A.  CRUISE NARRATIVE: SR01      

WOCE Line             SR01
ExpoCode              06AQANTX_5
Chief Scientist:      R. Gersonde/AWI 
DOD-Ref. No.          19930208       
Polarstern Cruise-No. ANT X/5  
Dates:                08.08.1992 - 26.09.1992  
Region:               Argentine Basin Inner Seas off the West Coast of 
                        Scotland 
                      SW Atlantic (Limit 20W) Weddell Sea
Port of departure:    Puerto Madryn, Argentiina     
Port of return:       Punta Arenas, Chile    



CRUISE PARTICIPANTS:

NAME/INST.              NO./UNIT   TYPE OF MEASUREMENTS            
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GERSONDE, R./AWI       53 STATIONS  B08 PHYTOPLANKTON                     
GERSONDE, R./AWI       18 STATIONS  B09 ZOOPLANKTON                       
GERSONDE, R./AWI        3 STATIONS  G01 DREDGE                            
GERSONDE, R./AWI       40 STATIONS  G04 CORE-SOFT BOTTOM                  
                                      (NO. OF CORES) SEDIMENT CORER  
GERSONDE, R./AWI       68 STATIONS  G04 CORE-SOFT BOTTOM                  
                                      (NO. OF CORES) SURFACE SEDIMENT  
GERSONDE, R./AWI     5500 N MILES   G90 OTHER GEOLOGICAL OR GEOPHYSICAL   
                                      MEASUREMENTS PARASOUND ECHOSOUNDING 
SCHENKE, H.W./AWI    5500 N MILES   G74 MULTI-BEAM ECHOSOUNDING           
WITTE, H./AWI          65 STATIONS  H13 BATHYTHERMOGRAPH DROPS            
PASSELAIGUE, F./COM    24 STATIONS  B09 ZOOPLANKTON  NO 
SCHLÜTER, M./GEOMAR    12 STATIONS  H73 GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS               
                                      (E.G. FREONS) HELIUM  
PETERSON, R./SIO        1 STATIONS  D71 CURRENT PROFILER (E.G. ADCP)      
                                      KRAUSS-DRIFTER, DEPLOYMENT 22.9.92  
PETERSON, R./SIO        1 STATIONS  D71 CURRENT PROFILER (E.G. ADCP)      
                                      KRAUSS-DRIFTER, DEPLOYMENT 23.9.92  
PETERSON, R./SIO        5 STATIONS  D71 CURRENT PROFILER (E.G. ADCP)      
                                      KRAUSS-DRIFTER, DEPLOYMENT 9.8.92  
PETERSON, R./SIO       63 STATIONS  H09 WATER BOTTLE STATIONS             
PETERSON, R./SIO       63 STATIONS  H10 CTD-STATIONS                      
CHRISTIE, D./UOREG      7 STATIONS  G03 CORE-ROCK (NO. OF CORES)          

AKTUALISIERT AM: 25.06.2001



The Expedition ANTARKTIS X/5 of RV "Polarstern" in 1992
Die Expedition ANTARKTIS X/5 mit FS ,Polarstern" 1992


Herausgegeben von Rainer Gersonde mit Beiträgen der Fahrtteilnehmer
Ber. Polarforsch. 131 (1993) ISSN 0176 - 5027



B.   Itinerary 
     (R. Gersonde)

RV "Polarstern" left the Argentine harbor Puerto Madryn on August 8, 1992 at 
8:00 h local time heading towards the southern part of the Argentine Basin. On 
board were 44 crew members (see 9. 5) and a scientific party of 31 (see 9.3). 
The largest scientific group were geoscientists, including a guest each from 
the US, Great Britan and Spain. In addition a hydrographic working group of 
five from the US, a biologist from France and a microbiologist from Italy 
attended expedition ANT-X/5.

The scientific program was planned to start at the border of the Argentine 
shelf to conduct a hydrographic survey of the Falkland Current on a W-E 
transect on 45€S. However, an unexpected deterioration in the weather with 
gale-force winds (8 - 9 Bft) and rough seas prevented this survey. It was only 
possible to launch satellite-tracked drifting buoys at five positions between 
59€53.9'W and 58€14.6'W. A hydrographic survey of the northward loop of the 
Subantarctic and Subtropical Front in the western part of the Argentine Basin 
was cancelled after only three CTD stations to save time for following 
hydrographic surveys. Thus, most of the hydrographic information an Transect A 
(Figs, 1, 2) was gathered by XBT deployments.

The geoscientific sampling program was also disturbed by the weather 
conditions during the first days at sea. Nevertheless, it was possible to 
collect the first sediment core of the cruise, containing late Quaternary 
sequences, at the relatively steep Argentine continental rise (Fig. 2). 
Heading east on Transect A, the area of the Argentine Basin characterized by 
sediment waves ("mud waves") was reached between 51€W and 50€W. The sediment 
waves were sampled with gravity corer and multicorer at several stations. In 
addition, the water column was sampled with plankton- and multi-nets.




                               ANTARKTIS X/5

                              R/V POLARSTERN
                    08 August 1992 - 26 September 1992
              Puerto Madryn, Argentina to Punta Arenas, Chile


                             CHIEF SCIENTIST
                               Ray Peterson
                   Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                                   and
                             Reiner Gersonde
  Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar Research, Bremerhaven, West Germany



                            DATA SUBMITTED BY:
                    Scripps Institution of Oceanography

                        Oceanographic Data Facility

                       UC San Diego, Mail Code 0214
                             9500 Gilman Drive
                         La Jolla, CA  92093-0214

                           phone: (858) 534-1903
                            fax: (858) 534-7383
                         e-mail: kris@odf.ucsd.edu


C.  BOTTLE DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES, AND PROCESSING

ODF CTD/rosette casts were carried out with a 24-bottle rosette sampler of
ODF manufacture using General Oceanics pylons.  An ODF-modified Neil Brown
(NBIS) Mark 3 CTD #4 and a Benthos altimeter were mounted on the rosette
frame.  The CTD consisted of 2 PRT (Platinum Resistance Thermometer)
channels and 1 each, pressure and conductivity channels.  Data were
acquired in-situ using a single conductor cable.  A Benthos pinger with a
self-contained battery pack was mounted separately on the rosette frame;
its signal was displayed on the precision depth recorder (PDR) in the
ship's laboratory.  The rosette/CTD was suspended from a one conductor wire
which provided power to the CTD and relayed the CTD signal to the
laboratory.  Seawater samples were collected in 2.1-liter PVC Niskin and
ODF bottles.

Each CTD cast extended to within approximately 10 meters of the bottom.
The bottles were numbered 1 through 24.  Normally, if one of these 24
bottles needed servicing, and repairs could not be accomplished by the next
cast, the replacement bottle was given a new number.  This was done for the
first few stations of this leg.  At Station 002, bottle 11 was replaced and
the new bottle was numbered 25.  At Station 003, bottle 11 was put back in
service.  At Station 004, bottle 10 was replaced with bottle 25 and used
until Station 008.  Subsets of CTD data taken at the time of water sample
collection were transmitted to the bottle data files immediately after each
cast to provide pressure and temperature at the sampling depth, and to
facilitate the examination and quality control of the bottle data as the
laboratory analyses were completed.  The CTD data and documentation are
submitted separately.

After each rosette cast was brought on board, water samples were drawn in
the following order: Helium-3, Oxygen, Nutrients (silicate, phosphate, and
nitrate), Salinity, Carbon 13, Oxygen 18 and Barium.  The samples and the
Niskin sampler they were drawn from were recorded on the Sample Log sheet.
Comments regarding validity of the water sample (valve open, lanyard caught
in lid, etc.) were also noted on the Sample Log sheets.  There were a few
stations that the water froze during sampling.  These levels were
investigated and if there was a problem with the data were deleted.

The discrete hydrographic data were entered into the shipboard data system
and processed as the analyses were completed.  The bottle data were brought
to a useable, though not final, state at sea.  ODF data checking procedures
included verification that the sample was assigned to the correct level.
This was accomplished by checking the raw data sheets, which included the
raw data value and the water sample bottle, versus the sample log sheets.
Any comments regarding the water samples were investigated.  The salinity
raw data computer files were also checked for entry errors, but many errors
were found during shorebased data checking.  Investigation of data included
comparison of bottle salinity with CTD data, and review of data plots of
the station profile alone and compared to nearby stations.

If a data value did not either agree satisfactorily with the CTD or with
other nearby data, then analyst and sampling notes, plots, and nearby data
were reviewed.  If any problem was indicated, the data value was flagged or
deleted.  (However, ODF preserves in its archives all bottle data values).
Section 6, the Bottle Data Processing Notes, includes comments regarding
deletion of samples.  When it was determined that a particular 2.1 liter
water sample was contaminated because of leakage or other bottle or rosette
malfunction, that level was reported using just the CTD data (pressure,
temperature and salinity).


PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURES

All pressures and temperatures for the Niskin bottle data tabulations on
the rosette casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval
before the bottle was closed on the rosette.  The actual methods are
included in the CTD data submission.


SALINITY

Salinity samples were drawn into 200ml Kimax high-alumina borisilicate
bottles with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps.
This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample
evaporation.  Salinity bottles were rinsed three times before filling.
Salinity was determined after sample equilibration to laboratory
temperature, usually within about 8-36 hours of collection.  Salinity has
been calculated according to the equations of the Practical Salinity Scale
of 1978 (UNESCO, 1981).  This calculation uses the conductivity ratio
determined from bottle samples analyzed (minimum of two recorded analyses
per sample bottle after flushing) with a Guildline Autosal Model 8400A
salinometer.  The salinometer was standardized against Wormley P-120
standard seawater, with at least one fresh vial opened per cast.  This
salinometer belonged to AWI.  ODF took two Autosals which never worked well
enough to use for samples.  Probably a problem with 220 V/ 50 cycle ships
power.  ODF salt PC interface not used, samples run manually.

Accuracy estimates of bottle salinities run at sea are usually better than
0.002 psu relative to the specified batch of standard.  Although laboratory
precision of the Autosal can be as small as 0.0002 psu when running
replicate samples under ideal conditions, at sea the expected precision is
about 0.001 psu under normal conditions, with a stable lab temperature.


OXYGEN

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette
sampler was brought on board and after helium was drawn.  Nominal 100 ml
volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed twice with minimal agitation,
then filled via a drawing tube, and allowed to overflow for at least 3
flask volumes.  The sample temperature was measured with a small platinum
resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube.  Reagents were added
to fix the oxygen before stoppering.  The flasks were shaken twice;
immediately after drawing, and then again after 20 minutes, to assure
thorough dispersion of the Mn(OH)2 precipitate.  The samples were analyzed
within 4-36 hours of collection.

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an SIO-designed automated
oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the
absorbtion of 365 nm wavelength ultra-violet light.  Thiosulfate was
dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret.  ODF
uses a whole-bottle Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter
(1965) with modifications by Culberson et al.  (1991), but with higher
concentrations of potassium iodate standard (approximately 0.010N) and
thiosulfate solution (50 gm/l).  Standard solutions prepared from pre-
weighed potassium iodate crystals, and were run at the beginning of each
session of analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations.
Several standards were made up and compared to assure that the results were
reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a weighing error.
Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined to account for oxidizing or
reducing materials in the reagents.

Blanks, and thiosulfate normalities corrected to 20 degrees C, calculated
from each standardization, were plotted versus time, and were reviewed for
possible problems.  New thiosulfate normalities were recalculated from the
standards and blanks, after the blanks had been smoothed.  These
normalities were then smoothed, and the oxygen data was recalculated.


NUTRIENTS

Nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) analyses were
performed on a Technicon AutoAnalyzer(R)., computer peak reading system by
Mark Spears (TAMU).  The procedures used are described in Hager et al.
(1972) and Atlas et al.  (1971).  Standardizations were performed with
solutions prepared aboard ship from preweighed standards; these solutions
were used as working standards before and after each cast (approximately 36
samples) to correct for instrumental drift during analyses.  Sets of 4-6
different concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically
to determine the linearity of colorimeter response and the resulting
correction factors.  Phosphate was analyzed using hydrazine reduction of
phosphomolybdic acid as described by Bernhardt & Wilhelms (1967).  Silicate
was analyzed using stannous chloride reduction of silicomolybdic acid.
Nitrite was analyzed using diazotization and coupling to form dye; nitrate
was reduced by copperized cadmium and then analyzed as nitrite.  These
three analyses use the methods of Armstrong et al.  (1967).

Sampling for nutrients followed that for Helium and dissolved oxygen.
Samples were drawn into ~45 cc high density polyethylene, narrow mouth,
screw-capped bottles which were rinsed twice before filling.  The samples
may have been refrigerated at 2 to 6 degree C for a maximum of 15 hours.


DATA COMPARISONS AND COMMENTS

The oxygen and nutrient data were compared by ODF with those from the
adjacent station.  ODF did comparisons with SAVE data set.



REFERENCES AND UNCITED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION

Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland, 1967.  The
     measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means
     of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea
     Research, 1144, 381-389.

Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon and P. K. Park, 1971. A Practical
     Manual for Use of the Technicon(R) AutoAnalyzer(R) in Seawater
     Nutrient Analyses; Revised. Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22.
     Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography. 49 pp.

Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, 1967.  The continuous determination of low
     level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the
     AutoAnalyzer, Technicon Symposia, Volume I, 385-389.

Brewer, P. G. and G. T. F. Wong, 1974. The determination and distribution
     of iodate in South Atlantic waters.  Journal of Marine Research,
     3322,1:25-36.

Bryden, H. L., 1973. New Polynomials for Thermal Expansion, Adiabatic
     Temperature Gradient, Deep-Sea Research, 2200, 401-408.

Carpenter, J. H., 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the
     Winkler dissolved oxygen method, Limnology and Oceanography, 1100,
     141-143.

Carter, D. J. T., 1980 (Third Edition).  Echo-Sounding Correction Tables,
     Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton Somerset.

Chen, C.-T. and F. J. Millero, 1977. Speed of sound in seawater at high
     pressures.  Journal Acoustical Society of America, 6622, No. 5,
     1129-1135.

Culberson, C. H., Williams, R. T., et al, August, 1991. A comparison of
     methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater, WHP
     Office Report WHPO 91-2.

Fofonoff, N. P., 1977. Computation of Potential Temperature of Seawater for
     an Arbitrary Reference Pressure.  Deep-Sea Research, 2244, 489-491.

Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. Millard, 1983. Algorithms for Computation of
     Fundamental Properties of Seawater. UNESCO Report No. 44, 15-24.

Gordon, L. I., Jennings, Joe C. Jr, Ross, Andrew A., Krest, James M., 1992.
     A suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of
     Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint
     Global Ocean Fluxes Study. OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem Oc.
     Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1.

Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. D. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K. Park,
     1972.  A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of
     phosphate, nitrate, and silicate.  Limnology and Oceanography, 1177,
     931-937.

Lewis, E. L., 1980. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and Its Antecedents.
     IEEE Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-5, 3-8.

Mantyla, A. W., 1982-1983. Private correspondence.

Millero, F. J., C.-T. Chen, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, 1980.  A New
     High Pressure Equation of State for Seawater.  Deep-Sea Research, 2277AA,
     255-264.

Saunders, P. M., 1981. Practical Conversion of Pressure to Depth.  Journal
     of Physical Oceanography, 1111, 573-574.

Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942.  The Oceans, Their
     Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
     Cliff, N.J.

UNESCO, 1981. Background papers and supporting data on the Practical
     Salinity Scale, 1978.  UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No.
     37, 144 p.



                             QUALITY COMMENTS

Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2
from ANTARKTIS X/5.  Investigation data may include comparison of bottle
salinity with CTD data, review of data plots of the station profile and
adjoining stations.  ODF did not analyze the nutrient samples, but the data
was used to assist in sorting out any problems with salinity or oxygen.
Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are
included in this report.


STATION 001

101 @   5db    Oxygen: "Not enough acid."  Delete oxygen (4.36).

111 @1607db    Sample Log: "Block broken - no samples."  CTD salinity
               reasonable, so will leave in station profile.

113 @2005db    Sample Log: "Short sample on salts."  Salinity could be .008
               to .012 high, but report as is.  Agreement with CTD is
               reasonable, agreement with adjoining stations is good.

118 @3430db    Delta-S at 3430db is 0.0344, salinity is 34.709.
               Conductivity spikes on up-cast caused by flapping paint chip
               on sensor guards.  Suspect CTD data, bottle salinity agrees
               with adjoining station.

122 @4671db    Sample Log: "Vent not closed tightly - leak when vented."
               Salinity and oxygen appear to be okay.


STATION 002

103 @ 137db    Sample Log: "Cap off center."  Bottle data (salinity and
               oxygen) appears to be okay.

106 @ 510db    Sample Log: "Air bubble - O2."  Bottle data (salinity and
               oxygen) appears to be okay.

107 @ 709db    Sample Log: "Cap leaked."  Bottle data (salinity and oxygen)
               appears to be okay.

112 @2020db    Salinity: "Erratic readings."  Delta-S at 2020db is 0.0736,
               salinity is 34.905.  Deleted bottle salinity, did not agree
               with adjoining stations.

115 @2931db    Delta-S at 2931db is 0.0682, salinity is 34.836.  Deleted
               bottle salinity, did not agree with adjoining stations.

116 @3234db    Delta-S at 3234db is 0.0709, salinity is 34.817.  Deleted
               bottle salinity, did not agree with adjoining stations.

117 @3541db    Delta-S at 3541db is 0.0721, salinity is 34.790.  Deleted
               bottle salinity, did not agree with adjoining stations.

118 @3845db    Delta-S at 3845db is 0.0663, salinity is 34.773.  Deleted
               bottle salinity, did not agree with adjoining stations.

120 @4451db    Bottle data (salinity) appears to be okay.  Sample Log:
               "Broke bottle."  Oxygen not drawn, comment must refer to
               oxygen.

125 @1716db    (1.7 liter) in place of 11.  Delta-S at 1716db is 0.0696,
               salinity is 34.768.  Bottle salinity is too high.  Oxygen
               appears to be okay.  Delete salinity.


STATION 003

111 @1661db    Sample Log: "Spigot open."  Oxygen: "Good"

115 @2949db    Sample Log: "Bottles 15-22 and 24, these vents were left
               wide open! Leaked when spigot open."  Salinity agrees with
               CTD.  Oxygen and nutrients, except no3 slightly high, appear
               to be okay.

116 @3253db    See 115 comment.

117 @3568db    See 115 comment.

118 @3872db    See 115 comment.

119 @4174db    See 115 comment.  Delta-S at 4174db is 0.0042, salinity is
               34.697.

120 @4530db    See 115 comment.  Delta-S at 4530db is 0.0048, salinity is
               34.685.

121 @4833db    See 115 comment.  Delta-S at 4833db is 0.012, salinity is
               34.688.

122 @5186db    See 115 comment.  Delta-S at 5186db is 0.0092, salinity is
               34.682.

123 @5498db    See 115 comment.  Sample Log: "Vent loose."  Delta-S at
               5498db is 0.0053, salinity is 34.675.

124 @5905db    Delta-S at 5905db is 0.0073, salinity is 34.676.  See
               115-122 comment.

Station 004

113 @1719db    Salinity: "Not enough sample for one rinse."  Salinity
               appears to be okay.

118 @3142db    Salinity: "No sample."

123 @4764db    Delta-S at 4764db is 0.0073, salinity is 34.678.  Not sure
               what happened to the salinity.  Oxygen also appears low.
               Nutrients low.  Suspect that bottle leaked, delete salinity
               and oxygen (5.06).  PI to make decision on nutrients.


STATION 006

113 @1807db    Oxygen: "No sample."  No reason noted for no oxygen, sample
               log indicates it was drawn.  Difficult to decide from the
               data whether the samples drawn before or after 13 are
               correct, so leave as is.  This comment is being made to
               indicate that the entire water column was check for an
               oxygen drawing error.  Salinity data entry error, incorrect
               value was 34.732.  Salinity good with correction.


STATION 007

112 (No Pressure)
               Delta-S at 2050db is -0.0123, salinity is 34.750.  This
               bottle was tripped on the fly. Trying to recreate the
               sequence of events from the CTD times, it appears that at
               bottle 13 the winch was stopped for over 2 minutes.  Then
               the console operator tripped the bottle as the winch started
               up again. The bottle could have tripped anywhere in the 14
               db above bottle 13.  Delete all water samples.  Delete
               entire level, not sure where bottle tripped.

113 @2050db    Delta-S at 2050db is -0.0062, salinity is 34.746.  Oxygen:
               "No sample."  No reason noted on the sample log sheet, and
               sample log indicates a sample was drawn.

115 @2632db    Salt on btl 15 ??  Delta-S at 2632db is 0.0177, salinity is
               34.803.  CTD profile appears a little noisy, this is a
               salinity maximum.  Bottle salinity agrees with adjoining
               stations.  Other samples appear to be okay.

120 @4597db    Oxygen: "No sample."  No reason noted on the sample log
               sheet, and sample log indicates a sample was drawn.


STATION 008

111 @1463db    Sample Log: "No H20 for o2." Salinity and nutrients have the
               line drawn down the column indicating all samples were
               taken, however, we do not have salinity data but we do have
               nutrient data.

123 @5817db    Nutrients do not agree as a duplicate trip with 24.  See 124
               comments.

124 @5823db    Sample Log: "Slight air leak."  23 and 24 were scheduled to
               trip together. Salinity and oxygen for these samples are the
               same, but nutrients are not the same.  The air leak would
               have affected oxygen.  Have PI decide which is correct.


STATION 009

110 @ 914db    salt ?  Delta-S at 914db is -0.0812, salinity is 34.258.
               Bottle salinity is bad, too low. Delete bottle salinity.
               Oxygen and nutrients appear to be okay.

115 @2185db    Oxygen: "Bad restarted."  Lost oxygen sample.

119 @3854db    Oxygen: "No sample."  Sample was drawn according to sample
               log.


STATION 010

118 @3206db     salt ?  Delta-S at 3206db is -0.0108, salinity is 34.706.
               Salinity too low, appears to have been misdrawn from 19.
               Oxygen and nutrients appear to be okay. Bad salt creates an
               incorrect density inversion.  Delete salinity.


STATION 011

113 @2092db    Delta-S at 2092db is 0.0044, salinity is 34.787.  CTD has a
               lot of noise in the trace, water samples appear to be okay.


STATION 012

113 @1775db    Delta-S at 1775db is -0.0065, salinity is 34.756.  Samples
               appear to be okay.

122 @4583db    Sample Log: "Air leak, vent not closed."  Samples appear to
               be okay.


STATION 014

102 @  81db    Oxygen: "Air bubble."  Oxygen raw data indicates past end
               point. Value is very uncertain, very likely much too high.
               Comment made by RTW, however, data agrees with adjoining
               stations. Leave as is.


STATION 015

101 @   3db    Delta-S at 3db is 0.0557, salinity is 33.839.  Samples
               appear to be okay.

103 @ 213db    Sample Log: "Bottle bottom did not close."


STATION 016

105 @ 459db    Oxygen: "Odd endpoint."  This was overshoot - should have
               been overtitration.  We don't know if it is close to correct
               or not.  Delete oxygen (4.19).


STATION 017

103 @ 140db    Shipboard comment: "Bottle salt ??"  Salinity and other
               samples appear to be okay.

116 @1917db    Delta-S at 1917db is 0.0072, salinity is 34.691.  Bottle
               salinity slightly high compared with adjoining stations,
               other samples appear to be okay. Could be a salinity drawing
               error. Delete bottle salinity.

119 @2525db    Delta-S at 2525db is -0.0059, salinity is 34.675.  Salinity
               and other samples appear to be okay compared with adjoining
               stations.


STATION 018

101 @   6db    Sample Log: "Air bubble - O2."  Data appears to be okay.

103 @ 211db    Delta-S at 211db is -0.0394, salinity is 34.440.  Gradient
               area, other samples appear to be okay, too.

106 @ 663db    Sample Log: "Valve leaked."  Data appears to be okay.


STATION 019

101 @   6db    Sample Log: "Bottom leaked."  Samples appear to be okay.

103 @ 107db    Sample Log: "Bottom leaked."  in high gradient ?  Samples
               appear to be okay.

106 @ 307db    Sample log: "Air bubble in NAI?"  Oxygen samples appear to
               be okay.

120 @3527db    Sample log: "Tube fell off in sample (NAI)."  Oxygen samples
               appear to be okay.


STATION 020

106 @ 279db    Sample Log: "Valve leak."  Samples appear to be okay.


STATION 021

111 @   5db    Surface salinity in high gradient.  Samples appear to be
               okay.

112 @  46db    Surface salinity in high gradient.  Sample Log: "NAI tube
               fell off while sampling."  Samples appear to be okay.

113 @  93db    Surface salinity in high gradient.  Samples appear to be
               okay.


STATION 022

111 @   3db    Silicate appears high compared by pressure with adjoining
               stations.  PI's should decide if all okay.  In high salinity
               gradient.  Samples appear to be okay.

112 @  77db    Silicate appears high compared by pressure with adjoining
               stations.  PI's should decide if all okay.  In high salinity
               gradient.  Samples appear to be okay.


STATION 023

109 @   3db    Btls have odd salts.  Delta-S at 3db is 0.0502, salinity is
               33.756.  Samples agree with pressure comparison of adjoining
               stations.

110 @  32db    Btls have odd salts.  Sample Log: "Sample froze before rinse
               was possible (O2)."  Delta-S at 32db is 0.0384, salinity is
               33.745.  Samples agree with pressure comparison of adjoining
               stations.

111 @  61db    Btls have odd salts.  Delta-S at 61db is 0.0322, salinity is
               33.749.  Samples agree with pressure comparison of adjoining
               stations.

113 @  80db    No nutrient sample, no reason noted on sample log.

124 (No Pressure)
               Bottle tripped on the the way down, do not report.


STATION 024

Entire cast    Console ops: "Ramp shaft was at 24, one too far?"  Bottle 24
               tripped at the surface, all trip pressures corrected
               accordingly.  Ramp shaft was advanced one too far at the end
               of the cast.  Double tripping bottles lead to problems with
               ctdtrips.  Problems with water freezing during sampling.
               Possible problem with salt sampling order ?

101 @ 137db    Sample Log: "Water frozen in spigots - used bucket of fresh
               hot water to warm and start flow."  Sampled after helium. No
               salinity."  Samples appear to be okay.

104 @ 511db    Sample Log: "No salinity, oxygen or nutrients."

107 @1008db    Delta-S at 1008db is -0.0061, salinity is 34.686.  Leave
               salinity as reported, agrees with adjoining stations as
               plotted vs. pressure and potential temperature.

108 @1019db    Sample Log: "No salinity, oxygen or nutrients."

111 @1516db    Sample Log: "No salinity, oxygen or nutrients."

115 @2525db    Sample Log: "No salinity, oxygen or nutrients."

117 @3136db    Delta-S at 3136db is 0.0121, salinity is 34.674.  Salinity
               is high compared with adjoining stations, other samples
               appear to be okay. Delete salinity.

118 @3541db    Delta-S at 3541db is -0.0159, salinity is 34.642.  Salinity
               is low compared with adjoining stations, other samples
               appear to be okay. Appears to be effected by the water
               freezing during sampling, delete salinity.

120 @3852db    Sample Log: "Water frozen in spigots - used bucket of fresh
               hot water to warm and start flow."  Delta-S at 3852db is
               0.0036, salinity is 34.659.  Leave salinity as reported,
               precision is .0006 off.

121 @4469db    Sample Log: "Water frozen in spigots - used bucket of fresh
               hot water to warm and start flow."  Delta-S at 4469db is
               0.0069, salinity is 34.660.  Leave salinity as reported,
               precision is .003 off, considering the conditions is okay.

122 @4873db    Sample Log: "Water frozen in spigots - used bucket of fresh
               hot water to warm and start flow."  Delta-S at 4873db is
               -0.0308, salinity is 34.628.  Salinity is low compared with
               adjoining stations, other samples appear to be okay. Appears
               to be effected by the water freezing during sampling, delete
               salinity.

123 @4869db    Sample Log: "No salinity, oxygen or nutrients."


STATION 026

101 @   5db    Sample Log: "No salinity or nutrients sampled, not enough
               water after He & CH."

103 @ 113db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled, not
               enough water after He & CH."

109 @ 960db    Sample Log: "No oxygen or salinity sampled, not enough water
               after He & CH."

113 @1676db    No salinity, no reason noted on sample log.  Oxygen and
               nutrients appear to be okay, He & CH were not sampled
               according to sample log.

117 @2779db    Sample Log: "No salinity or nutrients sampled, not enough
               water after He & CH."  Oxygen appears to be high (5.465), o2
               draw temperature also high. Delete oxygen.

118 @3064db    No salinity, no reason noted on sample log.  Oxygen and
               nutrients appear to be okay, He & CH were not sampled
               according to sample log.

121 @4240db    Sample Log: "No salinity sampled, not enough water after He
               & CH."

122 @4740db    Sample Log: "No oxygen or salinity sampled, not enough water
               after He & CH."

123 @5250db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled, not
               enough water after He & CH."

124 @6355db    Sample Log: "No oxygen or salinity sampled, not enough water
               after He & CH."


STATION 027

101 @   3db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

103 @ 111db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

110 @1008db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

113 @1714db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

116 @2296db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

118 @2623db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

120 @2926db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

121 @3230db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

123 @3545db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."

124 @3975db    No indication on sample log sheet that salinity and
               nutrients were not suppose to be sampled, however, missing
               samples are at levels that He & CH were sampled.  Data
               compares okay with adjoining stations, so all okay.  Sample
               Log: "No oxygen sampled."


STATION 028

101 @   3db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

104 @ 116db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

109 @ 960db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

113 @1505db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

116 @2092db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

118 @2407db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

120 @2621db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

122 @2990db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

123 @3173db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."


STATION 029

101 @   3db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."
               Nutrients were drawn and appear to be okay.

103 @ 101db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

107 @ 687db    PO4 is ~.2 too high.  PI to make a decision what to do with
               this sample.

108 @ 993db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

111 @1501db    Sample Log: "No water, lanyard hang-up."

112 @1806db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

115 @2416db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

118 @3028db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

121 @3640db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

123 @3957db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."


STATION 030

101 @   3db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

107 @ 435db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

109 @ 597db    Sample Log: "O2 - Air bubble."  Oxygen appears a little low
               compared with previous stations, but the air bubble does not
               seem to have effected the sample, so report as is.

113 @1363db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

117 @2155db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

120 @2809db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."

123 @3558db    Sample Log: "No oxygen, salinity or nutrients sampled."


STATION 031

101 @   6db    Sample Log: "Leaks at bottom."  Appear to be okay for
               surface samples.


STATION 032

101 @   5db    Sample Log: "Leaks at bottom."  Samples appear to be okay
               for shallow samples.


STATION 033

108 @ 706db    Sample Log: "NaOH tube popped off - resampled (O2)."  Oxygen
               as well as other samples appear to be okay.

114 @1802db    Delta-S at 1802db is -0.5258, salinity is 34.145.  Salinity
               may be a transcription error, erasures on raw data sheet,
               and not any way to tell what the values were.  Delete
               salinity.


STATION 037

116 @3550db    Sample Log: "Leaks, drew it first."  Samples appear to be
               okay.


STATION 038

101 @   9db    Sample Log: "Bottle leaked."  Samples appear to be okay,
               plotted vs pressure.

107 @ 409db    Sample Log: "Bottle leaked."  Samples appear to be okay,
               plotted vs pressure.

112 @1225db    Loosened lid spring, before cast.  Samples appear to be
               okay, plotted vs pressure.

117 @2228db    Sample Log: "Bottle leaked."  Samples appear to be okay,
               plotted vs pressure.


STATION 039

124 @4124db    Oxygen: "Very odd endpoint."  This is overshoot. All we can
               say is oxygen is less than this, but can't say how much
               less. It could be quite a bit high.  Delete oxygen (5.77).


STATION 042

119 @2927db    Sample Log: "Tube came off in bottle (O2)."  Oxygen appears
               to be okay.


STATION 044

101 @  10db    Sample Log: "Sea snot all over bottles."  Samples appear to
               be okay.

102 @  74db    Sample Log: "Sea snot all over bottles."  Samples appear to
               be okay.

103 @ 118db    Sample Log: "Sea snot all over bottles."  Samples appear to
               be okay.

104 @ 223db    Sample Log: "Sea snot all over bottles."  Samples appear to
               be okay.

123 @4128db    Sample Log: "Bottom did not close - no samples."

124 @4342db    Salinity data entry error, station number entered
               incorrectly.  Corrected and updated both stations 44 and 45.
               Salinity was missing before the correction was made.


STATION 046

101 @   4db    Samples appear to be okay.

102 @  52db    Samples appear to be okay.

103 @  96db    Samples appear to be okay.

104 @ 141db    Samples appear to be okay.


STATION 047

112 @2028db    Oxygen slightly high, appears to be drawing error with 13.
               Delete oxygen (4.37).

116 @3041db    Sample Log: "Air bubble (O2)."  Oxygen appears to be okay,
               large change between adjoining stations but, not only for
               this sample.

117 @3296db    Sample Log: "Air bubble (O2)."  Oxygen appears to be okay,
               large change between adjoining stations but, not only for
               this sample.

119 @3750db    Delta-S at 3750db is -0.0227, salinity is 34.690.  Oxygen
               and nutrients appear to be okay. Delete salinity.


STATION 048

101 @   3db    Oxygen: "Mess up."  Analytical error, delete oxygen (6.79).

111 @1627db    Delta-S at 1627db is -0.1954, salinity is 34.409.  Oxygen
               and nutrients appear to be okay.  Delete salinity.


STATION 049

106 @ 765db    Sample Log: "Air bubble (O2)."  Oxygen appears low, other
               samples okay.  Leave o2 as is.

116 @2624db    Delta-S at 2624db is -0.0065, salinity is 34.715.  Salinity
               appears to be misdrawn from 15.  Delete salinity. Other
               samples are okay.


STATION 051

117 @1905db    Oxygen ~.2 low compared to adjoining stations, analytical
               problem, delete oxygen (3.63).

1 (No Pressure)Sample Log: "21 bottles."


STATION 052

110 @   3db    Sample Log: "O2 was not drawn."  Salinity and nutrients look
               okay.


STATION 059

120 @ 150db    Oxygen: "Mess up."  Analytical problem, delete oxygen
               (6.85).  Actually looks like a sampling error with 21, but
               analysts noted a problem during analysis.



E.  CALIBRATION AND PROCESSING SUMMARY; PRESSURE-SERIES CTD DATA - 
    ANTARKTIS X/5
    (B. J.Nisly)
    May 4, 1994

Oceanographic Data Facility
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
UC San Diego, Mail Code 0214
9500 Gilman Drive
La Jolla, CA 92093-0214


INTRODUCTION

ODF CTD #4, a modified NBIS Mark IIIB CTD, was used exclusively for the entire 
cruise. This instrument included the standard pressure, temperature and 
conductivity channels. Pressure and temperature calibrations were performed in 
July and October of 1992 on the instrument at the ODF Calibration Facility. 


LABORATORY CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 

The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gage 
pressure reference in a temperature-controlled water bath. Pre-cruise 
calibration curves were measured at two different temperatures (0.24 and 
23.42°C) to two different maximum loading pressures (1398 and 6080 dbar). 
Post-cruise calibrations curves were measured at three different temperatures 
(€0.01, 23.33 and 31.66°C) and three maximum loading pressures (372, 1406 and 
6080 dbar). CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to a NBIS ATB-1250 resistance 
bridge and Rose-mount standard PRT. 


SHIPBOARD CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 

CTD conductivity was calibrated to in-situ check samples collected during each 
rosette cast. DSRT racks were occasionally used as independent temperature and 
pressure calibration checks. 


PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE 

There were no significant shifts in the pressure or temperature calibrations 
throughout the cruise. 


CONDUCTIVITY 

Bottle salinities were measured with an AWI Guildline Autosal(tm) salinometer 
(50-569). IAPSO Standard Sea water batch P120 was used exclusively. CTD 
rosette trip pressure and temperature were used with the bottle salinity to 
calculate a bottle conductivity. This conductivity was then used to correct 
the CTD conductivity. The correction consists of a slope and offset as a 
function of conductivity. Two slopes were used:

                         STATION   CONDUCTIVITY SLOPE
                         ----------------------------
                         001-024   0.0
                         025-063  -0.000762972

Figure 1 summarizes the offset corrections; the residual salinity differences 
after applying the corrections are summarized in Figure 2.


Figure 1: Conductivity offset corrections.

Figure 2: Salinity residual differences after correction.


There was considerable noise in the conductivity channel on stations 1 and 2. 
This was due to a paint chip that had delaminated from the conductivity sensor 
guard and interfered with the sensor. This was removed prior to station 3. The 
shift in the conductivity slope occurred prior to station 25 when the 
conductivity sensor was cleaned. A con-stant conductivity offset was used for 
stations 1 and 3-24. Station 2 required an abnormally large offset because of 
a conductivity shift due to the above noted problem with the sensor. For 
stations 25-53, conductivity offset corrections were derived for each cast. A 
constant conductivity offset was also used for stations 54-63. 


CTD DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING 

CTD data were acquired and processed in real-time on an Integrated Solutions, 
Inc. Optimum V workstation. The 25 Hz data from the CTD were filtered, 
response-corrected and averaged to a 2 Hz (0.5 second average) time-series. 
Sensor models for pressure, temperature and conductivity were applied. Rosette 
trip data were extracted from the time-series. At the end of the cast, various 
consistency and calibration checks were performed, and a 2.0 dbar pressure- 
series of the downcast was generated and subsequently used for reports and 
plots. 

For the final processing, the 25 Hz data were once again filtered, response-
corrected and averaged to a 2 Hz time-series on a Sun SPARCstation 10 using 
post-cruise calibration data. Rosette trip data were re-extracted from these 
time-series data. The downcast data were then pressure-sequenced in 2.0 dbar 
intervals. This data distribution consists of the 2.0 dbar downcast pressure-
series.

A few casts displayed conductivity offsets due to biological or particulate 
artifacts, or frozen sensors. In these cases the data were additionally 
filtered after the cast. The upper 138 dbar of station 32 were not reported in 
the downcast data because of frozen sensors. Up-cast data were only reported 
for stations 23, 24, and 27 due to frozen sensors. 


CTD AND ROSETTE SYSTEM 

The ODF-modified Neil Brown MK IIIB CTD was deployed on a 24-place, 2.1 L 
rosette frame. An Ocean Instruments pinger was attached to the base of the 
frame. A Benthos altimeter provided height above the bottom in the CTD data 
stream. A General Oceanics 24-place Pylon was used to close bottles. Standard 
CTD maintenance procedures included soaking the conductivity sensor in 
distilled water between casts (to maintain sensor stability) and insuring the 
CTD was not exposed to direct sunlight or wind (to maintain an internal 
equilibrated temperature).

 
June 2001

ODF has discovered a small error in the algorithm used to convert ITS90 
temperature calibration data to IPTS68. This error affects reported Mark III CTD 
temperature data for most cruises that occurred in 1992-1999. A complete list of 
affected data sets appears below.

ODF temperature calibrations are reported on the ITS90 temperature scale. ODF 
internally maintains these calibrations for CTD data processing on the IPTS68 
scale. The error involved converting ITS90 calibrations to IPTS68. The amount of 
error is close to linear with temperature: approximately -0.00024 degC/degC, 
with a -0.00036 degC offset at 0 degC. Previously reported data were low by 
0.00756 degC at 30 degC, decreasing to 0.00036 degC low at 0 degC. Data reported 
as ITS90 were also affected by a similar amount. CTD conductivity calibrations 
have been recalculated to account for the temperature change. Reported CTD 
salinity and oxygen data were not significantly affected.

Revised final data sets have been prepared and will be available soon from ODF 
(ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData). The data will eventually be updated on the 
whpo.ucsd.edu website as well.

IPTS68 temperatures are reported for PCM11 and Antarktis X/5, as originally 
submitted to their chief scientists. ITS90 temperatures are reported for all 
other cruises.


CHANGES IN THE FINAL DATA VS. PREVIOUS RELEASE (other than temperature and 
      negligible differences in salinity/oxygen):

S04P: 694/03 CTD data were not reported, but CTD values were reported
      with the bottle data.  No conductivity correction was applied
      to these values in the original .sea file.  This release uses
      the same conductivity correction as the two nearest casts to
      correct salinity.

AO94: Eight CTD casts were fit for ctdoxy (previously uncalibrated)
      and resubmitted to the P.I. since the original release.  The
      WHP-format bottle file was not regenerated.  The CTDOXY for
      the following stations should be significantly different than
      the original .sea file values:
      009/01  013/02  017/01  018/01  026/04  033/01  036/01  036/02

I09N: The 243/01 original CTD data file was not rewritten after
      updating the ctdoxy fit.  This release uses the correct
      ctdoxy data for the .ctd file.  The original .sea file was
      written after the update occurred, so the ctdoxy values
      reported with bottle data should be minimally different.

========================================================================

DATA SETS AFFECTED:          
          


WOCE FINAL DATA - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE:          
          
WOCE Section ID     P.I.                 Cruise Dates
--------------------------------------------------------
S04P               (Koshlyakov/Richman)  Feb.-Apr. 1992
          
P14C               (Roemmich)            Sept. 1992
PCM11              (Rudnick)             Sept. 1992
P16A/P17A (JUNO1)  (Reid)                Oct.-Nov. 1992
P17E/P19S (JUNO2)  (Swift)               Dec. 1992 - Jan. 1993
P19C               (Talley)              Feb.-Apr. 1993
P17N               (Musgrave)            May-June 1993
P14N               (Roden)               July-Aug. 1993
P31                (Roemmich)            Jan.-Feb. 1994
          
A15/AR15           (Smethie)             Apr.-May 1994
          
I09N               (Gordon)              Jan.-Mar. 1995
I08N/I05E          (Talley)              Mar.-Apr. 1995
I03                (Nowlin)              Apr.-June 1995
I04/I05W/I07C      (Toole)               June-July 1995
I07N               (Olson)               July-Aug. 1995
I10                (Bray/Sprintall)      Nov. 1995
          
ICM03              (Whitworth)           Jan.-Feb. 1997
          


NON-WOCE FINAL DATA - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE:          
          
Cruise Name         P.I.                 Cruise Dates
--------------------------------------------------------
Antarktis X/5      (Peterson)            Aug.-Sept. 1992
Arctic Ocean 94    (Swift)               July-Sept. 1994
          


PRELIMINARY DATA - WILL BE CORRECTED FOR FINAL RELEASE ONLY
                   NOT YET AVAILABLE:          
          
Cruise Name         P.I.                 Cruise Dates
--------------------------------------------------------
WOCE-S04I          (Whitworth)           May-July 1996
          
Arctic Ocean 97    (Swift)               Sept.-Oct. 1997
HNRO7              (Talley)              June-July 1999
KH36               (Talley)              July-Sept. 1999
          


"FINAL" DATA FROM CRUISE DATES PRIOR TO 1992, OR CRUISES 
             WHICH DID NOT USE NBIS CTDS, ARE NOT AFFECTED.
          


POST-1991 PRELIMINARY DATA NOT AFFECTED:          
          
Cruise Name         P.I.                 Cruise Dates
--------------------------------------------------------
Arctic Ocean 96    (Swift)               July-Sept. 1996
WOCE-A24 (ACCE)    (Talley)              May-July 1997
XP99               (Talley)              Aug.-Sept. 1999
KH38               (Talley)              Feb.-Mar. 2000
XP00               (Talley)              June-July 2000



F.  SUMMARY AND FIRST RESULTS 
    (R. Gersonde)

Expedition ANT-X/5 was the first geoscientific and hydrographic oriented 
expedition with RV "Polarstern" to the Scotia Sea and adjacent areas. The 
cruise was carried out during southern winter (8.8.92 - 26.9.92) and thus 
about 2000 nm of the ca. 6000 nm long cruise track from Puerto Madryn to Punta 
Arenas was in dense pack ice at temporarily extremely low air temperatures 
(Fig. 1). Despite this, a large amount of data and samples were collected 
(Tab. 1). Indeed work was possible within the sea ice even in high winds, 
which would have prevented works in the open water. On the other hand the sea 
ice conditions occasionally dictated the cruise track, A transect originally 
planned from the Georgia Basin to the Islas Orcadas Rise was cancelled to save 
time for crossing the pack ice. Also the planned circuit of the southern inlet 
of the South Sandwich Trench was prevented by dense pack ice.

Expedition ANT-X/5 was focused on a marine geologic survey. Sampling programs 
(see 6.0) were carried out on five transects (Transect A - E, Figs. 2 - 6) in 
the southern Argentine Basin, the East Georgia Basin, east of the South 
Sandwich Trench, in the Scotia Sea, and the eastern Drake Passage (Fig. 1). 
This region of the Southern Ocean is characterized by complex bottom 
topography with deep sea channels and trenches, and ridge systems. Similarly, 
the hydrographic pattern, which at least in some regions is controlled by the 
sea floor topography, is also rather complex. The western section of the 
Atlantic Southern Ocean is known as the major outflow region of cold Antarctic 
bottom waters and the oceanic frontal systems show distinct loops and merge 
together in some areas (Fig. 1).

During the marine geological program at a total of 68 positions surface 
sediment samples were collected (Tab. 1, see 6.1 Fig. 33). The rather large 
number of samples is due to the fact that beside geoscientific stations with 
multicorer sampling (MUC) surface sediment samples were also recovered at many 
hydrographic stations with an instrument (Minicorer, MIC) which was installed 
below the CTD. Together with the sample sets collected during expeditions ANT-
VIII/3 (GERSONDE & HEMPEL 1990) and ANT-IX/4 (HUBBERTEN in BATHMANN et al. 
1992) there is now a surface sediment sample set, that covers large parts of 
the region underlying the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Atlantic 
sector. This sample set is being studied with sedimentological methods, to map 
the distribution pattern of different sediment components such as clay 
minerals, organic carbon, quartz, biogenic opal, and barium in the Southern 
Ocean. Micropaleontological and isotopic studies are being carried out to 
document the distribution pattern of living (benthic foraminifera) and dead 
(diatoms, radiolarians, foraminifer) microorganisms and to compare them with 
the present hydrographic situation. The obtained results are also combined 
with results from studies in the water column (s. 3.0). Altogether these data 
are needed as a base for paleoceanographic reconstructions carried out on 
sediment cores. Surface sediment samples were also studied for geochemical 
investigation of early diagenetic processes at the sediment/water interface 
which have a strong influence on the preservation of paleoenvironmental 
signals in the sediment record and the compound budgets of the ocean (see 
6.7).

Besides surface samples, sediment cores were recovered successfully at 40 
stations with the gravity corer (SL) or the piston corer (KOL) to a total 
length of almost 400 m (Tab. 1, see 6.1 Fig. 33). The high average of core 
recovery - total length of the individual cores is in average 10 to 12 m (Fig. 
35) - was possible by a precise selection of coring localities, which relied 
on the continuously conducted bathymetric survey with the Hydrosweep system 
and high resolution sediment-echosounding profiling with the Parasound system 
(see 4.1, 4.2). For this reason it was also possible for the first time to 
recover relatively long sediment cores in the Scotia Sea area.

The documentation of the bathymetry with isolines and three-dimensional maps 
based on Hydrosweep data also gives important morphological information on the 
area surrounding sample stations which then can be considered during 
interpretation of sedimentological data. The digital recorded Parasound 
signals will be compared with sedimentological and geophysical data obtained 
from the sediment cores (see 6.3). The aim of this study is to correlate the 
reflectors recorded by Parasound with sediment layers in the cores. It will 
thus be possible to date the reflectors and the events related to them, and 
subsequently to chart them over larger distances.

Paleoceanographic reconstructions carried out on sediment cores provide 
information on the development of the ACC (paleotemperature estimations, 
reconstruction of frontal systems), the variability of sea ice coverage and 
paleoproductivity, and the history of deep and bottom water masses in the 
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the late Quaternary time interval 
(ca. last 1 Mio. years). One objective of these studies is the understanding 
of feedback mechanisms influencing the rapid climatic changes during the late 
Pleistocene. These topics are worked up in detail within the frame of the 
Sonderforschungsbereich 261, concentrating on paleoenvironmental 
reconstructions of the last 300.000 years. The sediment core materials 
obtained during ANT-X/5 contain late Quaternary sections with high temporal 
resolution (s. 6.5), With such material it will be possible to complement on-
going paleoceanographic reconstructions in the eastern sector of the Southern 
Ocean.

In the course of Transects A and B (southern Argentina Basin) on a total 
length of more than 500 km wavy sediment structures (mud waves) were recorded. 
These reached heights of 120 m and were up to 3 - 4 km long (see 4.2, Figs. 
24, 25). Such structures, are widespread in the Argentine Basin and can be 
related to bottom water currents (e.g., LEDBETTER & KLAUS 1987). First results 
from sediment cores recovered from mud waves show that these sediments are 
finely grained and may contain well preserved siliceous microfossil 
assemblages. Preliminary dating of the cores results in sedimentation rates 
around 1 cm/1000 years (see 6.5).

At the flanks of the Northeast Georgia Rise (Transact C, Fig. 4) and the Bruce 
Bank (Transect D, Fig. 5) surface sediments and sediment cores were taken on 
depths transects of several 1000 meters in order to obtain information on the 
sedimentation pattern in different water depth and water masses. From this, 
signals can be obtained, which allow the reconstruction of the variability in 
the activity and thickness of the outflowing cold Antarctic bottom water 
during late Pleistocene climatic cycles.

First sedimentological, geochemical and micropaleontological data obtained on 
cores, which have been recovered on Transects C and D, indicate that the 
sedimentation pattern of late Quaternary deposits in the western sector of the 
southernmost Atlantic differs from that in the eastern sector recorded by 
earlier expeditions (e.g. GERSONDE & HEMPEL 1990, HUSBERTEN in BATHMANN et al. 
1992). The zone of high late Quaternary sedimentation rates was found well 
south of the Polar Front and extends into the area seasonally covered by sea 
ice. First estimations of sedimentation rates (see 6.5) show that the results 
of DEMASTER (1981) indicating no accumulation of biogenic opal during the 
Holocene must be revised. High post-glacial sedimentation rates of 
diatomaceous muds and oozes ranging up to 70 cm per 1000 years have been found 
in cores from Transect D. In fact, high biogenic sedimentations rates are also 
supported by the strong oxygen consumption rates measured in surface sediments 
of the Scotia Sea (see 6.7, Fig. 43).

On the Transect E which crosses the eastern part of the Drake Passage only two 
relatively short sediment cores could be gathered, Only rarely the Parasound-
echosounding system indicated some minor penetration (Fig. 6), which can be 
interpreted to indicate an environment affected by strong bottom water 
velocities. Nevertheless, a large number of surface sediments was collected 
using the MIC at most of the hydrographic stations. On the transect, Parasound 
indicated higher penetration depths only in one area, located southwest of the 
Falkland Islands. Unfortunately bad weather conditions prevented geologic 
sampling in this area underlying the Falkland Current.

Besides the collection of sediment materials an actuopaleontological sampling 
program was carried out to collect calcareous and siliceous microorganisms in 
the water column (see 3.4). Sampling used multinets at 23 sites, plankton nets 
at 26 sites (Tab. 1) and a ship's pumping system (368 samples). The samples 
are used for the delineation of species distribution patterns in the Southern 
Ocean in relation to hydrography and environmental conditions, such as 
nutrient availability and sea ice. Such data are fundamental for the 
definition of paleoenvironmental marker species and assemblages.

Another geological program dedicated to study geodynamic processes in the 
collision zone of converging plates was carded out in the eastern part of the 
Scotia Sea (see 5-0). It was a pre-investigation for a larger expedition 
program planned for 1995 with the aim of studying the petrological and 
geochemical evolution of the Scotia Arc and associated back-arc magmatism, and 
the submarine fluid venting at the collision zone and the backarc area. Three 
dredge hauls were carried out in the fore-arc region (western flank of the 
South Sandwich Trench). They recovered mostly lithified sediments. The Miocene 
age Of the sediments (see 6.5) gathered from a fore-arc hill suggests that 
older sediment was "scraped off" during subduction of the South American 
Plate. A so-called "wax corer' was used at eight sites in the area of one 
segment of the South Sandwich spreading center (back-arc area) in order to 
study its small scale geochemical variability. For the documentation of the 
spreading center morphology and for the selection of sampling sites ca. 2000 
km2 were mapped with the Hydrosweep system (see 4.1, Figs. 22, 23). In 
addition gravimetric measurements were carried out to enable three-dimensional 
gravity modeling of the spreading center (see 4.3, Fig. 28). For the study of 
processes related with fluid venting water samples were taken. in the areas of 
tectonic activity for helium and methane measurements (see 5.2).

Besides geology a comprehensive hydrographic program with a total of 63 
hydrographic stations using CTD and rosette (Tab. 1), and the deployment of 70 
XBTs was accomplished successfully (see 3.1). The survey was focused at 
selected sections of the Transects B, C, D and E in order to obtain fulldepth 
measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (N, P, 
Si) for charting the oceanic frontal systems of the ACC and investigation of 
upper-level mixing. Thereby the first comprehensive oceanographic data set 
could be established recording the hydrographic conditions during austral 
winter in the area of the Scotia Sea and adjacent seas, In addition, five 
satellite-tracked drifting-buoys were released shortly after leaving Puerto 
Madryn, and three more were launched south of the Falkland Islands, in order 
to obtain direct measurements of the upper-level velocity of the Falkland 
Current (see 3.1.2).

The preliminary results of the hydrographic survey in the southern Argentine 
Basin indicate that a hypothesized deep winter overturning of Subantarctic 
waters in that area cannot be supported by the measurements obtained during 
ANT-X/5. The observation of PETERSON & WHITWORTH (1989) of the mergence of the 
Subantarctic and Polar Front at the southern boundary of the Argentine Basin 
and their loop southward into the Georgia Basin through a gap in the Falkland 
Ridge system were however supported by the survey on Transect B. The data also 
suggest, that this area may be an important key area controlling the northward 
flow of cold Antarctic Bottom Water and the poleward transport in heat and 
salt. It was also found, that during austral winter especially the southern 
boundary of the ACC is located quite far north of its position measured during 
summer (PETERSON & STRAMMA 1991, Fig. 10), suggesting a northward shift on the 
ACC circulation pattern during winter.

Water samples were also collected for the study of stable oxygen and carbon 
isotopes using the rosette bottles and the supernatant in MUC and MIC tubes. 
This program which complements studies carried out during former expeditions 
with RV "Polarstern" to the Southern Ocean is in close connection to marine 
geologic studies (see 3.2).

Smaller programs were dedicated to biological and microbiological studies. The 
photodependence and chronodependence to the diel vertical migrations of 
zooplankton in southern high-latitudes was studied during on-board experiments 
(see 3.5). For the study of microscopic investigations of biofilms on sediment 
surfaces and the experimental fossilization of deep-sea microbes surface 
sediments were collected with the multi- and the minicorer (see 7.0).
