A.   Cruise Narrative: AR01

A.1. Highlights

WHP Cruise Summary Information

                WOCE section designation  AR01
       Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  31RBOACES24N_2
Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation  KITACK LEE* and DAVID S. BITTERMAN**
                                   Dates  1998.JAN.23 - 1998.FEB.24
                                    Ship  Ronald H. Brown
                           Ports of call  Palmas, Canary Islands to 
                                          Miami, Florida
                      Number of stations  130
                                                        27.965° 
   Geographic boundaries of the stations  -79.937 E                 -13.37
                                                        24.4913° 
            Floats and drifters deployed  none
          Moorings deployed or recovered  none
______________________________________________________________________________

                        *KITACK LEE, Assistant Professor 
 School of Environmental Science and Engineering ~ Pohang University of Science 
                                 and Technology
       San 31, Nam-gu, Hyoja-dong  ~ Pohang, 790-784 ~ Republic of Korea 
    TEL: +82-054-279-2285 ~ FAX: +82-054-279-8299 ~ EMAIL: ktl@postech.ac.kr

                              **DAVID S. BITTERMAN
   Physical Oceanography Division ~ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological 
                                  Laboratory
        4301 Rickenbacker Causeway ~ Miami Florida 44149 ~ United States
             TEL: (305) 361-4432 ~ EMAIL: David.Bitterman@noaa.gov


                  ABSTRACTED FROM NOAA DATA REPORT 0AR AOML-41

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 
Miami, Florida
June 2001

NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ocean and Atmospheric Research Laboratories

NOTICE
Mention of a commercial company, or product does not constitute an endorsement 
by NOAA/AOML. Use of information from this publication concerning proprietary 
products or the tests of such products for publicity or advertising purposes is 
not authorized.

ELECTRONIC ACCESS TO DATA LISTED IN THIS REPORT
The data presented in this report is available on the World Wide Web (WWW) at 
the following sites:

  Bottle and CTD data: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/24n98.html
  UWpCO2 data:         http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/1998data.html
  ADCP data:           http://ilikai.soest.hawaii.edu/sadcp/woce.html
  LADCP data:          http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/NODC-About/NODC- 
                              overview.html#services

For further information regarding the data sets contact:
  Ms. Betty E. Huss
  Data Manager, OACES/GCC
  at: U.S. Dept. of Commerce
  NOAA/AOML/OCD
  4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
  Miami, Florida 33149-1026
  Phone: (305) 361-4395
  Email: huss@aoml.noaa.gov


LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Leg 1:
        Function           Name                 Institution
        Chief Scientist    Gregg Thomas         AOML
        pCO2               Dana Greeley         PMEL
        Total Alkalinity   Mary Roche           UM
        M-AERI             Jennifer Hanafin     UM
        M-AERI             Erica Key            UM

Leg 2:
        Function           Name                 Institution
        ---------------------------------------------------
        Chief Scientist    Kitack Lee           AOML/CIMAS
        Co-Chief Scientist David Bitterman      AOML
        CTD                Christiane Fleurant  AOML/CIMAS
        CTD/ET             Douglas Anderson     AOML
        CTD                Kristene McTaggart   PMEL
        Salinity           Gregg Thomas         AOML
        Oxygen/ET          Robert Roddy         AOML
        Oxygen             George Berberian     AOML
        LADCP              Ryan Smith           AOML/CIMAS
        LADCP              Richard Sikorski     UM
        LADCP              Deanna Spindler      UM
        DIC                Marilyn Roberts      PMEL
        DIC                Esa Peltola          AOML/CIMAS
        pCO2               Dana Greeley         PMEL
        pCO2               Hua Chen             AOML
        CFC                David Wisegarver     PMEL
        CFC                Fredrick Menzia      PMEL
        Nutrients          Calvin Mordy         PMEL/JISAO
        Nutrients          Charles Fisher       AOML
        Total Alkalinity   Cindy Moore          UM
        Total Alkalinity   Xiaorong Zhu         UM
        pH                 Jason Joliff         UM
        pH                 Xuewn Liu            UM
        TOC/TN, and TP     Rachel Parsons       BBSR
        TOC/TN, and TP     Amy Richie           BBSR 
        13C/12C            Tania Westby         UW

The Chief Survey Technician aboard the R/V RONALD BROWN for the cruise was 
Jonathan Shannahoff.

Institutional  Abbreviations:

Abbr.  Institution                    Address
----------------------------------------------------------------
AOML   Atlantic Oceanographic and     4301 Rickenbacker Cwy 
         Meteorological Laboratory    Miami, FL 33149-1098
BBSR   Bermuda Biological Station     St. Georges, GE-01 
         for Research                 Bermuda
PMEL   Pacific Marine Environmental   7600 Sand Point Way NE 
         Laboratory                   Seattle, WA 98115-0070
UM     University of Miami            Rosenstiel School of Marine
                                        and Atmospheric Science 
                                      4600 Rickenbacker Cwy 
                                      Miami, FL 33149-1098
CIMAS  Cooperative Institute for 
         Marine & Atmospheric Studies
UW     University of Washington       Box 357940
                                      Seattle, WA 98195-7940
JISAO  Joint Institute for Study of 
         the Atmosphere and Ocean 


CONTENTS

A. Cruise Narrative
  A.1. Highlights
  A.2. Cruise Summary
  A.3. INTRODUCTION. 
  A.4. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA.
B. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS.
  B.1. HYDROGRAPHIC METHODS 
    B.1.1. CTD AND HYDROGRAPHIC OPERATIONS
    B.1.2. NUTRIENT ANALYSIS METHODS
  B.2. CARBON PARAMETERS 
    B.2.1. TOTAL DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC)
    B.2.2. FUGACITY OF CO2 (fCO2).
    B.2.3. TOTAL ALKALINITY (TA)
    B.2.4. pH 
    B.2.5. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON, TOTAL NITROGEN AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
    B.2.6. 13 C/12 C OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON
    B.2.7. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC)
  B.3. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENT METHODS.
C.3.1. UNDERWAY fCO2.
D. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
E. REFERENCES.

FIGURES
1. Cruise track for the Atlantic Ocean AR01 cruise in January and February 1998.
2. All parameters measured vs. depth.
3. The results of the CRM measurements 
4. The results of the DIC duplicates during the course of the cruise. 

TABLES
1. Station locations
2. Results of the certified reference material, CRM 
3. Dissolved inorganic carbon duplicates 
4. Replicate pCO2 analyses 
5. Correction factors applied to raw data based upon carbonate parameters for
   Certified Reference Materials.
6. Replicate dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 analyses 
7. Replicate dissolved CFC-113 and CCL4 analyses 
8. CFC air measurements 
9. CFC air values (interpolated to station locations) 


A.2. Cruise Summary

CHEMICAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS ON A CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE CRUISE 
ALONG 24° N IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WOCE SECTION AR01 DURING JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 
1998

E. Peltola,  K. Lee,     R. Wanninkhof, R. Feely,  M. Roberts,  D. Greeley, 
M. Baringer, G. Johnson, J. Bullister,  C. Mordy,  J.-Z. Zhang, P. Quay, 
F. Millero,  D. Hansell, P. Minnett


ABSTRACT
This document contains data and metadata from a zonal cruise along nominally 
24.5 °N in the Atlantic Ocean from Las Palmas, Canary Islands in Spain to Miami, 
Florida. The cruise took place from January 23 to February 24, 1998 aboard the 
NOAA Ship RONALD H. BROWN under auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration (NOAA). This report presents the analytical and quality control 
procedures performed during the cruise and bottle data from the cruise. The 
research was sponsored by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program under: (i) 
The Ocean- Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES); and (ii) the World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE) repeat hydrography program. Samples were taken 
from up to 36 depths at 130 stations. The data presented in this report includes 
the analyses of water samples for: salinity, nutrients, total dissolved 
inorganic carbon dioxide (DIC), fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2), total 
alkalinity (TA), pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total 
phosphorus (TP), chlorofluorocarbons, and stable carbon isotopic ratio of DIC ( 
13 C/ 12 C). Basic hydrographic parameters, pressure, CTD salinity, temperature 
and the calculated potential temperature, and potential density are included as 
well.

List of Principal Investigators
		
Project                     Name                Institution
-----------------------------------------------------------
CTD/O2, LADCP, ADCP,        Molly Baringer      AOML
  Salinity, Oxygen  
CTD/O2                      Gregory Johnson     PMEL
pCO2                        Richard Wanninkhof  AOML
Total CO2                   Richard Feely       PMEL
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)  John Bullister      PMEL
Nutrients                   Calvin Mordy        PMEL/JISAO
Nutrients                   Jia-Zhong Zhang     NOAA/CIMAS
13C/12C                     Paul Quay           UW
Total Alkalinity, pH        Frank Millero       UM
TOC, TN, and TP             Dennis Hansell      BBSR
M-AERI                      Peter Minnett       UM



A.3. INTRODUCTION

Since the world's oceans have a large capacity to sequester heat and carbon 
dioxide it is imperative that the oceans are studied in a comprehensive fashion 
to elucidate changes in the Earth's climate. An overall goal of the research is 
to observe and model the ocean sufficiently well to understand quantitatively 
how the ocean effects present climate, and how the ocean might change under a 
changing atmosphere. Thus, a long-term objective is to provide reliable 
predictions of climate change and associated regional implications on time 
scales ranging from seasons to centuries. Current predictions are uncertain, in 
part, because of poor understanding of source and sink patterns of greenhouse 
gases like carbon dioxide and the role of the ocean in mitigating or changing 
the timing of regional patterns associated with warmer climate.

This cruise was designed to support research sponsored by the National Oceanic 
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate and Global Change Program under: 
(i) the Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES); and (ii) the World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE) repeat hydrography program. The second leg of the 
cruise was conducted aboard the NOAA Ship RONALD H. BROWN from January 23 to 
February 24, 1998. The OACES objective of the cruise was to determine the fluxes 
of CO2 in the North Atlantic during the winter. A baseline of total carbon 
inventory in this region was established such that the uptake rate of 
atmospheric CO2 can be determined in future cruises. The objective of the WOCE 
(repeat) hydrography component was to understand the general circulation of the 
global ocean well enough to be able to model its present state and predict its 
evolution. The data presented in this report includes: hydrography, nutrients, 
total dissolved inorganic carbon dioxide (DIC), fugacity/partial pressure of 
carbon dioxide (fCO2/pCO2)* , total alkalinity (TA), pH, total organic carbon 
(TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorofluorocarbons, and 
stable carbon isotopic ratio of DIC ( 13 C/ 12 C).

Detailed information of the CTD operations can be found in NOAA Data Report, ERL 
PMEL-68 (McTaggart et al, 1999).


*  The fCO2 takes into account the non-ideality of CO2 gas and is the 
   thermodynamic quantity mostly used in calculations. It is approximately 0.4 
   to 0.6 % lower than the corresponding pCO2. In this report we used the terms 
   interchangeably. However, all reported values are fugacity values.


A.4. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

A total of 130 full water column CTD stations were occupied, complete with water 
samples analyzed for salinity, oxygen and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content. A 
large amount of high quality measurements of all the carbonate parameters 
including underway surface water pCO2 and nutrients were also made.

The majority of the data were collected along 24.5 o N from 23.5 o W to 69 o W. 
Completing the transatlantic section were data collected along a NE-SW dogleg 
off the coast of Africa, and along a second, short, zonal section along 26.5 o N 
off the coast of Abaco Island from 69 o W to 77 o W, jogging north along 27 o N 
in the Straits of Florida to 80 o W. The cruise track and station locations are 
presented in Figure 1 and Table 1. The leg 1 followed this same trackline in the 
opposite direction, deploying XBTs to sample the temperature in the upper 750 m, 
and collecting underway pCO2.


B. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

One hundred and thirty CTD (Conductivity-Temperature- Depth) hydrographic 
stations were occupied to collect discrete water samples and hydrographic data. 
A CTD/Rosette unit with a Seabird-911 CTD instrument equipped with 36, specially 
designed 10-L samples bottles was utilized for these casts. These bottles have 
the same outer dimensions as standard Niskin bottles, but are modified to reduce 
chlorofluorocarbon sample contamination. Water samples were collected for 
salinity, oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbons, 13 C/ 12 C, as well as carbon 
related parameters including total dissolved inorganic CO2 (DIC), discrete 
fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), total alkalinity (TA), pH, total organic carbon (TOC), 
total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) on all casts during the cruise 
using these modified ioNiskinls style bottles. In the data tables the missing 
values are assigned a value of -9.0. The WOCE quality control flags have been 
listed in Appendix A. All the parameters plotted versus depth are shown in 
Figure 2. Detailed information on individual data collection, and analysis 
procedures may be found in the following method sections.


B.1. HYDROGRAPHIC METHODS

B.1.1. CTD AND HYDROGRAPHIC OPERATIONS

Description of Measurement Techniques and Calibrations

CTD AND IN SITU O2 
Depth profiles were obtained with a Seabird 911 plus CTD, deck unit, and 
rosette pylon. The CTD included dual temperature sensors, dual conductivity 
sensors, two Beckman oxygen sensors, one Paroscientific pressure transducer, and 
two pumps to decrease the response time. Thirty-six 10-l "Niskin" bottles were 
mounted on the frame, along with the CTD, pinger, Lowered Acoustic Doppler 
Current Profiler (LADCP), and LADCP external battery pack. The bottles were 
specially designed to reduce chlorofluorocarbon contamination. These bottles 
have the same outer dimensions as standard 10-l "Niskin" bottles, but use a 
modified end-cap design to minimize the contact of the water sample with the 
end-cap O-rings after closing. The O-rings used in these water sample bottles 
were vacuum-baked prior to the first station. Stainless steel springs covered 
with a nylon powder coat were substituted for the internal elastic tubing 
standardly used to close "Niskin" bottles. Seabird software was used to acquire, 
plot, and process the CTD data on PC's. Raw data were stored on VHS tapes, PC 
hard drives, and SyQuest drives.

Typically each cast sampled to within 10 meters of the sea floor as indicated by 
the pinger signal. The CTD/O2 data were processed and calibrated following 
Seabird recommendations (CTD Data Acquisition Software and Technical Notes, Sea-
Bird Electronics, Inc., 1808 - 136th Place NE, Bellevue, Washington 98005). 
Exceptional items are noted below. Details can be found in NOAA Data Report, ERL 
PMEL-68 (McTaggart et al, 1999, p. 37 in this document).

Pre- and post-cruise pressure, temperature, and conductivity sensor calibrations 
were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in Bellevue, Washington. Secondary 
sensor pair T1075 and C1347 were selected for final data reduction for all 
stations.

The oxygen sensor was calibrated by using the pre- and post-cruise laboratory 
calibration. Secondary oxygen data from sensor s/n 353 was retained for stations 
1-32 and 34; primary oxygen data from sensor s/n 381 was retained for stations 
33 and 35-130. Post-cruise calibrations were applied to CTD data associated with 
bottle data using the PMEL program CALBOT. WOCE quality flags were appended to 
bottle data records using the PMEL program FLAG. Quality flags were determined 
by plotting the absolute value of sample residuals versus pressure and selecting 
a cutoff value for bad flags. Values which were 2.8 standard deviations from the 
mean were considered bad. Of the 4313 sample salinities, 0.4% were flagged as 
bad and 3.6% were flagged as questionable. Of the 4130 sample oxygens, 1.2% were 
flagged as bad and 4.9% were flagged as questionable.

MEASUREMENT OF CURRENTS
A hull-mounted RD Instruments 150 kHz narrowband acoustic Doppler current 
profiler (ADCP) operated continuously during the cruise. Velocity data, averaged 
in earth coordinates using gyrocompass heading, were logged in three-minute 
(approximately 180 pings) ensembles using RDI Data Acquisition Software (DAS) 
version 2.48. Vertical bin size was 8 meters. The center of the first bin was 
located at 16 meters. Range varied from 200 to 400 meters, depending primarily 
on sea state. A user exit program (UE4, provided by Eric Firing, U. Hawaii) was 
used to interface navigation and heading equipment.

Position was logged at the beginning and end of each ensemble from a Trimble 
Centurion P-code GPS receiver (estimated position accuracy of 5 - 10 meters). 
Mean gyrocompass corrections for each ensemble were recorded from an Ashtech 3DF 
GPS attitude determination system; 3DF array orientation was calibrated using P-
code GPS and ADCP bottom track comparison. These data are used in post-
processing to calculate mean ship velocity to reference ensemble means, and to 
compensate for dynamic gyrocompass errors. Estimated errors for an ensemble are 
1-2 cm/s for relative velocity and 3-4 cm/s for ship speed errors due to 
position inaccuracy; errors induced by heading inaccuracies are reduced to less 
than 1 cm/s using GPS heading data. This total error of 4-6 cm/s over a three 
minute ensemble is reduced further by averaging during postprocessing; the 
fifteen minute averages commonly used represent an average over five kilometers 
at cruising speed, and should be accurate to 1-3 cm/s. The ADCP data will be 
available through internet address:

                http://ilikai.soest.hawaii.edu/sadcp/woce.html

On-station velocity profiles were 
obtained using a RDI 150 kHz Narrowband ADCP (Lowered or LADCP) mounted looking 
downward from the CTD frame. This technique measures and records velocity shear 
profiles extending 150 to 350 meters below the instrument approximately once per 
second. In postprocessing, the individual shear profiles are averaged by depth 
to produce a full-depth shear profile, which is integrated to estimate the depth 
dependent (baroclinic) component of the velocity field. The depth- independent 
(barotropic) component of velocity can be recovered if positions at the start 
and end of the cast are known; positions were logged on this cruise using a 
Trimble Centurion P-code GPS receiver, accurate to 5 - 10 meters. Readers are 
advised to refer to Fischer and Visbeck (1993) for a full explanation of methods 
and standard processing procedures. The LADCP data will be available through 
internet address http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/NODC-About/NODC-
overview.html#services

SALINITY ANALYSES 
A Guildline 8400B autosal was used for the salinity analysis with batch P125 
standard water. The autosal room was maintained at 22 °C, and the autosal was 
set at 24 °C. A total of 4380 samples were measured and 37 of them were 
rejected.

OXYGEN TECHNIQUE 
An automatic titration system was used for the oxygen analysis with the 
Carpenter modification of the Winkler method using a photometric determined 
endpoint. Reagents for the Carpenter method titration were mixed by the AOML/OCD 
Group of George Berberian as specified in Friederich's MBARI Technical Report 
#91-6 (Friederich et al, 1991). Apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) is defined as 
O2 measured- O2 sat., where O2 sat. is the saturation value at potential 
temperature and salinity of the sample determined according to Weiss (1970). A 
total of 4310 samples were measured and 52 of them were rejected.


B.1.2. NUTRIENT ANALYSIS METHODS

SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 
Nutrient samples were collected from 10-L "Niskin" bottles in acid washed 25-ml 
linear polyethylene bottles after three complete seawater rinses and analyzed 
within 1 hour of sample collection. Measurements were made in a temperature-
controlled laboratory (20 ± 2 ºC). Concentrations of nitrite (NO2 - ), nitrate 
(NO3 - ), phosphate (PO4 3- ) and silicic acid (H4SiO4) were determined using an 
Alpkem Flow Solution Auto-Analyzer aboard the ship. The following analytical 
methods were employed:

NITRATE AND NITRITE: 
Nitrite was determined by diazotizing with sulfanilamide and coupling with N-1 
naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo dye. The color produced 
is measured at 540 nm (Zhang et al., 1997a). Samples for nitrate analysis were 
passed through a home made cadmium column (Zhang et al., 2000), which reduced 
nitrate to nitrite and the resulting nitrite concentration was then determined 
as described above. Nitrate concentrations were determined from the difference 
of nitrate + nitrite and nitrite.

PHOSPHATE: 
Phosphate in the samples was determined by reacting with molybdenum (VI) and 
antimony (III) in an acidic medium to form an antimonyphosphomolybdate complex 
at room temperature. This complex was subsequently reduced with ascorbic acid to 
form a blue complex and the absorbance was measured at 710 nm (Grasshoff et al., 
1983). A total of 4306 samples were measured and 1248 of them were rejected.

SILICIC ACID: 
Silicic acid in the sample was analyzed by reacting the aliquot with molybdate 
in a acidic solution to form € -molybdosilicic acid . The € -molybdosilicic acid 
was then reduced by ascorbic acid to form molybdenum blue (Zhang et al., 1997b). 
The absorbance of the molybdenum blue was measured at 660 nm.

CALIBRATION AND STANDARDS: 
Stock standard solutions were prepared by dissolving high purity standard 
materials (KNO3 , NaNO2 , KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6 ) in deionized water. Working 
standards were freshly made at each station by diluting the stock solutions in 
low nutrient seawater. The low nutrient seawater used for the preparation of 
working standards, determination of blank, and wash between samples was filtered 
seawater obtained from the surface of the Gulf Stream. Standardizations were 
performed prior to each sample run with working standard solutions. Two or three 
replicate samples were collected from the "Niskin" bottle sampled at deepest 
depth at each cast. The relative standard deviation from the results of these 
replicate samples were used to estimate the overall precision obtained by the 
sampling and analytical procedures. The precisions of these samples were 0.04 
µmol/kg for nitrate, 0.01 µmol/kg for phosphate and 0.1 µmol/kg for silicic 
acid.


B.2. CARBON PARAMETERS

B.2.1. TOTAL DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC)

The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing laboratory van. The 
analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) 
used simultaneously on the cruise. Each system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, 
Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA (Single Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) 
inlet system developed by Kenneth Johnson (Johnson et al., 1985,1987,1993; 
Johnson, 1992) formerly of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). In the 
coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (gas) by 
addition of excess hydrogen ion (acid) to the seawater sample, and the evolved 
CO2 gas is swept into the titration cell of the coulometer with compressed 
nitrogen, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on 
ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. These are subsequently titrated with 
coulometrically generated OH-. CO2 is thus measured by integrating the total 
charge required to achieve this.

The coulometers were calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 (99.995%) by 
means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops that had been 
calibrated at BNL (Wilke, 1993). The CO2 gas volumes bracketed the amount of CO2 
extracted from the water samples for the two PMEL systems. All DIC values were 
corrected for dilution by 0.2 ml of HgCl2 used for sample preservation. The 
total water volume was 540 ml. The correction factor used for dilution was 
1.00037. The instruments were calibrated at the beginning, middle, and end of 
each coulometer cell solution with a set of the gas loop injections. The 
coulometer cell solution was replaced after 25 mg of carbon was titrated, 
typically after 9-12 hours of continuous use. Sample titration times were 9-16 
minutes.

Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), consisting of poisoned, filtered, and UV 
irradiated seawater supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography (SIO), were run on each cell. The results were close to the values 
determined manometrically by Dr. Charles D. Keeling at SIO as shown below. The 
CRM results have been presented in Figure 3 and Table 2. The overall accuracy 
and precision for the CRMs on both instruments combined was -0.1 +/-2.1 (n=125). 
DIC data reported for this cruise have been corrected to the Batch 40 CRM value 
by adding the difference between the certified value and the mean shipboard CRM 
value (certified value - shipboard analyses) on a per instrument/per leg basis.

      Av. value of CRMs run on PMEL-1: 1987.3±2.0 µmol/kg (n = 59) 
      Av. value of CRMs run on PMEL-2: 1984.6±1.2 µmol/kg (n = 66) 
      Manometric value was             1985.8±0.7 µmol/kg (n = 10)
        [SIO reference material batch #40] 

Samples were drawn from the "Niskin" bottles into cleaned, precombusted 500-ml 
Pyrex bottles using Tygon tubing according to procedures outlined in the 
Handbook of Methods for CO2 Analysis (DOE, 1994). Bottles were rinsed once and 
filled from the bottom, overflowing half a volume. Care was taken not to entrain 
any bubbles. The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-ml headspace, 
and 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative. The sample 
bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease, 
and were stored at room temperature for a maximum of 12 hours prior to analysis.

Replicate seawater samples were taken from both the surface and 1000 m "Niskin" 
sample bottles and run at different times during the cell. The first replicate 
of the surface water was used at the start of the cell with fresh coulometer 
solution, the second surface water replicate in the middle of the cell after 
about 12 mg of C were titrated. The first one of the 1000 m replicates was run 
at the end of the cell after about 25 mg of C were titrated, while the second 
one of the 1000 replicate samples was run using a new coulometer cell solution. 
No systematic difference between the replicates was observed.

As example, the 1000m replicate samples run on both PMEL1 and PMEL2 combined had 
a standard deviation of 1.3 µmol/kg for 32 sets of duplicates, and the results 
of the surface replicates yielded a standard deviation of 0.9 µmol/kg for 98 
sets of duplicates. The deviation is very similar to that observed for the CRMs 
and suggest no strong dependency of results with amount of carbon titrated for a 
particular cell. The results of the duplicate samples have been presented in 
Figure 4 and Table 3.

CALCULATIONS 
Calculation of the amount of CO2 injected was according to the Department of 
Energy (DOE) CO2 handbook [DOE, 1994]. The gas loops yielded a calibration 
factor for the instrument defined as:

                    calculated moles of CO2 injected from gas loop
Cal. f actor = --------------------------------------------------------   (1)
                           actual moles of CO2 injected 

The concentration of CO2 ([CO2]) in the samples were determined according to:

                         (Counts - Blank * Run Time) * K µmol/count
[CO2] = Cal factor *. -------------------------------------------------   (2)
                            pipette volume * density of sample

where "Counts" is the instrument reading at the end of the analysis, "Blank" is 
the counts/minute determined from blank runs performed at least once for each 
cell of the solution, "Run Time" is the length of coulometric titration (in 
minutes), and K is the conversion factor from counts to µmol which is dependent 
on the slope and intercept relation between instrument response and charge. For 
a unit with Ecal slope of 1 and intercept of 0, the constant is 2.0728 * 10 -4 .

The pipette volume was determined by taking aliquots at known temperature of 
distilled water from the volumes prior to, during, and after the cruise. The 
weights with the appropriate densities were used to determine the volume of the 
syringes and pipette.

Calculation of pipette volumes, density, and final CO2 concentration were 
performed according to procedures outlined in the DOE CO2 handbook (DOE, 1994).


B.2.2. FUGACITY OF CO2 (fCO2)

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC (GC) METHOD
A total of 1463 discrete fCO2 samples from 130 stations were taken and analyzed 
on the cruise using an analysis system based on gas chromatography (Neill et 
al., 1997). Sampling from the "Niskin" bottles occurred immediately after O2 
samples were drawn. Samples were drawn into 120 ml Pyrex septum bottles after 
rinsing the bottles several times. On the final fill water was drawn into the 
bottom of the bottle and overflowed at least one half volume. A Teflon lined 
septum was crimp sealed on the bottle ensuring that no headspace was present.

Prior to analysis 5-ml water was withdrawn and replaced with a headspace of 
known CO2 concentration that was expected to closely match that of the water. 
The remaining water and headspace were equilibrated by rotating the bottles for 
at least 40 minutes in a constant temperature bath at 20 °C. The fCO2 of the 
headspace was measured in a flame ionization detector (FID) after quantitative 
conversion of the CO2 to methane. The analyses were referenced against a series 
of six gas standards with the following mole fractions: 198.09, 348.16, 977.79, 
508.35, 1479.46, 717.4. The standards, which were run after each dozen samples, 
bracketed most of the concentrations measured in the water column. The precision 
of the fCO2 measurements was estimated at 0.86% of the signal based on 89 
replicate samples (see Table 4). The fCO2 measurements had a data gap mid- 
cruise because of a catastrophic instrument failure caused by water being 
injected onto the column and catalyst. Good, full water column, coverage was 
obtained at the Eastern and Western side of the basin.

The surface water measurements showed that the water undersaturated for most of 
the transect except at the boundaries. The undersaturation reaches its greatest 
value of -45 to - 50 µatm between 60 and 75 °E. The fCO2 in the deep water 
showed a strong trend with lower concentrations in the West due to better 
ventilation of the Western half of the basin.


B.2.3. TOTAL ALKALINITY (TA)

Seawater samples were drawn from the "Niskin" bottles with a 40-cm length of 
silicon tubing. One end of the tubing was fit over the petcock of the "Niskin" 
bottle and the other end was inserted into the bottom of a 500-ml Corning glass-
stoppered sample bottle. The sample bottle was rinsed three times with 
approximately 300 ml of seawater. The sample bottle was slowly filled from the 
bottom. Once filled, the sample bottles were kept in a constant water bath at 
25°C for half-hour before analysis.

The titration system used to determine TA consisted of a Metrohm 665 Dosimat 
titrator and an Orion 720A pH meter controlled by a personal computer (Millero 
et al., 1993). The acid titrant, in a water-jacketed burette, and the seawater 
sample, in a water-jacketed cell, were kept at 25±0.1°C with a Neslab constant-
temperature bath. The plexiglass water-jacketed cells were similar to those used 
by Bradshaw et al. (1988), except that a larger volume (200 ml) was used to 
increase the precision. The cells had fill and drain valves with zero dead-
volume to increase the reproducibility of the cell volume.

The HCl solutions used throughout the cruise were made, standardized, and stored 
in 500-ml glass bottles in the laboratory for use at sea. The 0.2489 M HCl 
solutions (Batch 9601) were prepared by dilution of concentrated HCl in 0.45 M 
NaCl to yield an ionic strength equivalent to that of average seawater (0.7 M). 
The acid was independently standardized using a coulometric technique (Taylor 
and Smith, 1959; Marinenko and Taylor, 1968) by the University of Miami and by 
Dr. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The two 
standardization techniques agreed to +/-0.0001 N.

The volume of HCl delivered to the cell is traditionally assumed to have a small 
uncertainty (Dickson, 1981) and is equated with the digital output of the 
titrator. Calibrations of the Dosimat burettes with Milli Q water at 25°C 
indicated that the systems deliver 3.000 ml (the value for a titration of 
seawater) to a precision of 0.0004 ml. This uncertainty resulted in an error of 
0.4 µmol/kg in TA.

The titrators were calibrated in the laboratory before the cruise. Certified 
standard Reference Material (CRM) Batch 40 prepared by Dr. Dickson was used at 
sea to monitor the performance of the titrators. All TA data have been corrected 
based on CRM values for each cell and each leg (see Table 5) (Millero et al, 
2000).

Carbonate parameters of surface waters indicate the occurrence of upwelling near 
the African coast. The surface carbonate parameters are consistent with those 
collected during the WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) 1992 cruise that 
sampled stations along the same latitude (24 o N). Both studies yield values for 
normalized TA (TA*35/S) of 2291±6 µmol kg -1 . The values of TA for the deep 
water are in good agreement (± 3.8 µmol/kg). Crossover comparison with OACES 
1993 study also showed good agreement (±3 µmol/kg in TA). The pH is on average 
0.004 higher than those made on the 1993 cruise.

Kitack Lee from AOML/OCD calculated total alkalinity (TA) from spectroscopic pH 
(25 o C) and coulometric total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) using the 
carbonic acid dissociation constants of Mehrbach et al. (1973) as refit by 
Dickson and Millero (1987). A value of 1.2 µmol kg -1 has been subtracted from 
calculated TA values because calculated values are 1.2 µmol kg -1 higher than 
measured values.


B.2.4. pH

Seawater samples were drawn from the "Niskin" bottles with a 20-cm length of 
silicon tubing. One end of the tubing was fit over the petcock of the "Niskin" 
bottle and the other end was attached over the opening of a 10-cm glass 
spectrophotometric cell. The spectrophotometric cell was rinsed three to four 
times with a total volume of approximately 200 ml of seawater; the Teflon 
endcaps were also rinsed and then used to seal a sample of seawater in the glass 
cell. While drawing the sample, care was taken to make sure that no air bubbles 
were trapped within the cell. The sample cells were kept in a waterbath at 25°C 
for a half an hour before analysis.

Seawater pH was measured using the spectrophotometric procedure (Byrne, 1987) 
and the indicator calibration of Clayton and Byrne (1993). The indicator was an 
8.0-mM solution of Kodak m-cresol purple sodium salt (C21H17O5Na) in MilliQ 
water. The absorbance ratio of the concentrated indicator solution (RI = 
578A/434A) was 0.95. All absorbance ratio measurements were obtained in the 
thermostatted (25.0±0.05°C) cell compartments of HP 8453 UV-visible Diode Array 
Spectrophotometers. Measurements of pH were taken at 25°C on the total hydrogen 
ion concentration ([H+]T) scale, in mol/kg solution, and converted to seawater 
scale ([H+]sw). The overall precision of the pH measurements obtained from the 
duplicate samples was ±0.0006. A total of 1997 samples were measured and 24 of 
them were rejected.


B.2.5. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON, TOTAL NITROGEN AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSES
TOC samples were analyzed by a high-temperature combustion (HTC) method using 
custom made instruments. Samples were analyzed with a furnace divided into two 
temperature zones (Hansell and Peltzer, 1998; Carlson et al., 1999). Ultra high 
purity O2 flowed through the instrument at 175 ml/min. Samples were acidified 
(10 µl of 85% H3PO4 per 10 ml of sample) and sparged with CO2 free oxygen for at 
least 10 minutes to remove inorganic carbon. One hundred µl of sample was 
injected manually through a septumless port into the quartz combustion tube 
packed with Pt gauze (Aldrich), 7% Pt on alumina catalyst (Shimadzu), Sulfix 
(Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Inc.) and CuO wire (Leeman Labs). The Pt gauze 
and Pt beads were heated to 800°C in the upper zone while the remaining packing 
material was heated to 600°C in the lower zone. The resulting CO2 flowed through 
two water traps and a final copper halide trap then detected with a LiCor 6252 
CO2 analyzer. The signal was integrated with chromatographic software (Dynamax 
Macintegrator I version 1.3; Rainin Inst.).

Extensive conditioning of the combustion tube was essential to minimize the 
machine blank. The system blank (<10 µM) was assessed daily with ampoulated low 
carbon waters (LCW). The system response was standardized daily with a four 
point calibration curve of glucose solution in LCW. Deep Sargasso Sea water 
(>2000 m), which had been acidified and ampoulated, served as a daily reference 
material. Analyzing low carbon water and reference deep seawater several times a 
day allowed us to assess the system stability from run-to-run and day-to-day, 
ensuring confidence in our analysis. Both the low carbon and the deep Sargasso 
Sea references waters are part of an international certified reference material 
program for marine DOC measurement, run by the laboratory of Dr. Hansell. As 
such, the TOC analyses from the 24°N line are referenced to the international 
community of DOC laboratories using the CRM(tm)s.

TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSES
Concentrations of TN (total nitrogen, or the sum or organic and inorganic N) 
were determined by high temperature combustion and detection of the nitric oxide 
produced. Samples had been collected into 60 ml polyethylene bottles for frozen 
storage until analysis in the shore laboratory. In the high temperature system, 
a €ls quartz combustion tube was held at 900 °C in the upper zone and 800-900 °C 
in the lower zone of a 2-zone Thermcraft tube furnace. The combustion tube has a 
12 cm head space, 2-3 screens of pure Pt (52 mesh), an 8 cm bed of 7% Pt on 
alumina (Shimadzu, Inc.), and a 10 cm bed of quartz beads. 100 µl injections of 
seawater were made into the combustion tube by syringe through a septum. The 
carrier gas (UHP oxygen) flowed at a rate of 200 ml/min. Recovery of known 
standards (glycine, urea, EDTA, etc.) was >90%. Detection of NO was done with an 
Antek Model 7020 chemiluminescence detector.

Oxygen flow through the ozone generator was 28 ml/min. Standardization was 
performed daily with potassium nitrate in Milli-Q water. Q water was used as the 
system blank, and it was assumed to have zero N content. The system blank was 
normally <1 µM. Low nutrient sea water, collected at the surface of the Sargasso 
Sea, was used as a reference material for daily use. The coefficient of 
variation in low nutrient surface water (4-5 µM TN) was 3-4%, while in deep 
water (>20 µM TN) it was 1%. Data acquisition was performed on a Dynamax 
Macintegrator I version 1.3, produced by Rainin Instruments.

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSES
Concentrations of TP (total phosphorus; organic plus inorganic P) were 
determined by UV photo-oxidation. Samples had been stored frozen in 60 ml 
polyethylene bottles until shore based analysis. A 6 ml aliquot was removed from 
each sample bottle and placed in a 20 ml fused quartz tube equipped with a Pyrex 
ground stopper (Quartz Scientific, Inc.). One hundred µl of 30% hydrogen 
peroxide was added to each tube and placed in a homemade irradiation unit (2 
hours). The irradiation unit contained a 1200 W UV lamp (Hanovia) protected by a 
quartz jacket. A 2-tiered aluminum tube holder (40 tubes total) fitted around 
the lamp and held the samples 7 cm from the lamp. A fan placed at the bottom of 
the unit blew air across the samples for cooling. A hinged aluminum cylinder, 
open at the top and bottom, was fitted around the samples to keep stray UV light 
from leaving the system. This entire unit was placed in a fume hood, the front 
of which was covered with a black curtain while in use (again to collect stray 
UV light).

After irradiation, aliquots of the samples that had not been oxidized, and the 
photo- oxidized aliquots, were analyzed for phosphate using a colorimetric 
method on a Technicon Autoanalyzer II (Knap et al. 1997). Daily calibration was 
achieved from 4 point calibration curves using KH2PO4. Low nutrient seawater 
(Sargasso Sea surface water) was always processed with the samples as a daily 
quality control measure. Coefficients of variation for the measurement was X and 
X% for shallow and deep water samples.


B.2.6. 13C/12C OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON

SHIPBOARD SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS
Samples were collected in pre-washed and baked (450 ºC) 500 ml ground glass- 
stoppered bottles using the following method. A length of Tygon tubing was 
attached to the "Niskin" bottle or seawater line and flushed for a few seconds. 
The end of the tubing was then placed at the bottom of the upright sample bottle 
and the bottle was filled, then overflowed with an amount equal to its volume if 
"Niskin" water volume permitted, otherwise with at least half its volume. Flow 
was stopped as the Tygon tubing was removed from the top of the bottle to avoid 
any splashing in the top. Using a syringe or turkey baster, 10 to 20 ml were 
withdrawn off the top of the sample to lower the water level to approximately 1 
ml below the neck of the bottle, avoiding backwash of water from the turkey 
baster into the sample. The ground glass joint of the bottle was wiped dry with 
Kimwipes. Then 100 µl of a saturated HgCl2 solution (per 250 ml of seawater) was 
injected beneath the surface of the sample using an Eppendorf pipet. The ground-
glass stopper, which had been pre-greased with Apiezon M grease, was then 
inserted straight into the bottle without twisting. If any air streaks in the 
grease seal were visible, the stopper was removed, cleaned, and regreased, and 
the bottle was resealed. Clips (if required for the bottle neck-type) were 
placed on the necks of the bottles, and two heavy rubber bands were placed 
around the stopper and bottle to prevent leakage. The sample bottle was then 
inverted a couple of times to mix the HgCl2 throughout the sample.

LABORATORY METHODS
CO2 is extracted from the DIC seawater sample using a modification of the helium 
stripping technique described by Kroopnick (1974) as described in Quay et al 
(1992). The stripper is comprised of a glass tube with a stainless steel fitting 
and silicone-greased glass stopcock at the bottom (which connects to the He 
line), a glass frit which the He passes through, and a stainless steel fitting 
containing a 3-layer silicone rubber septum at the top. Approximately 1 ml 
phosphoric acid is injected into the stripper and bubbled with He for 10 
minutes. The gas is then evacuated out of the stripper and the stripper is 
weighed. Then 80 to 125 ml of the sample is drawn into the stripper and it is 
weighed again to calculate the weight of water analyzed. A stainless steel 
needle pierces the septum and connects the stripper to the extraction line, 
which has been evacuated and filled with helium. The sample is stripped with 
99.997% pure He at a flow rate of 200 ml/min for 20 minutes. Water is trapped 
out in two glass traps submerged in Dewars containing a slush mixture of dry ice 
and isopropanol at -70ºC. CO2 is collected at -196ºC in glass loop traps 
submerged in liquid N2. The € 13 C is then measured on a Finnigan MAT 251 mass 
spectrometer. The efficiency of the extraction method is 100 ± 0.5 percent based 
on gravimetrically prepared Na2CO3 standards. The precision of the 13 C/ 12 C 
analysis is ± 0.02 0 /00 based on a replicate analysis of standards and seawater 
samples.


B.2.7. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC)

As described above specially designed 10-l water sample bottles were used on the 
cruise to reduce CFC contamination.

Samples for the analysis of dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 were drawn from 
approximately 1700 of the 4300 water samples collected during the expedition. 
Samples for carbon tetrachloride (CCL4 or CFC-10) analysis were drawn from 
approximately 430 samples. When taken, water samples for CFC analysis were 
usually the first samples drawn from the 10-l bottles. Care was taken to co-
ordinate the sampling of CFCs with other samples to minimize the time between 
the initial opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. In most 
cases, dissolved oxygen, fCO2, total CO2, alkalinity and pH samples were 
collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each bottle. To 
minimize contact with air, the CFC samples were drawn directly through the 
stopcocks of the 10-l bottles into 100-ml precision glass syringes equipped with 
2- way metal stopcocks. The syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean 
surface seawater until analyzed.

To reduce the possibility of contamination from high levels of CFCs frequently 
present in the air inside research vessels, the CFC extraction/analysis system 
and syringe holding tank were housed in a modified 20' laboratory van on the aft 
deck of the ship.

For air sampling, a 100 meter length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run from the 
CFC lab van to the bow of the ship. A flow of air was drawn through this line 
into the CFC van using an Air Cadet pump. The air was compressed in the pump, 
with the downstream pressure held at 1.5 atm using a back-pressure regulator. A 
tee allowed a flow (100 cc min -1 ) of the compressed air to be directed to the 
gas sample valves, while the bulk flow of the air (>7 l min -1 ) was vented 
through the back pressure regulator. Air samples were only analyzed when the 
relative wind direction was within 60 degrees of the bow of the ship to reduce 
the possibility of shipboard contamination. The Air Cadet pump was run for at 
least 60 minutes prior to analyzing each batch of air samples to insure that the 
air inlet lines and pump were thoroughly flushed Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-
12 and CFC-113 in air samples, seawater and gas standards on the cruise were 
measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography (EC-GC), using 
techniques similar to those described by Bullister and Weiss (1988). For 
seawater analyses, a 30-ml aliquot of seawater from the glass syringe was 
transferred into the glass sparging chamber. The dissolved CFCs in the seawater 
sample were extracted by passing a supply of CFC-free purge gas through the 
sparging chamber for a period of 4 minutes at 70 cc min -1 . Water vapor was 
removed from the purge gas during passage through an 18 cm long x 3/8 inch 
diameter glass tube packed with the desiccant magnesium perchlorate. The sample 
gases were concentrated on a cold-trap consisting of a 1/8 inch OD stainless 
steel tube with an about 7 cm section packed tightly with Porapak N (60-80 
mesh). To cool the trap, isopropanol cooled by a Neslab Cryocool refrigeration 
system was forced from a reservoir beneath the trap to a level above the packing 
with a stream of compressed nitrogen. After quickly bringing the isopropanol to 
the top of the trap, a low flow of nitrogen was bubbled through the bath to 
reduce gradients and maintained a temperature of -20 o C. After 4 minutes of 
purging the seawater sample, the sparging chamber was closed and the trap was 
held open for an additional 1 minute to allow nitrous oxide (N20) to pass 
through the trap and thereby minimize its interference with CFC-12. The trap was 
isolated, the cold isopropanol in the bath was drained, and the trap was heated 
electrically to 125 o C. The sample gases held in the trap were then injected 
onto a precolumn (30 cm of 1/8 inch O.D. stainless steel tubing packed with 80-
100 mesh Porasil C, held at 90 o C), for the initial separation of the CFCs and 
other rapidly eluting gases from the more slowly eluting compounds. The CFCs 
then passed into the main analytical column (about 183 cm of 1/8 inch OD 
stainless steel tubing packed with Carbograph 1AC, 80-100 mesh, held at 90 o C) 
for final separation, and into the EC detector for quantification.

The analysis of carbon tetrachloride was made on a separate, but nearly 
identical apparatus to the electron capture-gas chromatography system used in 
the analysis of CFC- 11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 (Bullister and Weiss, 1988). Samples 
were drawn in the same type of syringes used for the CFC analysis. In the CCL4 
system, the sample injection port was flushed with 30-40 ml of sample before 
injecting sample into a calibrated loop (about 30 ml). After filling, an 
additional 30 ml of water was pushed through the loop and allowed to overflow. 
For analysis, a valve was switched and the water sample held in the loop was 
pushed into the stripper with the same CCL4 free nitrogen that was used to strip 
the sample. The gases removed from the sample were dried while passing through 
an ~18 cm x 3/8 inch OD tube of magnesium perchlorate and concentrated on a trap 
packed with four inches of Porapak N and held at -30 °C during trapping. At the 
conclusion of stripping, the trap was heated electrically and the contents swept 
onto the precolumn (0.53mm I. D. x 30 meters, DB624 capillary column, 45 °C)) 
with clean nitrogen. The desired gases passed on to the main analytical column 
(0.53mm I. D. x 30 meters, DB624 capillary column, 45 °C), before the precolumn 
vented the later peaks. All other aspects of the analysis were the same as the 
CFC analysis.

Both of the analytical systems were calibrated frequently using a standard gas 
of known CFC composition. Gas sample loops of known volume were thoroughly 
flushed with standard gas and injected into the system. The temperature and 
pressure was recorded so that the amount of gas injected could be calculated. 
The procedures used to transfer the standard gas to the trap, precolumn, main 
chromatographic column and EC detector were similar to those used for analyzing 
water samples. Two sizes of gas sample loops were present in the CFC analytical 
system, while four calibrated sample loops were used in the CCL4 system. 
Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be made to allow the system to 
be calibrated over a relatively wide range of concentrations. Air samples and 
system blanks (injections of loops of CFC-free gas) were injected and analyzed 
in a similar manner. The typical analysis time for a seawater, air, standard or 
blank sample was 12 minutes on the CFC system and 20 minutes on the CCL4 system.

Concentrations of the CFC's and CCL4 in air, seawater samples and gas standards 
are reported relative to the SIO93 calibration scale (Cunnold, et. al., 1994). 
Concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction 
CFC in dry gas, and are typically in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) range. 
Dissolved CFC and CCL4 concentrations are given in units of picomoles per kg 
seawater (pmol kg -1 ). CFC and CCL4 concentrations in air and seawater samples 
were determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point 
calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas from a 
working standard (PMEL cylinder 33790 for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113; PMEL 
cylinder 33780 for CCL4) into the analytical instrument. The concentrations of 
CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working standard were calibrated before and after the 
cruise versus a primary standard (36743) (Bullister, 1984). No measurable drift 
in the concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the working standard could be 
detected during this interval. Full range calibration curves were run at 
intervals of 3 days during the cruise. Single injections of a fixed volume of 
standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more18 frequently (at intervals of 
1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes in detector sensitivity.

Extremely low (<0.01 pmol kg -1 ) CFC concentrations were measured in deep water 
(>3000 meters) in the Eastern Basin of the North Atlantic between 25 ºW and 45 
ºW along this section. Based on the median of CFC concentration measurements in 
the deep water of this region, which is believed to be nearly CFC-free, blank 
corrections of 0.003 to 0.015 pmol kg -1 for CFC-11, 0.006 to 0.007 pmol kg -1 
for CFC-12 and 0.006 to 0.011 pmol kg -1 for CFC-113 have been applied to the 
data set. If the measured CFC concentration for a sample is very low, 
subtracting a blank can result in a very small negative number reported (see 
Figure 2). No blank corrections were required for the CCL4 data.

On this expedition, we estimate precision (1 standard deviation) of 1% or 0.005 
pmol kg -1 (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-11, 2% or 0.005 pmol kg -1 
(whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-12 measurements (see listing of 
replicate samples given in Table 6), 4.4% or 0.002 pmol kg -1 for CFC-113 and 
1.4% or 0.006 pmol kg -1 for CCL4 (Table 7). The results of the CFC air 
measurements are reported in Tables 8 and 9.

A number of water samples had clearly anomalous concentrations relative to 
adjacent samples for one or more of the trace gases. These anomalous samples 
appeared to occur more or less randomly during the cruise, and were not clearly 
associated with other features in the water column (e.g. elevated oxygen 
concentrations, salinity or temperature features, etc.). This suggests that the 
high values were due to individual, isolated low- level CFC contamination 
events. Measured concentrations for these samples are included in this report, 
but are given a quality flag of either 3 (questionable measurement) or 4 (bad 
measurement). A total of 4 analyses of CFC-11, 8 analyses of CFC-12, 3 analyses 
of CFC-113 and 2 analyses of CCL4 were assigned a flag of 3. A total of 9 
analyses of CFC- 11, 8 analyses of CFC-12, 18 analyses of CFC-113 and 4 analyses 
of CCL4 were assigned a value of 4.


B.3. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENT METHODS

B.3.1. UNDERWAY fCO2

Underway pCO 2 system version 2.5 (analogous to those described in Ho et al. 
1997, and Feely et al. 1998) was used to determine the pCO 2 of surface water 
and overlaying air on a continuous basis (Keeling 1965, Wanninkhof and Thoning 
1993). When in operation, seawater is drawn from the uncontaminated seawater 
intake from the bow intake approximately 6 meters below the water line to a 30-l 
shower head equilibrator located in the main laboratory, where the headspace and 
seawater reach equilibrium on a short time scale. At specific times during an 
hourly cycle, the content of the headspace is measured by an infrared CO 2 
analyzer. Uncontaminated air from the marine boundary layer is drawn 
continuously from the bow mast to the underway pCO 2 system. At a designated 
time, air is analyzed by a the infrared CO 2 analyzer, otherwise the air is bled 
off through a vent .

The CO 2 measurements are made by a Li-Cor differential, non-dispersive, 
infrared (NDIR) CO 2 analyzer (model 6251), and the result is based on the 
difference in absorption of infrared (IR) radiation passing through two gas 
cells. The reference cell is continuously flushed with a gas of known CO 2 
concentration using the lowest concentration of three reference gas standards. 
During the hourly cycle the sample cell is flushed with one of three reference 
gas standards, marine boundary layer air, or headspace gas from the 
equilibrator.

The data may also be downloaded via WWW site:@
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/1998data.html



3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The dedication and assistance of the officers and crew of the NOAA Ship RONALD 
H. BROWN is gratefully appreciated and hereby acknowledged. This research was 
supported by the Ocean Atmospheric Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) and the World 
Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). We wish to acknowledge the OACES program 
managers Drs. James Todd and Lisa Dilling for supporting the field program.



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TABLE 1. Station locations

          Lat     Long              |            Lat     Long   
STN Cast  (°N)    (°W)     Date     |   STN Cast (°N)    (°W)     Date
--- ---- ------  ------  ---------  |  --- ---- ------  ------  ---------
  1  1   27.917  13.370  1/24/1998  |   66  1   24.501  52.637   2/9/1998
  2  1   27.965  13.404  1/24/1998  |   67  1   24.499  53.183   2/9/1998
  3  1   27.883  13.417  1/24/1998  |   68  1   24.500  53.733   2/9/1998
  4  1   27.849  13.417  1/24/1998  |   69  1   24.499  54.467  2/10/1998
  5  1   27.799  13.816  1/24/1998  |   70  1   24.499  55.201  2/10/1998
  6  1   27.617  14.235  1/24/1997  |   71  1   24.500  55.933  2/10/1998
  7  1   27.433  14.851  1/24/1998  |   72  1   24.500  56.667  2/11/1998
  8  1   27.232  15.596  1/25/1998  |   73  1   24.500  57.400  2/11/1998
  9  1   27.032  16.115  1/25/1998  |   74  1   24.500  58.134  2/11/1998
 10  1   26.833  16.668  1/25/1998  |   75  1   24.500  58.867  2/12/1998
 11  1   26.667  17.199  1/25/1998  |   76  1   24.500  59.600  2/12/1998
 12  1   26.517  17.867  1/25/1998  |   77  1   24.500  60.332  2/12/1998
 13  1   26.498  18.335  1/26/1998  |   78  1   24.500  60.067  2/12/1998
 14  1   26.167  18.817  1/26/1998  |   79  1   24.500  61.801  2/13/1998
 15  1   25.983  19.365  1/26/1998  |   80  1   24.500  63.534  2/13/1998
 16  1   25.800  19.899  1/26/1998  |   81  1   24.499  63.264  2/13/1998
 17  1   25.617  20.433  1/26/1998  |   82  1   24.500  64.000  2/14/1998
 18  1   25.424  20.949  1/27/1998  |   83  1   24.500  64.667  2/14/1998
 19  1   25.250  21.484  1/27/1998  |   84  1   24.501  65.469  2/14/1998
 20  1   25.057  22.032  1/27/1998  |   85  1   24.500  65.200  2/15/1998
 21  1   24.783  22.800  1/28/1998  |   86  1   24.500  66.933  2/15/1998
 22  1   24.500  23.484  1/28/1998  |   87  1   24.500  67.667  2/15/1998
 23  1   24.499  24.216  1/28/1998  |   88  1   24.500  68.401  2/15/1998
 24  1   24.500  24.950  1/28/1998  |   89  1   24.500  69.133  2/16/1998
 25  1   24.500  25.683  1/28/1997  |   90  1   25.016  69.502  2/16/1998
 26  1   24.500  26.416  1/29/1998  |   91  1   25.383  69.867  2/16/1998
 27  1   24.499  27.150  1/29/1998  |   92  1   25.759  70.235  2/17/1998
 28  1   24.500  27.883  1/29/1998  |   93  1   26.141  70.615  2/17/1998
 29  1   24.499  28.617  1/30/1998  |   94  1   26.501  71.012  2/17/1998
 30  1   24.499  29.433  1/30/1998  |   95  1   26.500  71.351  2/17/1998
 31  1   24.500  30.267  1/30/1998  |   96  1   26.500  71.734  2/18/1998
 32  1   24.500  31.084  1/31/1998  |   97  1   26.501  72.100  2/18/1998
 33  1   24.500  31.916  1/31/1998  |   98  1   26.501  72.467  2/18/1998
 34  1   24.500  32.733  1/31/1998  |   99  1   26.500  72.850  2/18/1998
 35  1   24.498  33.567   2/1/1998  |  100  1   26.500  73.217  2/18/1998
 36  1   24.502  34.383   2/1/1998  |  101  1   26.500  73.583  2/19/1998
 37  1   24.500  35.217   2/1/1998  |  102  1   26.500  73.967  2/19/1998
 38  1   24.500  36.033   2/2/1998  |  103  1   26.500  74.251  2/19/1998
 39  1   24.500  36.867   2/2/1998  |  104  1   26.500  74.517  2/19/1998
 40  1   24.500  37.683   2/2/1998  |  105  1   26.500  74.800  2/19/1998
 41  1   24.500  38.513   2/2/1998  |  106  1   26.500  75.084  2/20/1998
 42  1   24.500  39.250   2/3/1998  |  107  1   26.500  75.300  2/20/1998
 43  1   24.500  39.983   2/3/1998  |  108  1   26.500  75.500  2/20/1998
 44  1   24.500  40.533   2/3/1998  |  109  1   26.500  75.701  2/20/1998
 45  1   24.500  41.083   2/4/1998  |  110  1   26.500  75.900  2/20/1998
 46  1   24.500  41.633   2/4/1998  |  111  1   26.500  76.083  2/20/1998
 47  1   24.500  42.183   2/4/1998  |  112  1   26.500  76.200  2/21/1998
 48  1   24.500  42.733   2/4/1998  |  113  1   26.483  76.300  2/21/1998
 49  1   24.500  43.284   2/4/1998  |  114  1   26.505  76.422  2/21/1998
 50  1   24.500  43.473   2/5/1998  |  115  1   26.500  76.517  2/21/1998
 51  1   24.500  44.386   2/5/1998  |  116  1   26.500  76.617  2/21/1998
 52  1   24.500  44.934   2/5/1998  |  117  1   26.500  76.683  2/22/1998
 53  1   24.500  45.484   2/5/1998  |  118  1   26.499  76.753  2/22/1998
 54  1   24.500  46.034   2/5/1998  |  119  1   26.500  76.784  2/22/1998
 55  1   24.500  46.584   2/6/1998  |  120  1   26.500  76.816  2/22/1998
 56  1   24.500  47.134   2/6/1998  |  121  1   26.520  76.901  2/22/1998
 57  1   24.501  47.684   2/6/1998  |  122  1   27.001  79.200  2/23/1998
 58  1   24.500  48.234   2/6/1998  |  123  1   27.002  79.283  2/23/1998
 59  1   24.500  48.782   2/7/1998  |  124  1   27.001  79.381  2/23/1998
 60  1   24.500  49.333   2/7/1998  |  125  1   27.038  79.481  2/23/1998
 61  1   24.491  49.883   2/7/1998  |  126  1   27.013  79.605  2/23/1998
 62  1   24.501  50.433   2/8/1998  |  127  1   27.020  79.674  2/23/1998
 63  1   24.501  50.984   2/8/1998  |  128  1   27.002  79.788  2/23/1998
 64  1   24.501  51.533   2/8/1998  |  129  1   27.006  79.857  2/23/1998
 65  1   24.500  51.149   2/9/1998  |  130  1   26.999  79.937  2/23/1998



TABLE 2. Results of the certified reference material, CRM 
         (Assigned value by SIO 40 = (1985.8 ± 0.7) mmol/kg) 
         Coulometer: PMEL-1

Date         GMT   Year    DIC   |   Date         GMT   Year    DIC
           (h:min) Day  (mmol/kg)|              (h:min) Day  (mmol/kg)
---------  ------- ---- ---------|  ---------   ------- ---- ---------
24-Jan-98   16:02   24   1987.0  |  24-Jan-98   15:19   24   1985.3
25-Jan-98    0:41   25   1981.2  |  25-Jan-98    1:02   25   1985.7
25-Jan-98    4:47   25   1987.0  |  25-Jan-98   12:58   25   1986.7
25-Jan-98   15:19   25   1986.7  |  25-Jan-98   23:54   25   1986.6
26-Jan-98    4:29   26   1987.9  |  26-Jan-98   11:18   26   1985.9
26-Jan-98   18:48   26   1987.3  |  26-Jan-98   22:56   26   1985.0
27-Jan-98    7:36   27   1987.1  |  27-Jan-98   11:22   27   1986.6
27-Jan-98   21:31   27   1987.9  |  27-Jan-98   23:46   27   1984.7
28-Jan-98    9:37   28   1985.9  |  28-Jan-98   12:28   28   1985.7
28-Jan-98   22:19   28   1985.6  |  28-Jan-98   21:53   28   1984.8
29-Jan-98    9:02   29   1988.1  |  29-Jan-98    8:57   29   1984.2
29-Jan-98   23:31   29   1986.4  |  29-Jan-98   23:35   29   1985.1
30-Jan-98   22:36   30   1986.6  |  30-Jan-98   12:19   30   1985.4
31-Jan-98   22:11   31   1985.8  |  30-Jan-98   23:14   30   1983.8
 1-Feb-98    9:06   32   1985.1  |  31-Jan-98   11:51   31   1983.9
 2-Feb-98    6:16   33   1986.2  |   1-Feb-98    4:27   32   1984.1
 2-Feb-98   21:23   33   1985.5  |   1-Feb-98   18:18   32   1984.7
 3-Feb-98   11:32   34   1988.3  |   2-Feb-98    8:21   33   1985.5
 4-Feb-98    4:54   35   1985.8  |   3-Feb-98   1:09  3 4 1  985.5
 4-Feb-98   19:43   35   1988.0  |   3-Feb-98   13:40   34   1985.4
 5-Feb-98    7:07   36   1988.3  |   4-Feb-98    0:49   35   1984.5
 5-Feb-98   21:35   36   1986.7  |   4-Feb-98   13:06   35   1983.7
 6-Feb-98    8:47   37   1985.4  |   4-Feb-98   23:48   35   1984.6
 6-Feb-98   21:16   37   1986.3  |   5-Feb-98   13:50   36   1984.1
 7-Feb-98    7:48   38   1986.5  |   6-Feb-98    2:55   37   1984.2
 7-Feb-98   18:14   38   1988.1  |   6-Feb-98   16:49   37   1986.2
 8-Feb-98    5:50   39   1987.9  |   7-Feb-98    2:25   38   1983.6
 8-Feb-98   17:42   39   1990.8  |   7-Feb-98    9:08   38   1983.6
 8-Feb-98   18:36   39   1991.2  |   7-Feb-98   17:03   38   1984.2
 9-Feb-98    4:39   40   1983.6  |   8-Feb-98    3:00   39   1983.5
 9-Feb-98   17:46   40   1988.6  |   8-Feb-98   12:46   39   1987.5
10-Feb-98    6:53   41   1985.9  |   9-Feb-98    4:50   40   1983.7
10-Feb-98   22:02   41   1986.2  |   9-Feb-98   15:56   40   1985.3
11-Feb-98   13:17   42   1984.9  |  10-Feb-98    7:15   41   1987.2
12-Feb-98    4:52   43   1985.8  |  10-Feb-98   19:42   41   1984.3
12-Feb-98   19:40   43   1985.1  |  11-Feb-98   13:58   42   1983.8
13-Feb-98    9:40   44   1985.3  |  12-Feb-98    0:04   43   1983.8
14-Feb-98    9:27   45   1994.2  |  12-Feb-98   19:06   43   1983.6
14-Feb-98   10:25   45   1992.0  |  13-Feb-98    4:42   44   1984.4
14-Feb-98   19:54   45   1988.4  |  13-Feb-98   16:36   44   1984.8
15-Feb-98    4:46   46   1987.5  |  14-Feb-98    4:10   45   1983.7
15-Feb-98   19:09   46   1986.8  |  14-Feb-98   13:23   45   1984.0
16-Feb-98   17:09   47   1987.7  |  15-Feb-98    3:48   46   1984.6
17-Feb-98    3:02   48   1988.4  |  15-Feb-98   14:02   46   1981.7
17-Feb-98   12:21   48   1988.9  |  15-Feb-98   14:42   46   1982.8
18-Feb-98    4:13   49   1987.5  |  16-Feb-98    0:12   47   1983.7
18-Feb-98   18:30   49   1988.3  |  16-Feb-98   20:14   47   1984.1
19-Feb-98    5:36   50   1989.1  |  17-Feb-98    7:55   48   1984.2
19-Feb-98   14:48   50   1988.3  |  17-Feb-98   18:25   48   1982.8
20-Feb-98    5:01   51   1987.7  |  18-Feb-98    2:52   49   1984.4
20-Feb-98   13:07   51   1988.3  |  18-Feb-98   15:04   49   1983.8
21-Feb-98    0:18   52   1987.0  |  19-Feb-98    2:04   50   1983.0
21-Feb-98   13:12   52   1988.1  |  19-Feb-98   13:42   50   1985.3
22-Feb-98    2:59   53   1988.4  |  19-Feb-98   21:50   50   1983.8
22-Feb-98   16:47   53   1987.7  |  20-Feb-98    8:11   51   1984.3
23-Feb-98    3:41   54   1987.4  |  20-Feb-98   20:36   51   1983.8
23-Feb-98   10:54   54   1986.1  |  21-Feb-98    8:47   52   1986.8
22-Jan-98   15:02   22   1984.2  |  21-Feb-98   18:37   52   1984.5
22-Jan-98   15:16   22   1983.1  |  22-Feb-98    4:37   53   1984.1
24-Jan-98    1:39   24   1986.2  |  22-Feb-98   16:08   53   1984.0
24-Jan-98    6:19   24   1986.5  |  23-Feb-98    4:18   54   1985.9




TABLE 3. Dissolved inorganic carbon duplicates

STA  BTL  Pres DIC     Stdev |  STA  BTL  Pres DIC     Stdev
NO   NO   (db) µmol/kg       |  NO   NO   (db) µmol/kg
---  ---  ---- ------- ----- |  ---  ---  ---- ------- -----
  1   9     2  2119.7  0.26  |   67  36     5  2050.1  1.62
  3  20     2  2103.9  0.33  |   68  36     4  2056.2  0.03
  4  22     4  2100.8  0.47  |   69  36     4  2060.2  0.25
  5   7   995  2209.6  1.75  |   70  18  1000  2195.2  0.91
  5  27     3  2105.0  0.47  |   70  36     5  2056.3  1.32
  6  30     3  2096.4  0.12  |   71  36     6  2046.5  0.43
  7  31     3  2096.4  0.95  |   72  36     4  2046.1  0.08
  9  32     4  2097.8  1.27  |   73  17  1000  2195.1  0.01
 11  16  1001  2205.0  0.23  |   73  36     4  2044.4  0.23
 12  36     4  2098.4  0.95  |   74  36     7  2033.7  1.69
 13  17  1001  2212.5  0.69  |   75  36     5  2041.7  0.27
 13  35     4  2099.4  1.70  |   76  36     6  2038.2  0.99
 14  32     3  2100.1  0.98  |   77  36     5  2037.6  1.61
 15  17  1000  2209.1  0.82  |   78  36     7  2035.3  0.39
 15  36     4  2086.9  0.81  |   79  36     5  2035.2  0.38
 18  36     4  2100.1  1.52  |   80  36     6  2023.7  0.07
 19  18  1000  2212.8  0.44  |   81  36     4  2016.1  0.76
 19  36     5  2101.0  0.41  |   82  36     4  2036.6  0.48
 20  36     6  2099.1  0.06  |   83  36     4  2041.5  0.26
 21  19  1000  2207.9  0.16  |   84  36     6  2036.9  1.46
 21  36     6  2098.6  0.08  |   85  36     4  2017.7  0.16
 22  36     4  2096.7  0.45  |   86  17   999  2202.1  0.01
 23  36     5  2098.3  1.67  |   86  36     4  2018.4  0.79
 24  36     3  2096.2  0.18  |   87  36     5  2028.5  0.73
 25  36     4  2099.6  1.14  |   88  36     5  2032.7  0.72
 26  36     6  2098.6  0.98  |   89  17  1001  2179.8  1.17
 30  18  1000  2200.1  1.39  |   90  16  1001  2186.1  0.71
 31  18  1000  2200.6  1.88  |   90  36     4  2037.9  0.34
 32  36     6  2101.8  0.42  |   94  36     4  2034.8  0.33
 36  36     5  2094.6  0.13  |   95  36     4  2035.4  0.54
 37  20  1002  2200.4  0.40  |   98  36     4  2043.1  0.89
 38  36     4  2090.6  0.35  |   99  36     5  2042.8  0.93
 40  36     4  2087.9  0.84  |  101  18  1001  2191.6  1.88
 41  19   999  2200.8  0.45  |  101  36     4  2042.2  0.96
 41  36     6  2085.0  0.76  |  102  18   999  2187.3  0.54
 42  36     3  2076.3  0.84  |  102  36     5  2047.7  0.18
 43  17  1000  2195.0  1.90  |  106  36     4  2041.5  0.79
 43  36     4  2080.1  0.86  |  107  36     4  2041.6  0.11
 46  36     4  2081.0  0.83  |  110  36     4  2037.3  0.85
 49  20   997  2194.9  1.15  |  111  36     4  2039.0  0.06
 50  36     5  2077.0  0.01  |  112  18   999  2190.4  1.20
 51  19  1001  2193.5  0.78  |  113  36     3  2040.1  1.11
 51  36     5  2073.1  0.37  |  114  36     4  2040.5  1.41
 53  18  1001  2197.6  1.10  |  117  36     3  2036.4  0.49
 55  36     5  2073.1  0.33  |  118  15   999  2185.3  1.56
 56  36     5  2075.5  0.07  |  121  18     5  2023.1  0.45
 57  36     5  2072.2  1.03  |  122  18     4  2014.1  0.45
 59  17  1000  2197.5  1.63  |  123  20     3  2013.4  0.81
 60  36     4  2075.7  0.90  |  124  21     4  2006.8  0.63
 61  36     4  2064.1  0.16  |  125  23     4  2007.7  0.47
 62  18   999  2194.8  1.41  |  126  21     3  2011.0  0.04
 62  36     3  2066.6  0.18  |  127  20     4  2016.7  0.16
 65  36     6  2065.9  0.46  |  129  11     4  2026.3  0.13
	



TABLE 4. Replicate pCO2 analyses

STATION  Bottle  Latitude  Longitude  Depth  Ave (fCO2,20C)  Stdev(fCO2,20C)
                  (°N)       (°W)      (m)      (µatm)           (µatm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   2       10      28         13       149       480.1            2.05
   6       30      28         14         3       361.7            5.59
   7       12      27         15       849       881.1            3.11
   8       17      27         16       847       803.0            5.23
   8       33      27         16         3       344.1            0.14
  10       32      27         17       117       392.5            6.79
  13       15      26         18      1201       863.0            0.71
  14       17      26         19       800       950.8            3.11
  18       16      25         21      1229       827.3            0.57
  19       18      25         21      1000       953.0            4.60
  21        3      25         23      4499       752.0            0.64
  22       26      25         23       449       691.3            1.63
  23       10      24         24      2879       743.1            7.14
  24       36      25         25         3       338.1            4.17
  25       13      25         26      2497       733.8            4.88
  27       36      24         27         4       318.4            2.83
  28       18      25         28      1201       854.9            5.52
  30       18      24         29      1000       872.6           11.88
  30       30      24         29       248       418.4            0.28
  34        5      25         33      4589       531.7          318.83
  34       12      25         33      2401       741.1            2.69
  34       14      25         33      2002       746.4            3.61
  38       17      25         36      1250       831.4           13.65
  39       12      25         37      2096       735.1            0.71
  40       36      25         38         4       312.2            8.56
  42       14      25         39      1999       742.9            7.78
  43        8      25         40      2949       680.4           13.08
  45        5      25         41      4051       706.1            5.16
  45       13      25         41      2050       685.9           10.82
  46        4      25         42      4000       691.8            7.99
  47        5      25         42      3098       712.2           27.79
  47        9      25         42      2092       676.5            7.07
  48       36      25         43         7       289.9           29.63
  49        5      25         43      3201       715.0            7.42
  49       10      25         43      2198       698.2            2.97
  50        5      25         43      3092       704.4           10.68
  51       14      25         44      1500       743.3           25.24
  51       34      25         44       100       253.7            0.64
  52       36      25         45         7       316.9           44.90
  53        8      25         45      2000       711.8           13.22
  53       19      25         45       901       851.9            4.95
  53       36      25         45         6       267.9           18.10
  54       36      25         46         5       272.3           10.25
  55        9      25         47      1999       726.2            8.13
  56       36      25         47         5       283.8            1.41
  57       36      25         48         5       278.4            0.71
  58       20      25         48       902       844.0           15.06
  58       21      25         48       802       777.8           17.96
  58       22      25         48       700       689.0           20.36
  58       29      25         48       276       385.5           11.74
  58       36      25         48         5       262.5           18.60
  59       36      25         49         4       277.7            1.84
  60       36      25         49         4       278.2           25.31
  61       36      24         50         4       274.1            2.40
  62       36      25         50         3       274.1            2.26


TABLE 4. Replicate pCO2 analyses (continued)

STATION  Bottle  Latitude  Longitude  Depth  Ave (fCO2,20C)  Stdev(fCO2,20C)
                  (°N)       (°W)      (m)      (µatm)           (µatm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  64        1      25         52      5363       733.8            8.27
  65       36      25         51         6       276.4            1.70
  66       16      25         53      1248       809.2            5.16
  67        6      24         53      3999       743.7            6.01
  67       13      24         53      1951       725.5           15.77
  67       20      24         53       802       784.3            0.57
  67       30      24         53       248       380.8            4.81
  67       36      24         53         5       261.1           10.32
  68       35      25         54         3       266.5            6.23
  69       19      24         54      1051       848.9            5.80
  70        1      24         55      6008       798.2            5.09
  70       16      24         55      1402       743.8            1.20
  70       36      24         55         5       260.2            4.24
  71        2      25         56      6050       794.8            4.03
  72       36      25         57         4       275.5            2.05
  73       12      25         57      1900       721.2            7.35
  74        6      25         58      3900       730.5            4.95
  75       36      25         59         5       276.2            6.43
  76       36      25         60         6       272.2            0.07
  77        4      25         60      4698       691.1           67.18
  79        1      25         62      5891       794.9            3.68
  80       36      25         64         6       263.6            3.04
  81        6      24         63      3966       736.2            2.40
  82        1      25         64      5862       785.8            3.11
  82       16      25         64      1049       840.5            1.48
  83       13      25         65      1851       708.1            4.95
  84       36      25         65         6       275.6            1.56
  85       13      25         65      2101       720.4            8.41
  86        1      25         67      5816       792.9            4.95
  86       26      25         67       400       446.3            3.96
  87        2      25         68      5291       784.6            4.81
  88       36      25         68         5       275.1            0.35
  89        1      25         69      5736       789.8            7.92
  90        4      25         70      4450       740.8            9.55
  91       36      25         70         5       283.8            0.49
  94        3      27         71      4840       733.1            7.78
  94       30      27         71       225       374.2            5.87
  95       36      27         71         4       282.4            3.61
  97       11      27         72      1998       725.7            3.46
  98        1      27         72      5263       762.5            5.37
  99       36      27         73         5       285.4            1.84
 101       36      27         74         4       294.5            0.28
 102       25      27         74       349       376.2            2.19
 103       36      27         74         4       297.7            1.56
 107       36      27         75         4       292.8            3.32
 108        1      27         76      4751       748.1            6.22
 110       34      27         76        96       301.3            3.25
 111       36      27         76         4       285.8            0.42
 113       36      26         76         3       287.6            3.32
 114        3      27         76      4100       735.0            3.11
 115       36      27         77         4       289.3            1.06
 116        3      27         77      4188       736.3            5.37
 117       36      27         77         3       288.9            1.70
 120        3      27         77      1300       765.7            9.69
 121        3      27         77       351       412.4            3.75
 123       20      27         79         3       282.8            5.30
 124       21      27         79         4       276.3            2.19
 126       21      27         80         3       278.2            1.91
 127       20      27         80         4       281.4            1.48
 130        6      28         80         3       304.9            2.62
  
  
TABLE 5. Correction factors applied to raw data based upon carbonate
         parameters for Certified Reference Materials

            CRM            TA                       pH
                    (mmol/kg)
            ====================================================
            Batch #40  2196.4                     7.91
            ----------------------------------------------------
            CELL           TA                       pH
                    (mmol/kg)
            ----------------------------------------------------
                    Measured      C.F.       Measured   C.F.   N
                2193.2 ± 1.2  1.001489  7.883 ± 0.004  0.026  12
            2a  2198.5 ± 1.3  0.999062  7.883 ± 0.005  0.027  19
                2193.0 ± 1.3  1.001547  7.872 ± 0.004  0.039  11
            12  2194.7 ± 2.7  1.000779  7.875 ± 0.006  0.035   4
            18b 2200.3 ± 3.0  0.998228  7.874 ± 0.002  0.032  10
            21  2198.9 ± 0.9  0.998863  7.859 ± 0.005  0.051  48
            
            a. Three slightly different correction factors were 
               applied to cell 2 due to the change in volume from 
               a broken piston.
            b. The weighted average was used
            
               TAcorr = TAsample x C.F. (TA)
               pHcorr = pHsample + C.F.(pH)




TABLE 6. Replicate dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 analyses

STN  BTL CFC-11  CFC-11 CFC-12  CFC-12 | STN  BTL CFC-11  CFC-11 CFC-12  CFC-12
NO   NO  pmol/kg Stdev  pmol/kg Stdev  | NO   NO  pmol/kg Stdev  pmol/kg Stdev
---  --- ------- ------ ------- ------ | ---  --- ------- ------ ------- ------
  3   9  2.227   0.025   1.189   0.005 |  54  34  1.937   0.007   1.106   0.011
  5   6  0.184   0.006   0.092   0.004 |  56  23  0.801   0.008   0.426   0.001
  7  14  0.814   0.012   0.415   0.001 |  58   1  0.015   0.001   0.016   0.003
  7  28  2.348   0.018   1.325   0.009 |  58  14  0.117   0.001   0.067   0.006
  8  27  2.403   0.040   1.319   0.016 |  58  23  1.506   0.017   0.781   0.011
  9   6  0.012   0.005   0.012   0.001 |  58  32  2.278   0.021   1.290   0.006
  9  30  2.253   0.021   1.306   0.032 |  60   2  0.010   0.001   0.012   0.004
 11  12  0.147   0.004   0.092   0.013 |  60  16  0.245   0.007   0.136   0.006
 11  18  0.468   0.002   0.242   0.003 |  60  26  2.298   0.028   1.244   0.011
 11  33  2.228   0.010   1.295   0.009 |  62   2  0.012   0.001   0.007   0.001
 13  28  2.352   0.013   1.301   0.002 |  62  14  0.098   0.000   0.056   0.001
 14   6  0.001   0.003  -9.000  -9.000 |  62  28  2.316   0.004   1.291   0.008
 14  32  2.159   0.018   1.221   0.010 |  64  18  0.168   0.003   0.091   0.003
 16  19  0.141   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  66   1  0.019   0.001   0.014   0.001
 16  30  2.286   0.008   1.305   0.001 |  66  20  0.524   0.004   0.276   0.002
 19   5  0.008   0.000   0.005   0.001 |  66  30  2.336   0.001   1.308   0.004
 19  29  2.445   0.008   1.310   0.027 |  68  33  2.090   0.002   1.182   0.001
 21  19  0.135   0.005   0.077   0.006 |  70   1  0.026   0.002   0.021   0.000
 22   5  0.004   0.001  -0.001   0.003 |  70  20  0.211   0.001   0.114   0.001
 22  17  0.030   0.006   0.010   0.004 |  70  22  0.748   0.001   0.386   0.002
 22  34  2.088   0.004   1.401   0.003 |  70  32  2.308   0.006   1.283   0.001
 24   1  0.003   0.001   0.001   0.001 |  72  21  0.334   0.004   0.180   0.005
 24  18  0.054   0.001   0.031   0.004 |  74   5  0.033   0.001   0.018   0.001
 24  22  0.144   0.000   0.085   0.003 |  74  16  0.355   0.003   0.184   0.003
 24  35  2.247   0.030   1.407   0.013 |  74  32  2.286   0.000   1.284   0.001
 26   2  0.001   0.001   0.000   0.001 |  76  34  2.105   0.001   1.193   0.005
 26  12  0.007   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 |  78   2  0.031   0.002   0.023   0.001
 26  14  0.010   0.003   0.003   0.002 |  78  16  0.219   0.003   0.122   0.001
 26  24  2.161   0.019   1.132   0.006 |  78  27  2.338   0.000   1.295   0.005
 26  35  1.978   0.013   1.143   0.010 |  80  28  2.327   0.001   1.284   0.006
 28   9  0.002   0.001  -0.002   0.001 |  81   8  0.073   0.001   0.039   0.003
 28  17  0.039   0.001   0.021   0.001 |  82   6  0.062   0.001   0.029   0.000
 28  22  0.652   0.011   0.331   0.002 |  82  13  0.219   0.001   0.115   0.003
 28  30  2.358   0.016   1.324   0.012 |  82  21  0.952   0.003   0.488   0.000
 29   2  0.002   0.001  -0.004   0.006 |  82  32  2.334   0.001   1.306   0.000
 29  23  1.609   0.001   0.827   0.001 |  84   5  0.151   0.001   0.080   0.001
 30   1  0.000   0.000  -0.003   0.002 |  86   5  0.121   0.001   0.068   0.001
 30  19  0.143   0.001   0.078   0.004 |  86  14  0.793   0.009   0.390   0.001
 30  28  2.370   0.018   1.294   0.009 |  86  30  2.295   0.004   1.265   0.005
 30  35  2.015   0.012   1.167   0.008 |  88  17  0.712   0.005   0.352   0.006
 31  30  2.372   0.006   1.317   0.007 |  88  31  2.221   0.009   1.223   0.004
 32   1  0.002   0.000  -0.001   0.004 |  90   7  0.150   0.000   0.081   0.001
 32  20  0.137   0.000   0.064   0.004 |  90  20  0.708   0.002   0.364   0.004
 32  34  2.033   0.007   1.172   0.001 |  92  14  0.216   0.006   0.113   0.003
 34  21  0.367   0.001   0.171   0.002 |  92  16  0.302   0.000   0.159   0.001
 34  34  1.962   0.012   1.137   0.005 |  92  26  2.207   0.003   1.188   0.000
 35   4  0.001   0.000   0.004   0.001 |  92  32  2.222   0.003   1.248   0.004
 35  18  0.055   0.001   0.025   0.001 |  94   5  0.324   0.003   0.165   0.001
 35  33  2.310   0.026   1.316   0.008 |  94  15  0.770   0.002   0.381   0.001
 36   2  0.001   0.001  -0.001   0.001 |  94  26  2.312   0.003   1.261   0.006
 36  14  0.005   0.001  -0.001   0.003 |  96   6  0.410   0.001   0.206   0.000
 36  34  1.978   0.006   1.145   0.004 |  96  28  2.319   0.023   1.288   0.016
 37  21  0.090   0.000   0.039   0.001 |  98   6  0.614   0.004   0.298   0.001
 37  31  2.348   0.010   1.330   0.008 |  98  18  0.321   0.002   0.167   0.003
 38  12  0.000   0.000  -0.004   0.001 |  98  26  2.321   0.004   1.270   0.007
 38  22  0.766   0.001   0.361   0.006 | 100  16  0.997   0.006   0.486   0.004
 38  30  2.375   0.013   1.315   0.008 | 100  25  2.251   0.125   1.227   0.093
 39   7  0.001   0.000  -0.004   0.002 | 102  15  0.990   0.004   0.486   0.002
 39  24  2.049   0.008   1.064   0.001 | 102  24  2.197   0.066   1.196   0.042
 40   1  0.003   0.001   0.002   0.001 | 104   3  0.508   0.003   0.248   0.006
 40  22  1.307   0.016   0.641   0.004 | 104  29  2.303   0.000   1.263   0.003
 40  28  2.361   0.001   1.297   0.004 | 106  18  0.269   0.001   0.142   0.000
 42   4  0.001   0.002  -0.001   0.001 | 108  16  0.972   0.004   0.476   0.001
 42  26  2.270   0.004   1.229   0.006 | 108  26  2.321   0.011   1.271   0.003
 42  34  2.071   0.001   1.192   0.001 | 110   3  0.515   0.005   0.253   0.000
 44  33  2.314   0.010   1.328   0.002 | 110  32  2.284   0.017   1.294   0.010
 46   6  0.001   0.001  -0.001   0.004 | 112  18  0.331   0.001   0.167   0.001
 46  20  0.567   0.001   0.275   0.001 | 112  30  2.074   0.004   1.190   0.004
 46  32  2.266   0.034   1.288   0.016 | 114   2  0.524   0.178   0.259   0.078
 48   1  0.003   0.001   0.003   0.001 | 114  13  1.245   0.007   0.609   0.001
 48   3  0.001   0.000   0.003   0.004 | 114  24  2.370   0.019   1.328   0.010
 48  20  0.138   0.002   0.067   0.004 | 116   8  0.610   0.122   0.301   0.061
 48  31  2.253   0.014   1.277   0.021 | 116  16  1.190   0.001   0.585   0.004
 48  34  1.908   0.008   1.098   0.000 | 116  26  2.192   0.002   1.198   0.013
 50   1  0.001   0.000   0.001   0.001 | 118  10  0.862   0.368   0.420   0.180
 50  20  0.920   0.003   0.466   0.002 | 118  12  1.164   0.008   0.568   0.001
 50  30  2.310   0.064   1.269   0.062 | 118  22  2.265   0.001   1.238   0.001
 52  14  0.123   0.000   0.067   0.001 | 120  16  1.655   0.371   0.867   0.204
 52  23  1.566   0.004   0.810   0.002 | 120  20  2.224   0.117   1.248   0.040
 54   4  0.023   0.001   0.016   0.005 | 125  10  1.673   0.001   0.891   0.001
 54  16  0.109   0.001   0.057   0.002 | 125  22  1.715   0.004   1.005   0.001
 54  28  2.306   0.015   1.262   0.013 | 129   7  2.069   0.008   1.180   0.007
	



TABLE 7. Replicate dissolved CFC-113 and CCL4 analyses

STN BTL CFC-113 CFC-113 CCL4    CCL4   | STN BTL CFC-113 CFC-113 CCL4     CCL4
 NO NO  pmol/kg Stdev   pmol/kg Stdev  |  NO NO  pmol/kg Stdev   pmol/kg  Stdev
--- --- ------- ------- ------- ------ | --- --- ------- ------- -------  -----
 3   9   0.043   0.024  -9.000  -9.000 | 62  14   0.005   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
 5   6   0.002   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 62  28   0.035   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
 7  14   0.018   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 64   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.127   0.006
 7  28   0.178   0.008  -9.000  -9.000 | 64   2  -9.000  -9.000   0.131   0.003
 8  27   0.056   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 64  18   0.006   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
 9   6   0.000   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 | 64  33  -9.000  -9.000   0.844   0.039
 9  30   0.174   0.008  -9.000  -9.000 | 66   1   0.006   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
11  12  -0.003   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 66  20   0.008   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
11  18   0.001   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 66  30   0.035   0.006  -9.000  -9.000
11  33   0.156   0.008  -9.000  -9.000 | 68   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.199   0.004
13  28   0.055   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 68   3  -9.000  -9.000   0.190   0.001
14   6   0.000   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 | 68  33   0.162   0.008  -9.000  -9.000
14  32   0.172   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 | 70   1  -0.002   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
16  19   0.000   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 | 70  20   0.005   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
16  30   0.051   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 70  22   0.013   0.006  -9.000  -9.000
19   5   0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 70  32   0.038   0.009  -9.000  -9.000
19  29   0.029   0.008  -9.000  -9.000 | 72   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.205   0.001
21  19  -0.004   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 | 72   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.408   0.004
22   5   0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 72  14  -9.000  -9.000   0.342   0.181
22  17  -0.004   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 | 72  17  -9.000  -9.000   0.451   0.011
22  34   0.157   0.008  -9.000  -9.000 | 72  21   0.006   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
24   1  -0.002   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 72  35  -9.000  -9.000   1.935   0.043
24  18  -0.005   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 74   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.327   0.008
24  22  -0.001   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 74   5   0.012   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
24  35   0.163   0.007  -9.000  -9.000 | 74  16   0.011   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
26   2  -0.002   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 74  32   0.078   0.007  -9.000  -9.000
26  12   0.006   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 76   2   0.007   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
26  14   0.005   0.007  -9.000  -9.000 | 76   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.294   0.004
26  24   0.023   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 76   8  -9.000  -9.000   0.143   0.005
26  35   0.166   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 76  25  -9.000  -9.000   0.436   0.003
28   9  -0.006   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 78   2   0.007   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
28  17   0.001   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 78  16   0.008   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
28  22   0.004   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 78  27   0.035   0.000  -9.000  -9.000
28  30   0.059   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 80  13  -9.000  -9.000   0.944   0.016
29   2  -0.004   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 80  28   0.039   0.005  -9.000  -9.000
29  23   0.015   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 | 80  33  -9.000  -9.000   0.822   0.010
30   1  -0.003   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 81   8   0.006   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
30  19  -0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 82   6   0.004   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
30  28   0.031   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 | 82  13   0.008   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
30  35   0.176   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 82  21   0.012   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
31  30   0.039   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 82  32   0.056   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
32   1  -0.005   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 84   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.455   0.006
32  20  -0.002   0.010  -9.000  -9.000 | 84   5   0.010   0.006  -9.000  -9.000
32  34   0.160   0.011  -9.000  -9.000 | 84  34  -9.000  -9.000   1.751   0.012
33   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.031   0.001 | 86   5   0.005   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
33  26  -9.000  -9.000   0.451   0.002 | 86  14   0.030   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
33  35  -9.000  -9.000   1.912   0.046 | 86  30   0.024   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
34  21   0.004   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 88   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.533   0.011
34  34   0.169   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 88  17   0.022   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
35   4  -0.003   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 | 88  31   0.030   0.006  -9.000  -9.000


TABLE 7. Replicate dissolved CFC-113 and CCL4 analyses (continued)

STN BTL CFC-113 CFC-113 CCL4    CCL4   | STN  BTL CFC-113 CFC-113 CCL4     CCL4
NO  NO  pmol/kg Stdev   pmol/kg Stdev  | NO   NO  pmol/kg Stdev   pmol/kg  Stdev
--- --- ------- ------- ------- ------ | ---  --- ------- ------- -------  -----
35  18  -0.009   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 |  88  33  -9.000  -9.000   0.463   0.006
35  33   0.140   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 |  90   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.865   0.006
36   2  -0.002   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 |  90   7   0.006   0.005  -9.000  -9.000
36   3  -9.000  -9.000   0.021   0.002 |  90  20   0.010   0.000  -9.000  -9.000
36  14  -0.004   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 |  92   5  -9.000  -9.000   0.654   0.294
36  18  -9.000  -9.000   0.086   0.006 |  92  14   0.005   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
36  33  -9.000  -9.000   1.095   0.032 |  92  16   0.008   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
36  34   0.154   0.003  -9.000  -9.000 |  92  26   0.026   0.004  -9.000  -9.000
37  21   0.002   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 |  92  32   0.055   0.005  -9.000  -9.000
37  31   0.067   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  94   5   0.020   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
38  12   0.002   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  94   6  -9.000  -9.000   0.884   0.002
38  22   0.011   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 |  94  15   0.033   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
38  30   0.038   0.003  -9.000  -9.000 |  94  26   0.027   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
39   7  -0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  96   4  -9.000  -9.000   0.988   0.001
39  10  -9.000  -9.000   0.022   0.006 |  96   6   0.018   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
39  24   0.032   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  96  28   0.037   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
39  29  -9.000  -9.000   0.566   0.008 |  98   4  -9.000  -9.000   1.169   0.028
40   1  -0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  98   6   0.024   0.000  -9.000  -9.000
40  22   0.021   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 |  98  18   0.010   0.006  -9.000  -9.000
40  28   0.031   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 |  98  26   0.033   0.008  -9.000  -9.000
42   4   0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 100   4  -9.000  -9.000   1.051   0.006
42  26   0.029   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 100  16   0.036   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
42  34   0.182   0.012  -9.000  -9.000 | 100  25   0.037   0.008  -9.000  -9.000
43   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.035   0.001 | 102   6  -9.000  -9.000   1.135   0.006
43  19  -9.000  -9.000   0.227   0.013 | 102  15   0.043   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
43  34  -9.000  -9.000   1.036   0.016 | 102  24   0.041   0.004  -9.000  -9.000
44  33   0.154   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 104   3   0.032   0.007  -9.000  -9.000
46   6  -0.001   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 104   4  -9.000  -9.000   1.105   0.007
46  20   0.008   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 104  29   0.021   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
46  32   0.091   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 104  32  -9.000  -9.000   0.607   0.318
47   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.028   0.001 | 104  34  -9.000  -9.000   2.017   0.059
47  31  -9.000  -9.000   0.956   0.011 | 106  12  -9.000  -9.000   1.044   0.000
48   1   0.003   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 106  18   0.003   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
48   3   0.002   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 108  16   0.039   0.006  -9.000  -9.000
48  20   0.002   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 108  26   0.022   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
48  31   0.112   0.008  -9.000  -9.000 | 110   3   0.028   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
48  34   0.188   0.013  -9.000  -9.000 | 110   5  -9.000  -9.000   1.249   0.013
50  20   0.009   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 110  26  -9.000  -9.000   0.639   0.012
50  30   0.023   0.033  -9.000  -9.000 | 110  32   0.103   0.005  -9.000  -9.000
51   1  -9.000  -9.000   0.067   0.013 | 112  18   0.006   0.007  -9.000  -9.000
51  17  -9.000  -9.000   0.230   0.009 | 112  30   0.164   0.004  -9.000  -9.000
51  26  -9.000  -9.000   0.442   0.042 | 114   2   0.028   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
52  14   0.005   0.005  -9.000  -9.000 | 114   4  -9.000  -9.000   1.241   0.020
52  23   0.017   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 114   6  -9.000  -9.000   1.129   0.028
54   4   0.001   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 114  13   0.055   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
54  16   0.005   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 114  24   0.059   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
54  28   0.031   0.004  -9.000  -9.000 | 116   8   0.021   0.007  -9.000  -9.000
54  34   0.182   0.025  -9.000  -9.000 | 116  10  -9.000  -9.000   0.996   0.002
56  23   0.010   0.006  -9.000  -9.000 | 116  16   0.052   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
56  27  -9.000  -9.000   0.451   0.012 | 116  26   0.030   0.001  -9.000  -9.000
58   1   0.002   0.003  -9.000  -9.000 | 118   4  -9.000  -9.000   1.128   0.026
58  14   0.008   0.002  -9.000  -9.000 | 118  10   0.049   0.017  -9.000  -9.000
58  23   0.020   0.000  -9.000  -9.000 | 118  12   0.058   0.007  -9.000  -9.000
58  32   0.081   0.003  -9.000  -9.000 | 118  22   0.033   0.002  -9.000  -9.000
60   2   0.002   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 120  16   0.017   0.005  -9.000  -9.000
60   5  -9.000  -9.000   0.130   0.008 | 120  20   0.045   0.035   0.429   0.015
60  16   0.007   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 125   8  -9.000  -9.000   0.270   0.008
60  26   0.035   0.003  -9.000  -9.000 | 125  22   0.145   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
60  33  -9.000  -9.000   1.077   0.017 | 129   7   0.136   0.003  -9.000  -9.000
62   2   0.006   0.001  -9.000  -9.000 | 130   6  -9.000  -9.000   2.107   0.021
	


TABLE 8. CFC air measurements

Date       GMT  Latitude  Longitude  CFC-11  CFC-12   CFC-113  CCL4
          (hhmm) (°N)      (°W)      (ppt)   (ppt)    (ppt)    (ppt)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
24-Jan-98  1840  27.433   14.850    259.836  535.550  79.192  -9.000
24-Jan-98  1851  27.433   14.851    260.321  537.726  79.103  -9.000
24-Jan-98  1902  27.433   14.851    261.361  534.915  77.644  -9.000
24-Jan-98  1913  27.433   14.851    261.377  536.906  77.760  -9.000
24-Jan-98  1924  27.424   14.891    262.772  537.277  77.314  -9.000
27-Jan-98  1946  24.909   22.448    262.927  540.885  79.736  -9.000
27-Jan-98  1956  24.876   22.532    263.902  543.954  82.513  -9.000
27-Jan-98  2006  24.871   22.547    263.581  547.197  78.311  -9.000
27-Jan-98  2026  24.840   22.632    263.681  548.454  79.922  -9.000
27-Jan-98  2036  24.834   22.646    264.611  549.683  78.559  -9.000
27-Jan-98  2046  24.834   22.646    265.075  549.246  77.953  -9.000
28-Jan-98  2106  24.500   24.961    263.434  537.866  79.534  -9.000
28-Jan-98  2116  24.501   25.026    262.535  538.353  77.246  -9.000
28-Jan-98  2126  24.503   25.062    263.367  540.686  78.619  -9.000
28-Jan-98  2146  24.504   25.080    262.361  538.433  78.813  -9.000
28-Jan-98  2156  24.503   25.182    259.377  534.339  79.203  -9.000
28-Jan-98  2206  24.503   25.199    259.908  536.414  77.986  -9.000
29-Jan-98  1239  24.500   26.755    265.207  539.051  77.299  -9.000
29-Jan-98  1309  24.499   26.869    264.325  543.569  81.042  -9.000
29-Jan-98  1319  24.501   26.932    265.751  543.250  81.041  -9.000
29-Jan-98  1329  24.501   26.966    261.947  539.318  81.010  -9.000
29-Jan-98  1339  24.500   26.983    264.225  543.042  78.873  -9.000
29-Jan-98  1420  24.500   27.146    265.708  542.256  81.572  -9.000
31-Jan-98  2100  24.500   32.733    260.684  533.662  80.721  -9.000
31-Jan-98  2110  24.500   32.733    262.469  537.215  80.101  -9.000
31-Jan-98  2120  24.500   32.733    260.907  533.539  78.561  -9.000
31-Jan-98  2150  24.500   32.750    258.837  532.814  77.423  -9.000
31-Jan-98  2200  24.500   32.784    263.848  541.865  77.622  -9.000
31-Jan-98  2210  24.500   32.801    259.333  532.263  77.621  -9.000
 1-Feb-98  1413  24.502   34.383     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  89.351
 1-Feb-98  1433  24.502   34.383     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  85.866
 1-Feb-98  1453  24.502   34.383     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  84.658
 3-Feb-98  1515  24.500   39.983    262.053  536.784  79.448  -9.000
 3-Feb-98  1525  24.498   39.996    262.736  536.844  78.944  -9.000
 3-Feb-98  1535  24.498   40.029    261.965  536.178  78.790  -9.000
 3-Feb-98  1545  24.498   40.029    261.492  536.176  79.798  -9.000
 3-Feb-98  1615  24.501   40.143    262.094  539.114  77.696  -9.000
 3-Feb-98  1625  24.501   40.240    261.884  539.831  78.942  -9.000
 3-Feb-98  1803  24.500   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.672
 3-Feb-98  1823  24.500   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.793
 4-Feb-98   734  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  92.265
 4-Feb-98   754  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.492
 4-Feb-98   834  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.098
 4-Feb-98   854  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.565
 6-Feb-98  1137  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.687
 6-Feb-98  1157  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  92.685
 6-Feb-98  1237  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.974
 6-Feb-98  1257  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.088
 7-Feb-98  1224  24.500   49.333    262.958  538.920  79.104  -9.000
 7-Feb-98  1234  24.500   49.333    261.579  540.095  80.068  -9.000
 7-Feb-98  1244  24.500   49.333    261.338  538.346  79.588  -9.000
 7-Feb-98  1314  24.500   49.333    265.800  540.404  81.139  -9.000
 7-Feb-98  1324  24.500   49.333    262.774  539.189  79.657  -9.000
 7-Feb-98  1334  24.500   49.333    262.934  539.476  79.559  -9.000
 7-Feb-98  1531  24.500   49.461    258.404  531.774  78.156  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  1914  24.501   51.533    261.171  537.612  80.509  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  1924  24.500   51.533    262.143  538.129  79.696  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  1934  24.499   51.546    265.034  538.779  80.208  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  2004  24.500   51.636    262.012  536.424  80.017  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  2014  24.500   51.636    261.953  537.730  79.940  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  2024  24.499   51.699    263.807  538.928  79.901  -9.000
 8-Feb-98  2056  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.090
 8-Feb-98  2116  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.306
 8-Feb-98  2156  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.817
 8-Feb-98  2216  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.694
 9-Feb-98  2244  24.502   53.784    261.719  537.661  81.545  -9.000
 9-Feb-98  2254  24.504   53.851    262.597  539.557  80.872  -9.000
 9-Feb-98  2304  24.504   53.880    261.726  537.667  79.912  -9.000
 9-Feb-98  2324  24.503   53.956    264.344  541.163  80.720  -9.000
 9-Feb-98  2334  24.502   53.987    262.269  536.927  80.020  -9.000
 9-Feb-98  2344  24.502   53.987    262.205  536.721  80.565  -9.000

TABLE 8. CFC air measurements (continued)

Date       GMT  Latitude  Longitude  CFC-11  CFC-12   CFC-113  CCL4
          (hhmm) (°N)      (°W)      (ppt)   (ppt)    (ppt)    (ppt)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
10-Feb-98  2032  24.500   55.933     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.388
10-Feb-98  2052  24.500   55.933     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.208
10-Feb-98  2112  24.500   55.933     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  92.775
10-Feb-98  2132  24.500   55.933     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.823
11-Feb-98   339  24.500   56.667     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.978
11-Feb-98   359  24.500   56.667     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.100
11-Feb-98   439  24.500   56.667     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.361
11-Feb-98   459  24.500   56.667     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.658
11-Feb-98  2204  24.500   58.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.657
11-Feb-98  2224  24.500   58.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.483
11-Feb-98  2244  24.500   58.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.476
13-Feb-98   115  24.500   61.067    262.315  536.445  81.119  -9.000
13-Feb-98   125  24.500   61.067    262.475  538.298  82.255  -9.000
13-Feb-98   135  24.500   61.067    261.623  538.645  80.140  -9.000
13-Feb-98   155  24.506   61.071    261.686  538.295  79.729  -9.000
13-Feb-98   205  24.505   61.105    262.698  538.700  80.228  -9.000
13-Feb-98   215  24.505   61.105    261.676  536.758  79.115  -9.000
13-Feb-98   229  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.299
13-Feb-98   249  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.033
13-Feb-98   329  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.533
13-Feb-98   349  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.347
14-Feb-98  1944  24.500   65.468    262.707  539.047  80.631  -9.000
14-Feb-98  1954  24.500   65.467    262.465  538.199  81.209  -9.000
14-Feb-98  2004  24.501   65.467    262.275  536.354  80.125  -9.000
14-Feb-98  2024  24.500   65.467    262.132  536.824  80.285  -9.000
14-Feb-98  2034  24.501   65.467    262.028  537.808  80.243  -9.000
14-Feb-98  2044  24.501   65.467    262.004  537.114  80.121  -9.000
16-Feb-98   146  24.504   68.440    262.523  540.348  80.763  -9.000
16-Feb-98   156  24.503   68.544    263.901  539.621  81.137  -9.000
16-Feb-98   206  24.502   68.562    261.984  538.864  79.805  -9.000
16-Feb-98   226  24.498   68.666    263.276  540.683  79.877  -9.000
16-Feb-98   236  24.498   68.684    263.034  541.216  79.900  -9.000
16-Feb-98   246  24.498   68.684    263.002  541.274  80.052  -9.000
16-Feb-98   250  24.500   69.133     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.950
16-Feb-98   310  24.500   69.133     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.214
16-Feb-98   330  24.500   69.133     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.795
19-Feb-98    25  26.500   73.216    262.293  538.847  80.539  -9.000
19-Feb-98    35  26.500   73.217    262.142  538.710  80.844  -9.000
19-Feb-98    45  26.500   73.217    261.824  539.329  80.451  -9.000
19-Feb-98    55  26.501   73.309    262.074  540.199  80.325  -9.000
19-Feb-98   110  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.505
19-Feb-98   130  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.064
19-Feb-98   150  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.901
19-Feb-98   210  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.810
20-Feb-98  1324  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.687
20-Feb-98  1344  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.869
20-Feb-98  1424  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.886
20-Feb-98  1444  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.399
20-Feb-98  2333  26.500   75.900     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.398
20-Feb-98  2353  26.500   75.900     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.629
21-Feb-98  1549  26.510   76.427    262.483  540.744  80.515  -9.000
21-Feb-98  1559  26.510   76.428    262.273  539.635  80.446  -9.000
21-Feb-98  1609  26.511   76.428    262.793  541.135  80.816  -9.000
21-Feb-98  1629  26.514   76.431    262.827  538.937  79.301  -9.000
21-Feb-98  1639  26.516   76.434    263.024  538.655  78.736  -9.000
21-Feb-98  1649  26.508   76.482    262.900  538.355  79.284  -9.000
22-Feb-98   108  26.500   76.617    261.254  537.878  79.587  -9.000
22-Feb-98   152  26.500   76.683    260.123  536.113  78.455  -9.000
22-Feb-98   234  26.500   76.683     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.873
22-Feb-98   254  26.500   76.683     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.657
23-Feb-98   237  26.111   78.494    264.570  540.167  81.155  -9.000
23-Feb-98   247  26.111   78.494    264.310  539.409  80.459  -9.000
23-Feb-98   257  26.163   78.587    262.826  539.090  79.707  -9.000
23-Feb-98   307  26.168   78.606    262.319  538.885  79.498  -9.000
23-Feb-98   337  26.171   78.731    262.246  539.018  79.676  -9.000
23-Feb-98   539  27.001   79.200     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.798
23-Feb-98   559  27.001   79.200     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.073
23-Feb-98   619  27.001   79.200     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.724
23-Feb-98  1401  27.038   79.481     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  97.231
23-Feb-98  1421  27.038   79.481     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.196
23-Feb-98  1441  27.038   79.481     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.753
24-Feb-98   250  26.999   79.937     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  97.861
24-Feb-98   310  26.999   79.937     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  97.393
  


TABLE 9. CFC air values (interpolated to station locations)

Station  Date   Latitude  Longitude  CFC-11  CFC-12   CFC-113  CCL4
                  (°N)      (°W)     (ppt)   (ppt)    (ppt)    (ppt)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
   6  24-Jan-98  27.433   14.850    259.836  535.550  79.192  -9.000
   7  24-Jan-98  27.433   14.851    260.321  537.726  79.103  -9.000
   7  24-Jan-98  27.433   14.851    261.361  534.915  77.644  -9.000
   7  24-Jan-98  27.433   14.851    261.377  536.906  77.760  -9.000
   7  24-Jan-98  27.424   14.891    262.772  537.277  77.314  -9.000
  20  27-Jan-98  24.909   22.448    262.927  540.885  79.736  -9.000
  20  27-Jan-98  24.876   22.532    263.902  543.954  82.513  -9.000
  20  27-Jan-98  24.871   22.547    263.581  547.197  78.311  -9.000
  20  27-Jan-98  24.840   22.632    263.681  548.454  79.922  -9.000
  20  27-Jan-98  24.834   22.646    264.611  549.683  78.559  -9.000
  20  27-Jan-98  24.834   22.646    265.075  549.246  77.953  -9.000
  24  28-Jan-98  24.500   24.961    263.434  537.866  79.534  -9.000
  24  28-Jan-98  24.501   25.026    262.535  538.353  77.246  -9.000
  24  28-Jan-98  24.503   25.062    263.367  540.686  78.619  -9.000
  24  28-Jan-98  24.504   25.080    262.361  538.433  78.813  -9.000
  24  28-Jan-98  24.503   25.182    259.377  534.339  79.203  -9.000
  24  28-Jan-98  24.503   25.199    259.908  536.414  77.986  -9.000
  26  29-Jan-98  24.500   26.755    265.207  539.051  77.299  -9.000
  26  29-Jan-98  24.499   26.869    264.325  543.569  81.042  -9.000
  26  29-Jan-98  24.501   26.932    265.751  543.250  81.041  -9.000
  26  29-Jan-98  24.501   26.966    261.947  539.318  81.010  -9.000
  26  29-Jan-98  24.500   26.983    264.225  543.042  78.873  -9.000
  26  29-Jan-98  24.500   27.146    265.708  542.256  81.572  -9.000
  34  31-Jan-98  24.500   32.733    260.684  533.662  80.721  -9.000
  34  31-Jan-98  24.500   32.733    262.469  537.215  80.101  -9.000
  34  31-Jan-98  24.500   32.733    260.907  533.539  78.561  -9.000
  34  31-Jan-98  24.500   32.750    258.837  532.814  77.423  -9.000
  34  31-Jan-98  24.500   32.784    263.848  541.865  77.622  -9.000
  34  31-Jan-98  24.500   32.801    259.333  532.263  77.621  -9.000
  36   1-Feb-98  24.502   34.383     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  89.351
  36   1-Feb-98  24.502   34.383     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  85.866
  36   1-Feb-98  24.502   34.383     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  84.658
  42   3-Feb-98  24.500   39.983    262.053  536.784  79.448  -9.000
  42   3-Feb-98  24.498   39.996    262.736  536.844  78.944  -9.000
  42   3-Feb-98  24.498   40.029    261.965  536.178  78.790  -9.000
  42   3-Feb-98  24.498   40.029    261.492  536.176  79.798  -9.000
  42   3-Feb-98  24.501   40.143    262.094  539.114  77.696  -9.000
  42   3-Feb-98  24.501   40.240    261.884  539.831  78.942  -9.000
  44   3-Feb-98  24.500   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.672
  44   3-Feb-98  24.500   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.793
  44   4-Feb-98  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  92.265
  44   4-Feb-98  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.492
  44   4-Feb-98  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.098
  44   4-Feb-98  41.633   40.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.565
  56   6-Feb-98  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.687
  56   6-Feb-98  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  92.685
  56   6-Feb-98  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.974
  56   6-Feb-98  24.500   47.134     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.088
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.333    262.958  538.920  79.104  -9.000
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.333    261.579  540.095  80.068  -9.000
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.333    261.338  538.346  79.588  -9.000
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.333    265.800  540.404  81.139  -9.000
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.333    262.774  539.189  79.657  -9.000
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.333    262.934  539.476  79.559  -9.000
  60   7-Feb-98  24.500   49.461    258.404  531.774  78.156  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.501   51.533    261.171  537.612  80.509  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.500   51.533    262.143  538.129  79.696  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.499   51.546    265.034  538.779  80.208  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.500   51.636    262.012  536.424  80.017  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.500   51.636    261.953  537.730  79.940  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.499   51.699    263.807  538.928  79.901  -9.000
  64   8-Feb-98  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.090
  64   8-Feb-98  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.306
  64   8-Feb-98  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.817
  64   8-Feb-98  24.501   51.533     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  91.694
  58   9-Feb-98  24.502   53.784    261.719  537.661  81.545  -9.000
  58   9-Feb-98  24.504   53.851    262.597  539.557  80.872  -9.000
  58   9-Feb-98  24.504   53.880    261.726  537.667  79.912  -9.000
  58   9-Feb-98  24.503   53.956    264.344  541.163  80.720  -9.000
  58   9-Feb-98  24.502   53.987    262.269  536.927  80.020  -9.000

TABLE 9. CFC air values (interpolated to station locations, continued)

Station  Date   Latitude  Longitude  CFC-11  CFC-12   CFC-113  CCL4
                  (°N)      (°W)     (ppt)   (ppt)    (ppt)    (ppt)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
  58   9-Feb-98  24.502   53.987    262.205  536.721  80.565  -9.000
  71  10-Feb-98  24.500   55.933     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  94.388
  71  10-Feb-98  24.500   55.933     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  93.208
  71  10-Feb-98  24.500   55.933     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  92.775
  71  10-Feb-98  24.500   55.933     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  91.823
  72  11-Feb-98  24.500   56.667     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  94.978
  72  11-Feb-98  24.500   56.667     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  95.100
  72  11-Feb-98  24.500   56.667     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  93.361
  72  11-Feb-98  24.500   56.667     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  94.658
  74  11-Feb-98  24.500   58.134     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  96.657
  74  11-Feb-98  24.500   58.134     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  96.483
  74  11-Feb-98  24.500   58.134     -9.000  -9.000   -9.000  96.476
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.067    262.315  536.445  81.119  -9.000
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.067    262.475  538.298  82.255  -9.000
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.067    261.623  538.645  80.140  -9.000
  79  13-Feb-98  24.506   61.071    261.686  538.295  79.729  -9.000
  79  13-Feb-98  24.505   61.105    262.698  538.700  80.228  -9.000
  79  13-Feb-98  24.505   61.105    261.676  536.758  79.115  -9.000
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.299
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.033
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.533
  79  13-Feb-98  24.500   61.801     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.347
  84  14-Feb-98  24.500   65.468    262.707  539.047  80.631  -9.000
  84  14-Feb-98  24.500   65.467    262.465  538.199  81.209  -9.000
  84  14-Feb-98  24.501   65.467    262.275  536.354  80.125  -9.000
  84  14-Feb-98  24.500   65.467    262.132  536.824  80.285  -9.000
  84  14-Feb-98  24.501   65.467    262.028  537.808  80.243  -9.000
  84  14-Feb-98  24.501   65.467    262.004  537.114  80.121  -9.000
  88  16-Feb-98  24.504   68.440    262.523  540.348  80.763  -9.000
  88  16-Feb-98  24.503   68.544    263.901  539.621  81.137  -9.000
  88  16-Feb-98  24.502   68.562    261.984  538.864  79.805  -9.000
  88  16-Feb-98  24.498   68.666    263.276  540.683  79.877  -9.000
  88  16-Feb-98  24.498   68.684    263.034  541.216  79.900  -9.000
  88  16-Feb-98  24.498   68.684    263.002  541.274  80.052  -9.000
  89  16-Feb-98  24.500   69.133     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.950
  89  16-Feb-98  24.500   69.133     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.214
  89  16-Feb-98  24.500   69.133     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.795
 100  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.216    262.293  538.847  80.539  -9.000
 100  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.217    262.142  538.710  80.844  -9.000
 100  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.217    261.824  539.329  80.451  -9.000
 100  19-Feb-98  26.501   73.309    262.074  540.199  80.325  -9.000
 101  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.505
 101  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.064
 101  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.901
 101  19-Feb-98  26.500   73.583     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  94.810
 108  20-Feb-98  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.687
 108  20-Feb-98  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.869
 108  20-Feb-98  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.886
 108  20-Feb-98  26.500   75.500     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.399
 110  20-Feb-98  26.500   75.900     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.398
 110  20-Feb-98  26.500   75.900     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.629
 114  21-Feb-98  26.510   76.427    262.483  540.744  80.515  -9.000
 114  21-Feb-98  26.510   76.428    262.273  539.635  80.446  -9.000
 114  21-Feb-98  26.511   76.428    262.793  541.135  80.816  -9.000
 114  21-Feb-98  26.514   76.431    262.827  538.937  79.301  -9.000
 114  21-Feb-98  26.516   76.434    263.024  538.655  78.736  -9.000
 114  21-Feb-98  26.508   76.482    262.900  538.355  79.284  -9.000
 116  22-Feb-98  26.500   76.617    261.254  537.878  79.587  -9.000
 117  22-Feb-98  26.500   76.683    260.123  536.113  78.455  -9.000
 117  22-Feb-98  26.500   76.683     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.873
 117  22-Feb-98  26.500   76.683     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.657
 122  23-Feb-98  26.111   78.494    264.570  540.167  81.155  -9.000
 122  23-Feb-98  26.111   78.494    264.310  539.409  80.459  -9.000
 122  23-Feb-98  26.163   78.587    262.826  539.090  79.707  -9.000
 122  23-Feb-98  26.168   78.606    262.319  538.885  79.498  -9.000
 122  23-Feb-98  26.171   78.731    262.246  539.018  79.676  -9.000
 122  23-Feb-98  27.001   79.200     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.798
 122  23-Feb-98  27.001   79.200     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.073
 122  23-Feb-98  27.001   79.200     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  93.724
 125  23-Feb-98  27.038   79.481     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  97.231
 125  23-Feb-98  27.038   79.481     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  96.196
 125  23-Feb-98  27.038   79.481     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  95.753
 130  24-Feb-98  26.999   79.937     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  97.861
 130  24-Feb-98  26.999   79.937     -9.000   -9.000  -9.000  97.393




NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-68

CTD/O2 MEASUREMENTS COLLECTED ON A CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE CRUISE 
ALONG 24°N IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN (WOCE Section A6) during 
January - February 1998

K.E. McTaggart -1* , G.C. Johnson -1* ,C.I.Fleurant -2* , and M.O. Baringer -3*

-1* Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
    7600 Sand Point Way NE
    Seattle, WA 98115

-2* University of Miami
    Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
    4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
    Miami, FL 33149

-3* Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
    4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
    Miami, FL 33149

May 1999

Contribution 2056 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

NOTICE

Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an 
endorsement by NOAA/ER .Use of information from this publication 
concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products for 
publicity or advertising purposes is not authorized.

CONTENTS

1.	Introduction
2.	Standards and Pre-Cruise Calibrations
	2.1	Conductivity
	2.2	Temperature
	2.3	Pressure
	2.4	Oxygen
3.	Data Acquisition
	3.1	Data Acquisition Problems
	3.2	Salinity Analyses
4.	At Sea Calibrations
5.	Post-Cruise Calibrations
	5.1	Conductivity
	5.2	Temperature
	5.3	Oxygen
6.	Data Presentation
7.	Participating Institutions/Personnel
8.	Acknowledgments
9.	References

FIGURES* AND TABLES
List of Figures*
1	CTD station locations made on the R/V Ronald H. Brown from January 
	24 to February 23, 1998 
2	Pressures of bottle closures at each station
3	Calibrated CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against 
	station number and pressure
4	Calibrated CTD-bottle oxygen differences plotted against station 
	number and pressure
5	Potential temperature (°C)sections
6	Salinity (PSS-78) sections
7	Potential density (kg/m 3 )sections
8	CTD oxygen (µmol/kg) sections

LIST OF TABLES
1	CTD cast summary
2a	Shallow water column station groupings for CTD oxygen algorithm 
	parameters
2b	Deep water column station groupings for CTD oxygen algorithm 
	parameters
3	Weather condition code used to describe each set of CTD 
	measurements
4	Sea state code used to describe each set of CTD measurements
5	Visibility code used to describe each set of CTD measurements

CTD DATA SUMMARY

CTD/O2 measurements collected on a Climate and Global Change cruise along 
24°N in the Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A6) during January-February 1998

K.E. McTaggart, G.C. Johnson,C.I. Fleurant, and M.O. Baringer

ABSTRACT.

Summaries of CTD/O2 measurements and hydrographic data acquired on a 
Climate and Global Change cruise during the winter of 1998 aboard the 
NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown are presented.  The majority of these data 
were collected along 24.5°N from 23.5°W to 69°W.  Completing the 
transatlantic section are data collected along a NE-SW dogleg off the 
coast of Africa, and along a second, short, zonal section along 26.5°N 
off the coast of Abaco Island from 69°W to 77°W, jogging north along 
27°N in the Straits of Florida to 80°W.  Data acquisition and processing 
systems are described and calibration procedures are documented.  
Station location, meteorological conditions, CTD/O2 summary data 
listings, profiles, and potential temperature-salinity diagrams are 
included for each cast.  Section plots of oceanographic variables and 
hydrographic data listings are also given.

1.	INTRODUCTION

The NOAA Office of Global Programs (OGP) sponsors the Atlantic Climate 
Change Program (ACCP)and the Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study 
(OACES) as elements under the Climate and Global Change Program.  The 
long-term objective of the Climate and Global Change Program is to 
provide reliable predictions of climate change and associated regional 
implications on time scales ranging from seasons to centuries.  Large 
uncertainties in current predictions include the sources and sinks of 
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and the role of the ocean in 
mitigating or changing the timing of regional patterns associated with 
warmer climate.  Hydrographic and direct velocity measurements collected 
during this cruise will help to quantify the water masses and determine 
the meridional overturning circulation responsible for the 
redistribution of heat, fresh water, and carbon in the center of the 
subtropical gyre and estimate the remineralization component of the CO2 
increase in order to quantify the anthropogenic CO2 burden.

The 24°N transatlantic section has been previously occupied in 1957, 
1981, and 1992, revealing long-term variability in mid-depth 
temperature, salinity, and oxygen.  This new data set extends this time 
series through a time when relatively large mid-depth changes due to 
decadal variations in the air-sea interaction for Labrador Sea Water 
formation have already been observed.  In addition, this data set 
complements those from other seasons, allowing for investigation into 
seasonal variations in fluxes of mass, heat, and freshwater.

CTD/O2 stations were occupied during leg 2.  Stations were spaced 
roughly 55-85 km apart across the basin, closer near the coastlines.  
Full water column CTD/O2 profiles were collected at all stations and 
Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements were taken 
on all but five stations prior to station 85.  Underway salinity, 
temperature, shipboard ADCP, and carbon partial pressures were taken 
along the cruise track.  Water samples were analyzed for a suite of 
natural and anthropogenic tracers including salinity, dissolved oxygen, 
inorganic nutrients, CFCs, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, 
pH, pCO2 dissolved organic carbon, and carbon isotopes.  Figure 1* shows 
station locations.  Table 1 provides a summary of cast information.

Leg 2 stations began with a NE-SW dogleg off the coast of Africa from 
station 1 at 28°N, 15°W in 130 m of water to station 22 at 24.5°N, 23.5°W 
in nearly 5000 m of water.  Stations continued westward in a long zonal 
section along 24.5°N from station 22 to station 89 at 69°W across the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.  The trackline jogged northwestward and stations were 
occupied along 26.5°N from 71°W at station 94 to 79°W at station 121.  The 
remaining stations, 122-130, were along 27°N across the Straits of 
Florida.  Leg 1 followed this same trackline in the opposite direction, 
deploying only XBTs to sample the temperature in the upper 750 m.

2.	STANDARDS AND PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS

The CTD/O2 system is a real-time data acquisition system with the data from 
a Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.  (SBE) 9plus underwater unit transmitted via a 
conducting cable to a SBE 11plus deck unit.  The serial data from the 
underwater unit is sent to the deck unit in RS-232 NRZ format.  The deck 
unit decodes the serial data and sends it to a personal computer for 
display and storage in a disk file using Sea-Bird SEASOFT software.  The 
SBE 911plus system transmits data from primary and auxiliary sensors in the 
form of binary number equivalents of the frequency or voltage outputs from 
those sensors.  These are referred to as the raw data.  The calculations 
required to convert raw data to engineering units are performed by 
software.

The SBE 911plus system is electrically and mechanically compatible with 
standard unmodified rosette water samplers made by General Oceanics (GO), 
including the 1016 36-position sampler, which was used for all stations 
on this cruise.  A modem and rosette interface allows the 911plus system 
to control the operation of the rosette directly without interrupting the 
flow of data from the CTD.

The SBE 9plus underwater unit is configured with dual standard modular 
temperature (SBE 3) and conductivity (SBE 4) sensors which are mounted 
near the lower end cap.  The conductivity cell entrance is co-planar 
with the tip of the temperature sensor probe.  The pressure sensor is 
mounted inside the underwater unit main housing.  A centrifugal pump 
module flushes water through sensor tubing at a constant rate 
independent of the CTD 's motion to improve dynamic performance.  A 
dissolved oxygen sensor is added to the pumped sensor configuration 
following the temperature-conductivity (TC) pair.

2.1	CONDUCTIVITY

The flow-through conductivity-sensing element is a glass tube (cell) 
with three platinum electrodes.  The resistance measured between the 
center electrode and end electrode pair is determined by the cell 
geometry and the specific conductance of the fluid within the cell, and 
controls the out-put frequency of a Wien Bridge circuit.  The sensor has 
a frequency out-put of approximately 3 to 12 kHz corresponding to 
conductivity from 0 to 7 Siemens/meter (0 to 70 mmho/cm).  The SBE 4 has 
a typical accuracy/stability of ±0.0003 S/m/month and resolution of 
0.00004 S/m at 24 samples per second.

Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, 
Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered 
into SEASOFT using software module SEACON:

          s/n 1346                  s/n 1347
          December 6,1997           December 6,1997
              g = -4.16857251e+00       g = -4.05527033e+00
              h =  5.48731172e -01      h =  5.32990229e -01
              i =  1.14301642e -04      i =  1.34295790e -05
              j =  2.71673254e -05      j =  3.14203119e -05
          ctcor =  3.2500e -06      ctcor =  3.2500e -06
          cpcor = -9.5700e -08      cpcor = -9.5700e -08
 
Conductivity calibration certificates show an equation containing the 
appropriate pressure-dependent correction term to account for the effect 
of hydrostatic loading (pressure) on the conductivity cell:

     C (S /m)=(g + h f^2 + if^3 + j f^4 )/[10(1 + ctcor * t + cpcor * p)]

where g ,h ,i ,j ,ctcor ,and cpcor are the calibration coefficients 
above, f is the instrument frequency (kHz), t is the water temperature 
(degrees Celsius), and is the water pressure (dbar).  SEASOFT 
automatically implements this equation.


2.2	TEMPERATURE

The temperature-sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, 
pressure-protected by a stainless steel tube.  The sensor output 
frequency ranges from approximately 5 to 13 kHz corresponding to 
temperature from -5 to 35°C.  The output frequency is inversely 
proportional to the square root of the thermistor resistance which 
controls the output of a patented Wien Bridge circuit.  The thermistor 
resistance is exponentially related to temperature.  The SBE 3 
thermometer has a typical accuracy/stability of ±0.004°C per year and 
resolution of 0.0003°C at 24 samples per second.  The SBE 3 thermometer 
has a fast response time of 0.070 seconds.

Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, 
Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered 
into SEASOFT using software module SEACON:

          s/n 1701                  s/n 1075
          December 4,1997           December 4,1997
           g =    4.78998172e -03     g =    4.81195547e -03
           h =    6.52982992e -04     h =    6.70417903e -04
           i =    1.81051274e -05     i =    2.58445709e -05
           j =    9.53750998e -07     j =    2.09728302e -06
          f0 = 1000.0                f0 = 1000.0
          
Temperature (ITS-90)is computed according to

  T(C) = 1 /g +h [ln(f0 /f )] + i [ln^2 (f0 /f )] + j [ln^3 (f0 /f )] - 273.15

where g, h, i, j, and f0 are the calibration coefficients above and f is 
the instrument frequency (kHz).  SEASOFT automatically implements this 
equation and converts between ITS-90 and IPTS-68 temperature scales as 
desired.

2.3	PRESSURE

The Paroscientific series 4000 Digiquartz high pressure transducer uses a 
quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of oscillation varies with 
pressure induced stress measuring changes in pressure as small as 0.01 
parts per million with an absolute range of 0 to 10,000 psia (0 to 6885 
dbar).  Repeatability, hysteresis, and pressure conformance are 0.005%FS.  
The nominal pressure frequency (0 to full scale) is 34 to 38 kHz.  The 
nominal temperature frequency is 172 kHz +50 ppm/°C.

Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, 
Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered 
into SEASOFT using software module SEACON:

                            s/n 58808
                            August 9,1994
                            c1 = -4.583844e+04
                            c2 = -1.96344e -01
                            c3 =  1.27804e -02
                            d1 =  3.7796e -02
                            d2 =  0.0
                            t1 =  3.010293e+01
                            t2 = -2.93260e -04
                            t3 =  3.61082e -06
                            t4 =  3.74863e -09

Pressure coefficients are first formulated into

                    c = c 1 + c 2 * U + c 3 * U^2
                    d = d 1 + d 2 * U
                   t0 = t 1+t 2 * U + t 3 * U^2 + t 4 * U^3

where U is temperature in degrees Celsius.  Then pressure is computed 
according to

        P (psia ) = c *[1 - (t 0^2 /t^2 )] * {1 - d [1 - (t 0^2 /t^2 )]}

where t is pressure period (µs).  SEASOFT automatically implements this 
equation.


2.4	OXYGEN

The SBE 13 dissolved oxygen sensor uses a Beckman polarographic element. 
Oxygen sensors determine the dissolved oxygen concentration by counting 
the number of oxygen molecules per second (flux) that diffuse through a 
membrane.  By knowing the flux of oxygen and the geometry of the 
diffusion path the concentration of oxygen can be computed.  The 
permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a function of temperature and 
ambient pressure.  The interface electronics outputs voltages 
proportional to membrane current (oxygen current)and membrane 
temperature (oxygen temperature). Oxygen temperature is used for 
internal temperature compensation.  Initial computation of dissolved 
oxygen in engineering units is done in the software. The range for 
dissolved oxygen is 0 to 650 µmol/kg; nominal accuracy is 4 µmol/kg; 
resolution is 0.4 µmol/kg.  Response times are roughly 2 s at 25°C and 5 
s at 0°C.

The following oxygen calibrations were entered into SEASOFT using SEACON:

      s/n 130364           s/n 130353           s/n 130381
      December 10,1997     December 11,1997     December 12,1997
         m =  2.4614e -07     m =  2.4624e -07     m =  2.4496e -07
         b = -5.0212e -10     b = -5.6634e -10     b = -2.7680e -10
       soc =  3.4185        soc =  3.2070        soc =  3.2309
       boc = -0.0210        boc = -0.0290        boc = -0.0260
      tcor = -3.3e -02     tcor = -3.3e -02     tcor = -3.3e-02
      pcor =  1.5e -04     pcor =  1.5e -04     pcor =  1.5e -04
       tau =  2.0           tau =  2.0           tau =  2.0
        wt =  0.67           wt =  0.67           wt =  0.67
         k =  9.0037          k =  8.9643          k =  9.0214
         c = -6.8110          c = -6.8963          c = -6.7355

The use of these constants in linear equations of the form I = mV + b 
and T = kV + c will yield sensor membrane current and temperature (with 
a maximum error of about 0.5°C) as a function of sensor output voltage.


3.	DATA ACQUISITION

CTD/O2 measurements were made using a SBE 9plus CTD with dual sensor 
configuration.  Each set of sensors included a temperature, 
conductivity, and dissolved oxygen sensor.  The sets were placed as 
mirror images to each other mounted low on the CTD main housing with the 
intakes approximately 6-8 inches apart.  The TC pairs were monitored for 
calibration drift and shifts by examining the differences between the 
two pairs on each CTD and comparing CTD salinities with bottle salinity 
measurements.

AOML's SBE 9plus CTD/O2 s/n 09P10779-0363 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was 
mounted in a 36-position frame and employed as the primary package. 
Auxiliary sensors included an LADCP and Benthos altimeter.  Water 
samples were collected using a GO 36-bottle rosette and 10-liter Nisken 
bottles.  The primary package was used for all casts during this cruise.

The package entered the water from the starboard side of the ship and 
was held within 10 m of the surface for 1 minute in order to activate 
the pump.  The package was lowered at a rate of 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 
m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min generally to within 10 m of the bottom, 
slowing gradually on the approach.  The position of the package relative 
to the bottom was monitored by the ship 's Precision Depth Recorder 
(PDR)and the altimeter.  A bottom depth was estimated from bathymetric 
charts and the PDR ran during the bottom 1000 m of the cast.  Figure 2* 
shows the pressures of bottle closures during the upcast.

Upon completion of the cast, sensors were flushed repeatedly and stored 
with a dilute Triton-X solution in the plumbing.  Nisken bottles were 
then sampled for various water properties detailed in the introduction.  
Sample protocols conformed to those specified by the WOCE Hydrographic 
Programme.

A SBE 11plus deck unit received the data signal from the CTD.  The 
analog data stream was recorded onto video cassette tape as a backup.  
Digitized data were forwarded to a personal computer equipped with 
SEASOFT acquisition and processing software version 4.230.  Preliminary 
temperature, salinity, and oxygen profiles were displayed in real time.  
Raw data files were archived to Syquest tapes.


3.1	DATA ACQUISITION PROBLEMS

All of the three oxygen sensors employed during this cruise were 
problematic owing to the age of the modules.  Oxygen sensor s/n 364 
associated with the primary TC pair was replaced with oxygen sensor s/n 
381 prior to station 33.  S/n 364 had drifted more than 15 µmol/kg from 
its calibration and was exhibiting numerous shifts in oxygen current 
throughout the water column. Redundant oxygen sensor s/n 353 associated 
with the secondary TC pair was removed prior to station 45 in an effort 
to conserve its usefulness in case primary oxygen sensor s/n 381 failed 
later in the cruise.  Also, secondary sensor s/n 353 was exhibiting 
multiple shifts in oxygen current at varying depths and thought to be 
more difficult to calibrate.  Primary sensor s/n 381 was better behaved 
although much noisier.

There was no primary oxygen data from sensor s/n 381 collected for 
station 34 owing to a poor connection of the dissolved oxygen module.


3.2	SALINITY ANALYSES

Bottle salinity analyses were performed in the ship's temperature-
controlled salinity laboratory using two Guildline Model 8400B inductive 
autosalinometers, and a dedicated personal computer.  Software allowed 
the user to standardize the autosal, and perform a second 
standardization using a fresher standard (30 PSS) for a linearity check.  
IAPSO Standard Seawater batch #133 was used as the primary standard.  
IAPSO Standard Seawater batch #305 was used as the second, fresher 
standard.  The autosalinometer in use was standardized before each cast 
of samples were analyzed, or every 36 samples.  The software limits set 
required that each successive reading be within ±0.002 PSS or the 
program would reject that reading and seek another.  Stable room 
temperature and high performance of the autosalinometers allowed these 
limits to be so strictly set.

Duplicate samples usually taken from the deepest bottle on each cast 
were analyzed on a subsequent day.  Bottle salinities were compared with 
preliminary CTD salinities to aid in the identification of leaking 
bottles as well as to monitor the CTD conductivity cells' performance 
and drift.  The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an 
accomplished operator is 0.001 PSS, with an accuracy of 0.003.  The 
standard deviation of the duplicate differences is 0.0003 PSS.  This 
value is far below the expected precision.

Calibrated CTD salinities replace missing bottle salinities in the 
hydrographic data listing and are indicated by an asterisk.


4.	AT SEA PROCESSING

SEASOFT consists of modular menu driven routines for acquisition, 
display, processing, and archiving of oceanographic data acquired with 
SBE equipment and is designed to work with an IBM or compatible personal 
computer.  Raw data are acquired from the instruments and are stored 
unmodified.  The conversion module DATCNV uses the instrument 
configuration and pre-cruise calibration coefficients to create a 
converted engineering unit data file that is operated on by all SEASOFT 
post processing modules. The following is the SEASOFT processing module 
sequence and specifications used in the reduction of CTD/O2 data from 
this cruise:

o  DATCNV converted the raw data to pressure, temperature, 
   conductivity, oxygen current, and oxygen temperature; and computed 
   salinity, the time rate of change of oxygen current, and preliminary 
   oxygen.  DATCNV also extracted bottle information where scans were 
   marked with the bottle confirm bit during acquisition.
o  ROSSUM created a summary of the bottle data.  Bottle position, 
   date, and time were automatically output.  Pressure, temperature, 
   conductivity, salinity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, time rate of 
   change of oxygen current, and preliminary oxygen values were averaged 
   over a 2-s interval (48 scans) from 5 to 3 s prior to the confirm bit in 
   order to avoid spikes in conductivity and oxygen current owing to minor 
   incompatibilities between the SBE 911plus CTD/O2 system and GO 1016 
   rosette.  ROSSUM computed potential temperature and sigma-theta.
o  WILDEDIT marked extreme outliers in the data files.  The first 
   pass of WILDEDIT obtained an accurate estimate of the true standard 
   deviation of the data.  The data were read in blocks of 200 scans. Data 
   greater than two standard deviations were flagged.  The second pass 
   computed a standard deviation over the same 200 scans excluding the 
   flagged values.  Values greater than 16 standard deviations were marked bad.
o  SPLIT removed decreasing pressure records from the data files 
   leaving only the downcast.
o  FILTER performed a low pass filter on pressure with a time 
   constant of 0.15 s.  In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the 
   filter first runs forward through the file and then runs backward 
   through the file.
o  Measurements can be misaligned due to the inherent time delay of 
   the sensor response, the water transit time delay in the pumped plumbing 
   line, and the sensors being physically misaligned in depth.  ALIGNCTD 
   aligns conductivity, temperature, and oxygen in time relative to 
   pressure to ensure that all calculations were made using measurements 
   from the same parcel of water minimizing salinity spiking and density 
   errors. Primary conductivity was not advanced in ALIGNCTD because it is 
   done in the factory setting of the 11plus deck unit.  Secondary 
   conductivity, however, is not advanced in the deck unit and so was 
   advanced 0.073 s in ALIGNCTD.  Because SBE 3 temperature sensor response 
   is fast (0.06 s), it was not necessary to advance temperature relative 
   to pressure.  Oxygen sensors s/n 364 and s/n 353 were advanced 3.0 s in 
   ALIGNCTD; s/n 381 was not advanced in the software.
o  CELLTM used a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal 
   mass effects from measured conductivity.  Both conductivity cells were 
   epoxy coated and therefore the thermal anomaly amplitude (alpha) and the 
   time constant (1/beta) were 0.03 and 9.0 respectively for each sensor.
o  DERIVE was used to recompute doxc/dt and oxygen with a time window 
   size of 2.0 seconds.
o  LOOPEDIT marked scans where the CTD was moving less than a minimum 
   velocity of 0.25 m/s or travelling backwards due to ship roll.
o  BINAVG averaged the data into 1-dbar pressure bins starting at 1 
   dbar with no surface bin.  The center value of the first bin was set 
   equal to the bin size.  The bin minimum and maximum values are the 
   center value ± half the bin size.  Scans with pressures greater than the 
   minimum and less than or equal to the maximum were averaged.  Scans were 
   interpolated so that a data record exists every decibar.  The number of 
   points averaged in each bin was added to the variables listed in the 
   data file.
o  DERIVE recomputed salinity.
o  STRIP removed scan number; and salinity, time rate of change of 
   oxygen current, and preliminary oxygen computed in DATCNV from the data files.
o  TRANS converted the data file format from binary to ASCII format.
o  In addition to the Seasoft processing modules, several PMEL 
   programs were used to further reduce the CTD/O2 data:
o  Because the pump does not turn on until 60 seconds after the CTD 
   package is in the water, measurements of near-surface conductivity and 
   oxygen values are inaccurate.  FILLSFC was used to copy the first good 
   value of salinity, potential temperature, oxygen, and oxygen current back 
   to the surface.  FILLSFC then back-calculated temperature and 
   conductivity, and zeroed the time rate of change of oxygen current for 
   those records.  Filled salinities ranged from 3 to 9dbar,usually 5 dbar. 
   There were only 7 stations where surface potential temperatures had to be 
   filled in 1-2 dbar.  Filled oxygens also ranged from 3 to 9 dbar, usually 
   5 dbar.  WOCE flags for the affected parameters were changed to "7 " for 
   extrapolation.
o  DESPIKE1 removed spikes from primary oxygen current and primary 
   oxygen temperature data.DESPIKE1 also removed spikes from primary 
   salinity data.  Data were linearly interpolated over despiked records 
   and the associated WOCE flags were changed to "6 "for interpolation.  
   Conductivity was back-calculated, and potential temperature and sigma-
   theta were recomputed for the interpolated records.
o  DESPIKE2 removed spikes from secondary data in the same fashion as 
   DESPIKE1.
o  Package slowdowns and reversals owing to ship roll can move mixed 
   water in tow to in front of the CTD sensors and create artificial density 
   inversions and other artifacts.  In addition to SEASOFT module LOOPEDIT, 
   PMEL program DELOOP computed values of density locally referenced between 
   every 1 dbar of pressure to compute N^2 = (-g/rho)(d-rho/dz) and linearly 
   interpolated measured parameters over those records where N^2 less than or 
   equal to - 1.0e -05 s^-2.  WOCE flags were changed to "6" for 
   interpolation and derived variables were recomputed over interpolated intervals.
o  FILTDOC applied a median filter of width 5 dbar to the time rate 
   of change in oxygen current.
o  FIX353 added a positive shift to secondary oxygen current (s/n 
   353) at user selected depths, usually deeper than 3500 dbar, and 
   recomputed oxygen.  This shift was applied to stations 16-44 to correct 
   an odd but persistent behavior of the aged oxygen module.
o  FIX381 added a negative shift to primary oxygen current (s/n 381) 
   at user selected depths, usually around 2900 dbar, and recomputed 
   oxygen.  This shift was applied to stations 50-118 to correct an odd but 
   persistent behavior of the aged oxygen module.


5.	POST-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS

Post-cruise sensor calibrations were done at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 
during March and May 1998.Secondary sensor pair T1075 and C1347 were 
selected for final data reduction for all stations for two reasons based 
on post-cruise temperature calibration information.  First, T1075 has a 
drift of 0.3e -03°C/year with an uncertainty of 0.3e -03°C based on five 
calibrations between August 1996 and May 1998, whereas T1701 has a drift 
of 1.5e-03°C/year with an uncertainty of -0.4e -03°C based on seven 
calibrations between May 1996 and May 1998.Second,T1075 was determined 
by Sea-Bird to have no pressure correction, whereas T1701 has a pressure 
correction of -1.4e-03°C/5000 dbar.

Secondary oxygen data from sensor s/n 353 was retained for stations 1-32 
and 34; primary oxygen data from sensor s/n 381 was retained for stations 
33 and 35-130.

Post-cruise calibrations were applied to CTD data associated with bottle 
data using PMEL program CALBOT.  WOCE quality flags were appended to 
bottle data records using PMEL program FLAG.  Quality flags were 
determined by plotting the absolute value of sample residuals versus 
pressure and selecting a cutoff value for bad flags.  The value of 2.8 
standard deviations of the remaining residuals was the cutoff for 
questionable flags.  Of the 4313 sample salinities, 0.4% were flagged as 
bad and 3.6% were flagged as questionable.  Of the 4130 sample oxygens, 
1.2% were flagged as bad and 4.9% were flagged as questionable.


5.1	CONDUCTIVITY

Conductivity slope and bias, along with a linear pressure term (modified 
beta), were computed by a least-squares minimization of CTD and bottle 
conductivity differences.  The function minimized was

                         BC - m * CC - b - beta * CP

where BC is bottle conductivity (S/m), CC is pre-cruise calibrated CTD 
conductivity (S/m), CP is the CTD pressure (dbar), m is the conductivity 
slope, b is the bias (S/m), and beta is a linear pressure term 
(S/m/dbar).  The final CTD conductivity (S/m) is

                          m * CC + b + beta  * CP

The slope term m is a fourth-order polynomial function of station number 
to allow the entire cruise to be fit at once with a smoothly-varying 
station-dependent slope correction.  For sensor C1347 a series of fits 
were made, each fit throwing out bottle values for locations having a 
residual between CTD and bottle conductivity greater than three standard 
deviations.  This procedure was repeated with the remaining bottle 
values until no more bottle values were thrown out.

For C1347, the slope correction ranged from 0.99993647 to 0.99998722, 
the bias applied was -1.3e-04 S/m, and the beta term was -1.41e -08 S/m/ 
dbar.  Of 4313 bottles, the percentage of bottles retained in the fit 
was 75.65 with a standard deviation of 1.144e -04 S/m.  PMEL program 
CALCTD applied these calibrations.

CTD-bottle conductivity differences are plotted against station number 
to show the stability of the calibrated CTD conductivities relative to 
the bottle conductivities (Fig.3*, upper panel).  CTD-bottle conductivity 
differences are plotted against pressure to show the tight fit below 500 
m and the increasing scatter above 500 m (Fig.3*, lower panel).


5.2	TEMPERATURE

The pre-cruise calibration of T1075 is the mean of the two post-cruise 
calibrations, and is within 0.05e -03°C of the overall drift trajectory 
over the duration of the cruise as determined by the calibration history 
of the sensor.  Therefore, the pre-cruise calibration was used in the 
final processing.  The pressure correction for this sensor was 
determined by Sea-Bird to be zero. However, a bias of -0.6e -03°C was 
applied to temperature data in program CALCTD to account for the effect 
of viscous heating on SBE 3 sensors.  An adjustment of -0.6e -03°C 
results in errors of no more than ± 0.15e -03°C from this effect for the 
full range of oceanographic temperature and salinity.


5.3	Oxygen

In situ oxygen samples collected during CTD/O2 profiles are used for 
post- measurement calibration.  Because the dissolved oxygen sensor has 
an obvious hysteresis, PMEL program OXDWNP replaced up-profile water 
sample data with corresponding processed (see section 4) down-profile 
CTD/O2 data at common pressure levels.  Oxygen saturation values were 
computed according to Benson and Krausse (1984) in units of µmol/kg.

The algorithm used for converting oxygen sensor current and probe 
temperature measurements to oxygen as described by Owens and Millard 
(1985) requires a non-linear least squares regression technique in order 
to determine the best-fit coefficients of the model for oxygen sensor 
behavior to the water sample observations.  WHOI program OXFITMR uses 
Numerical Recipes (Press et al.,1986) Fortran routines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, 
GAUSSJ, and COVSRT to perform non-linear least squares regression using 
the Levenberg-Marquardt method.  A Fortran subroutine FOXY describes the 
oxygen model with the derivatives of the model with respect to six 
coefficients in the following order: oxygen current slope, temperature 
correction, pressure correction, weight, oxygen current bias, and oxygen 
current lag.

Program OXFITMR reads the data for a group of stations.  The data are 
edited to remove spurious points where values are less than zero or 
greater than 1.2 times the saturation value.  The routine varies the six 
(or fewer) parameters of the model in such a way as to produce the 
minimum sum of squares in the difference between the calibration oxygens 
and the computed values.  Individual differences between the calibration 
oxygens and the computed oxygen values (residuals) are then compared 
with the standard deviation of the residuals.  Any residual exceeding an 
edit factor of 2.8 standard deviations is rejected.  A factor of 2.8 
will have a 0.5% chance of rejecting a valid oxygen value for a normally 
distributed set of residuals. The iterative fitting process is continued 
until none of the data fail the edit criteria.  The best fit to the 
oxygen probe model coefficients is then determined.  Coefficients were 
applied using program CA 381 or CA 353 for plotting in Matlab.

By plotting the oxygen residuals versus station, appropriate station 
groupings for further refinements of fitting are obtained by looking for 
abrupt station-to-station changes in the residuals.  For each grouping, 
two sets of coefficients were determined, one fitting bottles less than or equal 
to 2500 dbar and a second fitting bottles greater than or equal to 2000 dbar.  
Pressure correction, weight, and lag coefficients were fixed within a reasonable 
range (noted by asterisks in Table 2) from output of full water column group 
fits.  The two sets of coefficients were blended at 2250 dbar using a pair of 
hyperbolic tangent functions with 250-dbar decay scales.  Final 
coefficients were applied to downcast data using PMEL program CA C381 
and CALC3532.  Calibrated oxygens were extracted from the calibrated 
profiles by pressure to create the final bottle file using CALBOT.

CTD-bottle oxygen differences are plotted against station number to show 
the stability of the calibrated CTD oxygens relative to the bottle 
oxygens (Fig.4*, upper panel).  Note that the residuals (Table 2 and 
Fig.4*) are near the nominal WOCE standard accuracy of 0.5% for discrete 
oxygen titrations.  CTD-bottle oxygen differences are plotted against 
pressure to show the tight fit below 1200 m and the increasing scatter 
above 1200 m (Fig.4*, lower panel).


6.	DATA PRESENTATION

PMEL program 24N EPIC converted finalized CTD/O2 data files into EPIC 
format (Soreide et al.,1995); and computed ITS-90 temperature, ITS-90 
potential temperature, and dynamic height.  EPIC data files contain a 
WOCE quality flag parameter associated with pressure, temperature, CTD 
salinity, and CTD oxygen.  Quality flag definitions can be found in the 
WOCE Operations Manual (1994).

The final calibrated data in EPIC format were used to produce the plots 
and listings that follow.  The majority of the plots were produced using 
Plot Plus Scientific Graphics System (Denbo, 1992).  Vertical sections 
of potential temperature, CTD salinity, potential density, and CTD 
oxygen are contoured with pressure as the vertical axis and latitude as 
the horizontal axis (Figs.5* - 8*).  Nominal vertical exaggerations are 
1000:1 below 1000 dbar (lower panels) and 2500:1 above 1000 dbar (upper 
panels).  Plots and summary listings of the CTD/O2 data follow for each 
cast.  Hydrographic bottle data at discrete depths are listed in the 
final section.

The hydrographic listings presented include two-digit WOCE quality 
flags.  The numeric digits are associated with bottle salinity and 
bottle oxygen.  Quality flag definitions can be found in the WOCE 
Operations Manual (1994).


7.	PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS/PERSONNEL
	see "LIST OF PARTICIPANTS" NOAA DATA REPORT 0AR AOML-41, above.


8.	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The assistance of the officers, crew, and survey technician Jonathan 
Shannahoff of the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown is gratefully acknowledged.  
Gregg Thomas provided very high quality sample salinities and analysis 
documentation.  This cruise was sponsored by NOAA 's Office of Global 
Programs.


9.	REFERENCES

Benson, B.B., and D. Krausse Jr. (1984): The concentration and isotopic 
    fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in 
    equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 620 -632.
Denbo, D.W. (1992): PPLUS Graphics, P.O. Box 4, Sequim, WA, 98382.
Owens, W.B., and R.C. Millard Jr. (1985): A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
    calibration. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 621 -631.
Press, W., B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling (1986): Numerical 
    Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, 818 pp.
Seasoft CTD Aquisition Software Manual (1994): Sea-Bird Electronics, 
    Inc., 1808 136th Place NE, Bellevue, Washington, 98005.
Soreide, N.N. ,M.L. Schall, W.H. Zhu, D.W. Denbo, and D.C. McClurg 
    (1995): EPIC: An oceanographic data management, display and analysis 
    system. Proceedings,11th International Conference on Interactive 
    Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and 
    Hydrology, January 15 -20, 1995, Dallas, TX, 316 -321.
WOCE Operations Manual (1994): Volume 3: The Observational Programme, 
    Section 3.1: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.2: Requirements for 
    WHP Data Reporting. WHP Office Report 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, Woods 
    Hole, MA, 02543.


FIGURES* AND TABLES

Figure 1*: CTD station locations made on the R/V Ronald H. Brown from 
           January 24 to February 23, 1998.


TABLE 1: CTD cast summary.

Station	Latitude	Longitude	Date		Time	Depth	Cast
								(m)	(db)
1	27°55.0'N	13°22.2'W	24 JAN 98	0040	 132	 125
2	27°54.0'N	13°24.1'W	24 JAN 98	0211	 509	 516
3	27°52.9'N	13°25.0'W	24 JAN 98	0425	 678	 655
4	27°51.0'N	13°33.0'W	24 JAN 98	0638	1086	1082
5	27°49.8'N	13°48.7'W	24 JAN 98	0926	1518	1508
6	27°37.3'N	14°13.4'W	24 JAN 98	1309		2037
7	27°26.0'N	14°51.0'W	24 JAN 98	1759	2589	2609
8	27°14.0'N	15°35.2'W	24 JAN 98	2329	3133	3175
9	27° 2.0'N	16° 6.9'W	25 JAN 98	0432	3488	3525
10	26°50.0'N	16°40.0'W	25 JAN 98	0936	3622	3661
11	26°40.0'N	17°11.9'W	25 JAN 98	1440	3660	3705
12	26°31.0'N	17°52.0'W	25 JAN 98	2003	3662	3704
13	26°20.9'N	18°20.0'W	26 JAN 98	0049	3559	3598
14	26°10.0'N	18°49.0'W	26 JAN 98	0558	3495	3533
15	25°59.0'N	19°21.9'W	26 JAN 98	1051	3731	3765
16	25°48.0'N	19°54.0'W	26 JAN 98	1623	4018	4066
17	25°37.0'N	20°26.0'W	26 JAN 98	2156	4303	4364
18	25°25.6'N	20°56.8'W	27 JAN 98	0330	4468	4529
19	25°15.0'N	21°29.0'W	27 JAN 98	0920	4580	4648
20	25° 3.6'N	22° 1.6'W	27 JAN 98	1533	4742	4812
21	24°47.0'N	22°48.0'W	27 JAN 98	2259	4889	4972
22	24°30.0'N	23°29.0'W	28 JAN 98	0549	5017	5091
23	24°29.9'N	24°13.0'W	28 JAN 98	1235	5144	5223
24	24°30.0'N	24°57.0'W	28 JAN 98	1903	5255	5332
25	24°30.0'N	25°41.0'W	29 JAN 98	0145	5330	5411
26	24°30.0'N	26°25.0'W	29 JAN 98	0858	5413	5499
27	24°30.0'N	27° 9.0'W	29 JAN 98	1558	5534	5629
28	24°30.0'N	27°53.0'W	29 JAN 98	2300	5411	5514
29	24°30.0'N	28°37.0'W	30 JAN 98	0559	5670	5760
30	24°30.0'N	29°26.0'W	30 JAN 98	1317	5524	5646
31	24°30.0'N	30°16.0'W	30 JAN 98	2034	5650	5718
32	24°30.0'N	31° 5.0'W	31 JAN 98	0400	6027	6109
33	24°30.0'N	31°55.0'W	31 JAN 98	1149	5998	6048
34	24°30.0'N	32°44.0'W	31 JAN 98	1921	6233	6277
35	24°29.9'N	33°34.0'W	01 FEB 98	0325	6237	6362
36	24°30.1'N	34°23.0'W	01 FEB 98	1116	5142	5234
37	24°30.0'N	35°13.0'W	01 FEB 98	1859	5150	5245
38	24°30.0'N	36° 2.0'W	02 FEB 98	0207	5639	5770
39	24°30.0'N	36°52.0'W	02 FEB 98	0933	5181	5406
40	24°30.0'N	37°41.0'W	02 FEB 98	1650	5499	5558
41	24°30.0'N	38°30.8'W	03 FEB 98	0001	4862	4864
42	24°30.0'N	39°14.9'W	03 FEB 98	0636	5191	5262
43	24°30.0'N	39°59.0'W	03 FEB 98	1323	5105	5173
44	24°30.0'N	40°32.0'W	03 FEB 98	1912	5087	4878
45	24°30.0'N	41° 5.0'W	04 FEB 98	0118	5167	5241
46	24°30.0'N	41°38.0'W	04 FEB 98	0707	4721	4780
47	24°30.0'N	42°11.0'W	04 FEB 98	1254	3829	4039
48	24°30.0'N	42°44.0'W	04 FEB 98	1833	3716	3516
49	24°30.0'N	43°17.0'W	04 FEB 98	2355	3716	3763
50	24°30.0'N	43°50.0'W	05 FEB 98	0528	3759	3800
51	24°30.0'N	44°23.0'W	05 FEB 98	1045	3977	4013
52	24°30.0'N	44°56.0'W	05 FEB 98	1604	3591	3636
53	24°30.0'N	45°29.0'W	05 FEB 98	2101	3109	3346
54	24°30.0'N	46° 2.0'W	06 FEB 98	0152	2724	2765
55	24°30.0'N	46°35.1'W	06 FEB 98	0640	3520	3213
56	24°30.0'N	47° 8.0'W	06 FEB 98	1137	3619	3628
57	24°30.0'N	47°41.0'W	06 FEB 98	1653	3954	4118
58	24°30.0'N	48°14.0'W	06 FEB 98	2234	3988	3976
59	24°30.0'N	48°46.9'W	07 FEB 98	0529	4343	4313
60	24°30.0'N	49°20.0'W	07 FEB 98	1230	5273	5353
61	24°30.0'N	49°53.0'W	07 FEB 98	1953	4532	4634
62	24°30.0'N	50°26.0'W	08 FEB 98	0257	4762	4823
63	24°30.0'N	50°59.0'W	08 FEB 98	1026	5296	5437
64	24°30.0'N	51°32.0'W	08 FEB 98	1721	5284	5366
65	24°30.0'N	52° 9.0'W	09 FEB 98	0012	8094	5310
66	24°30.0'N	52°38.8'W	09 FEB 98	0651	5281	5369
67	24°30.0'N	53°11.0'W	09 FEB 98	1324	5527	5605
68	24°30.0'N	53°44.0'W	09 FEB 98	1957	6016	6077
69	24°30.0'N	54°28.0'W	10 FEB 98	0330	5657	5245
70	24°29.9'N	55°12.0'W	10 FEB 98	1127	5917	6010
71	24°30.0'N	55°56.0'W	10 FEB 98	1937	6463	6500
72	24°30.0'N	56°40.0'W	11 FEB 98	0308	6012	6129
73	24°30.0'N	57°24.0'W	11 FEB 98	1038	6313	6394
74	24°30.0'N	58° 8.0'W	11 FEB 98	1803	5835	5933
75	24°30.0'N	58°52.0'W	12 FEB 98	0125	5920	6017
76	24°30.0'N	59°36.0'W	12 FEB 98	0857	5813	5912
77	24°30.0'N	60°20.0'W	12 FEB 98	1622	5845	5961
78	24°30.0'N	61° 4.0'W	12 FEB 98	2328	5866	5971
79	24°30.0'N	61°48.0'W	13 FEB 98	0642		5891
80	24°30.0'N	62°32.0'W	13 FEB 98	1345	5866	5970
81	24°29.9'N	63°15.9'W	13 FEB 98	2051	5843	5913
82	24°30.0'N	64° 0.0'W	14 FEB 98	0403	5834	5862
83	24°30.0'N	64°48.0'W	14 FEB 98	1117	5688	5839
84	24°30.1'N	65°28.1'W	14 FEB 98	1817	5548	5651
85	24°30.0'N	66°12.0'W	15 FEB 98	0128	5332	5429
86	24°30.0'N	66°56.0'W	15 FEB 98	0856	5730	5817
87	24°30.0'N	67°40.0'W	15 FEB 98	1603	5741	5804
88	24°30.0'N	68°24.0'W	15 FEB 98	2303	5712	
89	24°30.0'N	69° 8.0'W	16 FEB 98	0609	5651	5816
90	25° 1.0'N	69°30.1'W	16 FEB 98	1316	5620	5736
91	25°23.0'N	69°52.0'W	16 FEB 98	1932	5547	5709
92	25°45.5'N	70°14.1'W	17 FEB 98	0142	5515	5620
93	26° 8.4'N	70°36.9'W	17 FEB 98	0806	5506	5606
94	26°30.0'N	71° 0.0'W	17 FEB 98	1423	5491	5596
95	26°30.0'N	71°21.0'W	17 FEB 98	1945	5488	5580
96	26°30.0'N	71°44.0'W	18 FEB 98	0111	5389	5466
97	26°30.0'N	72° 6.0'W	18 FEB 98	0635	5281	5354
98	26°30.0'N	72°28.0'W	18 FEB 98	1150	5159	5263
99	26°30.0'N	72°51.0'W	18 FEB 98	1701	5136	5216
100	26°30.0'N	73°13.0'W	18 FEB 98	2225	5065	5147
101	26°30.0'N	73°35.0'W	19 FEB 98	0340	4932	5007
102	26°29.5'N	73°58.0'W	19 FEB 98	0848	4665	4714
103	26°30.0'N	74°15.0'W	19 FEB 98	1326	4553	4606
104	26°30.0'N	74°31.0'W	19 FEB 98	1742	4559	4563
105	26°30.0'N	74°48.0'W	19 FEB 98	2203	4538	4603
106	26°30.0'N	75° 5.0'W	20 FEB 98	0233	4629	4677
107	26°30.0'N	75°18.0'W	20 FEB 98	0732	4638	4706
108	26°30.0'N	75°30.0'W	20 FEB 98	1149	4688	4751
109	26°30.0'N	75°42.0'W	20 FEB 98	1620	4694	4764
110	26°30.0'N	75°54.0'W	20 FEB 98	2034	4747	4818
111	26°30.0'N	76° 5.0'W	21 FEB 98	0111	4802	4875
112	26°30.0'N	76°12.0'W	21 FEB 98	0521	4819	4889
113	26°30.0'N	76°18.0'W	21 FEB 98	0951	4834	4909
114	26°30.3'N	76°25.3'W	21 FEB 98	1430	4848	4911
115	26°30.0'N	76°31.0'W	21 FEB 98	1911	4848	4919
116	26°30.0'N	76°37.0'W	21 FEB 98	2311	4736	4806
117	26°30.0'N	76°41.0'W	22 FEB 98	0332	4491	4659
118	26°30.0'N	76°45.2'W	22 FEB 98	0803	3815	3912
119	26°30.0'N	76°47.0'W	22 FEB 98	1149	3241	2325
120	26°30.0'N	76°49.0'W	22 FEB 98	1435	1390	1386
121	26°31.2'N	76°54.0'W	22 FEB 98	1714	 719	 409
122	27° 0.0'N	79°12.0'W	23 FEB 98	0917	 477	 472
123	27° 0.1'N	79°17.0'W	23 FEB 98	1058	 613	 611
124	27° 0.1'N	79°22.0'W	23 FEB 98	1245	 687	 670
125	27° 2.3'N	79°28.9'W	23 FEB 98	1517	 766	 740
126	27° 0.8'N	79°36.4'W	23 FEB 98	1720	 667	 667
127	27° 1.2'N	79°40.5'W	23 FEB 98	1906	 547	 532
128	27° 0.1'N	79°47.3'W	23 FEB 98	2041	 384	 375
129	27° 0.4'N	79°51.4'W	23 FEB 98	2153	 279	 270
130	26°59.9'N	79°56.2'W	23 FEB 98	2303	 140	 130

FIGURE 2*: Pressures of bottle closures at each station.

FIGURE 3*: Calibrated CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against 
station number (upper panel).  Calibrated CTD-bottle conductivity 
differences plotted against pressure (lower panel).

TABLE 2a: Shallow water column station groupings for CTD oxygen 
algorithm parameters.

Station	Sensor	StdDev	#Obs	2.8*sd	1:Bias	2:Slope		3:Pcor		4:Tcor		5:Wt	  6:Lag
1-9	353	0.204	174	0.571	-0.047	0.004728	0.0001642*	-0.02965	0.9699*	-0.2047*
10-24	353	2.686	373	7.521	-0.038	0.004621	0.0001642*	-0.02953	0.9699*	-0.2047*
25-32	353	3.232	203	9.050	-0.045	0.004640	0.0001642*	-0.02960	0.9699*	-0.2047*
33-44	353	3.110	268	8.708	-0.043	0.004635	0.0001642*	-0.02791	0.9699*	-0.2047*

33-35	381	2.076	46	5.813	-0.021	0.004515	0.0001561*	-0.03058	0.7771*	  6.927*
36-38	381	2.426	76	6.793	-0.006	0.004751	0.0001451*	-0.03077	0.4608*	  6.111*
40-43	381	2.262	96	6.334	-0.013	0.004791	0.0001536*	-0.03068	0.7629*	  2.239*
44-46	381	1.704	74	4.771	-0.030	0.004905	0.0001588*	-0.03109	0.7355*	  2.040*
47-50	381	3.089	105	8.649	-0.039	0.005125	0.0001538*	-0.03278	0.7243*	  5.715*
51-56	381	1.494	177	4.183	-0.018	0.004911	0.0001559*	-0.03079	0.7322*	  4.255*
57-59	381	2.124	81	5.947	-0.014	0.004895	0.0001556*	-0.03024	0.7769*	  3.391*
60-66	381	1.645	174	4.606	-0.014	0.004978	0.0001520*	-0.03077	0.7619*	  5.183*
67-69	381	2.013	71	5.636	 0.003	0.004889	0.0001501*	-0.03031	0.7214*	  5.801*
70-76	381	1.885	176	5.278	-0.006	0.004983	0.0001498*	-0.03057	0.7582*	  3.632*
77-81	381	2.410	125	6.748	-0.018	0.005023	0.0001539*	-0.03074	0.6860*	  6.501*
82-90	381	2.222	222	6.222	-0.011	0.005050	0.0001509*	-0.03086	0.7111*	  4.469*
91	381	1.834	23	5.135	-0.091	0.005123	0.0001774*	-0.03194	0.7987*	  4.997*
92-95	381	2.118	100	5.930	-0.101	0.005101	0.0001780*	-0.03265	0.8516*	  8.153*
96-97	381	2.718	52	7.610	-0.103	0.005221	0.0001758*	-0.03319	0.8620*	  2.643*
98-99	381	2.177	52	6.096	-0.070	0.005188	0.0001626*	-0.03241	0.8482*	 10.850*
100-104	381	1.653	127	4.628	-0.035	0.005013	0.0001575*	-0.03155	0.8902*	  9.426*
105-109	381	1.847	127	5.172	 0.001	0.004887	0.0001472*	-0.03111	0.9373*	  5.558*
110-119	381	2.159	237	6.045	-0.035	0.005059	0.0001587*	-0.03222	0.8042*	  6.654*
120-130	381	3.152	195	8.826	 0.031	0.004859	0.0001209*	-0.03049	0.9413*	  4.374*
* Fixed parameter from full water column fit of all bottles (sensor 353) 
or each grouping (sensor 381).

TABLE 2b: Deep water column station groupings for CTD oxygen algorithm 
parameters.

Station	Sensor	StdDev	#Obs	2.8*sd	1:Bias	2:Slope		3:Pcor		4:Tcor		5:Wt	  6:Lag
1-9	353	0.345	17	0.966	-0.033	0.004650	0.0001642*	-0.03072	0.9699*	-0.2047*
10-24	353	1.041	158	2.915	-0.102	0.005428	0.0001642*	-0.04609	0.9699*	-0.2047*
25-32	353	1.049	99	2.937	-0.098	0.005386	0.0001642*	-0.05041	0.9699*	-0.2047*
33-44	353	1.564	142	4.379	-0.088	0.005268	0.0001642*	-0.04460	0.9699*	-0.2047*
										
33-35	381	1.739	27	4.869	-0.075	0.005122	0.0001561*	-0.04220	0.7771*	  6.927*
36-38	381	1.809	41	5.065	-0.043	0.005155	0.0001451*	-0.03588	0.7908*	  6.111*
40-43	381	1.151	50	3.223	-0.073	0.005469	0.0001536*	-0.04226	0.7629*	  2.239*
44-46	381	0.851	35	2.383	-0.094	0.005693	0.0001588*	-0.04635	0.7355*	  2.040*
47-50	381	1.745	32	4.886	-0.221	0.007512	0.0001538*	-0.08644	0.7243*	  5.715*
51-56	381	0.627	47	1.756	-0.086	0.005724	0.0001559*	-0.04680	0.7322*	  4.255*
57-59	381	1.273	33	3.564	-0.049	0.005230	0.0001556*	-0.03296	0.7769*	  3.391*
60-66	381	0.851	81	2.383	-0.041	0.005237	0.0001520*	-0.03243	0.7619*	  5.183*
67-69	381	0.796	33	2.229	-0.034	0.005228	0.0001501*	-0.03139	0.7214*	  5.801*
70-76	381	1.267	82	3.548	-0.035	0.005273	0.0001498*	-0.03199	0.7582*	  3.632*
77-81	381	1.160	60	3.248	-0.039	0.005165	0.0001539*	-0.02756	0.6860*	  6.501*
82-90	381	1.114	105	3.119	-0.034	0.005239	0.0001509*	-0.02980	0.7111*	  4.469*
91	381	1.125	13	3.150	-0.074	0.004804	0.0001774*	-0.01653	0.7987*	  4.997*
92-95	381	1.646	48	4.609	-0.090	0.004880	0.0001780*	-0.02040	0.8516*	  8.153*
96-97	381	2.251	23	6.303	-0.099	0.005156	0.0001758*	-0.02914	0.8620*	  2.643*
98-99	381	1.849	25	5.177	-0.067	0.005115	0.0001626*	-0.02800	0.8482*	 10.850*
100-104	381	1.098	59	3.074	-0.056	0.005207	0.0001575*	-0.03242	0.8902*	  9.426*
105-109	381	0.668	56	1.870	-0.025	0.005138	0.0001472*	-0.03311	0.9373*	  5.558*
110-119	381	1.105	89	3.094	-0.056	0.005247	0.0001587*	-0.03249	0.8042*	  6.654*
120-130	381	3.152	195	8.826	 0.031	0.004859	0.0001209*	-0.03049	0.9413*	  4.374*
* Fixed parameter from full water column fit of all bottles (sensor 353) 
  or each grouping (sensor 381).

FIGURE 4*: Calibrated CTD-bottle oxygen differences plotted against 
           station number (upper panel).  Calibrated-bottle oxygen differences 
           plotted against pressure (lower panel).

FIGURE 5*: Potential temperature (°C) sections.  Contour intervals are 
           0.1 from 1 -2°C, 0.2 from 2-3°C, 0.5 from 3-5°C, and 1 from 5-35°C.

FIGURE 6*: Salinity (PSS-78) sections.  Contour intervals are 0.001 from 
           34-35, 0.05 from 35-35.1, and 0.1 from 35.1-38.

FIGURE 7*: Potential density (kg/m3) sections.  Sigma-theta contour 
          intervals are 0.5 from 22-26, 0.2 from 26-26.4, and 0.1 from 26.5-
          27.4.  
          Sigma-2 contour intervals are 0.1 from 36.5-36.9, 0.05 from 36.9-37, 
          and 
          0.01 from 37-37.05/  Sigma-4 contour intervals are 0.02 from 45.82-48.

Figure 8*: CTD oxygen (µmol/kg) sections.  Contour intervals are 10 from 
          100-300 µmol/kg in the upper panel; 10 from 100-250 µmol/kg, and 5 
          from 
          250-300 µmol/kg in the lower panel.


TABLE 3: Weather condition code used to describe each set of CTD measurements.

         Code  Weather Condition
         ----  --------------------------------------
           0   Clear (no cloud)
           1   Partly cloudy
           2   Continuous layer(s)of cloud(s)
           3   Sandstorm, dust storm, or blowing snow
           4   Fog, thick dust or haze
           5   Drizzle
           6   Rain
           7   Snow, or rain and snow mix d
           8   Shower(s)
           9   Thunderstorms

TABLE 4: Sea state code used to describe each set of CTD measurements.

         Code  Height (meters)  Description
         ----  ---------------  --------------
           0   0                Calm-glassy
           1   0    -  0.1      Calm-rippled
           2   0.1  -  0.5      Smooth-wavelet
           3   0.5  -  1.25     Slight
           4   1.25 -  2.5      Moderate
           5   2.5  -  4        Rough
           6   4    -  6        Very rough
           7   6    -  9        High
           8   9    - 14        Very high
           9   >14              Phenomenal

TABLE 5: Visibility code used to describe each set of CTD measurements.

         Code  Visibility
         ----  ------------------
           0          < 50 meters
           1    50 -   200 meters
           2   200 -   500 meters
           3   500 - 1,000 meters
           4     1 -     2 km
           5     2 -     4 km
           6     4 -    10 km
           7    10 -    20 km
           8    20 -    50 km
           9            50 km or more

All CTD and Hydrographic Data can be obtained by contacting K.E. McTaggart at 
kem@pmel.noaa.gov.

*All figures shown in PDF file.






                      WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
12/07/99  Baringer    BTL        Data Requested by d.bartolocci
          Also, may we make these data public, or should they be encrypted 
          on our website?  Would you be able to provide an estimated date 
          for submission of the bottle file so we may update our records?

12/07/99  Baringer    DOC        Submitted    

12/07/99  McTaggart   CTD/SUM    Submitted    
          I've transferred 130 CTD data files, along with the .SUM file, 
          from the 1998 OACES/ACCP trans-Atlantic cruise along 24N (WHPID 
          A6) to the WHPO ftp site, whpo.ucsd.edu, subdirectory /INCOMING. 

          Also find six text files of documentation and tables, and ten 
          postscript files of figures representing the published 
          documentation in the NOAA data report, "CTD/O2 Measurements 
          Collected on a Climate and Global Change Cruise Along 24N in the 
          Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A6) During January-February 1998" 
          (ERL PMEL-68). A bottle data file (.SEA) will be submitted by Dr. 
          Molly Baringer at a later date.

12/14/99  Bartolacci  CTD/SUM    Update Needed    
          expocode too long, probs w/ lat/lon both sumfile and ctd files 
          need work. The sumfile has bad lat/lons on line 256 and 311, and 
          some of the columns have "NA" in them that cause sumchk to barf. 
          I'm assuming that the expocode will need to be changed as well.

02/22/00  Huynh       DOC        Doc Update  pdf, txt versions online

05/12/00  Bartolacci  CTD        Website Updated; CTD data status is public

05/22/00  Kappa       DOC        ctd report added to text file

08/24/00  Mele        SUM        Submitted    
          error: station 102; 29 95 N should be 29.95 N.  there is a missing 
          decimal place in the beginning position for station 102 in the sum 
          file for ar01_a. -- phil mele

11/08/00  Bartolacci  BTL        Data Request sent to M. Barringer



                      WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
11/27/00  Bartolacci  SUM        Data file Reformatted, online
          I have replaced the current file with the reformatted file and 
          updated all references to reflect this change. NOTE: The line 
          number for this cruise has been changed from the Chief Scientist's 
          designation (of A06) to the WHP-ID AR01

11/28/00  Bartolacci  CTD        Data file Reformatted, online
          I have replaced the current online CTD files with the newly 
          reformatted files (by D. Muus) and edited all references to 
          reflect this change. Notes on merging reside in a ctd subdirectory 
          in the original subdir. for this cruise.

11/28/00  Muus        CTD         Reformatted by WHPO    
          AR01_a EXPOCODE 31RBOACES24N_2 CTD Stations 1-130.
          o  Changed EXPOCODE in all ctd files from 31RBOACES24N/2 to 
             31RBOACES24N_2.
          o  Changed WHP-ID from A6 to AR01.
          o  Added WHPOSIO version number.
          o  Changed file names from cg198w001.ctd to ar01_a0001.wct etc. 
             cg198w130.ctd to ar01_a0130.wct
          o  Changed from 1db interval to 2db interval and corrected No. 
             RECORDS=.
          o  Plotted all files and ran wctcvt. No apparent errors. Many 
             stations between 033 and 101 had noisy oxygen values (+/- 3uM/L)

                      WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
01/31/01  Diggs       BTL        Data Requested from M Baringer
          2001.01.22 S. Diggs telephones M. Baringer requesting bottle file. 
          No reply as of 2001.01.31.

06/29/01  Uribe       CTD        Website Updated  EXCHANGE File Added
          CTD have been converted to exchange format and put online.

01/20/02  Bartolacci  BTL/CO2    Submitted    
          I have obtained a version of the bottle file for this cruise from 
          Alex Kozyr at CDIAC as per Piers Chapmans suggestion. Currently 
          the file is in OceanDataView format, NOT anywhere near WOCE 
          format. I have placed the file in the original subdirectory for 
          this cruise and have sent an email to Lee (Chi Sci) to request the 
          file in another ascii format. Also requested public status of 
          file. This email was copied to M. Baringer the data contact for 
          this data. No formatting has taken place on these data yet, it is 
          difficult to see what parameters are in the file at this time. 

          Another RCS will be submitted once parameters are confirmed.
          As per Alex Kozyr, CO2 data has not yet been dqe'd and he is 
          awaiting the file con-version into WOCE format in order to dqe 
          these parameters.

01/25/02  Bartolacci  BTL        Submitted  Data added to website
          ctdprs, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, salnty, oxygen, silcat, 
            nitrat, nitrit, phspht, cfc-11, cfc-12, cfc113, ccl4, tcarbn, 
            alkali, ph
          Comma separated bottle file was obtained from aoml website as per 
          B. Huss (data contact for this cruise). File also contained 
          parameters not tracked by WOCE (TOC, TON, FCO220C FCO2INSITU, 
          CTALK [different from TALK]). File has been linked online although 
          no reformatted has taken place at this time. All data are public 
          as per Lee.

          Please note that Baringer is not data contact for this file all 
          queries are to be directed to B. Huss.

02/01/02  Tibbetts    DOC        Website Updated  New pdf and txt docs online.
          
04/10/02  Lebel       CFCs       Final CFC data submitted  
          The file: ar05.dat - 648867 bytes has been saved as:  
                    20020410.123624_LEBEL_AR01_ar05.dat in the directory:  
                    20020410.123624_LEBEL_AR01
          The data disposition is: Public
          The file format is:      Plain Text (ASCII)
          The data type(s) is:     Other: final CFC data
          The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                    Cast Number (CASTNO)
                    Sample Number (SAMPNO)
          LEBEL, DEBORAH would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
                    Merge Data
                    Place Data Online
                    Update Parameters
          additional notes:
                    o  Final CFC data for 24.5N section. 
                    o  Scale is SIO98, 
                    o  units are pmol/kg. 
                    o  Includes QUALT2 word for CFCs.
          
04/24/02  Bartolacci  BTL        Update Needed  CSV file needs reformatting.  
          
07/22/02  Buck        SUM        Website Updated  
          Station numbers changed to match CTD  Preceding zeroes were added to 
          the SUMFILE station numbers to match them with the CTD station 
          numbers.


                      WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
09/10/02  Bartolacci  BTL        Reformatted; generated exchange file
          00_README- this file
          o  BOTTLE- version of bottle file used by first attempt at 
             reformatting by KJU
          o  BOTTLE.bck- ditto
          o  BOTTLE_NOHEAD- ditto
          o  ar01_ALL_PARAMS_2003.01.11.txt- WOCE formatted version of the 
             bottle fileas output from conv_prcsn.pl
          o  ar01_ALL_PARAMS_20030402.txt- WOCE formatted version of above 
             without CTALKparameter which was left out at recommendation of A. 
             Kozyr (CarbonDQE) 
          o  ar01_ahy.txt - a copy of above file which was wocecvt tested 
             and passedwith only pressure inversion warnings.
          o  ar01_a_hy1_handmade.Exchange- Hand made exchange file containing 
             all original parameters created from original data file.  Those 
             parameters that are not tracked by WOCE were renamed to  fit into 
             the WOCE 6char. naming convention with the  exception of FCO220C.  
          Following headers were changed accordingly:
          o  SIGMATHETA to STHETA; 
          o  TALK to ALKALI; 
          o  CTALK to CALKAL; 
          o  FCO2INSITU to FCO2IN.  
          o  Unknown parameter names  for the following were retained until 
             consultation:   FCO220C, TOC, TON.  
          o  All flag headers were changed to woce exchange format headers 
             for flags.
             NOTE: **CALKAL has been deleted from this file at the  
                   recommendation of A. Kozyr.  Also castno. -9 were changed to 
                   1 and leading station number was split off of bottle number 
                   (eg. bottle 101 changed to 1, etc.) This file was originally 
                   put up before bottle file was woce formatted and converted to 
                   exchange using software**
          o  ar01_a_hy1.Exchange- exchange file converted using jjward's 
             software using the woce formatted file ar01_ahy.txt as input.
             NOTE: this file does not contain the non-WOCE params such as 
                   STHETA or any FCO2 params.  Convertion code will not use non-
                   WOCE params for output.
          o  ar01_a_nc_hyd.zip- netCDF files created using software from 
             ar01_ahy1.Exchange.no errors were produced during convertion, also 
             no non-WOCE params included in this file.
          o  ar01_a_inv_hyd.txt- inventory file created from software.  no 
             errors produced.used excel to view, and file appears correct.
          o  ar01_ahy_cols.txt- copy of original bottle file in 8 char. 
             fields not Exchange.
          o  fix_bottle.pl - Bren and Karla's script (unfinished) for 
             formatting
          o  conv_prcsn.pl hacked code to rewrite a file containing all 
             parameters iwthcorresponding flags in the correct positions (it 
             was found that of the other files are incorrect with this 
             respect).
          o  conv_prcsn2.pl version of above code without CTALK in output 
             (this parameterwas dropped at the recommendation of A. Kozyr 
             carbon DQE)

09/19/02  Uribe       BTL        Website Updated; File converted to exchange  
          Bottle file was converted to exchange and netcdf files were made 
          accordingly. Bottle file contained -9 as CastNo so they were changed 
          to 1s to match the sumfile. Exchange file was viewed with JOA and no 
          problems were apparent.

09/19/02  Uribe       BTL        Website Updated; exchange & netcdf files made  
          Bottle file was converted to exchange and netcdf files were made 
          accordingly.  Bottle file contained -9 as CastNo so they were changed 
          to 1&#039;s to match the sumfile.  Exchange file was viewed with JOA 
          and no problems were apparent.
          
02/12/03  Bartolacci  BTL        Website Updated; Data Merged into OnLine File  
          ctdprs, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, salnty, oxygen, silcat, nitrat, 
            nitrit, phspht, cfc-11, cfc-12, cfc113, ccl4, tcarbn, alkali, pco2, 
            ph, qualt1
          I have formatted the entire bottle file into woce format. in addition 
            to the above parameters the bottle file also contains the following 
            non-woce parameters and (quality flags) AOU, STHETA, CTALK, FCO220C, 
            FCO2IN, TOC, TON. 
          New bottle file is online and xml & html files have been regenerated.

04/24/03  Anderson    ALKALI     Data file updated
          o  Made new exchange file. 
          o  Made the ALKALI correction and generated a new exchange file. The 
             one thing I noticed is that there are no SAMPNO's, so -9 has been 
             put in that field in the .txt file and -999 in the exchange file.
          o  Changed ALKALI value at station 109 bottle 7 from 0.0 to -9.0 
          o  Changed the QUALT1 flag from 2 to 9 re A. Kozyr's e-mail below:  

             "Please regenerate the ar01_a_hy1.csv file for repeat AR01 section. 
             There is something wrong with this file and it is not acceptable by 
             ODV. May be -9.0 should be -999.0 or something else. Please change 
             the ALKALI value in the .txt  file for station 109 bottle 7 from 
             0.0 to -9.0 and flag fro this value from 2 to 9 before you generate 
             a new .csv file." - B. Kozyr

04/30/03  Kappa       DOC        Updated online cruise reports
          o  Combined:  "NOAA  Data  Report  0AR AOML-41" 
               (CHEMICAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS) and 
          o  "NOAA  Data  Report  ERL PMEL-68" 
               (CTD/O2 MEASUREMENTS) 
             in both the pdf and text reports
          o  Updated data processing notes in pdf and text reports


                      NOAA/AOML DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
08/13/99  Huss        BTL        Data update    
          Calculated THETA, SIGMATHETA, and AOU.

08/19/99  Peng/Huss   BTL        Data update    
          Release of Version A of the 24N98 database.

01/05/00  Huss        TCARBN     Submitted/merged
          Merged TCO2 into the master database.  Received the data from 
          Marilyn Roberts.

01/12/00  Huss        BTL        Data update    
          Merged O2, FO2, CTDSAL, CTDOXY, FBOTTLE (bottle qc flag) update 
          into the database.

01/15/00  Peng/Huss   BTL        Data update    
          Release of Version B of the database.

04/05/00  Huss        TCARBN/PH  Submitted/merged
          Merged the TALK and pH update into the database.  Received the 
          data from Dr. Millero.

04/28/00  Huss        NUTs       Submitted/merged
          Merged the nutrient update (received from Calvin Mordy).

05/01/00  Huss        NUTs       Submitted/merged
          Merged the nutrient update (received from Calvin Mordy).

05/03/00  Huss        TCARBN     Data update    
          Received the TCO2 update from Marilyn Roberts.  Merged into the 
          database.

05/08/00  Huss        TON        Data update    
          Received TON update from Dennis Hansell.  Converted TON and TOC 
          from umol/L to umol/kg and merged the data into the database.


                      NOAA/AOML DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
05/09/00  Huss        CTD        Submitted    
          Received CTD data. This data was extracted from the file 
          24nbottle2.dat obtained from Molly Baringer. This is considered 
          the final CTD and O2 data. NOTE: Station 39 trip information was 
          reconstructed from the calibrated CTD data upcast. Values should 
          be considered questionable. Full data file with conductivities and 
          information from both sensors can be obtained from Molly Baringer, 
          baringer@aoml.noaa.gov.

05/09/00  Huss        TCARBN     Data update    
          Added station 1.  Added TCO2 and fCO2 data for station 1.  
          Modified database to include a bottom depth field and entered the 
          bottom depths.

05/09/00  Huss        TCARBN     Final data submitted
          Received the final fCO2 update from Rik. Merged the data into the 
          database. In February 2000, Kitack Lee noticed an offset in the 
          fCO2 data. It was associated with using the wrong tank calibration 
          value. This data was reduced using the right standard (508.35). 
          Thus 547.37 was replaced by 508.38 in the program. Then it was run 
          against all data files again. The quality of the data was checked 
          performing an internal consistency check of DIC, TALK by fCO2. 
          Outliers in fCO2 were labelled a "3".

05/09/00  Huss        ALKALI     Updated QC flags
          Changed TALK QC flags for sample numbers 1301, 9007, 9421, 10221, 
          and 10225 to 3 (questionable).  Corrected pH values for sample 
          numbers 12621 and 13006.

05/10/00  Huss        THETA/AOU  Recalculated/merged
          Recalculated THETA and AOU using the updated CTD data.  Merged 
          data into the database.

05/11/00  Huss        CFCs       Submitted/Merged
          Received CFC11 and CFC12 update from John Bullister.  Merged the 
          data into the database.


                      NOAA/AOML DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
05/13/00  Huss        ?          data update      
          Changed all longitude values to negative (East).

06/26/00  Huss        NUTs       Submitted    
          Received nutrient update from Dr. Zhang and merged the data into 
          the database.

08/28/00  Huss        TCARBN     Merged into database
          Merged TCO2 update into the database.  Received data from Marilyn 
          Roberts.

09/18/00  Huss        CFCs       Merged into database
          Merged the CFC113 and CCL4 (carbon tetrachloride) update into the 
          database.  Received data from John Bullister.

09/20/00  Peng/Huss   BTL        Data update    
          Version C of the 24N98 database was released today.

10/30/00  Huss        ALKALI     Data update    
          Changed TALK and FTALK for sample numbers 8401, 8402 and 8403 
          (station 84).

04/13/01  Huss        TALK       New field added to database
          Added a new field called CTALK (Calculated TALK) and mergedthe 
          calculated TALK data into the database.  Update received from 
          Kitack Lee.


                      NOAA/AOML DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary    
--------  ----------  ---------  ------------------------------------------
05/08/01  Huss        BTL        Data Updates prior to submisson to WHPO
          This file is a chronology of changes and/additions to the master 
          database for the 24 North 1998 cruise which took place from late 
          January thru February, 1998.  The database contains the final 
          data.
                                     AOU DATA
          The apparent oxygen utilization, AOU (umol/kg) is calculated as 
          the solubility for oxygen at the measured salinity and potential 
          temperature minus the observed oxygen concentration. The 
          solubility for oxygen at the measured salinity and potential 
          temperature is determined from the algorithms presented in Weiss 
          (1970). Note that at low temperature, the solubility determined by 
          Weiss is up to 2 umol/kg higher than determined by Benson and 
          Krause (1984) or Garcia and Gordon (1992).
          Weiss, R.F., The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water 
          and seawater, Deep-Sea Research, 17, 721-735, 1970.
                                     TALK Data
          Total alkalinity (TALK) is calculated using spectroscopic pH 
          (25†C) and coulometric TCO2 using the carbonic acid dissociation 
          constants of Mehrbach et al. (1973) as refit by Dickson and 
          Millero (1987). The of 1.2 umol/kg has been subtracted from 
          calculated total alkalinity CTALK) values because calculated 
          values are 1.2 umol/kg higher than measured values.

          PLEASE NOTE the following updates have been received but not 
          incorporated in the current version.  The most recent version with 
          these updates can be obtained from Betty Huss 
          (huss@aoml.noaa.gov):
          None - all data received up to May 8, 2001 have been incorporated 
                 in Version D.
          The 24N98 dataset includes the following files:
              24N98D.EXCHANGE
              24N98D.DBF
              24N98.QC
              24N98.DES
          where the EXCHANGE file contains the data in comma-delimited format, 
          the QC file contains the explanation of the quality control flags 
          and the DES file is a chronological descrip-tion of all 
          changes/updates to the dataset. 

05/08/01  Huss        TOC/TON    Updated sample numbers
          Added QC Flags for TOC and TON.  Modified FO2 for sample number 
          4401 modified FTCO2 for sample number 8502, and FNO3, FSIO4 and 
          FTCO2 for sample number 10601. 
                  
          
          

          

