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CRUISE REPORT: A12
(Updated JUN 2012)




HIGHLIGHTS



                          CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

          WOCE Section Designation  A12
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  06AQ20071128
                  Chief Scientists  Ulrich Bathmann/AWI
                             Dates  Wed Nov 28, 2007 - Mon Feb 4, 2008
                              Ship  r/v POLARSTERN
                     Ports of call  Cape Town - Cape Town

                                                 46° 29' 57" S
             Geographic Boundaries  3° 24' 40" W               3° 4' 55" E
                                                 70° 3' 58" S

                          Stations  78
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                             Recent Contact Info.:

                           Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bathmann
                            Alfred Wegener Institute 
    Am Handelshafen 12 • D-27570 Bremerhaven • (Building E-2155) • Germany
              Phone: +49(471)4831-1275 • Fax: +49(471)4831-1149
                         Email: Ulrich.Bathmann@awi.de










REPORTS ON POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH


The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2007/2008 (ANT-XXIV/2)


Edited by Ulrich Bathmann with contributions of the participants




HELMHOLIZ                       ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FOR
    GEMEINSCHAFT                POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG
                                In der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
                                D-27570 BREMERHAVEN
                                Bundesrepublik Deutschland


                                                            ISSN 1866-3192


NOTICE
The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued by the Alfred Wegener 
Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of 
Germany. They appear in irregular intervals.

They contain descriptions and results of investigations in polar regions and in 
the seas either conducted by the Institute (AWl) or with its support.

The following items are published:

• expedition reports (incl. station lists and route maps)
• expedition results (incl. Ph.D. theses)
• scientific results of the Antarctic stations and of other Awl research 
  stations
• reports on scientific meetings

The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Institute.

                The "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung"
              continue the former "Berichte zur Polarforschung"


* Anschrift / Address
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für              Editor in charge:
Polar- und Meeresforschung               Dr. Horst Bornemann
D-27570 Bremerhaven 
Germany                                  Assistant editor:
www.awi.de                               Birgit Chiaventone


Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are only 
available as web based open-access-publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de)
THE EXPEDITION OF THE RESEARCH VESSEL "POLARSTERN" TO THE ANTARCTIC IN 2007/2008 
(ANT-XXIV/2)


Edited by Ulrich Bathmann with contributions of the participants


Please cite or link this item using the identifier
hdl:10013/epic.34024 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.34024

ISSN 1866-3192








                                  ANT-XXVI/2



                      28 November 2007 - 4 February 2008


                             Cape Town - Cape Town
                                  Weddell Sea


                       Chief Scientist: Ulrich Bathmann



                          Koordinator I Coordinator

                              Eberhard Fahrbach



















Fig. 1.1: Fahrtverlauf/ Cruise Track ANT-XXIV/2


ITINERARY AND SUMMARY

The cruise departed from Cape Town on 28 November 2007 headed south to Neumayer 
performed research in the Lazarev Sea, steamed back to Neumayer and had another 
14 days research on its way north.

In total we sailed more than 7,600 nautical miles. From the 68 days (= 1632 
hours) at sea, we used 456 hours to deploy instruments, the rest was steaming 
time, transit or logistics. The cruise ended on 4 February 2008 in Cape Town. 
Our federal Minister for Science and Technology A. Schavan visited the ship with 
her South African counterpart N.C. Dlamini Zuma on 5 February in the afternoon.

The scientific programme centred on the IPY core programme ICED that provided
the umbrella for 3 IPY projects performed during this cruise. SCACE In 
combination with SYSTCO and LAKRIS contributed during the ANT-)XIV/2 expedition 
of Polarstern to a better understanding of upper ocean physical and biological 
processes influenced by sea ice and their linkage through the water column to 
the deep-sea abyss and its biogeochemistry and impact on biodiversity.

Main achievements were reached despite the intense constrains set by logistic
operation of Polarstern: The main results are:

• Determination of 700.000 km2 large ice-edge bloom; its physical causes and
  biological effects, e.g. the draw down of pCO2 in surface ocean waters from 
  380 to 300 ppmv (units).
• First biogeochemical in-situ measurement repeated after 7 weeks to investigate 
  the effect of phytoplankton bloom on benthos and demonstration that surface
  productivity is linked to the seafloor biogeochemistry in the high Antarctic.
• First biogeochemical sampling of deep-sea stations 12 nm apart in order to 
  look at small-scale heterogeneity in the sediment.
• Worldwide southernmost in-situ benthic flux measurement at 69°40.4'S (Polynia 
  station), with indication of high benthic activity.
• First sampling through the complete water column in the Southern Ocean from 
  surface and ice flora and fauna down to bathyal or abyssal depths (5 stations, 
  partly incomplete) as precursor for later programmes.
• Completion of year round sampling to study life cycle patterns of Antarctic 
  krill indicate strong correlation of krill abundance and success to sea ice 
  occurrence.

In detail

We observed an ice edge phytoplankton bloom. The bloom that Polarstern crossed 
in the eastern Weddell Sea was also clearly visible from space. As recorded by 
satellite-mounted ocean colour sensors it covered an area of about 700.000 km2, 
roughly two times the size of Germany. Measurements performed in the upper water 
column by a Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) probe revealed that the bloom 
developed in lenses of melt water left behind the seasonally retreating sea ice 
cover. Together with the chemical measurements made, the new data set will allow 
for a better quantification of the controversially debated role of ice edge 
blooms for the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Better understanding of the physical control of the regional distribution of 
marine life and of biological processes that influence the uptake of carbon from 
the atmosphere and its transport to the ocean interior and underlying sediments 
is also the aim of the IPY project SCACE, led by AWl oceanographer Volker 
Strass. For this project, the Synoptic Circum-Antarctic Climate-processes and 
Ecosystem study, physical, biological and chemical data where collected down to 
1,000 m depth every 55.6 kilometres (30 nautical miles) along a transect that 
extends over more than 2,600 km. The transect ran northward along the Greenwich 
Meridian from the Antarctic coast and crossed the major hydrographic features of 
the Southern Ocean, the Coastal Current, the Weddell Gyre and the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current. The SCACE transect represents a major German contribution 
to an international endeavour to perform in the Polar Year similar meridional 
transects in all sectors of the Southern Ocean, aimed at a circumpolar 
assessment of the present status of its climate and ecosystem.

The ANDEEP-SYSTCO team led by Prof. Angelika Brandt, University Hamburg 
investigated 5 deep-sea locations in detail. At 52°S the deep sea at the 
Southern Polar front is characterised by low diversity and abundance, in the 
macrofauna even after a slight plankton bloom in spring (revisit of stations 
after 7 weeks). The Eastern Weddell Sea and Lazarev Sea is generally poorer in 
species and abundance of organisms in the deep sea. Maud Rise (seamount) differs 
completely in taxon composition from the abyssal stations, perhaps due to the 
unique physical ocean characteristics including Taylor column influencing 
localised entrainment of larvae. Brooders, on the contrary, occur only as a 
minor fraction in the macrobenthic sample.

The LAKRIS project lead by Prof. Ulrich Bathmann, AWl, investigates the life 
cycle patterns of Antarctic Krill in the Lazarev Sea that is part of the 
Southern Ocean facing the Neumayer Station. Krill abundance was rather poor this 
spring, especially compared to the 2006 winter situation. Only in the regions 
north of 62°S abundant swarms of adult krill occurred and attracted many top 
predators, especially Minke and Humpback Whales. One Blue Whale was seen in the 
ice, where it should not occur.

The logistic operation to free the shelf ice for unloading the cargo vessel Naja 
Arctica that contained construction material for Neumayer III station is 
reported in detail in special reports. On 4 February, all cargo had been 
unloaded and the construction of the new base was up to full speed to secure the 
site before the next winter.


2.  SCACE: SYNOPTIC CIRCUM-ANTARCTIC / CLIMATE-PROCESSES AND ECOSYSTEM 
           STUDY - A PROJECT OF THE IPY -

    Volker Strass(1), Ulrich Bathmann(1),   (1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut
    Richard Bellerby(2) (not on board),        Bremerhaven, Germany
    Graham Hosie(3) (not on board)          (2)Bjerknes Centre University
                                               Bergen, Norway
                                            (3) Australian Antarctic 
                                               Division, Australia



Objectives


The overarching goal of SCACE is to use the outstanding chance provided by the 
International Polar Year (IPY) to collect in international collaboration a 
unique data set that can serve as a benchmark for comparison with existing and 
future data to identify and quantify polar changes. SCACE is listed as IPY 
project number 16 by the International Polar Year Programme Office
(http://classic.irw.orq/development/eoi/details.php?id=16;
for a German description of SCACE please see
http://www polarjahr.de/The-project.263+M54a708de802.0.html)

SCACE aims at welding together a broad range of ocean science disciplines in 
order to address currently elusive questions such as:

• Which physical, biological and chemical processes regulate the Southern   
  Ocean system and determine its influence on the global climate development?
• How sensitive are Southern Ocean processes and systems to natural 
  climate change and anthropogenic perturbations?

The Southern Ocean is critically involved in the machinery driving earth's 
climate. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects all the other oceans. 
Thus, it plays a major role in the global transports of heat and fresh-water and 
the oceanwide cycles of dissolved substances. It harbours a series of distinct 
ecosystems that displace each other with changing climate regimes. Upwelling of 
deep water masses results in an extraordinary high supply of plant 
macronutrients, which could sustain much higher phytoplankton primary production 
and hence CO2 uptake than normally observed. While the Southern Ocean exerts a 
control on earth's climate, it is itself sensitive to climatic changes, which 
may occur on various time scales and affect the biota. There are, however, also 
direct anthropogenic influences on the ecosystem, for instance by harvesting 
marine living resources such as krill.

Although much progress has been made during the last decades in documenting the 
Southern Ocean hydrographic and biographic features, in quantifying fluxes and 
in understanding the dominating forcing, there is still a big gap in knowledge, 
especially with regard to the interaction of physical, chemical and biological 
processes. While this gap in knowledge is basically due to the remoteness of the 
area and its inhospitality for humans, it is also due to the fragmentation of 
research as carried out usually. Collaboration across the traditional boundaries 
between the physical, chemical and biological disciplines of the marine sciences 
is hence an essential element of SCACE.

By cooperation with the ocean circulation IPY lead project CASO (Climate in 
Antarctica and the Southern Ocean) and by coordination under the umbrella of the 
biogeochemistry lead project ICED (Integrated Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics), 
SCACE strives for performing in the same season and year meridional sections 
that extend from the Antarctic continent and cross the ACC at several key 
longitudes. Such synoptic circumpolar assessment is the only way to document the 
current state of the environment without bias introduced by interannual 
variability.

With regard to the processes that potentially exert a control on global climate, 
SCACE is aimed at obtaining new insights into the coupling between atmospheric 
forcing of the mixed layer dynamics, phytoplankton primary production in the 
nearsurface euphotic zone, the flow of energy from the primary producers through 
the food web, and subsequently the transport of biogenically fixed carbon to the 
deep ocean layers and the sea floor. Assessing the vertical transport of 
biogenic carbon, hence providing an indication of carbon sequestration from the 
atmosphere, is one of the particular objectives of SCACE. By cooperation with 
the IPY biodiversity lead project ANDEEP-SYSTCO (chapter 14) and the related DFG 
project DOMINO (chapter 16), which are focused on benthic biology and sediment 
geochemistry, respectively, SCACE is extending the investigation of the vertical 
carbon flux into the benthic biota and the sediment. Vice versa, SCACE provides 
ANDEEP-SYSTCO with information about processes and fluxes from the atmosphere-
ocean interface through the whole watercolumn overlaying the seafloor.

Work at sea

A significant part of the measurements performed during Polarstern cruise ANT-
XXIV/2 constitutes the German contribution to SCACE. The SCACE data set 
comprises physical measurements made with a CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, 
Depth) probe at hydrographic stations, from which vertical profiles of the state 
variables temperature, salinity and density are derived. The CTD range of 
variables is extended by accessory instruments such as a chlorophyll-sensitive 
fluorometer to provide an indication of the abundance of phytoplankton, a 
transmissiometer to measure the attenuation of light, which in the open ocean is 
determined by the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), and an 
oxygen sensor. The CTD measurements are described in more detail in section 
chapter 3. Samples taken from the carousel bottle water sampler attached to the 
CTD were used for chemical analyses performed to give the concentrations of the 
plant nutrients nitrate and silicate, of dissolved inorganic carbon and 
alkalinity, and of oxygen. A more rigorous description of the chemical 
measurements is provided in chapter 16. Also biological data, such as the 
concentration of phytoplankton pigments, of POC, and occasionally of the 
phytoplankton species composition, were collected from the CTD bottles. For 
details of the biological measurements see chapter 5.

Hydrographic stations pertinent to SCACE are aligned at half a degree of 
latitude intervals along the Greenwich Meridian between the Antarctic 
continental shelf edge at 69.6°S and the northern flank of the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current at 46.5°S. Stations south of 62°S along the Greenwich 
Meridian also constitute a contribution to LAKRIS, the BMBF-funded Lazarev Sea 
Krill Study, while all hydrographic stations along the 3°E and 3°W meridians 
constitute a contribution to both SCACE and LAKRIS. For a map of the station 
positions see Fig. 2.1.


Fig. 2.1: Positions of CTD stations performed as a contribution to SCACE 
          and, south of 62°S, as a contribution to SCACE as well as to 
          LAKRIS


The majority of the biological measurements for SCACE were obtained with 
different types of plankton nets, deployed for vertical hols as well as for 
horizontal tows near the hydrographic stations. The various nets, their 
deployment position and the suite of data collected by them are described in 
chapter 7.

Overall, only less than half of the planned measurements at hydrographic 
stations could however be performed because ten days of shiptime had to be 
sacrificed by marine science for the sake of ice breaker support by Polarstern 
for a freighter carrying construction material for the new German Antarctic Base 
Neumayer III. In consequence, the CTD was mostly lowered just to 1,000 m depth 
instead of down to the sea floor; the section worked southward along 3°E had to 
be stopped before the continental shelf break was reached; the Greenwich 
Meridional section could not be conducted northward enough to extend to the 
north of the Subantarctic Front, i.e. to fully cover the width of the ACC; and 
plankton nets could not be deployed as frequently as originally intended.

Less affected by the rededication of shiptime than the hydrographic station work 
was the collection of data in quasi continuous mode. Physical data, consisting 
of vertical profiles of ocean currents down to about 250 m, were obtained almost 
continuously with the vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP; 
detailed description in chapter 3 'underway measurements of ocean currents') 
while operating outside of national Exclusive Economic Zones (South African EEZ 
in case of this cruise). Other physical data, such as sea-surface temperature 
and salinity as well as various meteorological variables were collected and 
stored by the Polarstern Data Acquisition System, PODAS. Quasi continuous data 
of the zooplankton assemblage have been obtained from the vessel-mounted multi-
frequency echosounder Simrad EK-60 (details in chapter 35). Quasi continuous 
measurements of the zooplankton assemblage at a nominal depth of 10 m have also 
been obtained with a continuous plankton recorder (CPR; for details see chapter 
6). The CPR was towed during periods of long-distance steaming, at the begin of 
the cruise after leaving the South African EEZ on the way towards Neumayer Base 
and at the end of the cruise after the final CTD station on the way back to the 
South African EEZ.

Preliminary results

A scientific highlight contained in the SCACE data set certainly is the 
documentation of an ice edge bloom that occupied an area of approximately 
700,000 km2 as revealed by satellite remote imaging (chlorophyll concentration 
from the official ESA MERIS satellite data algal-I level-2 product composed to 
maps by 1. Dinter (Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen) and A. Bracher 
(Awl, Bremerhaven); personal communication). For a first impression of the 
collected data see chapter 3 'hyd rogra hic station work' and chapter 4 
'underway measurements of ocean currents'.





3.  PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: MEASUREMENTS AT HYDROGRAPHIC STATIONS

    Volker Strass(1),           (1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut,
    Silvia Maßmann(1),             Bremerhaven, Germany
    Falk Richter(1),            (2)University of Liverpool,
    Daniela Ewe(1),                United Kingdom
    Mark Olischläger(1),        (3)Optimare Sensorsysteme AG,
    Harry Leach(2)                 Bremerhaven
    Timo Witte(3)




Objectives and work at sea

Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and density were derived from 
measurements made by lowering a CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth) probe 
at hydrographic stations. The CTD used was of type Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 
plus, supplemented by an oxygen sensor type SBE 43 and additional instruments 
such as an altimeter (Benthos PSA-916) to measure the distance to the sea floor, 
a transmissiometer type Wet Labs C-Star (660 nm wavelength) to measure the 
attenuation of light, which in the open ocean is indicative of the concentration 
of particulate organic carbon (POC), and a chlorophyll-sensitive fluorometer 
(Dr. Haardt BackScat). The temperature and conductivity sensors (two pairs of 
sensors) were calibrated at the factory prior to the cruise to an accuracy of 
better than 0.001°C and 0001 S m(^-1), respectively. They will be sent to the 
manufacturer after the cruise for recalibration. The CTD data, as well as the 
data taken by the additional sensors and instruments, at present are thus to be 
considered preliminary, subject to a later correction for possible temporal 
drifts and to calibration in absolute units.

The CTD was mounted with a multi-bottle water sampler type Sea-Bird SBE 32 
Carousel holding 24 12-liter bottles. Salinity derived from the CTD measurements 
will later be re-calibrated by comparison to salinity samples taken from the 
water bottles, which were analyzed by use of a Guildline-Autosal-8400A 
salinometer to an accuracy generally better than 0001 units on the practical 
salinity scale, adjusted to IAPSO Standard Seawater. The water bottles also 
served to supply several other working groups on board with samples. Water 
samples have, for instance, been taken to be analyzed for the concentrations of 
particulate organic carbon (POC) and of phytoplankton pigments such as 
chlorophyll (see chapter 5). The bottle data of oxygen, POC and chlorophyll 
will, once finally analyzed, be also used for the calibration of the respective 
CTD sensors and instruments.

All together, 95 CTD casts were carried out (see Table 3.1). Of these, 24 
extended to full ocean depth while the others were limited mostly to the upper 
1,000 m of the water column, including 17 at which the CTD was lowered to just 
250 m. The CTD stations were distributed along three meridional sections (see 
Table 3.2) running along 3°W, 0°E and 3°E. The distance between stations along 
the meridional sections was nominally 30 nm.


Tab. 3.1: List of CTD Stations

                                        minimum
                                        distance  
                                  NBS      to               Start          at depth        Stop
           Latitude   Longitude  depth   bottom   Pmax    [dd.mm.yy       [dd.mm.yy      [dd.mm.yy
Stn  Cast     [°]        [°]       [m]     [m]    [dbar]     hh:mm]          hh:mm]         hh:mm]
---  ---- ----------  ---------  -----  -------- ------ --------------  --------------  --------------
13    4   -52.035900  -0.016883     -      -       252  05.12.07 13:56  05.12.07 14.06  05.12.07 14:20
13    6   -52.037300  -0.016633   2995   16.00    2993  05.12.07 17:00  05.12.07 18:00  05.12.07 19:21
13   10   -52.036783  -0.017083   2996     -      2999  05.12.07 22:45  05.12.07 23.52  06.12.07 01:17
17    5   -70.066200  -3.411083     -      -      2038  22.12.07 02:09  22.12.07 03:00  22.12.07 03:49
17    8   -70.055933  -3.430400     -      -       253  22.12.07 06:41  22.12.07 06:50  22.12.07 07:04
18    1   -69.536983  -2.889333     -      -      1003  23.12.07 07:35  23 12.07 07:57  23.12.07 08:24
19    4   -69.071867  -3.011317   3641    8.99    3656  23.12.07 19:42  23.12.07 20:55  23.12.07 22:23
20    1   -68.486217  -2.905000     -      -      1000  24.12.07 06:47  24 12.07 07:10  24.12.07 07:46
21    2   -67.930367  -2.952183   4151    8.28    4186  25.12.07 08:39  25.12.07 10:00  25.12.07 11:18
21    5   -67.918167  -2.873000     -      -       251  25.12.07 14:39  25.12.07 14:48  25.12.07 15:03
22    1   -67.515683  -3.002933     -      -      1002  25.12.07 20:23  25.12.07 20:49  25.12.07 21:15
23    1   -66.972867  -3.074867   4486    9.30    4534  26.12.07 05:01  26.12.07 06:26  26.12.07 07:50
24    1   -66.477733  -2.956167     -      -      1001  26.12.07 13:58  26 12.07 14:21  26.12.07 14:47
25    3   -66.010233  -3.044800   4785    8.91    4854  26.12.07 20:22  26.12.07 21:56  26.12.07 23:30
25    6   -66.002400  -3.005617     -      -       250  27.12.07 02:48  27.12.07 02:57  27.12.07 03:12
26    1   -65.500217  -3.004117     -      -      1002  27.12.07 06:17  27.12.07 06:42  27.12.07 07:06
27    1   -65.003283  -2.999300   5047    9.01    5122  27.12.07 11:07  27.12.07 12:45  27.12.07 14:11
28    2   -64.503650  -3.001250     -      -      1001  27.12.07 20:03  27.12.07 20:26  27.12.07 20:54
29    1   -63.975850  -2.951083   5190    8.90    5272  28.12.07 01:47  28.12.07 03:28  28.12.07 05:03
29    6   -63.966333  -2.935700     -      -       251  28.12.07 10:00  28.12.07 10:09  28.12.07 10:20
30    1   -63.520817  -3.023683     -      -      1001  28.12.07 13:44  28.12.07 14:06  28.12.07 14:33
31    1   -63.001000  -2.999633   5274    9.60    5360  28.12.07 19:24  28.12.07 21:03  28.12.07 22:39
32    1   -62.499950  -2.997717     -      -      1001  29.12.07 05:43  29.12.07 06:06  29.12.07 06:36
33    4   -62.011433  -2.966967   5335    8.50    5425  29.12.07 13:27  29.12.07 15.07  29.12.07 16:39
33    6   -62.010933  -2.962333     -      -       252  29.12.07 19:07  29.12.07 19.16  29.12.07 19:31
34    2   -62.000050   3.000433   5378    8.30    5470  01.01.08 10:34  01.01.08 12:18  01.01.08 14:08
34    4   -61.999933   3.000367     -      -       253  01.01.08 16:28  01.01.08 16:36  01.01.08 16:48
35    2   -62.487150   3.005250     -      -      1002  01.01.08 22:17  01.01.08 22:41  01.01.08 23:06
36    3   -63.014750   2.980617   5358    9.82    5448  02.01.08 04:43  02.01.08 06:26  02.01.08 07:58
37    2   -63.488550   3.007700     -      -      1001  02.01.08 14:42  02.01.08 15:05  02.01.08 15:30
38    2   -63.995500   2.986163   2831    8.69    2823  02.01.08 20:17  02.01.08 21:14  02.01.08 22:11
39    3   -64.491083   2.848433   2141    9.67    2122  03.01.08 04:32  03.01.08 05:15  03.01.08 05:57
39    8   -64.476333   2.983833     -      -       251  03.01.08 13:52  03.01.08 14:01  03.01.08 14:14
40    1   -65.000200   2.998300   2410    9.70    2395  04.01.08 13:14  04.01.08 14:02  04.01.08 14:47
41    1   -65.502617   2.995500     -      -      1002  04.01.08 19:50  04.01.08 20:12  04.01.08 20:41
42    2   -66.001917   2.986283   3351    6.90    3497  05.01.08 01:37  50.01.08 02:47  05.01.08 03:54
42    4   -66.008117   2.980200     -      -       251  05.01.08 06:23  05.01.08 06:31  05.01.08 06:43
43    2   -66.512200   3.081967     -      -      1002  05.01.08 14:20  05.01.08 14:43  05.01.08 15:11
44    2   -67.005167   3.015183   3232    7.13    3234  05.01.08 20:24  05.01.08 21:25  05.01.08 22:24
45    1   -67.490167   2.995083     -      -      1001  06.01.08 03:31  06.01.08 03:53  06.01.08 04:18
46    3   -67.999650   2.996567   4526    9.99    4576  06.01.08 10:10  06.01.08 11:42  06.01.08 13:05
49    3   -69.09183    0.001583   1509    9.00    1493  17.01.08 08:52  17.01.08 09:30  17.01.08 10:03
49    6   -69.588850  -0.045567     -      -       251  17.01.08 11:52  17.01.08 12:01  17.01.08 12:16
50    2   -69.004450  -0.012000   3378    9.80    3387  17.01.08 17:50  17.01.08 18:54  17.01.08 19:56
50    6   -69.012267   0.025583     -      -       256  17 01.08 23:12  17.01.08 23:21  17.01.08 23:31
51    2   -68.486900   0.028017   4258    8.70    4298  18.01.08 05:37  18.01.08 06:58  18.01.08 08:17
52    3   -67.992517  -0.084950     -      -      1002  18.01.08 13:16  18.01.08 13:38  18.01.08 14:03
52    5   -68.002550  -0.105583     -      -       251  18.01.08 16:35  18.01.08 16:44  18.01.08 16.57
53    2   -67.508433   0.005083     -      -      1001  18.01.08 21:42  18.01.08 22:05  18.01.08 22:33
54    1   -67.000700  -0.009000     -      -      1002  19.01.08 02:33  19.01.08 02:55  19.01.08 03:19
55    1   -66.499400   0.004633     -      -      1002  19.01.08 08:50  19.01.08 09:12  19.01.08 09:41
56    2   -66.002650  -0.001833     -      -      2003  19.01.08 14:34  19.01.08 15:14  19.01.08 16:04
56    4   -66.005067   0.002150     -      -       252  19.01.08 18:29  19.01.08 18:37  19.01.08 18:49
57    2   -65.513800  -0.002167     -      -      1001  19.01.08 23:55  20.01.08 00:21  20.01.08 00:49
58    3   -65.004383  -0.007250   3744    9.50    3765  20.01.08 05:56  20.01.08 07:08  20.01.08 08:16
58    6   -65.003500  -0.014033     -      -       252  20.01.08 09:55  20.01.08 10:03  20.01.08 10:15
59    1   -64.501867  -0.001583     -      -      1001  20.01.08 13:26  20.01.08 13:48  20.01.08 14:16
60    1   -64.003850  -0.002633     -      -      1003  20.01 08 20:28  20.01.08 20:50  20.01.08 21:15
61    1   -63.501717  -0.000917     -      -      1001  21.01.08 02:49  21.01.08 03:10  21.01.08 03:39
62    3   -62.998017   0.014000     -      -      2003  21.01.08 09:10  21.01.08 09:52  21.01.08 10:37
62    5   -62.995650  -0.246600     -      -       251  21.01.08 15:28  21.01.08 15:37  21.01.08 15:53
63    2   -62.502683  -0.005433     -      -      1001  21.01.08 20:53  21.01.08 21:07  21.01.08 21:38
64    4   -62.019883  -0.073767     -      -      2002  22.01 00 80253  22.01.08 03:32  22.01.08 04:15
64    6   -62.021050  -0.077450     -      -       251  22.01.08 06:40  22.01.08 06:48  22.01.08 07:00
65    1   -61.500917  -0.002150     -      -      1002  22.01.08 11:43  22.01.08 12:06  22.01.08 12:37
66    1   -60.998550   0.000317     -      -      1001  22.01.08 16:37  22.01.08 16:58  22.01.08 17:23
67    1   -60.502333   0.000033     -      -      1002  22.01.08 22:07  22.01.08 22:31  22.01.08 22:56
68    1   -59.998300   0.004017   5355    9.10    5447  23.01.08 02:41  23.01.08 04:25  23.01.08 06:17
69    1   -59.500350   0.004200     -      -      1002  23.01.08 17:42  23.01.08 18:07  23.01.08 18:32
70    1   -59.004083   0.001417     -      -      1002  23.01.08 21:41  21.01.08 22:04  21.01.08 22:27
71    1   -58.499267  -0.001217     -      -      1003  24.01.08 02:19  24.01.08 02:40  24.01.08 03:07
72    1   -58.008633  -0.006100     -      -      1001  24.01.08 06:24  24.01.08 06:47  24.01.08 07:14
73    1   -57.504733   0.002133     -      -      1001  24.01.08 11:42  24.01.08 12:08  24.01.08 12:36
74    1   -57.000150  -0.001317     -      -      1001  24.01.08 16:36  24.01.08 16:58  24.01.08 17:22
75    1   -56.500950   0.005050     -      -      1002  24.01.08 21:34  24.01.08 21:57  24.01.08 22:25
76    1   -55.999783   0.003100     -      -      1004  25.01.08 01:35  25.01.08 01:58  25.01.08 02:27
77    1   -55.499750   0.001650     -      -      1002  25.01.08 06:17  25.01.08 06:39  25.01.08 07:03
78    1   -55.001600   0.000317     -      -      1003  25.01.08 10:11  25.01.08 10:32  25.01.08 10:56
79    1   -54.493500  -0.003267     -      -      1002  25.01.08 14:49  25.01.08 15:12  25.01.08 15:43
80    1   -53.999800  -0.001383     -      -      1003  25.01.08 18:49  25.01.08 19:10  25.01.08 19:35
81    1   -53.503333   0.007100     -      -      1003  25.01.08 23:30  25.01.08 23:53  26.01.08 00:28
82    1   -53.000833   0.001950     -      -      1002  26.01.08 03:47  26.01.08 04:08  26.01.08 04:37
83    1   -52.500983   0.003017     -      -      1003  26.01.08 08:47  26.01.08 09:13  26.01.08 09:44
84    3   -52.196550  -0.107917   3001   11.00    3004  26.01.08 16:00  26.01.08 16:58  26.01.08 18:30
85    4   -52.019983   0.006833     -      -       503  26.01.08 22:16  26.01.08 22:29  26.01.08 22:44
86    1   -51.010250  -0.063067     -      -      1001  28.01.08 14.15  28.01.08 14:36  28.01.08 15:03
87    1   -50.501317   0.000933     -      -      1001  28.01.08 18:45  28.01.08 19:17  28.01.08 19:41
88    1   -50.006350   0.022300     -      -      1004  28.01.08 23:12  28.01.08 23:44  29.01.08 00:08
89    1   -49.498817  -0.002383     -      -      1002  29.01.08 03:41  29.01.08 04:03  29.01.08 04:32
90    1   -49.004983  -0.001850   3946    8.80    3981  29.01.08 07:37  29.01.08 09:08  29.01.08 10:20
91    1   -48.496667  -0.004783     -      -      1001  30.01.08 00:24  30.01.08 00:52  30.01.08 01:27
92    1   -48.000633   0.001300     -      -      1003  30.01.08 05:16  30.01.08 05:41  30.01.08 06:06
93    1   -47.500383  -0.003167      -      -      1028  30.01.08 09:15  30.01.08 09:38  30.01.08 10:05
94    1   -47.003317  -0.000683     -      -      1003  30.01.08 14:12  30.01.08 14:34  30.01.08 15:04
95    1   -46.499283   0.005100     -      -      1003  30.01.08 18:24  30.01.08 18:50  30.01.08 19:18



Tab. 3.2: Nominal Geographic Distribution of CTD Stations (Station Numbers)

             Latitude             Longitude
            -----------  ----------------------------
                °S       3°W      0°E         3°E
            -----------  ---  ----------  ----------
                45.0              
                45.5              
                46.0              
                46.5              95  
                47.0              94  
                47.5              93  
                48.0              92  
                48.5              91  
                49.0              90  
                49.5              89  
                50.0              88  
                50.5              87  
                51.0              86  
                51.5                
                52.0          13, 84, 85  
                52.5              83           
                53.0              82           
                53.5              81           
                54.0              80           
                54.5              79           
                55.0              78           
                55.5              77           
                56.0              76           
                56.5              75           
                57.0              74           
                57.5              73           
                58.0              72           
                58.5              71           
                59.0              70           
                59.5              69           
                60.0              68           
                60.5              67           
                61.0              66           
                61.5              65           
                62.0      33      64           34
                62.5      32      63           35
                63.0      31      62           36
                63.5      30      61           37
                64.0      29      60           38
                64.5      28      59           39
                65.0      27      58           40
                65.5      26      57           41
                66.0      25      56           42
                66.5      24      55           43
                67.0      23      54           44
                67.5      22      53           45
                68.0      21      52           46
                68.5      20      51           
                69.0      19      50           
                69.5      18      49           
                70.0      17        
                70.5          




An impression of the collected data is provided by Figs. 3.1 and 3.2. Fig. 3.1 
shows the horizontal distribution of vertical profiles of potential temperature, 
light transmission and oxygen concentration along the Greenwich meridian. Fig. 
32 portrays a horizontal map of the temperature at the depth of the temperature 
maximum.



Fig. 3.1: Horizontal distribution of vertical profiles of potential 
          temperature, light transmission and oxygen concentration along 
          the Greenwich Meridian. The lowest values of light 
          transmission, revealing high concentrations of phytoplankton, 
          and highest concentrations of oxygen, indicative of high 
          photosynthesis rates, were centered around 63°S where sea ice 
          melt and warming stabilized the water column and created a 
          shallow mixed layer that is generally favourable for 
          phytoplankton primary production. This ice edge phytoplankton 
          bloom extended over an area of approximately 700.000 km2 as 
          revealed by satellite remote imaging (chlorophyll concentration 
          from the official ESA MERIS satellite data algal-1 level-2 
          product composed to maps by T. Dinter (Institute of Environmental
          Physics, Bremen) and A. Bracher (AWI, Bremerhaven); pers. comm.).

Fig. 3.2: Horizontal distribution of temperature at the temperature 
          maximum






4. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: MEASUREMENTS OF CURRENTS AND BACKSCATTER 
   STRENGTH WITH THE VESSEL-MOUNTED ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER 
   (ADCP)

   Volker Strass(1), Timo Witte(2)     (1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut,
   Boris Cisewski(3) (not on board)       Bremerhaven, Germany
                                       (2)Optimare Sensorsysteme AG,
                                          Bremerhaven
                                       (3)Universität Bremen, Bremen



Objectives and work at sea


Vertical profiles of ocean currents down to 335 m depth were measured with a 
Vessel Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (type 'Ocean Surveyor'; 
manufacture of RDI, 150 kHz nominal frequency), installed 11 m below the water 
line in the ship's keel behind an acoustically transparent plastic window for 
ice protection. The transducer emits/receives the acoustic signals from its flat 
face, which is composed of an array of about 1,000 ceramic elements, covered in 
urethane. These elements are arranged in a fixed pattern and are each wired to 
transmit a specific signal, identified by its phase. The phase shift, with which 
the ceramic elements emit their acoustic signals, is arranged in a way such that 
the signals interfere to form beams in four distinct directions, slanted at 30 
degrees from the vertical. The transducer also records the echoes returned from 
particles in suspension in the water. Echoes reflected by particles moving 
relative to the ADCP return with a change in frequency. The ADCP measures this 
change, the so-called Doppler shift, as a function of depth to obtain water 
velocity at a maximum of 128 depth levels. The instrument settings for this 
cruise were chosen to give a vertical resolution of current measurements of 4 m 
in 80 depth bins and a temporal resolution of 2 min for short time averages.

Determination of the velocity components in geographical coordinates, however, 
requires that the attitude of the ADCP transducer head, its tilt, heading and 
motion is also known. Heading, roll and pitch data are read by the ADCP deck-
unit from the ship's gyro platforms. The ship's velocity was calculated from 
position fixes obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) or Differential 
GPS if available, and was taken over from the ship's navigation system. Accuracy 
of the ADCP velocities mainly depends on the quality of the position fixes and 
the ship's heading data. Further errors stem from a misalignment of the 
transducer with the ship's centre-line and a constant angular offset between the 
transducer and the GPS antenna array, and a velocity scale factor. The ADCP data 
processing was done by using the CODAS3 software package (developed by E. Firing 
and colleagues, SOEST, Hawaii).

The ADCP also recorded the echo intensity, or backscafter strength, which will 
be analyzed in order to provide an estimate of zooplankton abundance. This 
estimate will be compared with the zooplankton abundance indicated by the 
dedicated Simrad EK6O zooplankton-echosounder, and abundance data derived from 
net catches.


Fig. 4.1: ADCP current vectors in the depth range 200 -250 m at 
          hydrographic stations along the 3°W and 3°E meridians. The 
          shown currents are not finally calibrated, hence to be 
          considered preliminary



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sincere thanks again go to Uli Bathmann for his keen interest in furthering the 
SOCPR programme by incorporating CPR sampling into the voyage schedule, and of
course again to Master Uwe Pahl, boatswain Burkhardt Clasen and crew of 
Polarstern, for their willing assistance and faultless deployment and retrieval 
of gear in all weather conditions.




A.1  BETEILIGTE INSTITUTE / PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES

                  Adresse / Address
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AAD               Australian Antarctic Division
                  Department of the Environment and Water Resources
                  203 Channel Highway
                  7050 Kingston, Tasmania
                  Australia
                
AWI               Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung
                  in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
                  Postfach 1201 61
                  27515 Bremerhaven
                  Germany
                
DFZ               Universidad de Sevilla
                  Departamento Fisiologia Animal y Zoologia
                  Facultad de Biologia
                  Avenida Reina Mecedes
                  Spain
                
DWD               Deutscher Wetterdienst
                  Geschäftsbereich Wettervorhersage
                  Seeschifffahrtsberatung
                  Bernhard Nocht Str. 76
                  20359 Hamburg
                  Germany
                
DZMB              German Centre of Marine Biodiversity
                  Senckenberg Institute
                  Südstrand 44
                  46382 Wilhelmshaven
                  Germany

FIS               Senckenberg
                  Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum
                  Senckenberganlage 25
                  60325 Frankfurt
                  Germany

Helilransair      Heli Transair GmbH
                  Flugplatz
                  63329 Egelsbach
                  Germany

I.R.Sc.N.B.       Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
                  Belgique (IR.Sc.N.B./K.B.I.N.)
                  Departement des Invertébrés
                  Laboratoire de Carcinologie
                  Rue Vautier, 29
                  B-1000 Brussels / Belgium
            
IMARES            IMARES
                  Marine and Coastal Zone Research
                  PO Box 167
                  1790AD Den Burg (Texel)
                  The Netherlands

LAEISZ            Reederei F. Laeisz GmbH
                  Brückenstr. 25
                  27568 Bremerhaven
                  Germany
            
LMU, Uni München  Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München
                  (LMU)
                  Biozentrum, Department Biologie II,
                  Systematische Zoologie
                  Großhaderner Str. 2
                  D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried
                  Germany

OPTIMARE          Optimare Sensorsyteme AG
                  Am Luneort 15A
                  27572 Bremerhaven
                  Germany
                
RUB               Ruhr Universität Bochum
                  Zoologie
                  Universitätsstr. 150
                  44780 Bochum
                  Germany

UiB               University of Bergen
                  Allégaten 55
                  5007 Bergen
                  Norway
                
Uni HB            Marine Zoologie
                  Universität Bremen
                  Postfach 33 04 40
                  28334 Bremen
                  Germany

Uni Geneva        University of Geneva
                  30, Quai Ernest Ansermet
                  Genève4, 4,1211
                  Switzerland
                
U Gent            Gent University
                  Biological Department / Marine Biology
                  Krijgslaan 281 - Building S8
                  Gent, 9000
                  Belgium

ZIM, Uni HH       Zoological Institute and Zoological Museum
                  University of Hamburg
                  Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3
                  20146 Hamburg
                  Germany
                
Uni L.            University of Liverpool
                  Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences
                  4 Brownlow Street
                  Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
                  United Kingdom

UTC               University of Cape Town
                  Rondebosch 7701
                  South Africa

v.T.I.            Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut
                  Institut für Seefischerei
                  Herrn Dr. Gerd Kraus
                  Palmaille 9
                  22767 Hamburg
                  Germany
                



A.2  FAHRTTEILNEHMER / PARTICIPANTS

     Fahrtleiter/Chief Scientist: Ulrich Bathmann
     Cape Town - Cape Town


                  Vorname/     Institut/         Beruf/
Name              First Name   Institute         Profession
----------------  -----------  ----------------  ---------------
Bathmann          Ulrich       AWI               Biologist
                                                 chief scientist
Brandt            Angelika     ZIM, Uni HH       Biologist
Brauer            Jens         HeliTransair      Technician
Brenke            Nils         DZMB              Biologist
Brix              Saskia       DZMB              Biologist
Brown             Kelly        UiB               Chemist
Büchner           Jürgen       HeliTransair      Pilot
Dorssen           Michiel van  IMARES            Biologist
Ebbe              Brigitte     DZMB              Biologist
Edinger           Jens         v.T.I.            Student
Ewe               Daniela      AWI               Student
Feij              Bram         IMARES            Ornithologist
Flores            Hauke        IMARES            Biologist
Fontaine          Delia        Uni Geneva        Biologist
Franeker          Jan van      IMARES            Biologist
Friedt            Wolfgang     HeliTransair      Pilot
Guilini           Katja        U Gent            Biologist
Haraldsson        Matilda      v.T.I.            Student
Hauck             Judith       UiB               Chemist
Heckmann          Markus       HeliTransair      Technician
Henche            Annika       DZMB              Biologist
Herrmann          Sarah        AWI               Biologist
Hofmann           Oliver       UiB               Student
Janussen          Dorte        FIS               Biologist
Kitchener         John         AAD               Biologist
Krägefsky         Sören        AWI               Biologist
Kramer            Lydia        ZIM, Uni HH       Biologist
Kruse             Svenja       AWI               Biologist
Leach             Harry        Uni Liverpool     Physicist
Maßmann           Silvia       AWI               Student
Meijboom          Andre        IMARES            Biologist
Neill             Craig        UiB               Chemist
Müller            Eugen        DWD               Meteorologist
Sonnabend         Hartmut      DWD               Technician
Olischläger       Mark         AWI               Student
Pey               Frank        UiB               Chemist
Richter           Falk         AWI               Student
Riehl             Torben       ZIM, Uni HH       Biologist
Robert            Henri        I.R.Sc.N.B.       Scientist
Sachs             Oliver       AWI               Geologist
Sauter            Eberhard     AWI               Geochemist
Schrödl           Michael      LMU, Uni München  Biologist
Schüller          Myriam       RUB               Biologist
Schwabe           Enrico       LMU, Uni München  Biologist
Strass            Volker       AWI               Physicist
Stürmer           Karoline     v.T.I.            Biologist
Veith-Köhler      Gritta       DZMB              Biologist
Vortkamp          Martina      v.T.I.            Technician
Wadley            Victoria     AAD               Biologist
Wend              Britta       AWI               Biologist
Witte             Timo         OPTIMARE          Physicist
Würzberg          Laura        ZIM, Uni HH       Biologist
Zapata Guardiola  Rebeca       DFZ               Biologist





A.3  SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW

No.  Name                    Rank
---  ----------------------  -----------
 1.  Pahl, Uwe               Master
 2.  Grundmann, Uwe          1. Offc.
 3.  Ziemann, Olaf           Ch. Eng.
 4.  Bratz, Herbert          2. Offc.
 5.  Fallei, Holger          2. Offc.
 6.  Hering, Igor            2. Offc.
 7.  Kapieske, Uwe           Doctor
 8.  Koch, Georg  R.         Offc.
 9.  Kotnik, Herbert         2. Eng.
10.  Schnürch, Helmut        2. Eng.
11.  Westphal, Henning       2. Eng.
12.  Holtz, Hartmut          ElecEng.
13.  Dimmler, Werner         ELO
14.  Feiertag, Thomas        ELO
15.  Fröb, Martin            ELO
16.  Rehe, Lars              ELO
17.  Clasen, Burkhard        Boatsw.
18.  Neisner, Winfried       Carpenter
19.  Burzan, Gerd-Ekkeh.     A.B.
20.  Hartwig-Lab., Andreas   A.B.
21.  Kreis, Reinhard         A.B.
22.  Kretzschmar, Uwe        A.B.
23.  Moser, Siegfried        A.B.
24.  Pousada Martinez, S.    A.B.
25.  Schröder, Norbert       A.B.
26.  Schultz, Ottomar        A.B.
27.  Beth, Detlef            Storek.
28.  Dinse, Horst            Mot-man
29.  Fritz, Günter           Mot-man
30.  Kliem, Peter            Mot-man
31.  Krösche, Eckard         Mot-man
32.  Watzel, Bernhard        Mot-man
33.  Fischer, Matthias       Cook
34.  Tupy, Mario             Cooksmate
35.  Völske, Thomas          Cooksmate
36.  Dinse, Petra            1. Stwdess
37.  Wöckener, Martina       Stwdess/Kr.
38.  Deuß, Stefanie          2. Stwdess
39.  Hu, Guo Yong            2. Steward
40.  Schmidt, Maria          2. Stwdess
41.  Streit, Christina       2. Stwdess
42.  Sun, Yong Sheng         2. Stwdess
43.  Yu, Chung Leung         Laundrym.
44.  Henning, Marcus         Apprent.
45.  Seifert, Bruno          Apprent.
       




CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Person    Data Type       Action           Summary 
----------  --------  --------------  ---------------  ---------------------------------
2012-02-08  Bob Key   BTL/CTD         Submitted  to go online 
            I may still get CFC, ChloroA, and POC data for this cruise. I 
            haven't yet found the final cruise report, but it should exist. 
            CTD file included, but it will need a reformat and forward to 
            Argo. When finished, I'd like a copy of the Exchange format CTD 
            data 

2012-02-09  Bob Key   CrsRpt          Submitted  to go online 
            Cruise report for data submitted yesterday 

2012-03-16  C. Berys  BTL/CTD/CrsRpt  Website Updated  Available under 'Files as received' 
            File 06AQ20071128.exc.csv containing bottle data, submitted by 
            Bob Key on 2012-02-08, available under 'Files as received', 
            unprocessed by CCHDO.

            File ANT-XXIV_2_phys_oce.tab.tsv containing CTD data, submitted 
            by Bob Key on 2012-02-08, available under 'Files as received', 
            unprocessed by CCHDO.

            File cruise report 2010.pdf containing cruise documentation, 
            submitted by Bob Key on 2012-02-09, available under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by CCHDO. 

2012-06-20  J. Kappa  CrsRpt          Website Update  PDF & Text Versions online
            Converted PDF to text
            Added CCHDO summary pages and Data Processing Notes


