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CRUISE REPORT: AR07W
(Updated NOV 2013)



Highlights

                         Cruise Summary Information

          WOCE Section Designation  AR07W
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  18HU20110506 (HUD2011-009)
                  Chief Scientists  Igor Yashayaev / BIO
                             Dates  2011 MAY 06 - 2011 MAY 28
                              Ship  CCGS Hudson
                     Ports of call  Dartmouth, NS, CAN - Dartmouth, NS, CAN

                                                 62° 02.39' N
             Geographic Boundaries  63° 38.46' W              48° 13.60' W
                                                 40° 40.44' N

                          Stations  381
      Floats and drifters deployed  15 APEX floats deployed
    Moorings deployed or recovered  4 Deployed, 3 Recovered

                            Contact Information:

                               Igor Yashayaev
    Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maritimes Region,
        Ocean Sciences Division • Bedford Institute of Oceanography
          PO Box 1006 • B2Y 4A2 • Dartmouth • Nova Scotia • CANADA
               Tel: +01-902-426-9963 • Fax: +01-902-426-7827
                    Email: YashayaevI@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca





                               CRUISE REPORT

                              HUDSON 2011009

                               LABRADOR SEA,
                              WOCE LINE AR7W

                          SCOTIAN SHELF AND SLOPE,
                           EXTENDED HALIFAX LINE

                              LAURENTIAN FAN

                            May 6 - May 28, 2011


A CRUISE NARRATIVE


1. Highlights

a. WOCE Designation:        WOCE Line AR7W

b. Expedition Designation:  HUD2011009 or 18HU11009 (ISDM format)

c. Chief Scientist:         Igor Yashayaev
                            Ocean Sciences Division
                            Department of Fisheries and Oceans
                            Bedford Institute of Oceanography
                            P0 Box 1006
                            Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 2A4
                            Internet Igor.Yashayaev@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

d. Ship:                    CCGS Hudson

e. Ports of Call:           May 6, 2011 BIO, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
                            May 28, 2011 BIO, Dartmouth, NS, Canada

f. Cruise Dates:            May 6 to May 28, 2011




2. Cruise Summary Information

a. Cruise Track

A cruise track is shown in Figure A.2.1. The ship's position at 0000 UTC 
on each day of the cruise is indicated with a date label.

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) - format cruise station 
summary file (SUM) outlines the science operations conducted during the 
cruise.


Figure A.2.1: Cruise track for HUD2011009. The red dots indicate the 
              ship's position for each hour of the voyage. The green dots 
              and date labels indicate the ship's position at 0000 UTC for 
              that particular date.


b. Total Number of Stations Occupied

The CTD / ROS station positions are shown in Figure A.2.2. Table 
A.2.1 lists the science operations for HUD2O 11009.

Along AR7W, the stations were full-depth WHP small volume rosette 
casts with up to 24 rosette bottles. Water samples were analyzed for 
CFC-12, SF6, total inorganic carbon (TIC), total alkalinity, oxygen, 
salinity, nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), total organic 
carbon (TOC), pH, and bacterial abundance. Chlorophyll was analyzed 
at depths less than 200m at most stations. Samples were collected for 
129I (iodine-129), O-18 (Oxygen-18), and noble gases on selected 
casts.


Table A.2.1: Science operations conducted on HUD2011009.

  Cast     Number of           Operation                    Operation
  Type     Operations           Details                      Numbers
---------  ----------  -----------------------------  -------------------------------
Rosette       36       The 28 regular AR7W sites      see Table A.2.2
& CTD                  (L3 line) plus some extra 
                       occupations: 0, 8.5, 9.5, 
                       10.5, 16.3, 23.5, 24.5, and 
                       25.5

              19       Extended Halifax Line sites:   4, 344, 346, 350, 352, 354,
                       2 (twice), 3, 4, 5, 5.3, 5.5,  357, 359, 361, 364, 366, 367,
                       and 6,6.3,6.5,6.7, 7 - 14      369, 371, 372, 374, 376, 378,
                                                      381

              12        Sites all a line north of L3  216, 219, 222, 227, 234, 245,
                                                      252, 262, 271, 283, 293, 301

               6        Laurentian Fan sites:         7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13
                        3.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
               8        Biology/Transit Casts         1,16,19,69,144,183,348, 356

               5        Unsuccessful CTD Operations   98, 102, 103, 129, 244

Moorings       3        Recovery                      6, 11, 24
               4        Deployment                    5, 25, 42, 189

Floats        15        APEX floats deployed          52, 72, 85, 97, 115, 131, 146,
                                                      168, 185, 235, 246, 253, 272,
                                                      284,294

Biology       53        200 micron net tows           See Table A.4.2.1. for
                                                      occupation locations

              43        76 micron net tows            See Table A.4.2.1. for
                                                      occupation locations

              18        Egg Production rates          See Table A.4.2.1. for
                                                      occupation locations

               6        Successful Multinet tows      345, 351, 353, 355, 358, 360

               2        Unsuccessful Multinet tows    347,362
   
Chemistry     14        129I surface                  23, 51, 84, 104, 130, 145, 158,
                                                      176, 193, 196, 215, 333, 340,
                                                      343,

               3        129I bottom                   32, 204, 344

              12        129I profile                  40, 60, 70, 114, 167, 184, 346,
                                                      350, 352, 354, 357, 359

Other                   ~525 Hrs Ship Board ADCP      No number assigned
             150        XBT Deployments               -
               1        Unused Operation Number       71


Table A.2.2: AR7W (L3) sites and rosette and CTD operation numbers for 
             HUD2011009.

             AR7W Site Number  2011009 Deep Cast Operation Number
             ----------------  ----------------------------------
                       0                     343
                       1                     340
                       2                     337
                       3                     333
                       4                     330
                       5                     326
                       6                     323
                       7                     320
                       8                      23
                       8.5                    28
                       9                      32
                       9.5                    33
                      10                      36
                      10.5                    41
                      11                      40
                      12                      51
                      13                      60
                      14                      70
                      15                      84
                      16                      96
                      16.3                   104
                      17                     114
                      18                     130
                      19                     145
                      20                     158
                      21                     167
                      22                     176
                      23                     184
                      23.5                   211
                      24                     215
                      24.5                   212
                      25                     204
                      25.5                   200
                      26                     199
                      27                     196
                      28                     193


Figure A.2.2: HUD2011009 locations (red-filled stars) for operations 
              involving one or more of the following data collection 
              methods: Rosette, CTD and LADCP.


The AR7W Labrador Sea section and the extended Halifax Section were 
occupied during the HUD2011009 mission. These survey lines combined with 
the Orphan Basin lines occupied within the same four week period on 
HUD2009011 provide a comprehensive assessment of the oceanographic 
conditions in the Canadian sector of the Atlantic Ocean.

c. Floats and Drifters deployed

Fifteen APEX profiling floats (Teledyne Webb Research, E. Falmouth, MA) 
equipped with SBE-41 temperature-conductivity sensors (Sea-Bird 
Electronics, Inc., Bellevue, WA) were deployed as a Canadian contribution 
to the international Argo project. This effort was jointly supported by 
Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Canadian Ice Service of Environment 
Canada. Table A.2.3 gives details of the float deployments.


Table A.2.3: APEX float deployments on HUD2011009.

  Apex Float   Event     Launch Position      Start Time   Launch Time
  Type     SN         Latitude    Longitude       UTC          UTC
--------  ---- ----- ----------  -----------  -----------  ------------
                                              12 May 2011  13 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5660   52  55°51.85'N  053°21.28'W      22:59        00:13
                                              13 May 2011  13 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5659   71  56°34.05'N  052°38.90'W      16:00        16:36
                                              13 May 2011  14 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5664   85  56°58.03'N  052°13.26'W      23:20        00:38
                                              14 May 2011  14 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5663   97  57°22.76'N  051°47.55'W      05:00        08:0!
                                              14 May 2011  14 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5652  115  57°47.90'N  051°19.99'W      22:36        23:45
                                              15 May 2011  15 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5666  131  58°13.38'N  050°53.22'W      05:35        05:59
                                              15 May 2011  15 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5665  146  58°38.57'N  050°23.44'W      12:43        13:09
                                              16 May 2011  16 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5654  168  59°29.57'N  049°28.96'W      01:32        02:39
                                              16 May 2011  16 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5653  185  59°58.80'N  048°54.07'W      13:31        14:15
                                              19 May 2011  19 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5662  235  61°11.99'N  052°13.74'W      06:58        08:02
                                              19 May 2011  19 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5661  246  60°47.44'N  052°20.28'W      13:16        14:12
                                              19 May 2011  19 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5658  253  60°19.21'N  052°41.49'W      18:56        19:38
                                              20 May 2011  20 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5657  272  59°06.53'N  053°13.91'W      06:25        07:30
                                              20 May 2011  20 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5656  284  58°26.26'N  053°35.83'W      13:45        14:13
                                              20 May 2011  20 May 2011
APEX-SBE  5655  294  57°45.62'N  053°55.31'W      19:33        20:17


d. Moorings deployed or recovered

Moorings deployed and recovered

The Aanderaa current meter mooring near station L3_08 on the AR7W line 
was once again serviced on May 11, 2011. Mooring #1771 was recovered 
successfully under good sea conditions. The replacement mooring #1800 
was deployed successfully on the same day.


Recoveries:

M1771  55°07.2120'N  Standard mooring consisting of one current meter
       54°05.3901'W  positioned 20m above bottom along AR7W on the
                     Labrador Slope (12-month deployment) at the 1000
                     metres.
M1768  44°33.3570'N  Standard mooring consisting of five current meters and
       56°03.9353'W  one MicroCAT. It was positioned within the Laurentian
                     Fan area for a 12-month deployment at 2000 metres.
M1769  44°44.7909'N  Standard mooring consisting of four current meters and
       56°05.1443'W  one MicroCAT. It was positioned within the Laurentian
                     Fan area for a 12-month deployment at 1100 metres.


Deployments:

M1794  44°20.8550'N  Standard mooring consisting of one ADCP. It was
       63°18.3459'W  positioned near Halifax Line Station 2.
M1798  60°14.7114'N  Standard mooring consisting of one current meter and
       48°35.1256'W  two MicroCATs. It was positioned within the Labrador
                     Sea on the Greenland Slope for a 12-month deployment
                     at 2800 metres.
M1799  55°31.1353'N  Standard mooring consisting of one current meter and
       53°43.2353'W  two MicroCATs. It was positioned within the Labrador
                     Sea on the Labrador Slope for a 12-month deployment at
                     2800 metres.
M1800  55°07.1682'N  Standard mooring consisting of one current meter and 
       54°05.2179'W  MicroCAT. It was positioned within the Labrador Sea on
                     one the Labrador Slope for a 12-month deployment at 
                     1000 metres.


A software package called M-Cal (Mooring Calibrator) V 1.04 was used. 
M-Cal is a subset of a program called WorkB oat by James Illman of 
Software Engineering Associates. This enables the user to position the 
mooring once on the bottom. A computer is linked to the ship's navigation 
as well as, in this case, to the Benthos D57000 deck unit. As the ship 
travels near the mooring, M-Cal transponds to the acoustic release and 
measures the time interval between the send and reply pulses. This 
information combined with the navigation data enables the program to 
calculate the position of the release. As more and more data is gathered, 
the position continually updates. M-Cal also calculates a depth for the 
release.

This software is of great use if a mooring is off location for some 
reason. M-Cal gives a position so that locating the mooring is much 
quicker. Transponding to a release only gives a slant range and not a 
direction. A ship has to randomly travel to minimize this slant range 
which could be time consuming.


Figure A.2.3: HUD2011009 mooring deployment locations (purple X), mooring 
              recovery locations (green-filled diamonds), and float 
              deployment locations (red-filled squares).




3. List of Principal Investigators

Name                 Affiliation                      Responsibility
-------------------  -------------------------------  ----------------------------
Kumiko Azetsu-Scott  BIO                              Chemistry program
                     Azetsu-ScottK@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca  coordination, TA, TIC, CFC-
                                                      12, 018, SF6, and pH.

Roberta Hamme        UVIC                             Inert Gas Sampling

Glen Harrison        BIO                              Biological program
                     HarrisonG@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca      coordination

Erica Head           BIO                              Macrozooplankton
                     HeadE@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca          distribution, abundance, and
                                                      metabolism

Bill Li              BIO                              Pico-plankton distribution 
                     LiB@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca            and abundance, bacterial
                                                      abundance and productivity

John Smith           BIO                              Radioisotope sampling
                     SmithjN@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca        program

Igor Yashayaev       BIO                              Senior Scientist, hydrography
                     Yashayaevl@mar.dfo-mpo.gc. ca    and mooring program
                                                      coordination, XBTs


Table A.3.1: List of Principal Investigators (see Section 7 for addresses).


4.1  Physical - Chemical Program

a.  Narrative

The physical and chemical program on Hudson 2011009 continued an 
annual series of measurements in the Labrador Sea that began in 1990 
as a contribution to the World Climate Research Programme and has 
evolved into a component of a multidisciplinary regional monitoring 
effort, presently known as Atlantic Zone Off-shelf Monitoring 
Programme (AZOMP). The broad goals are to investigate interannual and 
long-term changes in the physical and chemical properties of the 
Labrador Sea and better understand the mechanisms that cause these 
changes. A particular focus is on changes in the intensity of winter 
overturning of surface and intermediate-depth waters and the resulting 
formation of Labrador Sea Water with varying temperature and salinity 
properties. This overturning is part of the thermohaline circulation 
that plays a role in the global climate system. Convection also 
transfers atmospheric gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide from the 
surface layers to intermediate depths. The resulting oceanic storage 
of anthropogenic carbon reduces the rate of increase of carbon dioxide 
in the atmosphere but also increases the acidity of oceanic waters. 

Redeployment of the long-term near-bottom mooring at 1000 m on the 
Labrador Slope and deployment of two new near-bottom moorings in the 
2700-2900 m bottom depth ranges, one on the Labrador and one on the 
Greenland side of the Labrador Sea formed the mooring component of the 
Labrador Sea phase of the mission.

An occupation of the extended Halifax Line crossing the Scotian shelf, 
slope and in so-called Slope Water region complements the study of the 
Labrador Sea and is seen as an important part of the offshore monitoring 
program.

Finally, the mission was also aimed to recover two tall moorings and occupy 
a CTD section in the Laurentian Fan region.

The physical-chemical investigations are part of a larger multidisciplinary 
effort seeking a better understanding of interannual and long-term changes 
in regional ecosystems.


Hudson 2011009 program elements included:

 1. CTD profile measurements of pressure, temperature, salinity, dissolved 
    oxygen, pH, fluorescence, and light intensity at a fixed set of 
    stations (AR7W/L3 line) spanning the Labrador Sea from Hamilton Bank 
    on the Labrador Shelf to Cape Desolation Island on the West Greenland 
    Shelf;
 2. Same as 1 but on the Northern Labrador Sea line.
 3. Measurements of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients 
    (nitrate/nitrite, phosphate, silicate), CFC-12, SF6, dissolved 
    inorganic carbon, alkalinity, Noble gases and Iodine129 from discrete 
    water samples from a rosette sampler on the CTD package;
 4. Recovery and redeployment of a current meter mooring providing 
    near-bottom current and temperature measurements on the Labrador Slope 
    in 1000 m water depth;
 5. Recovery of two current meter moorings in the LF region;
 6. Deployment of two new current meter moorings at 2800 m isobath on the 
    western and eastern ends of AR7W;
 7. Current measurements from a ship-mounted acoustic current profiler;
 8. Current measurements at CTD stations from a lowered acoustic doppler 
    current profiler (LADCP);
 9. Temperature profile measurements from Expendable Bathythermographs 
    (XBT5) at selected points between CTD stations;
10. Autonomous float deployments as part of the Canadian Argo Program and 
    the international Argo Project;
11. Physical and chemical measurements on the Halifax Line on the Scotian 
    Shelf in support of the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP);
12. Physical and chemical measurements on the Scotian Slope in support of 
    an expanded offshore monitoring program and a joint study with the UK 
    Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory;
13. Physical and chemical measurements in the LF region in support of PERD;
14. A phytoplankton biomass/primary productivity program conducted;
15. A microbial program;
16. A mesozooplankton program


The Labrador Sea station work went well except for problems with CTD cable 
termination, instrument cables, bird caging and tearing of CTD cable, and 
malfunctioning latching mechanisms on the water-sampler carousel. Two (or 
three we need to check) additional stations added on the Labrador Sea 
(western) side and two (or three) on the eastern side of AR7W. Favourable 
ice conditions on the eastern and western sides of the Labrador Sea at the 
time of our survey allowed the occupation of all planned stations on 
either end of the line (West Greenland and Labrador shelves).

The combined eXtended Halifax Line (XHL) was surveyed with 18 CTD casts, 8 
Multinet hauls with 5 sampling levels down to 1000m (HL_08, HL_09, HL_10, 
HL_11, HL_12, HL_14 were successful, HL 07_and HL_13 were note 
successful), and 5 vertical ring net tows (HL 03, HL 04, HL 05). The 
offshore survey stopped at HL_09 because of time constraints. HL_06.5 and 
all AZMP Halifax Line stations except Stations 1 and 2 were occupied. An 
Apex profiling float was deployed at HL-09.


b.  Chemical Oceanography

The chemistry program conducted in the GP Lab during HUD20 11009 included 
analysing water samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total 
alkalinity (TA), transient tracers (CFC-12 and SF6), nutrients, and 
dissolved oxygen. Water samples for pH and oxygen isotope composition were 
also collected, preserved, and stored for later analysis.


c.  Radioisotope Sampling Program

Water samples were collected for 129I from a near surface rosette bottle 
at 14 stations on the L3 (AR7W) line. Samples for 129I were collected from 
near bottom rosette bottle at two L3 stations and one Halifax Line (HL) 
station. Fuller depth sampling for 129I was carried out at six L3 stations 
and six HL stations. See table A.2.1 for the list of corresponding 
operation numbers.


d.  Inert Gas Sampling

The samples collected on this cruise are part of a joint NSF funded 
project between Dr. Steven Emerson at the University of Washington (UW) in 
Seattle, WA and Dr. Roberta Hamme at the University of Victoria (UVic) in 
Victoria, BC.

Sea-going Technician: Karina Giesbrecht (UVic)

Objective:
To characterize the inert gas content of the major water masses available 
in the Labrador Sea region, with particular emphasis on the water masses 
that form the deep water of the North Atlantic.

Sampling plan:
Quadruplicate samples were taken at 40 depths spread out along the AR7W 
and Northern Lines to give a total of 160 samples. Analysis of these 
samples will be split between UVic and UW to determine the dissolved O2, 
N2, Ar, Ne, Kr and Xe concentrations using isotope-ratio mass 
spectrometry. These samples will also provide a means for inter-lab
calibration between UVic and UW.


Specific stations and sampling depths were:

Station  Depth   Station  Depth   Station  Depth
-------  -----   -------  -----   -------  -----
  L310   2650     L312    3100     L314    3160
         2150             2560             2440
         1210             2010             1730
                           890              680

  L315   3560     L317    1070     L318    3590
         2870               70             2900
         1290                2             2020
          140                              1290

  L319   2020     L3_22   3260     L3_23   2500
         1770             2460              380
         1070             1030              260
          510              480

  L324    340     A/B_09  1800     B/C_10  1500
          240             1200                2
                             2


4.2  Biological Program

a.  Biological Oceanographic Sampling Program - Jeff Anning, Tim Perry

Nearly all stations occupied were sampled for a number of biological 
parameters. Samples were collected throughout the water column for 
bacterial identification and enumeration. In the upper 100 m samples were 
collected for chlorophyll analysis and at the surface samples were taken 
to measure particulate organic carbon, and determine pigment composition 
by HPLC and absorption spectra. At selected stations duplicate 
phytoplankton samples, integrated over the upper 50 m were preserved with 
Lugols and formalin.


b.  Zooplankton Sampling - Marc Ringuette

The zooplankton sampling is part of an ongoing program, the aim of which 
is to investigate the distribution, abundance, and life history of the 
major zooplankton groups found in the Labrador Sea and its associated 
shelf systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the copepod species of the 
Calanus genus, which dominate the zooplankton in this region.

We occupied a total of 58 stations, where we performed a grand total of 97 
fishing activities. Vertical net tows were taken on the way out at HL2, at 
2 stations in transit to the L3 line, at 30 stations on the L3 line, at 11 
stations on the Northern Line and at 10 stations on the extended Halifax 
Line. At all stations, tows were made from 100 meters to the surface using 
a ring net of 75 cm in diameter and 200 µm mesh size, except on the 
Halifax Line where tows were from 1000 m or bottom. An additional tow was 
made using a using a 30 cm, 76 µm mesh ring net at 43 stations. See Table 
A.4.2.1 for details.


Figure A.4.2.1: HUD2011009 ring net tow (pink-filled circles) and 
                multi-net tow (yellow-filled diamonds) locations.


c.  Egg Production rates (EPr) of Calanusfinmarchicus in the Labrador Sea 
    - Marc Ringuette

EPr was measured at 18 different stations the primary goal being to 
measure the secondary production of the predominant copepod species of the 
Labrador Sea. Egg production rate has been monitored for 24 hour to 
estimate the egg production they would have in-situ on a daily basis.

Hatching success measurements were done at stations L3_02, L3_04 and 
L3_07. Water temperature was low (below 0°C) and the egg production was 
relatively high; therefore I thought it would be appropriate to make these 
measurements in order to more accurately adjust our estimate of the 
reproductive output.


d.  Depth Distribution of Calanusfinmarchicus in the Slope Water off the 
    Scotian Shelf - Marc Ringuette

The vertical depth distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in the Slope Water 
off the Scotian Shelf was investigated. At six stations, HL_08, HL_09, 
HL_10, HL_11, HL_12 and HL_14, five depth strata (1000-800, 800-600, 
600-400, 400-200, 200-0 meters) were sampled using a square 0.5 x 0.5 m 
multi-net fitted with five 200 µm mesh nets. See Table A.4.2.l below. 
Battery pack died on us, so we weren't able to bring back any samples from 
the Multinet cast done at HL_13.

Also note that the wire on that winch will need to be replaced properly on 
the drum. The connection at the drum also needs to be redone because of 
corrosion that may cause problems at sea in upcoming cruises. The biggest 
problem we encountered was with the spooling device because it did not 
direct the cable in an appropriate manner. This resulted in cancelling the 
cast at station 7 and manually respooling the wire to retrieve the 
Multinet. This particular problem should be address before to let go this 
winch on another cruise.


Table A.4.2.1: Net tows performed and experiments on HUD2011009.

                                        Ring Net
Station              Date   Multi-net  200µm  76µm   EPr
------------------  ------  ---------  -----  ----   ---
HL_02                6 May               X      X
Biological cast #1   9 May               X            X
Biological cast #2  10 May               X            X
L3_08               11 May               X      X     X
L3_08.5                                  X      X
L3_09                                    X      X     X
L3_l0                                    X      X
L3_ll               12 May               X      X     X
L3_12                                    X      X     X
L3_13                                    X      X
L3_14               13 May                      X     X
L3_15                                    X      X     X
L3_16                                    X      X
L3_17               14 May               X      X     X
L3_18                                    X      X
L3_19               15 May               X      X     X
L3_20                                    X      X     X
L3_21                                    X      X
L3_22               16 May                      X     X
L3_23                                    X      X     X
L3_28                                    X      X     X
L3_27                                    X      X
L3_26                                    X      X
L3_25               17 May               X      X     X
L3_24                                    X      X
A_04                18 May                      X     X
A_05                                     X      X
A_06                                     X      X
A/B_07              19 May                      X     X
B_08                                     X      X     X
B_09                                     X      X
B/C_b                                    X      X
C_l1                20 May               X      X
C_12                                     X      X     X
C_13                                     X      X
C_14                                     X      X
L3_07               21 May               X      X     X
L3_06                                    X      X
L3_05                                    X      X
L3_04                                    X      X     X
L3_03                                    X      X
L3_02                                    X      X     X
L3_01                                    X      X
L3_00               22 May               X      X
HL_14               25 May      X
HL_13                                    X
HL_12                           X
HL_ll               26 May      X
HL-10                           X
HL-09                           X
HL-08                           X
HL_07               27 May               X
HL_06.5                                  X
HL_06                                    X
HL_05                                    X
HL_05.5                                  X
HL_04                                    X
HL_03                                    X
HL_02                                    X      X


e.  Primary Production Measurements - JeffAnning

Water samples for photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) experiments were 
collected from the rosette at 14 stations. For each incubation 
experiment, 33 aliquots were inoculated with 14C labelled sodium 
bicarbonate and then incubated at in situ temperatures at 30 light 
levels (+ 3 dark bottles) for approximately 3 hours. At the end of the 
incubation period the cells were harvested onto GF/F glass fibre filters 
for later counting in a scintillation counter. Duplicate chlorophyll, 
duplicate particulate organic carbon, one HPLC, and one absorption 
spectra sample were collected for each incubation experiment.


Table A.4.2.3: Photosynthesis/Irradiance incubations were conducted at the 
               above stations.

Station       Event   Lat.    Long.     Date        Time     Depth    ID
------------- -----  ------  -------  ----------  ---------- -----  ------
Bio_l/LF_03.5   13   44.825  -56.130  08/05/2011  "17:12:41"   29   378073 
                13   44.825  -56.130  08/05/2011  "17:14:55"    3   378077
Bio_2           16   46.987  -52.691  09/05/2011  "12:00:26"   30   378086
                16   46.9867 -52.691  09/05/2011  "12:01:44"   10   378090
Bio_3           19   51.429  -53.307  10/05/2011  "12:35:53"   31   378101
                19   51.429  -53.307  10/05/2011  "12:37:50"    3   378106
Bio_4/L3_11.5   41   55.519  -53.724  12/05/2011  "13:05:23"   30   378208
                41   55.519  -53.724  12/05/2011  "13:07:24"    2   378211
L3_14           69   56.549  -52.662  13/05/2011  "10:57:26"    3   378270
L3_19          144   58.640  -50.417  15/05/2011  "06:30:22"   30   378399
               144   58.640  -50.417  15/05/2011  "06:32:42"    2   378402
L3_23          183   59.981  -48.901  16/05/2011  "07:43:17"   30   378506
               183   59.981  -48.901  16/05/2011  "07:46:01"    3   378509
L3_23.5        211   60.079  -48.787  17/05/2011  "14:56:23"   30   378611
               211   60.079  -48.787  17/05/2011  "15:00:18"    2   378617
A_03           216   62.040  -51.029  18/05/2011  "10:45:35"   30   378656
               216   62.040  -51.029  18/05/2011  "10:47:47"    5   378660
A/B_08         245   60.787  -52.431  19/05/2011  "10:58:58"   28   378753
               245   60.787  -52.431  19/05/2011  "11:01:01"    3   378756
C_12           283   58.450  -53.597  20/05/2011  "10:35:54"    3   378839
L3_07          320   54.960  -54.295  20/05/2011  "10:11:48"   30   378890
               320   54.960  -54.295  21/05/2011  "10:13:39"    2   378893
HL_13          348   41.044  -60.444  25/05/2011  "11:54:40"   31   379038
               348   41.044  -60.444  25/05/2011  "11:56:54"    3   379041
HL_10          356   42.040  -61.067  26/05/2011  "08:41:54"   30   379121
               356   42.040  -61.067  26/05/2011  "08:43:55"    2   379124




5.  Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved

There were none to report.




6.  Other Incidents of Note

There were none to report.




7. List of Cruise Participants

Name                  Responsibility                     Affiliation
--------------------  ---------------------------------  -----------
Anning, Jeffrey       Biological                         ERD, BIO
Anstey, Carol         Nutrients                          ERD, BIO
Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko  Scientist, Carbonate, Alkalinity,  OSD, BIO
                      O-18, pH
Boyce, Richard        Technical Operations Head, Salts,  OSD, BIO
                      Moorings
Brittain, Derek       Winch Room, LADCP, VADCP           OSD, BIO
Brownell, Darlene     CFC-12, SF6, pH                    OSD, BIO
Dimerov, Entcho       Computer Room, XBTs                MUN
Geshelin, Yuri        Oxygens                            OSD, BIO
Giesbrecht, Karina    Inert Gas Sampling, Oxygens        UVIC
Greenan, Blair        Scientist, Computer Room           OSD, BIO
Jackson, Jeffrey      Data management, Computer Room     OSD, BIO
Kavanah, Mark         Computer Room, XBTs                MTJN
Nelson, Richard       Carbonate, Alkalinity, pH          ERD, BIO
Perry, Timothy        Biological, Net Tows               ERD, BIO
Punshon, Stephen      CFC-12, SF6, pH                    OSD, BIO
Ringuette, Marc       Biological, Net Tows               ERD, BIO
Ryan, Robert          CTD Tech., Winch Room              OSD, BIO
Yashayaev, Igor       Chief Scientist, Computer Room,    OSD, BIO
                      XBTs


BIO   Bedford Institute of Oceanography
      PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, B2Y 2A4

ERD   Ecosystem Research Division

MUN   Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland
      PO Box 4920 St. John's, NL Canada A1C 5R3

UVIC  University of Victoria
      PO Box 1700 STN CSC
      Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, CANADA

OSD   Ocean Sciences Division





B.  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS


1.  Navigation and Bathymetry

The navigation system onboard CCGS Hudson consists of one differential GPS 
receiver and navigation software. The receiver is one of many NMEA feeds 
into a multiplexer that provides all the NMEA strings to a PC on the 
bridge. The PC running the navigation software, then rebroadcasts the NMEA 
strings to distribution units in the computer room, which provide many 
output lines for the working labs. The resulting broadcast navigation 
strings are 1 Hz. The navigation data are then logged at specified 
intervals on a PC. For this cruise the navigation was logged approximately 
every second.

AGCNAV is a PC-based display and waypoint setting software package, 
developed at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre at BIO. This software 
graphically displays ship position, waypoints, course, speed, etc. to the 
various science working areas. This has been the standard software package 
for years now. It was used on this mission to view the ship's position but 
it was not used to log the navigation data.

The navigation data was logged using the Geological Survey of Canada's 
(GSC) Survey Suite navigational software. This is a Microsoft Windows 
application package which grabs every NMEA string broadcast over the 
network. It adds a date/time stamp to every data record acquired. It is 
much easier to configure and operate than AGCNAV. The only negative 
observation is that it does not have a waypoint viewer.

The echo sounder system used for collecting bathymetric data at station 
locations consisted of a 12 KHz Raytheon PTR echo sounder that created an 
analog trace on a Raytheon Line Scan Recorder located in the forward 
laboratory. The transducer beam width is 15 degrees. The sweep rate of the 
recorder was adjusted throughout the course of data collection to aid in 
identifying the bottom signal. One transducer is positioned on a Ram that 
can be lowered or raised depending on conditions. When the ram is up, the 
waterline to transducer offset is 6 m. When the ram is down, the offset is 
8 m.




2. Vessel Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Ocean Surveyor II vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler system 
consists of a 75 kHz phased array transducer assembly mounted in a well in 
the ship's hull. The deck unit and computer are located in the forward 
lab.

The transducer assembly is mounted on a ram penetrating the ships hull 
that can be lowered if necessary. Transducer remained in the retracted 
position for the duration of the cruise. It was determined during sea 
acceptance testing that lowering the transducer did not effect the 
operation of the system. The transducer is located approximately 6m below 
the waterline.

The system is capable of collecting bottom track data to 1000m and 
profile data to 650m. Setup includes 100-8m bins. The Ocean Surveyor was 
set to operate in the narrow band single ping mode with 3 sec ensemble 
time. Position, heading, pitch and roll data is provided by the ADU5 
attitude determination unit at a 1 Hz rate. Ships gyro heading data is 
connected directly to the OSII deck unit. The Ocean Surveyor also 
includes a temperature sensor for sound speed calculations.

WinADCP software package used monitor profile data in real time. WinADCP 
is set to display times series of short-term averaged profile and 
attitude data. VmDas Software package used to deploy OSII and log raw 
data, VmDas option files, intermediate and processed files. Data back-up 
on external hard-drive. Data back-up includes only raw data and VmDas 
option files.

All NMEA strings are logged during data collection. The gyro heading is 
included in the raw data. Raw data is processed in real time for a short 
term average of 30sec and a long term average of 300sec.

Data will have to be reprocessed using gyro heading during periods with 
low quality or no attitude solution. Raw data can be reprocessed using 
VmDas.

Significant increase in noise floor caused by bow thrusters while on 
station, during high sea states, or during travel at speeds in excess of 
12 knots. Increase in noise floor results in significant decrease in data 
quality and reduction in profile range.




3.  Continuous Flow Multisensor Package (CFMP)

Water from approximately 4m was continuously pumped to the forward lab. 
The temperature, conductivity and fluorescence were measured and logged 
every 15 sec. The temperature and conductivity were measured with 
Sea-Bird Thermosalinograpgh and the fluorescence by a Wetlabs flow 
through fluorometer. Incident Photosynthetically Active Radiation was 
measured with a Li-Cor Spherical Quantum Sensor and this data was 
collected as hourly means. Exact time and positions were provided by the 
ships GPS and logged with the other data.




4.  XBT measurements and high-resolution mapping of the thermal 
    structure of the upper layer

Expendable Bathythermographs were routinely deployed during the HUD2011009 
mission. See Fig. B.4.1 for a map with the XBT drops indicated. We 
used three different models of XBTs: Sparton T5, Sippican T7 and Sippican 
T10. T5s are capable of measuring to maximum depths of 1900m at the 
cruising speed of 6 knots, T7s record temperature to 800m at the cruising 
speed 15 knots and T10s to 200m. The vertical resolution of the 
measurements was about 0.6-0.8m. There were 24 T5, 45 T7 and 27 T10 XBTs 
launched during the cruise (Table A.2.1 lists the operation numbers when 
these were deployed).



Figure B.4.1: XBT sites (indicated by yellow crosses) during HUD2011009.




5.  Ashtec ADU5 Attitude Determination Unit

4-antenna receiver configuration uses differential carrier phase 
measurements to compute heading, roll, and pitch in real-time at a 5-Hz 
update rate.

Position and velocities are computed only for Antenna 1. The remaining 
antennas provide carrier phase data for attitude determination. Antenna 1 
is a Beacon antenna providing differential position when in range of a 
base station. Beacon corrections were available for all but the most north 
- east portion of the cruise.

Antenna separations in a normal multipath environment determine the level 
of solution accuracy. Fore - aft antenna separation is 3m provides 
potential heading accuracy of 0.2 degrees. Port - starboard antenna 
separation of 1 m provides potential pitch/roll accuracy of 0.6 degrees.

When the receiver is searching for the ambiguities, or when a valid 
solution has not been found code phase estimate of heading appears in the 
PASHR, AT2 string and pitch and roll are displayed as exactly 0.00. 
Heading may also be displayed as 0.00 if no estimate is available. The 
PASHR, AT2 string contains a quality flag which indicated the quality of 
the solution. When either of these situations exist, the attitude reset 
flag is set to 1 in the attitude output message (a 0 for the attitude 
reset flag indicates a good attitude solution).

If noisy or bad satellite measurement data was received by the ADU5 the 
Kalman filters sometimes get lost. This results in no valid solution. 
This often is the result of high multipath interference. BRMS and MRMS 
fields in the PASHR, AT2 string will exceed maximum noise levels, and the 
PDOP will become large. For a good solution PDOP should be less than 6.

Solution quality was monitored on a daily basis with the aid of the 
Teledyne RDI VMDAS and WinADCP software packages used to log and 
monitor the OSII ADCP current profile data.




6.  Meteorological observations

The officer of the watch manually logged meteorological variables at 
regular intervals. Negotiations are ongoing with the Meteorological 
Service of Canada to install an automated weather reporting system on 
Hudson.




7.  Atmospheric Chemistry

There was no atmospheric chemistry program.





C.  HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS - DESCRIPTIONS, TECHNIQUES AND 
    CALIBRATIONS


1.  Salinity

Analyzed by Richard Boyce

a.  Description of Equipment and Technique

About 785 salinity samples were analyzed using a Guildline Autosal 8400B 
salinometer, serial number 69780. Samples were drawn into 200 ml bottles. 
Once the sample bottle was rinsed three times and filled to the shoulder, 
the neck and threads of the bottle were dried using paper towel and a new 
dry cap was installed. Once the bottles reached room temperature, the caps 
should be retightened. The drying of the neck of the bottle and installing 
a dry cap has been a technique used since the HUD2000009 cruise and 
prevents salt crystals from forming under the cap if samples are left for 
a long period of time before analysis.

The samples are placed into a constant temperature water bath set to 
23.5°C with the Autosal running at 24°C. The cell of the salinometer 
was filled and rinsed three times with sample water. A fourth sample was 
introduced into the cell and readings were averaged over a 10 to 15 
second interval until the operator was satisfied that the correct value 
was attained. If there was any doubt in this value, subsequent refills 
were performed and readings averaged as above. Once satisfied, a sample 
ID number and Conductivity Ratio was recorded onto the Salinity Log 
Sheet. Periodically, the room temperature was recorded constantly.

b. Data Processing Technique

Conductivity ratios, sample ID's and standards were entered into the ODIN 
database. Conductivity ratios were used to compute salinities using the 
water sample conductivity ratio and the standard IAPSO formula applied in 
an ODIN module. Any changes in the salinometer readings between successive 
standardizations were assumed to have occurred as a linear drift of the 
instrument. Thus, the program applied a correction to the ratios, which 
varied linearly with the samples analyzed. An offset was also applied if 
the initial standardization was different from the quoted value given on 
the ampoule label. The computed salinity data was then placed in the water 
sample database.

c. Laboratory and Sample Temperatures

Full cases of samples were taken from the Winch Room to the Drawing 
Office. Cases of 24 salinity bottles were placed into water baths set at 
23.5°C and allowed to equilibrate before analyzing. During this 
particular Mission, the room temperature in this area ranged remained 
quite stable hovering near 24°C. The Autosal bath temperature was set to 
23.5°C for all samples.

d. Standards Used

The salinometer was standardized during the mission using IAPSO standard 
water, Batch P151 dated May 20/12 having a Kl5 value of 0.99997, salinity 
of 34.999. Starting at ID# 378759, the standard changed to P152 dated May 
5/13 having a KI5 value of 0.99981, salinity of 34.993. Typically, 
standardization checks were performed at the beginning and end of a run.

e. Performance of the Autosal salinometer

Overall, the Autosal salinometer worked well during the mission. There was 
some drift in the standards over the cruise period. The introduction of 
water baths to bring the samples close to the temperature of the Autosal 
bath has made the analysis much better. The instrument spends very little 
time in bringing the sample to the temperature of the bath thus reducing 
bath fluctuations. The lab temperature was stable during all runs which is 
an important factor when trying to optimize the performance of the 
instrument. Historically the Autosal was setup in the General Purpose (GP) 
lab onboard Hudson. Air temperature was difficult to control in this area. 
For this mission the Autosal was installed in the Drawing Office where the 
operator could control the ambient air temperature much better than in the 
GP lab.




2.  Measuring Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and calibration of Sea-
    Bird oxygen primary sensor on the Hudson 2011-009 mission

Analyzed by Yuri Geshelin


1.  Introduction

In the spring of 2011, the CCGS Hudson carried out one field mission: 
2011-009 (6-28 May 2011), which included the annual occupation of the AR7W 
/ L3 line across the Labrador Sea. Samples and standard measurements of 
dissolved oxygen (DO) were taken at various depths as part of the cruise 
program with the use of titration methods and by means of Sea-Bird DO 
primary and secondary sensors. During the mission calibrations of both 
sensors were made taking into account the experience gained on previous 
missions (2010-009, 2010-014 and 2010-049). The original intention was to 
carry out the intercomparisons between the two Winkler methods of 
titration: with the use of old (Scripps) system and the new one 
(colorimeter, developed at the Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Quebec, 
hereafter referred to as BOB). However, the lack of reagents prevented us 
from achieving this goal. Therefore, this report covers only the 
measurements taken with the use of BOB.

This note describes the methods of collecting samples, data acquisition 
and processing and presents some preliminary results of the expedition in 
the form of quantitative estimates.


2. Procedures and methods

Oxygen sub-samples were drawn from 10L bottles attached to a 24-bottle 
Rosette Sampler. To reduce air contamination of the samples to a possible 
minimum, the sampling was done immediately after chlorofluorocarbon 
(CFC-12 / SF-6) sampling. On most oceanographic stations, replicate 
samples were collected at least at one depth. Normally, these depths were 
chosen to be at the minima and maxima of the DO vertical profile as 
determined from the CTD cast in the computer room. This strategy ensues 
from the calibration purpose: we strived for the maximum range of the 
calibration curve. Bottom (i.e. the deepest observation) is another 
characteristic point on the oxygen vertical profile, where, in most cases, 
duplicate samples were taken.

The oxygen sampling bottles were 125 mL Iodine flasks with matched custom 
ground stoppers. The volumes of flasks with the corresponding stoppers 
were predetermined gravimetrically, and volume data were saved to 
titration programs prior to the mission. The matched flasks and stoppers 
are etched with identification numbers.

Each oxygen sub-sample was drawn through a silicone tube attached to the 
spigot of the Rosette bottle. The flask and stopper were thoroughly 
rinsed. The flow was then allowed to continue until two to three flask 
volumes overflowed. The sampling tube was slowly removed with continuous 
low flow to ensure that no air was trapped in the flask and the volume 
kept to the brim until the stopper was added.

Samples were immediately oxidized with the addition of 1.0 mL each 
Alkaline Iodide and Manganous Chloride. The tip of the spout was submerged 
under the surface of the sample during this procedure. The flask stopper 
was carefully inserted to avoid introducing air. The flask was then shaken 
and turned upside down several times.

The samples were stored immediately after collection for at least 1 hour 
in a dark place at room temperature.




3.  Replicate analysis

As mentioned, replicate samples were collected at least at some depths. 
Normally, two samples (duplicates) were taken; on some occasions, more 
samples were taken. Figure C.3.1 below presents the histograms of the 
difference between the DO concentrations sampled at the same depth and 
determined by Winkler method. For the sake of comparison, the same 
histogram from the HUD2010049 mission is shown. As seen from the figure, 
on both missions, most of the differences fall within the 0 - 0.03 milL 
range. However, the figure suggests that the measurements taken on the 
HUD20 10049 mission were more accurate (the higher peak at the 0 - 0.01 
ml/L range).


Figure C.3.1: Histograms of differences between the DO concentrations 
              sampled at the same depth (Winkler titration).




4.  Sea-Bird - Winkler comparisons

The ultimate goal of the inter-comparisons between SeaBird and Winkler is 
to perform the calibration of SeaBird, because the chemical method should 
provide more accurate values. The comparisons were carried out for both 
primary and secondary sensors. The total of 968 data points are employed 
in the analysis, and the results of the comparisons are presented as 
scatter plots of Sea-Bird versus (vs) Winkler DO concentration in figures 
C.3.2 and C.3.3 below. On each of these figures, the left panel presents 
the scatter plot of the two concentrations. Plotted on the right panel is 
the relationship between the difference between the two concentrations and 
pressure. This was done to ensure that that difference is not dependent on 
pressure(1).

While the correlation coefficients between SeaBird-Winkler differences and 
pressure are close to zero (which suggests the absence of the relation 
between these properties), careful investigation of Figure 3 reveals that 
there is still some correlation between them in the 0 - 3000 Db range 
(secondary sensor only).


Figure C.3.2: Scatter plot of Primary SeaBird sensor vs Winkler DO 
              concentrations (left panel) and SeaBird-Winkler difference vs 
              pressure (right panel).

Figure C.3.3: Scatter plot of Secondary SeaBird sensor vs Winkler DO 
              concentrations (left panel) and SeaBird-Winkler 
              difference vs pressure (right panel).


Overall, despite some obvious spikes whose reason is yet to be found, the 
SeaBird -Winkler correlation is encouragingly high: R = 0.93 and 0.94 for 
the primary and secondary sensors.




5.  Conclusions

We have summarized the procedures for and results of sampling, 
measuring and calibrating the DO concentrations on the Hudson mission 
in the spring of 2011. Table C.3.l summarizes the SeaBird - Winkler 
correlation coefficients derived on 3 missions and indicate some 
improvement in our sampling and titration techniques over the last 
year.

_____________________________

(1) Such unwanted dependence took place on the 2010-014 and 2010-049 
missions.





Table C.3.1: Correlation coefficients between Winkler and SeaBird derived 
             values of DO concentration.

        Mission   Primary SeaBird sensor  Secondary SeaBird sensor
        --------  ----------------------  ------------------------
        2010-014           0.46                      N/A
        2010-049           0.97                      0.87
        2011-009           0.93                      0.94




3.  Nutrients

Analyzed by Carol Anstey

a.  Description of Equipment and Technique

Samples were analyzed for silicate, phosphate, nitrate (nitrate plus 
nitrite), nitrite and ammonia using a Technicon Autoanalyzer II. The 
methods were standard Technicon for Seawater Analysis (Silicate 186-72W, 
Phosphate 155-71W, Nitrate/Nitrite 158-71W), except for ammonia. Ammonia 
was determined by a method developed by R. Kerouel and A. Aminot; 
'Fluorometric determination of ammonia in sea and estuarine waters by 
direct segmented flow analysis.' Marine Chemistry 57 (1997) 265-275. The 
phosphate method has been modified by separating the Ascorbic Acid (4.0 
gm/l) from the Mixed Reagent. The modified Mixed Reagent instead of sample 
water was introduced at the start of the sample stream (0.23 ml/min.) and 
the Ascorbic Acid was introduced separately between the two mixing coils 
(0.32 ml/min.) (Strain and Clement, 1996).

b.  Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique

Duplicate nutrient samples were drawn into 30 ml HDPE (Nalgene) wide mouth 
sample bottles from the 10 L Rosette bottles. The sample bottles were 
pre-washed in 10% HCL, rinsed three times with NANOPure ultra-pure water 
and oven dried at >100 Degrees F.

A sample run included six Calibration Standards, analyzed in duplicate, at 
the beginning and end of each shift's analysis. The standards, wash water 
and blanks for phosphate, silicate and nitrate/nitrite were made up in 33 
ppt NaCl (Sigma, ACS Reagent); for ammonia, NANOPure water only. The 
second most concentrated Calibration Standard was used as a Check Standard 
every 16 samples, followed by blanks as a baseline check. The quality of 
analysis was checked by analyzing an Intercalibration Reference Material 
MOOS-2 for nutrients produced by NRC, Ottawa. There was no existing 
ammonia Reference Material. Instead, a 2.0 µM Standard was prepared, 
stored refrigerated in 30 mL acid washed glass bottles and a fresh bottle 
was analyzed daily to get an indication of analysis performance.

The raw analog data was converted to digital data, processed and 
concentrations calculated using Michaelis-Menton Regression, including 
statistics, by an in-house Pascal 7.0 program (AAII) on a PC. This year 
the relevant programs for editing and calculating of raw nutrient data 
files could be uploaded to a common GP lab computer, provided mainly for 
producing QAT files. This solved the problem of calculating and editing 
data so it could be reported "real time"on board. However some data had to 
be brought back for a second editing and final calculations. Chart 
recordings, hard copy and disk copies of the data were archived.

c.  Shipboard Analysis

Total number of duplicate samples analyzed for AR7W Labrador Sea 
HUD2011009: 2206. This total includes samples collected on the Orphan 
Basin which was not given a separate cruise number this year. Samples were 
analyzed as soon as possible after collection. Any samples collected off 
watch were kept refrigerated (4°C) and analyzed within eight hours of 
collection.

Again this year, all 5 nutrients were analyzed at sea: nitrate/nitrite, 
silicate, phosphate, ammonia and nitrite. A new water purification system 
had been purchased: Barnstead NANOPure, in hopes that it could be used at 
sea. Ship RO water was still not clean enough to purify for analysis use. 
Instead 440 litres of lab produced NANOpure water was brought on board in 
acid washed 20 litre carboys. This water was purified on board again just 
before making up all reagents, including the 33% NaC1 wash water. The 
problems noted on earlier cruises with contamination of wash waters and 
reagents, severe drifts in baselines and high blanks, especially of 
phosphate and ammonia, likely caused by long term storage of Alpha-Q 
water, seemed very much improved. The new Barnstead system was easily used 
and maintained on board. Analyses were pretty much trouble free through 
out the cruise. On May 11th an I/O Board Error occurred where the data did 
not save to a voltage file. This day's data was calculated from peak 
heights manually measured from the chart recordings; except nitrite was 
lost as no chart recordings were produced: the last Kipp&Zonen strip chart 
recorder broke down. Rough seas on May 12th did cause problems with air 
constantly being pulled into the phosphate flowcell. Extensive data 
editing on the voltage file had to be done before data could be reported 
and some phosphate data was lost.

The ammonia system air supply and reagent bottle were both fitted with a 
homemade gas trap consisting of a 10cc syringe filled with Sicacide® 
(sulphuric acid coated molecular sieve) to scrub ammonia from the air. The 
wash water and reagent was made up with freshly purified NANOPure water as 
in the lab. There was no increase in baseline or check standards 
throughout run and fluorometer settings for gain or sensitivity did not 
change from normal lab settings. This would indicate that neither the 
mixed reagent nor the wash water picked up ammonia contamination from 
shipboard air. A prepared "C" standard of 2.000 µM ammonia standard 
solution was stored at 4°C in acid washed 30 mL glass bottles. This was 
run each day as a "reference material". Results remained stable throughout 
the cruise: 1.984±0.114. Data for sample runs were excellent: stable 
baselines and very good calibration RMS - 'fit to curve'. A separate set 
of duplicate samples were taken from random stations to be analyzed in the 
lab for ammonia at a later date as a comparison between fresh and frozen 
samples.

A few problems with sample collection came up during the cruise: 
mislabelling, taking samples from the wrong Niskin and forgetting to fire 
the bottle. One severe case involved samples 378320 to 378342. Two sets of 
duplicates were taken for this station. One to be frozen and analyzed back 
at the lab for comparison and one analyzed fresh. Several of the fresh set 
samples were mislabelled with ID numbers that were not used according to 
the QAT file, unlabelled or double labelled with 4 samples having the same 
number. In this case both the fresh samples and the frozen (4 hours in 
freezer) were analyzed and the data reported. The set of frozen samples 
appeared to be labelled correctly. These problems seemed to occur on the 
day shift when inexperienced students were running the CTD and sampling.

The lab temperatures remained cooler than previous years as CFCs were not 
analyzed (no excessive heat from the GC ovens). Plus nutrient analysis was 
run at night when the ambient temperatures were cooler in the GP Lab 
preventing degassing of molybdate reagents and build-up of precipitate in 
the nitrate colour reagent line.

An Intercalibration Reference Material MOOS-2, produced by NRC, Ottawa was 
used as a daily check for data quality, except for Ammonia where the 
in-house calibration standard was used. As seen in the summary of QC/QA 
MOOS-2 data, results were much more within accepted values than last year 
probably due to the freshly purified water. Only a few Phosphate results 
were slightly out of range and Nitrate/Nitrite seemed to pick up a little 
contamination towards the second half of the cruise.


QC/QA
           SILICATE    PHOSPHATE     NITRATE     NITRITE   AMMONIA
              µM           µM           µM          µM       µM
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Accepted  28.8+/-1.0  1.58+/-0.10  24.9+/-1.0  3.31+/-0.18  2.000
 Values    
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
 May-09   27.66       1.564         25.39       3.40         none
          27.69       1.564         24.78       3.32
 May-10   27.71       1.513         24.62       3.36         none
          27.66       1.511         24.84       3.30
 May-11   27.91       1.530         24.83       lost data    1.824
          27.84       1.532         24.84       lost data    1.941
 May-12   28.07       1.738         24.48       3.36         1.745
          27.89       1.671         24.38       3.30         1.838
 May-13   28.03       1.671         24.95       3.48         2.074
          28.41       1.720         24.94       3.46         2.016
 May-14   MOOS-2 no data                                     1.760
                                                             1.894
 May-15   27.70       1.605         25.19       3.43         2.037
          27.67       1.613         25.29       3.40         2.142
 May-16   27.70       1.747         25.97       3.57         1.829
          27.60       1.746         26.11       3.55         2.020
 May-17   27.82       1.736         25.05       3.81         1.981
          27.96       1.578         25.04       3.70         2.029
 May-18   27.90       1.622         24.82       3.49         2.078
          28.67       1.536         25.10       3.43         2.032
 May-19   28.07       1.571         24.69       3.51         2.010
          27.77       1.582         24.81       3.59         1.941
 May-20   27.79       1.562         24.83       3.60         1.992
          27.94       1.580         25.09       3.56         1.993
 May-21   27.93       1.519         24.84       3.72         1.979
          28.08       1.519         25.35       3.82         2.097
 May-24   27.52       1.458         26.37       3.85         2.285
          27.58       1.450         26.05       3.83         2.005
 May-25   27.78       1.464         25.98       3.81         2.120
          28.06       1.458         26.29       3.78         2.057
 May-26   28.03       1.519         27.50       3.95         1.934
          27.94       1.474         27.21       3.95         1.960
 May-27   28.01       1.704         28.39       3.96         1.964
          27.72       1.569         28.36       3.95         1.944


RMS offset from the predicted calibration curve is a measure of how 
acceptable the calibration was for a specific analysis run. There is 
no firm cut-off for 'good' or 'bad' data. The data quality 
parameters, determined with check standards and RMS offset from the 
calibration curve, came well within accepted values. The following 
table lists acceptable limits for RMS fit determined by averaging 34 
runs of data deemed to be acceptable by peak shape, stability of the 
baseline and precision between duplicates.

RMS Offset from Curve:

                     SILICATE  PHOSPHATE  NITRATE  AMMONIA
                     --------  ---------  -------  -------
Mean (µM) (n=34)      0.115      0.042     0.089    0.080
Std. Deviation (µM)   0.115      0.020     0.043    0.032
Maximum (µM)          0.695      0.111     0.271    0.132
Cruise Average:
HUD2011009(n=21)      0.069      0.013     0.069    0.114
Std. Deviation (µM)   0.045      0.007     0.039    0.055


The nutrient detection limits are an average of all analytical runs from 
both the Orphan Basin and Labrador Sea legs of the cruise.


                  Silicate      Phosphate      Nitrate       Ammonia       Nitrite
                ------------  -------------  -----------  ------------  --------------
Number of           1103          1103          1103          1103          1103
Samples

Number of           2206          2206          2206          2206          2206
Duplicates

Detection Limit  0.17 ± 0.12  0.025 ± 0.004  0.10 ± 0.08  0.095 ± 0.058  0.022 ± 0.013
(µ moles/L)


Analytical Precision: Standard Deviation of Check Standards

           SILICATE  PHOSPHATE  NITRATE  NITRITE  AMMONIA
           --------  ---------  -------  -------  -------
            0.161      0.048     0.165    0.022    0.155
            0.114      0.018     0.077    0.016    0.055
            0.170      0.345     0.193    0.033    0.093
            0.245      0.032     0.163    No data  0.141
            0.473      0.047     0.394    0.027    0.333
            0.285      0.077     0.631    0.024    0.195
            0.251      No data   0.207    0.019    0.182
            No data    No data   No data  0.027    0.113
            0.212      0.025     0.234    0.033    0.150
            0.240      0.041     0.225    0.022    0.110
            0.270      0.012     0.082    0.028    0.159
            0.243      0.019     0.163    0.022    0.166
            0.032      0.017     0.023    0.040    0.104
            0.193      0.043     0.181    0.062    0.225
            0.259      0.025     0.205    0.221    0.476
            0.243      0.030     0.232    0.039    0.115
            0.241      0.038     0.160    0.040    0.095
            0.571      0.041     0.549    0.034    0.081
            0.257      0.196     0.494    0.034    0.117
            0.112      0.030     0.317    0.030    0.140
            0.265      0.023     0.450    0.029    0.163




4.  Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA), and pH in 
    Seawater

DIC/TA/pH analyzed by Kumiko Azetsu-Scott and Richard Nelson 
pH analyzed by Stephen Punshon and Darlene Brownell

Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) 
were collected at standard hydrographic depths at the whole-number 
stations 0-28 on the AR7/W Line, A3 to C14 on the North line and stations 
14 to 2 on the extended Halifax line.

Seawater samples were collected in 500 mL borosilicate glass bottles and 
analyzed for DIC followed by TA typically within 12 hours of collection 
following the methods prescribed in "Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 
Measurements" by Dickson et al. (2007). Water samples from stations 22 
(event #176) on the AR7W were poisoned with 100µl of mercuric chloride to 
stop microbial activity and stored prior to analysis during the transit 
from the AR7W to Halifax line. This preservation procedure was necessary 
due to lack of analysis time between stations. A total of 486 samples for 
AR7W, 150 for the North line and 221 samples for the Halifax Line were 
analyzed.

DIC was determined using gas extraction and coulometric titration with 
photometric endpoint detection (Johnson, et al., 1985). Total alkalinity 
was measured by open-cell potentiometric titration with a five-point method 
(Haraldsson et al., 1997). Bottles of Batch 99 Certified Reference 
Material (CRM) (supplied by Professor Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution 
of Oceanography, San Diego, USA) were analyzed in duplicate every 20 
samples to evaluate accuracy. Samples for pH measurements were collected 
at the same stations and depths as DIC/TA with additional samples taken at 
the biological stations (854 samples in total). pH samples were collected 
in 60 mL amber "Boston Round" glass bottles with poly-seal lined closures 
and poisoned by adding 20 µL of saturated mercuric chloride solution 
within one hour of collection. Samples from AR7W and the North line were 
analyzed during the transit from the North line to the extended Halifax 
line. Samples from the extended Halifax line were stored at room 
temperature for later analysis at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. 
Prior to measurement, sample bottles were placed to a controlled 
temperature bath (25°C). A 10 cm path-length, quartz-faced optical cell 
was filled with a sample and approximately 70 µL of 2.6 mM m-CP (pH not 
adjusted by addition of HCl). The absorbance of three wavelengths, 434, 
578, and 730 nm was measured by the spectrophotometer. CRM (supplied by 
Professor Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 
USA) were run every 30-40 samples to assure the accuracy of measurements.

All instruments worked well. Minor problems included: (1) some old valves 
of SOMMA had to be replaced, (2) a stirrer for TA measurements tended to 
stick and malfunction, and (3) a computer for TA measurements froze once 
in a while.


Figure C.5.1: Preliminary results for DIC from AR7W (top) and the extended 
              Halifax line (bottom) are shown.




5.  SF6/CFC-12

Analyzed by Stephen Punshon and Darlene Brownell

The 2011 Labrador Sea Mission saw the introduction of a new gas 
chromatographic analytical system designed to measure sulphur hexafluoride 
(SF6) and CFC-12. SF6 is an inert atmospheric trace gas arising almost 
entirely from anthropogenic sources. Its tropospheric mixing ratio, 
currently around 7 parts per trillion, has risen rapidly over the last two 
decades making it an extremely useful opportune tracer for recently 
ventilated water masses. However, the relatively low atmospheric abundance 
of SF6 combined with very sparing solubility in water results in surface 
seawater concentrations that are three orders of magnitude lower than for 
CFC-12. Consequently, the analytical method requires a larger sample 
volume than previously used for CFC analysis in order to achieve the 
desired sensitivity. For this first sea-going trial, 12 depths were 
sampled at each deep station on the AR7W and Extended Halifax lines, with 
6 depths being typically selected on the shallow shelf stations.

Method

Seawater samples were drawn directly from Niskin bottles into 250 mL glass 
syringes which were then stored at 2°C in a low-temperature incubator for 
no longer than 12 hours. Immediately before analysis, the samples were 
warmed to around 20°C in a water bath then injected into the purge vessel 
of a custom made purge-and trap system where dissolved gases were stripped 
from the sample in a stream of ultra high purity nitrogen with a flow rate 
of 120 mL per minute. SF6 and CFC-12 were quantitatively retained in a 
trap comprising 30 cm of 1/16" stainless steel tubing packed with 100-120 
mesh Carboxen 1000 held at -70°C. After each 7 minute purge cycle, the 
trap was heated to 180°C with a low voltage electric current and the 
desorbed gases directed to a Varian gas chromatograph equipped with an 
electron-capture detector. SF6 and CFC-12 were separated on a 1 m 
pre-column packed with Porasil B and a 2 m main column packed with 
Molecular Sieve 5A held at 80°C. The sample run-time was 13.5 minutes 
which included ramping the oven temperature to 150°C after the analyte 
peaks had eluted in order to clean the pre-column during back-flushing. 
The chromatographic sample peaks were quantified with Varian Galaxie 
software and the analytical system calibrated at least once each day using 
an air standard supplied by CMDL/NOAA, Boulder, Colorado. Analytical 
precision as determined by repeated standard injections was ± 5% for SF6 
and ± 1% for CFC-12.

Results

A total of 388 water samples from the AR7W and Extended Halifax Line 
were analysed for SF6 and F-12.

Figure C.6.1 below shows representative profiles of dissolved SF6 and 
CFC-12 at Station 19 on the Labrador Sea AR7W line. The influence of 
recently ventilated Denmark Strait Overflow Water is clearly seen in the 
deepest samples of both profiles. Note that the concentrations of CFC-12 
samples are almost exactly 1000 times higher than SF6.


Figure C.6.1: Profiles of dissolved SF6 and CFC-l2 at Station 19, AR7W line


Analytical challenges and problems

A persistent problem encountered during the chromatographic runs was an 
intermittent "hump" in the baseline caused by an unknown slow-moving 
compound, possibly CFC-11. This was controlled by baking the columns for 
10 minutes at 170°C after every 3-4 sample injections. It will be highly 
desirable to eliminate this problem by adjusting factors such as 
back-flush timing, pre-column length, stationary phase, and oven 
temperature. The ultimate goal is to reduce the sample run time to 10 
minutes or less so that more samples can be processed in the time 
available between stations, thus enabling higher resolution profiles. 
Other one-off problems encountered were: 1) The failure, early in the 
cruise, of an ageing mass-flow controller (mfc) delivering the purge gas 
at a rate of 120 mL/min. The spare mfc could only manage 100 mL/min, so 
although the purge time was increased, it will be necessary to re-evaluate 
the extraction efficiency of the less volatile CFC-12 under such 
conditions and apply a correction to the CFC-12 concentrations if 
necessary. 2) Samples were not collected from Station 23 on the AR7W line 
due to deteriorating peak shape and reduced sensitivity. The situation was 
rectified by thermal cleaning of the columns and detector.





CCHDO Data Processing Notes

Date        Person        Data Type     Action          Summary
----------  ------------  ------------  --------------  -------------------
2012-05-30  Jackson, J    SUM           Submitted       to go online

2012-09-17  Staff, CCHDO  SUM           Website Update  Available under 
                                                        'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              18HU20110506_sum.txt

2012-10-11  Staff, CCHDO  BTL           Website Update  Available under 
                                                        'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              AR07W_2011do.pdf
              18HU20110506.exc.csv

2012-10-11  Key, Bob      BTL/CrsRpt    Submitted       to go online 
            1. All of the data labeled NITRAT are actually NO3+NO2. This is 
               noted in the header text, so if the column header is corrected, 
               then the header text should be edited accordingly.
            2. I ran all parameters of each cruise through QC. Many flags have 
               been altered relative to the original submissions. In several 
               cases I went back to the PI and got updates (mostly CTD 
               calibrations).

2012-12-04  Jackson, J    SUM           Submitted       Updated version to go 
                                                        online 

2012-12-06  Staff, CCHDO  SUM           Website Update  Available under 
                                                        'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              18HU20110506_sum.txt

2013-02-06  Berys, C      BTL           Website Update  Exchange, NetCDF, WOCE 
                                                        files online 
            =================================================
            AR07W 2011 18HU20110506 processing notes - BTL
            =================================================
            
            2013-02-05
            
            C Berys
            
            .. contents:: :depth: 2
            
            Submission
            ==========
            
            ==================== ============== ========== ============= ===================
            filename             submitted by   date       data type     id
            ==================== ============== ========== ============= ===================
            18HU20110506.exc.csv Bob Key        2012-10-11 BTL           913
            ==================== ============== ========== ============= ===================
            
            Parameters
            ----------
            
            18HU20110506.exc.csv
            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
            - CTDPRS
            - CTDTMP
            - CTDSAL [1]_
            - SALNTY [1]_
            - CTDOXY [1]_
            - OXYGEN [1]_
            - SILCAT [1]_
            - NO2+NO3 [1]_
            - NITRIT [1]_
            - PHSPHT [1]_
            - NH4 [1]_
            - TCARBN [1]_
            - ALKALI [1]_
            - PH_TOT [1]_
            - PH_TMP
            - THETA
            - BTL_DATE [3]_
            - BTL_TIME [3]_
            
            .. [1] parameter has quality flag column.
            .. [2] parameter only has fill values/no reported measured data.
            .. [3] parameter not included in WOCE bottle file.
            
            Process
            =======
            
            Changes
            -------
            
            18HU20110506.exc.csv
            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
            name changed to 18HU20110506_hy1.csv
            
            - NITRAT changed to NO2+NO3 and removed from nutrients notes
              (Note: file also contains NITRIT)
            
            - NH4_FLAG_W changed from 0 to 9:
            
              station 167,  cast 1, bottles:
                378458, 378459, 378460, 378461, 378462, 378463, 378464, 378465, 378466, 
                378467, 378468, 378469, 378470, 378471, 378472, 378473, 378474

              station 252, cast 1, bottles:
                378763, 378764, 378765, 378766, 378767
            
            - Notes: 
            
              all PH_TOT values received with flag 3 (Questionable measurement) 
            
              see "ammonia" in Cruise Report for NH4 documentation
            
            
            Conversion
            ----------
            
            =========================== ============================== =================================
            file                        converted from                 software
            =========================== ============================== =================================
            18HU20110506_nc_hyd.zip     18HU20110506_hy1.csv           hydro 0.7.1
            18HU20110506hy.txt          18HU20110506_hy1.csv           exchange_to_wocebot.rb (J Fields)
            =========================== ============================== =================================
            
            Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.
            
            Directories
            ===========
            :working directory:
              /data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07w/ar07w_18HU20110506/original/2013.01.14_btl_cberys
            :cruise directory:
              /data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07w/ar07w_18HU20110506/
            
            Updated Files Manifest
            ======================
            - 18HU20110506_hy1.csv
            - 18HU20110506_nc_hyd.zip
            - 18HU20110506hy.txt

2013-11-06  Jackson, J    CrsRpt        Submitted       to go online 

2013-11-12  Kappa, J      CrsRpt        Website Update  PDF online
            I've placed a new PDF version of the cruise report: 18HU20110506_do.pdf
            into the directory: http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07w
            /ar07w_18HU20110506/.

            It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary pages 
            and CCHDO data processing notes, as well as a linked Table of Contents 
            and links to figures, tables and appendices.

2013-11-15  Kappa, J      CrsRpt        Website Update  TXT online
            I've placed a new Txt version of the cruise report: 18HU20110506_do.txt
            into the directory: http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07w
            /ar07w_18HU20110506/.

            It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary pages 
            and CCHDO data processing notes.
