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    A. PRELIMINARY CRUISE REPORT:  P02_2004
       (2013.SEP.11)
    
                                CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
    
             WOCE section designation | P02_2004
    Expedition designation (ExpoCode) | 318M200406
    ----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------ 
              Chief Scientists  Leg 1 | Chief Scientist        Paul Robbins UCSD/SIO
                                Leg 1 |   Co-Chief Scientist     Andreas Thurnherr LDEO
                                Leg 2 | Chief Scientist        James H. Swift UCSD/SIO
                                Leg 2 |   Co-Chief Scientist     Dong-Ha Min Penn State
    ----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------ 
                         Dates  Leg 1 | 15 June 2004 - 25 July   2004
                                Leg 2 | 28 July 2004 - 27 August 2004
                                 Ship | R/V MELVILLE
    ----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------ 
                 Ports of call  Leg 1 | Yokohama, Japan - Honolulu, Hawaii.
                                Leg 2 | Honolulu, Hawaii - San Diego, California
            Number of stations: Leg 1 | 107 LADCP/CTD/Rosette stations, 52 trace metals casts
                                Leg 2 |  82 LADCP/CTD/Rosette stations, 38 trace metals casts
    ----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------ 
        Station Geographic boundaries | Leg 1
                                      |                 32°44.94'N
                                      |      133°6.73'E            165°7.36'W
                                      |                 29°57.27'N  
                                      |
                                      | Leg 2
                                      |                 32°38.62'N
                                      |      166°26.74'W           117°23.03'W
                                      |                 29°58.9'N
    ----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------ 
         Floats and drifters deployed | 12 profiling CTD floats deployed
       Moorings deployed or recovered | 0
    
    
    CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
    
    Carlson, Craig   Firing, Eric     Key, Robert      Moe, Ron         Siegel, Dave
    Carlson, Craig   Gardner, Wilf    Landing, Bill    Nelson, Norm     Smethie, Bill
    Dickson, Andrew  Hansell, Dennis  Mattson, Carl    Patris, Nicolas  Steffen, Elizabeth
    Feely, Dick      Jenkins, Bill    McNichol, Ann    Robbins, Paul    Swift, Jim
    Fine, Rana       Johnson, Greg    Measures, Chris  Sabine, Chris    Visbeck, Martin
                                                                        Wilson, Robert
	
    CHIEF SCIENTIST CONTACT INFORMATION
    
    James H. Swift    UCSD/SIO    jswift@ucsd.edu        ph 858-534-3387  fx 858-534-7383
    Paul Robbins      UCSD/SIO    probbins@ucsd.edu      ph 858-534-6366
    Andreas Thurnherr LDEO        ant@ldeo.columbia.edu  ph 845 365-8816  fx 914 365-8157 
    Dong-Ha Min       Penn State  dmin@geosc.psu.edu
    
    
    SCIENCE PROGRAMS AND SCIENCE TEAM LEADERS
    
    CTDO/rosette/S/O2/nutrients/data processing
      Jim Swift          jswift@ucsd.edu           ph 858-534-3387  fx 858-534-7383
      Paul Robbins       probbins@ucsd.edu         ph 858-534-6366
      Carl Mattson       carl@odf.ucsd.edu         ph 858-534-1907
    
    transmissometer
      Wilf Gardner       wgardner@ocean.tamu.edu   ph 979-845-7211
    
    Resident Technician Group
      Robert Wilson      restech@sdsioa.ucsd.edu   ph 858-534-1632
    
    Shipboard Computer Group
      Ron Moe            rmoe@ucsd.edu             ph 858-534-6054
    
    CO2  (alkalinity)
      Andrew Dickson     adickson@ucsd.edu         ph 858-534-2990
    
    CO2  (DIC and underway pCO2)
      Dick Feely         Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov  ph 206-526-6214
      Chris Sabine       Chris.Sabine@noaa.gov     ph 206-526-4809
    
    DOC/DON
      Dennis Hansell     dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu  ph 305-361-4078  Leg 1
      Craig Carlson      carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu  ph 805-893-2541  Leg 2
    
    CDOM
      Dave Siegel        davey@icess.ucsb.edu,     ph 805-893-4547
      Norm Nelson        norm@icess.ucsb.edu,      ph 805-893-3202
      Craig Carlson      carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu  ph 805-893-2541
    
    13C/14C
      Ann McNichol       amcnichol@whoi.edu        ph 508-289-3394  fx 508-457-2183  Both Legs
      Robert Key         key@Princeton.EDU         ph 609-258-3595  fx:609-258-1274  Both Legs
    
    CFCs
      Rana Fine          rfine@rsmas.miami.edu     ph 305-361-4722  Leg 1
      Bill Smethie       bsmeth@ldeo.Columbia.edu  ph 845-365-8566  Leg 2
    
    He/Tr
      Bill Jenkins       wjenkins@whoi.edu         ph 508-289-2554
    
    ADCP/LADCP
      Eric Firing        efiring@soest.hawaii.edu  ph 808-956-7894  Leg 1
      Martin Visbeck     visbeck@ldeo.columbia.edu ph 845-365-8531  Leg 2
    
    Trace elements
      Chris Measures     chrism@soest.hawaii.edu   ph 808-956-8693  Both Legs
      Bill Landing       landing@ocean.fsu.edu     ph 850-644-6037  Both Legs
    
    ARGO floats
      Greg Johnson       Gregory.C.Johnson@noaa.gov ph 206-526-6806
      Elizabeth Steffen  Elizabeth.Steffen@noaa.gov ph 206-526-6747
    
    Aerosols
      Bill Landing       wlanding@fsu.edu           ph 850-644-6037
    
    Net Tows  
      John McGowan       jmcgowan@ucsd.edu          ph 858-534-2074   Leg 2 only
    


    
    A.1.	CRUISE SUMMARY
    
    CRUISE TRACK
    Station location maps for both legs of P02_2004 can be seen on the previous 
    page. (PDF only)
    
    SAMPLING
    The following water sample measurements were made:
    
                CTDRAW     CTDOXY     SILCAT     CFC-11     ALKALI
                CTDPRS     THETA      NITRAT     CFC-12     DELC13
                CTDTMP     SALNTY     NITRIT     CFC113     DELC14
                CTDSAL     OXYGEN     PHSPHT     TCARBN     ALUMN
                                                            IRON
    
    SUMMARY
    
    The immediate goal of the "P02" expedition was to carry out a trans-Pacific 
    transect along 30°N, angling north to Japan and California at the ends.  
    This was a repeat of the WOCE-era "P02" transect, carried out via four 
    1993-1994 cruises led by Japanese oceanographers.  The principal program of 
    measurements was reference quality CTDO casts with bottle sampling for 
    salinity, oxygen, nutrients, a host of carbon parameters, CFCs, helium and 
    tritium, and radiocarbon, plus a suite of underway measurements, as part of 
    the NSF and NOAA supported US Global Ocean Carbon and Repeat Hydrography 
    program.  There were also CTD/rosette casts with separate equipment for an 
    NSF-funded trace metals program, ARGO float deployments, and plankton tows 
    for an SIO investigator.
    
    

    A.2.  NARRATIVE - Leg 1
          (P Robbins)
    
    The R/V Melville  departed Yokohama, Japan on 15 June 2004. A total of 107 
    LADCP/CTD/Rosette stations were occupied and 52 trace metals casts were 
    made from 16 June - 22 July.  Water samples (up to 36), LADCP and CTD data 
    were collected, in many cases to within 10 meters of the bottom. Salinity, 
    dissolved oxygen and nutrient samples were analyzed from every bottle 
    sampled on the rosette.
    

    WEATHER  DELAYS
    
    The peril of working in the western subtropics in summer and fall is the 
    persistent threat of cyclones.  Although cyclones in June are rare, we were 
    subject to the effects of two.  Typhoon Dianmu required us to cease 
    operations on 19 June after station #13 and run east approximately 400 km 
    to avoid its path.  While waiting for the sea state from the typhoon to 
    diminish, we decided to occupy the stations along the transect heading back 
    west.  Station numbering was chosen to preserve geographic sense rather 
    then temporal.  Hence we occupied stations 21,20,19.... back to station 14.  
    Station 14 was occupied  3 days, 7 hours after Station 13.  After station 
    14, we again steamed east and picked up the line at Station 22.  The trace 
    metal cast at station 20 was occupied during this eastward steam since the 
    seas had been too rough for its deployment previously.  The total time 
    between the primary rosette cast and the trace metal cast at station 20 was 
    3 days. All together, approximately 44 hours was lost due to weather delays 
    associated with typhoon Dianmu.
    
    Starting around 29 June, the weather again began to deteriorate due a a 
    second typhoon, Tingting, to the south.  Station spacing was increased from 
    30 nm to 34 nm in an attempt to get further east and out of the path of the 
    typhoon.  The sea state continued to build and after station #40 it was 
    decided that we would again have to run east overnight.  On 1 July we were 
    able to occupy a station (#42)  approximately 85 nm east of station #40.  
    At this point the typhoon was approximately 420 nm distant to our 
    southeast. Given the predicted track of the typhoon (NE) we could not 
    remain in the area nor return west to pick up station #41.  Thus, station 
    #41 was not occupied and we continued westward with a 39 nm spacing in an 
    attempt to provide greater distance between us and the expected track of 
    the typhoon.  This larger (39nm) station spacing was continued until 
    station #58, when the combination of distance from the typhoon and 
    resoluton of the winch issues (see below) allowed for a decrease in station 
    separation to 34 nm.
    

    Ship Malfunction 
    
    The ships equipment performed well during leg 1, however some time was lost 
    to level-winding problems on the winch used for the primary CTD casts.  
    Prior to this expedition, a new hydro-boom was installed on the starboard 
    side of the ship, just aft of the starboard hanger.  A similar  
    configuration was in place on the R/V Knorr throughout the WOCE expeditions 
    and deemed successful.  The new hydro-boom required using a winch (DESH-5) 
    which had not been used for many years.  Prior to this cruise, the DESH-5 
    winch and hydro-boom had performed well on casts up to 2000 m deep.  
    
    Starting about station #12, with bottom depths in excess of 4500 m,  
    problems related to malfunction of the level-wind were noted on upcasts.  
    The chief engineer attempted several adjustments and replacement of some 
    parts but was unable to correct the problem.  Casts could proceed but 
    required constant attention, and adjustment to the winch during upcasts.  
    It was eventually determined that the problems with the winch were not due 
    to any malfunction of the level-wind mechanism but due  to unevenness of 
    wraps deep on the drum.  In an attempt to fix this, a deep cast, with only 
    a dead weight, was made in the Izu Ogasawara Trench. 8856m of wire was 
    unspoiled and carefully respelled.  Eight hours of ship time was devoted to 
    this effort.  Unfortunately, this did not suffice to fix the problem which 
    persisted, and worsened over the next several days.  The decision was made 
    to switch to the aft winch (DESH-6) and conduct the primary ctd casts from 
    the starboard A-frame.  This necessitated repositioning the trace metal 
    rosette and winch to the stern A-frame.  Owing to high sea state, 
    relocating the primary rosette to the starboard A-frame  could not be 
    accomplished until after station #50.  All together, time lost to level 
    winding problems on DESH-5 totaled about 15 hours.  All stations subsequent 
    to station #49 used the DESH-6 winch and no significant  delays occurred.  
    Stations using the DESH-5 winch with particularly slow upcasts are listed 
    below.  In total, about 14 hours of station time was lost to winch 
    malfunctions.
    

    
    A.3.  NARRATIVE - Leg 2
          (J Swift)
    
    R/V Melville arrived at the University of Hawaii's Marine Facility at Sand 
    Island in Honolulu on the morning of 25 July 2004 to provide a short break 
    for the officers, crew, and continuing members of the science team, 
    disembark some of the Leg 1 science team, board new science team members, 
    and load tons of provisions and fuel.  The ship departed on schedule on the 
    afternoon of 28 July, heading for the area near 30°N and 165°W where the 
    Leg 1 team had broken off the P02 trans-Pacific section they started in 
    mid-June.
    
    Training casts en route helped the new team members to learn the ropes.  
    Scientific work on Leg 2 began with a 3-station overlap of the eastern end 
    of Leg 1, continuing eastward along 30°N.  The plan was to carry out 
    CTD/rosette profiles at ca. 50 km intervals.  During the first week at sea, 
    however,  it was necessary to divert R/V Melville to Kauai, Hawaii, to 
    disembark a crew member, an operation which caused a loss of 75 hours, 
    equivalent to approximately 15 of the planned stations.  To make up the 
    lost time the station interval was widened to ca. 60 km, and later to 65 
    km.  Excellent between-station ship speeds, due to good fortune with 
    weather and seas, plus attention to saving time during casts helped to make 
    up some of the lost time.  Later in the expedition it became possible to 
    reduce the station spacing to 60 km and finally to 50 km.  The eastern end 
    of the section was completed according to the original cruise plan.  In 
    all, 81 stations were completed of the 93 stations planned for Leg 2 (87%). 
    
    There were two science activities during Leg 2 which did not take place on 
    Leg 1: ARGO float deployments and plankton tows.  The ARGO floats are 
    fascinating devices, easy to start up and deploy, which when launched 
    proceed to sink to a pre-set level (ca. 1000 meters), meanwhile profiling 
    temperature and salinity while they sink, drift at depth for a set number 
    of days, sink to 2000 meters, rise to the surface (again generating a 
    vertical profile), squirt data to a satellite, then repeat the whole 
    endeavor, over and over, for up to five years.  The plankton tows will form 
    the basis for Dr. John McGowan (SIO) to carry out a 1969-2004 comparison of 
    ecosystem structure in the subtropical gyre versus the California Current.  
    This set of data will be an important part of a larger study aimed at 
    understanding how oceanic systems respond to global change.  The shipboard 
    party enjoyed something different/new to do.
    
    One perplexing oddity was noted: It was discovered that different groups in 
    the SIO Ship Operations and Marine Technical Support Division used 
    independent leg numbers for the P02 cruise (and other recent R/V Melville 
    cruises).  This dual numbering will undoubtedly lead to data confusion in 
    the future.  For example, a person who wanted to examine the deck log 
    versus the underway systems data would need the deck log for Leg 22 and the 
    underway data from Leg 33.  The situation was clearly unsatisfactory and 
    was called to the attention of the operating institution.  Hopefully in the 
    near future SIO will institute reforms which will end this confusing 
    practice.
    
    The scientific work along Line P02 was mostly uneventful.  There were only 
    a few days during which the winds picked up; otherwise winds were mostly 
    light.  The ship was almost always able to make excellent speed between 
    stations, accounting for making up a good share of the time lost on the 
    unplanned 75 hour run to/from Kauai.
    
    At station 127 there were intermittent, then nearly permanent upcast data 
    dropouts on both of the temperature/conductivity pairs of sensors on the 
    CTD.  The cast was aborted and the CTD was removed to the lab.  
    Investigation revealed that the CTD had at some point in the past taken on 
    a small amount of water inside its pressure case, which finally caused 
    enough corrosion that the CTD ceased to function normally.  Scott Hiller 
    soon switched out the CTD and the science team repeated the portion of the 
    cast where the data had dropped out, all told losing about 4 hours.
    
    A problem downloading LADCP data led to temporarily removing the LADCP for 
    cast 163/02.  The problem was solved and the LADCP replaced for the next 
    station with little loss of time.
    
    Temporal evolution of transient tracers such as CFCs in the interior of the 
    ocean is one of the research interests of the Repeat Hydrography Program, 
    as this helps to infer the major pathways and rate which anthropogenic 
    carbon spreads in the ocean.  Preliminary comparisons with WOCE stations 
    occupied during the mid-1990s suggests that the CFC concentrations have 
    increased in the upper 1000-2000 meters of the water column during the past 
    decade.  We also observed what was at first a minute but abrupt increase of 
    CFC-12 blank level since the beginning of Leg 2.  We tried changing the 
    tripping sequence of the rosette bottles, and checked the syringe sampling 
    and analysis orders, sample storage, and computation steps.  Although we 
    determined that changed calibration curve fitting coefficients for very low 
    CFC-12 concentrations probably explained the apparent blank increase, there 
    remained consistent marginally-elevated CFC-12 concentrations (by ca. 
    0.005-0.010 pM) in the several hundred meters of water above the seafloor 
    during  Leg 2 strengthening in the east, finally disappearing as we came up 
    the base of the continental slope off California.  This bottom feature of 
    CFC-12 cannot be fully explained by any contamination or bias in sampling 
    and analysis, or potential link to newly ventilated bottom water from the 
    south and provided an interesting mystery to contemplate.
    
    We were fortunate to have on board students eager to learn and do 
    everything, so we had them learn and do everything!  It was truly a 
    pleasure to observe them discovering what life at sea holds for them.  
    Students ran the CTD console, helped launch and recover the rosette, helped 
    draw water samples and act as sample cop, carried out nearly all of the 
    radiocarbon sampling program, carried out nearly all of the plankton 
    sampling program, ran salinity analyses, and carried out many other tasks.  
    The three new SIO physical oceanography graduate students compared the P02 
    data with Atlantic Ocean profiles to view the Big Picture, and with North 
    Pacific WOCE Hydrographic Program data to examine differences during the 
    past decade, as well as relative noise levels in data from different 
    cruises.
    
    Minor diversions helped break the often monotonous routine.  For example, 
    the night watch crew noticed at one station large numbers of sea striders 
    under the lights and collected samples for return to San Diego.  They were 
    present in such abundance that it was easy to catch them in a bucket.  
    These are fascinating little creatures that live on top of the sea, 
    exploiting surface tension.
    
    During the 2004 edition of the Perseid meteor shower R/V Melville was on 
    station with the bow dark and pointed east during the peak hours, making 
    for pleasant viewing.  (One bonus watching this from sea: no insects!)  
    Meteor sightings averaged a bit more than a one per minute pace, though 
    there were some periods with higher rates.  Some were bright, with trails, 
    and one was a very bright, short flash, equivalent to mid-distance 
    lightning or an onboard flash photo.
    
    Life was comfortable on board, thanks to good environmental controls, light 
    seas, and good food.  As an aside, the chief scientist is an oceanographer 
    who has done mostly high latitude work.  He enjoyed the novelty of finding 
    conditions appropriate for taking relaxing breaks on deck, enjoying the sun 
    and breeze, iced drink (non-alcoholic) in hand.  He also found the stars at 
    night were magnificent.
    
    R/V Melville docked at the UCSD Scripps Institution of Oceanography's 
    Nimitz Marine Facility at 1000 local time, Friday, 27 August 2004.  This 
    was nominally one day early, but because the analytic groups required one 
    day of analyses after the final station, and because the final station was 
    immediately outside the entrance to San Diego Bay, rather than stare 
    wistfully at the shore for the final day, we brought the ship to the dock 
    to complete the work.
    

    
    A.4.  NOTES ON THE CTDO / ROSETTE / LADCP PROGRAM
          (J. Swift)
    
    The rosette water sampler frame which was used on this expeditions was the 
    large ODF-constructed 36-position frame, with a single ring outfitted on 
    each side with staggered scallops for 18 10-liter Niskin type bottles, 
    which are attached to the frame with hose clamps.  This method of mounting 
    provides outstanding bottle security plus, because lanyard guides are also 
    attached with hose clamps, it can be easily adjusted to provide best 
    performance.  Cross members on the bottom of the frame provide mounting 
    points for the various electronics and batteries, with approximately half 
    of the bottom frame open so that the LADCP transducers will have 
    unobstructed acoustic paths.  The ODF-constructed ODF/Bullister design 
    Niskin-type bottles provided outstanding performance throughout this 
    cruise, with near-zero incidence of leaking bottles.  Spigots tended to be 
    very tight, because grease-like lubricants permitted on some cruises cannot 
    be used on cruises for this program.  Careful and repeated inspection and 
    maintenance helped to keep the spigots in adjustment.  The nylon-coated 
    stainless steel springs must be inspected occasionally in order that any 
    rust spots - detrimental to phosphate analyses for example - can be re-
    coated.
    
    There was some concern before this program began in 2003 that the 10-liter 
    bottles (which, like Niskin 10-liter bottles actually hold closer to 9 
    liters) would be too small.  It is in fact entirely conceivable that in 
    some situations the capacity would be insufficient.  For example, on one 
    cruise for this program there were two CFC groups running side by side.  
    More obviously, if CFC, helium/tritium, carbon system, and radiocarbon 
    programs were to sample from the same bottle, experience shows that there 
    may well not be water left for a salinity sample, and the water is so 
    severely drawn down that one must begin to suspect, for the final carbon-
    system samples, the possibility of contamination from the air drawn into 
    the head space of the bottle.  These problems were avoided during P02 
    mostly by control of overlapping sampling.  This was made easy by the fact 
    that the carbon programs tended to do their heavy sampling on alternate 
    stations (and at some points during the cruise did almost no sampling on 
    their 'light' stations).  Radiocarbon sampling was always coordinated with 
    the 'heavy' carbon stations.  And in most cases helium/tritium sampling was 
    scheduled for the 'light' stations.  For that program, full overlap with 
    CFC sampling was required, but with nearly-full CFC sampling available 
    every station, that was not a problem.
    
    The other decision regarding the rosette program was how to stagger the 
    sampling in the vertical, over multiple stations, to provide the most 
    information for the various parameters.  Paul Robbins, chief scientist on 
    Leg 1, created the scheme used for the entire section:  three different 
    vertical sampling schemes were used in strict rotation.  Thus the every-
    second -station carbon parameters went, over six stations, through the same 
    rotation the CTDO/S/O2/nutrient/CFC programs sampled.  This scheme was 
    judged by Paul to provide optimum information for objective mapping 
    schemes.  It is shown in the table below.
    
    Helium/tritium and radiocarbon sampling, ARGO deployments, and net tows 
    were done at the closest stations to the longitudes requested by the 
    investigators in charge of the programs.  Small (no more than one station) 
    adjustments were sometimes made to align radiocarbon with full carbon 
    stations, and to avoid helium/tritium sampling on radiocarbon stations.
    
                        scheme 1    |    scheme 2    |   scheme 3
                     ---------------|----------------|---------------
                            5       |       5        |        5
                           50       |      35        |       40
                          100       |      70        |       85
                          150       |     120        |      135
                          200       |     170        |      185
                          250       |     220        |      235
                          300       |     270        |      285
                          350       |     320        |      335
                          400       |     370        |      385
                          450       |     420        |      435
                          500       |     470        |      485
                          600       |     540        |      570
                          700       |     640        |      670
                          800       |     740        |      770
                          900       |     840        |      870
                         1000       |     940        |      970
                         1100       |     1040       |     1070
                         1200       |     1140       |     1170
                         1300       |     1240       |     1270
                         1400       |     1340       |     1370
                         1500       |     1440       |     1470
                         1600       |     1540       |     1570
                        (1700)      |    (1640)      |    (1670)
                         1800       |     1740       |     1770
                        (1900)      |    (1840)      |    (1870)
                         2000       |     1940       |     1970
                         2250       |     2100       |     2170
                         2500       |     2350       |     2420
                         2750       |     2600       |     2670
                         3000       |     2850       |     2920
                      3400/(3250)   |     3100       |  3250/(3170)
                      3800/(3500)   |  3500/(3350)   |  3650/(3420)
                      4200/(3750)   |  3900/(3600)   |  4050/(3670)
                      4600/(4000)   |  4300/(3850)   |  4450/(3920)
                      5000/(4250)   |  4700/(4100)   |  4850/(4170)
                     5400/(bottom)  | 5200/(bottom)  | 5250/(bottom)
                      bottom-200    |     5600       |  bottom-200
                        bottom      |    bottom      |    bottom
     
    For the final 16 stations, in o| rder to better determine isopleth slopes in 
    the upper layers near the North|  American boundary, the sampling schemes 
    were slightly altered:
    
                      bottle |    new      |    new      |    new
                       count |  Scheme 1   |  Scheme 2   |  Scheme 3
                       ------|-------------|-------------|----------
                          1  |       5     |       5     |       5
                          2  |      25     |      35     |      20
                          3  |      55     |      70     |      45
                          4  |      80     |      95     |      85
                          5  |     105     |     120     |     110
                          6  |     130     |     145     |     135
                          7  |     155     |     170     |     160
                          8  |     180     |     195     |     185
                          9  |     215     |     220     |     210
                         10  |     250     |     270     |     235
                         11  |     300     |     320     |     285
                         12  |     350     |     370     |     335
                         13  |     400     |     420     |     385
                         14  |     450     |     470     |     435
                         15  |     500     |     540     |     485
                         16  |     600     |     640     |     570
                         17  |     700     |     740     |     670
                         18  |     800     |     840     |     770
                         19  |     900     |     940     |     870
                         20  |    1000     |    1040     |     970
                         21  |    1100     |    1140     |    1070
                         22  |    1200     |    1240     |    1170
                         23  |    1300     |    1340     |    1270
                         24  |    1400     |    1440     |    1370
                         25  |    1500     |    1540     |    1470
                         26  |    1600     |   (1640)    |    1570
                         27  |   (1700)    |    1740     |   (1670)
                         28  |    1800     |   (1840)    |    1770
                         29  |   (1900)    |    1940     |   (1870)
                         30  |    2000     |    2100     |    1970
                         31  |    2250     |    2350     |    2170
                         32  |    2500     |    2600     |    2420
                         33  |    2750     |    2850     |    2670
                         34  |    3000     |    3100     |    2920
                         35  | 3400/(3250) | 3500/(3350) | 3250/(3170)
                         36  | 3800/(3500) | 3900/(3600) | 3650/(3420)
                             | 4200/(3750) | 4300/(3850) | 4050/(3670)
                             | 4600/(4000) | 4700/(4100) | 4450/(3920) 
    
    
 
    A.5.  WINCH AND DECK OPERATIONS WITH THE 36-PLACE ROSETTE
    
    Deck operations on Leg 2 went well enough, but this may have been partly a 
    result of the benign weather/sea conditions experienced.  There were 
    several deficiencies in the deck operations, including:
    
     • The winch operator could not see the rosette on deck, making it more of a 
       challenge to set the rosette down on the cart (done by hand signals).
     
     • The A-frame was narrow and the rosette track at an angle to it.  This 
       combined to make for tighter than optimal quarters.  Certainly it limited 
       personnel access in the area.  There was also no room for air tuggers, and 
       the angles and placement of tag lines was not ideal.
     
     • The A-frame was somewhat aft of amidships, hence the effects of pitch 
       were more apparent than in an amidships location.
    
    CTD/rosette operations during Leg 1 began in the amidships area, deployed 
    from a boom, and served from the forward/starboard staging area.  There 
    were  problems with the winch and wire, however, and so during Leg 1 
    operations were shifted to the starboard aft quarter A-frame and port/after 
    staging bay, and a different CTD winch and cable.  Although the other 
    winch/wire problems were largely repaired in Honolulu, operations continued 
    from the aft quarter during Leg 2.  Reasons included the unknown condition 
    of the drum and the mechanism on the amidships winch, slow operation of the 
    amidship's boom, sampler's preference for the aft hangar, and provisions 
    for net tows from the amidships location during Leg 2.
    
    It should be noted that a cruise with repetitive operations and a full 
    schedule is subject to the accumulative effect of small variables.  For 
    example, one of R/V Melville's 4 winch operators was more tentative than 
    the others, taking 15-30 seconds per bottle longer to raise the rosette 
    between depths than the other winch operators.  If he ran 25% of the 
    upcasts on both legs (likely), that would be equivalent to 189/4 = 47 
    casts.  Being conservative and saying he lost 15 seconds per bottle, that 
    would be 47 casts x 36 bottles x 15 seconds, or 42300 seconds, which is 
    nearly 12 hours: more than one station per leg lost.  For an example on the 
    other sign of time impact, the bridge did not try to hit exact station 
    positions, which could have eaten up considerable time.  They quickly came 
    'close enough' onto station, and they made good progress coming up to speed 
    leaving station.  This was very much appreciated.  Even 5 minutes saved per 
    station would mean nearly 16 hours saved, or three stations.
    
    

    A.6.  ANALYTICAL LABORATORY TEMPERATURE CONTROL
    
    The relationship of laboratory temperature control to data quality is well 
    known in the analytic community.  Although the requirements have been 
    provided to those who oversee the design, construction, refitting, and 
    maintenance of research vessels, it is rare to find a research vessel with 
    at least one laboratory meeting the specifications.  R/V Melville's 
    analytic laboratory is close to the mark, certainly closer than is the case 
    with the matching laboratory on the sister ship R/V Knorr.  The outstanding 
    precision of the nutrient, salinity, and (perhaps) dissolved oxygen data is 
    likely in part due to the tight temperature control in the analytic 
    laboratory, where these analyses took place.  (Of course the care and skill 
    of the analysts is the leading factor in this regard.) 
    
    

    A.7.  ARGO FLOATS  (Leg 2 only)
          (G. Johnson, J. Swift)
    
    ARGO floats were deployed along the expedition track at the stations 
    nearest the longitude requested by the ARGO team at PMEL.  The only 
    exception was one float whose deployment location was changed to a position 
    along the track from Kauai back to the P02 line when the ARGO PIs realized 
    the emergency trip to Kauai provided an opportunity to place a float in an 
    underrepresented area.  The ARGO float start-up and deployment instructions 
    were thorough and easy to follow.  The deployments took approximately 5 
    minutes each, always when the ship left station except for the one deployed 
    on the Kauai to P02 run.  The floats themselves posed a minor storage 
    problem because their boxes must be kept out of the sun (and always under 
    120°F), yet are bulky and must be kept horizontal at all times (making it 
    difficult to take between decks inside a ship unless one of the deck 
    hatches is longer than the ARGO box).  These restrictions were worked 
    around with success on this cruise.  The ARGO group at PMEL was outstanding 
    in terms of response to questions and providing information.
    

    Methodology 
    
    Twelve profiling CTD floats (Webb Research Corp. Apex 260 floats equipped 
    with SeaBird Electronic Inc. SBE-41 CTDs) were launched by members of the 
    eastern leg of the Repeat Hydrography Program 2004 P02 section for the ARGO 
    Program. These instruments were tested at NOAA/PMEL prior to shipment to 
    Hawaii for loading on the R/V Melville. Approximate deployment positions 
    and dates for the P02 cruise are given below.
    
          Long (E)  Lat (N)  Mo/Da Year      Long (E)  Lat (N)  Mo/Da Year
          --------  -------  ----------      --------  -------  ----------
           194.88    30.00   08/01 2004       213.36    30.00   08/13 2004
           198.23    30.00   08/03 2004       216.39    30.00   08/14 2004
           200.88    27.00   08/06 2004       219.37    30.00   08/15 2004
           200.97    30.00   08/07 2004       222.38    30.00   08/17 2004
           203.77    30.00   08/08 2004       225.26    30.00   08/18 2004
           209.58    30.00   08/11 2004       233.00    30.00   08/22 2004
    
    
    These floats are programmed to telemeter data from the surface for six 
    hours after start-up (and deployment) then sink to 1000-dbar and remain 
    there drifting freely for 10 days. After this period they ascend to the 
    surface, measuring 60 temperature/salinity/pressure triplets at 
    increasingly smaller pressure intervals with decreasing pressure during the 
    3.5-hour ascent. They remain at the surface for under 12 hours to telemeter 
    their data via Service Argos, and then descend to their 1000-dbar drift 
    depth for another 10 days. Every 3rd cycle they descend to 2000 dbar 6 
    hours prior to ascending, and take 73 triplets during the 7-hour ascent.
    
    Eleven out of the 12 floats are functioning well as of 8 September 2004 
    (the date of writing this report), with optimal life expectancies of 5 
    years. One of the floats functioned well during start-up and its deployment 
    went, but it failed to telemeter data as expected after its first 10-day 
    drift period. The cause of its premature failure is not apparent from the 
    data available.
    
    
    Data Quality
    
    Pressure and temperature accuracies for the lives of the floats are 
    expected to be 5 dbar and 0.005C. Salinity accuracy is thought to be 
    usually (95% of the time) better than 0.02 (PSS-78). Historical T-S data 
    (including eventually the P02 2004 repeat section data) are used to monitor 
    salinity accuracy in a delayed mode, and salinity adjustments are made when 
    required. Delayed-mode data are also eventually available from the GDACS.
    
    NOAA/PMEL float activities are documented at:
    
                             http://floats.pmel.noaa.gov/
    
    Data from these and all other ARGO Program floats are available in near-
    real time at either of the ARGO Program Global Data Assembly Centers 
    (GDACS):
    
                         http://www.usgodae.org/argo/argo.html
    
                            http://www.ifremer.fr/coriolis/
    
    

    A.8.  NET TOWS - Leg 2 only
          (J. Swift)
    
    Five plankton net tows were carried out by resident technician Cambria Colt 
    and the students on board to meet a request for this work from John McGowan 
    (SIO).  The casts were carried out within the position limits provided by 
    Dr. McGowan, and to his specifications regarding methodology.  The samples 
    were preserved as per Dr. McGowan's instructions, and returned to him by 
    Cambria Colt.  The net sampling provided a novel and interesting 
    opportunity for the students.  The tows took approximately 30 minutes each.
    
    
    ________________________________________________________________________________________
    ________________________________________________________________________________________

                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    B.  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS
    
    B.1.  ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILERS
    
    NOTE: A more extensive separate LADCP cruise report should be available 
          from the same source as the main cruise report. Alternatively, a  
          copy can be requested by e-mail from Andreas Thurnherr  
          <ant@ldeo.columbia.edu>. 
    
    B.1.2.  LADCP System - Leg 1
            (P. Robbins)
    
    Two separate ADCP heads were used as LADCPs during the cruise: a 150kHzRDI 
    broadband instrument (BB150) and a 300 kHz RDI Workhorse (WH300).The BB150 
    was installed looking downward on all stations. The WH300 was used as an 
    uplooker on stations 1--30 (across the Kuroshio, Sikoku Basin, and the Izu 
    Ogasawara Trench) and as a secondary downlooker during bottom-track tests 
    during LADCP casts 82--87 (see below). On the remaining stations the WH300 
    was not installed on the rosette but kept as a spare. 
    
    Each instrument had its own battery - the BB150 a new oil-filled 
    rechargeable lead-acid battery, while the WH300 used non-rechargeable 
    alkaline battery packs in a pressure housing. Only one set of alkaline 
    batteries was used during the cruise. There was plenty of time for charging 
    the oil-filled battery between stations. The battery was found to be easy 
    to vent and performed flawlessly during the cruise. The fact that it does 
    not require a pressure housing is a big advantage. While on deck, both 
    ADCPs were connected to a Dell Latitude laptop(model PP01L) running Linux. 
    It handled both communications and data processing. The WH300 was connected 
    to the computer via a long (~20m)RS-232 cable, while the BB150 communicated 
    via RS-422 and a 422/232 converter. Both instruments were hooked up to the 
    same Key span USA-49W4-port RS-232-to-USB converter. 
    
    Communications with the instruments was carried out with software written 
    by A. Thurnherr (bbabble and expectscripts), avoiding the need for a 
    Windows PC. Data downloading was carried out in parallel from both 
    instruments at full nominal speed(115kbps) without any problems. (The 
    effective download speed of theBB150 is approximately 3 times lower than 
    that of the WH300.)-
    

    Instrument Setup
    
    A command file for the BB150 was provided by Eric Firing and Jules Hummon. 
    The WH300 parameters were set for consistency with the BB150.The only 
    change that was made to the setup provided by the UH group was to increase 
    the bin size from 8m to 10m (and adjust the number of bins accordingly) 
    from station 8 onward, because of memory limitation on theWH300. The setup 
    was not changed back on later casts when only theBB150 was used. 
    
    In order to distribute previous-ping interference (PPI) across two depth 
    layers, the BB150 was set up for staggered pings(1.0/1.6s intervals). The 
    WH300 was set up to ping once every 0.9s,except during the bottom-tracking 
    tests (see below). Pinging was not synchronized between the instruments. 
    Single-ping ensembles were used throughout and most of the data were 
    collected in beam coordinates.(Earth coordinates were used for the 
    uplooking WH300 on casts 7-10,while the processing software was being 
    adapted to handle uplooker beam coordinates.) No bottom-tracking pings were 
    used, except during the bottom-tracking test casts 82--87 (see below). The 
    ambiguity velocity of the WH300 was increased from 2.5m/s to 3 and 4m/s 
    during casts 7--20 in order to diagnose a large-velocity warning, which was 
    later found to be caused by surface contamination. LADCP casts before 7 and 
    after 20 used an ambiguity velocity of 2.5m/s. 
    
    Based on earlier experiences of A. Thurnherr during the KAOS and An slope 
    cruises, the blanking distance of the WH300 was set to zero and the first 
    bin was always discarded. On the other hand, the blanking distance of the 
    BB150 was set to 16m, the same size as the transmit length. Note that this 
    implies that the bin length is shorter than the transmit length -- it was 
    found that during a cast the instrument resets the transmit length to the 
    bin length. It is therefore not clear what effect, if any, the long 
    transmit length has.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    Data Processing
    
    The data were processed on the Dell laptop using Martin Visbeck's inversion 
    software version 8b. During the cruise, many modifications to the software 
    were implemented - these are described in the separate LADCP cruise report 
    In particular, it was found that previous-ping interference from the BB150 
    had to be filtered and this is not possible with the original software. All 
    LADCP profiles were processed in 20mbins. 
    
    During data processing the LADCP data were merged with shipboard ADCP data 
    (see below) and with CTD data, the latter provided in a suitable format by 
    the shipboard CTD group. Because of data-acquisition problems of the OS-75 
    SADCP system, no SADCP data were used for shipboard processing of LADCP 
    casts 10 & 11. Because of large water depths, no bottom-track data are 
    available for LADCP casts 29, 35 and 37.
    

    Station/Cast Numbering
    
    CTD station numbering was done geographically, rather than sequentially(in 
    time). The advantage of this is that the station numbers increase 
    monotonically from west to east along the section, while the disadvantage 
    is that the stations were not occupied sequentially and that station number 
    41 is missing, because of a weather-related change in plans. LADCP cast 
    numbers were done sequentially, on the other hand. The full CTD 
    station/cast number was used as the LADCP station name - note that it is 
    the station name, rather than the LADCP cast number, that is used as the 
    plot title in the plots produced by the Lamont software (found in the same 
    directory as the processed data files). The following table gives the 
    association between CTD stations and LADCP cast numbers: 
    
                    CTD Station  LADCP Cast Number      Notes
                    -----------  -----------------  --------------
                        999             000         test station 
                      001-013         001-013       identical 
                      014-021         021-014       reversed order 
                      022-040         022-040       identical 
                      042-108         041-107       offset by 1
    
    In addition to the station number, every CTD file has a cast number of 01 
    or 02 associated with it, depending on whether a prior trace-metal cast was 
    carried out at the same location. With the exception of the following CTD 
    station numbers, all CTD data files have cast number 01:999, 6, 10, 12, 14, 
    16, 24, 26, 32, 38, 40, 46, 56, 62, 64, 68, 70, 74,80, 84, 86, 90, 96, 102, 
    106, 108. Thus, the CTD files for the test station are named 99902 and 
    while those of the first real station are 00101. 
    

    Bottom-Tracking Tests
    
    If true bottom tracking (using dedicated BT pings) were to be used, less 
    water-track data could be collected. Therefore, the BB150 was not 
    configured for BT pings and bottom-tracked velocities were calculated by 
    post-processing the water-track data. Geometric considerations imply that 
    this method is associated with potential bias when there is significant 
    horizontal package motion over ground (see Anslope II cruise report). In 
    order to test whether such bias occurs in practice, both ADCPs were mounted 
    as downlookers during LADCP casts 81-86(corresponding to CTD stations 82-
    87); the standard BB150 configuration was used, while the WH300 was 
    configured to use true BT pings. Additionally, during CTD station 86, the 
    Melville was steaming slowly (at 1-2 knots) during the entire downcast and 
    during the first 200m of the upcast in order to force horizontal package 
    motion over ground. While this may appear extreme, it should be noted that 
    we drifted less during this test station than earlier on in the cruise when 
    we were occupying stations in the Kuroshio in strong winds (e.g. on station 
    13).  The BT tests were very useful, as they not only confirmed the 
    presence of post-processed BT biases of order 5 cm/s both on stations with 
    and without significant drift, but because they also indicate processing-
    software problems resulting in strong erroneous shears in the bottom-
    tracked velocity profiles on stations with strong drift. See separate LADCP 
    cruise report for details.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    Data Quality
    
    The following comments apply to the processing that was carried out during 
    the cruise. The data will be reprocessed with all the other CLIVAR data 
    after all the CLIVAR cruises have been carried out. The quality of LADCP 
    data is difficult to assess. The simplest test consists in checking the 
    consistency between the shear- and inverse solutions and, perhaps, also 
    between the downcast- and upcast-only inverse solutions. When the data-
    processing software detects large inconsistencies, it empirically increases 
    the magnitude of the formal error estimates. In the case of the CLIVAR P02 
    data set, removal of previous-ping interference (PPI) led to a decrease in 
    consistency in some of the profiles, in particular near the sea bed. 
    Therefore, the results of two separate processing runs (both with and 
    without data editing) are provided as part of the cruise data. It is 
    recommended that any user of the LADCP data carry out a careful station-by-
    station visual quality check before interpretation of the data, especially 
    where small-scale features are concerned. 
    
    On stations 1-30 independent data from two ADCP heads are available and 
    those can be processed separately if desired. (During the steaming to 
    Hawaii at the end of the cruise a novel data quality assessment was 
    attempted. The data from each cast were processed twice, each time using 
    half of the available ensembles. The resulting profiles were then checked 
    for mutual consistency and for consistency with the formal error bars of 
    the full solution. See LADCP cruise report for details).  As indicated 
    above, there is some uncertainty as to the quality of the bottom-tracking 
    data, in particular for casts where the CTD package drifted more than a few 
    100 meters while in range of the sea bed. Any bottom-tracking errors are 
    likely to contaminate the resulting LADCP profiles, in particular near the 
    sea bed. The drift velocity of each cast is printed on top of the top 
    panels of processing-figures 13.
    
    In general, the data in the western part of the section are of higher 
    quality than those farther east. This is most likely primarily due to the 
    fact that the instrument range dropped toward the east, because of reduced 
    number of scatterers in the water column. (The dual-head configuration used 
    early on during the cast further improves the quality of the western data).
    

    Files and Directories 
    
    The LADCP data should contain (at least) the following directories: 
    
      raw:              raw data, instrument-setup command files, communication 
                        log files 
      CTD:              CTD time series and profiles used for LADCP processing 
      SADCP:            shipboard ADCP data used for LADCP processing 
      processed:        processed data files and processing figures 
      processed_noedit: 2nd processing run carried out without data editing 
    
    The contents of these directories should be everything that is needed in 
    order to fully reprocess the LADCP data.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    B.1.3.  SADCP
    
    Two separate shipboard ADCP systems were installed on the Melville during 
    the cruise: an older 150kHz narrow band instrument and a new Ocean Surveyor 
    75 kHz instrument, both from RDI. After some initial confusion we got the 
    ok from Eric Firing and Jules Hummon in Hawaii to run both instruments at 
    the same time. The narrow-band SADCP was turned on just after midnight GMT 
    on June 17. During the cruise, only the OS-75 data were processed but the 
    data from both instruments were archived and handed over to the Hawaii 
    group at the end of the leg in Honolulu. The OS-75 data were processed 
    using a separate laptop and software provided by the Hawaii group. 
    
    Processing includes a calibration step; the information from an early 
    calibration was emailed to Hawaii to make sure that the instrument was 
    working properly. Later calibrations were consistent with the early one, 
    and the calibration was subsequently applied to all SADCP data during 
    processing. The agreement between on-station SADCP and LADCP data is 
    excellent and the SADCP data were therefore used for LADCP processing (see 
    above). Sometime near the middle of the cruise, Paul Robbins started using 
    underway SADCP data and determined that there appeared to be a calibration 
    error of 1-2 degrees, which resulted in false apparent cross-track 
    velocities while the Melville was underway. Since a calibration error of 
    such small magnitude is of no concern for the (on-station) LADCP processing 
    (expected LADCP compass errors are perhaps 5-10 degrees) no attempt was 
    made to correct the errors during the cruise. 
    

    Problems
    
    On several occasions during the cruise, the data acquisition system of the 
    OS-75 failed. The first time this happened, it went unnoticed for 
    approximately 17 hours. The failure was later traced to a maintenance 
    reboot of the network file server onto which the data had been logged. 
    Unfortunately, the RDI data acquisition software reacts to such are boot by 
    failing to write any more data, even though it manages to write error 
    messages into a log file that resides in the same directory as the data 
    files. Even worse, the errors are only written to the log file, while no 
    message is displayed on screen. In order to avoid similar problems in the 
    future, we began to monitor the log files. This was made more difficult 
    because of very frequent (every 0.5-10s) NAV errors that had been suspected 
    to be benign because they did not appear to degrade the SADCP data quality. 
    (This was later confirmed by RDI customer support.) 
    
    The NAV errors were, however, the most likely cause of most of the later 
    OS-75 data acquisition failures. According to RDI customer support, data 
    acquisition can fail when the log file gets too big because the system does 
    not have time to open, seek to the end, write, and close the file in rapid 
    succession. Again, no on-screen error message is produced in this case. 
    Eventually, we found a way to avoid NAV errors by not writing to a network 
    drive any more, but only to the local hard disk. A serious disadvantage of 
    this setup is that the SADCP data are not backed up at the source any more. 
    As a workaround, the OS-75 data were backed upon to an external hard disk 
    connected to the LADCP data logging computer once every 24 hours. In the 
    long run, this is an unsatisfactory solution, however.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    B.1.4.  LADCP - Leg 2 
            (Ethan Coon • Columbia University • 2103@columbia.edu)
            The scientist in charge of Ethan's program is:
              Dr. Andreas M. Thurnherr             ant@ldeo.colu,bia.edu 
              Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory     Phone: (845) 365-8816
              Palisades, NY 10964-8000             Fax: (914) 365-8157
    
    
    Overview of Operations 
    
    LADCP System
    
    The LADCP system used on this cruise was nearly identical to the Leg 1 
    (VANC 32) cruise, and more detail can be found in that report, but a 
    summary and all differences are provided here.  During this cruise, a 150 
    kHz RDI broadband ADCP (BB150 hereafter) was mounted facing downwards on 
    the main rosette on all LADCP casts. The ADCP was powered by a dedicated 
    oil-filled rechargeable lead-acid battery. The battery was extremely 
    reliable and took very little maintenance, simply requiring to be vented 
    occasionally. Recharging after a typical cast took approximately an hour; 
    this coincided nicely with the data download time.  The BB150 was connected 
    to a Dell Latitude laptop (model PP01L) running Linux by a long RS-422 
    cable while on deck. The connection to the ADCP required constant 
    attention; as it was repeatedly being plugged and unplugged with each cast, 
    moisture in the dry-plug connector caused downloading problems at times.  
    The RS-422 connection was converted to RS-232 and finally to USB.
    
    Andreas Thurnherr's "bbabble" and "expect" scripts from Leg 1 were used for 
    all communications.
    

    Set-up Parameters 
    
    The BB150 command file used was identical to that of the Leg 1 cruise, as 
    provided by Eric Firing and Jules Hummon.  This included a bin size of 10 m 
    and staggered pings on 1.0/1.6 s intervals to minimize previous ping 
    interference (PPI) effects.  Single-ping ensembles and beam coordinates 
    were used throughout; all processing was carried out on the laptop.  No 
    bottom-track pings were used.
    

    Processing 
    
    All on-board processing was carried out on the laptop using Martin 
    Visbeck's inversion software version 8b, including modifications to the 
    control script and data editing make by A. Thurnherr during Leg 1. The 
    modifications for the removal of side-lobe contamination and a time domain 
    spike filter were used, though the PPI filter was disabled, as Leg 1 
    testing indicated the time spike filter often remedied PPI more robustly 
    than the PPI filter.  The only modification made to this software was 
    fixing a minor bug to accommodate Matlab's way of dealing with imaginary 
    numbers.  Matlab stipulates that the imaginary component of their structure 
    'NaN' is zero.  Therefore, when a velocity was explicitly assigned to be 
    NaN, only the zonal component became NaN; the meridional velocity component 
    became zero, introducing false data. Ship position, CTD data, post-
    processed bottom tracking, and two ship-mounted ADCP units provided 
    constraints for the inversion software.
    
    
    Data Structure and Quality 
    
    Directory Structure 
    
    LADCP data should contain most if not all of the following directories:
     • raw: raw data including logfiles and command files
     • CTD: CTD time series and profiles
     • SADCP: shipboard ADCP data to constrain LADCP processing
     • processed: processed ASCII velocity profile files and Postscript figures
     • processed_test: re-processed data using the PPI filter for obvious PPI 
       shear problems in a few stations



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    Methodology 
    
    As CTD stations were numbered geographically from west to east while LADCP 
    data was collected sequentially, the file STATIONNUMBERS contains a 
    reference list to correlate the data.  This list consists of three columns 
    of numbers: the LADCP number, CTD station number, and cast number at that 
    CTD station. As the CTD stations were continued numbers from Leg 1, the CTD 
    stations begin with #109, while the LADCP numbers begin with #1. A quick 
    summary of the numbering convention and more information about skipped 
    stations follow:
                                LADCP #     CTD #
                                -------  ------------
                                 1-18      109-126   
                                19-20    127 cast 2,3
                                21-55      128-162
                                56-72      164-180
                                73-79      182-188
                                80-81    189 cast 1,2
                                  82         190
    
    At CTD station 127, the CTD failed partway through the upcast, so the cast 
    was aborted. Once the problem was fixed, the rosette was deployed back down 
    to 1100 m to finish the station (LADCP casts 19 and 20 respectively). See 
    the CTD section of the cruise report for more on this.
    
    After LADCP cast 54, the download of data from the ADCP aborted 
    prematurely. As the problem was not fixed before cast 55, the LADCP was 
    started again and a second deployment was started. After cast 55, the 
    download failed again. Since the problem was still not fixed in time for 
    CTD station 163, and the ADCP's onboard memory was full, there is no LADCP 
    data for CTD station 163.  Fortunately, the problem was diagnosed as a full 
    hard disk. This simple yet perplexing problem should be alleviated in the 
    future by adding a disk space check and more descriptive error message to 
    the communication scripts.
    
    Prior to CTD station 181, the ship lost power temporarily, causing 
    Melville, the onboard UNIX server, to go down for several hours.  At the 
    time of deployment of 181, Melville was still down, which caused the script 
    starting the LADCP to fail when it attempted to synchronize its clock to 
    Melville's time.  As the cast had been delayed an hour already, it was 
    decided by the scientist on duty to continue the cast without the LADCP.  
    Once the LADCP technician was notified of the problem, the expect script 
    was changed to synchronize its clock to Harpo, the CTD console, which also 
    synchronizes its time to Melville. Since the synchronization is necessary 
    to match up CTD depth information with LADCP velocity profiles, 
    synchronizing LADCP data to the CTD console directly seems the better 
    choice, and would have avoided this problem, as the cast could not start 
    without the CTD.  
    
    Also as a result of the power failure, the shipboard ADCPs were taken 
    offline for casts 73-77 as per the computer technician.  This effects the 
    number of constraints on the least squares problem, and as there was no up-
    looking instrument, drastically decreases the number of observations of the 
    upper level velocities.
    
    CTD station 189 was repeated due to sample bottle problems, so both casts 
    were profiled.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                       Underway Measurements

    Data Quality
    
    In general, the quality of LADCP data is hard to judge, especially without 
    extensive processing.  However, several problems are readily apparent.  The 
    majority of the stations, especially those in the deeper segment of the leg 
    to the west, exhibit a linear shear bias in the individual downcast and 
    upcast inversions (see, for the most obvious cases, LADCP casts 1, 2, 7, 9, 
    16, and 26).  This trend was seen in Leg 1 data, especially in stations 
    near where Leg 2 began. It has been hypothesized that this is a result of 
    few scatterers in the water.  As the cruise continued into the shallower 
    waters just west of San Diego, this bias has decreased significantly. In 
    general, the quality of the data is better in the eastern section of the 
    leg.
    
    Also, several cases of PPI (LADCP casts 4 and 47) were not eliminated by 
    time-domain spike filtering.  However, both were removed using the PPI data 
    editing during processing.
    
    
    
    B.2.  UNDERWAY pCO2 - Legs 1 and 2
          (D. Feely;, C. Sabine)
    
    The underway surface pCO2 system operated on an hourly cycle with the first 
    quarter of each hour devoted to calibration with three CO2 standards, each 
    measured for 5 minutes (Feely et al., 1998). A second order polynomial 
    calibration curve is calculated from the voltage values of the standards. 
    The remaining time in each hour is used to measure equilibrator air (15 
    min), bow air (15 min), and equilibrator air once again (15 min). The 
    analytical precision of the system is approximately 0.3-0.4 ppm for 
    seawater and for air.
    
    In addition, discrete samples were drawn and analyzed for both DIC and TAlk 
    (Total Alkalinity) from the underway seawater system one to two times 
    daily. These samples will be used in conjunction with the surface underway 
    pCO2 system, as a mechanism for the over-determination of the ocean carbon 
    system (Lewis et al., 1998).
    
    
    REFERENCES:
    
    Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, H.B. Milburn, C.E. Cosca, M. Stapp, and P.P. 
        Murphy (1998): A new automated underway system for making high precision 
        pCO2 measurements aboard research ships. Anal. Chim. Acta, 377, 185-191.
    
    Lewis, E. and D. W. R. Wallace (1998) Program developed for CO2 system 
        calculations. Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 
        http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/
    
    ________________________________________________________________________________________
    ________________________________________________________________________________________

                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1

    C.  BOTTLE DATA - LEG 1

    Bottle Sampling
    
    At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the
    bottles in the following order:
    
           • CFCs
           • He-3
           • O2
           • DIC/Total Alkalinity
           • DOC/DON/DCNS/CDOM
           • Tritium
           • C-14
           • Nutrients
           • Salinity
    
    The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette
    bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for
    the cast.  This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions
    noted about the rosette and bottles.  One member of the sampling team was
    designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this
    log and insure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order.
    
    Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the air
    vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped.  This
    observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught
    in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining
    sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log.  Drawing oxygen
    samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the bottle.
    The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in
    determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles.
    
    Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were
    distributed for analysis.  Oxygen, nutrient and salinity analyses were
    performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to the
    data processing computer for centralized data management.
    
    
    Bottle Data Processing
    
    Water samples collected and  properties analyzed shipboard were managed
    centrally in a relational database (PostgreSQL-7.4.2) run on one of the
    Linux workstations. A web service (OpenAcs-5.0.1 and AOLServer-4.0) front-
    end provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample data through web
    pages. Web-based facilities included on-demand arbitrary property-property
    plots and vertical sections as well as data downloads.
    
    The sample log (and any diagnostic comments) was entered into the database
    once sampling was completed. Quality flags associated with sampled
    properties were set to indicate that the property had been sampled, and
    sample container identifications were noted where appropriate (e.g., oxygen
    flask number).
    
    Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various
    analytical groups and incorporated into the database. These results
    included a quality code associated with each measured value and followed
    the coding scheme developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
    (WOCE) Hydrographic Programme (WHP) [Joyc94].
    
    Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued
    throughout the cruise.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1

    C.1.  Salinity Analysis
    
    Equipment and Techniques
    
    Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers (S/N 48-266 & 57-396)
    located in the forward analytical lab were used for all salinity
    measurements.  The salinometers were modified by ODF to contain an
    interface for computer-aided measurement.  The water bath temperatures were
    set and maintained at a value near the laboratory air temperature. They
    were set to 24°C for the entire leg.
    
    The salinity analyses were performed after samples had equilibrated to
    laboratory temperature, usually within 10-20 hours after collection.  The
    salinometers were standardized for each group of analyses (usually 1-3
    casts, up to ~80 samples) using at least one fresh vial of standard
    seawater per group. Salinometer measurements were made by computer, the
    analyst being prompted by software to change samples and flush.
    
    
    Sampling and Data Processing
    
    Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate
    bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling.  The
    bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene
    screw caps.  This assembly provides very low container dissolution and
    sample evaporation.  Prior to sample collection, inserts were inspected for
    proper fit and loose inserts replaced to insure an airtight seal.  The draw
    time and equilibration time were logged for all casts.  Laboratory
    temperatures were logged at the beginning and end of each run.
    
    PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured
    conductivity ratios.  The difference (if any) between the initial vial of
    standard water and the next one run as an unknown was applied as a linear
    function of elapsed run time to the data.  The corrected salinity data were
    then incorporated into the cruise database.  4217 salinity measurements
    were made and approximately 200 vials of standard water were used.
    Temperature control was somewhat problematic and several runs were rendered
    unusable for calibration purposes because of a lack of temperature
    stability. Many samples were run without allowing adequate thermal
    equilibration time, resulting in systematically high and low runs.
    Standards were also sometimes run without adequate equilibration time, or
    without adequate flushing, systematically biasing entire runs.  The
    estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than
    +/-0.002 PSU relative to the particular standard seawater batch used. The
    95% confidence limit for residual differences between the bottle salinities
    and calibrated CTD salinity relative to SSW batch P-144 was +/-0.0049 PSU
    for all salinities, and +/-0.0024 PSU for salinities deeper than 1000db.
    
    
    Laboratory Temperature
    
    The temperature in the salinometer laboratory varied from 21.9 to 25.1°C, 
    during the cruise.  The air temperature change during any single run
    of samples was less than +/-1.5°C.
    
    Standards
    
    IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-144 was used to standardize all
    salinity measurements.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1

    C.2.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS
    
    Equipment and Techniques
    
    Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated
    oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the
    absorption of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light.  The titration of the
    samples and the data logging were controlled by PC software.  Thiosulfate
    was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret.
    ODF used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique
    of Carpenter [Carp65] with modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb91], but
    with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (~0.012N) and
    thiosulfate solution (~65 gm/l).  Pre-made liquid potassium iodate
    standards were run at the beginning of each session of analyses, which
    typically included from 1 to 3 stations.  Reagent/distilled water blanks
    were determined every other day or more often if a change in reagents
    required it to account for presence of oxidizing or reducing agents.  The
    auto-titrator generally performed well.
    
    
    Sampling and Data Processing
    
    Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette
    was brought on board.  Using a Tygon and silicone drawing tube, nominal
    125ml volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed 3 times with minimal
    agitation, then filled and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask
    volumes.  The sample drawing temperatures were measured with a small
    platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. These
    temperatures were used to calculate uM/kg concentrations, and as a
    diagnostic check of bottle integrity.  Reagents were added to fix the
    oxygen before stoppering.  The flasks were shaken twice (10-12 inversions)
    to assure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after
    drawing, and then again after about 20 minutes.
    
    The samples were analyzed within 1-6 hours of collection, and the data
    incorporated into the cruise database.
    
    Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and
    corrected to 20°C.  The 20°C normalities and the blanks were
    plotted versus time and were reviewed for possible problems.
    
    As samples warmed up to room temperature they would occasionally degas
    which would cause a noisy endpoint due to gas bubbles in the light path.
    The sample drawing temperature thermometer was intermittently functional
    and uncalibrated from cast 17/1.  3609 oxygen measurements were made.
    
    The blank volumes and thiosulfate normalities were smoothed (linear fits)
    at the end of the cruise and the oxygen values recalculated.
    
    
    Volumetric Calibration
    
    Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed
    deionized water to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory.
    This is done once before using flasks for the first time and periodically
    thereafter when a suspect bottle volume is detected.  The volumetric flasks
    used in preparing standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as
    was the 10 ml Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution.
    
    
    Standards
    
    Liquid potassium iodate standards were prepared and bottled in ODF's
    chemistry laboratory prior to the cruise.  The normality of the liquid
    standard was determined at ODF by calculation from weight.  A single
    standard batch was used during P2 2004 Leg 1.  Potassium iodate was
    obtained from Acros Chemical Co.  and was reported by the supplier to be
    >99.4% pure.  All other reagents were "reagent grade" and were tested for
    levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1

    C.3.  NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
    
    Equipment and Techniques
    
    Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed
    on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within
    one hour after sample collection.  Occasionally samples were refrigerated
    up to 4 hours at ~4°C.  All samples were brought to room temperature
    prior to analysis.
    
    The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92].  The analog
    outputs from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and
    logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals.
    
    Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67].  An
    acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to
    produce silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid
    (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride.  Tartaric
    acid was also added to impede PO4 color development.  The sample was passed
    through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660nm.
    
    A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] procedure was used for the
    analysis of nitrate and nitrite.  For the nitrate analysis, the seawater
    sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was
    quantitatively reduced to nitrite.  Sulfanilamide was introduced to the
    sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
    which coupled to form a red azo dye.  The stream was then passed through a
    15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm.  The same technique was
    employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and
    a 50mm flowcell was used for measurement.
    
    Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms
    [Bern67] technique.  An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to
    the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to
    phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of
    dihydrazine sulfate.  The reaction product was heated to ~55°C to
    enhance color development, then passed through a 50mm flowcell and the
    absorbance measured at 820nm.
    
    
    Sampling and Data Processing
    
    Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped "oak-
    ridge type" centrifuge tubes.  The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and
    rinsed with sample 2-3 times before filling.  Standardizations were
    performed at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically one
    cast, up to 36 samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient
    standard prepared prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low-
    nutrient seawater matrix.  The secondary standards were prepared aboard
    ship by dilution from primary standard solutions.  Dry standards were pre-
    weighed at the laboratory at ODF, and transported to the vessel for
    dilution to the primary standard.  Sets of 6-7 different standard
    concentrations were analyzed periodically to determine any deviation from
    linearity as a function of concentration for each nutrient analysis.  A
    correction for non-linearity was applied to the final nutrient
    concentrations when necessary.
    
    After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data file was processed
    to produce another file of response factors, baseline values, and
    absorbances.  Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for
    accuracy against values taken from a strip chart recording.  The data were
    then added to the cruise database.
    
    Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from
    micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm
    pressure (0 db), in situ salinity, and a per-analysis measured laboratory
    temperature.
    
    4217 nutrient samples were analyzed. The pump tubing was changed 4 times.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1

    Standards
    
    Primary standards for silicate (Na2SiF6) and nitrite (NaNO2) were obtained
    from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co.; the supplier reported purities of >98%
    and 97%, respectively. Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3) and phosphate
    (KH2PO4) were obtained from Fisher Chemical Co.; the supplier reported
    purities of 99.999% and 99.999%, respectively.  The efficiency of the
    cadmium column used for nitrate was monitored throughout the cruise and
    ranged from 99-100%.
    
    No major problems were encountered with the measurements.  The temperature
    of the laboratory used for the analyses ranged from 21.9°C to 25.1°C, but 
    was relatively constant during any one station (+/-1.5°C).
    
    
    
    REFERENCES
    
    Arms67.
         Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., "The
         measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means
         of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea
         Research, 14, pp. 381-389 (1967).
    
    Bern67.
         Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low
         level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the
         AutoAnalyzer," Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967).
    
    Brow78.
         Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity,
         temperature and depth microprofiler," Technical Report No. 78-23,
         Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1978).
    
    Carp65.
         Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the
         Winkler dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp.
         141-143 (1965).
    
    Culb91.
         Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and
         Zemlyak, F., "A comparison of methods for the determination of
         dissolved oxygen in seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic
         Programme Office (Aug 1991).
    
    Gord92.
         Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A
         suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater
         Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean
         Fluxes Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr.
         Chem Oc. (1992).
    
    Joyc94.
         Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic
         Programme Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91,
         pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA
         (May 1994, Rev. 2). UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT.
    
    Mill82.
         Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques
         at WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference
         and Workshop, p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982).
    
    Owen85.
         Owens, W. B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen
         calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985).
    
    UNES81.
         UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical
         Salinity Scale, 1978," UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No.
         37, p. 144 (1981).



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1

    C.4.  CARBON SYSTEM

    C.4.1.  ALKALINITY ANALYSES - Leg 1
    
    During Leg I, samples were collected and analyzed for alkalinity by
    personnel from the laboratory of Andrew G. Dickson, Scripps Institution of
    Oceanography.  Samples were collected from all Niskins at the even numbered
    stations.  Replicates were drawn and analyzed from Niskin bottle 1 (the
    deep bottle), Niskin 18 (an intermediate bottle), and Niskin 36 (the
    surface bottle). On the odd numbered stations, from 1 to 25 samples were
    collected along with replicates from the deep and surface bottles.
    Sampling on the odd numbered stations was done in conjunction with samples
    collected for the analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (D.I.C.).
    
    Samples of ~280 mls were collected in pyrex bottles with 20 mm serum style
    closures.  Bottles were rinsed three times before sample collection.  57
    microliters of a saturated mercuric chloride solution were added to inhibit
    biological activity after collection.  A 109 mls sample was delivered into
    a jacketted beaker using a calibrated glass syringe.  The beaker was
    connected to a bath set to 22.5°C.  ~0.1 molar HCl in ~0.6M NaCl
    was used to titrate the sample as follows:  while the sample was being
    stirred gently, an initial aliquot of ~2.7 mls of acid was added to the
    sample.  Immediately after this addition the sample was stirred vigorously
    while CO2 free air was bubbled into the solution at 200 mls/min.  After 4
    minutes, the titration was completed by the addition of 20 increments of
    0.05 mls of the acid using a Dosimat 665 titrator.  During the course of
    the titration, the emf of the solution was monitored using a Ross-Orion
    combination pH electrode .  At each titration point, the volume of solution
    added, the voltage and the temperature of the sample were recorded.  The
    titration data were processed using a modified Gran plot.
    
    The accuracy of the system was monitored using Batch 65 certified reference
    materials for D.I.C. and alkalinity supplied by the Dickson laboratory.
    
    
    C.4.2.  TOTAL DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC)
 
    The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container modified 
    for use as a shipboard laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry with 
    two analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) used simultaneously on the 
    cruise.  Each system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a 
    SOMMA (Single Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) inlet system 
    developed by Ken Johnson (Johnson et al., 1985,1987,1993; Johnson, 1992) of 
    Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).  In the coulometric analysis of DIC, 
    all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess 
    hydrogen to the seawater sample, and the evolved CO2 gas is carried into 
    the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a 
    proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions.  These 
    are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH-. CO2 is thus 
    measured by integrating the total change required to achieve this.
    
    The coulometers were each calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 
    (99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops. The 
    instruments were calibrated at the beginning, middle, and end of each 
    station with a set of the gas loop injections.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1
 

    Secondary standards were run throughout the cruise on each analytical 
    system; these standards are Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) consisting 
    of poisoned, filtered, and UV irradiated seawater supplied by Dr. A. 
    Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and their accuracy is 
    determined shoreside manometrically.  On this cruise, the overall accuracy 
    and precision for the CRMs on both instruments combined was 0.7±1.4 µmol/kg 
    respectively (n=154).  Preliminary DIC data reported to the database have 
    not yet been corrected to the Batch 65 CRM value, but a more careful 
    quality assurance to be completed shoreside will have final data corrected 
    to the secondary standard on a per instrument basis. 
    
    Samples were drawn from the Niskin-type bottles into cleaned, pre-combusted 
    500-mL Pyrex bottles using Tygon tubing. Bottles were rinsed once and 
    filled from the bottom, overflowing half a volume, and care was taken not 
    to entrain any bubbles. The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 
    5-mL headspace, and 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a 
    preservative. The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly 
    covered with Apiezon-L grease, and were stored at room temperature for a 
    maximum of 24 hours prior to analysis.
    
    Over 2700 samples were analyzed for DIC; full profiles were completed at 
    even numbered stations, with replicate samples taken from the surface, 
    oxygen minimum, and bottom Niskin-type bottles.  On the odd numbered 
    stations, samples were drawn throughout the upper 1200m; on three occasions 
    were only surface replicates drawn due to equipment problems, resulting in 
    a backlog of samples.  All replicate samples were run at different times 
    during the station analysis for quality assurance of the integrity of the 
    coulometer cell solutions. No systematic differences between the replicates 
    were observed.  In addition, samples were drawn from the underway seawater 
    system, generally one to two times daily.  



    REFERENCES:
    
    Johnson, K.M., A.E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth (1985): Coulometric DIC 
        analyses for marine studies: An introduction. Mar. Chem., 16, 61-82.
    
    Johnson, K.M., P.J. Williams, L. Brandstrom, and J. McN. Sieburth (1987): 
        Coulometric total carbon analysis for marine studies: Automation and 
        calibration. Mar. Chem., 21, 117-133.
    
    Johnson, K.M. (1992): Operator's manual: Single operator multiparameter 
        metabolic analyzer (SOMMA) for total carbon dioxide (CT) with 
        coulometric detection. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, N.Y., 
        70 pp.
    
    Johnson, K.M., K.D. Wills, D.B. Butler, W.K. Johnson, and C.S. Wong (1993): 
        Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing 
        the performance of an automated continuous gas extraction system and 
        coulometric detector. Mar. Chem., 44, 167-189.
    
    Wilke, R.J., D.W.R. Wallace, and K.M. Johnson (1993): Water-based 
        gravimetric method for the determination of gas loop volume. Anal. Chem. 
        65, 2403-2406.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 1
 

    C.5.  HYPERBARIC STYROFOAM COMPRESSION EXPERIMENTS (HBSCE) 
    
    Opting for quality rather than quantity, only two Hyperbaric Styrofoam 
    Compression Experiments (HBSCEs) were carried out during the cruise. One 
    experiment involved 2 Styrofoam cups (actually, squarish bath-tub shaped 
    parts of a storage box) and the other a painted Styrofoam head. The 
    Styrofoam head was lowered to 5300m and came back very well proportioned. 
    The Styrofoam cups were lowered into the Izu Ogasawara Trench during an 
    attempt to re-spool suspect winch wire by lowering a 500lbs dead weight. 
    Because of just-in-time considerations, the artistic decoration of the cups 
    left to be desired and they were lowered in a ziplock bag attached to the 
    weight. Immediately prior to deployment, a couple of holes were punched 
    into the bag to prevent it from being positively buoyant because of trapped 
    air. Both the chief engineer and the captain wanted to limit the wire out 
    of the re-spooling cast to a total of 8800m, but the co-chief scientist 
    would not have it and, after some negotiation, a minimum wire out of 8848m 
    (the height of Mount Everest) was agreed upon. In the end, a maximum wire 
    out of 8856m was achieved. Based on the relationship between wire out and 
    pressure on a subsequent CTD station that was carried out a couple of hours 
    later at the same location (10 dbar @7mwo; 6002 dbar @ 5906 mwo), and 
    considering the calm conditions and lack of strong flow encountered on that 
    station, the best estimate for the achieved depth is 8809m, which may be a 
    new record. Pictures of the Styrofoam cup can be requested by email from 
    <ant@ldeo.columbia.edu>with a subject of "2004 CLIVAR P02 HBSCE 0001."



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                      Bottle Data-Legs 1 & 2


    C.6.  DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN (DOC/DON) - LEGS 1 AND 2
          (D. Hansell • Leg 1; C. Carlson • Leg 2)
    
    The Hansell and Carlson groups collected samples for dissolved organic 
    carbon and nitrogen (DOC / DON) analyses. The samples were collected by 
    Stacy Brown of the University of Miami. These samples will be processed at 
    shore based laboratories to ensure the highest quality data set.  On the 
    P02 cruise each PI will take responsibility for separate legs of the 
    transect. Hansell will be responsible for analyses of samples collected on 
    leg 1 of the cruise (Japan to Hawaii) and Carlson will be responsible for 
    analyses of the second leg of samples (Hawaii to San Diego). Both 
    laboratories perform intercalibration exercises for quality control.  On 
    the P02 cruise samples were collected from 24 - 36 depths for every other 
    station. The depths and station from which these samples were collected 
    coincided with samples and depths collected for DIC. Samples were collect 
    at sea and stored frozen at -20° C and transported frozen to each shore 
    based laboratory at the University of Miami or University of California, 
    Santa Barbara.
    
    Data will be available approximately 6 - 9 months from their arrival at the 
    respective laboratories.
    

    Instruments and Methods 
    
    Sample will be analyzed via the high temperature combustion technique using 
    Shimadzu TOC-V systems with total nitrogen chemiluminescent detection. 
    Samples will be sparged of inorganic carbon by acidification with HCl and 
    sparging with CO2 free gas for several minutes. A minimum of triplicate 
    injections of 100 ul of sample will be injected onto a Pt alumina 
    combustion catalyst heated to 680°C. The CO2 signal will then detected with 
    a non-dispersive infra red detector. Total nitrogen is converted to NOx and 
    detected via chemiluminescent.
    
    
    
    C.7.  CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs)
    
    Analysts:  Leg 1 - Jim Happell and Fred Menzia 
               Leg 2 - Eugene Gorman and Brice Loose
    
    The objective was to provide a high quality CFC data set, and make it 
    available nearly immediately to the community as required by the Global 
    Repeat program. The program is in support of CLIVAR and the Carbon Science 
    Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical 
    climate/CO2 system. The data will contribute to documenting and 
    understanding how ventilation and ocean carbon change over time. A number 
    of indirect methods use CFC data to estimate the uptake of anthropogenic 
    CO2 by the oceans. These data will contribute to quantifying the inventory 
    and flux of anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans, and to understanding its 
    variability. 


                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                      Bottle Data Legs 1 & 2

    Sample Collection
    
    Samples were collected from 10 liter Niskin bottles attached to a 36 bottle 
    rosette for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 analysis. A water sample was 
    collected directly from the Niskin bottle petcock using a 100 ml ground 
    glass syringe which was fitted with a three-way stopcock.  CFC sampling was 
    conducted first at each station to avoid contamination from air introduced 
    in the top of the Niskin bottle as water was being removed.  Subsequent to 
    collection, the syringes were stored in a flow-through seawater bath and 
    analyzed within 6-8 hours after collection.  Bath temperature was recorded 
    continuously for use in calculating the mass of water analyzed. 
    

    Analysis
    
    CFC analyses were performed on a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an 
    electron capture detector (ECD). Samples are introduced into the GC-ECD via 
    a purge and dual trap system. The samples are purged with nitrogen and the 
    compounds of interest are trapped on a main Porapack N trap held at ~ -15oC 
    with a Vortec Tube cooler. After the sample has been purged and trapped for 
    several minutes at high flow, the gas stream is stripped of any water vapor 
    via a magnesium perchlorate trap prior to transfer to the main trap. The 
    main trap is isolated and heated by direct resistance to 140°C. The 
    desorbed contents of the main trap are back-flushed and transferred, with 
    helium gas, over a short period of time, to a small volume focus trap in 
    order to improve chromatographic peak shape. The focus trap is also Porapak 
    N and is held at ~ -15°C with a Vortec Tube cooler. The focus trap is flash 
    heated by direct resistance to 155°C to release the compounds of interest 
    onto the analytical pre-column.  The analytical pre-column is held in-line 
    with the main analytical column for the first 1.5 minutes of the 
    chromatographic run. After 1.5 minutes, all of the compounds of interest 
    are on the main column and the pre-column is switched out of line and back-
    flushed with a relatively high flow of nitrogen gas. This prevents later 
    eluting compounds from building up on the analytical column, eventually 
    eluting and causing the detector baseline signal to increase. 
    
    Depending on the depth-at-station, between 17 and 36 samples were collected 
    at each of the 108 stations during Leg 1 and at each of the 81 stations 
    during Leg 2.  Two purge blanks and a gas standard were interspersed 
    between ca. each 12 measurements. Time permitting, the surface sample was 
    held after measurement and was sent through the purging process again in 
    order to "restrip" it to determine the efficiency of the purging process. 
    In all cases, the re-stripped sample contained no more concentration of 
    targeted halocarbons than the purge blanks. 
    
    Air samples were collected every 1 - 2 days in order to determine the 
    atmospheric concentrations of CFCs and as a check of system accuracy.  
    Samples were collected from the bow of the boat while underway or when the 
    bow was headed into the wind.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                      Bottle Data-Legs 1 & 2

    Calibration and Precision
    
    The standard used was designated S39 and was cross-calibrated to the SIO-98 
    absolute calibration scale. A 15 point calibration curve was run every 5-7 
    days for all four halocarbons. Estimated accuracy is +/- 2%. Precision for 
    CFC-12, CFC-11 and CFC-113 is less than 1%.
    

    Post-processing 
    
    The GC-ECD was operated via a laptop computer and data acquisition software 
    (LabView).  Following chromatogram generation, the peaks of CFC-11, 12, and 
    113 were manually reintegrated to obtain more detailed beginning and end 
    points for curve integration.  
    

    Final Comments 
    
    In large part, sample collection and measurement were successful. There 
    were no major mechanical problems and the automatic data collection system 
    permits analysis of one sample every 10 minutes. The magnesium perchlorate 
    trap was replaced at least daily.  There was considerable collection of 
    moisture in the trap throughout the cruise. 
    
    
    
    C.8.  RADIO- AND STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES - COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 
          (A. McNichol; R. Key)
    
    Introduction and Objectives 
    
    The measurement of radio- and stable carbon isotopic abundances in oceanic 
    dissolved inorganic carbon  (DI13C and DI14C, respectively) provides 
    information that can be used to study many aspects of the ocean carbon 
    cycle. The distributions of both 13C and 14C in the ocean are governed by 
    biological processes and carbonate chemistry, but the normalization of 14C 
    to a constant 13C and time removes the biological effects and allows its 
    distribution to be used as a physical tracer and source indicator while 
    that of 13C can reveal information about biological processes and sources.  
    In surface waters, both DI14C and DI13C can be used to assess the uptake of 
    anthropogenic CO2 (Peng et al., 1998; Gruber and Keeling, 1999; Sonnerup et 
    al., 2000).  The uptake of the thermonuclear bomb radiocarbon signal in DIC 
    can be used to trace the movement of different water masses and to assess 
    GCM models (Toggweiler 1989B; Guilderson et al. 2000; Broecker et al. 
    1985).  In deeper waters, DI13C can be used to study oxidation of organic 
    carbon and its impact on nutrient concentrations  (Lynch-Stieglitz et al., 
    1995) and DI14C can be used to study the aging of the water and calculate 
    pre-bomb surface water values (Toggweiler et al., 1989; Broecker et al. 
    1995; Schlosser et al. 1997; Key and Rubin, 2002).  We present here a plan 
    to ensure that measurement of both of these isotopes continues during the 
    CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography cruises. 


                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                      Bottle Data-Legs 1 & 2

    C.9.  CHROMOPHORIC DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER (CDOM)
           (D.A. Siegel, N.B. Nelson, C.A. Carlson)
    
    Program Activities 
    
    Our goal for P02 was to survey the distribution of chromophoric dissolved 
    organic matter (CDOM) along the section, particularly in the upper 1000 m. 
    CDOM is a dynamic component of the organic matter pool that is ubiquitous 
    throughout the ocean. Because of its optical properties CDOM controls the 
    penetration of ultraviolet radiation in the upper water column, and is 
    therefore a major factor regulating photochemistry and photobiology. CDOM 
    can also be quantified from space due to its impact upon ocean color. We 
    also are evaluating the prospects for using CDOM as an ocean circulation 
    tracer. On P02 we (in the person of Stacy Brown) collected seawater from 
    profiles approximately once per day, approximately 12 depths per station. 
    The samples were stored for absorption spectroscopy analysis at UCSB. CDOM 
    is quantified in terms of absorption coefficient (1/m) and we are 
    estimating this parameter as a continuous spectrum in the 290 nm to 700 nm 
    wavelength range.
    

    Data delivery:
    
    Assuming no unexpected snags we should have the data available in 3-6 
    months.
    

    Brief Notes on Methodology:
    
    We prepared the seawater samples by filtration through 0.2um Nuclepore 
    filters. The samples were stored refrigerated until analysis. Samples from 
    Leg 1 were shipped to UCSB from Honolulu and have already been analyzed; 
    Leg 2 analysis is underway now. We measured absorption coefficient spectra 
    using a single beam liquid waveguide diode array spectrometer (WPI 
    UltraPath), with a geometric path length of approximately 2 m. Milli-Q 
    water was used as the reference. Absorption spectra (as optical density) 
    were acquired over the 290-730 nm range, with an effective spectral 
    resolution of 2 nm. Optical density spectra were converted to absorption 
    coefficient after correction for baseline drift and the (salinity 
    dependent) refractive index difference between seawater and Milli-Q water. 
    We have a methods paper in progress describing the sample and data analysis 
    used on P02 and previous sections.


    ________________________________________________________________________________________
    ________________________________________________________________________________________

                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2

D.  BOTTLE DATA - Leg 2
    
    Bottle Sampling 
    
    At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the 
    bottles in the following order:
    
        • CFCs
        • 3He
        • O2
        • DIC/Total Alkalinity
        • DOC/DON/DCNS/CDOM
        • Tritium
        • 14C
        • Nutrients
        • Salinity
    
    The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette 
    bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for 
    the cast. This log also included any observations and comments about the 
    condition of the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was 
    designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this 
    log and insure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order.
    
    Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the air 
    vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This 
    observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught 
    in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining 
    sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log. Drawing oxygen 
    samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the bottle. 
    The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in 
    determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles.
    
    Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were 
    distributed for analysis. Oxygen, nutrient and salinity analyses were 
    performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to the 
    data processing computer for centralized data management.
    

    Bottle Data Processing
    
    Water samples collected and properties analyzed shipboard were managed 
    centrally in a relational database (PostgreSQL-7.4.2) run on one of the 
    Linux workstations. A web service (OpenAcs-5.1.1 and AOLServer-4.0.7) 
    front-end provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample data. Web-based 
    facilities included on-demand arbitrary property-property plots and 
    vertical sections as well as secure data uploads and downloads.
    
    The sample log (and any diagnostic comments) was entered into the database 
    once sampling was completed. Quality flags associated with sampled 
    properties were set to indicate that the property had been sampled, and 
    sample container identifications were noted where applicable (e.g., oxygen 
    flask number).
    
    Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various 
    analytical groups and incorporated into the database. These results 
    included a quality code associated with each measured value and followed 
    the coding scheme developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment 
    (WOCE) Hydrographic Programme (WHP) [Joyc94].
    
    Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued 
    throughout the cruise.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2

    D.1.  SALINITY ANALYSIS
    
    Equipment and Techniques 
    
    Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers (S/N 48-266 & 57-396) 
    located in the forward analytical lab were used for all salinity 
    measurements. The salinometers were modified by ODF to contain an interface 
    for computer-aided measurement. The water bath temperatures were set and 
    maintained at a value near the laboratory air temperature. They were set to 
    24°C for the entire leg.
    
    The salinity analyses were performed after samples had equilibrated to 
    laboratory temperature, usually within 10-20 hours after collection. The 
    salinometers were standardized for each group of analyses (usually 1-3 
    casts, up to ~80 samples) using at least one fresh vial of standard 
    seawater per group. Salinometer measurements were made by computer, the 
    analyst being prompted by software to change samples and flush.
    

    Sampling and Data Processing
    
    Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate 
    bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling. The 
    bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene 
    screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and 
    sample evaporation. Prior to sample collection, inserts were inspected for 
    proper fit and loose inserts replaced to insure an airtight seal. The draw 
    time and equilibration time were logged for all casts. Laboratory 
    temperatures were logged at the beginning and end of each run.
    
    PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured 
    conductivity ratios. The difference (if any) between the initial vial of 
    standard water and the next one run as an unknown was applied as a linear 
    function of elapsed run time to the data. The corrected salinity data were 
    then incorporated into the cruise database. 3275 salinity measurements were 
    made and approximately 170 vials of standard water were used. Temperature 
    control was somewhat problematic and a few runs were rendered unusable for 
    calibration purposes because of a lack of temperature stability. Some 
    samples were run without allowing adequate thermal equilibration time, 
    resulting in systematically high and low runs. Standards were also 
    sometimes run without adequate equilibration time, or without adequate 
    flushing, systematically biasing entire runs. The estimated accuracy of 
    bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than +/-0.002 PSU relative 
    to the particular standard seawater batch used. The 95% confidence limit 
    for residual differences between the bottle salinities and calibrated CTD 
    salinity relative to SSW batch P-144 was +/-0.0076 PSU for all salinities, 
    and +/-0.0015 PSU for salinities deeper than 1000db.


    Laboratory Temperature
    
    The temperature in the salinometer laboratory varied from 21.6 to 25.8°C, 
    during the cruise. The air temperature change during any single run of 
    samples was less than +/-1.5°C.
    

    Standards
    
    IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-144 was used to standardize all 
    salinity measurements



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2

    D.2.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS
    
    Equipment and Techniques 
    
    Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated 
    oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the 
    absorption of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the 
    samples and the data logging were controlled by PC software. Thiosulfate 
    was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret. ODF 
    used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique of 
    Carpenter [Carp65] with modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb91], but 
    with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (~0.012N) and 
    thiosulfate solution (~65 gm/l). Pre-made liquid potassium iodate standards 
    were run at the beginning of each session of analyses, which typically 
    included from 1 to 3 stations. Reagent/distilled water blanks were 
    determined every other day or more often if a change in reagents required 
    it to account for presence of oxidizing or reducing agents. The auto-
    titrator generally performed well.
    

    Sampling and Data Processing 
    
    Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette 
    was brought on board. Using a Tygon and silicone drawing tube, nominal 
    125ml volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed 3 times with minimal 
    agitation, then filled and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask 
    volumes. The sample drawing temperatures were measured with a small 
    platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. These 
    temperatures were used to calculate uM/kg concentrations, and as a 
    diagnostic check of bottle integrity. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen 
    before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice (10-12 inversions) to 
    assure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after 
    drawing, and then again after about 20 minutes.
    
    The samples were analyzed within 1-6 hours of collection, and the data 
    incorporated into the cruise database.
    
    Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and 
    corrected to 20°C. The 20°C normalities and the blanks were plotted versus 
    time and were reviewed for possible problems.
    
    As samples warmed up to room temperature they would occasionally degas 
    which would cause a noisy endpoint due to gas bubbles in the light path. 
    The sample drawing temperature thermometer during this leg was 
    intermittently functional and uncalibrated. 2816 oxygen measurements were 
    made.
    
    The blank volumes and thiosulfate normalities were smoothed (linear fits) 
    at the end of the cruise and the oxygen values recalculated.


    Volumetric Calibration
    
    Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed 
    deionized water to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory. 
    This is done once before using flasks for the first time and periodically 
    thereafter when a suspect bottle volume is detected. The volumetric flasks 
    used in preparing standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as 
    was the 10 ml Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution.
    

    Standards 
    
    Liquid potassium iodate standards were prepared and bottled in ODF's 
    chemistry laboratory prior to the cruise. The normality of the liquid 
    standard was determined at ODF by calculation from weight. A single 
    standard batch was used during P2 2004 Leg 2. Potassium iodate was obtained 
    from Acros Chemical Co. and was reported by the supplier to be >99.4% pure. 
    All other reagents were "reagent grade" and were tested for levels of 
    oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2
    D.3.  NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
    
    Equipment and Techniques
    
    Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed 
    on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within 
    one hour after sample collection. Occasionally samples were refrigerated up 
    to 4 hours at ~4°C. All samples were brought to room temperature prior to 
    analysis.
    
    The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92]. The analog 
    outputs from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and 
    logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals.
    
    Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67]. An 
    acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to 
    produce silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid 
    (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric 
    acid was also added to impede PO4 color development. The sample was passed 
    through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660nm.
    
    A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] procedure was used for the 
    analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate analysis, the seawater 
    sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was 
    quantitatively reduced to nitrite. Sulfanilamide was introduced to the 
    sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride 
    which coupled to form a red azo dye. The stream was then passed through a 
    15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm. The same technique was 
    employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and 
    a 50mm flowcell was used for measurement.
    
    Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms 
    [Bern67] technique. An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to
    the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to 
    phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of 
    dihydrazine sulfate. The reaction product was heated to ~55°C to enhance 
    color development, then passed through a 50mm flowcell and the absorbance 
    measured at 820nm.


    Sampling and Data Processing
    
    Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped "oak- 
    ridge type" centrifuge tubes. The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and 
    rinsed with sample 2-3 times before filling. Standardizations were 
    performed at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically one 
    cast, up to 36 samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient 
    standard prepared prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low- 
    nutrient seawater matrix. The secondary standards were prepared aboard ship 
    by dilution from primary standard solutions. Dry standards were pre- 
    weighed at the laboratory at ODF, and transported to the vessel for 
    dilution to the primary standard. Sets of 6-7 different standard 
    concentrations were analyzed periodically to determine any deviation from 
    linearity as a function of concentration for each nutrient analysis. A 
    correction for non-linearity was applied to the final nutrient 
    concentrations when necessary.
    
    After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data file was processed 
    to produce another file of response factors, baseline values, and 
    absorbances. Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for 
    accuracy against values taken from a strip chart recording. The data were 
    then added to the cruise database.
    
    Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from 
    micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm 
    pressure (0 db), in situ salinity, and a per-analysis measured laboratory 
    temperature.
    
    3278 nutrient samples were analyzed. The pump tubing was changed 3 times.
    

    Standards
    
    Primary standards for silicate (Na2SiF6) and nitrite (NaNO2) were obtained 
    from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co.; the supplier reported purities of >98% 
    and 97%, respectively. Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3) and phosphate 
    (KH2PO4) were obtained from Fisher Chemical Co.; the supplier reported 
    purities of 99.999% and 99.999%, respectively. The efficiency of the 
    cadmium column used for nitrate was monitored throughout the cruise and 
    ranged from 99-100%.
    
    No major problems were encountered with the measurements. The temperature 
    of the laboratory used for the analyses ranged from 21.6°C to 25.8°C, but 
    was relatively constant during any one station (+/-1.5°C).



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2


    D.4.  TOTAL DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) - LEG 2
          (D. Feely, C. Sabine)
    
    The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container modified 
    for use as a shipboard laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry with 
    two analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) used simultaneously on the 
    cruise. Each system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a 
    SOMMA (Single Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) inlet system 
    developed by Ken Johnson (Johnson et al., 1985,1987,1993; Johnson, 1992) of 
    Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). In the coulometric analysis of DIC, 
    all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess 
    hydrogen to the seawater sample, and the evolved CO2 gas is carried into 
    the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a 
    proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. These 
    are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH-. CO2 is thus 
    measured by integrating the total change required to achieve this.
    
    The coulometers were each calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 
    (99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops 
    (Wilke et al., 1993). The instruments were calibrated at the beginning, 
    middle, and end of each station with a set of the gas loop injections.
    
    Secondary standards were run throughout the cruise on each analytical 
    system; these standards are Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) consisting 
    of poisoned, filtered, and UV irradiated seawater supplied by Dr. A. 
    Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and their accuracy is 
    determined shoreside manometrically. On this cruise, the overall accuracy 
    and precision for the CRMs on both instruments combined was 0.7±0.9 µmol/kg 
    respectively (n=173). Preliminary DIC data reported to the database have 
    not yet been corrected to the Batch 65 CRM value, but a more careful 
    quality assurance to be completed shoreside will have final data corrected 
    to the secondary standard on a per instrument basis.
    
    Samples were drawn from the Niskin-type bottles into cleaned, pre-combusted 
    500-mL Pyrex bottles using Tygon tubing. Bottles were rinsed once and 
    filled from the bottom, overflowing half a volume, and care was taken not 
    to entrain any bubbles. The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 
    5-mL headspace, and 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a 
    preservative. The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly 
    covered with Apiezon-L grease, and were stored at room temperature for a 
    maximum of 24 hours prior to analysis.
    
    Over 4000 samples were analyzed for discrete DIC; full profiles were 
    completed at even numbered stations, with replicate samples taken from the 
    surface, oxygen minimum, and bottom Niskin-type bottles. On the odd 
    numbered stations, samples were drawn throughout the upper 1200m; 
    occasionally only surface replicates were drawn due to equipment problems, 
    resulting in a backlog of samples. The replicate samples were interspersed 
    throughout the station analysis for quality assurance of the integrity of 
    the coulometer cell solutions. No systematic differences between the 
    replicates were observed. 
    
    
    REFERENCES

    Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, H.B. Milburn, C.E. Cosca, M. Stapp, and P.P. Murphy 
        (1998): A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO2 
        measurements aboard research ships. Anal. Chim. Acta, 377, 185-191.

    Johnson, K.M., A.E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth (1985): Coulometric DIC analyses for 
        marine studies: An introduction. Mar. Chem., 16, 61-82.

    Johnson, K.M., P.J. Williams, L. Brandstrom, and J. McN. Sieburth (1987): Coulometric 
        total carbon analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration. Mar. Chem., 
        21, 117-133.

    Johnson, K.M. (1992): Operator's manual: Single operator multiparameter metabolic 
        analyzer (SOMMA) for total carbon dioxide (CT) with coulometric detection. Brookhaven 
        National Laboratory, Brookhaven, N.Y., 70pp.

    Johnson, K.M., K.D. Wills, D.B. Butler, W.K. Johnson, and C.S. Wong (1993): Coulometric 
        total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an 
        automated continuous gas extraction system and coulometric detector. Mar. Chem., 44, 
        167-189.

    Lewis, E. and D. W. R. Wallace (1998) Program developed for CO2 system calculations. 
        Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/

    Wilke, R.J., D.W.R. Wallace, and K.M. Johnson (1993): Water-based gravimetric method for 
        the determination of gas loop volume. Anal. Chem. 65, 2403-2406.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • P. Robbins / J. Swift • R/V Melville 
                                                                                 Bottle Data • Leg 2


    DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSES - LEG 2 P02_2004 LINE.
    PI: Craig A. Carlson
    
    COLLECTION:
    All samples were collected directly from the Niskin Bottles.  Because 
    particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations in the surface waters can  be 
    elevated all samples collected from the upper 500 m were filtered.  Water was 
    filtered through a combusted GF/F housed in an acid washed polycarbonate filter 
    cartridge attached directly the Niskin bottle spigot.  Water below 500 m was not 
    filtered because greater than 98% or the total organic carbon is DOC.  All 
    samples were collected directly into an acid washed and Nanopure flushed high 
    density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles (60ml).  Samples were immediately placed 
    upright in a -20°C freezer and samples were shipped to shore laboratory packed 
    in dry ice.  All samples were kept frozen at -20°C in an organic (volatile) free 
    environment. 
    
    ANALYSIS:
    All DOC samples were analyzed via high temperature combustion using  Shimadzu 
    TOC-V in shore based laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara. 
    The operating conditions of the Shimadzu TOC-V were slightly modified from the 
    manufacturer's model system.  The condensation coil was removed and the head 
    space of an internal water trap was reduced to minimize the system's dead space.  
    The combustion tube contained 0.5 cm Pt pillows placed on top of Pt alumina 
    beads to improve peak shape and to reduce alteration of combustion matrix 
    throughout the run.  CO2 free carrier gas was produced with a Whatman(r) gas 
    generator (Carlson et al. 2004).  Samples were drawn into 5 ml injection syringe 
    and acidified with 2M HCl (1.5%) and sparged for 1.5 minutes with CO2 free gas. 
    Three to five replicate 100 µl of sample were injected into combustion tube 
    heated to 680° C.  The resulting gas stream was passed though a several water 
    and halide traps, the CO2 in the carrier gas was analyzed with a non-dispersive 
    infrared detector and the resulting peak area was integrated with Shimadzu 
    chromatographic software. Injections continued until the at least three 
    injection meet the system specified range of a SD of 0.1 area counts, CV ≤2% or 
    best 3 of 5 injections. 
    
    Extensive conditioning of the combustion tube with repeated injections of low 
    carbon water (LCW) and deep seawater was essential to minimize the machine 
    blanks. After conditioning, the system blank was assessed with UV oxidized low 
    carbon water. The system response was standardized with a four-point calibration 
    curve of  potassium hydrogen phthalate solution in LCW. All samples were 
    systematically referenced against low carbon water, deep Sargasso Sea reference 
    waters (2600 m) and surface Sargasso Sea water every 6 - 8  analyses (Hansell 
    and Carlson 1998).  The standard deviation of the deep and surface references 
    analyzed throughout a run generally have a coefficient of variation ranging 
    between 1-3% over the 3-7 independent analyses (number of references depends on 
    size of the run) (see Hansell 2005) .  Daily reference waters were calibrated 
    with DOC CRM provided by D. Hansell (University of Miami).  The UCSB DOC 
    laboratory exchanges references and samples with the Hansell DOC laboratory to 
    ensure similar performance of DOC systems and comparability of data.
    DOC calculation:
    
       µMC = (average sample area - average machine blank area)/(slope of std curve)
    
    
    REFERENCES: 
    
    Carlson, C.A., S.J. Giovannoni, D.A. Hansell, S.J. Goldberg, R. Parsons, and K. 
        Vergin. 2004. Interactions between DOC, microbial processes, and community 
        structure in the mesopelagic zone of the northwestern Sargasso Sea. 
        Limnology and Oceanography 49: 1073-1083.
    
    Hansell, D.A. 2005.  Dissolved organic carbon reference material program.  EOS, 
        Transactions, American Geophysical Union 86: 318-319.
    
    Hansell, D.A. and C.A. Carlson 1998b. Deep ocean gradients in the concentration 
        of dissolved organic carbon. Nature, 395: 263-266.





                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2


    D.5.  TRACE METALS; DISSOLVED AND AEROSOL PROGRAMS
          (C. Measures; B. Landing)
    
          Trace Metals Group:
            Florida State University:                     University of Hawaii:
              Bill Landing,  Cliff Buck, Paul Hansard       Matt Brown, John Yeh
    
    Summary 
    
    Sea water samples for on board trace metal determinations were collected 
    using 12 L Go-Flo bottles on a 12-place rosette system equipped with a 
    SeaBird 911 ctd and oxygen sensor and a Wet Labs FL-1 fluorometer. The 
    rosette package was deployed from the stern of the ship with the Go-Flo 
    bottles in the open configuration using a 4 conductor Kevlar cable sheathed 
    in polyurethane.  The package was lowered at ~ 40 m/min to 10-30m below the 
    target depth of the deepest bottle.  As the package was raised back through 
    the water column the Go-Flo bottles were tripped individually at pre-
    assigned depths while the package was moving at ~ 10-20 m/min.  The depths 
    that the bottles were tripped was one of three sampling patterns that were 
    designed to match the three sampling schemes used by the main hydrography 
    program. Gary Klinkhammer (OSU) provided a photosynthetically-active 
    radiation (PAR) sensor and a light scattering sensor for continuous 
    profiling on the rosette/CTD at each station.
    
    Upon package recovery the Go-Flo bottles were taken from the rosette into 
    the trace metal sampling van for sub sampling.  Unfiltered sub-samples were 
    collected directly from each bottle for salinity and nutrient 
    determinations and also to ensure that each Go-Flo bottle had closed at the 
    correct depth.  Filtered sub-samples were collected from each bottle 
    through a 47mm in-line Nuclepore polycarbonate track-etched disc filters, 
    0.4 (m, after attaching the bottles to a 10 psi filtered air supply. During 
    leg 1 a total of 51 stations were occupied, yielding a total of 604 
    samples.  During Leg 2 a total of 38 stations were occupied with a total of 
    456 samples.  Cruise totals:  89 stations, 1060 samples.
    
    Unfiltered and filtered subsamples were collected from each depth for 
    return to FSU for analysis of iron by Fe-57 isotope dilution Inductively-
    Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). Filtered samples were collected 
    from each depth for ship-board analysis of dissolved Fe and Al using the 
    University of Hawaii flow-injection system.  Filtered subsamples were 
    collected from each depth for ship-board analysis of Fe(II) and total 
    dissolved Fe using the FSU FeLume chemiluminescent technique. Unfiltered 
    samples were collected from every third station for archive purposes at UH. 
    Salinity and nutrient subsamples were also collected from each depth and 
    analyzed on board. Subsamples were collected from each depth for Mark 
    Altabet at the School for Marine Science and Technology, University of 
    Massachusetts for shore-based analysis of nitrogen isotopes in dissolved 
    nitrate. Subsamples (stored, frozen) were collected from each depth at 5 
    stations for shore-based analysis of dissolved Fe-binding ligands by 
    Kristen Buck at UC Santa Cruz. Subsamples were collected from 5 sets of 
    day/night station pairs for shore-based analysis of dissolved Mn by Gary 
    Klinkhammer at Oregon State University. 
    
    Aerosol samples were collected each day (24-hour integrated) using the FSU 
    aerosol sampling tower. Wind sector and wind speed control was used to 
    immediately shut off the sampling when the wind brings ship's exhaust 
    towards the bow. Bulk aerosols were collected on 47 mm, 0.4 (m 
    polycarbonate filters for shore-based analysis of total trace elements 
    using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (Joe Resing, University of 
    Washington and NOAA/PMEL). Replicate samples on 0.45 (m polypropylene 
    filter were leached with DI water or surface seawater to measure soluble 
    Fe(II) (ship-board), and for shore-based analysis of total soluble Fe and 
    Al, and soluble anions and cations. Every other day, a sample of size-
    fractionated aerosols was collected using a Micro Orifice Uniform 
    Deposition Impactor (MOUDI). Size cutoffs of 3.1, 1.0, 0.56, and 0.056 (m 
    were used. Those filters were also leached with DI water for shore-based 
    analysis of total soluble Fe and Al, and soluble anions and cations. 



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2


    A complete data set for dissolved Fe and Al was obtained from the UH FIA 
    analytical system. Dissolved Fe concentrations compared very well with 
    previously published data from the northeastern Pacific, ranging from a few 
    tens of picomolar in the oligotrophic upper waters of the central gyre, to 
    values of 500-1,000 pM from 500-1000 meters. Slight surface enrichment for 
    dissolved Fe was seen as far east as Station 153. At station 167, we 
    encountered an unusual plume of water (150-600 m) with very elevated 
    dissolved Fe (1,000-2,000 pM) and dissolved reduced Fe(II) (50-100 pM) . 
    Unusual hydrographic features were reported for other tracers as well, 
    indicating that the feature was associated with an eddy that entrained 
    water from the eastern tropical Pacific. High dissolved Fe concentrations 
    are known from this region due to suboxic redox cycling where the oxygen 
    minimum intersects the sediments. Concentrations of dissolved Fe in the 
    700-1000 m depth range increased steadily from 400-500 pM east of Hawaii to 
    800-1,000 pM approaching the eastern end of the section.
    
    Dissolved Al also showed slight surface enrichment due to dust input (>3 
    nM) from Hawaii east to Station 151. Slightly elevated Al concentrations 
    (3-4 nM) were also seen in the "mode water" from 175-250 m at stations 
    between Hawaii and Station 141. The profiles are generally featureless east 
    of Station 141, at around 2 nM. The eddy feature seen in dissolved Fe at 
    Station 167 was not reflected in the Al profile.
    
    Initial results of the on board Fe and Al determinations have already been 
    submitted to the shipboard data base.  Final data will be submitted to the 
    data base by August 31st, 2005.
    
    The dissolved Fe(II) profiles showed higher values in the surface waters 
    (20-70 pM) and in the samples from between 750-1000 meters (20-40 pM). The 
    elevated Fe(II) in surface waters has previously been attributed to 
    photochemical reduction of dissolved Fe(III). The high Fe(II) 
    concentrations in the deep samples were unexpected since the oxidation 
    lifetime for photochemically produced Fe(II) should be as short as a few 
    minutes to hours. The data suggest that a mechanism such as microbiological 
    regeneration of Fe(II) from settling biogenic debris may be important here. 
    The dissolved oxygen concentrations are not low enough to trigger inorganic 
    Fe(II) reduction, but may contribute to the stabilization of the 
    regenerated Fe(II).
    
    The soluble aerosol Fe(II) concentrations ranged from 0.6-10 pmol/m3 of 
    filtered air. These concentrations cannot be placed in perspective until 
    after the shore-based analysis of total aerosol Fe and total soluble 
    aerosol Fe has been completed. It is clear that the total aerosol loads in 
    the atmosphere between Hawaii and San Diego were quite a bit lower than 
    were observed on Leg 1 near Japan.
    
    
    
    COMMENTS FROM THE CHIEF SCIENTIST 
    (J. Swift)
    
    Trace metal casts were carried out at every second station. The trace metal 
    group had their own CTD, rosette, bottles (Go-Flo), cable (on a semi-
    portable winch supplied by SIO), laboratory van, and a full complement of 
    personnel. No others from the ship's company, other than the mate on watch, 
    had duties related to the over-the-side portion of trace metal casts. (The 
    hydrographic team ran salinity and nutrient samples from the trace metal 
    casts, and the hydrographic data processor included the trace metal casts 
    in the integrated data system.)
    
    The casts were carried out to 1000 meters, either immediately before of 
    immediately after the principal CTD/rosette cast, at the choice of the 
    trace metal group. The group was very well organized, and were always ready 
    when it was time to launch their rosette. After a short period of 
    familiarization during Leg 1 they were able to complete their operations 
    within their allotted one-hour time window.
    
    It should be noted that the CTD data produced by the trace metal program 
    will become part of the archive of data from this expedition, and that 
    those data appear poised to be valuable companion data to the core program. 
    Furthermore, on these cruises with their tight data quality and 
    availability requirements and inventory of specialized equipment to 
    maintain there is typically a backlog of tasks to carry out, and the extra 
    hour provided by the trace metal casts was put to good use in every case.



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2

    D.5.1.  AEROSOL PROGRAM 
            (W. Landing)
    
    The role of iron as a limiting plant nutrient in the oceans is widely 
    recognized, but still poorly understood. Atmospheric transport of mineral 
    dust is the major mechanism by which Fe is supplied to the open ocean, and 
    therefore has a major impact on upper ocean biogeochemical cycling of 
    carbon and the major plant nutrients. There are very few data on the 
    concentrations of total aerosol Fe and the percentage of soluble aerosol Fe 
    over the open ocean. The aerosol sampling/analytical component of the 
    CLIVAR Trace Metals research effort utilizes a 4-channel aerosol sampling 
    system deployed on a 6.1 meter tower deployed near the bow of the ship. The 
    sampling is automatically controlled by wind sector and wind speed to avoid 
    stack exhaust contamination. We collect replicate bulk aerosol samples and 
    size-fractionated aerosols on 47 mm diameter filters. The analyses of these 
    samples is designed to help understand the processes responsible for 
    solubilizing Fe and Al in mineral dust.
    
    One of the bulk aerosol filters is analyzed for total aerosol Fe and Al 
    (and other trace elements). A replicate filter is quickly leached with 
    freshly-collected 0.2 (m filtered surface seawater to measure soluble 
    Fe(II) and total soluble Fe and Al. Another replicate filter is quickly 
    leached with ultra-pure deionized water to measure DI-water soluble Fe and 
    soluble anions (including excess sulfate and nitrate) and cations (sodium). 
    The distribution of soluble aerosol Fe in various particle sizes is 
    measured using a Micro  Orifice Uniform Deposition cascade impactor 
    (MOUDI). 
    
    Samples were collected (24-hour integrated) on 70 days from June 16-August 
    26, 2004 along the cruise track from Yokohama to San Diego.
    
    Aerosol data is generally available within 12 months of the end of the 
    cruise, in this case by August 31, 2005.
    

    Instruments and Methods 
    
    a. Total aerosol Fe and Al is measured on 47 mm, 0.4 (m polycarbonate track-
       etched filters by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence by Dr. Joe Resing 
       at the NOAA/PMEL lab in Seattle. In this method, secondary x-rays are 
       used to excite the elements on the filter. The frequencies (energies) of 
       the emitted x-rays are characteristic for each element, and the x-ray 
       intensity at each frequency is roughly proportional to the amount of each 
       element on the filter.

    b. Seawater-soluble Fe(II) is measured on freshly-collected 47 mm, 0.45 (m 
       polypropylene aerosol filters. The loaded filter is placed in a clean 
       polycarbonate vacuum filtration rig and 100 ml of 0.2 (m filtered surface 
       seawater (natural pH) is pulled though the filter in 5-10 seconds. A 
       small volume of ultra-pure hydrochloric acid is placed in the collection 
       reservoir of the filtration rig prior to leaching the filter to stabilize 
       the soluble Fe(II) at pH 6. These samples are immediately analyzed using 
       a flow-injection chemiluminescent analytical method that is specific for 
       dissolved Fe(II). After this, the samples are further acidified to pH 2 
       for storage and analysis of total dissolved Fe at FSU.

    c. Total soluble aerosol Fe is measured on the seawater and DI-water aerosol 
       leaches by isotope dilution Inductively-coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 
      (ICP-MS) and graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GFAAS), 
       respectively. The seawater leaching procedure is described above in 
       section (b). For the DI-water solubility measurements, a replicate loaded 
       aerosol filter is placed in a clean polycarbonate vacuum filtration rig 
       and 100 ml of ultra-pure deionized water (pH 5.6) is pulled though the 
       filter in 5-10 seconds. These samples are immediately frozen for return 
       to FSU. After thawing and analysis of the soluble anions and cations 
       (section (d) below) the samples are acidified to pH 2 and stored for 
       analysis of total soluble aerosol Fe and Al by GFAAS.

    d. Soluble aerosol anions and cations are measured on the DI-water leaches 
       using ion chromatography (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) and flame AAS 
       (sodium).



                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                           Bottle Data-Leg 2


    D.5.2.  DISSOLVED FE(II) AND TOTAL DISSOLVED FE IN SEAWATER 
            (W. Landing)
    
    It is expected that photochemical reactions between dissolved Fe and 
    organic matter in surface waters can reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II). While the 
    lifetime of Fe(II) with respect to re-oxidation can be as short as a few 
    minutes, we expect that the Fe(II) could build up to measurable 
    concentrations under the right conditions. Fe(II) is expected to form much 
    weaker complexes than Fe(III) with dissolved Fe binding ligands, and may 
    therefore be more bioavailable. Photochemical redox cycling may also serve 
    to keep the total dissolved Fe concentrations in surface waters at higher 
    levels than would be possible without such reactions. In addition, it is 
    known that bacterial respiration inside fecal pellets and fecal aggregates 
    can produce reducing micro-environments where Fe(III) may be released as 
    Fe(II) during the bacterial oxidation of settling biogenic debris. If this 
    mechanism is important, it might be possible to detect Fe(II) at the depths 
    where sub-oxic respiration occurs. For these reasons, we made an effort to 
    measure Fe(II) on seawater samples collected using our "trace metals clean" 
    rosette system. We collected 12 samples (to 1000 meters) from each of 89 
    stations. Dissolved Fe(II) was measured on each sample from each station, 
    with a few exceptions when we conducted special tests of the analytical 
    system and the analytical conditions.
    
    The analytical system used to measure Fe(II) can also be used to measure 
    total dissolved Fe after the samples have been acidified and subjected to 
    chemical reduction using a mild reducing agent; in this case disodium 
    sulfite. This gives us an opportunity to compare the results to the FIA 
    total dissolved Fe analysis conducted by the UH group. After confirming 
    that direct analysis of the acidified samples was not accurate, we switched 
    to the use of a cation chelating resin column to pre-concentrate the 
    dissolved Fe(II), thereby eliminating the false positive "blank" that 
    arises during direct analysis of the acidified samples. By pre-
    concentrating a 3 ml volume of sample on the column, this method has a 
    detection limit on the order of  10-20 pM.
    
    The dissolved Fe(II) and total dissolved Fe data should be available by 
    August 31, 2005, 12 months after the end of the cruise.
    
    Dissolved Fe(II) is measured on 0.2 (m filtered seawater samples collected 
    using the trace metals rosette system. Upon recovery of the rosette, the 
    12-liter GoFlo bottles are immediately transferred to the clean van. 
    Samples are taken as quickly as possible using gravity filtration through a 
    Pall AcroPak 0.2 (m cartridge filter (polyethersulfone membrane) into 125 
    ml bottles that have been pre-charged with 20 (L of 6M quartz-distilled 
    HCl. This drops the pH to 6.0, the optimum pH for preserving the existing 
    Fe(II) without inducing Fe(III) reduction. These samples are quickly 
    analyzed for dissolved Fe(II) using a chemiluminescent reaction with 
    luminol at pH 10.3. The analog signal from the photomultiplier tube is 
    calibrated using Fe(II) standard additions to seawater at pH 6.0. The 
    detection limit for dissolved Fe(II) using this method is on the order of 
    10-20 pM.
    
    Total dissolved Fe is measured on 0.4 (m filtered seawater samples 
    following acidification to pH 2.3 (100 (L 6M Q-HCl per 100 ml sample) and 
    reduction for 24 hours with 20 (M disodium sulfite. The samples are 
    buffered back up to pH 5.3 with 40 mM ammonium acetate and extracted onto a 
    2 ml 8-hydroxyquinoline column at a flow rate of 2 ml per minute. This is 
    followed by a rinse with 1 ml of DI-water, and elution with 2 ml of 0.14 M 
    Q-HCl in DI-water. The acid elution is pumped into a stream of luminol at 
    pH 9.4 in front of a photomultiplier tube where the chemiluminescence from 
    luminol oxidation is detected. The analysis is calibrated using Fe(II) 
    and/or Fe(III) standard additions to acidified seawater in the range of 0-
    1.5 nM.
    

    ADDITIONAL COOPERATIVE SAMPLING 
    
    Seawater samples were also collected with our trace metals rosette system 
    for three other research groups collaborating with the UH/FSU trace metals 
    team. Samples were collected from 12 depths (to 1000 meters) at 89 stations 
    for Prof. Mark Altabet (University of Massachusetts) for analysis of 
    nitrogen isotopes in dissolved nitrate. Samples were collected from 12 
    depths (to 1000 meters) at 10 stations for Kristen Buck (UC Santa Cruz) for 
    analysis of dissolved Fe-binding ligands. Samples were collected from 12 
    depths (to 1000 meters) at 10 stations for Prof. Gary Klinkhammer (Oregon 
    State University) for analysis of dissolved Mn.
    
    ________________________________________________________________________________________
    ________________________________________________________________________________________


    E.  CTD DATA - Leg 1

                               CLIVAR P02_2004 Leg 1
                              R/V Melville, VANC32MV
                            15 June 2004 - 25 July 2004
                        Yokohama, Japan - Honolulu, Hawaii
                        Chief Scientist:  Dr. Paul Robbins
                        Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                     Co-Chief Scientist: Dr. Andreas Thurnherr
                         Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
    
    
    
                             Preliminary Cruise Report
                                mod. 4 October 2004
    
                                Data Submitted by:
                            Oceanographic Data Facility
                        Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                             La Jolla, Ca. 92093-0214
    
    
    SUMMARY
    
    A hydrographic survey consisting of zonal LADCP/CTD/rosette sections in the
    western North Pacific was carried out June to July 2004.  The R/V Melville
    departed Yokohama, Japan on 15 June 2004.  A total of 107 LADCP/CTD/Rosette
    stations were occupied and 52 trace metals casts were made from 16 June -
    22 July.  Water samples (up to 36), LADCP and CTD data were collected in
    many cases to within 10 meters of the bottom.  Salinity, dissolved oxygen
    and nutrient samples were analyzed from every bottle sampled on the
    rosette.  The cruise ended in Honolulu, Hawaii. on 25 July 2004.
    
    
    INTRODUCTION
    
    A sea-going science team gathered from ten oceanographic institutions
    around the U.S. participated on the cruise.  Several other science programs
    were supported with no dedicated cruise participant.  The science party and
    their responsibilities are listed below:
    
    
    
    PERSONNEL
    
    Scientific Personnel P2 2004 Leg 1
    
    Duties      Name                  Affiliation  email                       
    ----------  --------------------  -----------  ---------------------------
    CH SCI      Paul Robbins          UCSD/SIO     probbins@ucsd.edu           
    CO-CH SCI   Andreas Thurnherr     LDEO         ant@ldeo.columbia.edu       
    STUDENT     Gino Passalacqua      UCSD/SIO     fampassa@inkanet.com.pe     
    STUDENT     Elena Brambilla       UCSD/SIO     ebrambilla@ucsd.edu         
    STUDENT     Rebecca Zanzig        U of Wash    zanzig@ocean.washington.edu 
    ASSISTANT   Renee Maabadi         UCSD/SIO     rmaabadi@coast.ucsd.edu     
    RES TECH    Ron Comer             UCSD/SIO     restech@sdsioa.ucsd.edu     
    COMP TECH   Geoff Davis           UCSD/SIO     davis@sdsioa.ucsd.edu       
    ODF ET      Carl Mattson          UCSD/SIO     carl@odf.ucsd.edu           
    ODF CHEM    Susan Becker          UCSD/SIO     susan@odf.ucsd.edu          
    ODF CHEM    Justine Afghan        UCSD/SIO     jafghan@ucsd.edu            
    ODF CTD PR  Mary Johnson          UCSD/SIO     mary@odf.ucsd.edu           
    ODF BOT PR  Frank Delahoyde       UCSD/SIO     fdelahoyde@ucsd.edu         
    ODF TECH    Earl Heckman          UCSD/SIO     eheckman@ucsd.edu           
    ODF TECH    John Calderwood       UCSD/SIO     jkc@odf.ucsd.edu            
    ADCP        Andreas Thurnherr     LDEO         ant@ldeo.columbia.edu       
    ALK TECH    George Anderson       UCSD/SIO     gcanderson@ucsd.edu         
    ALK TECH    Kate Boyle            UCSD/SIO     kaboyle@ucsd.edu            
    DIC TECH    Marilyn Roberts       PMEL         Marilyn.F.Roberts@noaa.gov  
    DIC TECH    Robert Castle         AOML         robert.castle@noaa.gov      
    DOC TECH    Stacy Brown           U of Miami   sbrown4@umsis.miami.edu     
    CFC TECH    Jim Happel            U of Miami   jhappel@rsmas.miami.edu     
    CFC TECH    Fred Menzia           PMEL         Fred.Menzia@noaa.gov        
    HE/TR       Peter B. Landry       WHOI         plandry@whoi.edu            
    TRACE MET   Chris Measures        U of Hawaii  chrism@soest.hawaii.edu     
    TRACE MET   Matthew Brown         U of Hawaii  mbrown@soest.hawaii.edu     
    TRACE MET   Lauren Johanna Kaupp  U of Hawaii  kaupp@hawaii.edu            
    TRACE MET   Bill Landing          FSU          landing@ocean.fsu.edu       
    TRACE MET   Paul Hansard          FSU          hansard@ocean.fsu.edu       
    TRACE MET   Cliff Buck            FSU          buck@ocean.fsu.edu          
    
    
    
    PRINCIPAL PROGRAMS
    
    Principal Programs of P2 2004 Leg 1
    
    Analysis                 Institution           Principal Investigator                
    -----------------------  --------------------  -------------------------------------
    CTDO/S/O2/Nutrients      UCSD/SIO              Jim Swift                             
    Transmissometer          TAMU                  Wilf Gardner                          
    CO2-Alkalinity           UCSD/SIO              Andrew Dickson                        
    CO2-DIC + Underway pCO2  NOAA                  Dick Feely/Chris Sabine               
    DOC/DON                  RSMAS-UMiami/UCSB     Dennis Hansell/Craig Carlson          
    CDOM                     UCSB                  Dave Siegel/Norm Nelson/Craig Carlson 
    C-13/C-14                WHOI/Princeton Univ.  Ann McNichol/Robert Key               
    CFCs                     RSMAS-UMiami/LDEO     Rana Fine/Bill Smethie                
    He-3/Tritium             WHOI                  Bill Jenkins                          
    ADCP/LADCP               UHawaii/LDEO          Eric Firing/Martin Visbeck            
    Trace Elements           UHawaii/FSU           Chris Measures/Bill Landing           
    Aerosols                 UCSD                  Nicolas Patris                        




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 1


    DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
    
    E.1.  CTD/Hydrographic Measurements Program
    
    The basic CTD/hydrographic measurements consisted of salinity, dissolved
    oxygen and nutrient measurements made from water samples taken on
    CTD/rosette casts, plus pressure, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen
    and transmissometer from CTD profiles.  A total of 107 CTD/rosette casts
    were made, usually to within 20 meters of the bottom.  No major problems
    were encountered during the operation.  The distribution of samples is
    illustrated in figures 1.0-1.2.  Note that there was no station 41.
    
            Figure 1.0 Sample distribution, stations 1-44.
            Figure 1.1 Sample distribution, stations 44-75.
            Figure 1.2 Sample distribution, stations 75-108.
    
    E.1.1.  Water Sampling Package
    
    LADCP/CTD/rosette casts were performed with a package consisting of a
    36-bottle rosette frame (ODF), a 36-place pylon (SBE32) and 36 10-liter
    Bullister bottles (ODF).  Underwater electronic components consisted of a
    Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) 9plus CTD (ODF #675) with dual pumps, dual
    temperature (SBE3plus), dual conductivity (SBE4), dissolved oxygen (SBE43),
    transmissometer (Wetlabs C-Star) and fluorometer (Seapoint Sensors); an
    SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer, RDI LADCPs (Workhorse
    300khz/Broadband 150khz) and a Simrad 807 altimeter.
    
    The CTD was mounted vertically in an SBE CTD frame attached to the bottom
    center of the rosette frame. All SBE4 conductivity and SBE3plus temperature
    sensors and their respective pumps were mounted vertically as recommended
    by SBE. Pump exhausts were attached to outside corners of the CTD cage and
    directed downward. The entire cage assembly was then mounted on the bottom
    ring of the rosette frame, offset from center to accommodate the pylon, and
    also secured to frame struts at the top.  The SBE35RT temperature sensor
    was mounted vertically and equidistant between the T1 and T2 intakes.  The
    altimeter was mounted on the inside of a support strut adjacent to the
    bottom frame ring. The transmissometer and fluorometer were mounted
    horizontally along the rosette frame adjacent to the CTD.  The LADCPs were
    vertically mounted inside the bottle rings on the opposite side of the
    frame from the CTD with one set of transducers pointing down, the other up.
    
    The rosette system was suspended from a UNOLS-standard three-conductor
    0.322" electro-mechanical sea cable.
    
    The R/V Melville's forward CTD winch ("Desh-5") was used for casts
    1/1-50/1.  It developed unresolvable level-wind problems and would have
    been put out of service earlier had weather conditions permitted moving the
    rosette and cart to the starboard A-frame.  The aft CTD winch ("Desh-6")
    was used for the remaining casts (51/1-108/2).
    
    Sea cable reterminations were made prior to casts 12/2, 19/1 and 51/1.  CTD
    data dropouts occurring on the upcast of 25/1 were traced to a corroded
    slip ring termination which was repaired prior to 26/2.  No casts were
    aborted.
    
    The deck watch prepared the rosette 10-20 minutes prior to each cast.  All
    valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation. The bottles
    were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked. Once stopped on
    station, the LADCP was turned on and the rosette moved into position under
    the squirt boom (casts 1/1-50/1) or starboard A-Frame (51/1-108/2) via an
    air-powered cart and tracks. As directed by the deck watch leader, the CTD
    was powered-up and the data acquisition system started. Two stabilizing tag
    lines were threaded through rings on the rosette frame, and syringes were
    removed from the CTD sensor intake ports.  The deck watch leader directed
    the winch operator to raise the package, the boom (A-Frame) and rosette
    were extended outboard and the package quickly lowered into the water. The
    tag lines were removed and the package was lowered to 10 meters. The CTD
    console operator then directed the winch operator to bring the package
    close to the surface, pause for typically 10 seconds and begin the descent.
    
    Each rosette cast was usually lowered to within 20 meters of the bottom, or
    to 6000M, the operational limit for this package.
    
    Each Bottle on the rosette had a unique serial number. This bottle
    identification was maintained independently of the bottle position on the
    rosette and was used for sample identification. No bottles were changed or
    replaced on this leg, although parts of a few of them were replaced or
    repaired.
    
    Recovering the package at the end of the deployment was essentially the
    reverse of launching, with the additional use of poles and snap-hooks to
    attach tag lines for added safety and stability.  The rosette was moved
    into the CTD hangar for sampling.  The bottles and rosette were examined
    before samples were taken, and anything unusual noted on the sample log.

    Routine CTD maintenance included soaking the conductivity and CTD DO
    sensors in fresh water between casts to maintain sensor stability.  Rosette
    maintenance was performed on a regular basis.  O-rings were changed as
    necessary and bottle maintenance was performed each day to insure proper
    closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or
    replaced as needed.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 1

    E.1.2.  Underwater Electronics Packages
    
    CTD data were collected with a SBE9plus CTD (ODF #675).  This instrument
    provided pressure, dual temperature (SBE3), dual conductivity (SBE4),
    dissolved oxygen (SBE43), transmissometer (Wetlabs C-Star), fluorometer
    (Seapoint Sensors) and altimeter (Simrad 807) channels.  CTD #675 supplied
    a standard Sea-Bird format data stream at a data rate of 24 frames/second
    (fps).
    
    
    Table 1.2.0: P2 2004 Leg 1 Rosette Underwater Electronics.
    
    Sea-Bird SBE32 36-place Carousel Water Sampler  S/N 0187                          
    Sea-Bird SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer  S/N 0035                          
    Sea-Bird SBE9plus CTD                           S/N 09P9852-0675                  
    Paroscientific Digiquartz Pressure Sensor       S/N 88907                         
    Sea-Bird SBE3plus Temperature Sensor            S/N 03P-4196 (Primary)            
    Sea-Bird SBE3plus Temperature Sensor            S/N 03P-4308 (Secondary)          
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor              S/N 04-2766 (Primary)             
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor              S/N 04-2569 (Secondary 1/1-57/1)  
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor              S/N 04-1880 (Secondary 58/1-108/2)
    Sea-Bird SBE43 DO Sensor                        S/N 43-0244 (1/1-103/1)           
    Sea-Bird SBE43 DO Sensor                        S/N 43-0199 (104/1-108/2)         
    Wetlabs C-Star Transmissometer                  S/N 507DR                         
    Seapoint Sensors Fluorometer                    S/N 2273                          
    Simrad 807 Altimeter                            S/N 4077                          
    RDI Workhorse 300khz LADCP                      S/N 754                           
    RDI Broadband 150khz LADCP                      S/N 1546                          
    LADCP Battery Pack                                                                
    
    
    The CTD was outfitted with dual pumps. Primary temperature, conductivity
    and dissolved oxygen were plumbed on one pump circuit and secondary
    temperature and conductivity on the other. The sensors were deployed
    vertically.  The primary temperature and conductivity sensors (T1 #4196 and
    C1 #2766) were used for reported CTD temperatures and conductivities on all
    casts.  The secondary temperature and conductivity sensors (T2 #4308 and C2
    #2569 casts 1/1-57/1, C2 #1880 casts 58/1-108/2) were used for calibration
    checks.
    
    The SBE9plus CTD and the SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer were both
    connected to the SBE32 36-place pylon providing for single-conductor sea
    cable operation.  All three sea cable conductors were connected together
    for signal and power to improve reliability, the sea cable armor was used
    for the return.  Power to the SBE9plus CTD (and sensors), SBE32 pylon,
    SBE35RT and Simrad altimeter was provided through the sea cable from the
    SBE11plus deck unit in the main lab.
    
    
    E.1.3.  Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition
    
    Navigation data were acquired (at 1-second intervals) from the ship's
    Trimble PCODE GPS receiver by one of the Linux workstations beginning June
    15.  Data from the ship's Knudsen 320B/R Echosounder (3.8 KHz transducer)
    were also acquired and merged with the navigation. The Knudsen bathymetry
    data were noisy and subject to washing out on station when the bow
    thrusters were engaged.
    
    Bathymetric data from the ship's multibeam (Seabeam) echosounder system
    were also logged by the R/V Melville's underway system.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 1


    E.1.4.  Real-Time CTD Data Acquisition System
    
    The CTD data acquisition system consisted of an SBE-11plus deck unit and
    three networked generic PC workstations running Fedora 1 Linux.  Each PC
    workstation was configured with a color graphics display, keyboard,
    trackball, 120 GB disk, and DVD+RW drives. Two of the three systems also
    had 8 additional RS-232 ports via a Rocketport PCI serial controller.  The
    systems were networked through a 100BaseTX ethernet switch, which was also
    connected to the ship's network.  These systems were available for real-
    time operational and CTD data displays, and provided for CTD and
    hydrographic data management and backup.  Hardcopy capability was provided
    by an HP 1200C network printer and by the ship's networked printers.
    
    One of the workstations was designated the CTD console and was connected to
    the CTD deck unit via RS-232. The CTD console provided an interface for
    controlling CTD deployments as well as real-time operational displays for
    CTD and rosette trip data, GPS navigation, bathymetry and the CTD winch.
    
    CTD deployments were initiated by the console watch after the ship stopped
    on station.  The watch maintained a console operations log containing a
    description of each deployment, a record of every attempt to close a bottle
    and any pertinent comments. The deployment software presented a short
    dialog instructing the operator to turn on the deck unit, to examine the on
    screen raw data display for stable CTD data, and to notify the deck watch
    that this was accomplished. When the deck watch was ready to put the
    rosette over the side, the console watch was notified and the CTD data
    acquisition started. The deployment software display changed to indicate
    that a cast was in progress. A processed data display appeared, as did a
    rosette bottle trip display and control for closing bottles. Various real-
    time plots were initiated to display the progress of the deployment.  GPS
    time and position, and uncorrected Knudsen bottom depth were automatically
    logged at 1 second resolution during the cast. Both raw and processed (2 Hz
    time-series) CTD data were automatically backed up by one of the other
    workstations via ethernet.
    
    Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette, the winch operator
    immediately lowered it to 10 meters. The CTD pumps were configured with an
    8 second startup delay, and were on by the time the rosette reached 10
    meters. The console operator checked the CTD data for proper sensor
    operation, then instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the
    surface, pause for 10 seconds, and descend to a target depth (wire-out).
    The lowering rate was normally 60 meters/minute for this package, depending
    on sea cable tension and sea state.
    
    The console watch monitored the progress of the deployment and quality of
    the CTD data through interactive graphics and operational displays.
    Additionally, the watch decided where to trip bottles on the up cast,
    noting this on the console log.  The altimeter channel, CTD depth, wire-out
    and bathymetric depth were monitored to determine the distance of the
    package from the bottom.  The on-screen winch and altimeter displays
    allowed the watch to refine the target wire-out relayed to the winch
    operator and safely approach to within 20 meters of the bottom.
    
    Bottles were closed on the up cast by operating a "point and click"
    graphical trip control button.  The data acquisition system responded with
    trip confirmation messages and the corresponding CTD data in a rosette
    bottle trip window on the display.  All tripping attempts were noted on the
    console log.  The console watch then directed the winch operator to raise
    the package up to the next bottle trip location.  The console watch was
    also responsible for creating a sample log for the deployment which was
    used to record the correspondence between rosette bottles and analytical
    samples taken.
    
    After the last bottle was tripped, the console watch directed the deck
    watch to bring the rosette on deck.  Once on deck, the console watch
    terminated the data acquisition, turned off the deck unit and assisted with
    rosette sampling.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 1


    E.1.5.  CTD Data Processing
    
    ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running in a
    Linux/Unix run-time environment.  The initial CTD processing program
    (ctdrtd/ctdba) is used either in real-time or with raw CTD data to:
    
      • Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign
        the data to logical data channels;
      • Filter data channels according to specified criteria;
      • Apply sensor- or instrument-specific response-correction
        models;
      • Decimate the data channels according to specified criteria; and
      • Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format.
    
    Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard format time-series, they can be
    manipulated in various ways.  Channels can be additionally filtered.  The
    time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to
    form longer time-series.  A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-
    series, or into a larger-interval time-series.  The pressure, temperature
    and conductivity laboratory calibration coefficients are applied during the
    creation of the initial time-series.  Adjustments to pressure, temperature
    and conductivity are maintained in separate files and are applied whenever
    the data are accessed.
    
    The CTD data acquisition software acquired and processed the data in real-
    time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and
    reporting during a cast.  The 24 Hz data from the CTD were filtered,
    response-corrected and decimated to a 2 Hz time-series.  Sensor correction
    and calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature, and
    conductivity.  Rosette trip data were extracted from this time-series in
    response to trip initiation and confirmation signals.  The calibrated 2 Hz
    time-series data, as well as the 24 Hz raw data, were stored on disk and
    were backed up via ethernet to a second system.  At the end of the cast,
    various consistency and calibration checks were performed, and a 2 db
    pressure-series of the down cast was generated and subsequently used for
    reports and plots.
    
    CTD data were examined at the completion of deployment for potential
    problems.  Data from the two CTD temperature sensors were examined,
    compared with SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer data and checked for
    sensor drift.  CTD conductivity sensors were compared and calibrated by
    examining differences between CTD and check-sample conductivity values.
    The CTD dissolved oxygen sensor data were calibrated to check-sample data.
    Additionally, deep theta-salinity and theta-O2 comparisons were made
    between down and up casts as well as with adjacent deployments.
    
    Minor sea cable noise problems on this cruise did not significantly affect
    the CTD data, being filtered out during the data acquisition.
    
    The initial 10 M yoyo in each deployment, where the package was lowered and
    then raised back to the surface to start the SBE pumps, was omitted during
    the generation of the 2 db pressure-series.
    
    Density inversions can be induced in high-gradient regions by ship-
    generated vertical motion of the rosette.  Detailed examination of the raw
    data shows significant mixing can occur in these areas because of "ship
    roll".  To minimize density inversions, a "ship-roll" filter which
    disallowed pressure reversals was applied during the generation of the 2 db
    pressure-series down-cast data.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 1


    E.1.6.  CTD Laboratory Calibration Procedures
    
    Laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure, temperature and conductivity
    sensors were used to generate Sea-Bird conversion equation coefficients
    applied by the data acquisition software at sea.
    
    Pressure calibrations were last performed on CTD #675 at the ODF
    Calibration Facility (La Jolla) 19 March 2004.  The Paroscientific
    Digiquartz pressure transducer (S/N 88907) was calibrated in a temperature-
    controlled water bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gauge Pressure
    Reference.
    
    The SBE3plus temperature sensors (primary S/N 03-4196, secondary S/N
    03-4308) were calibrated at ODF on 18 March 2004.
    
    CTD #675 with pressure transducer #88907 was used for one 5-week cruise
    between the laboratory calibration and the beginning of P2 2004 Leg 1.  The
    P2 2004 Leg 1 T1 sensor was used as the secondary temperature during that
    same cruise.
    
    The SBE4 conductivity sensors (primary S/N 04-2766, secondary S/Ns 04-2569
    and 04-1880) were all calibrated on 20 April 2004 at SBE.
    
    The SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer (S/N 0035) was calibrated on 15
    March 2004 at SBE.
    
    
    E.1.7.  CTD Shipboard Calibration Procedures
    
    CTD #675 (Pressure S/N 88907) was used for all P2 2004 Leg 1 casts.  The
    CTD was deployed with all sensors and pumps aligned vertically, as
    recommended by SBE.  Secondary temperature and conductivity (T2 & C2)
    sensors served as calibration checks for the reported primary temperature
    and conductivity (T1 & C1) on all casts.  The SBE35RT Digital Reversing
    Thermometer (S/N 35-0035) served as an independent temperature calibration
    check.  In-situ salinity check samples collected during each CTD cast were
    used to calibrate the conductivity sensors.
    
    
    E.1.7.1.  CTD Pressure
    
    Pressure sensor conversion equation coefficients derived from the pre-
    cruise pressure calibration were applied to raw pressure data during each
    cast.  No additional adjustments were made to the calculated pressures.
    
    Residual pressure offsets (the difference between the first and last
    submerged pressures) were tabulated to check for calibration shifts. All
    were < 0.5db.
    
    There was no apparent shift in pressure calibration during P2 2004 Leg 1.
    The CTD #675 post-cruise calibration is pending; repairs are required for
    damage caused by flooding during the second leg.
    
    
    E.1.7.2.  CTD Temperature
    
    Temperature sensor conversion equation coefficients were derived from the
    pre-cruise calibrations and applied to raw primary and secondary
    temperature data. The primary (T1, S/N 03P-4196) and secondary (T2, S/N
    03P-4308) SBE3plus temperature sensors were used the entire cruise without
    replacement.
    
    Two independent metrics of calibration accuracy were examined.  The primary
    and secondary temperatures were compared at each rosette trip, and the
    SBE35RT temperatures were compared to primary and secondary temperatures at
    each rosette trip.
    
    The T1 sensor appeared to have a second-order pressure dependence,
    requiring a +0.00026 to -0.0005°C correction from surface to 6200db.
    The T2 sensor did not appear to require any slope correction, only an
    offset; but the offset shifted occasionally, varying from 0 to 0.00086°C 
    during the leg.
    
    The T1 and SBE35RT comparisons, after shipboard correction of T1, are
    summarized in figures 1.7.2.0 and 1.7.2.1.
    
           Figure 1.7.2.0: T1 and SBE35RT temperature differences by pressure, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.2.1: T1 and SBE35RT temperature differences by cast, p>1000db.

    Figures 1.7.2.2 and 1.7.2.3 show T1-T2 residual differences after shipboard
    corrections.

           Figure 1.7.2.2: Primary and secondary temperature differences by pressure,
                           all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.2.3: Primary and secondary temperature differences by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Preliminary results from post-cruise calibrations show T2 only required an
    offset of about +0.0008°C.  The T1 results appear to indicate a
    +0.0005 to 0°C correction is required from 0 to 30°C - the
    opposite of what was applied shipboard (-0.0005 to +0.00026°C from
    6200db to 0db).  The laboratory calibrations only measure effects caused by
    temperature changes, since all are done at essentially surface pressure.
    The T1 shipboard corrections are about -0.001°C deep and +0.0003°C at the 
    surface compared to post-cruise calibration results.  This difference needs 
    to be evaluated more carefully before final temperature corrections are 
    determined.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 1


    E.1.7.3.  CTD Conductivity
    
    Conductivity sensor conversion equation coefficients were derived from the
    pre-cruise calibrations and applied to raw primary and secondary
    conductivities.
    
    One primary and two secondary SBE4 conductivity sensors were used on P2
    2004 Leg 1: C1 S/N 04-2766 was used the entire cruise, and was used for all
    reported CTD conductivities.  C2 S/N 04-2569 was used on casts 1/1-57/1. C2
    S/N 04-1880 was used on 58/1-108/2.  The secondary sensors were used as
    calibration checks on the primary sensor.
    
    Comparisons between the primary and secondary sensors, and between sensors
    and check sample conductivities, were used to derive conductivity sensor
    corrections.
    
    Comparisons between the primary and secondary sensors, and between sensors
    and check sample conductivities, were used to derive conductivity sensor
    corrections.  A single first-order pressure-dependent slope (on the order
    of +0.002 mS/cm from 0 to 6200db) was applied to all C1 data.  The C1
    offset shifted by -0.0006 mS/cm from stations 1-57, then stabilized for the
    rest of the cruise (both legs).  The two secondary sensors were corrected
    based on bottle salt differences.
    
    Shipboard overlays of deep theta-salinity profiles were checked for cast-
    to-cast consistency.  Most deep profiles of adjacent casts agreed to within
    0.0001-2 mS/cm.
    
    The comparison of the primary and secondary conductivity sensors by
    station, after applying shipboard corrections, is summarized in figure
    1.7.3.0.
    
           Figure 1.7.3.0: C1 and C2 conductivity differences by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Salinity residuals after applying shipboard corrections are summarized in
    figures 1.7.3.1 through 1.7.3.3.
    
           Figure 1.7.3.1: salinity residuals by pressure, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.3.2: salinity residuals by cast, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.3.3: salinity residuals by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Figure 1.7.3.3 represents an estimate of the deep salinity accuracy of CTD
    #675.  The 95% confidence limit is +/-0.0024 PSU relative to bottle salts.
    The agreement between the C1/C2 sensors after shipboard corrections were
    applied is +/-0.0007 mS/cm deep (comparable to about +/-0.00085 PSU).
    
    Post-cruise calibrations of the conductivity sensors by Sea-Bird are
    pending.  These calibrations will not account for any pressure effects on
    the sensors.
    
    
    E.1.7.4.  CTD Dissolved Oxygen
    
    Two SBE43 dissolved O2 (DO) sensors were used for this cruise (S/N 43-0244
    casts 1/1-103/1, S/N 43-0199 casts 104/1-108/2). Sensor 43-0244 was
    replaced when its response began to drop.  The sensor was plumbed into the
    P1/T1/C1 intake line in a vertical configuration after C1 and before P1 (as
    specified by SBE).
    
    The DO sensor calibration method used for this cruise was to match down-
    cast CTD O2 data to up-cast bottle trips along isopycnal surfaces, then to
    minimize the residual differences between the in-situ check sample values
    and CTD O2 using a non-linear least-squares fitting procedure. Since this
    technique only calibrates the down-cast, only the 2 db pressure series
    down-cast data contain calibrated CTD O2.
    
    Figures 1.7.4.0, 1.7.4.1 and 1.7.4.2 show the residual differences between
    bottle and calibrated CTD O2 for all pressures.  Figure 1.7.4.3 shows the
    residual differences for pressures deeper than 1000 db.
    
           Figure 1.7.4.0: O2 residuals by station number, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.4.1: O2 residuals by pressure, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.4.2: O2 residuals by temperature, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.4.3: O2 residuals by station number, p>1000db .
    
    The standard deviations of 0.050 ml/l for all oxygens and 0.021 ml/l for
    deep oxygens are only intended as indicators of how well the up-cast bottle
    O2 and down-cast CTD O2 match.  ODF makes no claims regarding the precision
    or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data.
    
    The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation for Clark cells follows
    Brown and Morrison [Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85].  ODF models
    membrane and sensor temperatures with lagged CTD temperatures and a lagged
    thermal gradient.  In-situ pressure and temperature are filtered to match
    the sensor response. Time-constants for the pressure response Taup, two
    temperature responses TauTs and TauTf, and thermal gradient response TaudT
    are fitting parameters.  The thermal gradient term is derived by low-pass
    filtering the difference between the fast response (Tf) and slow response
    (Ts) temperatures. This term is SBE43-specific and corrects a non-linearity
    introduced by analog thermal compensation in the sensor.  The Oc gradient,
    dOc/dt, is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc differences.
    This gradient term attempts to correct for reduction of species other than
    O2 at the sensor cathode.  The time-constant for this filter, Tauog, is a
    fitting parameter.  Dissolved O2 concentration is then calculated:
    
         O2ml/l=[c1*Oc+c2]*fsat(S,T,P)*e**(c3*Pl+c4*Tf+c5*Ts+c6*dOc/dt(1.7.4.0)
    
    where:
    
    O2ml/l        = Dissolved O2 concentration in ml/l;
    Oc            = Sensor current (µamps);
    fsat(S,T,P)   = O2 saturation concentration at S,T,P (ml/l);
    S             = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs);
    T             = Temperature at O2 response-time (°C);
    P             = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars);
    Pl            = Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars);
    Tf            = Fast low-pass filtered temperature (°C);
    Ts            = Slow low-pass filtered temperature (°C);
    dOc/dt        = Sensor current gradient (µamps/secs);
    dT            = low-pass filtered thermal gradient (Tf - Ts).
    

    ________________________________________________________________________________________
    ________________________________________________________________________________________


    F.  CTD DATA - Leg 2
                               CLIVAR P02_2004 Leg 2
                              R/V Melville, VANC33MV
                           28 July 2004 - 27 August 2004
                     Honolulu, Hawaii - San Diego, California
                         Chief Scientist:  Dr. James Swift
                        Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                        Co-Chief Scientist: Dr. Dong-Ha Min
                         The Pennsylvania State University
    
    
    
                             Preliminary Cruise Report
                                mod. 4 October 2004
    
                                Data Submitted by:
                            Oceanographic Data Facility
                        Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                             La Jolla, Ca. 92093-0214
    
    
    SUMMARY
    
    A hydrographic survey consisting of a zonal LADCP/CTD/rosette section along
    latitude 30 north in the Eastern North Pacific was carried out July to
    August 2004.  The R/V Melville departed Honolulu, Hawaii on 28 July 2004.
    A total of 82 LADCP/CTD/Rosette stations were occupied and 38 trace metals
    CTD/Rosette casts were made from 31 July - 27 August.  Water samples (up to
    36), LADCP and CTD data were collected in most cases to within 15 meters of
    the bottom.  Salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient samples were analyzed
    from every bottle sampled on the rosette. Additional deployments included
    12 ARGOS floats and 6 net tows.  The cruise ended in San Diego, California
    on 27 August 2004.
    
    
    INTRODUCTION
    
    A sea-going science team gathered from ten oceanographic institutions
    around the U.S. participated on the cruise.  Several other science programs
    were supported with no dedicated cruise participant.  The science team and
    their responsibilities are listed below.
    
    
    PERSONNEL
    
    Scientific Personnel P2 2004 Leg 2
    
    Duties      Name                     Affiliation  email                       
    ----------  -----------------------  -----------  ----------------------------
    CH SCI      James H. Swift           UCSD/SIO     jswift@ucsd.edu             
    CO-CH SCI   Dong-Ha Min              Penn State   dmin@geosc.psu.edu          
    STUDENT     Marina Frants            UCSD/SIO     rusalka@ix.netcom.com       
    STUDENT     Gabriela Chavez          UCSD/SIO     gchb@terra.com.mx           
    STUDENT     Sylvia Cole              UCSD/SIO     sylviatcole@hotmail.com     
    ASSISTANT   Ben Cohen                UCSD         ncohen@ucsd.edu             
    ASSISTANT   Michelle Swift           SSU          michelleswift@swift-mail.com 
    RES TECH    Cambria Colt             UCSD/SIO     restech@sdsioa.ucsd.edu     
    COMP TECH   Dan Jacobson             UCSD/SIO     jacobson@sdsioa.ucsd.edu    
    ODF ET      Scott Hiller             UCSD/SIO     scott@odf.ucsd.edu          
    ODF CHEM    Susan Becker             UCSD/SIO     susan@odf.ucsd.edu          
    ODF CHEM    Justine Afghan           UCSD/SIO     jafghan@ucsd.edu            
    ODF CTD PR  Mary Johnson             UCSD/SIO     mary@odf.ucsd.edu           
    ODF BOT PR  Frank Delahoyde          UCSD/SIO     fdelahoyde@odf.ucsd.edu     
    ODF TECH    John Calderwood          UCSD/SIO     jkc@odf.ucsd.edu            
    ODF TECH    Ted Wang                 UCSD/SIO     t3wang@ucsd.edu             
    ADCP        Ethan Coon               LDEO         etc2103@columbia.edu        
    ALK TECH    Martin Hernandez-Ayon    UCSD/SIO     jmhernan@ucsd.edu           
    ALK TECH    Heather Becker-Brungard  UCSB         heathermarie@umail.ucsb.edu 
    DIC TECH    Dave Wisegarver          PMEL         David.Wisegarver@noaa.gov   
    DIC TECH    Esa Peltola              AOML         esa.peltola@noaa.gov        
    DOC TECH    Stacy Brown              U of Miami   sbrown4@umsis.miami.edu     
    CFC TECH    Eugene Gorman            LDEO         egorman@ldeo.columbia.edu   
    CFC TECH    Brice Loose              LDEO         brice@watersci.org          
    HE/TR       Alan P. Fleer            WHOI         afleer@whoi.edu             
    TRACE MET   Bill Landing             FSU          landing@ocean.fsu.edu       
    TRACE MET   Paul Hansard             FSU          hansard@ocean.fsu.edu       
    TRACE MET   Cliff Buck               FSU          buck@ocean.fsu.edu          
    TRACE MET   Matthew Brown            U of Hawaii  mbrown@soest.hawaii.edu     
    TRACE MET   John Yeh                 U of Hawaii  johnyeh@hawaii.edu          
    
    
    PRINCIPAL PROGRAMS
    
    Principal Programs of P2 2004 Leg 2
    
    Analysis                 Institution           Principal Investigator               
    -----------------------  --------------------  -------------------------------------
    CTDO/S/O2/Nutrients      UCSD/SIO              Jim Swift                            
    Transmissometer          TAMU                  Wilf Gardner                         
    CO2-Alkalinity           UCSD/SIO              Andrew Dickson                       
    CO2-DIC + Underway pCO2  NOAA                  Dick Feely/Chris Sabine              
    DOC/DON                  RSMAS-UMiami/UCSB     Dennis Hansell/Craig Carlson         
    CDOM                     UCSB                  Dave Siegel/Norm Nelson/Craig Carlson
    C-13/C-14                WHOI/Princeton Univ.  Ann McNichol/Robert Key              
    CFCs                     RSMAS-UMiami/LDEO     Rana Fine/Bill Smethie               
    He-3/Tritium             WHOI                  Bill Jenkins                         
    ADCP/LADCP               UHawaii/LDEO          Eric Firing/Martin Visbeck           
    Trace Elements           UHawaii/FSU           Chris Measures/Bill Landing          
    ARGO Floats              NOAA                  Greg Johnson/Elizabeth Steffen       
    Aerosols                 UCSD                  Nicolas Patris                       
    Net Tows                 UCSD/SIO              John McGowan                         




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
    
    F.1.  CTD/Hydrographic Measurements Program
    
    The basic CTD/hydrographic measurements consisted of salinity, dissolved
    oxygen and nutrient measurements made from water samples taken on
    CTD/rosette casts, plus pressure, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen
    and transmissometer from CTD profiles.  A total of 84 CTD/rosette casts
    were made (two casts on stations 127 and 189), usually to within 15 meters
    of the bottom.  No major problems were encountered during the operation.
    The distribution of samples is illustrated in figures 1.0-1.2.
    
           Figure 1.0: Sample distribution, stations 109-137.
           Figure 1.1: Sample distribution, stations 137-167.
           Figure 1.2: Sample distribution, stations 167-190.
    
    
    F.1.1.  Water Sampling Package
    
    LADCP/CTD/rosette casts were performed with a package consisting of a
    36-bottle rosette frame (ODF), a 36-place pylon (SBE32) and 36 10-liter
    Bullister bottles (ODF).  Underwater electronic components consisted of a
    Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) 9plus CTD (ODF #675 or #474) with dual pumps,
    dual temperature (SBE3plus), dual conductivity (SBE4), dissolved oxygen
    (SBE43), transmissometer (Wetlabs C-Star) and fluorometer (Seapoint
    Sensors); an SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer, RDI LADCPs (Workhorse
    300khz/Broadband 150khz) and a Simrad 807 altimeter.
    
    The CTD was mounted vertically in an SBE CTD frame attached to the bottom
    center of the rosette frame. All SBE4 conductivity and SBE3plus temperature
    sensors and their respective pumps were mounted vertically as recommended
    by SBE. Pump exhausts were attached to outside corners of the CTD cage and
    directed downward. The entire cage assembly was then mounted on the bottom
    ring of the rosette frame, offset from center to accommodate the pylon, and
    also secured to frame struts at the top.  The SBE35RT temperature sensor
    was mounted vertically and equidistant between the T1 and T2 intakes.  The
    altimeter was mounted on the inside of a support strut adjacent to the
    bottom frame ring. The transmissometer and fluorometer were mounted
    horizontally along the rosette frame adjacent to the CTD.  The LADCPs were
    vertically mounted inside the bottle rings on the opposite side of the
    frame from the CTD with one set of transducers pointing down, the other up.
    
    The rosette system was suspended from a UNOLS-standard three-conductor
    0.322" electro-mechanical sea cable.
    
    The R/V Melville's aft CTD winch ("Desh-6") was used for the entire leg.
    
    A single sea cable retermination made in Honolulu served for the entire
    leg, although a mechanical retermination was required after the winch
    operator two-blocked the rosette at the onset of (aborted) cast 184/2.  CTD
    #675 partially flooded near 1100M on the upcast of 127/2, which was aborted
    at 400M. CTD #474 was used for all subsequent casts. No other casts were
    aborted.
    
    The deck watch prepared the rosette 10-20 minutes prior to each cast.  All
    valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation. The bottles
    were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked. Once stopped on
    station, the LADCP was turned on and the rosette moved into position under
    starboard A-Frame via an air-powered cart and tracks. As directed by the
    deck watch leader, the CTD was powered-up and the data acquisition system
    started. Two stabilizing tag lines were threaded through rings on the
    rosette frame, and syringes were removed from the CTD sensor intake ports.
    The deck watch leader directed the winch operator to raise the package, the
    boom (A-Frame) and rosette were extended outboard and the package quickly
    lowered into the water. The tag lines were removed and the package was
    lowered to 10 meters. The CTD console operator then directed the winch
    operator to bring the package close to the surface, pause for typically 10
    seconds and begin the descent.
    
    Each rosette cast was usually lowered to within 20 meters of the bottom, or
    to 6000M, the operational limit for this package.
    
    Each Bottle on the rosette had a unique serial number. This bottle
    identification was maintained independently of the bottle position on the
    rosette and was used for sample identification.  Spots of blue paint were
    discovered on the upper and lower interior surfaces of bottle #8 and it was
    replaced by bottle #37 prior to 179/2.  No other bottles were replaced on
    this leg, although parts of a few of them were changed or repaired.
    
    Recovering the package at the end of the deployment was essentially the
    reverse of launching, with the additional use of poles and snap-hooks to
    attach tag lines for added safety and stability.  The rosette was moved
    into the CTD hangar for sampling.  The bottles and rosette were examined
    before samples were taken, and anything unusual noted on the sample log.
    
    Routine CTD maintenance included soaking the conductivity and CTD DO
    sensors in fresh water between casts to maintain sensor stability.  Rosette
    maintenance was performed on a regular basis.  O-rings were changed as
    necessary and bottle maintenance was performed each day to insure proper
    closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or
    replaced as needed.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    F.1.2.  Underwater Electronics Packages
    
    CTD data were collected with a SBE9plus CTD (ODF #675 on 109/1-127/2, ODF
    #474 on 127/3-190/1).  The instrument provided pressure, dual temperature
    (SBE3), dual conductivity (SBE4), dissolved oxygen (SBE43), transmissometer
    (Wetlabs C-Star), fluorometer (Seapoint Sensors) and altimeter (Simrad 807)
    channels.  The CTD supplied a standard Sea-Bird format data stream at a
    data rate of 24 frames/second (fps).
    
    
    Table 1.2.0 P2 2004 Leg 2 Rosette Underwater Electronics.
    
    Sea-Bird SBE32 36-place Carousel Water Sampler   S/N 0187                            
    Sea-Bird SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer   S/N 0035                            
    Sea-Bird SBE9plus CTD                            S/N 09P9852-0675 (109/1-127/2)      
    Sea-Bird SBE9plus CTD                            S/N 09P9852-0474 (127/3-190/1)      
    Paroscientific Digiquartz Pressure Sensor        S/N 88907 (109/1-127/2)             
    Paroscientific Digiquartz Pressure Sensor        S/N 69008 (127/3-190/1)             
    Sea-Bird SBE3plus Temperature Sensor             S/N 03P-4196 (Primary)              
    Sea-Bird SBE3plus Temperature Sensor             S/N 03P-4308 (Secondary)            
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor               S/N 04-2766 (Primary)               
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor               S/N 04-1880 (Secondary 109/1-124/1) 
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor               S/N 04-2593 (Secondary 125/2-125/2) 
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor               S/N 04-2113 (Secondary 126/1-127/2) 
    Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor               S/N 04-2904 (Secondary 127/3-190/1) 
    Sea-Bird SBE43 DO Sensor                         S/N 43-0199 (109/1-190/1)           
    Wetlabs C-Star Transmissometer                   S/N 507DR                           
    Seapoint Sensors Fluorometer                     S/N 2273                            
    Simrad 807 Altimeter                             S/N 4077                            
    RDI Workhorse 300khz LADCP                       S/N 754                             
    RDI Broadband 150khz LADCP                       S/N 1546                            
    LADCP Battery Pack                                                                   
    
    
    The CTD was outfitted with dual pumps. Primary temperature, conductivity
    and dissolved oxygen were plumbed on one pump circuit and secondary
    temperature and conductivity on the other. The sensors were deployed
    vertically.  The primary temperature and conductivity sensors (T1 #03P-4196
    and C1 #04-2766) were used for reported CTD temperatures and conductivities
    on all casts.  The secondary temperature and conductivity sensors were used
    for calibration checks.
    
    The SBE9plus CTD and the SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer were both
    connected to the SBE32 36-place pylon providing for single-conductor sea
    cable operation.  All three sea cable conductors were connected together
    for signal and power to improve reliability, the sea cable armor was used
    for the return.  Power to the SBE9plus CTD (and sensors), SBE32 pylon,
    SBE35RT and Simrad altimeter was provided through the sea cable from the
    SBE11plus deck unit in the main lab.
    
    F.1.3.  Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition
    
    Navigation data were acquired (at 1-second intervals) from the ship's
    Trimble PCODE GPS receiver by one of the Linux workstations beginning July
    28.  Data from the ship's Knudsen 320B/R Echosounder (3.8 KHz transducer)
    were also acquired and merged with the navigation. The Knudsen bathymetry
    data were noisy and subject to washing out on station when the bow
    thrusters were engaged.
    
    Bathymetric data from the ship's multibeam (Seabeam) echosounder system
    were also logged by the R/V Melville's underway system.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    F.1.4.  Real-Time CTD Data Acquisition System
    
    The CTD data acquisition system consisted of an SBE-11plus deck unit and
    three networked generic PC workstations running Fedora 1 Linux.  Each PC
    workstation was configured with a color graphics display, keyboard,
    trackball, 120 GB disk, and DVD+RW drives. Two of the three systems also
    had 8 additional RS-232 ports via a Rocketport PCI serial controller.  The
    systems were networked through a 100BaseTX ethernet switch, which was also
    connected to the ship's network.  These systems were available for real-
    time operational and CTD data displays, and provided for CTD and
    hydrographic data management and backup.  Hardcopy capability was provided
    by an HP 1200C network printer and by the ship's networked printers.
    
    One of the workstations was designated the CTD console and was connected to
    the CTD deck unit via RS-232. The CTD console provided an interface for
    controlling CTD deployments as well as real-time operational displays for
    CTD and rosette trip data, GPS navigation, bathymetry and the CTD winch.
    
    CTD deployments were initiated by the console watch after the ship stopped
    on station.  The watch maintained a console operations log containing a
    description of each deployment, a record of every attempt to close a bottle
    and any pertinent comments. The deployment software presented a short
    dialog instructing the operator to turn on the deck unit, to examine the on
    screen raw data display for stable CTD data, and to notify the deck watch
    that this was accomplished. When the deck watch was ready to put the
    rosette over the side, the console watch was notified and the CTD data
    acquisition started. The deployment software display changed to indicate
    that a cast was in progress. A processed data display appeared, as did a
    rosette bottle trip display and control for closing bottles. Various real-
    time plots were initiated to display the progress of the deployment.  GPS
    time and position, and uncorrected Knudsen bottom depth were automatically
    logged at 1 second resolution during the cast. Both raw and processed (2 Hz
    time-series) CTD data were automatically backed up by one of the other
    workstations via ethernet.
    
    Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette, the winch operator
    immediately lowered it to 10 meters. The CTD pumps were configured with an
    8 second startup delay, and were on by the time the rosette reached 10
    meters. The console operator checked the CTD data for proper sensor
    operation, then instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the
    surface, pause for 10 seconds, and descend to a target depth (wire-out).
    The lowering rate was normally 60 meters/minute for this package, depending
    on sea cable tension and sea state.
    
    The console watch monitored the progress of the deployment and quality of
    the CTD data through interactive graphics and operational displays.
    Additionally, the watch decided where to trip bottles on the up cast,
    noting this on the console log.  The altimeter channel, CTD depth, wire-out
    and bathymetric depth were monitored to determine the distance of the
    package from the bottom.  The on-screen winch and altimeter displays
    allowed the watch to refine the target wire-out relayed to the winch
    operator and safely approach to within 20 meters of the bottom.
    
    Bottles were closed on the upcast by operating a "point and click"
    graphical trip control button.  The data acquisition system responded with
    trip confirmation messages and the corresponding CTD data in a rosette
    bottle trip window on the display.  All tripping attempts were noted on the
    console log.  The console watch then directed the winch operator to raise
    the package up to the next bottle trip location.  The console watch was
    also responsible for creating a sample log for the deployment which was
    used to record the correspondence between rosette bottles and analytical
    samples taken.
    
    After the last bottle was tripped, the console watch directed the deck
    watch to bring the rosette on deck.  Once on deck, the console watch
    terminated the data acquisition, turned off the deck unit and assisted with
    rosette sampling.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    F.1.5.  CTD Data Processing
    
    ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running in a
    Linux/Unix run-time environment.
    
    Raw CTD data are initially converted to engineering units, filtered,
    response-corrected, calibrated and decimated to a more managable 0.5 second
    time-series.  The laboratory calibrations for pressure, temperature and
    conductivity are applied at this time.
    
    Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard format time-series, they can be
    manipulated in various ways.  Channels can be additionally filtered.  The
    time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to
    form longer time-series.  A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-
    series, or into a larger-interval time-series.  Adjustments to pressure,
    temperature and conductivity determined from comparisons to other sensors
    and to check samples are maintained in separate files and are applied
    whenever the data are accessed.
    
    The CTD data acquisition software acquired and processed the data in real-
    time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and
    reporting during a cast.  The 24 Hz CTD data were filtered, response-
    corrected and decimated to a 2 Hz time-series.  Sensor correction and
    calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature, and conductivity.
    Rosette trip data were extracted from this time-series in response to trip
    initiation and confirmation signals.  All data were stored on disk and were
    additionally backed up via ethernet to a second system.  At the end of the
    cast, various consistency and calibration checks were performed and a 2 db
    pressure-series of the down cast was generated and subsequently used for
    reports and plots.
    
    CTD data were examined at the completion of deployment for potential
    problems.  Data from the two CTD temperature sensors were examined,
    compared with SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer data and checked for
    sensor drift.  CTD conductivity sensors were compared and calibrated by
    examining differences between CTD and check-sample conductivity values.
    The CTD dissolved oxygen sensor data were calibrated to check-sample data.
    Additionally, deep theta-salinity and theta-O2 comparisons were made
    between down and up casts as well as with adjacent deployments.
    
    The initial 10 M yoyo in each deployment, where the package was lowered and
    then raised back to the surface to start the SBE pumps, was omitted during
    the generation of the 2 db pressure-series.
    
    Density inversions can be induced in high-gradient regions by ship-
    generated vertical motion of the rosette.  Detailed examination of the raw
    data shows significant mixing can occur in these areas because of "ship
    roll".  To minimize density inversions, a "ship-roll" filter which
    disallowed pressure reversals was applied during the generation of the 2 db
    pressure-series down-cast data.
    
    Minor sea cable noise problems on this cruise did not significantly affect
    the CTD data, being filtered out during the data acquisition.
    
    Station 127 had a repeat cast to trip bottles in the top 1100M, after the
    CTD partially flooded at that depth during the first upcast.  The station
    189 cast was repeated because air vents on bottles were not closed prior to
    the first cast.  Both CTD casts are reported for these two stations.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    F.1.6.  CTD Laboratory Calibration Procedures
    
    Laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure, temperature and conductivity
    sensors were used to generate Sea-Bird conversion equation coefficients
    applied by the data acquisition software at sea.
    
    CTD #675 with pressure transducer #88907 was used for all of Leg 1 and
    stations 109/1-127/2 of Leg 2 of P2-2004.  CTD #474 with pressure
    transducer #69008 was used for stations 127/3-190/1 on Leg 2.
    
    Pressure calibrations were last performed on CTD #675 and CTD #474 at the
    ODF Calibration Facility (La Jolla) on 19 March 2004 and 4 December 2003,
    respectively.  In both cases the Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure
    transducers (CTD #675 S/N 88907, CTD #474 S/N 69008) were calibrated in a
    temperature-controlled water bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gauge
    Pressure Reference.
    
    The SBE3plus temperature sensors (primary S/N 03-4196, secondary S/N
    03-4308) were calibrated at ODF on 18 March 2004.
    
    The primary SBE4 conductivity sensor (S/N 04-2766) was calibrated on 20
    April 2004 at SBE. The secondary conductivity sensors (S/N 04-1880,
    04-2593, 04-2113, 04-2904) were calibrated at SBE on 20 Apr 2004, 1 Jul
    2004, 1 Jan 2004 and 1 Aug 2003, respectively.
    
    The SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer (S/N 0035) was calibrated on 15
    March 2004 at SBE.
    
    
    F.1.7.  CTD Shipboard Calibration Procedures
    
    CTD #675 (109/1-127/2) and #474 (127/3-190/1) were used for all P2 2004 Leg
    2 casts.  The CTD was deployed with all sensors and pumps aligned
    vertically, as recommended by SBE.  Secondary temperature and conductivity
    (T2 & C2) sensors served as calibration checks for the reported primary
    temperature and conductivity (T1 & C1) on all casts.  The SBE35RT Digital
    Reversing Thermometer (S/N 35-0035) served as an independent temperature
    calibration check.  In-situ salinity check samples collected during each
    CTD cast were used to calibrate the conductivity sensors.
    
    
    F.1.7.1.  CTD Pressure
    
    Pressure sensor conversion equation coefficients derived from the pre-
    cruise pressure calibration were applied to raw pressure data during each
    cast.  No additional adjustments were made to the calculated pressures for
    CTD #675 (Pressure S/N 88907).  However, a -0.4db offset was applied to all
    pressures for CTD #474 (Pressure S/N 69008) in order to bring surface
    pressures closer to 0db.
    
    Residual pressure offsets (the difference between the first and last
    submerged pressures) were tabulated to check for calibration shifts. All
    were < 0.5db.
    
    The post-cruise CTD #474 pressure calibration showed about a +0.2db to
    +0.6db correction was needed from surface to 6200db. The offset applied
    shipboard was -0.4db, so there is a difference of up to -1.0db in the
    shipboard corrections as compared to post-cruise calibration results.  The
    CTD #675 post-cruise calibration is pending; repairs are required for
    damage caused by flooding during station 127/2.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    F.1.7.2.  CTD Temperature
    
    Temperature sensor conversion equation coefficients were derived from the
    pre-cruise calibrations and applied to raw primary and secondary
    temperature data. The primary (T1, S/N 03P-4196) and secondary (T2, S/N
    03P-4308) SBE3plus temperature sensors were used the entire cruise without
    replacement.
    
    Two independent metrics of calibration accuracy were examined.  The primary
    and secondary temperatures were compared at each rosette trip, and the
    SBE35RT temperatures were compared to primary and secondary temperatures at
    each rosette trip.
    
    The T1 sensor appeared to have a second-order pressure dependence,
    requiring a +0.00054 to -0.0005°C correction from surface to 6200db.
    The T2 sensor did not appear to require any slope correction, only an
    offset; but the offset shifted occasionally, varying from 0 to 0.00086°C 
    over both legs of the cruise.  Both T1 and T2 corrections changed
    slightly when the sensor was shifted from CTD #675 to CTD #474 during
    station 127, but each seemed to be fairly stable while attached to the same
    CTD.
    
    The T1 and SBE35RT comparisons, after shipboard correction of T1, are
    summarized in figures 1.7.2.0 and 1.7.2.1.
    
            Figure 1.7.2.0: T1 and SBE35RT temperature differences by pressure, all pressures.
            Figure 1.7.2.1: T1 and SBE35RT temperature differences by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Figures 1.7.2.2 and 1.7.2.3 show T1-T2 residual differences after shipboard
    corrections.
    
            Figure 1.7.2.2: Primary and secondary temperature differences by pressure,
                            all pressures.
            Figure 1.7.2.3: Primary and secondary temperature differences by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Preliminary results from post-cruise calibrations show T2 only required an
    offset of about +0.0008°C.  The T1 results appear to indicate a
    +0.0005 to 0°C correction is required from 0 to 30°C - the
    opposite of what was applied shipboard (-0.0005 to +0.0005°C from
    6200db to 0db).  The laboratory calibrations only measure effects caused by
    temperature changes, since all are done at essentially surface pressure.
    The T1 shipboard corrections are about -0.001°C deep and +0.0005°C at the 
    surface compared to post-cruise calibration results.  This difference needs 
    to be evaluated more carefully before final temperature corrections are 
    determined.
    
    
    F.1.7.3.  CTD Conductivity
    
    Conductivity sensor conversion equation coefficients were derived from the
    pre-cruise calibrations and applied to raw primary and secondary
    conductivities.
    
    One primary and four secondary SBE4 conductivity sensors were used on P2
    2004 Leg 2.  C1 S/N 04-2766 was used the entire cruise, and was used for
    all reported CTD conductivities.  C2 S/N 04-1880 was used on 109/1-124/1,
    S/N 04-2593 on 125/2, S/N 04-2113 on 126/1-127/2 and S/N 04-2904 on
    127/3-190/1.  The secondary sensors were used as calibration checks on the
    primary sensor.
    
    Comparisons between the primary and secondary sensors, and between sensors
    and check sample conductivities, were used to derive conductivity sensor
    corrections.  A single first-order pressure-dependent slope (on the order
    of +0.002 mS/cm from 0 to 6200db) was applied to all C1 data.  The C1
    offset shifted by -0.0006 mS/cm from stations 1-57 (during leg 1), then
    stabilized for the rest of the cruise (both legs).  The four secondary
    sensors were corrected based on bottle salt differences.
    
    Shipboard overlays of deep theta-salinity profiles were checked for cast-
    to-cast consistency.  Only the first two stations of leg 2 (109 and 110)
    needed an additional +0.0002 mS/cm offset to C1, as compared to leg 1 casts
    at the same positions and nearby casts on the same leg. This was likely due
    to the 8.5-day idle period between the two legs.  Most deep profiles of
    adjacent casts agreed to within +/-0.0001-2 mS/cm.
    
    The comparison of the primary and secondary conductivity sensors by
    station, after applying shipboard corrections, is summarized in figure
    1.7.3.0.
    
           Figure 1.7.3.0 C1 and C2 conductivity differences by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Salinity residuals after applying shipboard corrections are summarized in
    figures 1.7.3.1 through 1.7.3.3.
    
           Figure 1.7.3.1: salinity residuals by pressure, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.3.2: salinity residuals by cast, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.3.3: salinity residuals by cast, p>1000db.
    
    Figure 1.7.3.3 represents an estimate of the deep salinity accuracy for the
    CTDs/sensors used during P2-2004/Leg 2.  The 95% confidence limit is
    +/-0.0015 PSU relative to bottle salts.  The agreement between the C1/C2
    sensors after shipboard corrections were applied is +/-0.00074 mS/cm deep
    (comparable to about +/-0.0009 PSU).
    
    Post-cruise calibrations of the conductivity sensors by Sea-Bird are
    pending.  These calibrations will not account for any pressure effects on
    the sensors.




                                            P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                              CTD Data-Leg 2


    F.1.7.4.  CTD Dissolved Oxygen
    
    A single SBE43 dissolved O2 (DO) sensor was used for this cruise (S/N
    43-0199).  The sensor was plumbed into the P1/T1/C1 intake line in a
    vertical configuration after C1 and before P1 (as specified by SBE).
    
    This DO sensor was installed near the end of Leg 1, and was the only
    dependable spare available for both legs.  Its sensitivity decreased
    steadily as the cruise progressed, and its output voltage drifted a bit
    lower with each cast.  After CTD O2 data were fit to bottle data values, a
    residual "stepping" (as much as 0.02 ml/l on later casts) is noted in many
    deep gradient areas as a consequence of the lower sensitivity.
    
    The DO sensor calibration method used for this cruise was to match down-
    cast CTD O2 data to up-cast bottle trips along isopycnal surfaces, then to
    minimize the residual differences between the in-situ check sample values
    and CTD O2 using a non-linear least-squares fitting procedure. Since this
    technique only calibrates the down-cast, only the 2 db pressure series
    down-cast data contain calibrated CTD O2.  Bottle data from 127/3 were used
    to fit the shallower CTD O2 data for 127/2.  The coefficients for station
    189/2 were used for 189/1, which had no bottle data.
    
    Figures 1.7.4.0, 1.7.4.1 and 1.7.4.2 show the residual differences between
    bottle and calibrated CTD O2 for all pressures.  Figure 1.7.4.3 shows the
    residual differences for pressures deeper than 1000 db.
    
           Figure 1.7.4.0: O2 residuals by station number, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.4.1: O2 residuals by pressure, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.4.2: O2 residuals by temperature, all pressures.
           Figure 1.7.4.3: O2 residuals by station number, p>1000db .
    
    The standard deviations of 0.0444 ml/l for all oxygens and 0.0167 ml/l for
    deep oxygens are only intended as indicators of how well the up-cast bottle
    O2 and down-cast CTD O2 match.  Preliminary CTD oxygen data used to
    generate these statistics were fit BEFORE post-cruise smoothed standard and
    blank values for bottle oxygen data were applied.  Adjustments were made to
    shipboard CTD oxygen fits for any cast where bottle oxygen values changed
    more than +/-0.013 ml/l.  Adjustments to all fits will need to be made
    before CTD oxygen data are considered final.  ODF makes no claims regarding
    the precision or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data.
    
    The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation for Clark cells follows
    Brown and Morrison [Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85].  ODF models
    membrane and sensor temperatures with lagged CTD temperatures and a lagged
    thermal gradient.  In-situ pressure and temperature are filtered to match
    the sensor response. Time-constants for the pressure response Taup, two
    temperature responses TauTs and TauTf, and thermal gradient response TaudT
    are fitting parameters.  The thermal gradient term is derived by low-pass
    filtering the difference between the fast response (Tf) and slow response
    (Ts) temperatures. This term is SBE43-specific and corrects a non-linearity
    introduced by analog thermal compensation in the sensor.  The Oc gradient,
    dOc/dt, is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc differences.
    This gradient term attempts to correct for reduction of species other than
    O2 at the sensor cathode.  The time-constant for this filter, Tauog, is a
    fitting parameter.  Dissolved O2 concentration is then calculated:
    
         O2ml/l=[c1*Oc+c2]*fsat(S,T,P)*e**(c3*Pl+c4*Tf+c5*Ts+c6*dOc/dt(1.7.4.0)
    
    where:
    
    O2ml/l        = Dissolved O2 concentration in ml/l;
    Oc            = Sensor current (uamps);
    fsat(S,T,P)   = O2 saturation concentration at S,T,P (ml/l);
    S             = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs);
    T             = Temperature at O2 response-time (°C);
    P             = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars);
    Pl            = Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars);
    Tf            = Fast low-pass filtered temperature (°C);
    Ts            = Slow low-pass filtered temperature (°C);
    dOc/dt        = Sensor current gradient (uamps/secs);
    dT            = low-pass filtered thermal gradient (Tf - Ts).



    ______________________________________________________________________________________________
    ______________________________________________________________________________________________



                                                  P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                             DATA PROCESSING NOTES 


              
    Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary
    --------  --------  -------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
    08/27/04  Landing   DOC            Submitted LADCP report

    09/08/04  Johnson   DOC            Submitted CTD floats report

    09/08/04  Carlson   DOC            Submitted DOM report
              Here is the information you requested from us. I am reporting for the DOM 
              team of Hansell and Carlson in this email.

    09/09/04  Swift     CTD/BTL/SUM    Submitted w/ known deficiencies
              This is information regarding: 
                  line:             P02
                  ExpoCode:         SEE DATA
                  Cruise Date:      2004/06/13 - 2004/08/27
                  From:             SWIFT, JAMES
                  Email address:    jswift@ucsd.edu
                  Institution:      UCSD
                  Country:          USA
              The file:             WHP.P2-2004.tar.gz - 13181165 bytes
                has been saved as:  20040908.133032_SWIFT_P02_WHP.P2-2004.tar.gz
                in the directory:   20040908.133032_SWIFT_P02
              The bottle file has the following parameters:
                  STNNBR     CASTNO     SAMPNO     BTLNBR     CTDRAW     CTDPRS
                  CTDTMP     CTDSAL     CTDOXY     THETA      SALNTY     OXYGEN
                  SILCAT     NITRAT     NITRIT     PHSPHT     CFC-11     CFC-12
                  CFC113     TCO2       TALK       QUALT1
              The data disposition is:  Public  
              The file format is:       Other:      various
              The archive type is:      Zip 
              The data type(s) is:      Summary     (navigation)
                                        Bottle Data (hyd)
                                        CTD File(s)
              The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                   Cast Number          (CASTNO)
                   Station Number       (STATNO)
                   Bottle Number        (BTLNBR)
                   Sample Number        (SAMPNO)
              SWIFT, JAMES would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
                                        Place Data Online
              Any additional notes are: file names have known deficiencies; must add 
                citation info to files

    09/14/04  Muus      Cruise Data    Will combine data from both legs
              Jim and Lynne both want P02_2004 legs 1 & 2 combined into single files but 
              there will be separate files for the trace metal data and the regular data. I am 
              using p02_2004tm for thetrace metal data and p02_2004 for the regular data. I 
              assume this will not be the only cruise where two legs on the same line will be 
              combined.

    09/15/04  Measures  DOC            Submitted trace metals report

    09/15/04  Roberts   DOC            Submitted DIC pdf doc


              

                                                  P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                             DATA PROCESSING NOTES

              
    Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary
    --------  --------  -------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
    09/22/04  Muus      CTD/BTL        Data Files Relocated 
              The P02_2004 data files are in:  /usr/export/html-public/data/co2clivar/pacific/p02/
                   p02_2004a/p02_2004asu.txt        Regular ODF deep rosette
                     /p02_2004ahy.txt
                     /p02_2004act.zip
                     /p02_2004a_hy1.csv
                     /p02_2004a_ct1.zip
                   p02_2004atm/p02_2004atm_ct1.zip  Trace metal rosette 
                     /p02_2004atm_hy1.csv
              together with other files added by Danie. Trace metal directory can be placed 
              where appropriate for website.
                1.  EXPOCODE changed to 318M200406 vs. 318MVANC32MV
                2.  Quality Flags "1"s left unchanged for now.
                    (Transmissometer and fluorometer in the regular(deep) CTD casts.
                    Oxygen and fluorometer in the trace metal CTD casts.)
                3.  No WOCE format trace metal data. Trace metal CTD and bottle data given as 
                    exchange format only. Tried Bren's backward formatting without success. If we 
                    need WOCE formats believe it will be easier to work from ODF data when 
                    available.
                4.  Summary file has no trace metal casts.
                5.  Cannot get all 190 CTD stations in one .joa file.
                      1-159 okay. 
                      Needed 6 _ct1.zip files to load to 6 _ctd1.joa files. 
                      Can add first five .joa files but not the sixth (160-190). 
                      Not sure if this is due to my computer or could be a problem for everyone.

    10/04/04  Johnson   CTD/BTL/SUM    Final Data Avaliable at ODF website
              A zip-file containing the updated documentation and bottle + CTD data for 
              BOTH P2-2004 legs are available on the odf ftp site:
                README.P2     description of data release
                P2-2004.zip   zip file containing all the  P2 data/documentation

    10/05/04  McNichol  DOC            Submitted C13/C14 report

    10/05/04  Nelson    DOC            Submitted CDOM report
              Final CDOM Data from 2003's A20 and A22 lines.

    10/05/04  McNichol  Cruise Report  Submitted C13/C14 report

    10/05/04  Johnson   DOC            ODF cruise reports submitted

    10/12/04  Swift     DOC            Submitted chi. sci. report
              narrative Leg 2

    10/13/04  Robbins   DOC            Submitted chi. sci. report
              narrative Leg 1

    10/20/04  Landing   DOC            Submitted new report
              merged both legs into one report

    10/28/04  Landing   DOC            Submitted new report
              merged both legs into one report


              

                                                  P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                             DATA PROCESSING NOTES
               

    Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary
    --------  --------  -------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
    10/28/04  Kozyr     TCO2/ALK       Not yet submitted
              The final TCO2, TALK, and pH data will be submitted to CDIAC during next 
              few months (per Feely, Wanninkhof conversation last month). The data will be 
              adjusted for CRMs and the QA-QC work will be performed, new quality flags will 
              be assigned. As soon as all this work will be done I will forward the new 
              numbers to CCHDO.

    11/01/04  Kappa     Cruise Report  Assembled Preliminary Cruise Report from:
              * Leg 1 Summary, Bottle Data Report, CTD Data Report:  Ocean Data Facility / SIO
              * Leg 2 Summary, Bottle Data Report, CTD Data Report:  Ocean Data Facility / SIO
              * Leg 1 Cruise Narrative: Paul Robbins / UCSD-SIO; Leg 1 Chief Scientist
              * Leg 2 Cruise Narrative: James Swift / UCSD-SIO; Leg 2 Chief Scientist
              * Radiocarbon Report: Ann McNichol / WHOI
              * CFCs: Jim Happell / RSMAS
              * Trace Metals Report: Bill Landing,  Cliff Buck, Paul Hansard / U.Hawaii
              * Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Report: Craig Carlson / UCSB
              * Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Report: Norm Nelson / UCSB
              * Floats Report: Greg Johnson / NOAA/PMEL
              * LADCP Report: Ethan Coon / Columbia University
              * HBSCE Report: Andreas Thurnherr / LDEO
              * These Data Processing Notes

    12/17/04  Kozyr     TCO2/ALK/PH    DQE Begun
              The final TCO2, TALK, and pH data will be submitted to CDIAC during next 
              few months (per Feely, Wanninkhof conversation last month ?). The data will be 
              adjusted for CRMs and the QA-QC work will be performed, new quality flags will 
              be assigned. As soon as all this work will be done I will forward the new 
              numbers to CCHDO.

    01/21/05  Kozyr     DIC/ALKALI     DIC DQE Begun, ALKALI not yet available
              We also have received the final DIC data from A20_2003 and P02_2004. As 
              soon as we get TALKs from these cruises the files will be available to public 
              through CDIAC.

    02/17/05  Kozyr     TCARBN         Submitted; Data are Public
              This is information regarding line P02_2004
              ExpoCode:                 318M200406
              Cruise Date:              2004/06/15 - 2004/07/25
              From:                     KOZYR, ALEX
              Email address:            kozyra@ornl.gov
              Institution:              CDIAC/ORNL
              Country:                  USA
              The file:                 p02_2004a_new_TCO2.txt - 478429 bytes
              has been saved as:        20050217.111919_KOZYR_P02_2004_p02_2004a_new_TCO2.txt
              in the directory:         20050217.111919_KOZYR_P02_2004
              The data disposition is:  Public  
              The bottle file has the following parameters:
                                        TCO2 (TCARBN), TCO2 FLAGS
              The file format is:       WOCE Format (ASCII) 
              The archive type is:      NONE - Individual File 
              The data type(s) is:      Bottle Data (hyd)
              The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                Cast Number (CASTNO)
                Station Number (STATNO)
                Bottle Number (BTLNBR)
                Sample Number (SAMPNO)
              KOZYR, ALEX would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
                Merge Data
              Any additional notes are:
                These data are the new TCO2 (TCARBN) and flags numbers I've just received 
                from Feely/Roberts (PMEL), note that ALKALI data are still not public in your 
                files for this cruise. As soon as I get the ALKALI data from A. Dickson (SIO) I 
                will send it to you after evaluation. Thank you,  Alex.



              
                                                  P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                             DATA PROCESSING NOTES 
             

    Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary
    --------  --------  -------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
    04/04/05  Willey    CFCs           Submitted stns 109-190
              This is information regarding line P02
              ExpoCode:                 318M200406
              Cruise Date:              2004/06/16 - 2004/08/27
              From:                     WILLEY, DEBRA
              Email address:            dwilley@rsmas.miami.edu
              Institution:              UNIVERSITY
              Country:                  USA
              The file:                 P02_2004_CFCs_stns109-190.csv - 81958 bytes
              has been saved as:        20050404.112915_WILLEY_P02_P02_2004_CFCs_stns109-190.csv
              in the directory:         20050404.112915_WILLEY_P02
              The data disposition is:
                   Public  
              The bottle file has the following parameters:
                   CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113
              The file format is:
                   WHP Exchange 
              The archive type is:
                   NONE - Individual File 
              The data type(s) is:
                   Bottle Data     (hyd)
              The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                   Cast Number     (CASTNO)
                   Station Number     (STATNO)
                   Bottle Number     (BTLNBR)
              WILLEY, DEBRA would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
                   Merge Data
                   Place Data Online
              Any additional notes are:
                   I am submitting 2 separate files for P02 CFCs:  one for stns1-108 and 
              another for stns109-190.
                             
    04/04/05  Willey    CFCs           Submitted stns 1-108
              his is information regarding line P02
              ExpoCode:           318M200406
              Cruise Date:        2004/06/16 - 2004/08/27
              From:               WILLEY, DEBRA
              Email address:      dwilley@rsmas.miami.edu
              Institution:        UNIVERSITY
              Country:            USA
              The file:           02_2004_CFCs_stns1-108.csv - 125134 bytes
              has been saved as:  20050404.112547_WILLEY_P02_P02_2004_CFCs_stns1-108.csv
              in the directory:   20050404.112547_WILLEY_P02
              The data disposition is:
                   Public  
              The bottle file has the following parameters:
                   CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113
              The file format is:
                   WHP Exchange 
              The archive type is:
                   NONE - Individual File 
              The data type(s) is:
                   Bottle Data    (hyd)
              The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                   Cast Number    (CASTNO)
                   Station Number (STATNO)
                   Bottle Number  (BTLNBR)
              WILLEY, DEBRA would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
                   Merge Data
                   Place Data Online
              Any additional notes are:
                   I am submitting 2 separate files for P02 CFCs: one file for stns1-108 
              and another file for stns109-190.


              

                                                  P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                             DATA PROCESSING NOTES


Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary
--------  --------  -------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
04/20/05  Nelson    CDOM           Submitted
          This is information regarding 
          line:              P02
          ExpoCode:          318M200406
          Cruise Date:       2004/06/16 - 2004/08/27
          From:              NELSON, NORM
          Email address:     norm@icess.ucsb.edu
          Institution:       UCSB
          Country:           USA
          The file:          p02cdom_final.txt - 51217 bytes
          has been saved as: 20050420.172247_NELSON_P02_p02cdom_final.txt
          in the directory:  20050420.172247_NELSON_P02
          The data disposition is:
               Public  
          The file format is:
               Plain Text    (ASCII) 
          The archive type is:
          NONE - Individual File 
          The data type(s) is:
               Other:
               Bottle Data     (other)
          The file contains these water sample identifiers:
               Cast Number     (CASTNO)
               Station Number     (STATNO)
               Bottle Number     (BTLNBR)
               Sample Number     (SAMPNO)
          NELSON, NORM would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
               Place Data Online

05/26/05  Anderson  TCARBN/CFCs    Website Updated: CFCs stns 109-190 online
          TCO2 submitted 2/17/05 & Merged new TCO2 submitted by Koyzr on 20050217 into 
            online file 20040915WHPOSIODM. 
          Merged new CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 submitted by Willey on 20050404 into 
            file.  Willey's file had one apparent error.  Station 102, sample/bottle 4 had 
            the cast as 1 when all the other samples/bottles for sta. 102 were cast 2.  Also 
            the online .hyd file had cast 2 but no cfc values for this level.  The .sum file 
            indicates only a cast 2 for sta. 102.  I merged the values at this level in 
          Willey's file into the online file, but did not correct her original file.Made 
            new exchange and netcdf files, and put all files online.  

06/03/05  Anderson  CFCs           Website Updated: new data, stas 109-190 online
          the new cfc data for stas. 109-190 from file 
          20050527.134017_  WILLEY_P02_P02_2004_CFCs_stns109-190.csv 
          sent by D. Willey on May 27, 2005 into online file 20050526WHPOSIOSA.  

06/22/05  Kozyr     TCO2/ALK/PH    Estimated Data Submission Soon
          The final TCO2, TALK, and pH data will be submitted to CDIAC during next 
          few months (per Feely, Wanninkhof conversation last month ?). The data will be 
          adjusted for CRMs and the QA-QC work will be performed, new quality flags will 
          be assigned. As soon as all this work will be done I will forward the new 
          numbers to CCHDO.


          

                                              P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                         DATA PROCESSING NOTES

          
Date      Contact   Data Type      Data Status Summary
--------  --------  -------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
11/02/05  Johnson   THETA-S        Clarification Request: float data
          I downloaded the 2004 reoccupation of the P2 data recently to compare the 
          deep theta-S relation ("deep" for the floats - between about 1600 and 2000 dbar) 
          to the 10 Argo Project profiling CTD floats that reported profiles close in 
          space and time to those data.  I was somewhat surprised to see that the first 
          float CTDs were on average about 0.009 (+/- 0.002) fresh of the nearest P2 CTD 
          profiles, despite the fact that the floats were calibrated using the same  batch 
          of SSW (P144) used on P2.  I would have expected a somewhat better float-CTD 
          (closer than 0.005) comparison result, even if different SSW batches were used.  
          Are the P2 data on the web site final?  I tried to check this question at the 
          data history & updates link for P2 
            (http:// cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/pacific/p02/p02_2004a/datahist.htm) 
          but it appears to be broken.In contrast to P2, the "deep" theta-S from stations 
          nearest the first profiles of the 12 Argo Project profiling CTD floats deployed 
          during the 2005 reoccupation of P16S agree to within 0.000 (+/-0.001)!  This was 
          rather better than I expected.  Again, both floats and the section CTDs appear 
          to have been calibrated with SSW batch P144.

11/07/05  Johnson   CTD/BTL/SUM    Clarification Needed: online data latest?
          I notice the P2 data on the CCHDO website are dated Sept. 16, 2004 - but I 
          didn't submit the post-cruise data until Oct. 4.  Stations 170-190 were updated, 
          and so was all the documentation; potentially some bottle data as well.  Please 
          see that these files are updated ASAP.  Thanks.(The changes were small enough 
          that they are unlikely to be the source of Greg Johnson's problem, but it was 
          the first thing I checked - do the cchdo website files match mine?)

02/03/06  Carlson   DOC            Submitted leg 2 DOC data & report
          Attached are DOC data from the second leg of P2.  DOC data are reported in 
          umol C/L .   Attached also is documentation of how samples were collected and 
          processed. You will see there is a gap between the first and second leg.  The 
          samples collected up to station 127 were contaminated during collection.  We 
          think this was related to a batch of collections bottles that were re-washed  
          and contaminated at sea during that leg. There are a few "bad" data in the 
          remaining profiles which have a quality flag of 4 associated with them otherwise 
          the data are good.  All DOC analyses for this leg were performed at UCSB in our 
          DOM lab.

02/07/06  Jenkins   HELIUM         May be avail. early april, 2006
          We are currently about half way through the helium analyses on P02, and 
          expect to finish them by early April. At that point the mass spectrometer will 
          be converted over to tritium measurement mode, and we will commence tritium 
          measurement on those samples starting in May or June of this year. We hope to 
          complete the tritium measurements sometime this summer. We are working on data 
          reduction for the helium analyses as we go along, so we should be able to submit 
          the helium results shortly after completion of the analyses (probably mid April).

05/19/06  Kozyr     DOC            Final Data Submitted; not online yet
          On March 15 this year I submitted the final DOC data for repeat sections 
          P02_2004 and A16S_2005 I received from Dennis Hansell of RSMAS. I don't see 
          these data have been merged in the hydrographic file at CCHDO for each above 
          cruise yet. Could you please tell me the DOC data merging status at CCHDO and 
          let me know as soon as these data will be merged.


          

                                              P02_2004 • CLIVAR • Robbins/Swift • R/V Melville
                                                                         DATA PROCESSING NOTES
          

Date      Contact     Data Type     Data Status Summary
--------  ----------  ------------  ----------------------------------------------------------- 
05/22/06  Kozyr       DOC           Final Data Submitted; not online yet
          I submitted the DOC data from P02_2004 and A16N_2005 using CCHDO 
          submission page. I received the A20 and A22 DOC data files from you, so I guess 
          you have these files, but I did not see the DOC numbers for these cruises were 
          merged at CCHDO yet.  Here are attached 3 files for DOC data from P02_2004, 
          A16N_2003, and A16S_2005 cruises. Please, let me know if you received these 
          files OK and when are you planning to merge these data.

05/22/06  Kozyr       DOC           Data Update previous file incorrect
          I've sent you a wrong file for P02_2004 DOC data. please use one attached here.

06/21/06  Kappa       CrsRpt        Website Updated:
          Added new DOC report, Leg 2
          Updated these data processing notes.
           
06/11/15  Kozyr, A    CO2           data status summary   
          Here are the latest update on the Carbon Data status at CCHDO and CDIAC.

          P02_2004:
          TCO2 - OK;
          TALK - no final data from Dickson;
          DOC - data not merged in CCHDO files (data sent to CCHDO on 3/15/2006).
          2006-12-13  Jenkins, William   He/Tr/Neon  Submitted  Data are Final 

          Please find attached a spreadsheet containing the helium isotope, helium and 
          neon analytical results for A20_2003, A22_2003, and P02_2004. Hopefully the 
          tables are self-explanatory, but please let me know if there are any 
          questions. I will be working on and sending the accompanying tritium data in 
          the near future, and will then work on sending you the A20_1997 and A22_1997 
          data.

07/09/07  Key, R      DELC14        Submitted  Data are final 

07/09/07  Key, R      DELC13        Submitted  Data are final 

07/11/19  Jenkins     HELIUM        submitted  data are public 
          Helium Submission.csv Type:  Status: public
          Name: Jenkins, William J
          Institute: WHOI
          Country: USA
          Expo:318M200406 Line: P02
          Date: 2004-06-15 
          Action:Place Online

07/12/13  Key, R      DELC14/13     Submitted  Data are final 
          Yesterday I submitted, via your web tool, the final carbon isotope data for 
          CLIVAR P02.

08/08/12  Kozyr       ALKALI        Submitted, Public 
          I have just submitted the TALK data for P02_2004 (318M200406) section (Andrew 
          Dickson PI).

08/09/15  Bartolocci  He/Tr/Ne      Website Updated, Jenkins 11/19/07 data online 
          Included in this directory are the he/tr data updates submitted by Bill 
          Jenkins on 2007.11.19

          MERGING NOTES:
          File rh4_he_submssn.csv contained DELHE3,HELIUM,NEON and associated error and 
          flag values in a .csv format.

          File was edited to a fixed width format for using mrgsea to merge parameters 
          into the current WOCE bottle file.

          All parameters merged with no errors.  There was one station/cast/sample#  
          that did not merge.  It was listed below.  These values were a duplicate 
          samples and mrgsea merges only the first value encountered when duplicates are 
          listed:

          cast 138/station 1/sample 33 (for all parameters)

          Bill Jenkins will be notified, requesting a course of action regarding how 
          these duplicates should be handled.

          WOCE bottle file was checked with wocecvt with no errors.  File was converted 
          to exchange with no errors reported and format checked using JOA. NetCDF files 
          were generated with no errors.

          All previous versions were renamed and placed in the original directory.  All 
          files were updated on website.

09/05/22  Bartolocci  BTL           Website Update, exchange and netcdf bottle files 
          05.22.2009  DBK Notes on Value Correction in bottle file

          Alex Kozyr sent correction for station 133 cast 2 bottle 11 TALK data.  As per 
          his email, the value was edited from 232.5 to 2325.0


          05.01.2009  DBK Merging Notes for P02_2004 bottl file

          There was a problem found in the merge code software used for the 04.22.09 
          merge.  This problem has been fixed, but it was necessary to remerge the data  
          noted below in the original.  All the same files were used.  No errors were 
          encountered.  Resultant file was checked with JOA and the latest parameter 
          comparing software developed at CCHDO.  No apparent errors were detected.  All 
          same file names apply. All files were replaced online and this notes file 
          emailed to Jerry Kappa.



          04.22.09  DBK  Merging Notes P02_2004 bottle file

          Because the resultant file from the merge dated 1.25.09 was never placed 
          online and notes were  not sent for data history, the data were remerged using 
          Justin's merge_exchange_bot.rb code resulting in a test of new merge software. 
          Notes from the 1.25.09 merge may be disregarded.

          Parameters merged:

          ALKALI, TCARBN, DOC:
          These data were sent by Alex Kozyr in  08.11.08.  There was some uncertainty 
          as to what co2 parameters were up to date, relative to the files Alex 
          submitted, so the latest file was obtained from CDIAC and all co2 parameters 
          were merged to bring the CCHDO file up to date. File, 
          p02_2004a_hy1_co2_ALK_08112008edt.csv cotains the edited version of this file. 
          Parameter mnemonic was edited from TALK to ALKALI and from TCO2 to TCARBN.  
          Data were merged with no apparent errors.

          **NOTE** As per Alex Kozyr there were no pH or DON data analyzed for this 
          cruise.

          DELC14, C14ERR, DELC13:
          These data were sent by Bob Key on 2007.12.13.  Header mnemonics were edited 
          to conform to CCHDO parameter names and  units were added prior to merging.  
          The edited file was called P02.2004.c13.14edt.csv. Data were merged with no 
          apparent errors.

          CDOM:
          CDOM325,CDOM340,CDOM380,CDOM412,CDOMSL,CDOMSN and their associated error 
          values were sent  by Norm Nelson on 2005.05.22. Parameter mnemomics were 
          edited to conform with CCHDO parameter names and flag names. Units were added 
          to file.  The following stations had cast edited from 1 to 2:

          12,16,24,32,40,56,64,68,80,84,96,108,113,117,125,133,137,145,149,153,157,161, 
          182.

          Edited file used for merging was called 20050420_NELSON_P02_cdom_finaledt.csv
          Data were merged with no apparent errors.

          CHECKING:
          Resultant file  was renamed p02_2004a_hy1.csv and reviewed in JOA.  No 
          formatted errors were apparent.

          In checking the file in JOA, it was noticed that the TCARBN value for stn 
          133/2/11 was an order of magnitude less than it's surrounding samples (232.5 
          with previous sample of 2328.8 above and 2319.4 below) but still has a flag of 
          2.  This value will be reported to Alex.

          Citation information was prepended to the top of  the exchange bottle file.  
          Netcdf files were  generated with no apparent errors.  Netcdf zip file opened 
          with no problems in JOA.  WOCE formatted file was generated with 
          exchange_to_woce.rb.  No problems were detected, however the file does not 
          pass through wocecvt at this time, either due  to formatting issues or due to 
          the large number  of parameters, which may exceed the limits of  what wocecvt 
          can read in.  This is still under investigation at this time. No WOCE 
          formatted file will be put online until this problem can be identified.

          All other files were placed online.  Previous versions moved to the original 
          directory and this notes file emailed to Jerry Kappa.


          01.25.09  DBK 

          Merging Notes for P02_2004
          NOTE:  using mrgsea, NOT new merge software.
          The files resulting from this merge were NOT placed online.  Data were 
          remerged as a test of new software.

          Data was merged using mrgsea into WOCE-formatted bottle file.

          Files to be merged:

          ALKALI:  p02_2004a_TALK_FINAL_08112008.csv
          sent by Alex Kozyr.  File was .csv and was converted to fixed width spaced 
          file in order to use in mrgsea software.  Edited file is 
          p02_2004a_TALK_FINAL_08112008_edt.txt

          Parameter mnemonic was edited from TALK to ALKALI upone merging.

          DELC14, C14ERR, DELC13:  
          P02.2004.c13.14.csv was sent by Bob Key.  File was .csv format and was 
          converted to fixed width for use with mrgsea.  Edited file is 
          P02.2004.c13.14_edt.txt


          All parameters merged without error once files were formatted to be accepted 
          by mrgsea.  WOCE-format checking could not be completed due to the presence of 
          non-WOCE parameters which are not recognized by the format-checking  software.

          The file was converted to exchange format with no apparent errors.  All 
          parameters were included in the exchange file.  This file was checked with JOA 
          and no apparent errors were detected.  

          The file could not convert to netcdf due to the presence of unrecognized non-
          WOCE parameters within the file.  The WOCE and exchange formatted files were 
          moved to the cruises parent directory. All previous versions of the bottle 
          file were renamed and moved to the original directory.

          A copy of this notes file was emailed to Jerry  Kappa.

09/07/06  Bartolocci  CDOM          Website Update; data online 
          2009.07.06  DBK

          WOCE back-formatted files generated from the exchange_to_woce.rb code were not 
          passing through wocecvt.  Some edits were made in an attempt to find out why.

          It appears that either the files became too long or that wocecvt does not 
          accept tertiary CLIVAR paramters.  After all CDOM values were stripped from 
          the file, the file passed through woccvt with no errors.  It is assumed that 
          the base bottle file does comply with WOCE formatting rules.  The original 
          file was placed online and a note was sent to Jerry for documentation 
          purposes.

09/08/26  Measures    AL/FE/MN      Submitted; Data are Public 
          Action: Updated Parameters
          Notes: a) Name: Chris Measures
                    Institution: University of Hawaii
                    Country: USA
                    Email address: chrism@soest.hawaii.edu

                 b) the data are public

                 c) parameter names and units

                 Station number
                 Cast number + bottle number
                 Aluminum (unit: nM) Detection limit: 0.36 nM
                 Iron (unit: nM) Detection limit: 0.06nM
                 Manganese (unit: nM)

          Station  Cast number + bottle number  Aluminum (nM)  Flag  Iron (nM)  Flag
          Manganese (nM)  Flag

11/05/27  Jenkins     Tritium       Submitted; ready to go online 
          Submitted by Susan on behalf of Bill Jenkins. Please find attached a 
          spreadsheet with tritium data for the 2004 P02 cruise (318M200406).

11/06/03  Berys       Tritium       Website Updated; Available under 'Files as received' 
          Files P02_Tritium_Submission_5_27_2011.xlsx (Excel) and 
          ODF_P02_Tritium_Submission.csv (csv) containing tritium data, submitted on 
          behalf of Bill Jenkins on 2011-05-27 (by Susan Piercy) and 2011-05-28 (by 
          Carolina Berys), available under 'Files as received',unprocessed by CCHDO.  
          The files are only different in format, but the content should be identical.

13/03/21  CCHDO       Trace Metals  Website Update; Available under 'Files as received' 
          The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
          unprocessed by the CCHDO.
          P2_submit_March31_2010.txt

13/03/21  Hatta, M    Trace Mtls    Submitted  to go online 
          Updated trace metals file

13/03/26  Jenkins     Tritium       Submitted; Updates previous submission 
          Please find attached a revised submission with the duplicates eliminated, and 
          with an explanation below:

          Station = 6,  Cast = 2, BTLNBR = 18: the double entry was because the sample 
                        was remeasured (the data was outside of expectations), and the           
                        first entry should not have been included.
          Station = 15, Cast = 1, BTLNBR = 28: samples were replicates, an average is 
                        now reported, Flag = 6
          Station = 34, Cast = 1, BTLNBR = 33: samples were replicates, an average is 
                        now reported, Flag = 6
          Station = 88, Cast = 1, BTLNBR = 33: the double entry was because the sample 
                        was remeasured (the data was outside of expectations), and the 
                        first entry should not have been included.
          Station = 93, Cast = 1, BTLNBR = 19: samples were replicates, an average is 
                        now reported, Flag = 6

13/03/26  Key, Bob    Helium        Submitted; Updates previous submission 
          This file includes Jenkins recently re-submitted H3 data merged and run 
          through QC. I also stripped the "preliminary" text from the header.

13/03/26  CCHDO       He/Tr         Website Update; Available under 'Files as received' 
          The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
          unprocessed by the CCHDO.
          318M20040615.exc.csv

13/04/29  Berys, C    He/Tr/HE3     Website Update; re-submitted H3 data merged and 
          run through QC 
          =====================================================================
          P02 2004 318M200406 processing - merge - TRITUM/HELIUM/DELHE3
          =====================================================================
          
          2013-04-29
          
          C Berys
          
          .. contents:: :depth: 2
          
          Submission
          ==========
          
          ===================== ============ =========== ==================== ====
          filename              submitted by date        data type            id   
          ===================== ============ =========== ==================== ====
          318M20040615.exc.csv  Key, Bob     2012-12-06  TRITUM/HELIUM/DELHE3 987  
          ===================== ============ =========== ==================== ====
          
          Parameters
          ----------
          
          p02_2004a_hy1.csv
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
          
          - CTDPRS
          - CTDTMP
          - CTDSAL [1]_
          - SALNTY [1]_ [4]_
          - CTDOXY [1]_ [4]_
          - OXYGEN [1]_
          - SILCAT [1]_
          - NITRAT [1]_
          - NITRIT [1]_
          - PHSPHT [1]_
          - CFC-11 [1]_
          - CFC-12 [1]_
          - CFC113 [1]_
          - TCARBN [1]_
          - ALKALI [1]_
          - TRITUM [1]_ [4]_
          - HELIUM [1]_ [4]_
          - DELHE3 [1]_ [4]_
          - DELC13 [1]_
          - DELC14 [1]_
          - C14ERR
          - NEON [1]_
          - NEONER
          - DOC [1]_
          - CTDRAW
          - CDOM380 [1]_
          - CDOM325 [1]_
          - CDOMSL [1]_
          - CDOM340 [1]_
          - CDOMSN [1]_
          - HELIER
          - TRITER
          - CDOM412 [1]_
          - DELHER
          
          .. [1] parameter has quality flag column.
          .. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data.
          .. [3] not in WOCE bottle file
          .. [4] merged parameter, see notes below
           
          Process
          =======
          
          Changes
          -------
          
          318M20040615.exc.csv
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
          
          - DELC13 fill value changed from -9.00 to -999.00 
          - DEPTH units changed from '' to METERS
          
          Merge
          -----
          
          318M20040615.exc.csv
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
          TRITUM, HELIUM, and DELHE3 submitted by Bill Jenkins on 2013-03-26, then 
          merged by Bob Key and re-submitted.
          
          :New parameters: TRITUM, HELIUM, DELHE3
          :Updated parameters: SALNTY_FLAG_W, CTDOXY_FLAG_W
          
          NOTE: station 127, cast 2, bottle 23, ODF is looking into questionable CTDSAL
          
          All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge. 
          p02_2004a_hy1.csv opened in JOA with no apparent problems other than noted.
          
          Conversion
          ----------
          
          ===================== =================== =================================
          file                  converted from      software
          ===================== =================== =================================
          p02_2004a_nc_hyd.zip  p02_2004a_hy1.csv   hydro 0.7.1
          p02_2004ahy.txt       p02_2004a_hy1.csv   exchange_to_wocebot.rb (J Fields)
          ===================== =================== =================================
                                                    
          Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.
          
          Directories
          ===========
          :working directory:
            /data/co2clivar/pacific/p02/p02_2004a/original/2013.04.29_TRITUM-HELIUM-HE3_cbg
          :cruise directory:
            /data/co2clivar/pacific/p02/p02_2004a
          
          Updated Files Manifest
          ======================
          - p02_2004a_hy1.csv
          - p02_2004a_nc_hyd.zip 
          - p02_2004ahy.txt      
          - p02_2004a_nc_hyd.zip

13-08-08  Landing, W  CrsRpt        PI update; Landing is aerosol PI
          Paul Robbins was chief scientist on leg one of 2004 P02, Jim Swift on Leg 2. 
          "Patris" is unknown to me. I was the PI on the aerosol work. Chris Measures, 
          Joseph Resing,  and I had an NSF collaborative research proposal to do P02 in 
          2004. 

13-09-10  Kappa, J    CrsRpt        Website Update; new PDF file online
          I've placed a new PDF version of the cruise report: p02_2004ado.pdf
          into the  directory:  .co2clivar/pacific/p02/p02_2004a/ .

          It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary pages and 
          CCHDO data processing notes, as well as a linked Table of Contents and links 
          to figures, tables and appendices.

          Updates include:
          • changed the name of the PI for aerosols from  Patris to W. Landing
          • expanded these data processing notes
                  
                  
          
