
- REFTMP [1]_ [3]_
- DOC [1]_ [2]_
- CTDRAW [3]_
- SALTREF [1]_ [3]_
- CFC-12 [1]_
- N2O [1]_ [3]_
- SF6 [1]_
- HELIUM [1]_ [2]_
- 14C_DIC [1]_ [2]_ [3]_
- OXY_18 [1]_ [2]_ [3]_
- SIG0 [3]_
- SIGMA-1 [3]_
- SIGMA-2 [3]_
- SIGMA-3 [3]_
- SIGMA-4 [3]_

a16s.sum
~~~~~~~~

.. [1] parameter has quality flag column
.. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data
.. [3] not in WOCE bottle file
.. [4] merged, see merge_

Process
=======

Changes
-------

a16s_final_ct1.zip
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


a16s_final.sea
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- NOTE: Station 48, Cast 1, Samples 24 - 20 not present in CTDO 
update, original values remain

a16s_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- CTDPRS units changed from âDBARSâ to âDBARâ
- REFTMP units changed from âCâ to âDEG Câ, REFTMP_FLAG 
changed to REFTMP_FLAG_W
- REFTMP_FLAG_W changed from â-999.0â to â9â where data was 
also empty value
- PCO2 units changed from â/â to âUATMâthe
- SIGMA-THETA changed to SIG0
- NOTE: Several unrecognized parameters and units not as expected in 
parameter list
- NOTE: Station 48, Cast 1, Samples 24 - 20 not present in CTDO 
update, original values remain

a16s.sum
~~~~~~~~

.. _merge:

Merge
-----

a16s_final.sea, a16s_hy1.csv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Merged a16s_final.sea into a16s_hy1.csv using hydro 0.8.0-117-
g2f13399.

:New parameters: CTDRAW, CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL, CTDOXY, THETA, 
SALNTY, CTDOXY_FLAG_W, SALNTY_FLAG_W

All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge. 
33RO20131223_hy1.csv opened in JOA with no apparent problems.


Conversion
----------

======================= ==================== ========================
file                    converted from       software                
======================= ==================== ========================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-117-g2f13399
33RO20131223hy.txt      33RO20131223_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-117-g2f13399
33RO20131223_nc_ctd.zip 33RO20131223_ct1.csv hydro 0.8.0-117-g2f13399
======================= ==================== ========================

All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.

Directories
===========
:working directory:
  
/data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223/original/2014.06.06_BTL
-NUTS-CTDO-CTD_CBG
:cruise directory:
  /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223

Updated Files Manifest
======================
======================= ===================
file                    stamp              
======================= ===================
33RO20131223_nc_hyd.zip 20140604CCHSIOCBG  
33RO20131223hy.txt                         
33RO20131223su.txt                         
33RO20131223_nc_ctd.zip 20140410PMELNOAAKEM
33RO20131223_hy1.csv    20140604CCHSIOCBG  
33RO20131223_ct1.zip    20140410PMELNOAAKEM
======================= ===================
					

•	File Submission Carolina for Alex Quintero
33RO20131223su.txt (download) #c20ac 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Current Status: dataset 
Notes
SUM file


•	File Submission Carolina for Alex Quintero
33RO20131223su.txt (download) #c20ac 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Current Status: dataset 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: RONALD H. BROWN
Woce Line: A16S
Note: SUM file from Alex Quintero submitted via email on 2014-05-12


•	File Submission Alex Quintero
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #c0e83 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Exchange bottle. Fixed Oxygen Flags.


•	File Submission Alex Quintero
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #c0e83 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: NOAAS Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: None
Note: Fixed Oxygen Flags.


•	to go online Alex Quintero 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Data Type: SUM 
Action: Submitted 
Note: 
SUM file from Alex Quintero submitted via email on 2014-05-12
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Data Type: SUM 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s.sum
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Data Type: SUM 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s_hy1.csv
					

•	Fixed Oxygen Flags. Alex Quintero 
Date: 2014-05-13 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Submitted


•	File Merge Carolina Berys
A16S_Doc.pdf (download) #eec5c 
Date: 2014-05-08 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
CrsRpt


•	Maps created Rox Lee 
Date: 2014-05-08 
Data Type: maps 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
==============================
33RO20131223 processing - Maps
==============================

2014-05-08

R Lee

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Process
=======


Changes
-------
- Maps created from a16s_hy1.csv



Directories
===========
:working directory:
  
/data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223/original/2014.05.08_map
s_RJL
:cruise directory:
  /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a16/a16s_33RO20131223

Updated Files Manifest
======================
==================== =====
file                 stamp
==================== =====
33RO20131223_trk.gif      
33RO20131223_trk.jpg      
==================== =====
					

•	File Submission Alex Quintero
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #52436 
Date: 2014-05-02 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Updated bottle file with final CTD parameters from .sea file


•	File Submission Alex Quintero
a16s_hy1.csv (download) #52436 
Date: 2014-05-02 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: NOAAS Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: None
Note: This is the bottle file with the updated ".sea" parameters 
merged in.


•	to go online Alex Quintero 
Date: 2014-05-02 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Submitted 
Note: 
This is the bottle file with the updated ".sea" parameters merged in.
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-05-02 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s_hy1.csv
					

•	File Submission Alex Quintero
A16S_Doc.pdf (download) #eec5c 
Date: 2014-05-01 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Updated cruise report.


•	File Submission Alex Quintero
A16S_Doc.pdf (download) #eec5c 
Date: 2014-05-01 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: NOAAS Ronald H. Brown
Woce Line: None
Note: Updated cruise report.


•	updated Alex Quintero 
Date: 2014-05-01 
Data Type: CrsRpt 
Action: Submitted 
Note: 
Updated cruise report.
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-05-01 
Data Type: CrsRpt 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

A16S_Doc.pdf
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-04-24 
Data Type: BTL 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s_final.sea
					

•	Available under 'Files as received' CCHDO Staff 
Date: 2014-04-24 
Data Type: CTD 
Action: Website Update 
Note: 
The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.

a16s_final_ct1.zip
					

•	File Submission Kristy McTaggart
a16s_final.sea (download) #e609a 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
CTDO and bottle data file in .SEA format


•	File Submission Kristy McTaggart
a16s_final.sea (download) #e609a 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: RONALD H. BROWN
Woce Line: A16S
Note: These final CTDO and bottle salinity data are in .SEA format and 
should be merged into the a16s_hy1.csv file.  


•	File Submission Kristy McTaggart
a16s_final_ct1.zip (download) #281fd 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
CTD data files


•	File Submission Kristy McTaggart
a16s_final_ct1.zip (download) #281fd 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Current Status: merged 
Notes
Expocode: 33RO20131223
Ship: RONALD H. BROWN
Woce Line: A16S
Note: These CTD profiles should replace those submitted earlier today.  
These data files have been properly formatted.


•	final data, to go online Kristy McTaggart 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Data Type: CTDOXY 
Action: Submitted 
Note: 
These final CTDO and bottle salinity data are in .SEA format and 
should be merged into the a16s_hy1.csv file.
					

•	revised data set, to go online Kristy McTaggart 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Data Type: CTD 
Action: re-Submitted 
Note: 
These CTD profiles should replace those submitted earlier today.  
These data files have been properly formatted.
					

•	final data, to go online Kristy McTaggart 
Date: 2014-04-10 
Data Type: CTD 
Action: Submitted 
Note: 
These are final CTD profiles for A16S 2014.  The final bottle data and 
documentation will be submitted directly to Alex Q.
					

