A.   Cruise Narrative:  S03 and S04I

A.1. Highlights

                      WHP Cruise Summary Information

             WOCE line designation  S03 and S04I
 Expedition designation (ExpoCode)  09AR9404_1
   Chief scientist and affiliation  Steve Rintoul/CSIRO*
                              Ship  RSV Aurora Australis
                      Cruise dates  1994.DEC.13 to 1995.FEB.02
                     Ports of call  Casey
                Number of stations  107
                                                 43° 59.79' S
       Geographic boundaries   S03  139° 47.95' E            155° 19.95' E
                                                 66° 36.84' S

                                                 57° 30.52' S
                              S04I  109° 54.21' E            162° 15.49' E
                                                 66° 15.84' S
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  4 current meter moorings
                           Authors  MARK ROSENBERG,  RUTH ERIKSEN, 
                                    STEVE BELL,      STEVE RINTOUL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
*CSIRO Division of Marine Research  tel:       61-3-6232-5393
 PO Box 1538                        fax:       61-3-6232-5123
 Hobart  TAS  7001   AUSTRALIA      internet:  rintoul@marine.csiro.au 



WHP Cruise and Data Information



Cruise Summary Information                    Hydrographic Measurements
Description of scientific program               CTD general
                                                CTD pressure
Geographic boundaries of the survey             CTD temperature
Cruise track (figure)                           CTD conductivity/salinity
Description of stations                         CTD dissolved oxygen
Description of parameters sampled               Bottle: 
Bottle depth distributions (figure)               Salinity
Floats and drifters deployed                      Oxygen
Moorings deployed or recovered                    Nutrients
                                                  CFCs
Principal Investigators for all measurements      Helium
Cruise Participants                               Tritium
                                                  Radiocarbon
Problems and goals not achieved                   CO2 system parameters
Other incidents of note                           Other parameters

Underway Data Information                     DQE Reports
  Navigation                                    CTD
  Bathymetry                                    S/O2/nutrients
  Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)      CFCs
  Thermosalinograph and related measurements    14C
  XBT and/or XCTD    
  Meteorological observations    
  Atmospheric chemistry data    

References            Acknowledgments         Data Status Notes
        
        
        
N.B.  This Report was originally published as:

                 AURORA AUSTRALIS MARINE SCIENCE CRUISE AU9404
                 OCEANOGRAPHIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

By the Cooperative Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean 
Environment 
                                                        (ANTARCTIC CRC)
                                                  RESEARCH REPORT NO. 8
                                                   ISBN: 0 642 25469  9
                                                        ISSN: 1320-730X
                                                             JULY, 1996
With the exceptions of:
  …Arnold Mantyla's Bottle Data Quality Evaluation
  …John Bullister's CFC-11 and CFC-12 Report
  …Robert Key's AMS C14 Report
  …the WHPO Data Processing Notes

Author's original WOCE line numbers (S4 and SR3) were changed to S04I and S03 
  as established at the WOCE Data Products Committee Meeting, April 2000.



ABSTRACT

Oceanographic measurements were conducted along WOCE Southern Ocean meridional 
section SR3 between Tasmania and Antarctica, and along the part of WOCE Southern 
Ocean zonal section S4 lying between approximately 110 and 162oE, from December 
1994 to February 1995. An array of 4 current meter moorings at approximately 
51oS in the vicinity of the SR3 line was successfully recovered. A total of 107 
CTD vertical profile stations were taken, most to near bottom. Over 2380 Niskin
bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved 
oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, tritium, dissolved inorganic 
carbon, alkalinity, carbon isotopes, dissolved organic carbon, dimethyl 
sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate, iodate/iodide, oxygen 18, primary 
productivity, and biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. 
Near surface current data were collected using a ship mounted ADCP. 
Measurement and data processing techniques are summarised, and a summary of the 
data is presented in graphical and tabular form.


1. INTRODUCTION

Marine science cruise AU9404, the third oceanographic cruise of the Cooperative 
Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment (Antarctic 
CRC), was conducted aboard the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV Aurora 
Australis from December 1994 to February 1995. The major constituent of the 
cruise was the collection of oceanographic data relevant to the Australian 
Southern Ocean WOCE Hydrographic Program, along WOCE sections S4 (traversed west 
to east) and SR3 (traversed south to north) (Figure 1). The primary scientific 
of this program are summarised in Rosenberg et al. (1995a). Section SR3 was 
occupied three times previously, in the spring of 1991 (Rintoul and Bullister, 
submitted), in the autumn of 1993 (Rosenberg et al., 1995a), and in the summer 
of 1993/94 (Rosenberg et al., 1995b). Zonal section S4 represents a
circumnavigation of the globe in the Southern Ocean, with the various parts to 
be completed by different WOCE participants. The part of S4 completed on this 
cruise (Figure 1) was a first time occupation. At the western end of the S4 
transect, seven of the stations were occupied by the Woods Hole Oceanographic 
Institute ship R.V. Knorr (M. McCartney, pers. comm.) several days prior to
occupation by the Aurora Australis. These stations are intended to provide 
cross-calibrations for the tracer samples and CTD measurements collected by both 
vessels.  

An array of four full depth current meter moorings, in the vicinity of the SR3 
line at the latitude of the Subantarctic Front, was successfully recovered. 
The moorings had been deployed in the autumn of 1993 by the Aurora Australis, 
and at the time of writing, have since been redeployed in the same region by the 
SCRIPPS ship R.V. Melville as part of a larger mooring array (principal 
investigators Luther, D., Chave, A., Richman, J., Filloux, J., Rintoul, S. and 
Church, J.). Additional CTD measurements were made at the four mooring locations.

This report describes the collection of oceanographic data from the SR3 and S4 
transects, and summaries the chemical analysis and data processing methods 
employed. Brief comparisons are also made with existing historical data. All 
information required for use of the data set is presented in tabular and 
graphical form.


2. CRUISE ITINERARY

The cruise commenced with recovery of one of the current meter moorings at ~50o 
25'S (Table 4). Increasing winds prevented further recoveries, so it was decided 
to continue south leaving retrieval of the remaining moorings for the 
return leg to Hobart. En route to the Australian Antarctic base Casey, a deep 
water test CTD cast was conducted, and three CTD stations were occupied along 
the S4 transect. An upward looking sonar mooring (Bush, 1994) (Table 5) was 
recovered in the vicinity of Casey; an unsuccessful attempt was made to recover 
an additional upward looking sonar mooring. Following approximately a week of 
cargo operations at Casey, the S4 transect proper commenced at ~110oE. Due to 
time constraints, the originally planned station spacing of 30 nautical miles 
was increased to 45 nautical miles for most of the S4 transect. Included in the 
section were stations coinciding with the 7 stations occupied by the Knorr 
(stations 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 in Table 2 correspond respectively with 
Knorr stations 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 and 92). Also included were stations 
coinciding with locations sampled on the meridional sections SR3 and P11 (see 
Rosenberg et al., 1995a, for description of the P11 transect). Favourable sea 
ice and weather conditions permitted conclusion of S4 in 560 m of water just off 
Young Island in the Balleny Island group (Figure 1).

On the return west to the start of the SR3 section, a shallow test cast was 
conducted to test the Niskin bottles for CFC blank levels. The SR3 section 
commenced with 4 CTD stations at various locations on the shelf in the d'Urville 
Sea, beginning near Commonwealth Bay. Further north, between 61.3oS and 55.5oS, 
the station spacing was again increased from 30 to 45 nautical miles, due to 
further time constraints. Following recovery of the remaining 3 current meter 
moorings (Table 4) around the Subantarctic Front and additional CTD casts at 
these sites, the SR3 section was completed. A final CTD cast was conducted to 
test a suspect instrument before returning to Hobart.



3. CRUISE SUMMARY

3.1  CTD casts and water samples

In the course of the cruise, 107 CTD casts were completed along the S4 and SR3 
sections (Figure 1) (Table 2), plus additional locations, with most casts 
reaching to within 15 m of the sea floor (Table 2). Over 2380 Niskin bottle 
water samples were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, 
nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and reactive silicate), 
chlorofluorocarbons, helium, tritium, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, 
carbon isotopes (14C and 13C), dissolved organic carbon, dimethyl 
sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate, iodate/iodide, 18O, primary productivity, 
and biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. Table 3 provides a 
summary of samples drawn at each station. Principal investigators for the 
various water sampling programmes are listed in Table 6a. For all stations, the 
different samples were drawn in a fixed sequence, as discussed in section 4.1.3. 
The methods for drawing samples are discussed in section 4.1.4.


Figure 1: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404 along 
          WOCE transects S4 and SR3, and current meter mooring locations.


Table 2:  Summary of station information for RSV Aurora 
          Australis cruise AU9404. The information shown includes time, date,   
          position and ocean depth for the start of the cast, at the bottom of 
          the cast, and or the end of the cast. The maximum pressure reached for 
          each cast, and the altimeter reading at the bottom of each cast (i.e. 
          elevation above the sea bed) are also included. Missing ocean depth 
          values are due to noise from the ship's bow thrusters interfering with 
          the echo sounder. For casts which do not reach to within 100 m of the 
          bed (i.e. the altimeter range), or for which the altimeter was not 
          functioning, there is no altimeter value.  For station names, TEST is 
          a test cast. Note that all times are UTC (i.e. GMT). CTD unit (serial 
          no. 1103) was used for stations 1 to 18; CTD unit 5 (serial no. 1193) 
          was used for stations 19 to 106; CTD unit 6 (serial no. 2568) was used 
          for station 107.

          START                                  depth  maxP  BOTTOM                      depth        END                         depth
stn no.   time    date     latitude   longitude   (m)   dbar  time  latitude   longitude   (m)   alt.  time  latitude   longitude   (m) 
--------  --------------------------------------------------  ---------------------------------------  ---------------------------------
1   TEST  0023  20-DEC-94  57:30.52S  127:47.81E  4690  4308  0311  57:32.11S  127:49.47E  -      -    0355  57:32.32S  127:50.31E  4700  
2   S4    1531  21-DEC-94  61:59.51S  120:00.55E  4170  4186  1700  61:59.06S  120:01.68E  4170   -    1837  61:58.78S  120:01.76E  4170  
3   S4    2147  21-DEC-94  62:00.30S  119:00.65E  4215  4266  2322  62:00.67S  119:02.14E  4215   -    0115  62:01.00S  119:04.59E  4215  
4   S4    0556  22-DEC-94  61:59.97S  118:00.14E  4260  4304  0752  62:00.30S  118:01.60E  4260   -    0949  62:00.81S  118:03.48E  4260  
5   S4    1206   2-JAN-95  66:15.84S  110:22.41E  203   182   1215  66:15.79S  110:22.35E  -     20.0  1223  66:15.73S  110:22.42E  199  
6   S4    1439   2-JAN-95  65:59.05S  109:54.21E  255   192   1516  65:59.26S  109:54.96E  183    9.7  1544  65:59.51S  109:55.07E  158  
7   S4    1412   3-JAN-95  65:23.42S  112:33.55E  482   644   1457  65:23.10S  112:33.20E  656   17.4  1548  65:22.73S  112:32.86E  737
8   S4    1750   3-JAN-95  65:18.37S  112:32.75E  1170  1120  1835  65:18.52S  112:32.25E  1157  13.7  1939  65:17.89S  112:32.04E  1164  
9   S4    2354   3-JAN-95  64:57.93S  112:10.14E  2310  2284  011   64:57.66S  112:09.60E  2315  13.1  0224  64:57.44S  112:09.31E  2321  
10  S4    0416   4-JAN-95  64:44.42S  111:55.21E  2250  2274  0536  64:44.88S  111:55.05E  2300   9.5  0708  64:44.82S  111:54.89E  2300  
11  S4    1002   4-JAN-95  64:30.92S  111:24.85E  2900  2866  1127  64:30.87S  111:25.77E  2860  13.5  1303  64:30.63S  111:27.38E  2860
12  S4    1606   4-JAN-95  64:06.06S  112:05.20E  2360  2304  1704  64:06.06S  112:05.92E  2315  11.0  1829  64:06.20S  112:06.66E  2290  
13  S4    2057   4-JAN-95  63:41.02S  112:36.06E  3358  3364  2226  63:40.80S  112:36.48E  3360  12.2  0001  63:40.28S  112:35.89E  3365  
14  S4    0308   5-JAN-95  63:16.51S  113:12.28E  3590  3596  0441  63:16.50S  113:13.00E  -     13.5  0628  63:16.69S  113:13.49E   --  
15  S4    1112   5-JAN-95  62:50.95S  113:48.94E  3450  3494  1220  62:50.82S  113:49.10E  -      -    1348  62:50.58S  113:49.06E   --  
16  S4    1713   5-JAN-95  62:25.17S  114:26.07E  4080  4118  1831  62:25.33S  114:25.68E  4086  12.9  2026  62:25.95S  114:25.45E  4080  
17  S4    2304   5-JAN-95  62:00.05S  114:59.98E  4250  4286  0033  62:00.03S  115:01.00E  4255  12.6  0214  62:00.09S  115:02.40E  4245  
18  S4    0607   6-JAN-95  62:00.17S  116:29.70E  4250  4290  0744  61:59.69S  116:30.46E  4250  14.0  0936  61:59.70S  116:31.81E  4250  
19  S4    1730   6-JAN-95  61:59.98S  119:59.82E  4180  4220  1914  62:00.32S  120:01.36E  4175  12.9  2049  62:00.48S  120:02.95E  4182  
20  S4    0001   7-JAN-95  62:00.02S  121:24.93E  4153  4174  0139  61:59.80S  121:26.89E  4150  13.2  0331  61:59.70S  121:28.11E  4140  
21  S4    0711   7-JAN-95  62:00.01S  122:49.60E  4250  4290  0842  62:00.17S  122:50.44E  4250   5.5  1031  62:00.54S  122:51.60E  4250  
22  S4    1356   7-JAN-95  61:59.91S  124:14.98E  4267  4306  1520  62:00.11S  124:15.38E  4265   7.1  1704  62:00.66S  124:15.49E  4265  
23  S4    2027   7-JAN-95  61:59.92S  125:39.57E  4338  4378  2211  62:00.22S  125:39.58E  4337  18.1  2349  62:00.34S  125:39.54E  4335  
24  S4    0328   8-JAN-95  62:00.04S  127:04.94E  4360  4410  0510  62:00.44S  127:05.46E  4365  17.0  0700  62:01.13S  127:05.55E  4360  
25  S4    1033   8-JAN-95  62:00.04S  128:29.96E  4400  4448  1221  62:00.73S  128:31.57E  4400  12.3  1406  62:01.23S  128:32.95E  4400  
26  S4    1709   8-JAN-95  61:59.83S  129:54.96E  4490  4540  1903  62:00.25S  129:56.74E  4495  15.6  2041  62:00.70S  129:58.36E  4499  
27  S4    0008   9-JAN-95  62:00.07S  131:19.79E  4530  4586  015   62:00.57S  131:20.04E  4540  15.0  0329  62:01.08S  131:20.45E  4540  
28  S4    0704   9-JAN-95  62:00.10S  132:44.80E  4460  4514  0858  61:59.92S  132:45.64E  4460  17.6  1054  62:00.09S  132:46.83E  4460  
29  S4    1454   9-JAN-95  62:01.23S  134:10.49E  4370  4414  1634  62:01.41S  134:11.11E  4370  12.4  1826  62:01.30S  134:11.22E  4370  
30  S4    2205   9-JAN-95  62:00.19S  135:35.04E  4335  4376  2359  62:00.35S  135:35.07E  4330  11.9  0151  61:59.81S  135:35.31E   --  
31  S4    0611  10-JAN-95  61:59.99S  137:00.09E  3900  3964  0800  61:59.94S  137:01.31E  3850  13.7  0949  61:59.34S  137:01.14E  3900  
32  S4    1311  10-JAN-95  62:10.08S  138:24.63E  3990  4036  1453  62:09.51S  138:27.19E  4020  14.7  1650  62:09.01S  138:29.60E  4031  
33  S4    2009  10-JAN-95  62:21.05S  139:51.96E  3950  3994  2155  62:21.54S  139:53.39E  3970  13.2  2343  62:22.09S  139:53.47E  3960  
34  S4    0357  11-JAN-95  62:28.75S  141:01.77E  4180  4230  0638  62:28.15S  141:03.29E  4205  13.4  0820  62:27.38S  141:04.32E  4210  
35  S4    1130  11-JAN-95  62:35.86S  142:11.92E  4140  4170  1335  62:35.86S  142:12.37E  4140  14.9  1515  62:35.68S  142:12.58E  4140  
36  S4    1925  11-JAN-95  62:45.08S  143:36.91E  4110  4154  2118  62:45.83S  143:36.16E  4125  14.5  2300  62:46.56S  143:36.82E  4125  
37  S4    0215  12-JAN-95  62:53.96S  145:01.65E  4030  4058  0411  62:54.22S  145:03.26E  4030  13.1  0602  62:54.13S  145:04.60E  4030  
38  S4    0910  12-JAN-95  63:03.00S  146:26.98E  3955  3982   104  63:03.12S  146:27.96E  3955  14.6  1238  63:03.43S  146:29.37E  3955  
39  S4    1541  12-JAN-95  63:11.17S  147:50.05E  3915  3940  1728  63:10.65S  147:50.90E  3920  16.0  1858  63:10.33S  147:51.15E  3920  
40  S4    2227  12-JAN-95  63:18.27S  149:11.87E  3810  3820  0006  63:18.64S  149:12.55E  3780  12.6  0150  63:18.82S  149:12.47E  3800  
41  S4    0502  13-JAN-95  63:25.89S  150:38.93E  3765  3780  0634  63:25.89S  150:39.78E  3755  10.1  0805  63:25.59S  150:39.75E  3755  
42  S4    1116  13-JAN-95  63:26.03S  152:10.57E  3680  3694  1250  63:25.64S  152:10.83E  3680  16.5  1439  63:25.24S  152:10.98E  3680  
43  S4    1749  13-JAN-95  63:26.11S  153:41.67E  3125  3122  1902  63:26.19S  153:41.41E  3110  13.3  2019  63:26.25S  153:40.98E  3115  
44  S4    2323  13-JAN-95  63:26.10S  155:10.47E  2960  3108  0052  63:26.10S  155:10.90E  3116  13.6  0212  63:25.77S  155:11.32E  3135  
45  S4    0525  14-JAN-95  63:26.01S  156:39.18E  3230  3226  0656  63:25.85S  156:39.08E  3230  17.4  0812  63:25.75S  156:39.11E  3230  
46  S4    1147  14-JAN-95  63:26.03S  158:10.12E  2550  2638  1308  63:26.03S  158:09.91E  -     19.0  1418  63:25.62S  158:09.43E   --  
47  S4    1917  14-JAN-95  63:25.74S  159:26.55E  2710  1020  1956  63:25.64S  159:26.43E  2710   -    2010  63:25.49S  159:26.69E  2700  
48  S4    0149  15-JAN-95  64:00.62S  160:10.96E  2880  2844  0302  64:00.89S  160:10.71E  2870  20.7  0418  64:01.29S  160:11.02E  2870  
49  S4    0949  15-JAN-95  64:37.34S  160:43.55E  3050  3088  1113  64:37.32S  160:44.28E  3070  14.8  1241  64:36.91S  160:45.12E  3130  
50  S4    2005  15-JAN-95  65:17.95S  161:24.01E  3100  3096  2120  65:18.04S  161:23.80E  3100  13.8  2246  65:18.20S  161:23.80E  3100  
51  S4    0527  16-JAN-95  65:56.27S  162:03.08E  2970  2964  0648  65:56.02S  162:03.34E  2970  17.1  0803  65:55.52S  162:03.49E  2970  
52  S4    1042  16-JAN-95  66:06.84S  162:14.65E  1510  1552  1150  66:06.67S  162:14.18E  1510  14.6  1259  66:06.41S  162:13.83E  1560  
53  S4    1443  16-JAN-95  66:09.13S  162:15.49E  567   550   1505  66:09.10S  162:15.34E  568   11.0  1533  66:09.03S  162:15.18E  572  
54  TEST  0301  18-JAN-95  64:13.75S  155:19.95E  3210  1038  0345  64:13.93S  155:19.70E  3210   -    0417  64:14.00S  155:19.65E  3210  
55  SR3   0525  19-JAN-95  66:35.97S  144:09.76E  850   812   0556  66:36.28S  144:09.63E  850   17.1  0640  66:36.84S  144:09.33E  850  
56  SR3   1412  19-JAN-95  66:00.55S  142:39.77E  455   436   1441  66:00.51S  142:39.20E  458   14.1  1505  66:00.64S  142:39.06E  460  
57  SR3   1910  19-JAN-95  65:50.53S  141:25.71E  332   308   1920  65:50.58S  141:25.58E  329   14.6  1950  65:50.44S  141:24.97E  335  
58  SR3   2312  19-JAN-95  65:34.98S  139:51.24E  595   526   2338  65:35.12S  139:50.37E  528   11.5  0013  65:35.43S  139:49.25E  436  
59  SR3   0137  20-JAN-95  65:32.24S  139:51.19E  1300  1242  0234  65:32.49S  139:51.11E  1300  17.4  0337  65:32.58S  139:50.69E  1260  
60  SR3   0444  20-JAN-95  65:25.93S  139:50.77E  1875  1988  0550  65:26.26S  139:50.68E  1950  19.2  0654  65:26.48S  139:51.07E   --  
61  SR3   0905  20-JAN-95  65:04.98S  139:50.83E  2795  2750  1020  65:04.75S  139:51.64E  2680  17.5  1131  65:04.35S  139:52.41E  2590  
62  SR3   1304  20-JAN-95  64:49.03S  139:50.94E  2600  2570  1417  64:49.40S  139:49.38E  2585  12.0  1538  64:50.10S  139:47.95E  2530  
63  SR3   1819  20-JAN-95  64:16.92S  139:52.08E  3470  3472  1930  64:17.16S  139:51.31E  3465  11.8  2047  64:17.20S  139:51.36E  3465  
64  SR3   2301  20-JAN-95  63:51.92S  139:50.81E  3743  3758  0042  63:51.57S  139:52.15E  3748  13.9  0242  63:51.27S  139:54.55E  3748  
65  SR3   0528  21-JAN-95  63:21.19S  139:50.91E  3820  3832  0653  63:21.70S  139:50.47E  3810  13.0  0828  63:22.16S  139:51.22E  3810  
66  SR3   1051  21-JAN-95  62:51.09S  139:50.70E  3220  3224  1216  62:50.85S  139:51.08E  3230  17.0  1348  62:50.61S  139:51.54E  3250  
67  SR3   1659  21-JAN-95  62:20.78S  139:50.44E  3970  3988  1821  62:20.45S  139:49.66E  3960  15.4  1946  62:20.20S  139:49.60E  3960  
68  SR3   2215  21-JAN-95  61:50.98S  139:51.26E  4300  4338  0001  61:51.09S  139:51.16E  4301  15.1  0145  61:51.32S  139:51.11E  4300  
69  SR3   0426  22-JAN-95  61:21.06S  139:51.48E  4340  4390  0608  61:21.89S  139:53.30E  4340  14.9  0744  61:22.57S  139:54.52E  4345  
70  SR3   1124  22-JAN-95  60:35.99S  139:50.67E  4440  4472  1258  60:36.15S  139:49.93E  4435  14.1  1449  60:35.91S  139:48.93E  4430  
71  SR3   1815  22-JAN-95  59:50.90S  139:50.94E  4485  4532  2006  59:50.88S  139:51.78E  4480  11.0  2139  59:51.12S  139:52.93E  4480  
72  SR3   0121  23-JAN-95  59:05.96S  139:51.25E  3950  3954  0308  59:05.67S  139:51.61E  3905  12.9  0440  59:05.94S  139:51.86E  3925  
73  SR3   0818  23-JAN-95  58:21.11S  139:51.22E  4000  4082  0944  58:21.07S  139:51.71E  4020  12.1  1103  58:20.91S  139:52.44E  4000  
74  SR3   1734  23-JAN-95  57:38.75S  139:51.77E  4250  4134  1921  57:38.83S  139:52.72E  -     16.4  2055  57:38.99S  139:53.62E   --  
75  SR3   0400  24-JAN-95  56:55.80S  139:49.74E  4100  4066  0551  56:56.10S  139:49.69E  -      -    0726  56:56.07S  139:50.39E   --  
76  SR3   1258  24-JAN-95  56:12.73S  140:17.60E  3620  3658  1433  56:12.03S  140:17.54E  -     15.1  1609  56:11.60S  140:17.12E   --  
77  SR3   1935  24-JAN-95  55:30.06S  140:44.00E  3915  4186  2116  55:30.07S  140:44.29E  -     19.9  2243  55:30.03S  140:44.65E   --  
78  SR3   0154  25-JAN-95  55:00.82S  141:00.81E  3300  3164  0323  55:00.48S  141:00.91E  3200  16.1  0442  55:00.58S  141:00.81E  3200  
79  SR3   0712  25-JAN-95  54:32.38S  141:19.09E  2850  2784  0842  54:31.26S  141:19.08E  2825  17.4  0947  54:30.95S  141:18.25E  2910  
80  SR3   1224  25-JAN-95  54:03.87S  141:35.86E  2600  2732  1351  54:03.33S  141:36.00E  2720  17.5  1511  54:02.98S  141:35.93E  2720  
81  SR3   1753  25-JAN-95  53:35.18S  141:52.10E  2590  2542  1912  53:34.95S  141:53.05E  2490  15.9  2016  53:35.00S  141:53.20E  2515  
82  SR3   2305  25-JAN-95  53:07.90S  142:08.18E  3125  3142  0015  53:07.52S  142:08.51E  3150  16.1  0130  53:07.48S  142:08.64E  3150  
83  SR3   0402  26-JAN-95  52:40.06S  142:23.46E  3400  3396  0525  52:40.31S  142:24.37E  3400  10.1  0649  52:40.48S  142:24.41E  3390  
84  SR3   0906  26-JAN-95  52:15.97S  142:38.13E  3500  3532  1008  52:15.82S  142:38.72E  3500  13.6  1118  52:16.00S  142:40.31E  3520  
85  SR3   1336  26-JAN-95  51:51.13S  142:50.05E  3620  3650  1517  51:51.45S  142:51.75E  3610  14.1  1650  51:51.78S  142:52.86E  3615  
86  SR3   0950  27-JAN-95  51:26.06S  143:02.99E  3730  3782  1113  51:25.95S  143:03.69E  3750  13.0  1237  51:26.29S  143:03.88E  3710  
87  SR3   1752  27-JAN-95  50:33.31S  142:41.33E  3830  3844  1938  50:33.09S  142:43.09E  380   14.8  2121  50:32.49S  142:44.91E   --  
88  SR3   0635  28-JAN-95  51:01.97S  143:13.93E  3800  3892  0814  51:02.60S  143:13.85E  -     11.3  0927  51:02.71S  143:13.74E   --  
89  SR3   1121  28-JAN-95  50:43.05S  143:24.06E  3650  3726  1250  50:43.21S  143:24.39E  3650  13.2  1424  50:43.53S  143:24.69E  3665  
90  SR3   1647  28-JAN-95  50:24.88S  143:32.04E  3588  3604  1822  50:25.23S  143:33.00E  3608  15.5  1938  50:25.72S  143:33.82E   --  
91  SR3   2151  28-JAN-95  50:05.08S  143:43.24E  4060  4038  2350  50:04.80S  143:44.91E  -     16.7  0114  50:04.65S  143:45.64E   --  
92  SR3   0318  29-JAN-95  49:44.03S  143:52.96E  3540  3502  0450  49:43.11S  143:54.13E  3400  19.9  0601  49:42.90S  143:54.66E  3510  
93  SR3   1155  29-JAN-95  49:16.03S  144:06.03E  4225  4346  1345  49:15.50S  144:07.83E  -     16.5  1532  49:15.26S  144:09.02E   --  
94  SR3   1818  29-JAN-95  48:47.02S  144:19.01E  4150  4218  2015  48:46.58S  144:19.20E  4160  15.8  2146  48:46.36S  144:19.40E  4140  
95  SR3   0153  30-JAN-95  48:18.66S  144:32.00E  4005  4070  0337  48:18.45S  144:31.86E  4000   4.4  0519  48:18.95S  144:33.03E  4095  
96  SR3   0745  30-JAN-95  47:48.04S  144:45.07E  3925  3932  0931  47:47.88S  144:46.14E  3850   9.9  1058  47:47.73S  144:45.82E  3850  
97  SR3   1238  30-JAN-95  47:27.94S  144:53.89E  4270  4354  1432  47:27.23S  144:53.70E  -     14.6  1616  47:26.69S  144:53.94E   --  
98  SR3   1852  30-JAN-95  47:09.06S  145:02.97E  4000  4012  2039  47:09.04S  145:03.06E  -     16.4  2210  47:08.97S  145:02.97E   --  
99  SR3   0041  31-JAN-95  46:38.89S  145:15.06E  3350  3374  0215  46:38.16S  145:15.37E  3350  14.7  0333  46:37.65S  145:14.88E  3350  
100 SR3   0545  31-JAN-95  46:09.92S  145:28.08E  2730  2778  0658  46:09.22S  145:27.90E  2770  17.3  0807  46:08.87S  145:27.54E  2770  
101 SR3   1019  31-JAN-95  45:41.77S  145:40.32E  2000  1962  1130  45:41.64S  145:40.36E  1875  19.5  1221  45:41.37S  145:40.21E  1820  
102 SR3   1438  31-JAN-95  45:13.01S  145:51.10E  2860  2892  1601  45:13.40S  145:50.37E  -     13.8  1715  45:13.78S  145:50.16E  2800  
103 SR3   1948  31-JAN-95  44:42.98S  146:03.06E  3200  3220  2119  44:42.58S  146:01.93E  3190  15.1  2233  44:42.36S  146:01.16E  3210  
104 SR3   0043   1-FEB-95  44:22.95S  146:10.85E  2345  2344  0157  44:22.98S  146:11.01E  2345  14.1  0301  44:22.98S  146:11.02E  2345  
105 SR3   0431   1-FEB-95  44:06.89S  146:12.99E  1000  1012  0522  44:07.16S  146:13.24E  1010  17.2  0556  44:07.50S  146:13.26E  1070  
106 SR3   0707   1-FEB-95  44:00.00S  146:19.01E   254   228  0723  43:59.86S  146:18.95E  255   10.1  0749  43:59.79S  146:19.06E  255  
107 TEST  1047   1-FEB-95  44:11.83S  146:54.77E  1200  1142  1136  44:11.71S  146:55.01E  1180  60.0  1226  44:12.08S  146:55.15E  1233

Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station, 
         including salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do),   nutrients (nut), 
         chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), helium/tritium (He/Tr), dissolved inorganic
         carbon (dic), alkalinity (alk),   carbon isotopes (Ctope), dissolved
         organic carbon (doc), dimethyl   sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate
         (dms),   iodate/iodide (i), 18O, primary productivity (pp), "Seacat" 
         casts (cat), and the   following biological samples: pigments   (pig), 
         lugols iodine fixed plankton counts (lug), Coulter counter for particle 
         sizing (cc), bacteria counts (bac),   samples to determine presence of 
         viruses inside algae(vir), flow cytometry   (fc), video recording 
         (vid), samples for   culturing (cul), and transmission electron 
         microscopy (te). Note that 1=samples   taken, 0=no samples taken, 
         2=surface sample only (i.e. from shallowest Niskin bottle); and some 
         biology samples taken from a surface bucket only. Also note   that at 
         stations 33, 50, 58, 67, 81 and 94, primary productivity samples were 
         additionally filtered to measure d.o.c. content.   
                                       
                                                                          ---------------biology------------
stn no.   sal  do  nut CFC  He/Tr dic/alk  Ctope doc  dms  i  18O  pp cat pig lug  cc bac vir fc  vid cul te
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 TEST    1    1   1    1    1    0         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0
 2   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 
 3   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   0
 4   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    1   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1
 5   S4    0    0   0    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 6   S4    1    1   1    1    1    0         0    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   0   0 
 7   S4    1    1   1    1    1    0         0    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   0 
 8   S4    1    1   1    1    1    0         0    0    0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
 9   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
10   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   0 
11   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   1   0   1   1   0   0   0   0 
12   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0   1   0   0
13   S4    1    1   1    0    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   0   1
14   S4    1    1   1    1    1    0         0    0    0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
15   S4    1    1   1    0    0    1         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   0   0 
16   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
17   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   1   0   1   1   0   1   1   0   0   0   0
18   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    1   0   0   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   0
19   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
20   S4    1    1   1    0    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0   1   0   0
21   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
22   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0
23   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
24   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   0   1
25   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    1   1   0   0   0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0
26   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   0   0
27   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
28   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
29   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
30   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   1
31   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0
32   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
33   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   1   0   1   0   0
34   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0
35   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         0    0    0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0
36   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   1
37   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0
38   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0
39   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   0   0
40   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
41   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0   0
42   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
43   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
44   S4    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   1   1   1   0   1   1   1   0   1   0   1
45   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   1   1   1   0   1   0   0
46   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   1   1   1   0   1   1   0   
47   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   1   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
48   S4    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
49   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
50   S4    1    1   1    1    0    2         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   1   0
51   S4    1    1   1    1    1    1         0    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
52   S4    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1
53   S4    1    1   1    0    1    1         0    0    0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
54 TEST    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
55  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0
56  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    1   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1
57  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    1         0    0    0   1   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0
58  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         0    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0
59  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   1   1   1   1   0   0   0
60  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0
61  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
62  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   1   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
63  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
64  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    2         0    1    0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0
65  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         0    0    1   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
66  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
67  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         1    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
68  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
69  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   0   1   0   0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   0
70  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
71  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   0
72  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    2         0    1    0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0
73  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
74  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    2         0    0    0   1   0   1   0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1
75  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1
76  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    2         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
77  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   0   0
78  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    1    0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0
79  SR3    1    1   1    0    1    0         0    0    1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
80  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
81  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   1   1   1   0   1   1   1   1   0   1   0
82  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
83  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0
84  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   0   1
85  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1
86  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0
87  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
88  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    1   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
89  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
90  SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    1    0   1   0   1   1   1   0   1   1   1   1   1   0   0
91  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    1   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
92  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0   0
93  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
94  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    1   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
95  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0
96  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
97  SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   1   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
98  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    0         0    1    0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0
99  SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    0    1   0   0   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   0   0   0
100 SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
101 SR3    1    1   1    1    1    1         1    0    0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
102 SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
103 SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         0    1    0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
104 SR3    1    1   1    0    0    0         0    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
105 SR3    1    1   1    1    0    1         1    0    0   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
106 SR3    1    1   1    0    0    2         0    0    0   1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
107 TEST   1    0   0    0    0    0         0    0    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0


Table 4: Current meter moorings recovered along SR3 transect (positions given 
         are at times of deployment). Recovery times are for last mooring component.

site    recovery      bottom                          current meter  nearest CTD
name   time (UTC)    depth(m)   latitude    longitude   depths (m)      stn no.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SO2  03:52, 28/01/95  3770      50°33.19'S  142°42.49'E   300            87 SR3
                                                                        600
                                                                       1000
                                                                       2000
                                                                       3200

SO3  00:42, 27/01/95  3800      51°01.54'S  143°14.35'E   300            88 SR3
                                                                        600
                                                                       1000
                                                                       2000
                                                                       3200

SO4  05:57, 27/01/95  3580      50°42.73'S  143°24.15'E   300            89 SR3
                                                                        600
                                                                       1000
                                                                       2000
                                                                       3200

SO5 ~09:30, 15/12/94  3500      50°24.95'S  143°31.97'E  1000            90 SR3
                                                                       2000
                                                                       3200


Table 5: Upward looking sonar (ULS) mooring recovered (including current meter
         [CM]) (positions given are at times of deployment). Recovery time is 
         for last mooring component.

site      recovery       bottom                               instrument   CTD
name     time (UTC)     depth (m)  latitude     longitude     depths (m)  stn no.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOFAR  01:15, 24/12/94  3260       63°17.746'S  107° 49.429'E  150 (ULS)    -
                                                               200 (CM)
SONEAR failed to recover                                                    -

3.2  Moorings recovered

An array of four current meter moorings was recovered (Table 4) along the SR3 
transect line. A single upward looking sonar mooring was recovered near Casey;
an unsuccessful attempt was made to locate a second upward looking sonar 
mooring (Table 5).


3.3 XBT/XCTD deployments

A total of 43 XBT and 26 XCTD deployments were made along the SR3 transect. The 
data were processed further by CSIRO Division of Oceanography (R. Bailey, pers. 
comm.). Results are not reported here.


3.4 Principal investigators

The principal investigators for the CTD and water sample measurements are listed 
in Table 6a. Cruise participants are listed in Table 6b.


Table 6a: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling 
          programmes.

measurement                           name             affiliation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients         *Steve Rintoul    CSIRO
chlorofluorocarbons                   John Bullister   NOAA, U.S.A.
helium, tritium, 18O                  Peter Schlosser  Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, U.S.A.
D.I.C., alkalinity, carbon isotopes  *Bronte Tilbrook  CSIRO
D.O.C.                                Tom Trull        Antarctic CRC
D.M.S.                                Graham Jones     James Cook University 
iodate/iodide                         Ed Butler        CSIRO
primary productivity                  John Parslow     CSIRO
biological sampling                  *Simon Wright     Antarctic Division


Table 6b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants)

name              measurement                  affiliation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ian Knott         CTD, electronics             Antarctic CRC
Simon Marsland    CTD                          Antarctic CRC
Phil Morgan       CTD                          CSIRO
Steve Rintoul     CTD, moorings                CSIRO
Mark Rosenberg    CTD, moorings                Antarctic CRC
Tim Vizer         CTD                          Antarctic CRC
Andrew Woolf      CTD                          Antarctic CRC

Steve Bell        salinity, oxygen, nutrients  Antarctic CRC
Ruth Eriksen      salinity, oxygen, nutrients  Antarctic CRC
Adam Leggett      oxygen                       Melbourne University

Craig Neill       CFC                          NOAA
David Wisegarver  CFC                          NOAA

Dee Breger        helium, tritium, 18O         Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

Brendan Coutts    D.I.C.,alkalinity,Cisotopes  Antarctic CRC
Roger Dargaville  D.I.C.,alkalinity,Cisotopes  Melbourne University
Bronte Tilbrook   D.I.C.,alkalinity,Cisotopes  CSIRO

Susannah Hunter   D.O.C.                       Antarctic CRC

Mark Curran       D.M.S.                       James Cook University
Megan McDonald    D.M.S.                       James Cook University

Anna Brandao      iodate/iodide                Antarctic CRC

Pru Bonham        primary productivity         CSIRO

Fiona Scott       biological sampling          Antarctic Division
Peter Pendoley    biological sampling          Antarctic Division
Simon Wright      deputy voyage leader,        Antarctic Division
                  biological sampling  
David James       ornithology                  Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
Tim Reid          ornithology                  Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union

Rob Easther       voyage leader                Antarctic Division
Vera Hansper      computing                    Antarctic Division
David Little      doctor                       Antarctic Division
Tim Osborne       computing                    Antarctic Division
Andrew Tabor      gear officer, moorings       Antarctic Division
Mark Underwood    electronics                  Antarctic Division

Adam Connolly     reporter                     The Mercury


4 FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS


4.1  CTD and hydrology measurements

In this section, CTD, hydrology, and ADCP data collection and processing methods 
are discussed. Preliminary results of the CTD data calibration, along with data 
quality information, are presented in Section 6.


4.1.1  CTD Instrumentation

The CTD instrumentation is described in Rosenberg et al. (1995b). Briefly, 
General Oceanics Mark IIIC (i.e. WOCE upgraded) CTD units were used. A 24 
position rosette package, including a General Oceanics model 1015 pylon, and 10 
litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles, was deployed for all casts. Deep sea 
reversing thermometers (Gohla-Precision) were mounted at rosette positions 2, 12 
and 24. A Sea-Tech fluorometer and Li-Cor photosynthetically active radiation 
sensor were also attached to the package for some casts (Table 22).


4.1.2 C TD instrument and data calibration

Complete calibration information for the CTD pressure, platinum temperature and 
pressure temperature sensors are presented in Appendix 1. Pre cruise pressure 
and platinum temperature calibrations were available for all three CTD units, 
performed at the CSIRO Division of Oceanography Calibration Facility, with the 
exception of CTD unit 6, where manufacturer supplied platinum temperature 
calibration coefficients were used for the single test cast where this 
instrument was used. Pre cruise manufacturer supplied calibrations of the 
pressure temperature sensors were used for the cruise data. Note that readings 
from this sensor are applied in a correction formula for pressure data. The 
complete CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen calibrations, derived 
respectively from the in situ Niskin bottle salinity and dissolved oxygen 
samples, are presented in a later section.

Manufacturer supplied calibrations were applied to the fluorescence and p.a.r. 
data (Appendix 1). These calibrations are not expected to be correct - correct 
scaling of fluorescence and p.a.r. data awaits linkage with primary productivity 
and Seacat (section 3.2) data.

The CTD and hydrology data processing and calibration techniques are described 
in detail in Appendix 2 of Rosenberg et al. (1995b) (referred to as "CTD 
methodology" for the remainder of the report). Note however the following 
updates to the methodology: 

(i)   the 10 seconds of CTD data prior to each bottle firing are averaged to 
      form the CTD upcast for use in calibration (5 seconds was used 
      previously);

(ii)  the minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to form an 
      average was set to 6 (i.e. jmin=6; for previous cruises, jmin=10);

(iii) in the conductivity calibration for some stations, an additional term was 
      applied to remove the pressure dependent conductivity residual;

(iv)  CTD raw data obtained from the CTD logging PC's no longer contain end of 
      record characters after every 128 bytes.


4.1.3  CTD and hydrology data collection techniques

Data collection techniques are described in Rosenberg et al. (1995b). A fixed 
sequence was followed for the drawing of water samples on deck, as follows:

                 first sample: CFC
                               D.O.C
                               dissolved oxygen
                               DMS/DMSP
                               helium
                               D.I.C.
                               alkalinity
                               carbon isotopes
                               primary productivity
                               salinity
                               nutrients
                               iodate/iodide
                               18O
                               tritium
                 last sample:  biology

(see Table 3 for a summary of which samples were drawn at each station).


4.1.4  Water sampling methods

The methods used for drawing the various water samples from the Niskin bottles 
are described here.

Chlorofluorocarbons:  
    100 ml samples are taken using precision ground glass 
    syringes, following a series of rinses; care is taken to ensure 
    bubble free samples.

Dissolved organic carbon:  
    Sample jar volume = 250 ml (jars baked for 12 hours 
    at 550°C) During d.o.c. sampling, polyethylene gloves were
    worn by the sampler. The gloves were changed every second
    sample. 
    * rinse spiggot copiously with sample water
    * rinse sample jar twice
    * fill jar with ~200 ml and screw cap on tightly
      After sampling, the jars are stored in the dark in a 
      freezer at -18°C.

Dissolved oxygen:  
    sample bottle volume = 150 ml
    Bottles are washed and left partially filled with fresh water 
    before use. Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin 
    spiggot for sample drawing. Pickling reagent 1 is 3 M MnCl2 (1.0 
    ml used); reagent 2 is 8 N NaOH/4 M NaI (1.0 ml used); reagent 3 
    is 10 N H2SO4 (1.0 ml used).
    * start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure 
      no bubbles remain in tube
    * pinch off flow in tube, and insert into bottom of sample bottle
    * let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing by 
      releasing tubing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the 
      sample and that turbulence is kept to a minimum
    * fill bottle, overflow by at least one full volume
    * pinch off tube and slowly remove so that bottle remains full to 
      the brim, then rinse glass stopper 
    * immediately pickle with reagents 1 then 2, inserting reagent
      dispenser at least 1 cm below water surface
    * insert glass stopper, ensuring no bubbles are trapped in sample
    * thoroughly shake sample (at least 30 vigorous inversions)
    * store samples in the dark until analysis
    * acidify samples with reagent 3 immediately prior to analysis

DMS and DMSP:  
    Sample containers are quickly rinsed, then filled. For shallow 
    samples only, a 750 ml amber glass bottle is used. For full profile 
    sampling, samples for filtering are collected in 250 ml polyethylene 
    screwcap jars; unfiltered samples are collected in 140 ml amber glass 
    bottles.

Helium:  
    Plastic tubing is attached to both ends of a 2 foot length of copper 
    tubing, with one of the plastic tubes attached to the Niskin spiggot. The 
    copper tube is self flushed as air bubbles work out of the intake tube; 
    the copper and plastic tube are struck to ensure no bubbles are trapped 
    during filling. The plastic hoses are clamped, and the assembly removed to 
    a hydraulic press where the copper tube is cut and crimped at either end, 
    and in the middle.

Dissolved inorganic carbon:  
    sample bottle volume = 250 ml
    Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin
    spiggot for sample drawing. Samples are poisoned with 
    100 _l of a saturated solution of HgCl2.
    * drain remaining old sample from the bottle
    * start water flow through tube for several seconds, making 
      sure no bubbles remain in tube
    * insert tube into bottom of inverted sample bottle,
      allowing water to flush bottle for several seconds
    * pinch off flow in tube, and invert sample bottle to 
      upright position, keeping tube in bottom of bottle
    * let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually 
      increasing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the sample
    * fill bottle, overflow by one full volume, and rinse cap
    * shake a small amount of water from top, so that water 	
      level is between threads and bottle shoulder 
    * insert tip of poison dispenser just into sample, and poison
    * screw on cap, and invert bottle several times to allow 
      poison to disperse through sample

Alkalinity:  
    These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as dissolved 
    inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml bottles are used.

Carbon Isotopes:  
    These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as 
    dissolved inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml glass stoppered 
    vacuum flasks are used, and vacuum grease is placed around the 	
    stopper before inserting.

Primary productivity:  
    Sampled from casts taken during daylight hours; samples 
    were drawn for analysis of primary productivity and suspended 
    particle size (taken from the shallowest four Niskin bottles). 
    At most primary productivity sites, a Seabird "Seacat" CTD was 
    deployed to obtain vertical profiles of photosynthetically 	
    active radiation (p.a.r.) and fluorescence from the top part of 
    the water column. For primary productivity samples, 500 ml 	
    blacked out plastic jars are quickly rinsed then gently filled
    with ~400 ml of water through a length of tubing attached to the 
    Niskin spiggot. Samples for particle size analysis are collected 
    in 250 ml plastic bottles (with a single quick rinse prior to 
    filling).

Salinity:  
    sample bottle volume = 300 ml
    * drain remaining old sample from the bottle (bottles are always stored 
    * approximately 1/3 full with water between stations)
    * rinse bottle and cap 3 times with 100 ml of sample (shaking thoroughly 
      each time); on each rinse, contents of sample bottle are poured over the 
      Niskin bottle spiggot
    * fill bottle with sample, to bottle shoulder, and screw cap on firmly
      At all filling stages, care is taken not to let the Niskin bottle 
      spiggot touch the sample bottle.

Nutrients:  
    sample tube volume = 12 ml
    Two nutrient sample tubes are filled simultaneously at each Niskin bottle.

    * rinse tubes and caps 3 times
    * fill tubes
    * shake out water from tubes so that water level is at or below marking 
    * line 2 cm below top of tubes (10 ml mark), and screw on caps firmly
      After sampling, one set of tubes are refrigerated for analysis within 12 
      hours; the duplicate set of tubes are placed in a freezer until 
      required.

Iodate: same as for nutrients

Iodide: same as for nutrients, except 100 ml plastic bottle used.

18O: 
    Sample bottle volume = 20 ml
    Sample bottles given 3 quick rinses, then filled.

Tritium: 1 litre argon-filled bottles are filled to the top, minus headspace.

Biological sampling:  
    Several different analyses were performed on the 
    biological water samples, as listed in Table 3. Biological 
    samples were usually drawn from the shallowest four or 
    five Niskin bottles, with additional samples collected from a 
    surface bucket.


4.1.5  Hydrology analytical methods

The analytical techniques and data processing routines employed in the 
Hydrographic Laboratory onboard the ship are discussed in Appendix 3 of 
Rosenberg et al. (1995b). Note the following changes to the methodology:

(i)  150 ml sample bottles were used (300 ml bottles had been used previously), 
     and 1.0 ml of reagents 1, 2 and 3 were used (2.0 ml used previously); the 
     corresponding calculation value for the total amount of oxygen added with  
     the reagents = 0.017 ml (0.034 ml previously);

(ii) exact oxygen sample bottle volumes were individually measured, and applied 
     for each individual bottle in the calculation of dissolved oxygen 
     concentration.


4.2  Underway measurements

Throughout the cruise, the ship's data logging system continuously recorded 
bottom depth, ship's position and motion, surface water properties and 
meteorological information. All measurements were quality controlled during the 
cruise, to remove bad data (Ryan, 1995). 

After quality controlling of the automatically logged GPS data set, gaps (due to 
missing data and data flagged as bad) are automatically filled by dead-reckoned 
positions (using the ship's speed and heading). Positions used for CTD stations 
are derived from this final GPS data set. Bottom depth is measured by a Simrad 
EA200 12 kHz echo sounder. A sound speed of 1498 ms-1 is used for all depth 
calculations, and the ship's draught of 7.3 m has been accounted for in 
final depth values (i.e. depths are values from the surface).

Seawater is pumped on board via an inlet at 7 m below the surface. A portion of 
this water is diverted to the thermosalinograph (Aplied Microsystems Ltd, model 
STD-12), and to the fluorometer (Turner Design, peak sensitivity for 
chlorophyll-a). Sea surface temperatures are measured by a sensor next to the 
seawater inlet at 7 m depth.

The underway measurements for the cruise are contained in column formatted ascii 
files. The two file types are as follows (see Appendix 4 in Rosenberg et al., 
1995b, for a complete description):

(i)  10 second digitised underway measurement data, including time, latitude, 
     longitude, depth and sea surface temperature;

(ii) 15 minute averaged data, including time, latitude and longitude, air 
     pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, quantum 
     radiation, ship speed and heading, roll and pitch, sea surface salinity and 
     temperature, average fluorescence, and seawater flow. 


4.3  ADCP

A vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was installed in the 
hull during dry-docking of the ship in mid 1994. The unit is a high power 150 
kHz narrow band ADCP produced by RD Instruments. The four transducer heads are 
mounted in a concave Janus configuration, with the beams 30 degrees off 
vertical, and with the transducers aligned at 45o to fore and aft. The 
transducers are mounted in a seachest ~7 m below the water surface, behind a 81 
mm thick low density polyethylene window, with the window flush to the ship's 
hull. The inside of the seachest is lined with acoustic tiles (polyurethane with 
barytes and air microsphere fillers), and filled with hypersaline water.

ADCP data were logged on a Sparc 5 Sun workstation. Logging parameters are 
listed in Table 7. An array of sounders is mounted on the ship for use in 
hydroacoustic biology surveys (T. Pauly, pers. comm.). When these sounders are 
in operation, firing of the ADCP is synchronised with the sounder trigger 
pulses, to avoid interference between the two systems. When this synchronisation 
is active, the ADCP ping rate is lowered by ~35%. When the ADCP system bottom 
tracking is active, the ping rate is decreased by ~50 %. Gyrocompass heading 
data were logged on the Sun through a synchro to digital converter, at a one 
second sampling frequency. GPS data collected by a Lowrance receiver were also 
logged by the Sun; the Lowrance unit received GPS positions every 2 seconds, and 
GPS velocities every 2 seconds, with positions and velocities received on 
alternate seconds. ADCP data processing is discussed in more detail in Dunn (a 
and b, unpublished reports).


Table 7: ADCP logging parameters.

ping parameters               bottom track ping parameters
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
no. of bins:  50              no. of bins:   128
bin length:    8 m            bin length:     4 m
pulse length:  8 m            pulse length:  32 m
delay:         4 m
ping interval: minimum        ping interval: same as profiling pings

reference layer averageing:   bins 3 to 6  (13/12/94-13/01/95 i.e. files 1-86)
                              bins 3 to 10 (13/01/95-21/01/95 i.e. files 87-107)
                              bins 3 to 13 (21/01/95-01/02/95 i.e. files 108-136)
ensemble averageing duration: 3 min.



5 MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED


5.1 Logistics

The only significant logistic problem was shortage of time, due in part to 
delayed cargo operations at Casey. For part of the transects, as mentioned 
above, station spacing was increased to 45 nautical miles, to ensure completion 
of the oceanographic work in the available time.


5.2 CTD sensors

Various problems occurred with the CTD sensors over the course of the cruise. 
For CTD 1103 (used for the first 18 stations), the conductivity output became 
increasingly noisy after station 10, resulting in random salinity noise with 
an amplitude up to ~0.01 psu. The CTD was finally changed to CTD 1193 following 
station 18. After the cruise, the noise problem in CTD 1103 was traced to 
loosely mounted cards inside the housing.

Conductivity noise was minimal for CTD 1193, however the conductivity cell 
response showed a strong pressure dependence. In addition, the same conductivity 
cell displayed significant hysteresis between the down and upcasts. These 
problems are discussed in more detail in section 6. Following station 56, the 
conductivity cell on CTD 1193 was changed for a spare. The spare cell functioned 
well, except for a transient error when first entering the water - the cell 
appeared to need soaking near the surface for up to 2 minutes, before a stable 
conductivity reading was reached.

Prior to station 95, moisture was discovered entering the CTD 1193 housing, 
causing corrosion of the fast temperature sensor connector. The fault was traced 
to pits in the o-ring seats of the metal mounting plate on which the 
conductivity and fast temperature sensors are mounted. As a temporary fix, the 
connectors were sprayed with a water displacing agent, and the space behind the 
sensors in the housing was filled with grease. No leakage occurred for the 
remaining stations, however  one or more of these substances caused slight 
contamination of the conductivity cell, resulting in a small amount of signal 
noise over the next few stations.

For both CTD 1103 and 1193, the oxygen sensor oil reservoir housing could not be 
screwed tightly onto the mounting connector threads. As a result, any impact, 
such as caused by the instrument breaking through the water surface on 
deployment, caused the housing to move sufficiently for the silicon oil to drain 
past the o-ring, and resulting in loss of data (see section 6). This occurred 
several times early in the cruise. Following station 28, 2 adjacent o-rings 
(instead of the usual 1) were installed in the oxygen oil reservoir housing, 
solving the oil drainage problem.

Following station 76, a crack was discovered in the housing window for the 
photosynthetically active radiation sensor. The sensor was not used for the 
remainder of the cruise.

The altimeter did not function for the first 4 stations, thus these CTD casts 
were only taken to within ~100 to 200 m of the bottom. Following station 4, the 
problem was traced to a burnt out chip in CTD 1103. The altimeter performed well 
for the remainder of the cruise, allowing close CTD approaches to the bottom 
(Table 2).


5.3 Other equipment

The first few days of bathymetry data were lost due to problems with the 12 kHz 
echo sounder transducer. Good bathymetry data was obtained starting from 
19/12/94 UTC.

Routing of the aft CTD winch wire resulted in serious kinking of the wire on 
several occasions - the wire required retermination each time. Following station 
33, operations were changed to the forward CTD winch wire, and no more serious 
problems occurred for the remainder of the cruise.

One of the upward looking sonar moorings (Table 5) could not be located with the 
acoustic release surface transducer. No attempt was made to send the release 
command, owing to the significant sea ice coverage. At the time of writing, 
further recovery attempts indicated the mooring was no longer present at the 
deployment site.


6 RESULTS

This section details information relevant to the creation and the quality of the 
final CTD and hydrology data set. For actual use of the data, the following is 
important:

                 CTD data - Tables 14 and 15, and section 6.1.2;
           hydrology data - Tables 18 and 19.

Historical data comparisons are made in section 7. Data file formats are 
described in Appendix 4 of Rosenberg et al. (1995b).


6.1 CTD measurements


6.1.1 Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data

Conductivity

Four different conductivity cells were used during the cruise, as follows:

         conductivity cell 1, stations 1-18 (using CTD 1103);
         conductivity cell 2, stations 19-56 (using CTD 1193);
         conductivity cell 3, stations 57-106 (using CTD 1193);
         conductivity cell 4, station 107 (using CTD 2568).

With the exception of cell 4, all the conductivity cells displayed large 
transient errors when entering the water. In addition, cell 3 displayed 
significant hysteresis between downcast and upcast conductivity data. As 
result, for stations 1 to 106, upcast CTD data was used for all the 2dbar 
averaged pressure, temperature and conductivity data. Note that station 
107 data were not used.

The response of conductivity cells 1 and 2 showed a pressure dependence, much 
stronger in the case of cell 2. For both these cells (i.e. stations 1 to 56), 
the pressure dependent conductivity residual was removed by the following steps: 

(a) CTD conductivity was initially calibrated to derive conductivity residuals 
    (cbtl - ccal), where cbtl and ccal are as defined in the CTD methodology,
    noting that ccal is the conductivity value after the initial calibration 
    only i.e. prior to any pressure dependent correction.

(b) Next, for each station grouping (Table 11), a linear pressure dependent fit 
    was found for the conductivity residuals  i.e. for station grouping i, fit 
    parameters alpha (Table 11) and beta were found from

               (c(sub btl) - c(sub cal)n = alpha*p(sub n) + beta         (eqn 1)

    (look under pdf file for precise formula format) where the residuals 

        (c(sub btl) - c(sub cal)*n and corresponding pressures p(sub n)

    (i.e. pressures where Niskin bottles fired) are all the values accepted
    for conductivity calibration in the station grouping.

(c) Lastly, the conductivity calibration was repeated, this time fitting (c(sub 
    ctd) + alpha*p) to the bottle values c(sub btl) in order to remove the 
    linear pressure dependence for each station grouping i (for uncalibrated 
    conductivity c(sub ctd) as defined in the CTD methodology; and note that the 
    offsets beta were not applied). 


Dissolved oxygen

For stations 19 to 106, downcast oxygen temperature and oxygen current data were 
merged with the upcast pressure, temperature and conductivity data (upcast 
dissolved oxygen data is in general not reliable). With this data set, 
calibration of the dissolved oxygen data then followed the usual methodology. No 
CTD oxygen data was obtained for stations 1 to 18, due to a hardware fault in 
CTD 1103.

A small additional error in CTD dissolved oxygen data is expected to occur from 
the merging of downcast oxygen data with upcast pressure, temperature and 
conductivity data - where horizontal gradients occur, there will be some 
mismatch of downcast and upcast data as the ship drifts during a CTD cast. At 
most, this error is not expected to exceed ~3%.


Summary

stations 1-18:   all CTD data from upcast; weak pressure dependent conductivity 
                 residual removed; no CTD dissolved oxygen data; 

stations 19-56:  CTD data from upcast, except for dissolved oxygen data 
                 (downcast); strong pressure dependent conductivity residual 
                 removed.

stations 57-106: CTD data from upcast, except for dissolved oxygen data 
                 (downcast).

Further information relevant to the creation of the calibrated CTD data is 
tabulated, as follows:

    * Surface pressure offsets calculated for each station are listed in Table 10.
    * Missing 2 dbar data averages are listed in the files avmiss.out and 
      avoxmiss.out (the latter for CTD dissolved oxygen).
    * CTD conductivity calibration coefficients, including the station groupings 
      used for the conductivity calibration, are listed in Tables 11 and 12.
    * CTD raw data scans flagged for special treatment are listed in Table 13.
    * Suspect 2 dbar averages are listed in Tables 14 and 15. The file 
      avinterp.out 
      lists 2 dbar averages which are linear interpolations of the surrounding 2   
      dbar averages.
    * CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients are listed in Table 16. The 
      starting values used for the coefficients prior to iteration, and the 
      coefficients varied during the iteration, are listed in Table 17.
    * Stations containing fluorescence and photosynthetically active radiation 
      data 
      are listed in Table 22.
    * The different protected and unprotected thermometers used for the stations 
      are listed in Table 23.


6.1.2 CTD data quality

The final calibration results for conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen, 
along with the performance check for temperature, are plotted in Figures 2 to 5. 
For temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, the respective residuals 
(Ttherm - Tcal), (sbtl - scal) and (obtl - ocal) are plotted. For conductivity, 
the ratio cbtl/ccal is plotted. Note that for stations where a correction was 
made for the pressure dependent conductivity error, ccal here refers to the 
final calibrated value after the correction. Ttherm and Tcal are respectively 
the protected thermometer and calibrated upcast CTD burst temperature values; 
sbtl, scal, obtl, ocal, cbtl and ccal , and the mean and standard deviation 
values in Figures 2 to 5, are as defined in the CTD methodology. 

CTD data quality cautions for the various parameters are discussed below. Table 
8 contains a summary of these cautions.


Pressure

The titanium strain gauge pressure sensors used in the Mark IIIC CTD's display a 
higher noise level than the older stainless steel strain gauge models, with a 
typical rms of ~(0.2 dbar (Millard et al., 1993). Noise in the pressure 
signal for CTD 1193 (used for stations 19 to 106) was found to be higher than 
this, with spikes of up to 1 dbar amplitude occurring. In the creation of CTD 
raw data files monotonically increasing with pressure (see CTD methodology), 
pressure spikes with a width exceeding 3 data points are retained as real 
values. Thus as a result of the high noise levels for CTD 1193, a large number 
of 2 dbar bins were missing, as not enough data points were present in these 
bins to form a bin average. The number of missing bins was reduced by setting to 
6 the minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to form an average 
(i.e. jmin=6; for previous cruises, jmin=10). Note that jmin=6 was used for the 
entire cruise. For remaining missing bins, values were linearly interpolated 
between surrounding bins, except where the local temperature gradient exceeded 
0.005oC between the surrounding bins i.e. temperature gradient > 0.00125 
degrees/dbar. 

For stations 48, 54 and 72, surface pressure offset values fell on small 
pressure spikes, thus the final surface pressure offsets were estimated from a 
manual inspection of the pressure data. A manual estimate was also required for 
station 55. The surface pressure offset values for stations 66 and 76 were 
estimated from the surrounding stations (Table 10). Any resulting additional 
error in the CTD pressure data is judged to be small (no more than 0.2 dbar).

For stations 7, 11, 16, 28, 65 and 66, flooding of the dissolved oxygen sensor 
with seawater resulted in bad pressure temperature data (as discussed in 
Rosenberg et al., 1995b). To allow accurate calculation of pressure in dbar, the 
following pressure temperature data were used in pressure calculations for these 
stations:

station with bad      used pressure temperature
pressure temperature  data from this station for upcast
-------------------------------------------------------
        7                       8
       11                      10
       16                      17
       28                      27
       65                      64
       66                      67 for p>=2000 dbar
       66                      66 for p<2000 dbar

Note that the pressure temperature profiles chosen above provide the closest 
match to the assumed pressure temperature profiles for stations 7, 11, 16, 28, 
65 and 66, and any errors are judged to be small (<0.3 dbar).


Salinity

The conductivity ratios for all bottle samples are plotted in Figure 3, while 
the salinity residuals are plotted in Figure 4. The final standard deviation 
values for the salinity residuals (Figure 4) indicate the CTD salinity data over 
the whole cruise is accurate to within µ 0.002 psu.

No conductivity residual correction was made for stations 1 and 54: all bottles 
were fired at the same depth for these stations (test casts), so that any 
pressure dependent conductivity residual (section 6.1.1) could not be 
quantified. Note that as a result, the salinities for these stations can only be 
considered as accurate to ~0.01 psu.

Bottle salinity data was lost for station 24, due to malfunction of the 
salinometer. The station was grouped with surrounding stations for conductivity 
calibration (Table 11).

No conductivity residual correction (section 6.1.1) was made for stations 3 to 
10 and 52 to 53, as no pressure dependent conductivity residual was found for 
these stations.


Temperature

The temperature residuals are shown in Figure 2, along with the mean offset and 
standard deviation of the residuals. The thermometer value used in each case is 
the mean of the two protected thermometer readings (protected thermometers used 
are listed in Table 23). Note that in the figures, the "dubious" and "rejected" 
categories refer to corresponding bottle samples and upcast CTD bursts in the 
conductivity calibration, rather than to CTD/thermometer temperature values.

For CTD 1193 (stations 19 to 106), there was a problem with the laboratory 
calibration of the platinum temperature sensor. With the original pre-cruise 
calibration coefficients, an offset of 0.007°C was found between CTD and 
reversing thermometer temperature values. As a consequence, an additional offset 
value of -0.007°C (Appendix 1) was applied to all CTD temperature values for 
stations 19 to 106. 


Table 8:  Summary of cautions to CTD data quality.

stn #      CTD parameter        caution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1        salinity             test cast - all bottles fired at same depth; salinity accuracy reduced
  5        all parameters       data for this station bad, due to CTD power supply problem
  7        pressure             station 8 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 
 11        pressure             station 10 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
 16        pressure             station 17 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
 24        salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
 28        pressure             station 27 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
 47        salinity, oxygen     most bottles tripped on the fly - may introduce small inaccuracy into 
                                the conductivity and dissolved oxygen calibrations
 54        salinity             test cast - all bottles fired at same depth; salinity accuracy reduced
 65        pressure             station 64 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
 66        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
 66        pressure             station 67 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 
                                for pľ2000 dbar
 76        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
107        all parameters       data not used for this station (test cast only)
2-4,       salinity             additional correction applied for pressure dependent conductivity residual
11-51,
55-56
19 to 106  temperature          additional calibration offset value based on comparison with reversing 
           thermometer data
 1 to 107  fluorescence/p.a.r.  fluorescence and p.a.r. sensors (where active) are uncalibrated
 1 to 18   oxygen               no CTD dissolved oxygen data due to faulty hardware
28,65,66   oxygen               no CTD dissolved oxygen data due to oil drainage from sensor housing



Dissolved Oxygen

After the cruise, the CTD dissolved oxygen data for CTD 1103 (stations 1 to 18) 
was found to be unusable. The fault was traced to incorrect wiring in the 
factory-provided oxygen sensor mounting.The dissolved oxygen residuals are 
plotted in Figure 5. The final standard deviation values are within 1% of full 
scale values (where full scale is approximately equal to 250 µmol/l for pressure 
> 750 dbar, and 350 µmol/l for pressure < 750 dbar).
 
In general, good calibrations of the CTD dissolved oxygen data were obtained 
using the in situ bottle data, however some atypical values were found for the 
calibration coefficients (Tables 16 and 17) (see the CTD methodology for full 
details of calibration formulae). For most stations, the best calibration was 
achieved using large values of the order 10.0 for the coefficient K(sub 1) (i.e. 
oxygen current slope), and large negative values of the order -1.5 for the 
coefficient K(sub 3) (i.e. oxygen current bias). This, however, is not considered 
relevant to actual data quality.

In addition, the following unusual coefficient values were found (for typical 
values, see Millard and Yang, 1993, and Millard, 1991):

stations 56 and 58:	K(sub 5) > 1 (usually expect 0<K(sub 5)<1);
stations 58 and 105:	K(sub 6) < 0 (usually expect a positive value);

Despite some atypical calibration coefficient values, all dissolved oxygen 
calibrations are considered valid.

Oil drainage from the oxygen sensor mounting resulted in unusable dissolved 
oxygen data for stations 28, 65 and 66.

No oxygen bottle samples were collected for station 54. No attempt was made to 
calibrate the dissolved oxygen data for this station.

Dissolved oxygen data were not processed for station 107 (a working sensor was 
not fitted).


Fluorescence and P.A.R. Data

As discussed in section 4 above, fluorescence and p.a.r. are effectively 
uncalibrated. These data should not be used quantitatively other than for 
linkage with primary productivity data.


6.2 Hydrology data


6.2.1 Hydrology data quality

Quality control information relevant to the hydrology data is tabulated, as 
follows:

    * Questionable dissolved oxygen and nutrient Niskin bottle sample values are 
      listed in Tables 18 and 19 respectively. Note that questionable values are 
      included in the hydrology data file, whereas bad values have been removed.
    * Laboratory temperatures at the times of nutrient analyses are listed in 
      Table 20.
    * Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged with the code -9 (rejected
      for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration) are listed in Table 21.

For station 47, the cast was abandoned at ~1000 on the downcast, due to ice 
floes around the CTD wire. During retrieval, bottles at rosette positions 1 to 
18 were tripped on the fly. For station 48, 8 bottles did not trip, due to 
malfunction of the rosette pylon.


Nutrients

For the phosphate analyses, it was found that the autoanalyser peak height of a 
sample which was run immediately after a series of wash solution vials (low 
nutrient sea water) was suppressed by, on average, 2%, as discussed in section 
6.2.1 of Rosenberg et al. (1995b). For stations 1 to 34, samples thus affected 
(typically from rosette positions 12 and 24) were treated as bad data. Following 
station 34, additional "dummy" samples drawn from the Niskin bottles were 
inserted in autoanalyser runs immediately following wash solution vials to 
artificially mask the suppression effect on subsequent samples.

Surface phosphate values for many of the remaining stations still remain 
artificially suppressed - in Figure 9 the low phosphate values, in the vicinity 
of the nitrate+nitrite concentration of ~25 umol/l, are all near surface 
samples. Moreover, these samples all occur in regions where the steepest 
vertical gradients in nutrient concentrations are found. As a result of the 
steep vertical gradients, near surface phosphate concentrations are much lower 
than for the remainder of the water column, and any suppression of the phosphate 
autoanalyser peaks for the near surface samples will become amplified when data 
are viewed as ratios (Figure 9). These questionable near surface phosphate 
samples are listed in Table 19.

For surface silicate samples at stations 71 to 104, the autoanalyser silicate 
peaks were spiked, causing problems in the automatic peak integration performed 
by the software DAPA (see Appendix 3 in Rosenberg et al., 1995b). The replicate 
surface sample (one of the dummy samples for the phosphate analysis) did not 
show the same response, so the replicate was used for measuring the peak height.

The following notes also apply to the nutrient data:
    * For station 107, no nutrient samples were collected.
    * For the station 62, all nutrient concentrations were derived from manual 
      measurements of autoanalyser peak heights, using the strip chart    
      recordings.


6.2.2 Hydrology sample replicates

The accuracy and precision of bottle data are considered relative to the full 
scale deflection of measurement for nutrients

phosphate:          3.0 µmol/l
nitrate+nitrite:   35.0 µmol/l
silicate:         140   µmol/l

and relative to the maximum data value for dissolved oxygen

dissolved oxygen:  ~350 µmol/l for pressure < 750 dbar
                   ~250 µmol/l for pressure > 750 dbar.

In general, no organised sample replication was carried out, thus the replicate 
data set discussed here is small. Most replicate data were obtained 
opportunistically, from multiple fired Niskin bottles taken during bottle test 
casts, or from depths sampled in both casts of shallow/deep cast pairs. Two 
types of replicate data were obtained from the hydrology data set, as follows.


Replicate samples drawn from the same Niskin bottle

A series of repeat nutrient samples were drawn from 2 different Niskin bottles 
at station 32. At each of the Niskins, the absolute value of the differences 
about the mean value were formed (Figure 6a). Precision values for phosphate, 
nitrate+nitrite and silicate are respectively 0.16%, 0.22% and 0.35% of the full 
scale deflection (Table 9a).



Table 9a:  Precision data for replicates drawn from same Niskin bottle.

                 standard deviation  % of full scale  number of  number 
parameter        of differences      deflection       samples    sample groups
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
phosphate        0.0047 µmol/l       0.16             22         2
nitrate+nitrite  0.0765 µmol/l       0.22             24         2
silicate         0.4906 µmol/l       0.35             24         2


Replicate samples drawn from different Niskin bottles tripped at 
same depth

At several stations, multiple Niskin bottles were fired at a single depth. For 
each set of Niskin bottles tripped at a single depth, a mean value mx was 
calculated for the sample set and the differences x-mx formed, where x is the 
phosphate, nitrate+nitrite, silicate, salinity or dissolved oxygen bottle value; 
the standard deviation of all x-mx values for the replicate data was calculated. 
Absolute values of the differences x-mx are shown in Figure 6b, and the results 
are summarised in Table 9b. It is assumed that these precision values would be 
further reduced if sample groups were drawn from the same Niskin bottle.


Table 9b: Precision data for replicates drawn from Niskin bottles tripped at 
          the same depth.

                  standard deviation  % of full scale  number of  number 
parameter         of x-mx             or max. value    samples    sample groups
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
phosphate         0.0061 µmol/l       0.20             59         24
nitrate+nitrite   0.1473 µmol/l       0.42             66         27
silicate          0.6266 µmol/l       0.45             67         27
salinity          0.0007 psu           --              67         27
dissolved oxygen  0.1446 µmol/l       0.06             66         27



7 HISTORICAL DATA COMPARISONS

In this section, a brief comparison is made between the au9404 cruise data, and 
data from the previous cruise au9407 (Rosenberg et al., 1995b).


7.1 Dissolved oxygen

Vertical profiles of CTD dissolved oxygen concentrations for cruises au9404 and 
au9407 are compared in Figure 7. Note that dissolved oxygen concentrations of 
bottle samples for both cruises were measured using the WHOI automated method 
(see Appendix 3, Rosenberg et al., 1995b). Concentration values for the two 
cruises are in general consistent.


7.2 Salinity

The meridional variation of the salinity maximum for the two cruises i.e. for 
Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (as defined by Gordon, 1967) is compared in Figure 
8. For the comparison, CTD 2 dbar data were used i.e. CTD salinity, temperature 
and pressure values at the nearest 2 dbar bin to the salinity maximum for each 
station. Note that in the figure, property differences are only formed between 
station pairs (i.e. corresponding au9404 and au9407 stations) which are 
separated by less than 1.5 nautical miles of latitude. 

There appears to be a mean offset of ~0.003 psu between the two cruises (Figure 
8), smaller than the large salinity offset of ~0.007 psu found between cruises 
au9309 and au9407 (Appendix 6 in Rosenberg et al., 1995b). Note that there is 
no consistent biasing of the temperature or pressure data (Figure 8), suggesting 
that the difference is due to salinity alone, the same result as found for the 
comparison between earlier cruises. In summary, the following approximate mean 
salinity differences are evident for the successive occupations of the SR3 
transect:

                 cruise comparison  mean salinity difference
                 -------------------------------------------
                   au9309-au9101         < 0.002 psu
                   au9309-au9407           0.007 psu
                   au9404-au9407           0.003 psu

As discussed in Rosenberg et al. 1995b, the most likely source of any systematic 
salinity error is the salinometers (YeoKal Mk IV) used for the analysis of 
salinity samples from the Niskin bottles. However, the exact cause of the error 
remains inconclusive. At the time of writing, two more recent occupations of SR3 
stations await processing, while a further transect of SR3 is planned using more 
accurate salinometers (Guildline Autosals). These later data sets may 
clarify any instrument errors.



7.3 Nutrients

Phosphate and nitrate+nitrite concentrations are in general consistent for the 
au9404 and au9407 data, revealed by comparison of the nitrate+nitrite to 
phosphate ratio (Figure 9). Note that for au9404, the depressed phosphate values 
at the approximate nitrate+nitrite level of 25 (mol/l are all near surface 
values, and are to be regarded as questionable data (see section 6.2.1 for more 
details).

There is a small non-linearity in the nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio for 
both cruises, with low nutrient values lying below the best fit linear 
relationship (Figure 9). A similar trend is evident in data from cruise au9309 
(Figure A6.4 in Rosenberg et al., 1995b), and data along the P11 transect from 
cruise au9391 (Figure A6.10 in Rosenberg et al., 1995a) (although there is more 
scatter in the au9391 data). For cruise au9404, these low values correspond with 
near surface samples north of the Subantarctic Front (Figure 10) i.e. north of 
~50°S. Note that at both the Subantarctic and Subtropical Fronts (at ~50°S and 
~45.5°S respectively from inspection of surface temperatures in Figure 10), 
there is a sharp horizontal gradient in surface nutrient values, with 
concentrations decreasing to the north across the fronts. A corresponding 
northward decrease in the nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio is also evident 
(Figure 10), accounting for the non-linearity in the ratio at low nutrient 
concentrations (Figure 9). This effect, also observed in the earlier 
cruises, appears to be a real feature.


Figure 2:  Temperature residual (T(sub therm)) - (T(sub cal)) versus station 
           number for cruise au9404. The solid line is the mean of all the 
           residuals; the broken lines are (the standard deviation of all the 
           residuals (as defined in the CTD methodology). Note that the 
           "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to the conductivity 
           calibration.

Figure 3:  Conductivity ratio cbtl/ccal versus station number for cruise au9404. 
           The solid line follows the mean of  the residuals for each station; 
           the broken lines are ( the standard deviation of the residuals for
           each station (as defined in the CTD methodology).
 
Figure 4:  Salinity residual (sbtl - scal) versus station number for cruise 
           au9404. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken 
           lines are (the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in 
           the CTD methodology).

Figure 5:  Dissolved oxygen residual (°(sub btl)) - (°(sub cal)) versus station
           number for cruise au9404. The solid line follows the mean residual 
           for each station; the broken lines are ( the standard deviation of 
           the residuals for each station (as defined in the CTD methodology).

Figure 6:  Absolute value of parameter differences for replicate samples, for 
           replicates drawn from (a) the same Niskin bottle, and (b) different 
           Niskins tripped at the same depth. Note that differences are between 
           parameter values and depth mean.

Figure 7:  CTD dissolved oxygen vertical profile data for comparison of au9404 
           and au9407 data.

Figure 8:  Variation with latitude south along the SR3 transect of properties at 
           the deep salinity maximum (marking the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water): 
           property differences are between cruise au9404 and cruise au9407 i.e. 
           au9404 value minus au9407 value. Note that differences are formed 
           only between stations from the two cruises which are separated by no 
           more than 1.5 nautical miles of latitude.

Figure 9:  Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9404 and 
           au9407 data along the SR3 transect, together with linear best fit 
           lines.

Figure 10: Meridional variation along the SR3 transect of CTD temperature, 
           phosphate concentration, and nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio, all 
           at the near surface Niskin bottle.


Table 10: Surface pressure offsets (as defined in the CTD methodology). ** 
          indicates that value is estimated from surrounding stations, or else 
          determined from manual inspection of pressure data.

          surface  |         surface  |          surface  |           surface
          p offset |         p offset |          p offset |           p offset
  stn #    (dbar)  | stn #    (dbar)  | stn #     (dbar)  |  stn #     (dbar) 
  ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- |  ----------------
  1 TEST   -1.15   | 28 S4    -1.19   | 55 SR3    -1.40** |  82 SR3    -1.86 
  2  S4    -2.87   | 29 S4    -1.04   | 56 SR3    -1.25   |  83 SR3    -1.57
  3  S4    -2.42   | 30 S4    -0.71   | 57 SR3    -1.51   |  84 SR3    -1.47
  4  S4    -3.36   | 31 S4    -1.47   | 58 SR3    -1.57   |  85 SR3    -1.84
  5  S4    -3.17   | 32 S4    -1.40   | 59 SR3    -1.49   |  86 SR3    -1.47
  6  S4    -3.63   | 33 S4    -0.93   | 60 SR3    -1.41   |  87 SR3    -1.25
  7  S4    -2.16   | 34 S4    -0.84   | 61 SR3    -0.87   |  88 SR3    -1.42
  8  S4    -3.46   | 35 S4    -0.87   | 62 SR3    -1.50   |  89 SR3    -1.47
  9  S4    -2.24   | 36 S4    -0.57   | 63 SR3    -1.48   |  90 SR3    -1.59
  10 S4    -3.31   | 37 S4    -1.98   | 64 SR3    -1.28   |  91 SR3    -1.77
  11 S4    -3.45   | 38 S4    -1.54   | 65 SR3    -1.83   |  92 SR3    -2.02
  12 S4    -3.24   | 39 S4    -1.14   | 66 SR3    -1.32** |  93 SR3    -1.77
  13 S4    -3.55   | 40 S4    -0.94   | 67 SR3    -1.32   |  94 SR3    -1.29
  14 S4    -3.75   | 41 S4    -1.06   | 68 SR3    -1.17   |  95 SR3    -1.28
  15 S4    -3.24   | 42 S4    -0.84   | 69 SR3    -1.28   |  96 SR3    -1.74
  16 S4    -3.86   | 43 S4    -1.13   | 70 SR3    -1.36   |  97 SR3    -1.86
  17 S4    -3.73   | 44 S4    -1.03   | 71 SR3    -1.04   |  98 SR3    -1.94
  18 S4    -2.96   | 45 S4    -1.61   | 72 SR3    -0.90** |  99 SR3    -1.46
  19 S4    -0.40   | 46 S4    -0.60   | 73 SR3    -0.87   | 100 SR3    -2.24
  20 S4    -0.29   | 47 S4    -0.59   | 74 SR3    -1.07   | 101 SR3    -1.49
  21 S4    -1.08   | 48 S4    -1.00** | 75 SR3    -1.09   | 102 SR3    -1.77
  22 S4    -0.63   | 49 S4    -1.08   | 76 SR3    -1.66** | 103 SR3    -1.55
  23 S4    -0.82   | 50 S4    -0.92   | 77 SR3    -1.66   | 104 SR3    -1.34
  24 S4    -0.32   | 51 S4    -0.66   | 78 SR3    -1.32   | 105 SR3    -1.52
  25 S4    -0.42   | 52 S4    -1.22   | 79 SR3    -1.67   | 106 SR3    -1.73
  26 S4    -0.72   | 53 S4    -1.58   | 80 SR3    -2.37   | 
  27 S4    -0.93   | 54 TEST  -1.10** | 81 SR3    -1.94   | 


Table 11: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. F1 , F2 and F3 are 
          respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction 
          calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration in each 
          station grouping; _ is the standard deviation of the conductivity residual for 
          the n samples in the station grouping (eqn A2.19 in the CTD methodology); _ is 
          the correction applied to CTD conductivities due to pressure dependence of the 
          conductivity residuals (eqn 1).

  station
  grouping           F1               F2               F3        n    sigma      alpha
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
001 to 002 S4  -0.55151931E-01  0.98768159E-03  -0.25816422E-06  43  0.001388   0 (stn 1)
                                                                                0.7039725E-06 (stn 2)
003 to 004 S4  -0.55896676E-01  0.98729002E-03  -0.10392899E-07  35  0.001552   0.7039725E-06
005 to 006 S4  -1.3093410       0.10322266E-02   0                9  0.001772   0
007 to 008 S4  -0.54926719E-01  0.98668229E-03   0.31628388E-07  33  0.001976   0
009 to 010 S4  -0.84408096E-01  0.98892340E-03  -0.11378698E-06  43  0.001072   0
011 to 012 S4  -0.79525457E-01  0.98788105E-03  -0.17868175E-07  45  0.000863   1.4608959E-06
013 to 014 S4  -0.47581367E-01  0.98643852E-03   0.20690218E-07  43  0.001268   0.8503317E-06
015 to 018 S4  -0.90261955E-01  0.98726571E-03   0.52286883E-07  87  0.001082   1.1245280E-06
019 to 020 S4   0.35624898E-01  0.95488768E-03   0.12901507E-06  44  0.001376  -3.9074269E-06
021 to 022 S4   0.35077650E-01  0.95983939E-03  -0.11562160E-06  46  0.001699  -3.1360125E-06
023 to 027 S4   0.21164570E-02  0.95849180E-03  -0.70763325E-08  85  0.001277  -3.8628606E-06
028 to 029 S4   0.10941363E-01  0.95544232E-03   0.89732482E-07  46  0.001467  -4.1948918E-06
030 to 031 S4   0.88594631E-02  0.95649136E-03   0.50457051E-07  43  0.000846  -4.2553530E-06
032 to 033 S4   0.19440563E-01  0.96028342E-03  -0.84564608E-07  43  0.001096  -3.7799151E-06
034 to 035 S4  -0.60553073      0.98311882E-03  -0.18690584E-06  40  0.002047  -0.5076831E-06
036 to 038 S4   0.36708276E-01  0.95577090E-03   0.21875702E-07  66  0.001375  -3.1761190E-06
039 to 040 S4   0.82647512E-01  0.95203109E-03   0.77198775E-07  45  0.001361  -2.9058778E-06
041 to 043 S4   0.19447580E-01  0.95736474E-03  -0.79680507E-08  68  0.001541  -2.3631424E-06
044 to 046 S4   0.30237096E-01  0.95680538E-03  -0.27308193E-08  66  0.001468  -1.8128443E-06
047 to 048 S4   0.59998387E-01  0.96962316E-03  -0.28862853E-06  31  0.001060  -0.9916311E-06
049 to 051 S4   0.40529276E-01  0.95536507E-03   0.20374809E-07  67  0.001983  -1.0150511E-06 
052 to 053 S4   0.72904220E-01  0.94224468E-03   0.25347666E-06  30  0.001039   0
054 to 056 SR3 -0.16437023E-01  0.94840277E-03   0.18430266E-06  40  0.001547   0 (stn 54)
                                                                                1.1052417E-05(stn55)
                                                                                2.9457907E-05(stn56)

057 to 058 SR3  0.83091393E-01  0.97579514E-03  -0.36657863E-06  19  0.001715  
059 to 060 SR3  0.38970365E-01  0.95136388E-03   0.77236642E-07  41  0.001387  
061 to 062 SR3  0.10962147E-01  0.96004529E-03  -0.52779303E-07  43  0.001912  
063 to 065 SR3  0.53262814E-02  0.96057593E-03  -0.57406289E-07  62  0.001059  
066 to 067 SR3 -0.67340513E-02  0.95711703E-03   0.32602246E-08  43  0.001515  
068 to 071 SR3  0.26176288E-01  0.95501467E-03   0.16981713E-07  81  0.001365  
072 to 074 SR3 -0.33286342E-01  0.96114393E-03  -0.39304776E-07  65  0.001755  
075 to 076 SR3 -0.24514632E-01  0.95585560E-03   0.26753495E-07  45  0.002289  
077 to 079 SR3 -0.38553928E-01  0.95780877E-03   0.79812009E-08  64  0.001975  
080 to 081 SR3 -0.64523829E-02  0.95852101E-03  -0.14973816E-07  44  0.001366  
082 to 083 SR3 -0.31874236E-01  0.96253569E-03  -0.53150506E-07  43  0.000775  
084 to 085 SR3 -0.22073834E-01  0.95459300E-03   0.38284407E-07  43  0.001037  
086 to 092 SR3 -0.68709889E-02  0.95688724E-03   0.42797804E-08  150 0.001549  
093 to 095 SR3  0.13907181E-02  0.95680064E-03   0.14985374E-09  65  0.001092  
096 to 097 SR3  0.37615123E-02  0.95744099E-03  -0.84529938E-08  40  0.000884  
098 to 099 SR3  0.20749048E-01  0.98726272E-03  -0.32570719E-06  48  0.001562  
100 to 101 SR3  0.65954377E-02  0.95472218E-03   0.59023049E-08  43  0.001298  
102 to 104 SR3  0.57362283E-03  0.95957215E-03  -0.41938467E-07  57  0.000914  
105 to 106 SR3 -0.91747190E-02  0.96498194E-03  -0.90946316E-07  28  0.001279  


Table 12: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N), 
          for station number N, and F2 and F3 the conductivity slope and station-
          dependent correction calibration terms respectively.

stn no.   (F2 + F3 . N) | stn no.   (F2 + F3 . N) | stn no.     (F2 + F3 . N)
------------------------|-------------------------|--------------------------
1  TEST  0.98742342E-03 | 37 S4    0.95658030E-03 | 73  SR3    0.95827468E-03
2  S4    0.98716526E-03 | 38 S4    0.95660218E-03 | 74  SR3    0.95823538E-03
3  S4    0.98725884E-03 | 39 S4    0.95504184E-03 | 75  SR3    0.95786211E-03
4  S4    0.98724844E-03 | 40 S4    0.95511904E-03 | 76  SR3    0.95788886E-03
5  S4    0.10322266E-02 | 41 S4    0.95703805E-03 | 77  SR3    0.95842332E-03
6  S4    0.10322266E-02 | 42 S4    0.95703008E-03 | 78  SR3    0.95843131E-03
7  S4    0.98690369E-03 | 43 S4    0.95702211E-03 | 79  SR3    0.95843929E-03
8  S4    0.98693532E-03 | 44 S4    0.95668522E-03 | 80  SR3    0.95732310E-03
9  S4    0.98789931E-03 | 45 S4    0.95668249E-03 | 81  SR3    0.95730813E-03
10 S4    0.98778553E-03 | 46 S4    0.95667976E-03 | 82  SR3    0.95817735E-03
11 S4    0.98768450E-03 | 47 S4    0.95605761E-03 | 83  SR3    0.95812420E-03
12 S4    0.98766663E-03 | 48 S4    0.95576899E-03 | 84  SR3    0.95780889E-03
13 S4    0.98670749E-03 | 49 S4    0.95636344E-03 | 85  SR3    0.95784717E-03
14 S4    0.98672818E-03 | 50 S4    0.95638381E-03 | 86  SR3    0.95725530E-03
15 S4    0.98805001E-03 | 51 S4    0.95640419E-03 | 87  SR3    0.95725958E-03
16 S4    0.98810230E-03 | 52 S4    0.95542546E-03 | 88  SR3    0.95726386E-03
17 S4    0.98815459E-03 | 53 S4    0.95567894E-03 | 89  SR3    0.95726814E-03
18 S4    0.98820687E-03 | 54 TEST  0.95835512E-03 | 90  SR3    0.95727242E-03
19 S4    0.95733896E-03 | 55 SR3   0.95853942E-03 | 91  SR3    0.95727670E-03
20 S4    0.95746798E-03 | 56 SR3   0.95872372E-03 | 92  SR3    0.95728098E-03
21 S4    0.95741133E-03 | 57 SR3   0.95490015E-03 | 93  SR3    0.95681457E-03
22 S4    0.95729571E-03 | 58 SR3   0.95453358E-03 | 94  SR3    0.95681472E-03
23 S4    0.95832904E-03 | 59 SR3   0.95592085E-03 | 95  SR3    0.95681487E-03
24 S4    0.95832197E-03 | 60 SR3   0.95599808E-03 | 96  SR3    0.95662950E-03
25 S4    0.95831489E-03 | 61 SR3   0.95682575E-03 | 97  SR3    0.95662105E-03
26 S4    0.95830781E-03 | 62 SR3   0.95677297E-03 | 98  SR3    0.95534341E-03
27 S4    0.95830074E-03 | 63 SR3   0.95695933E-03 | 99  SR3    0.95501771E-03
28 S4    0.95795483E-03 | 64 SR3   0.95690192E-03 | 100 SR3    0.95531241E-03
29 S4    0.95804456E-03 | 65 SR3   0.95684452E-03 | 101 SR3    0.95531831E-03
30 S4    0.95800507E-03 | 66 SR3   0.95733220E-03 | 102 SR3    0.95529443E-03
31 S4    0.95805553E-03 | 67 SR3   0.95733546E-03 | 103 SR3    0.95525249E-03
32 S4    0.95757736E-03 | 68 SR3   0.95616942E-03 | 104 SR3    0.95521055E-03
33 S4    0.95749279E-03 | 69 SR3   0.95618640E-03 | 105 SR3    0.95543257E-03
34 S4    0.97676403E-03 | 70 SR3   0.95620339E-03 | 106 SR3    0.95534163E-03
35 S4    0.97657712E-03 | 71 SR3   0.95622037E-03 | 
36 S4    0.95655843E-03 | 72 SR3   0.95831399E-03 |   



Table 13: CTD raw data scans, mostly in the vicinity of artificial density 
          inversions, flagged for special treatment. Note that the pressure listed is 
          approximate only; possible actions taken are either to ignore the raw data scans 
          for all further calculations, or to apply a linear interpolation over the region 
          of the bad data scans. Causes of bad data, listed in the last column, are 
          detailed in the CTD methodology. For the raw scan number ranges, the lowest and 
          highest scans numbers are not included in the ignore   or interpolate actions.

      approx 
stn   pressure                                  action       
 #    (dbar)            raw scan numbers        taken        reason
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1    69         312710-312712                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
  2    103        267360-267656; 267704-268141  ignore       wake effect
  2    28; 24     274342-274439; 274610-274752  ignore       wake effect
  3    110        294797-294846                 ignore       wake effect
  4    189        326120-326134                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
  4    101        331813-332033                 ignore       wake effect
 17    102        269059-269211; 269417-269509  ignore       wake effect
 18    53         300375-300727                 ignore       wake effect
 20    3704-3718  163056-163405                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 32    600        287236-287282                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 34    110-112    378784-378843                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 35    28; 26     330110-330137; 330166-330192  ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 36    131-137    305201-305336                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 41    56-77      262645-262993                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 45    64-67      237753-237801                 interpolate  wake effect
 47    11          76038-76197                  interpolate  wake effect
 60    256-258     16896-170036                 interpolate  wake effect
 60    320        166669-166671                 ignore       suspect pressure value
 61    259        195087-195110                 ignore       wake effect
 65    56-72      254997-255277                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 71    213-216    285966-286010                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 94    1012-1039  271068-271531                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
 95    828-834    257553-257678                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
103    236        227094-227097                 ignore       fouling of cond. cell
105    150; 12    110099-110538; 121628-121631  ignore       fouling of cond. cell


Table 14: Suspect 2 dbar averages. Note: for suspect salinity values, the 
          following are also suspect: sigma-T, specific volume anomaly, and geopotential 
          anomaly.


Suspect Salnity Values

        suspect 2dbar     
        values(dbar)      
       -----------------  
stn #  bad        questionable    reason
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1    60,62      58,64,116,118   salinity spike in steep local gradient
  2    24         20,22           salinity spike in steep local gradient
  3    34,36      98              salinity spike in steep local gradient
  4    -          100,110         salinity spike in steep local gradient
 10    -          404             salinity spike in steep local gradient
 11    -          120,122,124     salinity spike in steep local gradient
 15    38         36,40,42,52,54  salinity spike in steep local gradient
 16    38         -               salinity spike in steep local gradient
 17    58         56,60           salinity spike in steep local gradient
 18    54,96,108  52,56           salinity spike in steep local gradient
 25    -          48              salinity spike in steep local gradient	
 29    -          46              salinity spike in steep local gradient	
 35    -          34              salinity spike in steep local gradient	
 55    -          802-812         possible fouling of conductivity cell	
 60    -          322             salinity spike in steep local gradient
 67    -          54              salinity spike in steep local gradient
 68    42         -               salinity spike in steep local gradient
 71    64         -               salinity spike in steep local gradient
 72    -          64              salinity spike in steep local gradient
 73    -          52              salinity spike in steep local gradient
 74    -          60              salinity spike in steep local gradient	
 76    -          72              salinity spike in steep local gradient	
 78    -          78              salinity spike in steep local gradient	

Suspect dissolved Oxygen Values 

        suspect 2dbar     
        values(dbar)      
       -----------------  
stn #  bad        questionable    reason
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 64    3230-3258  -
 74    1358       -
 74    3664       -
 74    3760       -
 91    462-474    -


Table 15a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to all 
           parameters other than dissolved oxygen, except where noted).

        suspect 2dbar                             suspect 2dbar     
        values(dbar)                              values(dbar)      
       -----------------                         -----------------  
stn #  bad  questionable  comment         stn #  bad  questionable  comment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 13     -       2         temperature ok   71     -       2         temperature ok  
 14     -       2         temperature ok   72     -       2         temperature ok  
 16     -       2         temperature ok   73     -       2         temperature ok  
 18     -       2         temperature ok   74     -       2         temperature ok  
 63     -       2         temperature ok      


Table 15b: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface.

        suspect 2dbar               suspect 2dbar              suspect 2dbar   
        values(dbar)                values(dbar)               values(dbar)    
       -----------------           -----------------          -----------------
stn #  bad  questionable    stn #  bad  questionable    stn #  bad  questionable  
------------------------    ------------------------    ------------------------
 19     -      2-24          52     -      2             75     -      2-6
 20     -      2-14          53     -      2             84     -      2-10
 25     -      2-10          67     -      2-14          85     -      2-10
 37     -      2-60          69     -      2-12          95     -      2-10
 38     -      2-12          70     -      2-12  


Table 16: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 and 
          K6 are respectively oxygen current slope, oxygen sensor time constant, oxygen 
          current bias, temperature correction term, weighting factor, and pressure 
          correction term. dox is equal to 2.8( (for ( defined as in eqn A2.24 in the CTD 
          methodology); n is the number of samples retained for calibration in each 
          station or station grouping.

 stn
  #    K1     K2      K3       K4      K5        K6        dox   n
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 19  10.84  6.0000  -1.520  -0.0997  0.5714   0.0001243  0.0836  22
 20  11.15  7.0000  -1.498  -0.1347  0.6687   0.0001101  0.0977  22
 21   9.50  8.0000  -1.283  -0.0774  0.2524   0.0001077  0.0922  23
 22   9.79  6.5000  -1.318  -0.0857  0.5944   0.0001191  0.1631  24
 23   9.85  8.0000  -1.327  -0.0834  0.5259   0.0001162  0.0993  24
 24  11.31  6.0000  -1.509  -0.1429  0.5847   0.0001015  0.1042  22
 25  10.08  5.0000  -1.428  -0.0586  0.1952   0.0001219  0.0943  23
 26  10.25  6.0000  -1.331  -0.1175  0.5731   0.0001038  0.1114  22
 27  10.82  5.0000  -1.484  -0.1072  0.3868   0.0001021  0.0833  20
 28    -      -        -       -       -          -         -    - 
 29  10.00  5.0000  -1.421  -0.0584  0.0549   0.0001235  0.0821  22
 30  13.27  6.3000  -1.765  -0.1997  0.6450   0.0000960  0.0952  23
 31  10.20  5.5000  -1.323  -0.1257  0.6496   0.0001120  0.1202  22
 32  11.22  6.1000  -1.513  -0.1274  0.6352   0.0001118  0.1145  23
 33   9.90  6.5000  -1.343  -0.0834  0.4733   0.0001193  0.1101  23
 34  11.42  5.0000  -1.606  -0.1106  0.4598   0.0001185  0.1193  23
 35   9.55  5.0000  -1.274  -0.0870  0.3656   0.0001115  0.0900  23
 36  10.62  5.7000  -1.462  -0.0981  0.5355   0.0001164  0.1128  22
 37  10.99  5.4000  -1.366  -0.1729  0.6951   0.0000956  0.1161  22
 38   9.83  8.5000  -1.300  -0.0998  0.4719   0.0001090  0.1785  24
 39  11.85  5.5000  -1.693  -0.0893  0.9384   0.0001481  0.1395  24
 40   9.52  5.0000  -1.222  -0.1050  0.4554   0.0000956  0.1988  23
 41  10.35  5.0000  -1.321  -0.1407  0.5947   0.0000991  0.1704  22
 42  10.19  5.0000  -1.365  -0.1027  0.6043   0.0001209  0.1027  23
 43  10.46  5.0000  -1.415  -0.0988  0.7758   0.0001334  0.1264  23
 44   9.98  5.0000  -1.276  -0.1154  0.7166   0.0001112  0.1620  23
 45   8.59  5.0000  -1.092  -0.0568  0.8185   0.0001261  0.1211  23
 46   9.40  7.6000  -1.077  -0.1526  0.7112   0.0000860  0.0937  23
 47   4.56  8.0000  -0.129  -0.1478  0.5075   0.0000238  0.1100  24
 48   9.82  8.0000  -1.220  -0.1357  0.6939   0.0001045  0.1126  15
 49   8.69  5.0000  -0.823  -0.2138  0.7031   0.0000645  0.1851  23
 50  10.13  5.0000  -1.288  -0.1417  0.7160   0.0001096  0.1802  21
 51   9.92  5.7000  -1.265  -0.1289  0.6950   0.0001095  0.1700  23
 52   9.38  5.0000  -0.620  -0.3413  0.7189   0.0000302  0.1431  23
 53   9.81  5.0000  -1.182  -0.1388  0.6609   0.0000698  0.1821  11
 54    -      -        -       -       -          -         -    -
 55   6.97  5.0000  -0.663  -0.0339  0.7479   0.0002265  0.2867  23
 56  10.77  5.0000  -0.784  -0.1082  1.7653   0.0002543  0.2701  11
 57   7.77  5.0000  -0.893  -0.0376  0.9939   0.0002700  0.1365   9
 58  18.99  5.0000  -1.887  -0.3220  1.0860  -0.0000862  0.2016  12
 59   7.80  6.5000  -0.828  -0.1463  0.5008   0.0000699  0.2340  23
 60  10.74  5.0000  -1.405  -0.1374  0.6837   0.0000890  0.2835  22
 61   8.56  5.4000  -0.752  -0.2324  0.7231   0.0000545  0.2215  22
 62   6.83  5.0000  -0.702  -0.1088  0.3474   0.0000582  0.2236  23
 63   9.99  5.0000  -1.155  -0.1899  0.7218   0.0000761  0.2073  22
 64  10.84  6.0000  -1.542  -0.0947  0.5279   0.0001167  0.1488  23
 65    -      -        -       -       -          -         -    - 
 66    -      -        -       -       -          -         -    - 
 67   9.88  8.1000  -1.358  -0.0693  0.5847   0.0001246  0.0932  22
 68  10.37  5.0000  -1.398  -0.0993  0.6389   0.0001149  0.2438  24
 69  10.21  5.0000  -1.507  -0.0230  0.5929   0.0001541  0.0993  22
 70  10.13  5.0000  -1.482  -0.0384  0.6813   0.0001547  0.1931  23
 71  10.94  5.0000  -1.563  -0.0789  0.6839   0.0001389  0.1362  23
 72  10.30  7.0000  -1.405  -0.0978  0.5148   0.0001129  0.1102  22
 73  11.69  5.0000  -1.712  -0.0789  0.6026   0.0001338  0.2344  22
 74  11.15  5.0000  -1.618  -0.0774  0.7047   0.0001443  0.1594  23
 75  11.19  5.0000  -1.548  -0.1200  0.4974   0.0001064  0.1792  22
 76   9.81  5.0000  -1.417  -0.0364  0.4576   0.0001436  0.1843  23
 77  11.49  5.0000  -1.668  -0.0842  0.6645   0.0001397  0.1952  21
 78  15.42  5.0000  -2.300  -0.1429  0.8493   0.0001510  0.2491  24
 79  10.63  5.0000  -1.523  -0.0686  0.7043   0.0001431  0.2986  24
 80  15.38  4.8000  -2.256  -0.1733  0.8770   0.0001353  0.3505  23
 81  12.66  5.0000  -1.843  -0.1084  0.8944   0.0001435  0.1945  23
 82  12.32  5.0000  -1.784  -0.1071  0.8816   0.0001374  0.2613  23
 83  11.65  5.0000  -1.704  -0.0841  0.7762   0.0001453  0.1655  22
 84  12.00  5.0000  -1.788  -0.0758  0.6134   0.0001404  0.2362  24
 85  13.74  4.6000  -2.095  -0.0979  0.5523   0.0001431  0.3313  23
 86  12.92  5.0000  -1.943  -0.1079  0.9207   0.0001597  0.1862  23
 87  11.10  5.0000  -1.617  -0.0748  0.7939   0.0001402  0.2204  23
 88  12.15  5.0000  -1.813  -0.0984  0.9811   0.0001700  0.1533  22
 89  13.48  5.0000  -2.058  -0.1033  0.7539   0.0001634  0.2285  24
 90  12.95  5.0000  -1.975  -0.0904  0.6741   0.0001597  0.1744  23
 91  12.49  5.0000  -1.903  -0.0793  0.6989   0.0001619  0.1489  22
 92  11.68  5.0000  -1.778  -0.0751  0.8059   0.0001793  0.1691  21
 93  11.85  5.0000  -1.822  -0.0711  0.7029   0.0001812  0.1999  24
 94  11.56  5.0000  -1.716  -0.0889  0.9086   0.0001596  0.2278  24
 95  11.31  5.0000  -1.685  -0.0770  0.8041   0.0001618  0.1031  24
 96  13.48  5.0000  -2.135  -0.0747  0.5469   0.0001834  0.2361  22
 97  11.53  5.0000  -1.745  -0.0648  0.6549   0.0001629  0.2228  21
 98  11.11  5.0000  -1.627  -0.0804  0.8678   0.0001512  0.1764  24
 99  11.13  5.0000  -1.686  -0.0721  0.8706   0.0001874  0.1619  22
100  11.73  5.0000  -1.816  -0.0685  0.6922   0.0001936  0.2216  23
101  10.99  5.0000  -1.610  -0.0631  0.6581   0.0001085  0.2108  24
102  11.61  5.0000  -1.805  -0.0742  0.7840   0.0002055  0.2297  23
103  11.13  5.0000  -1.730  -0.0609  0.7031   0.0002107  0.2480  23
104  10.63  5.0000  -1.549  -0.0857  0.9403   0.0001587  0.1744  24
105  10.31  5.0000  -1.342  -0.0749  0.7824  -0.0000437  0.2751  22
106   7.45  9.8000  -0.946  -0.0346  0.8315   0.0000151  0.2323  15


Table 17: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients 
          prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration (see CTD 
          methodology). Note that coefficients not varied during iteration are held 
          constant at the starting value.

stn 
 #      K1        K2       K3       K4        K5      K6     coefficients varied
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 19  11.9000  6.0000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6
 20  11.5000  7.0000  -1.400  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 21  10.1000  8.0000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 22  10.5500  6.5000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.850  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 23  10.7500  8.0000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 24  11.5000  6.0000  -1.350  -0.660E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 25  11.3000  5.0000  -1.020  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 26  10.5800  6.0000  -1.200  -0.500E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 27  11.2300  5.0000  -1.300  -0.550E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 28     -        -       -         -        -          -                -
 29  11.1000  5.0000  -1.050  -0.380E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 30  13.1500  6.3000  -1.700  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 31  10.4000  5.5000  -1.200  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 32  11.5000  6.1000  -1.400  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 33  10.6700  6.5000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 34  12.1000  5.0000  -1.410  -0.500E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 35  10.0000  5.0000  -1.100  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 36  11.0000  5.7000  -1.300  -0.370E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 37  10.9000  5.4000  -1.300  -0.500E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 38  10.0000  8.5000  -1.250  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 39  12.9000  5.5000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.850  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 40   9.4000  5.0000  -1.230  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 41  10.5500  5.0000  -1.100  -0.700E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 42  11.0000  5.0000  -1.100  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 43  11.0000  5.0000  -1.150  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 44  10.3500  5.0000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.800  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 45   8.5000  5.0000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.800  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 46   9.9000  7.6000  -1.000  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 47   4.8500  8.0000  -0.040  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 48  10.4000  8.0000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 49   8.8500  5.0000  -0.850  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 50  10.3500  5.0000  -1.110  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 51  10.5000  5.7000  -1.100  -0.370E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 52  10.8000  5.0000  -0.650  -0.600E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 53   9.6000  5.0000  -0.470  -0.700E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6  
 54     -        -       -         -        -          -                -
 55   7.1000  5.0000  -0.650  -0.360E-01  0.740  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 56  10.2000  5.0000  -0.650  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 57   7.8500  5.0000  -0.870  -0.360E-01  0.800  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 58   7.6500  5.0000  -0.570  -0.360E-01  0.670  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 59   8.4000  6.5000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 60  10.8000  5.0000  -1.120  -0.360E-01  0.710  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 61   9.0000  5.4000  -0.680  -1.000E-01  0.740  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 62   7.1500  5.0000  -0.650  -0.600E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 63  10.4000  5.0000  -1.020  -0.500E-01  0.740  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 64  11.4000  6.0000  -1.400  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 65     -        -       -         -        -          -                -
 66     -        -       -         -        -          -                -
 67  11.4000  8.1000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6  
 68  10.7000  5.0000  -1.100  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 69  10.1500  5.0000  -1.520  -0.300E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 70  10.4500  5.0000  -1.450  -0.350E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 71  12.5000  5.0000  -1.100  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 72  10.7000  7.0000  -1.200  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 73  12.9500  5.0000  -1.230  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 74  12.6800  5.0000  -1.000  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 75  11.3000  5.0000  -1.200  -0.600E-01  0.700  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 76  10.1500  5.0000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 77  12.4000  5.0000  -1.150  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 78  14.0000  5.0000  -1.600  -0.400E-01  0.690  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 79  10.4000  5.0000  -1.500  -0.500E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 80  13.5000  4.8000  -1.400  -0.500E-01  0.650  0.10000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 81  12.5500  5.0000  -1.200  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 82  12.0500  5.0000  -1.100  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 83  12.5000  5.0000  -1.120  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 84  12.7000  5.0000  -1.120  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 85  12.5000  4.6000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 86  13.3000  5.0000  -1.610  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 87  11.8000  5.0000  -1.210  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 88  13.0000  5.0000  -1.510  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 89  13.5000  5.0000  -1.570  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 90  13.3000  5.0000  -1.520  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 91  13.9000  5.0000  -1.650  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 92  13.2000  5.0000  -1.410  -0.360E-01  0.700  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 93  14.1000  5.0000  -1.600  -0.360E-01  0.600  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 94  12.7000  5.0000  -1.310  -0.450E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 95  12.3000  5.0000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 96  15.4000  5.0000  -1.820  -0.400E-01  0.690  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 97  13.4500  5.0000  -1.420  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 98  12.0000  5.0000  -1.200  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
 99  12.9000  5.0000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
100  14.4000  5.0000  -1.640  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
101  12.5000  5.0000  -1.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
102  12.9000  5.0000  -1.200  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
103  14.3000  5.0000  -1.370  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
104  11.8000  5.0000  -1.200  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
105  11.3000  5.0000  -1.150  -0.370E-01  0.800  0.20000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 
106   7.2000  9.8000  -1.020  -0.200E-01  0.740  0.20000E-03  K1    K3 K4 K5 K6 


Table 18: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not 
          deleted from hydrology data file).  

          rosette             rosette
   stn #  position     stn #  position
   ---------------    ----------------
     1      2,24        44      1          
    12      1           48      1          
    15     14           64     13,14          
    16     14           77      2          
    17     14           80      9          
    32      1          101      5          


Table 19: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data 
          file).  

    PHOSPHATE              NITRATE           SILICATE
  stn  rosette           stn  rosette      stn  rosette  
  no   position          no   position     no   position  
  -------------        -------------      -------------
                          2     2
   4     17               4     4
   7     21,22,23
  14     13              14    13          14     13
  17     23
  19     23
  21     23              21    19
  24     22
  25     23
  27     22
  28     whole stn
  30     23
  32     23
  34     23
  35     24
  36     24
  37     24                                37      2
  40     24
                         42    11,12
                         45     1 to 13
  50     24
  51     23
  52     whole stn       52    whole stn  
  55     22
  56     22
                         60    whole stn
  64     24
  65     24
  67     23
  68     23,24
  69     23
  71     23                                71     11
  72     23                                72     19
  73     23,24
  74     23,24
  75     22,23,24
  76     23,24
  78     24
  83     22
                        103    22 to 24


Table 20: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses. Note 
          that a mean value of 21.5oC was used for conversion to gravimetric units for 
          WOCE format data (Appendix 2).

stn   Tl      stn   Tl      stn   Tl      stn   Tl      stn   Tl       stn    Tl  
 #   (°C)      #   (°C)      #   (°C)      #   (°C)      #   (°C)       #    (°C) 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1    22      21    21.7    41    21      61    22      81    21.5     101   21.5
 2    22      22    22      42    21      62    21      82    21.5     102   21.5
 3    22      23    21.5    43    21.5    63    21.5    83    22       103   21  
 4    23      24    22      44    21      64    21      84    22       104   21.5
 5    -       25    20.5    45    22      65    22      85    22       105   21.5
 6    21      26    21      46    21      66    22      86    22       106   21.5
 7    22      27    21      47    21      67    22      87    23          
 8    20.5    28    21      48    21      68    21.5    88    22.5          
 9    21      29    21      49    21      69    22      89    22.5          
10    22.5    30    21      50    20.5    70    22      90    23.5          
11    21.5    31    21.5    51    21.5    71    22      91    22.5          
12    21.5    32    21      52    22      72    21.5    92    21.5          
13    21.5    33    20.5    53    21      73    21.5    93    22          
14    22      34    22      54    19.5    74    22      94    22          
15    22      35    21      55    20      75    22      95    21          
16    21.5    36    21      56    19.5    76    21.5    96    21.5          
17    21      37    21.5    57    21      77    21.5    97    21.5          
18    22.5    38    21.5    58    21      78    21.5    98    21.5          
19    21      39    21      59    21      79    22      99    22          
20    22      40    21      60    22      80    21.5    100   22          


Table 21: Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for dissolved 
          oxygen calibration. Note that this does not necessarily indicate a bad bottle 
          sample - in many cases, flagging is due to bad CTD dissolved oxygen data.

stn  rosette    stn  rosette    stn  rosette  
 #   position    #   position    #   position 
-------------   -------------   -------------
19     22       46     22        77    19
20     22       48     1         82    20
21     22       49     23        83    19
24     21       50     1,22,23   85    19
26     21,22    52     23        88    18
27     21,22    55     22        90    18
29     12,22    60     22,24     91    18,22
30     22       61     20,24     92    13,23
31     12,23    62     24        96    10
32     23       63     21,24     97    11
34     23       64     22        99    14,18
35     22       67     24       100    14
36     21,23    69     21,24    102    22
37     23       70     24       105     7,8
40     3        71     21       106    17,18
41     22       72     20,23             
42     21       73     20                
43     24       74     20                
44     1        75     20,23             


Table 22: Stations containing fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically active 
          radiation (par) 2 dbar-averaged data.

   stations with   stations with 
      fl data        par data
   -----------------------------
                      2 to 4
      5 to 12         5 to 12
                     13 to 76


Table 23: Protected and unprotected reversing thermometers used for cruise 
          AU9404 (serial numbers are listed).

PROTECTED THERMOMETERS
    station      rosette position 24     rosette position 12     rosette position 2
    numbers         thermometers            thermometers            thermometers
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    2                  -                 12094,11973 (pos. 13)        -
    3 to 8        12095,12096            12119,12120             12094,11973
    9 to 63       12095,12096            12119,12120             12094,11637
    64 to 102     12095,12096            12119,12120             12094,11973
    103 to 106    11637,11638            12094,11973             12119,12120
    107           11638 (pos. 23);       12095 (pos. 16);        12119 (pos. 5);
                  11637 (pos. 20);       12094 (pos. 12);        12120 (pos. 2)
                                         12096 (pos. 8);
UNPROTECTED THERMOMETERS
    station      rosette position 12     rosette position 2
    numbers         thermometers            thermometers
    -------------------------------------------------------
    2             11992 (pos. 13)        -
    3 to 35       11993                  11992
    36 to 107     11992                  11993



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to the 
crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. The work was supported by the Department of 
Environment, Sport and Territories through the CSIRO Climate Change Research 
Program, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, and the Australian Antarctic 
Division.


REFERENCES

Bush, G., 1994. Deployment of upward looking sonar buoys. Centre for Marine 
    Science and Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, 
    Report No. C94-4 (unpublished).

Dunn, J., 1995a. ADCP processing system. CSIRO Division of Oceanography 
    (unpublished report).

Dunn, J., 1995b. Processing of ADCP data at CSIRO Marine Laboratories. CSIRO 
    Division of Oceanography (unpublished report).

Gordon, A.L., 1967. Structure of Antarctic waters between 20oW and 170oW. 
    Antarctic Map Folio Series, Folio 6, Bushnell, V. (ed.). American Geophysical 
    Society, New York.

Millard, R.C., 1991. CTD Oxygen Calibration Procedure - in WOCE Operations 
    Manual, 1991. WHP Office Report WHPO  91-1, WOCE Report No. 68/91, Woods Hole, 
    Mass., USA.

Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods used at 
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 
    Technical Report No. 93-44. 96 pp.

Millard, R., Bond, G. and Toole, J., 1993. Implementation of a titanium strain 
    gauge pressure transducer for CTD applications. Deep-Sea Research I, Vol. 40, 
    No. 5, pp1009-1021.

Rintoul, S.R. and Bullister, J.L. (submitted). A late winter section between 
    Tasmania and Antarctica: Circulation, transport and water mass formation.

Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R. and Rintoul, S., 1995a. Aurora Australis marine 
    science cruise AU9309/AU9391 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis. 
    Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 2, March 1995. 103pp.

Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R., Bell, S., Bindoff, N. and Rintoul, S., 1995b. Aurora 
    Australis marine science cruise AU9407 - oceanographic field measurements and 
    analysis. Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 6, July 
    1995. 97 pp.

Ryan, T., 1995.  Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation aboard 
    the RSV Aurora Australis.. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished 
    manuscript, second edition, April 1995.




                                   APPENDIX 1
                          CTD INSTRUMENT CALIBRATIONS


Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients and calibration dates for CTD serial 
            numbers 1103 and 1193 (unit nos 7 and 5 respectively) used during RSV Aurora 
            Australis cruise AU9404. Note that an additional pressure bias term due to the 
            station dependent surface pressure offset exists for each station (eqn A2.1 in 
            the CTD methodology). Also note that platinum temperature calibrations are for 
            the ITS-90 scale.


CTD serial 1103 (unit no. 7)                  | CTD serial 1193 (unit no. 5)
coefficient     value of coefficient          | coefficient     value of coefficient
--------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------
pressure calibration coefficients             | pressure calibration coefficients               
                                              |
CSIRO Calibration Facility - 13/09/1994       | CSIRO Calibration Facility - 13/09/1994          
     pcal0          -2.043035e+01             | pcal0            -9.273027          
     pcal1           1.002658e-01             | pcal1             1.008386e-01      
     pcal2           6.393209e-9              | pcal2             0.0          
     pcal3           0.0                      | pcal3             0.0          
                                              |           
                                              |           
platinum temperature calibration coefficients | platinum temperature calibration coefficients     
                                              |
CSIRO Calibration Facility - 23/09/1994       | CSIRO Calibration Facility - 23/09/1994 (with
                                              | additional offset term from cruise thermometer data)
     Tcal0           0.70500e-02              | Tcal0            -0.62088e-02 - 0.007
     Tcal1           0.50000e-03              | Tcal1             0.49880e-03     
     Tcal2           0.35049e-11              | Tcal2             0.27541e-11     
                                              |
                                              |
pressure temperature calibration coefficients | pressure temperature calibration coefficients     
                                              |
General Oceanics - July 1993                  | General Oceanics - July 1993          
                                              |
     Tpcal0          1.062859e+02             | Tpcal0            2.238391e+02          
     Tpcal1         -2.117688e-03             | Tpcal1           -1.155218e-02          
     Tpcal2          2.597323e-09             | Tpcal2            2.418139e-07          
     Tpcal3          0.000000                 | Tpcal3           -2.007116e-12
                                              |
                                              |
coefficients for temperature correction to    | coefficients for temperature correction to 
pressure                                      | pressure
                                              |
General Oceanics - July 1993                  | General Oceanics - July 1993          
                                              |
     T0             21.50                     | T0               22.00           
     S1             -5.9127e-07               | S1               -2.3599e-06          
     S2             -3.2430e-01               | S2               -1.6700e-01          


preliminary polynomial coefficients applied to fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically
active radiation (par) raw digitiser counts (supplied by manufacturer)

     f0            -2.699918e+01
     f1             8.239746e-04
     f2            -2.071294e-22
     par0          -4.499860
     par1           1.373290e-04
     par2          -3.452156e-23



                                   APPENDIX 2:     
                           WOCE DATA FORMAT ADDENDUM


A2.1 INTRODUCTION

This Appendix is relevant only to data submitted to the WHP Office. For WOCE 
format data, file format descriptions as detailed earlier in this report should 
be ignored. Data files submitted to the WHP Office are in the standard WOCE 
format as specified in Joyce et al. (1991).


A2.2 CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES

     * CTD 2 dbar-averaged file format is as per Table 3.12 of Joyce et al. (1991), 
       except that measurements are centered on even pressure bins (with first value 
       at 2 dbar).
     * CTD temperature and salinity are reported to the third decimal place only. 
     * Files are named as in the CTD methodology, except that for WOCE format data 
       the suffix ".all" is replaced with ".ctd". 
     * The quality flags for CTD data are defined in Table A2.1. Data quality 
       information is detailed in earlier sections of this report. 


A2.3 HYDROLOGY DATA FILES

     * Hydrology data file format is as per Table 3.7 of Joyce et al. (1991), with 
       quality flags defined in Tables A2.2 and A2.3. 
     * Files are named as in the CTD methodology, except that for WOCE format data 
       the suffix ".bot" is replaced by ".sea". 
     * The total value of nitrate+nitrite only is listed. 
     * Silicate and nitrate+nitrite are reported to the first decimal place only. 
     * CTD temperature (including theta), CTD salinity and bottle salinity are all 
       reported to the third decimal place only. 
     * CTD temperature (including theta), CTD pressure and CTD salinity are all 
       derived from upcast CTD burst data; CTD dissolved oxygen is derived from 
       downcast 2 dbar-averaged data.
     * Raw CTD pressure values are not reported.
     * SAMPNO is equal to the rosette position of the Niskin bottle.


A2.4 CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS

A2.4.1  Dissolved oxygen

Niskin bottle data

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen concentration 
values have been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units 
µmol/kg, as follows. Concentration C(sub k) in µmol/kg is given by

        C(sub k)  =  1000 C(sub l) / rho(theta,s,0)               (eqn A2.1)

where   C(sub l) is the concentration in µmol/l, 1000 is a conversion factor, and 
        rho(T(sub 1),s,0) is the potential density at zero pressure and at the potential 
           temperature
where potential temperature is given by

        theta = theta(T,s,p)                                      (eqn A2.2)

for the in situ temperature T, salinity s and pressure p values at which the 
Niskin bottle was fired. Note that T, s and p are upcast CTD burst data 
averages.


        CTD data

In the WOCE format files, CTD dissolved oxygen data are converted to µmol/kg by 
the same method as above, except that T, s and p in eqns A2.1 and A2.2 are CTD 2 
dbar-averaged data.


A2.4.2  Nutrients

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle nutrient concentration values have 
been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units µmol/kg using

        C(sub k)  =  1000 C(sub l) / rho(Tl,s,0)                  (eqn A2.3)

where 1000 is a conversion factor, and ((T(sub l),s,0) is the water density in the 
hydrology laboratory at the laboratory temperature T(sub l) and at zero pressure. Note 
that T(sub l) =21.5°C was used for all stations. Upcast CTD burst data averages are 
used for s.


Table A2.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data (after Table 3.11 in Joyce 
            et al., 1991). These flags apply both to CTD data in the 2 dbar-averaged *.ctd 
            files, and to upcast CTD burst data in the *.sea files.

            flag  definition
            ----  ---------------------------------
             1    not calibrated with water samples
             2    acceptable measurement
             3    questionable measurement
             4    bad measurement
             5    measurement not reported
             6    interpolated value
             7,8  these flags are not used
             9    parameter not sampled


Table A2.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles (i.e. parameter 
            BTLNBR in *.sea files) (after Table 3.8 in Joyce et al., 1991).

            flag  definition
            ----  ------------------------------------------------------------------
             1    this flag is not used
             2    no problems noted
             3    bottle leaking, as noted when rosette package returned on deck
             4    bottle did not trip correctly
             5    bottle leaking, as noted from data analysis
             6    bottle not fired at correct depth, due to misfiring of rosette pylon
             7,8  these flags are not used
             9    samples not drawn from this bottle


Table A2.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files (after 
            Table 3.9 in Joyce et al., 1991).

            flag  definition
            ----  -------------------------------------
             1    this flag is not used
             2    acceptable measurement
             3    questionable measurement
             4    bad measurement
             5    measurement not reported
             7    manual autoanalyser peak measurement
             6,8  these flags are not used
             9    parameter not sampled


A2.5 STATION INFORMATION FILES

    * File format is as per section 2.2.2 of Joyce et al. (1991), and files are 
      named as in the CTD methodology, except that for WOCE format data the suffix 
      ".sta" is replaced by ".sum".
    * All depths are calculated using a uniform speed of sound through the water 
      column of 1498 ms-1. Reported depths are as measured from the water surface. 
      Missing depths are due to interference of the ship's bow thrusters with the echo 
      sounder signal.
    * An altimeter attached to the base of the rosette frame (approximately at the 
      same vertical position as the CTD sensors) measures the elevation (or height 
      above the bottom) in metres. The elevation value at each station is recorded 
      manually from the CTD data stream display at the bottom of each CTD downcast. 
      Motion of the ship due to waves can cause an error in these manually recorded 
      values of up to µ 3 m.
    * Lineout (i.e. meter wheel readings of the CTD winch) were unavailable.


REFERENCES

Joyce, T., Corry, C. and Stalcup, M., 1991. Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
    Programme Data Reporting. WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, Revision 1, WOCE Report 
    No. 67/91, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 71 pp.




CFC-11 AND CFC-12 MEASUREMENTS ON AU9404 (WOCE SR3 and S4) 
(John Bullister)
 27 April 1997


CFC Sampling Procedures and Data Processing
 
CFC water samples were usually the first samples collected from the 10 liter 
bottles.  Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling of CFCs with other gas 
samples to minimize the time between the inital opening of each bottle and the 
completion of sample drawing.  In most cases, all dissolved gas samples were 
collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each bottle.  CFC 
samples were collected in 100 ml precision glass syringes and held immersed in a 
water bath until processing. For air sampling, a ~100 meter length of 3/8" OD 
Dekaron tubing was run from the CFC lab van to the bow of the ship.  Air was 
sucked through this line into the CFC van using an Air Cadet pump.  The air was 
compressed in the pump, and the downstream pressure held at about 1.5 atm using 
a back pressure regulator.  A tee allowed a flow (~100 cc/min) of the compressed 
air to be directed to the gas sample valves, while the bulk of the air (>7 
liter/minute) was vented through the back pressure regulator.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas standards 
on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography, 
using techniques similiar to those described by Bullister and Weiss (1988).  The 
CFC analytical system functioned well during this expedition. 
  
Analytical blanks for the water stripping process were determined and subtracted 
from the measured water sample concentrations.  Both gas and water sample 
analytical blanks were very low for most of the expedition.  In a few cases, for 
very low concentration water samples and a higher than average water sample 
analytical blank, subtraction of the water sample CFC analytical blank from the 
measured CFC water sample concentration yielded negative reported concentration 
values.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas standards 
are reported relative to the SIO93 calibration scale (Cunnold, et. al., 1994).  
CFC concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole 
fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) 
range.  Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in units of picomoles of CFC per 
kg seawater (pmol/kg).  CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were 
determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point 
calibration curves, generated by pressurizing sample loops and injecting known 
volumes of gas from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 33790) into the 
analytical instrument.  The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working 
standard were calibrated versus a primary CFC standard (36743) (Bullister, 1984) 
before the cruise and a secondary standard (32386) before and after the cruise.  
No measurable drift between the working standards could be detected during this 
interval.  Full range calibration curves were run 11 times during the cruise.  
Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run 
much more frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term 
changes in detector sensitivity.  We estimate a precision (1 standard deviation) 
for dissolved CFC measurements on this cruise of about 1%, or 0.005 pmol/kg, 
whichever is greater (see listing of replicate samples given at the end of this 
report).

As expected, low (~0.01 pmol/kg) but non-zero CFC concentrations were measured 
in deep samples along the northern ends of the SR3 section. Deep and bottom CFC 
concentrations increased significantly southward along the section.  It is 
likely that most of the deep CFC signals observed on SR3, which are strongly 
correlated with elevated dissolved oxygen and cold temperatures, are due to deep 
ventilation processes in this high latitude region, and not simply blanks due of 
the sampling and analytical procedures.  The measured levels of CFC in deep 
water samples on the northern end of SR3 are considerable higher than those 
found on WOCE sections in the low latitude Pacific and Indian Oceans. For 
example, typical measured deep water CFC measurements along WOCE section I2 (at 
about 8S) were ~0.003 pmol/kg for CFC-11 and <0.001 for CFC-12. Since no "zero" 
concentration CFC water was present anywhere along SR3 or SR4, and an earlier 
occupation of SR3 in 1991 showed similar low levels of CFCs along the northern 
end of this section, no corrections for 'sampling blanks' have been applied to 
the reported CFC signals for SR3 or S4.
   
A number of CFC samples (from a total of ~1500) had clearly anomolous CFC-11 
and/or CFC-12 concentrations relative to adjacent samples. These appeared to 
occur more or less randomly, and were not clearly associated with other features 
in the water column (eg. elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity or temperature 
features, etc.).  This suggests that the high values were due to isolated low-
level CFC contamination events.  These samples are included in this report and 
are flagged as either 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) measurements.  34 analyses of 
CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 3 and 49 analyses of CFC-12 were assigned a flag 
of 3. 82 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 4 and 70 CFC-12 samples 
assigned a flag of 4.

In addition to the file of mean CFC concentrations reported for each  water 
sample (keyed to the unique station:sample ID), tables of the following are 
included in this report:


Table 2a. AU9404 Replicate dissolved CFC-11 analyses
Table 2b. AU9404 Replicate dissolved CFC-12 analyses
Table 3.  AU9404 CFC air measurements 
Table 4.  AU9404 CFC air measurements interpolated to station locations

A value of -9.0 is used for missing values in the listings.


References

Bullister, J.L., 1984. Anthropogenic Chlorofluoromethanes as Tracers of Ocean 
    Circulation and Mixing Processes:  Measurement and Calibration Techniques 
    and Studies in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. 
    Calif. San Diego, 172 pp.
 
Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss, 1988. Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in 
    seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853.
 
Cunnold, D.M., P.J. Fraser, R.F. Weiss, R.G. Prinn, P.G. Simmonds, B.R. Miller, 
    F.N. Alyea,  and A.J.Crawford, 1994. Global trends and annual releases of 
    CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other measurements from July 
    1978 to June 1991.  J.  Geophys. Res., 99, 1107-1126.




Table 2a:  AU9404 Replicate dissolved CFC-11 analyses

             CFC-11                    CFC-11                    CFC-11  
Stn  Niskin  (pmol/kg)    Stn  Niskin  (pmol/kg)    Stn  Niskin  (pmol/kg)
---  ------  ---------    ---  ------  ---------    ---  ------  ---------
  1     2    0.059         18   204    0.480         35    24     6.310
  1     2    0.090         18   204    0.481         35    24     6.268
  4     1    1.434         19    24    6.419         35   107     0.150
  4     1    1.444         19    24    6.378         35   107     0.155
  4    11    0.155         21    13    0.138         37     1     1.546
  4    11    0.151         21    13    0.135         37     1     1.560
  4    13    0.326         21    24    6.406         37     2     1.226
  4    13    0.360         21    24    6.396         37     2     1.261
  4    18    6.734         23     1    1.631         37    11     0.073
  4    18    6.843         23     1    1.620         37    11     0.078
  9     9    0.561         23    20    0.645         37    16     0.195
  9     9    0.564         23    20    0.617         37    16     0.202
 10     1    1.523         23    24    6.398         37    24     6.379
 10     1    1.528         23    24    6.398         37    24     6.371
 10    13    0.459         23   204    0.425         38     1     1.499
 10    13    0.459         23   204    0.441         38     1     1.501
 10    24    6.203         25    23    6.216         39     1     1.784
 10    24    6.406         25    23    6.200         39     1     1.784
 12    11    0.329         25   204    0.284         39     6     0.221
 12    11    0.321         25   204    0.290         39     6     0.222
 14     2    1.480         26    11    0.094         39    11     0.105
 14     2    1.520         26    11    0.096         39    11     0.107
 14     5    0.668         26    11    0.097         39    18     0.334
 14     5    0.645         26    11    0.084         39    18     0.340
 14     6    0.548         26    12    0.107         39    23     5.562
 14     6    0.577         26    12    0.115         39    23     5.529
 14     6    0.571         26    12    0.119         40    11     0.095
 14     9    0.397         26    12    0.103         40    11     0.097
 14     9    0.396         26    13    0.162         41     1     1.390
 14    11    0.279         26    13    0.168         41     1     1.385
 14    11    0.265         26    13    0.154         41     2     0.886
 14    13    0.133         26    15    0.195         41     2     0.879
 14    13    0.135         26    15    0.220         41    11     0.092
 14    21    0.905         26    15    0.230         41    11     0.084
 14    21    0.926         26    15    0.189         41    14     0.104
 14   122    3.726         26    15    0.225         41    14     0.103
 14   122    3.778         31     5    0.197         41    16     0.176
 18     1    1.345         31     5    0.190         41    16     0.201
 18     1    1.295         31    24    6.464         41    24     6.387
 18     2    0.916         31    24    6.491         41    24     6.397
 18     2    0.986         32    11    0.123         41   107     0.091
 18     6    0.207         32    11    0.123         41   107     0.092
 18     6    0.247         32    11    0.132         41   222     2.998
 18     8    0.152         33     1    1.661         41   222     3.009
 18     8    0.159         33     1    1.641         42     8     0.062
 18    16    0.259         33    12    0.104         42     8     0.061
 18    16    0.238         33    12    0.110         43    11     0.078
 18    20    0.880         33    24    6.252         43    11     0.079
 18    20    0.832         33    24    6.271         43    17     0.224
 18    24    6.303         35     1    2.329         43    17     0.225
 18    24    6.518         35     1    2.339         43   107     0.140
 18   122    4.880         35    11    0.085         43   107     0.144
 18   122    4.890         35    11    0.066         45     2     0.631
                                                     45     2     0.596
 45     5    0.305         49   107    0.354         61    24     6.306
 45     5    0.308         49   107    0.357         61    24     6.250
 45     8    0.154         50     1    1.575         62     1     1.815
 45     8    0.143         50     1    1.577         62     1     1.805
 45    11    0.150         50     6    0.434         63     2     2.139
 45    11    0.142         50     6    0.405         63     2     2.135
 45    14    0.245         50    11    0.090         63    12     0.337
 45    14    0.248         50    11    0.089         63    12     0.334
 45    20    0.558         50    16    0.216         63   222     4.159
 45    20    0.583         50    16    0.212         63   222     4.140
 45   222    3.436         50    24    5.514         65     1     2.221
 45   222    3.621         50    24    5.571         65     1     2.220
 47     1    0.179         51     1    1.492         65    24     6.235
 47     1    0.177         51     1    1.496         65    24     6.264
 47    20    4.101         51     5    0.434         67     1     1.857
 47    20    4.084         51     5    0.438         67     1     1.848
 48     1    0.976         51    10    0.090         67    17     0.242
 48     1    1.014         51    10    0.089         67    17     0.225
 48     2    0.901         51    17    0.377         67   107     0.121
 48     2    0.900         51    17    0.375         67   107     0.123
 48     6    0.333         51    24    5.237         68     9     0.064
 48     6    0.335         51    24    5.206         68     9     0.061
 48     9    0.170         51   103    1.036         68    11     0.071
 48     9    0.168         51   103    1.028         68    11     0.068
 48    11    0.170         54     1    0.104         69     1     1.501
 48    11    0.175         54     1    0.102         69     1     1.503
 48    11    0.173         54     6    0.104         69     6     0.160
 48    11    0.172         54     6    0.105         69     6     0.151
 48    13    0.211         54    11    0.105         69    11     0.065
 48    13    0.210         54    11    0.118         69    11     0.066
 48    15    4.573         54    12    0.106         69    17     0.312
 48    15    4.615         54    12    0.108         69    17     0.313
 48   204    0.564         54    18    0.109         69    20     1.206
 48   204    0.566         54    18    0.106         69    20     1.221
 49     1    1.147         54    23    0.110         69    23     6.537
 49     1    1.150         54    23    0.109         69    23     6.488
 49     5    0.618         54    24    0.112         69   103     0.593
 49     5    0.616         54    24    0.108         69   103     0.593
 49     9    0.211         54    24    0.129         71     1     1.288
 49     9    0.209         54    24    0.105         71     1     1.284
 49    11    0.129         55    11    4.834         71    11     0.051
 49    11    0.129         55    11    4.862         71    11     0.055
 49    13    0.201         55    18    4.124         71    20     1.296
 49    13    0.198         55    18    4.110         71    20     1.289
 49    15    0.254         55    24    6.432         71    24     6.049
 49    15    0.250         55    24    6.405         71    24     6.020
 49    17    0.429         60     1    2.348         73     1     0.269
 49    17    0.425         60     1    2.384         73     1     0.271
 49    21    1.756         60     1    2.360         73     8     0.050
 49    21    1.755         61     6    1.094         73     8     0.050
 49    24    4.649         61     6    1.099         73    10     0.061
 49    24    4.692         61    11    0.430         73    10     0.058
 49   103    1.021         61    11    0.433         73    11     0.071
 49   103    1.034                                   73    11     0.069
 73    17    0.705         85    20    4.731         97     1     0.005
 73    17    0.701         85    20    4.735         97     1     0.005
 73    23    5.624         86     8    0.061         97    14     3.392
 73    23    5.676         86     8    0.064         97    14     3.393
 73   103    0.130         86    11    0.209         97    18     3.762
 73   103    0.128         86    11    0.230         97    18     3.768
 74     1    0.246         86    17    2.235         97   204     0.008
 74     1    0.246         86    17    2.221         97   204     0.010
 74    12    0.123         86    23    4.428         98     1     0.004
 74    12    0.120         86    23    4.491         98     1     0.006
 74    24    5.503         89     6    0.026         98   105     0.006
 74    24    5.531         89     6    0.024         98   105     0.006
 75     1    0.239         89    24    4.559         99    10     0.691
 75     1    0.267         89    24    4.549         99    10     0.689
 75     5    0.081         89   105    0.022         99    15     3.683
 75     5    0.080         89   105    0.021         99    15     3.662
 75    11    0.083         89   204    0.027         99    20     3.845
 75    11    0.084         89   204    0.021         99    20     3.839
 75    16    0.554         91    10    0.085         99   105     0.037
 75    16    0.559         91    10    0.083         99   105     0.041
 75    23    5.604         91    15    0.911        101    10     0.632
 75    23    5.605         91    15    0.915        101    10     0.625
 76     1    0.135         91   105    0.011        101    15     3.559
 76     1    0.137         91   105    0.010        101    15     3.556
 76    19    1.163         92   204    0.030        101    20     3.655
 76    19    1.184         92   204    0.029        101    20     3.667
 76    24    5.573         93     6    0.012        101   105     0.113
 76    24    5.583         93     6    0.020        101   105     0.118
 77     1    0.137         93    16    2.203        103     1     0.006
 77     1    0.153         93    16    2.181        103     1     0.003
 77     6    0.090         93    20    3.621        103     6     0.009
 77     6    0.077         93    20    3.607        103     6     0.007
 77    18    1.569         94     6    0.026        103    16     0.972
 77    18    1.556         94     6    0.025        103    16     0.976
 77    24    5.500         95     1    0.006        103    21     2.974
 77    24    5.472         95     1    0.005        103    21     2.981
 79     1    0.073         95     1    0.006        105    23     2.988
 79     1    0.068         95     9    0.143        105    23     2.983
 79    10    0.069         95     9    0.143
 79    10    0.064         95    16    3.227
 81    13    0.499         95    16    3.242
 81    13    0.494         95    19    3.687
 81    19    4.397         95    19    3.664
 81    19    4.412         95    23    3.732
 83     2    0.041         95    23    3.736
 83     2    0.037         95   103    0.011
 83     5    0.034         95   103    0.012
 83     5    0.035         95   105    0.024
 85     2    0.022         95   105    0.026
 85     2    0.017         96   105    0.009
 85     8    0.039         96   105    0.013
 85     8    0.042         96   204    0.006
 85    15    1.043         96   204    0.008
 85    15    1.041


             CFC-12                    CFC-12                    CFC-12  
Stn  Niskin  (pmol/kg)    Stn  Niskin  (pmol/kg)    Stn  Niskin  (pmol/kg)
---  ------  ---------    ---  ------  ---------    ---  ------  ---------
  1     2    0.037         18   204    0.226         29       2   0.462
  1     2    0.045         18   204    0.208         29       2   0.449
  4     1    0.638         21     1    0.840         29      11   0.074
  4     1    0.647         21     1    0.817         29      11   0.076
  4    13    0.167         21    10    0.055         29      24   3.066
  4    13    0.185         21    10    0.058         29      24   3.078
  4    18    3.199         21    13    0.090         31       1   0.486
  4    18    3.283         21    13    0.085         31       1   0.483
  9     9    0.252         21    24    3.285         31       5   0.104
  9     9    0.266         21    24    3.219         31       5   0.097
 10     1    0.680         23     1    0.719         31      14   0.068
 10     1    0.693         23     1    0.753         31      14   0.061
 10    24    2.856         23    12    0.046         31      18   0.144
 10    24    2.916         23    12    0.050         31      18   0.141
 12    11    0.150         23    12    0.054         31      24   3.068
 12    11    0.165         23    16    0.116         31      24   3.008
 14     2    0.659         23    16    0.130         32      11   0.077
 14     2    0.684         23    16    0.120         32      11   0.068
 14     5    0.288         23    20    0.292         32      11   0.072
 14     5    0.303         23    20    0.275         33       1   0.764
 14     6    0.257         23    24    3.308         33       1   0.752
 14     6    0.242         23    24    3.414         33      11   0.082
 14     6    0.240         23   204    0.227         33      11   0.051
 14     9    0.164         23   204    0.197         33      12   0.069
 14     9    0.166         23   204    0.204         33      12   0.061
 14    11    0.107         25     1    0.565         33      18   0.147
 14    11    0.116         25     1    0.580         33      18   0.153
 14    21    0.410         25    12    0.058         33      24   3.058
 14    21    0.426         25    12    0.060         33      24   3.061
 14   122    1.776         25    23    3.166         35       1   1.077
 14   122    1.772         25    23    3.150         35       1   1.092
 18     1    0.590         25   107    0.048         35      11   0.040
 18     1    0.610         25   107    0.053         35      11   0.040
 18     2    0.391         25   204    0.132         35      24   3.030
 18     2    0.432         25   204    0.123         35      24   2.954
 18     6    0.111         26    11    0.043         35     107   0.071
 18     6    0.110         26    11    0.041         35     107   0.091
 18     8    0.072         26    11    0.040         37       1   0.696
 18     8    0.069         26    11    0.031         37       1   0.691
 18    10    0.049         26    12    0.066         37       2   0.567
 18    10    0.043         26    12    0.063         37       2   0.553
 18    14    0.057         26    12    0.060         37      11   0.043
 18    14    0.061         26    12    0.066         37      11   0.043
 18    16    0.118         26    13    0.065         37      16   0.100
 18    16    0.110         26    13    0.058         37      16   0.107
 18    18    0.156         26    13    0.062         37      24   3.055
 18    18    0.158         26    15    0.105         37      24   3.017
 18    20    0.371         26    15    0.093         38       1   0.658
 18    20    0.379         26    15    0.095         38       1   0.667
 18    24    3.035         26    15    0.124         39       1   0.820
 18    24    3.170         26    15    0.105         39       1   0.799
 18   122    2.350         29     1    1.007         39       6   0.104
 18   122    2.291         29     1    1.027         39       6   0.113
 39    11    0.054         48     9    0.080         54       1   0.051
 39    11    0.061         48     9    0.086         54       1   0.050
 39    18    0.164         48    11    0.084         54       6   0.056
 39    18    0.163         48    11    0.082         54       6   0.053
 39    23    2.607         48    11    0.082         54      11   0.050
 39    23    2.630         48    11    0.082         54      11   0.067
 40    11    0.050         48    13    0.095         54      12   0.059
 40    11    0.065         48    13    0.102         54      12   0.059
 41     1    0.614         48    15    2.234         54      18   0.063
 41     1    0.604         48    15    2.221         54      18   0.062
 41     2    0.391         48   204    0.264         54      23   0.059
 41     2    0.392         48   204    0.252         54      23   0.054
 41    11    0.055         49     1    0.509         54      24   0.062
 41    11    0.043         49     1    0.506         54      24   0.062
 41    14    0.060         49     5    0.276         54      24   0.062
 41    14    0.056         49     5    0.276         54      24   0.062
 41    16    0.100         49     9    0.094         55      11   2.284
 41    16    0.088         49     9    0.106         55      11   2.294
 41    24    3.075         49    11    0.060         55      18   1.943
 41    24    3.062         49    11    0.057         55      18   1.979
 41   107    0.050         49    13    0.089         55      24   3.090
 41   107    0.051         49    13    0.079         55      24   3.129
 41   222    1.408         49    15    0.116         60       1   1.104
 41   222    1.413         49    15    0.112         60       1   1.089
 42     8    0.035         49    17    0.196         60       1   1.097
 42     8    0.037         49    17    0.201         61       1   0.805
 43     1    0.270         49    21    0.818         61       1   0.792
 43     1    0.274         49    21    0.809         61       6   0.489
 43    11    0.047         49    24    2.191         61       6   0.490
 43    11    0.034         49    24    2.206         61      11   0.207
 43    17    0.109         49   103    0.451         61      11   0.208
 43    17    0.104         49   103    0.465         61      24   3.113
 43   107    0.068         49   107    0.161         61      24   3.112
 43   107    0.067         49   107    0.180         62       1   0.832
 45     2    0.283         50     1    0.698         62       1   0.832
 45     2    0.290         50     1    0.728         63       2   1.000
 45     5    0.150         50     6    0.198         63       2   1.021
 45     5    0.132         50     6    0.190         63      12   0.164
 45     8    0.078         50    11    0.042         63      12   0.173
 45     8    0.069         50    11    0.039         63     222   2.007
 45    14    0.116         50    16    0.100         63     222   2.019
 45    14    0.113         50    16    0.109         65       1   1.044
 45    20    0.253         50    24    2.689         65       1   1.041
 45    20    0.242         50    24    2.652         65      24   3.014
 45   222    1.728         51     1    0.660         65      24   3.030
 45   222    1.694         51     1    0.658         67       1   0.869
 47     1    0.089         51     5    0.205         67       1   0.871
 47     1    0.081         51     5    0.207         67      17   0.119
 47    20    2.099         51    17    0.180         67      17   0.113
 47    20    2.109         51    17    0.180         67     107   0.066
 48     1    0.443         51    24    2.552         67     107   0.070
 48     1    0.434         51    24    2.563         68       9   0.036
 48     6    0.160         51   103    0.465         68       9   0.037
 48     6    0.174         51   103    0.456
 68    11    0.032         76    19    0.542         91     105   0.011
 68    11    0.043         76    19    0.556         91     105   0.013
 69     1    0.711         76    24    2.701         92     204   0.025
 69     1    0.693         76    24    2.702         92     204   0.019
 69     6    0.077         77     1    0.084         93       2   0.015
 69     6    0.077         77     1    0.082         93       2   0.024
 69    11    0.034         77     6    0.049         93       6   0.013
 69    11    0.035         77     6    0.046         93       6   0.015
 69    17    0.145         77    18    0.734         93      16   1.066
 69    17    0.145         77    18    0.737         93      16   1.077
 69    20    0.537         77    24    2.680         93      20   1.884
 69    20    0.561         77    24    2.675         93      20   1.838
 69    23    3.136         79     1    0.047         94       6   0.024
 69    23    3.109         79     1    0.043         94       6   0.017
 69   103    0.292         79    10    0.040         95       1   0.014
 69   103    0.276         79    10    0.037         95       1   0.014
 71     1    0.587         81    13    0.228         95       1   0.013
 71     1    0.600         81    13    0.228         95       9   0.067
 71     5    0.095         81    19    2.149         95       9   0.074
 71     5    0.093         81    19    2.136         95      16   1.625
 71    11    0.027         83     2    0.025         95      16   1.619
 71    11    0.034         83     2    0.026         95      19   1.831
 71    20    0.589         83     5    0.024         95      19   1.823
 71    20    0.580         83     5    0.023         95      23   1.839
 71    24    2.921         83    11    0.041         95      23   1.914
 71    24    2.923         83    11    0.036         95     103   0.014
 73     1    0.142         83   222    2.767         95     103   0.015
 73     1    0.142         83   222    2.754         95     105   0.018
 73     8    0.043         85     2    0.018         95     105   0.017
 73     8    0.040         85     2    0.005         96     105   0.013
 73    10    0.040         85    15    0.496         96     105   0.009
 73    10    0.039         85    15    0.477         96     204   0.007
 73    11    0.048         85    20    2.238         96     204   0.007
 73    11    0.048         85    20    2.237         97       1   0.006
 73    17    0.329         86     8    0.036         97       1   0.010
 73    17    0.335         86     8    0.033         97      18   1.936
 73    23    2.734         86    11    0.107         97      18   1.888
 73    23    2.662         86    11    0.103         97     204   0.007
 73   103    0.076         86    17    1.070         97     204   0.013
 73   103    0.070         86    17    1.032         98       1   0.009
 74     1    0.132         86    23    2.230         98       1   0.011
 74     1    0.140         86    23    2.215         98     105   0.013
 74    12    0.068         89     6    0.012         98     105   0.008
 74    12    0.066         89     6    0.003         99      10   0.326
 75     1    0.129         89    24    2.240         99      10   0.304
 75     1    0.135         89    24    2.232         99      15   1.821
 75     5    0.058         89   105    0.006         99      15   1.855
 75     5    0.061         89   105    0.008         99      20   2.027
 75    16    0.264         89   204    0.006         99      20   1.998
 75    16    0.267         89   204    0.003         99     105   0.025
 75    23    2.687         91    10    0.050         99     105   0.024
 75    23    2.698         91    10    0.047        101      10   0.306
 76     1    0.076         91    15    0.435        101      10   0.307
 76     1    0.077         91    15    0.421
101    15    1.787        103    16    0.478
101    15    1.761        103    16    0.483
101    20    1.857        103    21    1.542
101    20    1.887        103    21    1.569
101   105    0.058        105    23    1.599
101   105    0.061        105    23    1.615
103     1    0.011
103     1    0.008    


Table 3:  AU9404 CFC Air Measurements

           Time                             F11     F12  
   Date   (hhmm)   Latitude    Longitude    PPT     PPT  
---------  ----   ---------   ----------   -----   -----
19 Dec 94  2338   57 26.6 S   127 53.5 E   257.0   515.0 
19 Dec 94  2350   57 26.6 S   127 53.5 E   257.3   507.3 
20 Dec 94  0015   57 26.6 S   127 53.5 E   257.0   509.7 
20 Dec 94  0033   57 26.6 S   127 53.5 E   257.3   511.4 
22 Dec 94  0704   62 00.3 S   118 00.4 E   257.7   510.3 
22 Dec 94  0716   62 00.3 S   118 00.4 E   258.0   508.3 
22 Dec 94  0729   62 00.3 S   118 00.4 E   257.5   511.3 
22 Dec 94  0741   62 00.3 S   118 00.4 E   258.1   508.5 
 5 Jan 95  0335   63 16.0 S   113 13.0 E   258.4   509.5 
 5 Jan 95  0347   63 16.0 S   113 13.0 E   259.8   507.2 
 5 Jan 95  0359   63 16.0 S   113 13.0 E   257.4   508.8 
 5 Jan 95  0412   63 16.0 S   113 13.0 E   257.7   509.2 
12 Jan 95  0146   62 52.7 S   144 51.1 E   258.8   511.1 
12 Jan 95  0157   62 52.7 S   144 51.1 E   257.2   512.4 
12 Jan 95  0213   62 52.7 S   144 51.1 E   257.9   510.7 
12 Jan 95  0227   62 52.7 S   144 51.1 E   256.4   511.8 
14 Jan 95  0751   63 26.0 S   156 39.0 E   259.8   511.5 
14 Jan 95  0803   63 26.0 S   156 39.0 E   259.2   510.3 
20 Jan 95  0938   65 04.9 S   139 51.5 E   261.5   508.7 
20 Jan 95  0952   65 04.9 S   139 51.5 E   260.1   507.6 
20 Jan 95  1008   65 04.9 S   139 51.5 E   260.1   506.7 
20 Jan 95  1021   65 04.9 S   139 51.5 E   260.8    -9.0 
20 Jan 95  1035   65 04.9 S   139 51.5 E   260.5   507.2 
22 Jan 95  1424   60 36.0 S   139 51.0 E   259.0   507.1 
22 Jan 95  1435   60 36.0 S   139 51.0 E   258.8   510.4 
22 Jan 95  1449   60 36.0 S   139 51.0 E   259.3   508.4 
27 Jan 95  1107   51 35.9 S   143 03.1 E   255.6    -9.0 
27 Jan 95  1118   51 35.9 S   143 03.1 E   257.8   501.9 
27 Jan 95  1130   51 35.9 S   143 03.1 E   256.2   499.6 
27 Jan 95  1145   51 35.9 S   143 03.1 E   258.0   497.5 
27 Jan 95  1157   51 35.9 S   143 03.1 E   259.0   497.4 
 1 Feb 95  0353   44 07.0 S   146 13.0 E   256.9   502.0 
 1 Feb 95  0404   44 07.0 S   146 13.0 E   257.4   500.5 
 1 Feb 95  0416   44 07.0 S   146 13.0 E   257.3   498.8 
 1 Feb 95  0427   44 07.0 S   146 13.0 E   256.2   496.9 

Table 4:  AU9404 CFC Air values (interpolated to station locations)
 
Stn                                         F11     F12  
 #    Latitude     Longitude      Date      PPT     PPT  
---   ---------   ----------   ---------   -----   -----
  1   57 32.1 S   127 49.5 E   20 Dec 94   257.5   510.2 
  2   61 59.1 S   120 01.7 E   21 Dec 94   257.6   510.2 
  3   62 00.7 S   119 02.1 E   21 Dec 94   257.6   510.2 
  4   62 00.3 S   118 01.6 E   22 Dec 94   257.6   510.2 
  6   65 59.3 S   109 55.0 E    2 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
  7   65 23.1 S   112 33.2 E    3 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
  8   65 18.5 S   112 32.2 E    3 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
  9   64 57.7 S   112 09.6 E    4 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 10   64 44.9 S   111 55.1 E    4 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 11   64 30.9 S   111 25.8 E    4 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 12   64 06.1 S   112 05.9 E    4 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 13   63 40.8 S   112 36.5 E    4 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 14   63 16.5 S   113 13.0 E    5 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 15   62 50.8 S   113 49.1 E    5 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 16   62 25.3 S   114 25.7 E    5 Jan 95   258.3   506.6 
 17   62 00.0 S   115 01.0 E    6 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 18   61 59.7 S   116 30.5 E    6 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 19   62 00.3 S   120 01.4 E    6 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 20   61 59.8 S   121 26.9 E    7 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 21   62 00.2 S   122 50.4 E    7 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 22   62 00.1 S   124 15.4 E    7 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 23   62 00.2 S   125 39.6 E    7 Jan 95   258.0   510.1 
 24   62 00.4 S   127 05.5 E    8 Jan 95   258.4   509.9 
 25   62 00.7 S   128 31.6 E    8 Jan 95   258.4   509.9 
 26   62 00.2 S   129 56.7 E    8 Jan 95   258.4   509.9 
 27   62 00.6 S   131 20.0 E    9 Jan 95   258.4   509.9 
 28   61 59.9 S   132 45.6 E    9 Jan 95   258.4   509.9 
 29   62 01.4 S   134 11.1 E    9 Jan 95   258.4   509.9 
 30   62 00.3 S   135 35.1 E    9 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 31   61 59.9 S   137 01.3 E   10 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 32   62 09.5 S   138 27.2 E   10 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 33   62 21.5 S   139 53.4 E   10 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 34   62 28.1 S   141 03.3 E   11 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 35   62 35.9 S   142 12.4 E   11 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 36   62 45.8 S   143 36.2 E   11 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 37   62 54.2 S   145 03.3 E   12 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 38   63 03.1 S   146 28.0 E   12 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 39   63 10.7 S   147 50.9 E   12 Jan 95   258.7   510.9 
 40   63 18.6 S   149 12.6 E   13 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 41   63 25.9 S   150 39.8 E   13 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 42   63 25.6 S   152 10.8 E   13 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 43   63 26.2 S   153 41.4 E   13 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 44   63 26.1 S   155 10.9 E   14 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 45   63 25.8 S   156 39.1 E   14 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 46   63 26.0 S   158 09.9 E   14 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 47   63 25.6 S   159 26.4 E   14 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 48   64 00.9 S   160 10.7 E   15 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 49   64 37.3 S   160 44.3 E   15 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 50   65 18.0 S   161 23.8 E   15 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 51   65 56.0 S   162 03.3 E   16 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 52   66 06.7 S   162 14.2 E   16 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 53   66 09.1 S   162 15.3 E   16 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 54   64 13.9 S   155 19.7 E   18 Jan 95   258.2   511.3 
 55   66 36.3 S   144 09.6 E   19 Jan 95   259.3   509.5 
 56   66 00.5 S   142 39.2 E   19 Jan 95   259.3   509.5 
 57   65 50.6 S   141 25.6 E   19 Jan 95   259.3   509.5 
 58   65 35.1 S   139 50.4 E   19 Jan 95   259.3   509.5 
 59   65 32.5 S   139 51.1 E   20 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 60   65 26.3 S   139 50.7 E   20 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 61   65 04.8 S   139 51.6 E   20 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 62   64 49.4 S   139 49.4 E   20 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 63   64 17.2 S   139 51.3 E   20 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 64   63 51.6 S   139 52.2 E   21 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 65   63 21.7 S   139 50.5 E   21 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 66   62 50.8 S   139 51.1 E   21 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 67   62 20.4 S   139 49.7 E   21 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 68   61 51.1 S   139 51.2 E   22 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 69   61 21.9 S   139 53.3 E   22 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 70   60 36.2 S   139 49.9 E   22 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 71   59 50.9 S   139 51.8 E   22 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 72   59 05.7 S   139 51.6 E   23 Jan 95   260.0   508.0 
 73   58 21.1 S   139 51.7 E   23 Jan 95   259.0   504.8 
 74   57 38.8 S   139 52.7 E   23 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 75   56 56.1 S   139 49.7 E   24 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 76   56 12.0 S   140 17.5 E   24 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 77   55 30.1 S   140 44.3 E   24 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 78   55 00.5 S   141 00.9 E   25 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 79   54 31.3 S   141 19.1 E   25 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 80   54 03.3 S   141 36.0 E   25 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 81   53 35.0 S   141 53.1 E   25 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 82   53 07.5 S   142 08.5 E   26 Jan 95   258.0   503.2 
 83   52 40.3 S   142 24.4 E   26 Jan 95   257.6   501.9 
 84   52 15.8 S   142 38.7 E   26 Jan 95   257.6   501.9 
 85   51 51.4 S   142 51.8 E   26 Jan 95   257.6   501.9 
 86   51 25.9 S   143 03.7 E   27 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 87   50 33.1 S   142 43.1 E   27 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 88   51 02.6 S   143 13.9 E   28 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 89   50 43.2 S   143 24.4 E   28 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 90   50 25.2 S   143 33.0 E   28 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 91   50 04.8 S   143 44.9 E   28 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 92   49 43.1 S   143 54.1 E   29 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 93   49 15.5 S   144 07.8 E   29 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 94   48 46.6 S   144 19.2 E   29 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 95   48 18.4 S   144 31.9 E   30 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 96   47 47.9 S   144 46.1 E   30 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 97   47 27.2 S   144 53.7 E   30 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 98   47 09.0 S   145 03.1 E   30 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
 99   46 38.2 S   145 15.4 E   31 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
100   46 09.2 S   145 27.9 E   31 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
101   45 41.6 S   145 40.4 E   31 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
102   45 13.4 S   145 50.4 E   31 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
103   44 42.6 S   146 01.9 E   31 Jan 95   257.1   499.3 
104   44 23.0 S   146 11.0 E    1 Feb 95   257.1   499.3 
105   44 07.2 S   146 13.2 E    1 Feb 95   257.1   499.3 
106   43 59.9 S   146 18.9 E    1 Feb 95   257.1   499.3 
107   44 11.7 S   146 55.0 E    1 Feb 95   257.1   499.3




DATA QUALITY EVALUATIONS


DQ EVALUATION OF WOCE P12/S04I/PR12/SR03
(Arnold Mantyla)
10 Feb. 1999


Two WOCE sections were completed on this cruise.  The first, labeled S04 in the 
.sum file, completed the gap in the circumpolar line of stations between S04P 
and S04I, mostly in the Australian- Antarctic Basin.  The second line, listed as 
SR03 in the .sum file, provided another season crossing of the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current system between the Adelie Coast and Tasmania.  This is a 
very useful data set, and should help elucidate the fate of abyssal waters 
originating from the Adelie coast and the Ross Sea.

The data were taken with a 24 place rosette system, and even though the deep 
water coverage was reasonably good, the WOCE standard 36 place rosette would 
have been better for improving shallow and intermediate depth coverage and to 
place extra samples near deep-water inversions often seen near Antarctica.  The 
quality of salinity and oxygen data were first rate and should have been listed 
to one more decimal place to meet WOCE requirements.  An excessive number of CTD 
and bottle salinities were flagged as "bad" data, even in cases where the two 
were in perfect agreement.  The majority of my QUALT2 changes were in restoring 
those cases to acceptable data codes.  I am reluctant to throw out useful data, 
knowing how poor subsequent fill-in inter- polations can be when the data are 
put to use.  Most of the seemingly poor quality salinities were in the strong 
halocline just below the surface mixed layer.  In these strong gradient regions, 
a statistical time average will naturally have a high standard deviation, but 
the resulting mean is a valid estimate of the local salinity, and should be 
accepted as such, especially when confirmed by the water sample salinity.

The few oxygen uncertainties were most likely due to sample drawing errors (2 
from one niskin, none from another).  One station, 78 appears to be 
systematically high by about 6%; the standard factor calculation should be 
verified to see if the data can be corrected.

The nutrient data had the most uncertainty, although that isn't reflected in the 
quality flags.   Either the PO4 or the NO3 profiles would often shift 
independently of the other for groups of stations, unlike the consistent 
nitrate/phosphate slopes and intercepts seen on other expeditions. Although I 
could tell where shifts occurred, I could not at this time tell which data set 
was likely to be correct or doubtful.  Perhaps a careful evaluation of the 
standards and blanks used to calculate the data might result in improved 
consistency in the N/P ratio.  Comparisons with other cruises were inconclusive, 
showing no clear overall bias for the data in this cruise, although differences 
between specific cruise crossings or overlaps did occur.

The first 34 stations had the number 12 and 24 phosphates flagged as poor 
because these samples followed a wash cycle and were suppressed by a few 
percent.  Later stations ran double samples to eliminate the problem.  Lou 
Gordon in his WOCE nutrient guide describes a technique for correcting for this 
source of error; I would encourage the data originators to try the method to see 
if most of the lost phosphates could be recovered.

The following are comments on specific stations with problems that should be 
looked into:

Sta. 62:  The phosphates and nitrates are coded "4" for bad data, but the 
          silicates are coded "7", which I thought was reserved for gas 
          chromatograph data.  Does this mean the silicates are bad (and should 
          be coded 4) also?

Sta. 78:  All of the oxygens are systematically higher by about 6% than the 
          bracketing stations.  I suspect that an error has occurred in the 
          standard factor and the data should be corrected.  If not, list all of 
          the O2's for this station as uncertain.

Sta. 80,  1300db:  All of the water samples are questionable at this depth, but 
          would be ok at the usually sampled depth of 1200db.  Could this be a 
          depth mistake (with incorrect CTD data as well)?

Sta. 96,  1600db:  The water samples, bad at this depth, appear to be from about 
          1400db unsampled depth.  Could this be a depth error also?
 
Sta. 97,  1800 and 2000db:  These water samples appear to be from the data gap 
          between 1200 and 1800db.  Were there attempts to trip bottles at abut 
          1400 and 1600db where these samples appear to belong?  If so, it would 
          be worth salvaging the data.

Sta. 103, 110-502db:  The nitrates appear to be tabulated one depth too deep, 
          there are no other water samples listed at 502db.  If so, the NO3's 
          would be ok at one depth shallower.

Sta. 103, 66-200db:  According to the CTD, the bottle salinities listed at 66 
          and 111db are actually from 111 and 200db.  This is not a mis-trip, 
          per the oxygen data, so it must be a sample drawing error. Since the 
          CTD confirm the correct location for these samples, why not list them 
          as ok at their correct depths?




PI RESPONSE TO BOTTLE DATA QUALITY EVALUATION
(Mark Rosenberg)
1999.DEC.10


Answer as per the order of the DQE report:

1. "An excessive number of CTD and bottle salinities were flagged as bad..." 

In my own version of the data (i.e. before converting it to WOCE format), flags 
for the CTD burst data in the bottle file (used for comparison with bottles) are 
automatically downgraded when the CTD burst data exceeds a certain 
standard deviation (I'm typically not too concerned as plenty of good CTD 
salinity values remain for the conductivity calibration). I've then automatically 
carried these flags through to the WOCE format files without giving due 
thought to upgrading flags. I agree with you though, if the CTD and bottle 
values agree then may as well resurrect the CTD values with a good flag, so 
there isn't so many gaps in the strong gradients. I'd be reluctant to resurrect 
them if there isn't a good bottle value for them to agree with, or if they don't 
agree - a flag "3" might be a compromise in such cases, so that at least there's 
a clear distinction between these values and values where there's no problem 
at all (i.e. no strong gradient, or no rolling ship). For bottle salinities, I 
could only spot 3 values that might be worth resurrecting:


                station  bottle  difference between CTD and bottle
                -------  ------  ---------------------------------
                   45      21           .004
                   47      13           .004
                   77      18           .002


2. "The first 34 stations had the number 12 and 24 phosphates flagged as poor 
   because... ...WOCE nutrient guide describes a technique for correcting..." 

I always get confused between the countless errors and possible corrections in 
the nutrient analyses, particularly as I'm not a chemist, but it's possible 
there's 2 different errors here:

(a) the carrryover error referred to in the WOCE nutrient manual i.e. from the 
   "more or less incomplete flushing of the flow system between samples"

(b) the suppression of phosphate peaks run after a wash cycle, described in 
    our data report for cruise 09AR9407 as :

"...suppressed by, on average, 2%. It is suspected that this was due to 
sorption of the phosphomolybdate complex produced by the presence of 
phosphate in the sample onto the walls of the instrument tubing, after 
having been exposed to the cleaning action of the low nutrient seawater 
wash." Our bottle 12 and 24 samples are due to error (b), and as this 
seems to me to be different to error (a), I wouldn't be game to apply the 
WOCE guide correction to the relevant phosphates. Guess I'm more 
comfortable to accept the loss of data. On a happy note, a couple of years 
after this cruise our nutrient guy successfully "fixed" the problem, or at least 
made it no longer significant, just in time for our last WOCE cruise.


3. "Sta. 62: ...phosphates and nitrates are coded "4"...silicates coded "7"..." 

The silicates for bottles 1 to 23 are okay, but the peaks were measured 
manually from the strip charts rather than by automatic peak integration in the 
software. I used the 7 flag to reflect this, not noticing that it was already 
reserved for gas chromatograph data (oops). Probably okay to change these 
flags to "2".


4. "Sta. 78: ...oxygens...higher by about 6%..." 

There's no hope of correcting it unfortunately: I'd prefer flag "4". I've also 
flagged the CTD oxygen as bad in the *.ctd file for this station.


5. "Sta. 80 1300db..."

6. "sta. 96, 1600 db..."

7. "sta. 97, 1800 and 2000 db..."

Misfire problems at all 3 of these stations. As it happens the CTD 2 dbar 
averaged data for all these stations is upcast, making it easy to compare CTD 
salinity in the .ctd files to bottle salinities to confirm where the bottle samples 
come from. You're right in all 3 cases, and I've put in the correct CTD values 
and changed the flags for the bottle values.


8. "Sta. 103, 110-502db: nitrates..."

Post-processing of the nitrate autoanalyser results for this station got rather 
messy, so despite the apparently better appearance moving the samples one 
depth up, I still can't help feeling it's a bit of a "fudge" - I'd feel better leaving 
them where they are and flagged as bad.


9. "Sta. 103, 66-200db: ...bottle salinities..."

The salinity bottle at 66 dbar is still fairly scattered from the CTD value at 
111dbar, though the bottle at 111dbar matches the 200dbar CTD value. But 
the salinity bottle at 200 dbar doesn't seem to match anything. So I'm not sure 
it's conclusive that the 66 and 111 dbar bottles come from 1 depth down, but 
I'm happy to move them down and flag them as "3".



Rosenberg, continued
1999.DEC.12



I've done the flag changes for cruise AR9404 bottle data file, plus I've added 
in parameters 7,8 (CFC's) for the appropriate stations in the sum file. Also 
changed CTD oxygen flags to 4 in a94045078.ctd. 

 
stn 62  …bottle 1-23  changed QUALT1 from 7 to 3 for silicate
        …changed QUALT2 from 7 to 3 for silicate
stn 78  …bottle 1-24  changed QUALT1 from 2 to 4 for CTD and bottle 
         oxygen
        …changed QUALT2 from 2 to 3 for CTD oxygen
stn 80  …bottle 9  changed all CTD values for the new pressure
        …changed QUALT1 to 2 for bottle sal,ox,nuts
        …changed QUALT2 to 2 for bottle sal,ox,nuts
stn 96  …bottle 10  changed all CTD values for the new pressure bottle 
         oxygen
        …changed by .1 due to new density in conversion to umol/kg
        …changed QUALT1 to 2 for bottle sal,ox,nuts
        …changed QUALT2 to 2 for bottle sal,ox,nuts
stn 97  …bottle 111,10  changed all CTD values for the new pressure
        …changed QUALT1 to 2 for bottle sal,ox,nuts
        …changed QUALT2 to 2 for bottle sal,ox,nuts
stn 103 …bottle 222,21,20  moved bottle salinity for 222 and 21 down 
         one depth, and made bottle salinity for 222 equal to -9.0000
        …changed QUALT1 for bottle salinity to, respectively, 5,3,3 for 
         the 3 bottles 
        …changed QUALT2 to 5 for bottle 222 bottle sal
 

CTD salinity in steep gradients for most stations - I didn't resurrect any 
QUALT1 flags as it looks like you got it covered in the QUALT2 flags. So the 
QUALT1 cautions will reflect the high standard deviations.




CTD CONTENTS AND CONSISTENCY CHECK (S03/S04I  09AR9404_1)
(WHPO Staff)
2002.JAN.03


The WHP-Exchange format bottle and/or CTD data from this cruise have been 
examined by a computer application for contents and consistency.

  … The parameters found for the files are listed,
  … a check is made to see if all CTD files for this cruise contain the same CTD 
    parameters,
  … a check is made to see if there is a one-to-one correspondence between 
    bottle station numbers and CTD station numbers,
  … a check is made to see that pressures increase through each file for each 
    station,
  … and a check is made to locate multiple casts for the same station number in 
    the bottle data. 

Results of those checks are reported in this '_check.txt' file.

When both bottle and CTD data are available, the CTD salinity data (and, if 
available, CTD oxygen data) reported in the bottle data file are subtracted from 
the corresponding bottle data and the differences are plotted for the entire 
cruise. Those plots are the' _sal.ps' (figure 1) and '_oxy.ps' (figure 2) files.


Following parameters found for bottle file:

             EXPOCODE       DEPTH          SILCAT
             SECT_ID        CTDPRS         SILCAT_FLAG_W
             STNNBR         CTDTMP         NO2+NO3
             CASTNO         CTDSAL         NO2+NO3_FLAG_W
             SAMPNO         CTDSAL_FLAG_W  PHSPHT
             BTLNBR         SALNTY         PHSPHT_FLAG_W
             BTLNBR_FLAG_W  SALNTY_FLAG_W  CFC-11
             DATE           CTDOXY         CFC-11_FLAG_W
             TIME           CTDOXY_FLAG_W  CFC-12
             LATITUDE       OXYGEN         CFC-12_FLAG_W
             LONGITUDE      OXYGEN_FLAG_W         

s04_sr03_hy1.csv -> NO2+NO3_FLAG_W found without matching parameter.

* All ctd parameters match the parameters in the reference station.
* Station #5 has a CTD file, but does not exist in s04_sr03_hy1.csv.
* No bottle pressure inversions found.
* Bottle file pressures are increasing.
* No multiple casts found in bottle data.



FINAL REPORT FOR AMS 14C SAMPLES
(Robert M. Key)
April 19, 1999


1.0 General Information

WOCE cruise S04I was carried out aboard the R/V N.B. Palmer in the southern 
Indian Ocean. The WHPO designation for this cruise was 320696/3. Thomas 
Whitworth III (TAMU) and James H. Swift (SIO) were the co-chief scientists. The 
cruise constituted the Indian Ocean portion of WOCE line S4, a meridional 
circumnavigation of Antarctica at a nominal latitude of 60S. This segment 
covered the longitudes 20°E to 120°E. A total of 108 full depth CTD/Rosette 
stations were carried out. The cruise departed Cape Town, South Africa on May 3 
and ended at Hobart Tasmania on July 4, 1996. On June 8, science operations were 
suspended for seven days when the Palmer was diverted to Mirnyy Station in the 
Davis Sea to deliver emergency food supplies. The reader is referred to cruise 
documentation provided by the chief scientists as the primary source for cruise 
information. This report covers details of the small volume radiocarbon samples. 
The

AMS station locations are shown in Figure 1 and summarized in Table 1. A total 
of 816 delta 14C samples were collected at 31 stations. 


TABLE 1. S04I delta 14C station locations.

                                                      Bottom
                   Stn  Month    Latitude  Longitude  Depth (m)
                   ---  -------  -------   ---------  ---------
                     1  5/16/96  -58.008   20.006     5412
                     7  5/18/96  -61.399   25.749     5243
                    13  5/20/96  -64.000   30.017     5135
                    23  5/22/96  -65.134   37.349     4874
                    26  5/24/96  -64.465   41.619     4435
                    29  5/25/96  -63.736   46.408     4270
                    35  5/28/96  -65.456   53.363     501
                    36  5/28/96  -65.371   53.264     1303
                    38  5/28/96  -65.104   53.018     2468
                    40  5/29/96  -64.435   53.072     4200
                    42  5/29/96  -63.498   53.682     4790
                    46  5/30/96  -63.501   58.335     4566
                    51  6/01/96  -62.361   64.406     4365
                    55  6/03/96  -61.962   70.017     4165
                    58  6/04/96  -61.806   74.982     4000
                    62  6/05/96  -61.417   80.489     2480
                    66  6/06/96  -59.696   84.850     2024
                    68  6/07/96  -59.660   85.248     4494
                    70  6/07/96  -59.520   86.221     4304
                    73  6/14/96  -65.330   91.475     553
                    76  6/15/96  -64.859   93.004     1808
                    78  6/16/96  -64.464   92.481     3060
                    80  6/16/96  -63.653   91.737     3629
                    84  6/18/96  -63.092   86.007     3809
                    87  6/20/96  -62.001   90.001     4020
                    90  6/22/96  -62.286   94.670     3848
                    93  6/23/96  -62.335   99.558     4316
                    98  6/24/96  -62.104   105.26     4297
                   102  6/26/96  -62.244   110.60     3986
                   105  6/26/96  -62.002   115.33     4255
                   108  6/27/96  -62.000   120.00     4194
  

2.0 Personnel

14C sampling for this cruise was carried out by Robert M. Key (Princeton 
University). 14C (and accompanying 13C) analyses were performed at the National 
Ocean Sciences AMS Facility (NOSAMS) at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. R. 
Key collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned quality 
control flags to the 14C and submitted the data files to the WOCE office (4/99). 
R. Key is P.I. for the 14C data and NOSAMS for the 13C data.



3.0 Results

This 14C data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release.

3.1 Hydrography

Hydrography from this leg has been submitted to the WOCE office by the chief 
scientist and described in the hydrographic report.

3.2 14C

The delta 14C values reported here were originally distributed in a NOSAMS data 
report (NOSAMS, 1999), February 16, 1999. That reports included results which 
had not been through the WOCE quality control procedures. This report supersedes 
that data distribution. 

All of the AMS samples from this cruise have been measured. Replicate 
measurements were made on 4 water samples. These replicate analyses are 
tabulated in Table 2. The table shows the error weighted mean and uncertainty 


Table 2: Summary of Replicate Analyses

                Sta-Cast- delta          E.W. 
                Bottle     14C    Err   Mean(a)  Uncertainty(b)
                --------  -----   ---   -------  --------------
                51-1-9   -161.31  2.92  -167.40  2.62 
                         -176.84  2.91 
                51-1-10  -167.33  3.26  -167.40  2.59 
                         -167.51  4.29 
                58-1-26  -151.72  5.74  -155.78  3.49 
                         -156.65  2.67 
                70-1-5   -176.29  4.42  -176.06  3.46 
                         -175.69  5.55  
                -----------------------------------------------
                (a) Error weighted mean reported with data set
                (b) Larger of the standard deviation and the error 
                    weighted standard deviation of the mean.


for each set of replicates. Uncertainty is defined here as the larger of the 
standard deviation and the error weighted standard deviation of the mean. For 
these replicates, the simple average of the normal standard deviations for the 
replicates is 1.0o/oo. This precision estimate is lower than the average error 
for the time frame over which these samples were measured (Jul. 1996 - Dec. 
1998) and lower than the overall mean error for Pacific WOCE samples (Elder, et. 
al., 1998). Note that the errors given for individual measurements in the final 
data report (with the exception of the replicates) include only counting errors, 
and errors due to blanks and backgrounds. The uncertainty obtained for replicate 
analyses is generally a better estimate of the true error since it includes 
errors due to sample collection, sample degassing, etc. Close examination of the 
data along 67°S in the deep water indicates that 4” is a more realistic of the 
true error associated with this data set.


4.0 Quality Control Flag Assignment

Quality flag values were assigned to all delta 14C measurements using the code 
defined in Table 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 section 4.5.2. 
(Joyce, et al., 1994). Measurement flags values of 2, 3, and 6 have been 
assigned. The choice between values 2 (good) and 3 (questionable) involves some 
interpretation. There is little overlap between this data set and any existing 
14C data, so that type of comparison was difficult. In general the lack of other 
data for comparison led to a more lenient grading on the 14C data.

When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which is 
flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered. When flagging 14C data, the 
measurement error was taken into consideration. That is, approximately one-third 
of the 14C measurements are expected to deviate from the true value by more than 
the measurement precision. No measured values have been removed from this data 
set. Table 3 summarizes the quality control flags assigned to this data set. For 
a detailed description of the flagging procedure see Key, et al. (1996).



5.0 Data Summary

Figures 2-6 summarize the delta 14C data collected on this leg. Only delta 14C 
measurements with a quality flag value of 2 ("good") or 6 ("replicate") are 
included in each figure. Figure 2 shows the delta 14C values with 2sigma error 
bars plotted as a function of pressure. The mid depth delta 14C minimum which 
normally occurs around 2500 meters in most of the Pacific is absent in this 
section. In fact, there is very little variation in the deep and bottom water. 
All of the samples for the entire cruise collected at a depth greater than 1000 
meters have a mean delta 14C = -153.8±7.2o/oo with a substantial fraction of 
this variance due to the samples collected very near the Antarctic slope. This 
result compares remarkably well with the mean of -156.0±8.5o/oo calculated for 
the WOCE Pacific Antarctic section (S4P). Figure 3 shows the delta 14C values 
plotted against silicate.The straight line shown in the figure is the least 
squares regression relationship derived by Broecker et al. (1995) based on the 
GEOSECS global data set. According to their analysis, this line (delta 14C = -70 
- Si) represents the relationship between naturally occurring radiocarbon and 
silicate for most of the ocean. They interpret deviations in delta 14C above 
this line to be due to input of bomb-produced radiocarbon, however, they note 
that the technique can not be applied at high latitudes as confirmed by this 
data set. With the exception of the very near surface waters, this region of the 
Pacific shows no change since GEOSECS which strongly implies that the data in 
Figure 3 indicates a failure of the technique in this area rather than bomb-
produced contamination throughout the water column.


Table 3: Summary of Assigned Quality Control Flags

                          Flag  Number
                            2    803
                            3      6
                            4      0
                            5      4
                            6      3(a)
                          ------------
                          (a) Some replicates
                              flagged 3 or 4


Figure 4 shows all of the S04I radiocarbon values plotted against potential 
alkalinity normalized to a salinity of 35 (defined as [alkalinity + 
nitrate]*35/salinity). The straight line is the regression fit (14C = -68 -
(PALK_35 - 2320) derived by S. Rubin (LDEO) to all of the GEOSECS results for 
waters which were assumed to have no bomb produced delta 14C (depths greater 
than 1000 meters, but including high latitude samples). Preliminary 
investigation indicates that this new method for separating bomb-produced and 
natural 14C works in high latitude waters. For this data set it appears that the 
regression intercept derived from the GEOSECS data may be a bit too low. 
Regardless, if the function is valid, then for these data, waters which have 
alkalinity values less than ~2400 µmol/kg have a significant amount of bomb-
produced radiocarbon. If this is true, and if the values have changed little 
since GEOSECS, then most of the bomb contamination had to have been distributed 
throughout most of the water column even as early as the mid 1970's.

Figures 5-7 show gridded sections of the delta 14C data. The data were gridded 
using the "loess" methods described in Chambers et al. (1983), Chambers and 
Hastie (1991), Cleveland (1979) and Cleveland and Devlin (1988).

Figure 5 shows the main zonal cruise section along ~62°S. The colors in the 
image indicate delta 14C while the contours are CFC-11 concentration (pmol/kg; 
preliminary data from Bill Smethie (LDEO) and Mark Warner (UW)). Significant 
resolution is lost in the deep water delta 14C since most of the variability is 
near the surface. Nevertheless, a strong correlation in the two distributions is 
immediately apparent. The bottom waters both east and west of the Kerguelen 
Ridge (~80°E) have appreciable chlorofluorocarbon concentrations and are most 
likely contaminated with bomb-produced radiocarbon. The highest near bottom 
(pressure >3750dB) delta 14C values along this section range between -140o/oo 
and -130o/oo and are comparable to near bottom waters at similar latitudes in 
the Pacific (Key and Schlosser, 1999). Figure 6 and Figure 7 show contoured 
sections of the delta 14C distribution along 65°E and 90°E respectively. Note 
that the contour interval used in the two figures is different. The 65°E and 
90°E sections clearly show penetration of bomb radiocarbon along the Antarctic 
continental slope.


 
6.0 References and Supporting Documentation

Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland and W. Smethie, Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of 
    the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-
    288, 1995.

Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J., 1991, Statistical Models in S, Wadsworth & 
    Brooks, Cole Computer Science Series, Pacific Grove, CA, 608pp.

Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P.A., 1983, Graphical 
    Methods for Data Analysis, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.

Cleveland, W.S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing 
    scatterplots, J. Amer. Statistical Assoc., 74, 829-836.

Cleveland, W.S. and S.J. Devlin, 1988, Locally-weighted regression: An approach 
    to regression analysis by local fitting, J. Am. Statist. Assoc, 83:596-610.

Elder, K.L. A.P. McNichol and A.R. Gagnon, Reproducibility of seawater, 
    inorganic and organic carbon 14C results at NOSAMS, Radiocarbon, 40(1), 223-
    230, 1998

Joyce, T., and Corry, C., eds., Corry, C., Dessier, A., Dickson, A., Joyce, T., 
    Kenny, M., Key, R., Legler, D., Millard, R., Onken, R., Saunders, P., 
    Stalcup, M., contrib., Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data 
    Reporting, WHPO Pub. 90-1 Rev. 2, 145pp., 1994.

Key, R.M., WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 415-423, 
    1996.

Key, R.M., P.D. Quay, G.A. Jones, A.P. McNichol, K.F. Von Reden and R.J. 
    Schneider, WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results; P6, P16 & P17, 
    Radiocarbon, 38(3), 425-518, 1996.

Key, R.M. and P. Schlosser, S4P: Final report for AMS 14C samples, Ocean Tracer 
    Lab Technical Report 99-1, January, 1999, 11pp. 

NOSAMS, National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility Data Report #99-043, Woods Hole 
    Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, 2/16/1999.

 

Figure Legends: 

Figure 1: AMS 14C station map for WOCE S04I.

Figure 2: delta 14C results for S04I stations shown with 2s error bars.Only 
          those measurements having a quality control flag value of 2 or 6 are 
          plotted.

Figure 3: delta 14C as a function of silicate for S04I AMS samples. The straight 
          line shows the relationship proposed by Broecker, et al., 1995 (delta 
          14C = -70 - Si with radiocarbon in o/oo and silicate in µmol/kg). Two-
          sigma error bars are given for the delta 14C measurements.

Figure 4: Based on the new method devised by S. Rubin, the samples which plot 
          above the line and have potential alkalinity values less than about 
          2400 µmol/kg are contaminated with bomb-produced 14C.

Figure 5: delta 14C concentrations, along main east-west section of S04I at 
          approximately 62°S, are indicated by color. Contour lines are 
          preliminary CFC-11 concentrations (pmol/kg).

Figure 6: delta 14C along ~65°E near the Antarctic slope. The near bottom values 
          along the lower slope indicate entrainment of "new" bottom water.

Figure 7: delta 14C along ~90°E near the Antarctic slope. The near bottom values 
          along the lower slope indicate entrainment of "new" bottom water.




DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status
--------  -----------  --------------  ---------------------------------------
04/25/98  Rosenberg    DOC             CFC Rpt/Cruise Rpt Rcvd @ WHPO
          
09/11/98  Diggs        CTD/BTL/SUM     Data Updated and corrected
          
09/16/98  Rintoul      CTD/BTL/SUM     Submitted for DQE
          "I have just corrected and updated all records pertaining to 
          P12/S04I. This line is also know as SR03 and PR12, the *correct* 
          expocode is 09AR9404_1 (not 09AR9508/1), but all references to the 
          previous expocode should be retained in our records.  The data files 
          to date are NON-PUBLIC and the password is the same as P12."

01/04/99  Anderson     BTL/CTD         Ready to Reformat
          
02/07/99  Mantyla      NUTs/S/O        DQE Begun
          
02/10/99  Anderson     SUM/BTL         Data Reformatted
          "I have reformatted P12 (S04, SR03, PR12).  Arnold is DQEing that 
          line now. I have reformatted P14N.  George will DQE that line 
          next.  The .sea, .sum, and readme files for these cruises are on 
          whpo in /usr/export/ftp/pub/WHPO/S_ANDERSON/P12 or P14N."

02/10/99  Mantyla      NUTs/S/O  DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
          
09/14/99  Rosenberg    NO2+NO3         no separate nitrite data
          "For P11A (09AR9391_2), there's no separate nitrite data, only 
          total nitrate+nitrite. In fact the same applies to all our Aurora 
          Australis WOCE cruises."

09/20/99  Rintoul      CTD             Data are Public
          "All the CTD data associated with me should be made public.  I 
          thought we had taken care of this earlier, but it appears not.  
          I'm a little unsure how the DQE process is supposed to work.  I 
          think only two of our cruises have so far been DQE'd; if your 
policy is to not release data publicly until it has been DQE'd, 
          then that is OK too."

12/10/99  Rosenberg    BTL             First PI Response to DQE Report

12/17/99  Rosenberg    BTL             Changes made by PI following DQE 

12/23/99  Rosenberg    CFCs/NUTs/TSO   Data are Public
          "Submitted new CFC data file. ""You can also make all the data for 
          that cruise public."""

03/24/00  Schlosser    He/Tr           Data are Public
          "as mentioned in my recent message, we will release our data with 
          a flag that indicates that they are not yet final. We started the 
          process of transferring the data and we will continue with the 
          transfer during the next weeks. I had listed the expected order of 
          delivery in my last message."

04/26/00  Bartolacci   Cruise ID       p12 designation changed to s03
          "After DPC meeting April, 2000 it was decided to delete P12 from 
          Pacific table and move data to S03.  this was done and S03 was 
          added to the southern onetime lines."

09/06/00  Uribe        BTL/SUM         Data Update
          There is a version online of S. Anderson's revised data.  However 
          Mark Rosenberg submitted more recent files that contain Quality 2 
          data."

12/04/00  Tilbrook     ALKALI/TCARBN   Submitted
          "A comma separated file is attached that contains the DIC and 
          alkalinity data for the SR3 line and the part of the S4 line we 
          did from about 120E to meet the S4P line near the Ross Sea (CTD2 - 
          57). The SR3 line starts about CTD 58.  Missing data is represented 
          by -9, the nitrite column shows all ""-9"". The quality control 
          flags conform to the WOCE standard, but are in individual columns. 
          This file was used by the US carbon group in their crossover 
          analysis for the Pacific. According to Chris Sabine (who put the 
          quality control flags in WOCE standards format), our data are in 
          good shape. As far as I am aware there are no corrections applied 
          to our DIC or alkalinity data. By the way, Chris sent me a file 
          where he had combined the carbon and CFC data from John Bullister 
          and Mark Warner. I guess Mark and John are giving you their data 
          and if so, I can send the file with the CFC data in it.  I will try 
          and get the P11S carbon data to you in the next few weeks.  For now, 
          please do not make these data public access."

12/05/00  Diggs        ALKALI/TCARBN   Reformatting Needed; given to S. Anderson
          "I have received the Carbon data for S04-SR03 (09AR9404_1) from 
          Bronte Tilbrook (CSIRO) via Lynne Talley yesterday.  Although the 
          data are not in the WOCE format, there's enough information in 
          them to make a WOCE-style bottle file which will enable us to 
          merge these data into the existing bottle file."

12/05/00  Diggs        DOC             Website Updated
          New DOC online  "I have updated the very outdated DOC file with 
          updated MS Word docs that were just sitting around. Now, the docs 
          look better and I've added J. Bullister's 1997 CFC docs to the new 
          PDF file online."

06/21/01  Uribe        BTL             Website Updated; CSV File Added
          Bottle file in exchange format was put online.

10/15/01  Diggs        CTD             Data Reformatted
          CTD had duplicate files in the ZIP archive and I have removed the 
          extra files. Re-zipped the remainder and replaced the online zip 
          CTD archive file.

12/24/01  Uribe        CTD             Website Updated; CSV File Added
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online. Empty section ID's were filled in with AUR from R/V AURORA 
          AUSTRALIS.

01/03/02  Hajrasuliha  CTD             Internal DQE completed
          made .ps files. & *check.txt file.

01/31/02  Kozyr        ALKALI/TCARBN   Final data rec'd @WHPO
          "I have put 3 data files in WHPO ftp INCOMING area. These files 
          are the final CO2-related data and quality flags for WOCE sections 
          A14 (L'ATALANTE 35A3CITHER3/1), A13 (L'ATALANTE  35A3CITHER3/2), 
          and SR03/S04 (P12, 09AR9404_1)."

05/14/02  Anderson     ALKALI          Data Merged into BTL file
          Here are my notes on merging TCARBN and ALKALI for S03:Added 
          TCARBN and ALKALI from file sent by Bronte Tilbrook to Lynne 
          Talley.  Found in:
          whpo.ucsd.edu/data/onetime/southern/s03/original/2000.12.04_SR03_C
          ARBON_TILBROOK.DIR/s04-sr03_carbon.csvMerged into online file 
          s03hy.txt  19900105WHPOSIOSA

05/14/02  Anderson     TCARBN          Data Merged into BTL file
          "Data merged into online file, new CSV file added"  Merged TCARBN 
          and ALKALI into online file. Made new exchange file. Added TCARBN 
          and ALKALI from file sent by Bronte Tilbrook to Lynne Talley.  
          Found in:
          whpo.ucsd.edu/data/onetime/southern/s03/original/2000.12.04_SR03
          _CARBON_TILBROOK.DIR/s04-sr03_carbon.csvMerged into online file 
          s03hy.txt  19900105WHPOSIOSA

06/11/02  Kozyr        ALKALI          Alkalinity and quality flags submitted
          Bronte Tilbrook from CSIRO has sent me new (corrected) Total 
          Alkalinity values and quality flags for the Section SR03_S04 cruise 
          (EXPOCODE 09AR9404_1 WHP-ID P12 (S04/SR03)  DATES 121394 TO 
          020295). I've made a merging of new data into the CDIAC data set 
          for this cruise. I've put the final data file into your ftp 
          /INCOMING area for you to change your data set alk numbers and 
          quality flags.

06/12/02  Anderson     ALKALI          BTL, csv & exchange files updated
          "Data merged into online file, new CSV file online"  Merged new 
          ALKALI data submitted by Kozyr into online file 
          (20020514WHPOSIOSA). Made new exchange file. 

10/03/02  Kappa        DOC             Compiled final PDF/TXT files
          New DOCs online.  I have updated the very outdated DOC files with 
          new PDF and Text docs that were just sitting around. Now, the docs 
          look better and I've added CTD, BTL and 14C DQE reports, as well as PI
          response to the BTL DQE report and his corrections.  Apparently the
          text version was not previously put online as stated above.  

          Old PDF doc required extensive reformatting because the bottom lines 
          of many pages were cut off.

          In addition to the new reports I reformatted and added, both the PDF 
          and  TXT docs now have a first page summary of the cruise; a table of 
          contents; and these data processing notes.  

          The new PDF doc also has links between the figures, tables and 
          appendices and each text reference to them.  There are also links from 
          each item in the table of contents to the related text passages.  As a 
          final navigation aid I've added "thumbnails" for each page.

