


METEOR Cruise 41, Leg 3


Vit—ria - Salvador
17 April - 15 May 1998




Cruise Report of the 
Physical Oceanography Group on Board




by


Walter Zenk, Sylvia Becker, 
Johann Jungclaus and Rudolf Link

Institut fŸr Meereskunde
an der UniversitŠt Kiel






Status: 26 August 1998





5	Preliminary Results 
5.3	Marine Geoscience M41/3
5.3.1	Physical Oceanography
(Walter Zenk, Sylvia Becker, Johann Jungclaus, Rudolf  Link)

Introduction
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) will terminate its observational phase by 
the end of 1998. This unique oceanographic campaign compassed planning, implementation 
and coordination of a global network of hydrographic observations and now aims at extensive 
modeling studies during its analysis, interpretation and synthesis phase in the years to come. 
The hydrographic work during M41/3 was part of the Deep Basin Experiment (HOGG et al., 
1996), a subprogram in Core Project 3 of WOCE. Furthermore, the physical oceanography 
group on board assisted to collect water samples for other parties on the METEOR, including 
supplements to the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP) tracer network.

The equatorward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the South Atlantic is part of 
the global thermohaline circulation, jointly with fluxes of Antarctic Intermediate Water 
(AAIW) and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The Rio Grande Rise at a nominal latitude 
of 30¡ S represents a natural barrier for the spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water between the 
Argentine and the Brazil Basin. It is intersected by two deep channels: The Vema Channel 
(originally called Rio Grande Gap) and the Hunter Channel (ZENK et al., 1993; ZENK et al., 
1998). Estimates based on geostrophy and results from moored current meters have 
demonstrated that more than half of the bottom water export between the two neighboring 
basins is achieved through the deep Vema Channel (SPEER & ZENK, 1993; HOGG et al., 
1998). According to these long-term observations the total northward transport of Antarctic 
Bottom Water amounts to 6.9 _ 106m3s-1. The contribution of the Hunter Channel (2.3 _ 
106m3s-1) is not insignificant (ZENK et al., 1998) but was beyond the scope of this cruise.

At a number of locations, WOCE observations have demonstrated a tendency towards 
increasing bottom water temperatures. In fact, a systematic temperature increase of 30 mK 
was observed by the METEOR in the Vema Channel near the sill between January 1991 and 
December 1992. Comparable changes of bottom water properties were never observed before 
in the Vema Channel since the availability of the first highly accurate CTD records in 1972. 
The trend towards higher bottom water temperatures has also been documented in 
comparable, yet unpublished WOCE observations of Brazilian and English groups. According 
to the latest visit in spring of 1996 the upward trend appeared to be stopped, however, at the 
end of our cruise we had to revise this view.

During M41/3 the physical oceanography group aimed at a new survey of the bottom water 
properties and distribution by (i) starting a long-term record of variability of water mass 
characteristics at the sill of the Vema Channel wtih moored instruments and (ii) enlarging the 
set of highly accurate hydrographic data during cruises. The latter is also expected to serve as 
an improved input for modeling efforts. Monitoring of bottom water properties will provide 
more insight into its fluctuations which for a long time have been assumed to be negligible.

Methods, data acquisition and reduction
A number of observational tools were applied during the cruise. The backbone for 
hydrographic observations was a CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth (pressure)) recorder 
in combination with a rosette sampler carrying 21 bottles. An inventory of all CTD stations is 
given in Tab.X1. Locations of CTD stations are displayed in Figs.X1 and X2. The bottle set 
was used on 25 stations yielding over 500 water samples. Because of the application of a 
lowered Acoustic Doppler Profiler (lADCP), to be described later, we used no mechanical 
bottom finder. Instead, bottom approaches were monitored by a pinger.

Our CTD system (Neil Brown MKIIIB, IfM no. NB3) was provided by the IfM based 
Zentrallabor fŸr Me§technik, a German WOCE unit maintaining high quality instruments 
including their reliable calibration. The CTD probe was last calibrated in temperature 
immediately prior to cruise M41/3 on 11/12 March 1998. A post-cruise calibration was 
performed in summer 1998.

We made every effort to calibrate all CTD stations while still on board. 42 salinity twin 
samples, a subtotal of all the rosette samples, were analyzed by an Autosal salinometer (IfM 
no AS6). For standardizing we used batch No P129. The resulting 21 pairs of check values 
were systematically taken from the deepest part of the profiles, i.e. about 25 m above the 
ground (near-bottom, NB), and from the mixed layer (ML) at the 10 m level. The inter-twin 
standard deviations of salinity amount to _{0.0009, 0.0019, 0.0015} for {NB, ML, all} 
levels. Comparable sampling noise during the CTD data acquisition at constant depth while 
firing bottles is of a similar order _{0.0007, 0.0027, 0.0017}. Quasi-time series of salinity 
corrections are shown in Fig.X3. Mean salinity corrections for {NB, ML, all} levels ({+1.8, 
+9.3, +5.5} _ 10-3) are included.  No systematic calibration drift could be recognized. Fig.X4 
contains corrections as a function of salinity readings. Here, we found a dependence on 
salinity (conductivity) which needs to be considered in the final calibration. Assuming all ML 
values taken at the surface, all NB values sampled at 4000 dbar and salinity decreasing linearly 
with pressure PCTD we can infer a crude preliminary correction for raw salinities SCTD:

Scorrected  = SCTD + (B _  PCTD +  A)                         (1)

with B = -1.85 _ 10-6 dbar-1  and A = 9.2 _ 10-3. In the following text and figures (with the 
exception of Appendix 1) no salinity correction is applied in this report. Since corrections are 
relatively tiny, they would not be recognizable in the majority of the salinity graphs shown in 
this document. Final salinity values are subject to a more careful post-cruise CTD calibration. 

Lists of all CTD casts with observed in situ temperatures, potential temperatures and 
salinities at standard depth/pressure values are given in Annex X1. Here, preliminary salinity 
corrections according to (1) have been taken into account.

The latest version of the processing and data reduction software package CTDOK, 
administered by Thomas MŸller of IfM, was used on a Personal Computer. The processing 
includes the following sequential software modules: Inspection and graphic editing by hand, 
maximum lowering speed check to detect pressure spikes, dynamic pressure correction, 
despiking by a median argument, monotonizing with respect to pressure, minimum lowering 
speed check, low pass filter run with 19 weights, pre-cruise fine-tune calibration, static 
pressure-offset correction, interpolation on 2 dbar steps and storage for plotting and export in 
MATLAB_ binary files (*.mat).

During earlier WOCE cruises the same CTD probe was used repeatedly in the Vema Channel 
and for WHP section work. According to our earlier experiences and after the application of all 
corrections and the post-cruise calibration, an absolute accuracy of better _ 2 mK in 
temperature, _0.003 practical salinity units (PSU), and _3 dbar in pressure can be expected.

The refurbished on-track observational system DVS of the METEOR was used to collect 
quasi-continuous near-surface temperature from two sensors of the ship's meteorological 
station. It was found that the portside thermometer reading lies systematically {0.149 _ 
0.050} K below the starboard thermometer of the ship (Fig.X5). Both sensors are mounted 4 
m below the surface. An ad-hoc comparison with CTD data from the surface (according to 
Tab.X1) indicates the portside DVS temperature to be systematically lower by _ 0.3 K (see 
Fig.11b).

Between 21 April and 5 May we collected 34 twin water samples for a calibration check of 
the ship's thermosalinograph which data also are fed to the DVS system. From the resulting 17 
salinity check values we inferred a calibration equation that is valid for April / May 1998:

Scorrected = D _ SThermosalinographDisplay + C                                                  (2)

with D = 1.0054 and C = -0.0211. Four samples of these were collected on passage. Although 
the latter are supposed to be of slightly lower quality, all samples were equally treated by the 
indicated least square linear fit (Fig.X6).

Preliminary depth profiles for sections were exported from the DVS data bank as well. Due to 
varying numbers of outliers, depth values were clipped by plausible extrema and subsequently 
low pass filtered.

Until Sta. 229, the CTD/rosette sampler was supplemented by a lowered broad-band 
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (BB lADCP) which was kindly provided by JŸrgen 
Fischer from IfM Kiel. We expect the obtained vertical current profiles to deliver valuable 
information on shear as an indicator for enhanced mixing in the  benthic boundary layer of the 
Vema Channel and its northward extension. Due to a technical problem the last lADCP station 
(no 229) failed to deliver currents. After successful repair, the instrument was not remounted 
on the rosette sampler. The lADCP log is given in Tab.X4.

In addition to the well known problem of the near bottom interference layer, our lADCP 
measurements suffered from a lack of scattering particles in the intermediate depth ranges of 
this 'blue water' environment. The dramatic decrease of the received signal amplitude can be 
seen in the vertical profile of target strength (Fig.X7a, profile 212) below 1000 m. However, 
the signal strength recovers over the deepest 600 m of the profile, apparently owing to an 
increase of sediment particle concentration on the Vema Sill.

Fig.X7b depicts the raw vertical velocity component (bin 3) over the total duration of the 
cast. The lowering speeds of 1 ms-1 during downtrace and 1.2 ms-1 during uptrace are generally 
recovered. However, there is a large data gap between, say, ensemble 700 and 1100 (the 
bottom-nearest point was approached around ensemble 1300). During uptrace a similar 
behavior is observed and there are additional periods of near-zero vertical velocities during 
water sampling stops. These data gaps are also visible in the raw data northward velocity 
component (Fig.X7c). Near the bottom (around ensemble 1300) the (earth) velocities are 
predominantly northwards as expected in the deep trough of the Vema Channel.

The standard procedure to derive relative velocities is to differentiate individual lADCP 
profiles vertically, then to average overlapping profiles in depth cells and integrate the 
resulting mean shear profile from a reference level (FISCHER & VISBECK, 1993).

The lADCP is a self-contained instrument without pressure sensor. Its depth is determined 
by integrating the measured vertical velocity in time. The large data gaps prevented us from 
calculating reference velocities from time integrals of the baroclinic velocities by our software 
package so that the data require additional post-cruise processing. (The set of processing 
programs had been kindly provided by J  Fischer.)

Relative northward velocities (referenced to the deepest point at 4362 m) are displayed for the 
deep part of the profile in Fig.X7d (downtrace), and X7e (uptrace). Northward velocities 
show  maximum values between 100 to 200 m above the bottom. They are consistent with 
earlier findings from moored current meters in the Vema Channel and from numerical modeling. 
This nose shaped velocity profile with pronounced shear layers above and below the 
maximum is typical for bottom boundary currents (MERCIER & SPEER 1997; ZENK et al., 
1998). 

The vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (VM ADCP) operated routinely. It 
covered approximately the upper 250 m layer. Unfortunately its data flow is still not yet 
integrated by the ship's own  DVS data bank.

For topographic surveys we used the multi-beam echosounder Hydrosweep_ of the 
METEOR. In the subsequent data processing we were kindly supported by the ship's system 
operator V. Gebhardt. Of special interest were details of the topography of the Vema Sill 
where IfM mooring V389 was deployed (see Tab.X2, Fig.X8). This area had already been 
surveyed with Hydrosweep in 1991 during METEOR  cruise 15. Fig.X9 shows blow-ups on 
identical scales of both independent observations from the eastern side of the Vema Sill. They 
were obtained with the same hardware but with significantly different Hydromap_ software 
versions. As expected, both maps agree excellently in region with steep topography. In fact, 
the slope of the shown eastern wall can exceed 25 %. Less agreement in the details can be 
found on the ground plateau with its minimal slopes. Inaccuracies in depth estimates can shift 
isobaths horizontally by a few kilometers. 

At the beginning of the cruise, on Sta. 209 we deployed a current meter mooring (IfM no 
V389) on the sill of the Vema Channel. Logistical and operational details are given in Fig.X8 
and Tab.X2. The current meter rig is designed for a two-year record of temperature and speed 
fluctuations. The moored CTD recorder (MicroCat_ by Sea Bird, Inc.) has a sampling 
capacity of over three years. The start of a long-term record of temperature variability of 
Antarctic Bottom Water with great accuracy was a major goal of the physical oceanography 
group on board.

Hydrographic conditions in the central South Atlantic
Here we discuss the water mass stratification on two orthogonal sections at 9¡ W and 24¡ S. 
We assume the involved selection of hydrographic stations to be representative for the central 
subtropical South Atlantic. The sections (see Fig.X1) are short in comparison with the WHP 
network (SIEDLER et al., 1996). Related WOCE sections A9 and A14 are located on 19¡ S 
and 9¡ W. They were occupied in 1991 and 1995 by METEOR (M15) (SIEDLER & ZENK, 
1992) and the French research vessel L'ATALANTE. 

For the general descriptions of distinctive water masses we depict their characteristic potential 
temperature salinity (_/S) properties in Fig.X10. For this purpose we have plotted all 
interpolated (_p = 2 dbar) CTD data from the two sections in one diagram. 

Tropical surface water (TW) with _ >20¡ C at the top of Fig.X10 shows a tendency to split. 
Colder, more fresher water was encountered on and to the East of the Middle Atlantic Ridge 
in the Angola Basin. Its counter part with warmer and saltier surface conditions in the Brazil 
Basin can be better recognized in Fig.X11. This figure shows the near-surface T/S record from 
the thermosalinograph (_t = 10 min) on four sections. The higher variability in T/S in the 
western (Fig.X11b) and the southern (Fig. X11a) regions reflects a number of fronts, more 
frequently encountered in the open Brazil Basin than in the Angola Basin (Fig.X11b). The 
frontal structure of surface parameters appears caused by the Brazil Current Front (BCF) as 
part of the inner recirculation in the Brazil Basin.

The colder surface waters (< 25¡ C) on 9¡ W and on its cross point with the 24¡ S section can 
be interpreted as a signal of the far reaching Benguela Current southwest of the Benguela 
Angola Front (Fig.X12). Densities, i.e. _t values, at the surface of the central South Atlantic of  
{(24.3 - 24.5), (24.7 - 24.9)} kg m-3 are typical ranges for the {Brazil, Angola} Current regime 
in May 1998. Here we note that two subtropical surface water types are separated by a line 
west of the Middle Atlantic Ridge. The crest region itself has the same T/S properties as the 
eastern side of the Ridge.

We return to the CTD derived _/S diagram in Fig.X10. At temperatures between approxi-
mately 10¡  and 16¡ C we find a tight _/S relation which in our case is characteristic for South 
Atlantic Central Water (SACW) of the main thermocline. Farther down in the water column it 
is replaced by Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) with its salinity low at < 34.5 (BOEBEL 
et al., 1997). The next salinity extremum (> 34.86) belongs to the North Atlantic Deep Water 
(NADW) (ZANGENBERG & SIEDLER, 1998). After crossing  the equator it erodes 
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) splitting this lower saline water mass into an upper CDW 
and a lower CDW type (REID et al., 1977). Towards the West of our 24¡ S section the 
deepest part of the water column (_ < 2.0¡ C) is occupied by the Antarctic Bottom Water 
(AABW) (SPEER & ZENK, 1993). Its properties will be discussed in more details in the next 
paragraph on observations in the Vema Channel. 

Our presentation of the water mass structure in the _/S diagram (Fig.X10) is paralleled by 
figures of vertical sections of potential temperature (_) and salinity (S) from the adjunct 
sections on 9¡ W and 24¡ S (Fig.X13, X14). The low saline tongue of Intermediate Water at 
750 m remains unchanged at Smin_34.40 on the zonal section (Fig.X14) while we recognize a 
well expressed meridional gradient with equatorward increasing salinities on the meridional 
section (Fig.X13).

The thick tongue of North Atlantic Deep Water (S > 34.90) appears to be blocked by the 
topography of the Middle Atlantic Ridge (Fig.X14). However, at the northern side of the 
9¡ W section we cut through a salty tongue of Deep Water (S > 34.90) which we interpret as 
being deflected eastwards across the Ridge into the Angola Basin by the change of its potential 
vorticity in the presence of the zonal Vitoria Trindade Ridge a 19¡S (ZANGENBERG & 
SIEDLER, 1998) and being one source of the Namib Col current (SPEER et al., 1995). 

Farther South we have traversed the deep Rio de Janeiro Fracture Zone at 23.7¡ S. It allows 
lower Circumpolar Deep Water with _  _ 2.0¡ C to be exchanged across the Ridge. Its role in 
the deep circulation of the Angola Basin remains unclear and deserves further efforts. As 
expected in the Angola Basin, we nowhere found a distinct near-bottom temperature step in 
vertical profiles as they were seen so clearly in the Brazil Basin. This observation agrees with 
the known absence of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Angola Basin (SIEDLER et al., 1996).

Flow of Antarctic Bottom Water through the Vema Channel
The Vema Channel represents the deepest conduit for bottom water of the Rio Grande Rise 
(HOGG et al., 1982). According to our newest bathymetric survey (Fig. X9b) its depth varies 
between 4620 and 4640 m. Its northern extension can easily be followed by tracking the 
4000 m isobath on the digital topographic map by SMITH & SANDWELL (1997) displayed 
in Fig.X15.

We have included positions of the two hydrographic sections: 'Vema Channel' (VC) across the 
Vema Sill and the section 'Vema Extension' (VE) at the northeastern corner. Both sections are 
shown on different horizontal scales (section VC in Fig.X16, section VE in Fig.X17). Mooring 
V389 that was deployed 21 May 1998 (Fig.X8; Tab.X2) lies 4 km upstream between CTD 
Sta 210 and 211 (Fig.X16). Its projection can be seen in the temperature sections of Fig.X16. 
Results from the self-recording instruments are not expected before the year 2000.

Water masses found in the Vema Channel (SPEER & ZENK, 1993) resemble those described 
in the last paragraph for the central South Atlantic. They are stacked in the well known 
fashion from the top to the bottom: Tropical surface Water and South Atlantic Central Water 
of the main thermocline, low saline Antarctic Intermediate Water at 900 m, upper and lower 
Circumpolar Deep Water penetrated by more saline North Atlantic Deep Water (1500 - 
3500 m) and closest to the ground Antarctic Bottom Water with _ < 2¡ C including its coldest 
compound Weddell Sea Deep Water (_ < 0.2¡ C, see Fig.X16, X17 for pressures larger 
2500 dbar). 

Water properties of the Vema Channel and in the Vema Extension below approximately 
4100 m can be studied in more detail in the blown-up _/S diagram of the deepest stations (stat. 
no. 212 and 215) in Fig.X18. The form of the vertical profile (Fig.X19) demonstrates the well 
mixed bottom boundary layer in the channel. Its thickness is of O(140 - 180) m. 
 
Thick bottom boundary layers are a unique feature of narrow oceanic passages with bottom 
water flow (HOGG et al., 1982; JUNGCLAUS & VANICEK, 1998). Frictionally driven 
secondary circulation drive relatively warm waters down the (here western) channel wall 
leading to hydrostatic unstable conditions and intense vertical mixing. On the eastern side of 
the Vema Sill relatively cold water is transported upslope enhancing the stratification there. 
Thus, the coldest waters are trapped and shielded on the eastern side of the channel (Fig.X16) 
both by a pronounced thermocline and the channel wall (Fig.X9).


Summary and concluding remarks
We summarize our preliminary results as follows:	
_ Earlier observations (Fig.X20; ZENK & HOGG, 1996; HOGG & ZENK, 1997) showing 
increasing bottom temperatures and salinities in the Vema Channel were confirmed. 
Compared with 1996, the lowest potential temperature in the Vema Sill rose again by 
20 mK (Tab.X3). A pertinent salinity increase of 0.007 was directly observed from salinity 
samples taken by the rosette sampler closest to the bottom from two METEOR 
expeditions (M36 in 1996 and M41). No change in the density stratification appears to be 
associated with this change in _/S properties. However, final salinity calibration of the 
CTD records remains subject of the post-cruise calibration.	
_ Between the Vema Sill and the Vema Extension (_ 27¡ S, 34¡ W, see Fig.X15) Weddell Sea 
Bottom Water with _ _ 0.2¡ C is guided and isolated from mixing with warmer Lower 
Circumpolar Deep Water for over 700 km by the ca–on-dominated topography. Its 
temperature rises from _ = -0.136 to -0.098, i.e. by only 38 mK, salinity increases by 
barely 0.005 practical salinity units (34.670 _ 34.675). In how far these temperature and 
salinity increases are caused by turbulent diffusion and/or by advected modulations of the 
source waters must remain open, since they both can be of the same order.	
_ Further mixing takes place northeast of the funnel-shaped end of the Vema Extension in the 
deep Brazil Basin with depths > 4800 m (upper right hand corner in Fig.X15). Some 
additional 1300 km downstream at Sta 218 (see Fig.X1) the tongue of Weddell Sea Deep 
Water, the coldest subtype of Antarctic Bottom Water, has been totally eroded. There we 
found bottom values of _ = 0.440¡ C and S = 34.716. Hence, the horizontal bottom 
temperature and salinity gradients between the exit of the Vema Extension and the inner 
Brazil Basin increase significantly due to turbulent mixing in the absence of a shielding 
ca–on. They are one order of magnitude larger, {550 mK, 0.04}/1300 km  in {_, S} then in 
the Vema Channel itself. 	
_ A long-term mooring carrying current meters (Fig.X8; Tab.X2), thermistor chains and a 
CTD recorder for the observation of property fluctuations was deployed without any 
problems.

9. References

BOEBEL, O., C. SCHMID and W. ZENK (1997): Flow and recirculation of Antarctic Intermediate Water 
across the Rio Grande Rise. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C9), 20,967-20,986. 
FISCHER, J. and M. VISBECK (1993): Deep velocity profiling with self-contained ADCPs. J. Atm. Ocean 
Techn., 10, 764-773.
HOGG, N.G., P. BISCAYE, W. GARDNER, and W.J. SCHMITZ, jr. (1982): On the transport and 
modification of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Vema Channel. J. Mar. Res., 40 (suppl.), 231Ð263.
HOGG, N.G., W. BRECHNER OWENS, G. SIEDLER und W. ZENK (1996): Circulation in the Deep Brazil 
Basin. In: Wefer, G., W.H. Berger, G. Siedler and D.J. Webb (Eds.): The South Atlantic: Present and 
Past Circulation. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 249-260.
HOGG, N., G. SIEDLER und W. ZENK (1998): Circulation and variability at the southern boundary of the 
Brazil Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. (in press)
HOGG, N. and W. ZENK (1997): Long-period changes in the bottom water flowing through Vema Channel. 
J. Geophys. Res. 102 (C7) 15,639-15,646.
JUNGCLAUS, J.H. und M. VANICEK (1998): Frictionally modified flow in a deep ocean channel: Application 
to the Vema Channel. J. Geophys. Res. (in press)
MERCIER, H. and K. SPEER (1997): Transport of bottom water in the Romanche Fracture Zone and the Chain 
Fracture Zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr. (accepted).	
REID, J.L., W.D. NOWLIN and W.C. PATZERT (1977): On the characteristics and circulation in the 
southwestern Atlantic Ocean.  J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 62Ð91.  
SIEDLER, G. und W. ZENK (1992): WOCE SŸdatlantik 1991, Reise Nr. 15, 30. Dezember 1990 - 23. MŠrz 
1991. METEOR-Berichte, UniveristŠt Hamburg, 92-1, 126 S.
SIEDLER, G., T.J. M†LLER, R. ONKEN,  M. ARHAN, H. MERCIER, B.A. KING and P.M. SAUNDERS 
(1996) The zonal WOCE sections in the South Atlantic. In: Wefer, G., W.H. Berger, G. Siedler and D.J. 
Webb (Eds.): The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 83-
104.
SPEER, K.G., G. SIEDLER and L. TALLEY (1995): The Namib Col Current. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42 (11/12), 
1933-1950.
SMITH, W.H.F. and D.T. SANDWELL (1997): Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship 
depth soundings. Science, 277, 1956-1962.
SPEER,  K.G. und W. ZENK (1993): The flow of Antarctic Bottom Water into the Brazil Basin. J. Phys. 
Oceanogr. 23, 2667-2682.
ZANGENBERG, N. and G. SIEDLER (1998): Path of the North Atlantic Deep Water in the Brazil Basin. 
J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C3), 5419-5428. 
ZENK, W., K.G. SPEER und N.G. HOGG (1993): Bathymetry at the Vema Sill. Deep-Sea Res., 40 (9), 1925-
1933.
ZENK, W., G. SIEDLER, B. LENZ and N.G. HOGG (1998): Antarctic Bottom Water Flow through the Hunter 
Channel. J. Phys. Oceanogr.  (submitted).
ZENK, W. und N.G. HOGG (1996): Warming trend in Antarctic Bottom Water flowing into the Brazil Basin. 
Deep-Sea Res. I, 43 (9), 1461-1473. 



Tab. X1:   Inventory of  CTD stations













Station No/
Profile No
GeoB
No
Date
1998
Time 
UTC
Lat
¡S
Long
¡W
z(m)
Bridge Log
near surface
T(¡C)
at depth (m)
T(¡C)   pmax(dbar)
lADCP
y/n
Remarks






















208 / 01
5101-1
20/04 
16:44
28  26.25
40  54.59
4388
23.94
0.36
4421
y
Test station
210 / 02
5103-1
21/04 
17:42
31  11.84
39  23.86
4614
21.04
0.22
4666
y
Vema Channel
211 / 03
5104-1
21/04 
21:59
31  12.04
39  21.02
4574
21.15
0.22
4630
y

212 / 04
5105-1
22/04 
01:42
31  12.02
39  18.90
4475
21.16
0.20
4510
y

213 / 05
5106-1
22/04 
05:56
31  12.03
39  16.02
4066
21.44
1.20
4098
y

214 / 06
5107-1
23/04 
19:16
26  53.99
33  54.96
3798
23.59
1.60
3812
y
Vema Extension
215 / 07
5108-1
23/04 
23:53
26  41.97
34  14.02
4783
23.65
0.28
4862
y

216 / 08
5109-1
24/04 
07:06
26  17.99
34  56.16
4341
24.35
0.30
4388
y

217 / 09
5110-1
24/04 
16:45
25  53.88
35  38.89
4215
25.03
0.41
4241
y

218 / 10
5111-1
28/04 
10:14
23  48.81
20  00.03
5215
25.71
0.90
5284
y
24¡S
219 / 11
5112-1
29/04 
10:07
23  49.59
16  16.34
3874
25.19
1.50
3901
y

220 / 12
5113-1
30/04 
02:58
23  40.12
15  00.02
3853
25.01
2.14
3885
y

221 / 13
5114-1
30/04 
11:46
24  09.95
13  59.86
3171
24.75
2.61
3204
y

225 / 14
5118-1
01/05
08:17
24  10.81
13  23.07
2741
24.61
2.71
2778
y

226 / 15
5119-1
01/05
15:57
24  10.08
12  18.11
3910
24.46
2.49
4008
y

229 / 16
5122-1
02/05
10:56
24  10.25
11  07.95
3737
24.31
2.41
3760
y

231 / 17
5124-1
02/05
23:35
24  09.96
09  53.92
4322
23.91
2.43
4375
n

232 / 18
5125-1
03/05
06:55
24  09.91
09  00.19
4462
23.68
2.44
4523
n
9¡W
233 / 19
5126-1
03/05
19:00
22  23.96
08  59.96
4192
24.04
2.40
4231
n

234 / 20
5127-1
04/05
03:51
21  12.10
09  00.15
3941
24.34
2.38
3878
n

235 / 21
5128-1
04/05
13:03
20  00.03
09  00.09
3959
23.93
2.40
3951
n

236 / 22
5129-1
04/05
21:48
18  59.98
09  46.23
3838
24.46
2.43
3857
n
19¡S
236 / 23
5129-2
05/05
00:57
18  59.98
09  46.20
3840
24.45
13.14
250
n

243 / 24
5136-3
07/05
22:22
19  22.00
12  42.67
4536
24.69
3.48
1500
n

248 / 25
5141-1
09/05
18:30
19  05.75
17  15.12
3453
25.62
3.65
1502
n

















Tab. X2: Mooring activities                                                                                         



Sta.  IfM  CTD       Date      Latitude  Longitude  Depth Ref	   Instr.	 Instr.		Remarks
No   VNo Sta/Prof 1998         S               W           (m)    No	   Type	  S/N


209 389  {210/2-  21APR  31¡14.30'  39¡20.00'  4580      -           WD    2266    ARGOS, no recept. d. 
deploym.
                212/4}
	  				    389101  ThCh   1295/   nom recorder depth 4090 m
   1960           i.e. 490 m above ground
              11 sensors, 20 m apart

    389102  AVTP 11442   nominal  depth 4310 m
                                                 i.e. 270 m above 
ground

						    389103  ThCh   1296/    nom recorder depth 4312 m
						                               1961          i.e. 268 m above 
ground
                                                                                                                          11 sensors, 20 m 
apart
                                                                                                                            
						    389104  AVTP 11348    nominal depth 4528 m
                                                                                                                                  i.e.  52 m 
above ground

						    389105  MiCat    206     nominal depth 4529 m
                                                                                                                                  i.e.  51 m 
above ground

						        -         AR        428 	              48 m above 
ground



Abbreviations

AVTP	Anderaa Current Meter incl. pressure sensor
ThCh	Aanderaa Thermistor Chain , recorder / chain 
MiCat	MicroCat moored CTD by SeaBird, Inc.
WD	WatchDog bouy built at IfM Kiel
AR	Acoustic Release by MORS



Tab X3: 	Near-bottom CTD and salinometer values from the Vema Sill, 1972 - 1998 
	(acc. to ZENK & HOGG, 1996; HOGG & ZENK, 1997).



Expedition   Sta.	Pro.	_	Acc.T	SCTD	SCTD	           SSali		    Acc.S
 mm/yy           No   No        ¡C            mK      raw        corr         No 1            2             3
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Cato
11/72	14		-0.175
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geosecs
11/72	59		-0.180
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAIN
4/74	  4		-0.188
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ATLANTIS II
10/79	76		-0.192
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ATLANTIS II
5/80	112		-0.181
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
METEOR 15
1/91	49	47	-0.185	_2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
METEOR 22
12/92	43		-0.155
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COROAS I ¤
3/93	24		-0.140
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COROAS II ¤
3/94	 		-0.134
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POLAR-
STERN 
10/94	 128	31	-0.158	_2	34.655		34.683	34.683	./.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
METEOR 34
3/96	49	  5	-0.156	    _2 	34.657	34.665	34.6649   34.6651    34.6637   _0.003
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
METEOR 41
4/98	212	   4	-0.136	    _2	34.670	34.6718	34.6730    34.6724         ./.       _0.003









________________________________________
¤ Kindly provided by Y. Ikeda, University of Sao Paulo.




Tab X4a:   LADCP Log 

	
Pr. 
No.

Stat 
No.
LADCP
Start
(UTC)
Tiefe

(m)
Date
(Start, End)
yyyy,mm,dd
yyyy,mm,dd
Time, down 
10m. (CTD 
Prot)
hh,mm,ss
(UTC)
Posi., down
10m (CTD
Prot)
gg,mm.mm 
gg,mm.mm 
Posi., down
10m (DVS 
Stream )
gg,mm.mmm 
gg,mm.mmm
Time,  up
10m. Start
hh,mm,ss
Posi, up
10m (CTD
Prot)
gg,mm.mm 
gg,mm.mm 
Posi, up
10m (DVS 
Stream )
gg,mm.mmm 
S
gg,mm.mmm
Time, up
 10m End 
(DVS)
hh,mm,ss
Posi, up
10m 
(DVS,End )
gg,mm.mmm 
S
gg,mm.mmm 

1


208


15,37

4387

1998,04,20

16,46,35
28,26.34 S
40,54.60 W

Wrong time in 
protocol

19,43,35
28,26.48 S
40,54.69 W




2


210

17,24,4
8

4611

1998,04,21

17,45,05
31,11.99 S
39,23.93 W
31,11.987 S
39,23.928 W

20,38,40
31,12.11 S
39,23.79 W
31,12.108 S
39,23.784 W

20,41,40
31,12.152 S
39,23.812 W

3


211

21,36,5
4

4574
1998,04,21
1998,04,22


22,02,13
31,12.04 S
39,21.01 W
31,12.003 S
39,21.055 W

00,43,45
31,12.27 S
39,21.02 W
(End)
31,12.258 S
39,20.989 W

00,47,45
31,12.263 S
39,21.019

4


212

 -ÕÕ-

4475

1998,04,22

01,47,12
31,12.06 S
39,18.88 W
31,12.057 S
39,18.872 W

04,40,54
31,12.05 S
39,19.13 W
(End)
31,12.027 S
39,19.121 W

04,43,45
31,12.046 S
39,19.132 W

5 


213

-ÕÕ-

4065

1998,04,22

05,58,37
31,12.02 S
39,16.00 W
31,12.019 S
39,16.008 W

08,20,00
31,11.98 S
39,15.98 W
(Start)
31,11.985 S
39,15.978 W

08,23,15
31,12.000
39,15.968

6      


214

19,09,1
9

3784

1998,04,23

19,21,38
26,53.99 S
33,54.96 W
26,53.943 S
33,54.934 W

21,48,03
26,53.97 S (S)
33,55.00 W
26,53.95 S (E)
33,54.99 W
26,53.972 S
33,55.007 W

21,51,07
26,53.949 S
33,54.994 W

7


215

?

4785
1998,04,23
1998,04,24


23,56,07
26,41.96 S
34,14.01 W
26,41.956 S
34,14.005 W

02,59,19
26,41.98 S (S)
34,14.00 W
26,42.00 S (E)
34,14.02 W
26,41.978 S
34,14.001 W

03,02,21
26,41.996 S
33,14.019 W


Tab X4b: LADCP Log (continued)

	
Pr. 
No.

Stat 
No.
LADCP
Start
(UTC)
Tiefe

(m)
Date
(Start, End)
yyyy,mm,dd
yyyy,mm,dd
Time, down 
10m. (CTD 
Prot)
hh,mm,ss
(UTC)
Posi., down
10m (CTD
Prot)
gg,mm.mm 
gg,mm.mm 
Posi., down
10m (DVS 
Stream )
gg,mm.mmm 
gg,mm.mmm
Time,  up
10m. Start
hh,mm,ss
Posi, up
10m (CTD
Prot)
gg,mm.mm 
gg,mm.mm 
Posi, up
10m (DVS 
Stream )
gg,mm.mmm 
S
gg,mm.mmm
Time, up
 10m End 
(DVS)
hh,mm,ss
Posi, up
10m 
(DVS,End )
gg,mm.mmm 
S
gg,mm.mmm 

8    


216

06,55,4
1

4350

1998,04,24

07,09,27
26,18.00 S
34,56.17 W
26,17.995 S
34,56.165 W

09,50,40
26,18.00 S (A)
34,55.99 W
26,18.03 S (E)
34,55.95
26,18.001 S
34,55.988 W

09,53,41
26,18.030 S
34,55.950 W

9


217

 ?

4190

1998,04,24

16,47,49
25,53.97 S
35.38.88 W
25,53.965 S
35,38.881 W

19,26,15
25,54.00 S (A)
35,39.01 W
25,53.99 S (E)
35,39.01 W
25,53.996 S
35,39.005 W

19,29,15
25,53.986 S
35,39.014 W


10


218

09,58,0
5

5215

1998,04,28

10,17,19
23,48.93S
20,00.01W
23,48.904 S
20,00.009 W

13,31,27
23,48.95 S
19,59.78W(A)
23,48.96S
19,59.75W(E)
23,48.950 S
19,59.774 W

13,34,29
23,48,962
19,59.756

11


219 

09,57,4
3

3860

1998,04,29

10,09,49
23,49.57 S
16,16.34 W
23,49.570 S
16,16.333 W

12,38,38
23,49.57 S
16,16.34 W(A)
23,49.57 S
16,16.33 W (E)
23,49.571 S
16,16,339 W

12,41,42
23,49.580S
16,16.320W

12


220

02,43,2
8

3850

1998,04,30

03,01,14
23,40.18 S
15,00.09 W
23,40.180 S
15,00.090 W

05,20,38
23,40.21 S
14,59.94 W(A)
23,40.21
14.59.94W (E)
kein DVS!

05,30,55
kein DVS

13


221

11,23,0
9

3130

1998,04,30

11,49,45
24,09.97 S
13,59.81 W
24,09.972 S
13.59.817 W

13,54,48
24,09,88 S
13,59.56 W
24,09,88 S
13,59,55 W
24,09,876 S
13,59.559 W


13,57,56
24,09.881 S
13,59.546 W

14


225

08,05,0
8

2740

1998,05,01

08,19,59
24,10.83 S
13,23.07 W
24,10.827 S
13,23.074 W

10,13,18
24,10.77 S
13,23.01 W
24,10.78 S
13,23,07 W
24,10.767 S
13,23.005 W

10,16,27
24,10.777 S
13,23.036 W

15


226

15,25,0
2

3865

1998,05,01

16,02,21
24,10,05 S
12,18.01 W
24,10.045 S
12,18.014 W


18,30,38
24,10.05 S
12,17.86 W
24,10.04 S
12,17.85 W
24,10.767 S
13,23.005 W

18,33,38
24,10.041 S
12,17.852 W



List of Figure Captures

Figure X1:	Location of all CTD station (*). Hydrographic work was equally split between Vema Channel, 
Vema Extension, and sections on 24¡ S and 9¡ W. For details see Tab X1.

Figure X2:	CTD station (*) distribution in the area of the Vema Sill. Location (0) denotes the position of IfM 
mooring V-289. For details see Tab X1 and X2.

Figure X3:	Comparison of displayed CTD data and their bottle check values as a function of station number 
or time. The upper curve (*) contains all cases from the mixed layer at 10 m depth. The lower 
curve (o) denote check values from the deepest level, i.e._ 20 m above the sea bed. No drift or 
calibration shifts are visible.

Figure X4:	Comparison of displayed CTD data and their bottle check values as a function of salinity. For 
symbols see Fig X3.

Figure X5:	Comparison of the two sea surface thermometers of the meteorological station METEOR. Data 
were recorded by the DVS system. Sensors show a bias of O(0.15¡ C). 

Figure X6:	Comparison of surface salinities displayed by the DVS system with salinity check values from 
water samples taken immediately behind the thermosalinograph chamber in the bow of METEOR.

Figure X7:	Sample plots of the lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (lADCP) from CTD Sta 212 in the 
Vema Channel. Note the bottom intensified current profiles (d and e) which indicate the northward 
transport of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) across the Vema Sill. For further details see text.

Figure X8:	Design of IfM mooring V-389 which was moored in the Vema Channel. For details see Tab.X2.

Figure X9:	Topographic charts from the eastern side of the Vema Sill taken in January 1991 during METEOR 
cruise M15 (a) and during METEOR  cruise M41 (b) in April 1998.

Figure X10:	Diagram of all pairs of salinity (S) and potential temperature (_) from Sections at 24¡ S and 9¡ W. 
Data were interpolated in 2 dbar steps prior to plotting. Abbreviations: TW - Tropical Surface 
Water, SACW - South Atlantic Central Water, AAIW - Antarctic Intermediate Water, NADW - 
North Atlantic Deep Water, CDW - Circumpolar Deep Water (u - upper, l - lower), AABW - 
Antarctic Bottom Water. Diagonal lines of equal densities are referenced to the surface
(__ / kg m-3).

Figure X11:	DVS plots of surface temperatures and salinities on various track lines (see top of graphs). In (a) 
we have included 10 m CTD temperature values. They appear to ly systematically above the two 
ship's own surface thermometer readings. See also Fig X5.

Figure X12:	Diagram of all pairs of salinity and temperature from the surface of Sections at 24¡ S (+ and *) 
and 9¡ W (+ with o) recorded by the DVS system. Values * and + differ by their location East or 
West of 18¡ W. Note that data feature two clusters. _t lines ( kg m-3) are overlaid.

Figure X13:	Salinity (a) and potential temperature (b) sections along 9¡ W in the deep Angola Basin east of the 
Middle Atlantic Ridge. The distribution of water masses is discussed in the text. Note that no 
water with _ < 2.0¡ C reaches the Angola Basin, i.e. Antarctic Bottom Water in absent.

Figure X14:	Salinity (a) and potential temperature (b) sections along 24¡ S. The center of the Middle Atlantic 
Ridge (MAR) is situated at _ 13.5¡ W. Note the drastic differences between the stratification on 
the eastern side, i.e. in the Angola Basin and in the Brazil Basin on the western side of the MAR. 
North Atlantic Deep Water features a deep front preventing this water mass from penetrating into 
the Angola Basin. The western abyssal is filled with Antarctic Bottom Water (_< 2¡ C). No such 
water is present in the eastern abyssal.

Figure X15:	Topographic map of the Vema Channel and its northeastern extension. The 4000 m isobath is an 
optimal indicator for the channelized spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water (_ < 2¡ C) while filling 
the deep Brazil Basin.

Figure X16:	Salinity (a) and potential temperature (b) sections from the Vema Sill below 2500 m. In the right 
subfigure we have included the position and length of IfM mooring V-389 (see Tab X2). Note the 
asymmetric horizontal property distribution in the range below _3800 m. For details see text..

Figure X17:	Sections as in Fig.X14, however from the Vema Extension. Note the isolated deep channel that 
prevents Antarctic Bottom Water to be mixed more rapidly with its surrounding water masses 
then farther north in the inner Brazil Basin.

Figure X18:	Diagram of potential temperature vs. salinity (_/S) from Sta 212 (+) and 215 (o) from the Vema 
Sill (see Figs.X1 and X2) and from the Vema Extension (see Fig.X1).

Figure X19:	Bottom oriented profiles of potential temperature from section (a) at the Vema Channel and (b) the 
Vema Extension. Note the homogenized temperature on the sill also see in Fig.X17.

Figure X20:	Long-term CTD temperature time series from the Vema Channel. The newest data point from M41 
shows again increased temperatures. In fact, the latest value of _min = -0.136¡ C measured on Sta 
212 (see Figs.X2 and X9) is among the highest in the total time series from the sill region in the 
Vema Channel.

ANNEX X1

Distribution of hydrographic parameters on standard pressure levels from all CTD 
stations taken during cruise M41/3. Columns represent pressure (p), in situ 
temperature (T), potential temperature (_) and salinity (S) for each station. 
Considerations on data accuracies are given in the text. 








Station  208        Profil      01	Station  210        Profil      02
40¡  54.59 W       28¡  26.25 S	39¡  23.86 W       31¡  11.84 S
20.04.1998    UTC  16:44    4388 m	21.04.1998    UTC  17:42    4614 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
23.911
23.911
36.554

4.0
21.070
21.070
35.754
10.0
23.912
23.910
36.551

10.0
21.027
21.025
35.760
20.0
23.908
23.904
36.551

20.0
20.983
20.979
35.767
50.0
22.920
22.910
36.393

50.0
20.628
20.619
36.008
75.0
19.622
19.608
36.159

75.0
17.265
17.252
35.763
100.0
18.548
18.531
36.083

100.0
16.030
16.014
35.669
150.0
16.836
16.811
35.830

150.0
15.043
15.020
35.589
200.0
15.487
15.456
35.569

200.0
14.338
14.309
35.490
250.0
14.667
14.630
35.467

250.0
13.936
13.900
35.427
300.0
14.590
14.545
35.534

300.0
13.551
13.508
35.386
350.0
13.504
13.454
35.337

350.0
12.725
12.678
35.228
400.0
12.769
12.714
35.222

400.0
11.484
11.433
35.024
450.0
11.689
11.631
35.051

450.0
10.298
10.244
34.868
500.0
10.307
10.247
34.855

500.0
9.136
9.080
34.714
600.0
8.122
8.060
34.598

600.0
6.501
6.452
34.397
700.0
6.434
6.370
34.426

700.0
5.154
5.097
34.281
800.0
5.302
5.235
34.349

800.0
4.579
4.516
34.279
900.0
4.436
4.366
34.329

900.0
4.005
3.938
34.281
1000.0
3.830
3.756
34.338

1000.0
3.701
3.628
34.325
1500.0
3.014
2.906
34.628

1500.0
2.859
2.753
34.626
2000.0
3.528
3.368
34.922

2000.0
3.240
3.084
34.886
2500.0
3.202
2.998
34.944

2500.0
3.112
2.910
34.936
3000.0
2.878
2.630
34.928

3000.0
2.751
2.506
34.922
3500.0
1.186
0.927
34.769

3500.0
2.140
1.856
34.869
4000.0
0.504
0.214
34.698

4000.0
0.950
0.646
34.727
4430.0
0.364
0.032
34.682

4500.0
0.207
-0.128
34.675





4666.0
0.220
-0.133
34.673


Station  211        Profil      03	Station  212         Profil      04
39¡  21.02 W       31¡  12.04 S	39¡  18.90 W       31¡  12.02 S
21.04.1998    UTC  21:59    4574 m	22.04.1998    UTC  01:42    4475 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
21.183
21.183
35.768

2.0
21.129
21.128
35.780
10.0
21.177
21.175
35.764

10.0
21.143
21.141
35.773
20.0
21.056
21.052
35.757

20.0
21.069
21.066
35.762
50.0
20.703
20.694
36.009

50.0
20.679
20.670
35.985
75.0
17.446
17.433
35.753

75.0
17.478
17.466
35.833
100.0
16.247
16.231
35.708

100.0
15.957
15.941
35.673
150.0
15.126
15.103
35.597

150.0
15.117
15.094
35.597
200.0
14.533
14.503
35.521

200.0
14.572
14.542
35.541
250.0
13.975
13.939
35.441

250.0
14.141
14.105
35.476
300.0
13.476
13.433
35.370

300.0
13.504
13.462
35.376
350.0
12.539
12.492
35.198

350.0
12.560
12.513
35.203
400.0
11.342
11.292
35.010

400.0
11.507
11.455
35.039
450.0
10.324
10.270
34.867

450.0
10.421
10.367
34.879
500.0
9.292
9.235
34.720

500.0
8.749
8.695
34.640
600.0
6.939
6.882
34.459

600.0
6.665
6.609
34.408
700.0
5.461
5.402
34.314

700.0
5.354
5.295
34.322
800.0
4.550
4.487
34.262

800.0
4.477
4.415
34.269
900.0
4.086
4.018
34.292

900.0
4.118
4.050
34.298
1000.0
3.712
3.639
34.330

1000.0
3.673
3.600
34.322
1500.0
2.877
2.770
34.616

1500.0
2.877
2.771
34.613
2000.0
3.211
3.055
34.879

2000.0
3.165
3.010
34.862
2500.0
3.096
2.895
34.938

2500.0
3.098
2.896
34.936
3000.0
2.776
2.530
34.923

3000.0
2.777
2.531
34.919
3500.0
2.188
1.903
34.874

3500.0
2.223
1.938
34.873
4000.0
1.275
0.962
34.772

4000.0
1.378
1.062
34.781
4500.0
0.205
-0.129
34.674

4500.0
0.198
-0.137
34.672
4630.0
0.217
-0.132
34.674

4528.0
0.201
-0.136
34.674


Station  213        Profil      05		Station  214         Profil      06
39¡  16.02 W       31¡  12.03 S				33¡  54.96 W       26¡  53.99 S
22.04.1998    UTC  05:56    4066 m				23.04.1998    UTC  19:16    3798 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
21.412
21.412
35.772

2.0
23.566
23.565
36.051
10.0
21.419
21.417
35.764

10.0
23.569
23.567
36.046
20.0
21.233
21.229
35.754

20.0
23.565
23.560
36.040
50.0
20.857
20.848
35.957

50.0
22.402
22.392
36.006
75.0
17.798
17.785
35.786

75.0
20.422
20.407
36.249
100.0
16.425
16.409
35.754

100.0
18.757
18.739
36.061
150.0
15.241
15.218
35.623

150.0
16.584
16.559
35.784
200.0
14.635
14.605
35.548

200.0
15.157
15.126
35.553
250.0
14.030
13.993
35.437

250.0
14.602
14.564
35.556
300.0
13.494
13.451
35.367

300.0
14.257
14.213
35.515
350.0
12.650
12.602
35.212

350.0
13.643
13.593
35.406
400.0
11.802
11.750
35.083

400.0
12.363
12.310
35.172
450.0
10.464
10.410
34.889

450.0
11.192
11.136
34.979
500.0
9.098
9.042
34.703

500.0
10.308
10.248
34.865
600.0
6.836
6.779
34.449

600.0
7.704
7.643
34.560
700.0
5.380
5.322
34.326

700.0
6.150
6.088
34.409
800.0
4.577
4.515
34.288

800.0
4.847
4.782
34.324
900.0
4.169
4.101
34.316

900.0
4.099
4.031
34.325
1000.0
3.643
3.571
34.330

1000.0
3.601
3.529
34.364
1500.0
3.109
3.000
34.664

1500.0
2.872
2.765
34.687
2000.0
3.176
3.021
34.870

2000.0
2.834
2.684
34.852
2500.0
3.093
2.892
34.934

2500.0
2.903
2.705
34.927
3000.0
2.786
2.540
34.924

3000.0
2.673
2.430
34.922
3500.0
2.288
2.001
34.882

3500.0
2.262
1.976
34.886
4000.0
1.378
1.062
34.786

3820.0
1.605
1.302
34.815
4096.0
1.247
0.925
34.771


Station  215        Profil      07		Station  216        Profil      08
34¡  14.02 W       26¡  41.97 S		34¡  56.16 W       26¡  17.99 S
23.04.1998    UTC  23:53    4783 m		24.04.1998    UTC  07:06    4341 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
23.629
23.629
36.075

2.0
24.313
24.312
36.004
10.0
23.632
23.630
36.076

10.0
24.327
24.325
36.016
20.0
23.633
23.628
36.075

20.0
24.323
24.319
36.013
50.0
22.641
22.631
36.237

50.0
22.340
22.330
36.384
75.0
20.524
20.510
36.221

75.0
20.277
20.263
36.264
100.0
19.303
19.285
36.155

100.0
19.045
19.027
36.091
150.0
17.544
17.518
35.864

150.0
17.066
17.041
35.784
200.0
16.135
16.103
35.663

200.0
16.044
16.012
35.632
250.0
14.920
14.882
35.490

250.0
14.994
14.956
35.493
300.0
14.927
14.881
35.588

300.0
14.322
14.277
35.428
350.0
13.621
13.571
35.327

350.0
13.415
13.366
35.280
400.0
12.716
12.661
35.199

400.0
12.337
12.283
35.118
450.0
11.631
11.573
35.038

450.0
11.551
11.493
35.013
500.0
10.656
10.594
34.914

500.0
10.404
10.344
34.862
600.0
8.254
8.191
34.615

600.0
7.900
7.838
34.570
700.0
6.374
6.310
34.430

700.0
5.961
5.899
34.387
800.0
5.005
4.940
34.326

800.0
4.701
4.638
34.319
900.0
4.210
4.141
34.329

900.0
4.169
4.100
34.337
1000.0
3.601
3.529
34.359

1000.0
3.740
3.667
34.378
1500.0
2.910
2.803
34.685

1500.0
3.192
3.082
34.727
2000.0
3.277
3.120
34.929

2000.0
3.380
3.222
34.938
2500.0
3.002
2.802
34.939

2500.0
3.051
2.850
34.941
3000.0
2.755
2.509
34.927

3000.0
2.754
2.509
34.924
3500.0
2.362
2.073
34.892

3500.0
2.291
2.004
34.885
4000.0
1.351
1.036
34.785

4000.0
1.114
0.806
34.759
4500.0
0.505
0.161
34.694

4388.0
0.303
-0.023
34.680
4862.0
0.278
-0.098
34.676



Station  217        Profil      09				Station  218        Profil      10
35¡  38.89 W       25¡  53.88 S				20¡  00.03 W       23¡  48.81 S
24.04.1998    UTC  16:45  4215 m				28.04.1998    UTC  10:14    5215 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
25.065
25.065
36.244

4.0
25.685
25.684
36.793
10.0
24.988
24.986
36.273

10.0
25.685
25.683
36.799
20.0
24.951
24.947
36.352

20.0
25.696
25.691
36.806
50.0
24.597
24.586
36.525

50.0
25.701
25.689
36.807
75.0
21.502
21.487
36.470

75.0
23.416
23.400
36.404
100.0
20.511
20.493
36.332

100.0
21.480
21.461
36.303
150.0
18.227
18.201
35.978

150.0
18.158
18.132
35.920
200.0
16.792
16.759
35.747

200.0
15.772
15.741
35.546
250.0
15.415
15.376
35.529

250.0
14.493
14.456
35.349
300.0
14.396
14.351
35.379

300.0
13.376
13.333
35.203
350.0
13.369
13.320
35.269

350.0
12.332
12.285
35.080
400.0
12.432
12.378
35.125

400.0
11.110
11.060
34.937
450.0
11.223
11.166
34.963

450.0
10.240
10.187
34.831
500.0
10.217
10.157
34.834

500.0
9.068
9.013
34.698
600.0
8.166
8.103
34.609

600.0
7.181
7.123
34.519
700.0
6.361
6.297
34.441

700.0
5.495
5.436
34.402
800.0
5.083
5.017
34.364

800.0
4.515
4.452
34.388
900.0
4.157
4.089
34.350

900.0
3.965
3.898
34.410
1000.0
3.811
3.737
34.401

1000.0
3.628
3.555
34.470
1500.0
3.699
3.583
34.727

1500.0
3.129
3.019
34.758
2000.0
3.950
3.783
34.952

2000.0
3.138
2.984
34.916
2500.0
2.950
2.751
34.937

2500.0
2.929
2.730
34.934
3000.0
2.286
2.051
34.892

3000.0
2.700
2.455
34.920
3500.0
1.636
1.366
34.820

3500.0
2.305
2.017
34.883
4000.0
0.794
0.494
34.728

4000.0
1.634
1.310
34.811
4240.0
0.415
0.102
34.689

4500.0
1.227
0.860
34.767





5000.0
0.927
0.512
34.734





5282.0
0.893
0.445
34.726


Station  219        Profil      11				Station  220        Profil      12
16¡  16.34 W       23¡  49.59 S				15¡  00.02 W       23¡  40.12 S
29.4.1998    UTC  10:07    3874 m				30.04.1998    UTC  02:58    3853 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
25.167
25.167
36.679

4.0
24.989
24.988
36.728
10.0
25.170
25.168
36.722

10.0
24.992
24.990
36.739
20.0
25.175
25.170
36.734

20.0
24.993
24.989
36.757
50.0
25.156
25.145
36.728

50.0
24.989
24.978
36.756
75.0
20.837
20.822
36.219

75.0
21.944
21.929
36.318
100.0
19.614
19.596
36.169

100.0
21.158
21.139
36.302
150.0
18.363
18.337
35.985

150.0
19.166
19.139
36.128
200.0
16.071
16.039
35.610

200.0
17.149
17.116
35.780
250.0
14.656
14.619
35.375

250.0
15.009
14.971
35.427
300.0
13.465
13.423
35.214

300.0
13.424
13.382
35.205
350.0
12.245
12.198
35.072

350.0
12.463
12.416
35.093
400.0
10.778
10.729
34.899

400.0
11.484
11.433
34.976
450.0
9.532
9.481
34.760

450.0
10.188
10.135
34.830
500.0
8.831
8.777
34.685

500.0
8.732
8.677
34.675
600.0
7.020
6.962
34.519

600.0
7.171
7.113
34.541
700.0
5.493
5.433
34.413

700.0
5.778
5.717
34.420
800.0
4.563
4.500
34.386

800.0
4.571
4.508
34.370
900.0
3.938
3.871
34.414

900.0
4.014
3.947
34.393
1000.0
3.527
3.455
34.459

1000.0
3.603
3.530
34.453
1500.0
3.240
3.129
34.806

1500.0
3.088
2.979
34.759
2000.0
3.217
3.061
34.938

2000.0
3.197
3.042
34.933
2500.0
2.888
2.690
34.930

2500.0
2.766
2.571
34.906
3000.0
2.604
2.362
34.907

3000.0
2.654
2.411
34.908
3500.0
2.231
1.945
34.867

3500.0
2.446
2.155
34.887
3900.0
1.937
1.616
34.838

3888.0
2.136
1.811
34.857



Station  221        Profil      13		Station  225        Profil      14
13¡  59.86 W       24¡  09.95 S		13¡  23.07 W       24¡  10.81 S
30.04.1998    UTC  11:46    3171 m		01.05.1998    UTC  08:17    2741 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
4.0
24.725
24.724
36.740

4.0
24.584
24.583
36.668
10.0
24.728
24.725
36.740

10.0
24.594
24.592
36.668
20.0
24.730
24.726
36.739

20.0
24.598
24.593
36.670
50.0
24.723
24.712
36.736

50.0
24.608
24.597
36.670
75.0
22.406
22.391
36.307

75.0
23.072
23.057
36.485
100.0
20.866
20.847
36.233

100.0
20.861
20.842
36.281
150.0
19.339
19.312
36.153

150.0
18.768
18.742
36.061
200.0
16.756
16.724
35.719

200.0
16.094
16.062
35.611
250.0
14.673
14.636
35.377

250.0
14.747
14.709
35.391
300.0
13.215
13.173
35.180

300.0
13.659
13.616
35.240
350.0
11.684
11.638
34.997

350.0
12.359
12.312
35.082
400.0
10.849
10.800
34.899

400.0
11.038
10.988
34.924
450.0
9.994
9.941
34.805

450.0
10.100
10.046
34.819
500.0
8.744
8.690
34.671

500.0
9.021
8.966
34.687
600.0
6.995
6.938
34.506

600.0
7.093
7.035
34.525
700.0
5.632
5.572
34.411

700.0
5.474
5.415
34.415
800.0
4.790
4.726
34.398

800.0
4.709
4.646
34.411
900.0
4.191
4.122
34.424

900.0
4.242
4.173
34.430
1000.0
3.877
3.803
34.471

1000.0
3.909
3.834
34.463
1500.0
3.178
3.067
34.741

1500.0
3.170
3.060
34.741
2000.0
2.864
2.713
34.871

2000.0
2.870
2.720
34.889
2500.0
2.739
2.544
34.897

2500.0
2.761
2.565
34.894
3000.0
2.616
2.374
34.891

2774.0
2.713
2.491
34.895
3200.0
2.608
2.345
34.892

Station  226        Profil      15				Station  229        Profil      16
12¡  18.11 W       24¡  10.08 S				11¡  07.95 W       24¡  10.25 S
01.05.1998    UTC  15:57    3910 m				02.05.1998    UTC  10:56    3737 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
4.0
24.432
24.431
36.637

2.0
24.273
24.273
36.540
10.0
24.432
24.430
36.637

10.0
24.288
24.286
36.538
20.0
24.429
24.425
36.640

20.0
24.293
24.288
36.537
50.0
24.403
24.392
36.644

50.0
24.270
24.260
36.534
75.0
21.050
21.036
36.194

75.0
23.752
23.737
36.372
100.0
19.853
19.834
36.189

100.0
19.784
19.766
35.925
150.0
17.491
17.465
35.810

150.0
16.207
16.183
35.570
200.0
15.543
15.512
35.511

200.0
14.233
14.203
35.299
250.0
14.514
14.476
35.350

250.0
13.320
13.285
35.183
300.0
13.638
13.595
35.231

300.0
12.411
12.371
35.082
350.0
12.554
12.507
35.099

350.0
11.293
11.249
34.952
400.0
11.287
11.236
34.952

400.0
10.116
10.068
34.813
450.0
10.094
10.041
34.815

450.0
9.446
9.395
34.739
500.0
8.905
8.851
34.688

500.0
8.616
8.563
34.652
600.0
7.077
7.019
34.517

600.0
6.754
6.698
34.483
700.0
5.416
5.357
34.407

700.0
5.162
5.105
34.372
800.0
4.728
4.665
34.403

800.0
4.331
4.270
34.403
900.0
4.127
4.058
34.434

900.0
3.893
3.826
34.437
1000.0
3.818
3.744
34.478

1000.0
3.604
3.531
34.475
1500.0
3.144
3.034
34.738

1500.0
3.168
3.058
34.758
2000.0
2.665
2.518
34.832

2000.0
2.661
2.514
34.838
2500.0
2.511
2.321
34.874

2500.0
2.511
2.321
34.874
3000.0
2.478
2.239
34.881

3000.0
2.434
2.195
34.880
3500.0
2.489
2.197
34.880

3500.0
2.400
2.110
34.880
4000.0
2.487
2.139
34.879

3764.0
2.410
2.091
34.881
4006.0
2.487
2.139
34.880



Station  231        Profil      17				Station  232        Profil      18
09¡  53.92 W       24¡ 09.96 S				09¡  00.19 W       24¡  09.91 S
02.05.1998    UTC  23:35    4322 m				03.05.1998    UTC  06:55    4462 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
4.0
23.874
23.873
36.566

2.0
23.715
23.715
36.423
10.0
23.873
23.871
36.570

10.0
23.726
23.724
36.424
20.0
23.871
23.867
36.574

20.0
23.735
23.731
36.427
50.0
23.876
23.865
36.573

50.0
23.662
23.652
36.425
75.0
22.069
22.054
36.189

75.0
20.946
20.932
35.978
100.0
19.430
19.412
36.037

100.0
19.052
19.034
35.929
150.0
17.559
17.534
35.791

150.0
17.125
17.100
35.733
200.0
15.069
15.038
35.436

200.0
15.455
15.424
35.488
250.0
13.735
13.699
35.242

250.0
14.211
14.174
35.309
300.0
12.954
12.913
35.145

300.0
12.922
12.881
35.138
350.0
11.884
11.838
35.025

350.0
11.959
11.913
35.031
400.0
11.118
11.068
34.935

400.0
10.862
10.813
34.902
450.0
9.964
9.912
34.801

450.0
9.573
9.522
34.758
500.0
8.367
8.315
34.633

500.0
8.912
8.857
34.676
600.0
6.375
6.320
34.455

600.0
7.260
7.201
34.544
700.0
5.312
5.254
34.391

700.0
5.364
5.306
34.392
800.0
4.365
4.304
34.380

800.0
4.445
4.383
34.373
900.0
3.894
3.827
34.420

900.0
4.127
4.058
34.427
1000.0
3.701
3.628
34.483

1000.0
3.786
3.712
34.474
1500.0
3.332
3.220
34.755

1500.0
3.470
3.356
34.765
2000.0
2.750
2.601
34.848

2000.0
2.737
2.589
34.835
2500.0
2.541
2.350
34.873

2500.0
2.510
2.319
34.873
3000.0
2.429
2.191
34.880

3000.0
2.399
2.161
34.878
3500.0
2.384
2.094
34.880

3500.0
2.361
2.072
34.884
4000.0
2.395
2.050
34.885

4000.0
2.393
2.047
34.887
4374.0
2.428
2.038
34.886

4500.0
2.438
2.033
34.887





4522.0
2.441
2.033
34.887


Station  233        Profil      19	Station  234        Profil      20
08¡  59.96 W       22¡  23.96 S	09¡  00.15 W       21¡  12.10 S
03.05.1998    UTC  19:00    4192 m	04.05.1998    UTC  03:51    3941 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
24.105
24.105
36.497

4.0
24.325
24.324
36.693
10.0
24.031
24.029
36.552

10.0
24.328
24.326
36.693
20.0
24.018
24.013
36.580

20.0
24.333
24.328
36.693
50.0
24.002
23.992
36.612

50.0
24.336
24.326
36.691
75.0
23.018
23.003
36.397

75.0
21.873
21.858
36.273
100.0
20.287
20.268
36.003

100.0
20.422
20.403
36.141
150.0
17.878
17.853
35.818

150.0
17.202
17.177
35.765
200.0
15.852
15.820
35.536

200.0
15.492
15.461
35.504
250.0
14.185
14.148
35.302

250.0
14.056
14.020
35.286
300.0
12.934
12.893
35.140

300.0
13.295
13.253
35.187
350.0
11.835
11.790
35.018

350.0
11.710
11.665
34.996
400.0
10.389
10.341
34.830

400.0
10.229
10.182
34.829
450.0
9.211
9.161
34.721

450.0
9.126
9.076
34.716
500.0
8.096
8.044
34.603

500.0
8.037
7.986
34.611
600.0
6.102
6.048
34.446

600.0
6.378
6.323
34.501
700.0
4.872
4.816
34.395

700.0
5.088
5.030
34.424
800.0
4.184
4.124
34.414

800.0
4.329
4.268
34.434
900.0
3.867
3.801
34.450

900.0
3.947
3.880
34.468
1000.0
3.646
3.573
34.512

1000.0
3.736
3.663
34.519
1500.0
3.473
3.359
34.810

1500.0
3.439
3.326
34.816
2000.0
3.058
2.905
34.890

2000.0
3.036
2.883
34.898
2500.0
2.589
2.397
34.878

2500.0
2.654
2.461
34.894
3000.0
2.441
2.203
34.878

3000.0
2.441
2.203
34.882
3500.0
2.364
2.075
34.883

3500.0
2.368
2.079
34.881
4000.0
2.382
2.037
34.888

3876.0
2.381
2.050
34.882
4236.0
2.401
2.028
34.889



Station  235        Profil      21	Station  236        Profil      22
09¡  00.09 W       20¡  00.03 S	09¡  46.23 W       18¡  59.98 S
04.05.1998    UTC  13:03    3959 m	04.05.1998    UTC  21:48    3838 m
p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
23.967
23.967
36.466

4.0
24.448
24.448
36.733
10.0
23.943
23.941
36.461

10.0
24.452
24.450
36.732
20.0
23.890
23.886
36.459

20.0
24.458
24.454
36.733
50.0
23.846
23.836
36.455

50.0
24.412
24.401
36.720
75.0
21.581
21.566
36.252

75.0
21.409
21.394
36.228
100.0
20.324
20.305
36.206

100.0
19.608
19.590
36.066
150.0
18.076
18.050
35.881

150.0
17.286
17.261
35.756
200.0
15.206
15.176
35.431

200.0
14.320
14.291
35.323
250.0
13.364
13.329
35.196

250.0
12.773
12.739
35.124
300.0
11.904
11.865
35.028

300.0
11.544
11.506
34.986
350.0
10.750
10.707
34.906

350.0
10.058
10.017
34.821
400.0
9.552
9.506
34.775

400.0
9.351
9.306
34.753
450.0
8.259
8.212
34.644

450.0
8.538
8.490
34.676
500.0
7.205
7.157
34.552

500.0
7.379
7.330
34.567
600.0
5.883
5.830
34.486

600.0
5.785
5.734
34.484
700.0
5.030
4.973
34.450

700.0
4.723
4.668
34.452
800.0
4.329
4.268
34.458

800.0
4.236
4.175
34.464
900.0
4.001
3.934
34.494

900.0
3.936
3.869
34.499
1000.0
3.840
3.765
34.541

1000.0
3.824
3.750
34.567
1500.0
3.642
3.527
34.824

1500.0
3.668
3.551
34.836
2000.0
3.092
2.938
34.903

2000.0
3.172
3.017
34.904
2500.0
2.643
2.450
34.891

2500.0
2.706
2.512
34.896
3000.0
2.454
2.216
34.884

3000.0
2.466
2.227
34.886
3500.0
2.388
2.099
34.883

3500.0
2.404
2.114
34.883
3962.0
2.396
2.055
34.889

3856.0
2.428
2.098
34.884


Station  236        Profil      23	Station  243        Profil      24
09¡  46.20 W       18¡  59.98 S	12¡  42.67 W       19¡  22.00 S
05.05.1998    UTC  00:57    3840 m	07.05.1998    UTC  22:22    4536 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
24.431
24.430
36.740

4.0
24.677
24.676
36.697
10.0
24.447
24.445
36.738

10.0
24.673
24.671
36.715
20.0
24.434
24.430
36.738

20.0
24.674
24.670
36.730
50.0
24.434
24.423
36.735

50.0
24.630
24.619
36.739
75.0
22.587
22.572
36.388

75.0
22.372
22.357
36.394
100.0
19.317
19.299
36.047

100.0
20.598
20.579
36.252
150.0
17.077
17.052
35.730

150.0
18.568
18.542
36.046
200.0
14.577
14.547
35.365

200.0
16.025
15.993
35.612
248.0
13.174
13.140
35.178

250.0
14.194
14.158
35.316





300.0
12.601
12.560
35.108





350.0
11.131
11.087
34.959





400.0
9.763
9.717
34.798





450.0
8.568
8.520
34.671





500.0
7.347
7.298
34.567





600.0
5.764
5.712
34.472





700.0
4.829
4.773
34.446





800.0
4.267
4.206
34.457





900.0
3.825
3.759
34.500





1000.0
3.700
3.626
34.548





1498.0
3.482
3.368
34.849



Station 248        Profil      25
17¡  15.12 W       19¡  05.75 S
09.05.1998    UTC  18:30    3453 m

p
dbar
T
¡C
_
¡C
S
2.0
25.829
25.829
36.947
10.0
25.567
25.564
36.971
20.0
25.541
25.536
36.993
50.0
25.523
25.512
37.005
75.0
23.108
23.093
36.537
100.0
21.152
21.132
36.413
150.0
19.127
19.100
36.152
200.0
16.246
16.214
35.637
250.0
14.339
14.302
35.352
300.0
12.869
12.828
35.167
350.0
11.445
11.401
35.000
400.0
10.030
9.983
34.841
450.0
8.928
8.879
34.728
500.0
7.941
7.890
34.636
600.0
6.127
6.073
34.497
700.0
4.823
4.767
34.431
800.0
4.213
4.153
34.437
900.0
3.847
3.781
34.467
1000.0
3.713
3.640
34.508
1500.0
3.651
3.535
34.847


 
26
M41 - Bericht,  AG Zenk , IfM Kiel                                                                                            Status: 
26.08.98





