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CRUISE REPORT: A12
(Updated JAN 2012)



1.  HIGHLIGHTS

                          CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

          WOCE Section Designation  A12
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  06AQ200211_2
                  Chief Scientists  Eberhard Fahrbach/AWI
                             Dates  2002 NOV 24 - 2003 JAN 23
                              Ship  R/V Polarstern
                     Ports of call  Cape Town, South Africa

                                             39°3.35'S
             Geographic Boundaries  0°6.74'W           25°14.03'E
                                             69°53.08'S

                          Stations  100
      Floats and drifters deployed  9 RAFOS floats deployed
    Moorings deployed or recovered  9 moorings recovered & re-deployed

                          Recent Contact Information:

                               Eberhard Fahrbach
            Alfred Wegener Institute für Polar- und Meeresforschung
        Bussestrasse 24 • D-27570 Bremerhaven (Building F-214) • GERMANY
               Phone: +49(471)4831-1820 • Fax: +49(471)4831-1797
                       Email: Eberhard.Fahrbach@awi.de





2.  THE EXPEDITION ANTARKTIS-XX/2
    Cape Town - Cape Town
    November 24, 2002 to January 23, 2003


2.1  SUMMARY AND ITINERARY
     Dieter K. Fütterer

The second leg of RV POLARSTERN expedition ANT-XX was devoted to a 
multidisciplinary research programme in the eastern Weddell Sea and Riiser 
Larsen Sea. It focused on oceanographical, geochemical and sedimentological 
projects carried out along two transects, from north to south along the Prime 
Meridian and from south to north along 23° longitude east (Figure 2.1-1). 
Apart from the scientific programme, the - as early as possible in the season 

- supply of Neumayer and Kohnen stations and the logistic support of AWI polar 
aircrafts as well as research projects at Neumayer played an important role 
on this leg. Its scheduling was done on site absolutely depending on sea-ice 
conditions.

A major goal of the hydrographic investigations was the recovery (after two 
years of deployment) and redeployment of nine mooring systems along the Prime 
Meridian in the framework of the WECCON project (Weddell Sea convection 
control) which was started already in 1996. This project was complemented by 
a complete CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) and water sampling 
programme along the Prime Meridian and along 23° longitude east for Carbon 
dioxide investigations, CFC tracers, naturally radionuclide tracers and 
chlorophyll and particle flux investigations as well as for a small 
biological project dealing with virioplankton and oligotrophic bacteria.

The marine geological investigations concentrated mainly to sediment coring 
and sampling of a channel-levee system on the continental slope of the 
southern Riiser Larsen Sea (see GeoBox in Figure 2.1-1). Swath sonar 
bathymetric measurements with the Hydrosweep system planned to contribute to 
the AWI Bathymetric Chart of the Weddell Sea (BCWS) and subbottom 
echosounding profiling with the Parasound system in support of the 
sedimentological project were only partially successful due to very specific 
obligations by the German Federal Office for the Environment (UBA) for 
operating all hydro acoustic devices, e.g. echosounding systems. However, 
extensive experience was gathered on the efforts and needs to run a permanent 
passive acoustic and visual monitoring of marine mammals while doing acoustic 
profiling (see Chapter 2.4).

RV POLARSTERN set sail in the evening of November 24, 2002 with an 
international team of 51 scientists and technicians from seven countries, PR 
China, Germany, Greece, Mexico, The Netherlands, South Africa, United 
Kingdom, and 43 crew and left the harbour of Cape Town (South Africa) on a 
south westerly course heading for the Prime Meridian at 51 degree latitude 
south (Figure 2.1-1).

Fine weather and calm sea conditions during the first days of the cruise 
enabled POLARSTERN to make good progress. After leaving the South African 
EEZ, a continuous en-route bathymetric and acoustic sediment profiling survey 
was started using the ship's swath sounding Hydrosweep system and the 
Parasound system, respectively. On November 26, a test station for the 
CTD/rosette system at 39°33'S, 11°05'E and a towing test at different speed 
of the hydrophone streamer system for acoustic mammals monitoring were 
carried out successfully.


Figure 2.1-1: Cruise track of RV POLARSTERN during ANT-XX/2


Regular hydrographic station work started on November 27, along the TOPEX / 
POSEIDON ground track #133 along which two pressure inverted echosounders 
(PIES) were deployed. At regular distance of about 70 nautical miles a CTD 
(Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) sonde and attached rosette water sampler 
were used to provide the various projects with hydrographic data and water 
samples. Strong gale during these days, lasting until December 04, caused 
difficult working conditions. Two CTD stations had to be cancelled because of 
heavy sea state.

The Prime Meridian was reached on November 30, to continue CTD and rosette 
sampling at regular distances of half degree latitude or 30 nautical miles 
from 50°S to 69°S as part of the WECCON (Weddell Sea Convection Control) 
project. As a major component of WECCON, nine mooring systems deployed two 
years ago along the Prime Meridian were to be recovered and redeployed. The 
first mooring system was recovered under extremely difficult sea state 
conditions on December 01. The first attempt to deploy the new system had to 
be stopped. It was successfully deployed only later the next day when sea 
state conditions had improved slightly.

First icebergs were sighted in the morning of December 04, and the ice edge 
consisting of dense but loosely packed drift-ice was met unexpectedly far 
north, at about 56°30'S during the afternoon of the same day. Ice coverage 
intensified and increased from 5-7 tenths to 8-9 tenths while CTD station work 
progressively moved south. Wind force decreased, and together with moderately 
strong coverage of relatively soft and thin one-year ice, working conditions 
changed considerably to the better.

On December 07, crossing 60° south latitude, POLARSTERN entered the area 
under the Antarctic Treaty legislation. To perform the special requirements 
laid down by the German Federal Office of the Environment (UBA) for operating 
the swath sonar Hydrosweep and sediment echosounder Parasound systems and all 
other hydroacoustic devices scientists set up a passive acoustic as well as a 
visual monitoring of marine mammals. Once marine mammals, seals or whales, 
were sighted or recorded, the ship's sonar systems (Hydrosweep swath sounder 
and Parasound subbottom echosounder) had to be shut down for a certain period 
and reactivated only if no other mammal had been sighted meanwhile. 
Especially the visual monitoring increased the general watch keeping duties 
for all scientists tremendously.

CTD station work was continued until December 10, at 64°S, west of Maud Rise 
where a mooring system was recovered and deployed before POLARSTERN at almost 
midnight shaped course for Atka Bay and Neumayer Station. Very convenient ice 
conditions, 4/10 of ice coverage and wide open water made good headway. Ice 
conditions changed to the worse during December 11, when thick flows of 
strongly ridged multi-year ice with a thick snow cover became more and more 
predominant. Tough ice conditions prevailed until the next morning when the 
dense pack ice opened slowly and POLARSTERN reached the wide open coastal 
polynya stretching from 5°W to 15°W (see Figure 2.3-la).

Late in the evening of December 12. POLARSTERN arrived at Atka Iceport which - 
according with the early season - was completely covered by a complete and 
intact ice cover. By midnight the ship came alongside the exposed 
"Nordanleger" in the lee of a huge grounded iceberg where the ice-edge reaches 
a height of approximately 12 m. Cargo operations started early in the morning 
of December 13, and - meeting fine weather conditions - were finished in the 
late afternoon of December 14. While the vessel stayed at the "Nordanleger" 
satellite transmitters were mounted during helicopter flights on three 
suitable icebergs for tracking them during melting Supported by helicopter, 
two hydroacoustic experiments to record seal songs from open leads in the sea 
ice cover of Atka Bay were carried out as well. Other scientists and crew 
that had riot visited Neumayer Station before took the chance of a helicopter 
shuttle to the station.

Late in the evening of December 14, POLARSTERN left Atka Bay and steamed 
through the widely open waters of the polynya on northeasterly course along 
the ice edge for the Prime Meridian at about 69°S, slightly north of 
Trolltunga. Shortly before midnight POLARSTERN met with the Russian research 
vessel ACADEMIC FEDOROV which passed nearby on her way for Neumayer Station. 
Between December 15 and 20 intensive CTD station work and sediment sampling 
along the Prime Meridian from 69°20'S to 64°S in the western Lazarev Sea was 
carried out. Additionally, four mooring systems were recovered and deployed 
and a 19 m long piston core was recovered at 61°S. Improving ice conditions 
changed from heavy pack and 8-10 tenths coverage in the south to almost open 
water in the north, and made station work increasingly easier. By means of a 
number of helicopter flights four icebergs between 69°S and 64°S were marked 
by satellite transmitters.

From December 21 through December 26 a transect of hydrographic CTD stations 
and geological multi-corer stations was sampled at regular distances of 38 
nautical miles each, from the Prime Meridian at 61°S, north of Maud Rise, to 
66°26'S, 15°55'E east of the Astrid Ridge in the western Riiser Larsen Sea. A 
sound-source mooring was deployed at 64°31'S, 09°50'E and at 64°53'S, 10°57'E 
use of the in-situ pump system was made for sampling large volume samples for 
natural radionuclide tracers. Regular sampling was interrupted from December 
24 to 25 to celebrate the Christmas Eve.

From December 26 to January 06 Hydrosweep bathymetric swath sonar profiling 
for areal mapping of erosional channels and Parasound sediment profiling for 
mapping the thickness of the sedimentary cover and identifying suitable 
sediment coring sites were carried out in parallel with sediment sampling by 
gravity corer and multi-corer (MUC) in the so called GeoBox in the southern 
Riiser Larsen Sea. Regular CTD station work was continued to extend the 
hydrographic transect started at the Prime Meridian to the southeast as far 
as to 69°55'S, 25°30'E near the ice shelf edge of the Prinsesse Ragnhild 
Kyst. There, ice surveys by helicopter along the shelf ice edge revealed 8-9 
tenths coverage of thick multi-year ice extending far to the west in the 
direction for the Astrid Ridge. Therefore, it was decided on December 30, not 
to take direct course to Erskinebukta in the west but to choose a more 
northerly course where thinner one-year ice eased the ice conditions, as 
experienced the days before. The New Year's Eve was celebrated while 
transiting from the eastern to the western part of Riiser Larsen Sea.

On January 02, 2003 an acoustic experiment to record and distinguish sounds 
of marine mammals, e.g. seals, without the strong background noise of RV 
POLARSTERN was carried out using one of POLARSTERN's life boats in the 
drift-ice zone of the northern Riiser Larsen Sea. Sediment profiling in the 
GeoBox in general but specifically in the densely ice covered area of the 
southern Riiser Larsen Sea near the shelf ice edge was severely hampered by 
complying with the specific environmental restrictions of the German Federal 
Environmental Office (UBA) for the use of active acoustical devices.

From January 07 through the afternoon of January 15 intensive hydrographic as 
well geoscientific sampling was carried out along 23° east longitude. 
CTD/rosette and fluorometer casts were taken regularly each half degree 
latitude or 30 nm in distance, Long piston cores and surface samples by 
multi-corer were taken on selected sites at 60 to 90 nm distance, precise 
locations identified from existing Hydrosweep and Parasound records or from 
online surveys where available according to environmental injunctions. 
Station work was generally favoured by calm weather conditions. However, 
piston coring in greater water depths, deeper than 5000 m, was substantially 
hampered by high swell during January 10 to 12. Hydrosweep swath sounding and 
Parasound sediment profiling was carried out continuously north of 60°S.

An exceptional event occurred on January 15 when during station work for 
several hours altogether more than 20 Humpback whales played around the 
vessel showing not dread of the vessel itself and of ongoing sampling 
activities or of active sonar systems.

During the night from January 15 to January 16 the hydrographic transect 
along 23°E was finished at 53°S In the same night a large low pressure system 
caused fresh gale and heavy sea preventing POLARSTERN from further piston 
coring. A fundamental decision was required how to spend the remaining 

station time of the cruise, to wait on site for increasing weather conditions 
to proceed with piston coring along 23°E or to escape as fast as possible to 
the north to sample the Agulhas system around 40°S with CTD and in-situ pumps 
for a hydrographical-geochemical project and to sample additional piston cores 
en route where feasible. POLARSTERN left the area around 52°S and sailed 
north assisted by strong southerly winds and swell astern.

During daytime of January l8 to January 2l the waters of the Agulhas 
Retroflection and associated gyre system of the Agulhas Rings at 40 to 36°S 
and 20 to 14°E were sampled on four long-lasting stations by in-situ pumps and 
CTD while night-time was used for transit between stations. Refreshing winds 
and swell and strong currents during January 19 caused difficult working 
conditions on station, cancellation of CTD casts and delayed beginning of 
station work on January 20. Bright sunshine and calm sea saw the final 
station work of this cruise when the last CTD came on board in the late 
afternoon of January 21, After 60 days at sea and a distance of about 8100 
nautical miles, RV POLARSTERN arrived on schedule in Cape Town in the early 
morning of January 23, 2003.


2.2  WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING ANT-XX/2 
     Hans-Arnold Pols

Shortly after leaving Cape Town RV POLARSTERN encountered a narrow line of 
strong winds reaching gale force; caused by a pressure gradient between the 
South Atlantic subtropical high and a small low off the coast of Namibia. 
During the first night at sea. wind increased up to force 9 Bft. On November 
26, following a calm passage of the subtropical high, the ship entered the 
zone of westerly winds between 40 and 60°S. From that time on it was affected 
on several occasions by intense depressions, rapidly moving eastward in the 
zonal flow.

On November 30 POLARSTERN reached the Greenwich Meridian. On that day a 
cyclone, with a pressure of 960 hPa at its centre, crossed the vessel's 
course. At the back of this low the wind increased up to force 10 to 11 Bft, 
with gusts of force 12 Bft. The wind remained at force 8 for several days 
after the passage of this storm, with continued westerly cyclonic flow. On 
December 03 another intense low pressure system passed the ship. Near the 
centre of that low a measurement of 945 hPa was recorded. This proved to be 
the lowest pressure reading of the cruise. However, the wind at force 9 Bft 
did not reach the same intensity as before. When this depression moved 
eastward, a region with weak pressure gradients was entered. In this region 
the ship was affected by winds with mean values of force 5 Bft, and the swell 
reduced proportionally.

On December 04 POLARSTERN reached the sea-ice edge off the Antarctic coast. 
The sea ice considerably damped the swell. In the following weeks the ship 
faced continuous pack-ice conditions. These were coped with successfully. 
Intensive depressions, moving on a Northerly path, were met but these did not 
affect the work on POLARSTERN. Wind speed reached force 6 to 7 Bft for some 
periods.

In mid December, the Neumayer-Station was supplied under a weak high pressure 
influence and nearly moderate winds. The following week POLARSTERN headed 
back northwards following the Prime Meridian. Between a ridge of high 
pressure, reaching from the South Atlantic to the Weddell Sea, and a westward 
moving depression at the Riiser Larsen Sea, wind increased up to force 8 Bft. 
on December 21. The ship then found open water in a polynya close to 62°S.

Altering course to south east for the Riiser Larsen Sea, and making for the 
GeoBox working area, a ridge of high pressure crossed the route. Weak 
pressure differences then prevailed until the beginning of January. In the 
first week of the New Year, air pressure varied only 8 hPa between low and 
high. During that time wind only rarely reached force 6 Bft. The easterly 
flow prevailed with force 4 to 5 Bft. during Christmas and from January 4 to 
6 calm conditions was observed with the sea as smooth as a mirror. This 
coincided with periods of low ceiling and poor visibility, occasionally 
accompanied by fog and snowfall. Dense multi-year sea-ice made work more 
difficult on reaching Prinsesse Ragnhild Kyst.

By January 10, 2003 RV POLARSTERN had reached 63.5°S, 23.5°E. Now in open 
water and heading northwards again, the course was affected by a low which 
then developed into a dominating feature. About evening the wind had 
increased up to force 8 to 9 Bft. with associated wave-heights of 4-5 m. For 
the next few days, and into the third week of January, the ship stayed near 
to the centre of that low. Although wind strengths decreased, wave heights of 
4 m were still prevalent.

On January 15 an intense low developed from a wave disturbance and passed to 
the north of the ships cruise. Wind increased from force 2 Bft, at noon to 
force 9 to 10 Bft, by midnight. The south-westerly storm lasted until the 
evening of the following day. Later, the wind decreased a little, due to a 
weak ridge of high pressure, but another intense depression then approached 
from the west.

For the rest of its continuing cruise to the north RV POLARSTERN met stormy 
northerly winds. The cold-front of a low was trailing in the north and several 
wave disturbances developed. The low's influence extended up to the latitude 
of 35°S. Ahead of the front, on January 18 north-westerly winds of force 8 
Bft., with gusts reaching gale force, were observed. After the passage of the 
front, RV POLARSTERN entered the trough of the same intense low. Here the 
ship was affected by wind speeds of force 9 to 10 Bft., and with gusts up to 
force 12. Wave heights of 8 m and more were encountered, with very short 
wave-periods. During January 20 these conditions improved only slowly. 
However, bright sunshine and calm sea prevailed during station work the 
following days and on arrival in Cape Town in the morning of January 23, 
2003.


Figure 2.2-1: Time series of wind speed and directions during RV POLARSTERN 
              cruise ANT-XX/2.


2.3  SHIP-BASED OBSERVATION OF SEA ICE THICKNESS AND CHARACTERISTICS
     Olaf Klatt, lsmael Nunes, Sandy J. Thomalla and Sebastian Wahl

The sea-ice thickness distribution is a fundamental parameter for defining the 
extent of ocean-atmosphere interaction within the sea ice zone. It cannot be 
measured remotely; hence the need for in situ measurements to determine the 
distribution and thickness of different ice types within the pack ice zone. 
As a contribution to the to the multidisciplinary Antarctic sea ice zone 
research project ASPeCt (Antarctic Sea ice Processes and Climate) a standard 
set of observations were made almost hourly from the bridge of RV POLARSTERN. 
These include the ship's position and an estimate of the aerial ice coverage, 
thickness, floe size, topography and snow cover of the three dominant ice 
thickness categories within a radius of approximately 0.5 nautical miles of 
the ship. The ice thickness classification is shown in Table 2.3-1. 
Furthermore, the meteorological conditions such as air and water temperature, 
wind speed and direction, cloud cover and visibility were recorded at every 
observation. The entire data set, which consists of about 300 single 
observations, is submitted to ASPeCt.


Table 2.3-1: Ice thickness classifications used for the ship-based 
             observations

                     Ice Type              Ice Thickness (m)
                     --------------------  -----------------
                     Classification  
                     
                            ⎛ Frazil
                     new    | Shuga        <0.1
                     ice    | Grease
                            ⎝ Nilas  
                     
                     pancakes              no defined range
                     young grey ice        0.10-0.15
                     young grey-white ice  0.15-0.3
                     first year ice        0.3-0.7
                     first year ice        0.7-1.2
                     first year ice        >1.2
                     multi-year ice        <10
                     brash                 no defined range
                     fast ice              <2
    

At noon on December 4, 2002 RV POLARSTERN reached the ice edge at 56.5°S and 
0.0°E. Satellite images showed, at this time almost the whole Weddell Sea was 
covered with ice (Figure 2.3-la), but two areas of low ice concentrations 
(polynyas) can be identified at the cruise track. The first is located at the 
Prime Meridian (64°S), the second at about 10°W 70°S close to the shelf ice 
off Ekström Ice Shelf. During December the ice has vanished over almost the 
entire area of investigation and only an ice field at about 10°E in front of 
the Riiser Larsen Ice Shelf is visible (Figure 2.3-1b).

As an example of ship-based observations, the aerial ice coverage and 
thickness for the Prime Meridian is shown in Figure 2.3-2. At the northern end 
of the Prime Meridian (56- to 62°S) the mean total ice coverage was roughly 
60%. The dominant ice type was first year ice with a thickness of around 50 
cm. Both the ice coverage and thickness between 62-64°S were very low and the 
polynya could be identified (Figure 2.3-1). South of 67°S the first year ice 
became denser with up to 90% aerial coverage and increased in thickness to 
150 cm. RV POLARSTERN left the ice on the afternoon of the January 3, 2003.


Figure 2.3-1: Total ice concentration of the Weddell Sea at (a) December 11, 
              2002 and (b) January 6, 2003

Figure 2.3-2: Ice cover (a) and thickness of ship-based observations at the 
              Prime Meridian



2.4  OBSERVATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE MAMMALS
     Wolfgang Dinter and Gerd Kuhn

The obligations for marine mammal monitoring and observation as a mitigation 
measure related to the permissions for high powered acoustic devices as 
Hydrosweep and Parasound during POLARSTERN research cruise ANT-XX/2 provided 
the rare possibility to get a widely full-time survey of marine mammals along 
the ship's track as a byproduct.

The spotting rate is believed to be quite high due to the high deployment of 
manpower even though most observers were initially not experienced in this 
task. This resulted in a relatively high number of spottings where species 
initially were not identified but it gave an overlook about abundance and 
distribution patterns.

The visual survey width depended strongly on visibility/visible range (sea 
state, weather conditions, ice-cover, ridges on ice-floes) and heights of 
platform but was generally good for identification up to a radius of 500 m 
around the ship and decreased with distance due to the factors mentioned.

Observations began already on November 27, 2002 at 43°37'S 7°60'E for 
training purposes while steaming SW towards the Prime Meridian transect, 
although it was obligatory only for the Antarctic Treaty Area south of 60°S 
which was reached on late December 7. After leaving the Antarctic Treaty Area 
on January 11, 2003 observations were made only occasionally until reaching 
Cape Town on January 23, 2003.

Additional marine mammal records could be made from >600 nm surveys on six 
helicopter flights in the region between 67-70°13'S and 14°56'-25°14'E.


METHODS

Observation was done by scientists and technicians (mainly oceanographers, 
geologists, and geochemists) besides their other regular duties and work 
programmes. Each observation turn lasted in general no longer than two hours, 
to avoid fatigue of observers. Position of the observers was generally on the 
bridge, ~19 m plus eye's heights above water level, and voluntarily in some 
cases for one observer on the crows nest, ~28 m plus eye's heights above 
water level. Numerous binoculars (Steiner 7 x 50) for distant observation 
were available throughout the bridge area.

Initially, marine mammal watch-keeping was conducted with three observers, but 
according to a change in the observing obligations, after December 21, 14:00 
UTC, general observation was made by two observers during transit and by one 
observer while on station.

Observation was cancelled during hours of darkness in more northerly 
latitudes and on very long stations, where the acoustic devices were shut 
down. Observation was also cancelled or took place only with a reduced 
personnel of one observer during times when the acoustic device were shut 
down on some transit transects due to too many mammals and/or already known 
sea bottom structure and at times where it was intended to avoid the streamer 
to be damaged in too heavy ice.


ASSESSMENT OF THE OBSERVATION EFFORT

Generally it was obvious that the detection rate and observation quality is depending on:

A) physical optic: • visibility or visible range (sea state, weather   
                     conditions, ice-cover, ridges on ice-floes),
                   • height of platform (seals rested frequently behind 
                     ridges on ice floes / whales in wavy seas → detectable 
                     from the crows nest but sometimes not from the bridge; 
                   • state of windows of bridge and crows nest: in open water 
                     frequently covered by spray and salt,

B) observers:      • motivation (such as personal interest or conflict of 
                     interests),
                   • experience,
                     → detection rate,
                     → behavioural documentation,
                     → behavioural assessment,
                     → contrary interpretations;
                   • individual visual ability (e.g. short-sighted vision),
                   • number of observers.


EVALUATION OF THE SIGHTINGS IN RELATION TO DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR

Although there were regions without any marine mammal sightings along the 
ship's track it was obviously, that there are patterns of abundance and 
distribution clearly correlated with patterns of ice-cover and therefore with 
the seasonal variation. General Antarctic marine mammal abundance and 
distribution patterns could be confirmed for the surveyed area through this 
intense observation.

Most whales enter Antarctic waters with the seasonal breaking up of the 
pack-ice and further melting of the drift-ice and thus are found in higher 
numbers at ice-edges and along fringes of open water areas even though some 
whales are reported to over-winter at polynyas and leads.

There are only few records of young or juvenile whales in Antarctica. 
Therefore, it was surprising to spot one juvenile humpback whale (Megaptera 
novaeangliae) together with two adults already on December 3 at 54°01.5'S, 
0°06.7'W relatively close to the northern ice-edge.

Whales (Minke, Humpback) approached R/V POLARSTERN exclusively only on 
station but all sighted species showed a behaviour range from being 
unaffected over avoidance to flight responses during transit cruise of the 
ship. This corresponds well with the general behaviour of Minke whales 
described at Richardson et al. (1995, p: 272 and references therein). Flight 
responses could not be related to the use of the different hydroacoustic 
systems because these were immediately shut down with any spotting. Those 
Minke whales that approached the ship could clearly be identified as 
belonging to the southern species Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera 
bonaerensis).

Even though there were spotted many Minke whales or like Minke whales" alone 
(Table 2.4-1), the mean sighting number was 2.44 whales per sighting

Weddell seals (Leptonychotes woddellii) were most numerous in colony-like 
assemblages on fast ice and pack-ice along coastal polynyas. Leopard seals 
(Hydrurga leptonyx) appeared to be mostly at the outer ice-edge or at the 
fringe of coastal polynyas and larger open water patches while Ross seals 
(Ommatophoca rossii) were seen in areas of denser ice-cover. Crabeater seals 
(Lobodon carcinophagus) were spread throughout the entire ice-belt and were as 
well as the two species mentioned last mostly encountered alone (mean 
sighting rate of all seal species 1.36) and resting/sleeping behind 
ice-ridges. All seals of all species resting on ice reacted to the ship 
passing by either by no reactions at all or by waking up and sometimes 
associated with a threatening gesture (raising head and open mouth) or by a 
short flight response on the ice. Short range (2-7 m) flight response was 
nearly exclusively on ice and from 358 shipboard sightings only three times 
into the water. On the other hand a few (three) seals fled out of the water 
onto ice-floes in the immediate vicinity of the ship when it approached. The 
assumption related to this behaviour is that Antarctic seals during evolution 
never had terrestrial (on ice) predators but in the water in contrast to all 
northerly seals that typically flee into the water due to their main enemies 
(humans, polar bears) on land (on ice).


REFERENCE

Richardson, W.J., Greene, C.R., Malme, C.J. & Thomson, D.H. (1995): Marine 
    Mammals and Noise.- Academic Press, San Diego.



Table 2.4-1: Summary of marine mammals observations.

Shipboard sightings
  Watchkeeping. 27.11.02  10:00 - 10.01.03.  15:40; 333 sightings from 
  shipboard, it was always counted the higher number when not indicated 
  exactly; (d = definitely, pr = probably, po = possibly
  
           |      |      |   |    t |      |      |      |      |      |      |      
           |      |      |   | S  l | A    |      |      |      |      |      |      
           | U    |      | M | o  e | m    |      | U    |      |      |      |      
           | n    | L    | i | u  n | o    |      | n    | C    |      |      |      
           | i    | i    | n | t  o | u    | H    | i    | r    | W    |      | L     
           | d  w | k  w | k | h  s | x' w | u  w | d  s | a  s | e  s | R  s | e  s 
           | e  h | e  h | e | e  e | s  h | m  h | e  e | b  e | d  e | o  e | o  e 
           | n  a |    a |   | r    |    a | p  a | n  a | e  a | d  a | s  a | p  a  
           | t  l | M  l | w | n  w | B  l | b  l | t  l | a  l | e  l | s  l | a  l 
           | i  e | i  e | h |    h | e  e | a  e | i  s | t  s | l  s |    s | r  s 
           | f  s | n  s | a | B  a | a  s | c  s | f    | e    | l    |      | d    
           | i    | k    | l | o  l | k    | k    | i    | r    |      |      |     
           | e    | e    | e | t- e | e    |      | e    |      |      |      |      
           | d    |      | s |    s | d    |      | d    |      |      |      |      
           |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |       
           |      |(pr,  |   |(d,pr,|(d,pr,|(d,pr,|      |(d,pr,|(d,pr,|(d,pr,|(d,pr
           |      |  po) |(d)|   po)|   po)|   po)|      |   po)|   po)|   po)|   po)
-----------|------|------|---|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------
    on ice |      |      |   |      |      |      | 124  | 194  |  23  |  7   |  3
  in water |  25  |  59  | 56|  13  |  7   |   9  |  2   |  2   |  1   |      |
           |      |      |   |      |      |      | 128  | 196  |  24  |      |
           | 171  |      |   |      |      |      | 358  |      |      |      |
           | 529  |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
       
  171 Whales in 70 sightings (171/70, average 2.44); 
  358 Seals in 263 sightings (358/263, average 136); 
  529 Marine Mammals sighted from shipboard (529/333, average 159) 


Sightings on 6 helicopter transectflights/triangular courses

                Minke   uniden-  Crabeater   Weddell     Ross      Leopard    lengths 
                whales  tified     seals      seals      seals      seals    of survey 
  Flight         (d)    seals    (d,pr,po)  (d,pr,po)  (d,pr,po)  (d,pr,po)    flight         waypoints
  ----------    ------  -------  ---------  ---------  ---------  ---------  ---------  ----------------------
  27.12.02               13          1          1                     1      134,04 nm  67°18'S     14°59'E
  ice-survey                                                                            68°18,84'S  14°56,6'E
                                                                                        67°18,73'S  14°52,03'E
                                                                                        67°19,96'S  15°25,75'E

  28.12.02        6       3                                1                 109,01 nm  68°01,79'S  20°34,53'E
  snow samples                                                                          68°61,56'S  20°56,44'E
                                                                                        68°35,61'S  21°28,32'E
                                                                                        68°54,47'S  21°54,68'E
                                                                                        68°11,31'S  21°18,17'E

  29.12.02               43          7          1          2                 117,24 nm  68°50,75'S  22°26,8'E
  snow samples                                                                          69°10,38'S  22°27,43'E
                                                                                        69°30,85'S  22°26,5'E
                                                                                        69°50,72'S  22°29,45'E
                                                                                        68°53,58'S  22°39,17'E

  30.12.02               22         63         29          1          1        ~120 nm  69°53,19'S  25°13,62'E
  acoustic                                                                              70°00,91'S  25°01,20'E
  sample at                                                                             70°12,15'S  24°03,87'E
  coastal                                                                               69°53,2'S   25°13,62'E
  polynya    

  31.12.02       32      26                     1                             68,12 nm  68°53,9'S   21°30,74'E
  snow samples                                                                          68°44,09'S  20°42,9'E
                                                                                        68°33,43'S  21°33,68'E
                                                                                        68°15,19'S  21°34,99'E
                                                                                        68°50,75'S  21°9,72'E

  02.01.03        1       2          6                                1       53,21 nm  68°34,1'S   17°12,88'E
  snow samples                                                                          68°35,22'S  17°10,98'E
                                                                                        68°35,53'S  16°17,8'E
                                                                                        68°11,84'S  16°42,75'E
                                                                                        68°18,18'S  16°44,27'E
                  7     115        103         30          6          3      
                  7     257              
                264                
Overall helicopter survey length: ~602 nm = 1115 km; Effective flight survey 
width = ± survey width from shipboard due to flight velocity


CONCLUSIONS

The high number of recorded seals from helicopter is related to the area but 
even more to the heights of the platform, where many seals behind ice-ridges 
might not be detectable from shipboard. The habitat relevance for Weddell 
seals and the general biological importance of the coastal polynya was 
evident. The low number of whales was most probably due to the early season 
and to the related dense ice-cover at this region.


Overall marine mammal sightings during ANT XX-2

                     |      |      |   |    t |      |      |      |      |      |      |      
                     |      |      |   | S  l | A    |      |      |      |      |      |      
                     | U    |      | M | o  e | m    |      | U    |      |      |      |      
                     | n    | L    | i | u  n | o    |      | n    | C    |      |      |      
                     | i    | i    | n | t  o | u    | H    | i    | r    | W    |      | L     
                     | d  w | k  w | k | h  s | x' w | u  w | d  s | a  s | e  s | R  s | e  s 
                     | e  h | e  h | e | e  e | s  h | m  h | e  e | b  e | d  e | o  e | o  e 
                     | n  a |    a |   | r    |    a | p  a | n  a | e  a | d  a | s  a | p  a  
                     | t  l | M  l | w | n  w | B  l | b  l | t  l | a  l | e  l | s  l | a  l 
                     | i  e | i  e | h |    h | e  e | a  e | i  s | t  s | l  s |    s | r  s 
                     | f  s | n  s | a | B  a | a  s | c  s | f    | e    | l    |      | d    
                     | i    | k    | l | o  l | k    | k    | i    | r    |      |      |     
                     | e    | e    | e | t- e | e    |      | e    |      |      |      |      
                     | d    |      | s |    s | d    |      | d    |      |      |      |      
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |       
                     |      |(pr,  |   |(d,pr,|(d,pr,|(d,pr,|      |(d,pr,|(d,pr,|(d,pr,|(d,pr
                     |      |  po) |(d)|   po)|   po)|   po)|      |   po)|   po)|   po)|   po)
---------------------|------|------|---|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------
sightings from       |      |      |   |      |      |      |  124 |  194 |   23 |  7   |   3
shipboard on ice     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
sightings from       |   25 |   59 |56 |  13  |  7   |    9 |    2 |    2 |    1 |      | 
shipboard in water   |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |  128 |  196 |   24 |      | 
                     |  171 |      |   |      |      |      |  358 |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
6 sighting events    |      |      |   |      |      |  ~42 |      |      |      |      | 
from shipboard       |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
after 10.01.03       |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
                     |  213 |      |   |      |      |      |  358 |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
6 helicopter         |      |    7 |   |      |      |      |  115 |  103 |   30 |  6   |   3
surveys              |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |  
                     |      |  220 |   |      |      |      |  615 |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
overall sighted      |      |  835 |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
marine mammals       |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
animals approaching  |      | 11/7 |   |      |      |  3/1 |  1/1 |  2/2 |  1/1 |      | 
the ship on station  |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
27.11.02-10.01.03    |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
                     |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
animals approaching  |      |      |   |      |      | 34/3 |      |      |      |      | 
the ship on station  |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 
after 10.01.03       |      |      |   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | 



2.5  MAX-DOAS MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES FOR SCIAMACHY GROUND TRUTH
     Magdalirii Halasi


On RV POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XX/2, as also on the cruises Ant-XX/1 and /3, 
Heidelberg University runs a MAX-DOAS measurement programme. The main 
objective of these measurements is the identification and concentration of 
minor gases such as BrO, SO2, HCHO, H2O, JO, O3, NO2, OClO, O4 and others.

The South Polar Region and the Atlantic are areas of rare atmospheric 
measurements. That is why the measurements take place in the whole cruise of 
RV POLARSTERN. A very important fact of the measurement is the validation of 
the SCIAMACHY-instrument on the European ENVESAT satellite which started 
during March 2002. One can use the satellite's information only by comparing 
with real measured values. During 1990, 1993 and 2001/2 similar measurements 
were done with great success The method used for the detection of the 
different gases is the DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy). 
This method makes it possible to measure different tropospheric gases in the 
different heights.

On this cruise, due to the fact that there was a big oceanographic activity, 
the measurements were concentrated to a relatively small region. For this 
experiment this fact is a pity but due to the fact that this area is of so 
rare atmospheric observation, the data are of great worth.


2.6  MARINE SOURCES OF REACTIVE ORGANO-IODINES AND BROMINES
     David Wevill


The aim of this project was to investigate the sources of reactive halogen 
radicals such as 0 and BrO. Air monitoring was carried out using an automated 
Perkin Elmer Turbomass GC-MS, The sampling interval was -70 mins and the 
instrument was running 24 h a day excluding blanks and calibrations. Of the 
thirteen species monitored (species include CH3l, CHBr3, CH2Cll and CH212) only 
nine were detected so far and will be measuring for the next leg of the 
cruise. The species not detected were the very short-lived compounds which 
last only 5-20 mins at noon. A few water samples were also taken from 50, 20 
and 11 m (the former pair from CTD and the latter from the seawater pump on 
board). The results obtained need further scrutiny due the possible presence 
of algae in the Millipure water used for blanks.

Later it is hoped that a combination of our data with ocean colour 
information from the SeaWIFFs satellite as well as sea / air temperature can 
help to determine the role of the open ocean as a source or sink for the 
compounds of interest.

Continuous CO measurements were also taken during the cruise with an 
Aerolaser instrument and showed the expected drop in concentration once we 
had moved below the polar circle. Bottle samples were also taken each day 
around noon UTC on the transit to Neumayer for post analysis of non-methane 
hydrocarbons.



2.7  CARBON DIOXIDE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT AND     
     EASTERN WEDDELL GYRE
     Mario Hoppema and Dorothee C.E. Bakker

Modifications of the global carbon cycle, by the burning of fossil fuel and 
changes in land use, have led to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide 
(CO2) which has the potential to increase the greenhouse effect of the 
atmosphere, in turn leading to increased global temperature. The deep oceans 
are, in principle, able to take up almost all of this excess CO2, but only on 
a time scale which is much longer than the one associated with the 
anthropogenic perturbations. This is related to the typical mixing and 
residence times of the deep and bottom waters of the oceans, which are of the 
order of 1000 years. Thus studies in areas where interactions between the 
deep and the surface ocean occur, such as the Southern Ocean with the Weddell 
Sea, are extremely useful for the study of CO2 uptake and its distribution.

While the atmospheric CO2 increase is well documented, the oceanic increase 
is hard to monitor due to the high natural variations and the large amount of 
CO2 present in the oceans. Our overall objective is to trace the 
anthropogenic CO2 in the deep and surface waters of the Antarctic Ocean and 
to investigate what factors exert influence on the CO2 distribution. 
Substantial progress in these issues can only be made when data series become 
available. Data from this cruise will extend the longest combined oceanic 
time series (since 1984) of CO2 and transient tracers, hydrography, nutrients 
and oxygen at the prime meridian.


WORK AT SEA

CO2 parameters have been investigated along a latitudinal section at the 
Prime Meridian, one section northeast to southwest across the Weddell Sea 
from the Prime Meridian to about 23°E, and one quasi-latitudinal section along 
23°E crossing the entire Weddell Gyre at that location (see Figure 2.1-1). 
Parameters that were measured include the total inorganic carbon content 
(TCO2) and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 ). Vertical TCO2 profiles of the 
entire water column were determined from discrete water samples taken from 
the rosette sampler. About 2000 water samples were analyzed, i.e. at almost 
all hydrographic stations, where generally a triplicate analysis was made for 
each sample. The pCO2 was determined in the surface water quasi-continuously 
from the sailing ship.

TCO2 was determined by a high-precision coulometric method using an automated 
sample stripping system. Briefly, the method is as follows. A sample of 
seawater is acidified with phosphoric acid and stripped with high-purity N2 
gas. The extracted CO2 is, with the N2 carrier gas, passed through a solution 
containing ethanolamine and an indicator. This solution is electrochemically 
back-titrated to its original colour and the amount of coulombs generated is 
equivalent to the amount of CO2 in the sample. The measurements are 
calibrated and corrected against an internationally recognized TCO2 standard 
(obtained from Prof. Dickson of Scripps, U.S.A.).

Continuous measurements of the pCO2 in water and marine air were done using an 
infra-red analyzer (Li-Cor). A continuous water supply is passed through an 
equilibrator, where every minute the headspace gas is analyzed for its CO2 
content, thus giving pCO2 in the surface water. Marine air was pumped 
continuously from the crow's nest into the laboratory and sub-sampled every 
three hours. The measurements are calibrated with standard NOAA gases. As the 
pCO2 is strongly dependent on temperature changes, final data will only be 
available pending corrections for the temperature increase of the water while 
flowing from the ship's keel into the laboratory. Analyses of TCO2 and online 
pCO2 were performed using equipment put at our disposal by the Royal 
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ, Texel).

At a few stations pCO2was measured at samples throughout the water column as 
drawn from the rosette. This was done using a discrete pCO2 analysis system 
of the University of East Anglia.


PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Total carbon dioxide

Unfortunately, we cannot as yet present final results for TCO2 and PCO2. Some 
general patterns can be discerned, though. A general feature of the TCO2 
distribution is that, although the TCO2 values in the Southern Ocean surface 
water are high compared to other surface ocean regions, they are low in 
comparison with the deep and bottom water. The TCO2 minimum in the surface 
water is due to phytoplankton which utilises CO2. Below the thermocline, a 
TCO2 maximum is found associated with the temperature maximum of the Warm Deep 
Water (WDW). Near the bottom relatively low TCO2 values were measured in 
Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW). This water mass originates partly from the 
shelf waters of the Weddell Sea, which are low in TCO2.

Partial pressure of CO2

The measurement of pCO2 during the entire cruise period resulted in a large, 
high spatial resolution data set. Mostly modest under- and over-saturation 
were observed in the area of investigation. However, two regions fall outside 
this trend. At the Prime Meridian the region contiguous to the Antarctic 
continent showed dramatic undersaturation. This includes not only the coastal 
area, but also the region further offshore. The other large region with large 
under-saturation is the northeastern Weddell Gyre along 23°E. Such strong 
under-saturation can only be caused by intense phytoplankton primary 
production in these regions.


2.8  INVESTIGATIONS ON PHYSICAL HYDROGRAPHY: WEDDELL SEA CONVECTION CONTROL - WECCON

Since 1996 moorings were deployed along the Prime Meridian (Figure 2.8-1) and 
redeployed every two years, as was done during this cruise. The two 
southernmost moorings covered the area of the coastal current. Westward of 
Maud Rise there are three moorings equipped with temperature-conductivity 
recorders from approximately 250-750 m depth to monitor the change in the 
stratification. This data are imported to study the possible pre-conditioning 
for the occurrence of a polynya. The four northern moorings are at the 
westward flowing branch of the Weddell Gyre and the transition into the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This region is characterized by fronts, 
which also effect the elevation of the sea surface. Thus bottom pressure 
recorders in the three northernmost moorings are used to record the change of 
the sea surface elevation and from these records the shift of the ACC can be 
determined. The sea surface elevation was compared with the satellite sea 
surface height measurements from TOPEX/Poseidon. The ACC was also described 
with the full coverage of temperature conductivity recorders in this region. 
Inverted echo sounders are placed on top of the six southern moorings to 
measure the sea-ice draft and the variability of the yearly sea ice coverage. 
The instrumentation of the deployed moorings (Table 2.8-2) has not changed 
compared to the instrumentation of the recovered moorings (Table 2.8-1) but 
in addition two sound sources have been attached in mooring 229 and 231 at 
850 m depth each. A third sound source was deployed as a single sound source 
mooring near 10°E


Figure 2.8-1: Vertical section along the Prime Meridian with the moored 
              instruments.


Mooring AWI227 to AWI239 are the moorings which have been replaced. In 
addition sound sources were attached in moorings AWI229, AWI231, and in 
AWI240 which is a newly deployed one at 10 °E.

The mooring work started with mooring AWI239 and the first part ends with 
mooring AWI229 before steaming on direct course to Neumayer Station. After 
the supply activities the mooring work was continued from the south, starting 
with mooring AWI233 towards mooring AWI230. The sound source mooring AWI240 
was deployed on the south-east transect to the GeoBox (see Figure 2.1-1). The 
two northern moorings were replaced in open water. Due to rough weather 
conditions the deployment of AWI239 was stopped. The next day conditions 
became slightly better and the deployment could be finished. The sea ice edge 
was found north of AWI227 and at the mooring position the ice coverage ranged 
from 8/10 to 9/10. All further moorings were recovered under extremely closed 
ice cover with only a few small leads. Because the prototype of an acoustic 
unit (TT801) failed, the Posidonia positioning system was used. The 
successful recovery of all moorings during this cruise suggests that 
Posidonia may warrant a complete recovery even under difficult ice 
conditions. It was the first successful use of Posidonia for mooring 
recovery, therefore the following section exemplifies the recovery routine of 
one of our moorings.


2.8.1  MOORING RECOVERY WITH POSIDONIA 

Posidonia is an acoustic ultra short baseline positioning system of the IXSEA 
OCEANO company (France). The transducer array is fixed on a platform to be 
installed in the ships moon pool. The moon pool is locked when breaking 
through the ice. Thus the transducer array can only be installed on station 
and further ice breaking is not possible. Only cautious maneuvering of the 
ship within leads is possible once the transducer array is installed. The 
installation of the transducer array occupies approximately 45 minutes. The 
Posidonia processing unit is connected to the ships navigation system as well 
to the pitch and roll sensors. The system was operated from a PC with special 
positioning software. The system is able to track acoustic transponders which 
can be placed on underwater vehicles or in moorings. These transponders must 
be Posidonia compatible transmitting multi frequency shifted key (MFSK). One 
of the moorings double releases can transmit MFSK and also one transponder at 
the moorings top. Thus it was possible to position and track at least one 
unit. The release command can be generated for Posidonia compatible releases. 
The PC was placed on the bridge and therefore one can directly communicate 
with the navigation officer during the mooring positioning and release.

The transducer array was installed when RV POLARSTERN had reached a lead 
close to the mooring location. Afterwards the positioning software was 
started and the transponder/releaser set-ups were loaded into the program 
from the configuration file, which is needed for Posidonia compatible 
transponders. Before the transponders can reply on their specific interrogate 
frequency for positioning, an enable command has to be transmitted. When this 
command is confirmed, the main positioning routine starts. It shows two 
graphs for plotting the horizontal and vertical distances between the ship 
and the transponder. Another window displays the calculated transponder 
position in latitude, longitude and depth in meters. There is also a status 
window, showing which of the four receivers detected a signal from the 
transponder. An interrogate signal was transmitted every five seconds. As 
soon as all four receivers have detected a reply from the transponder, its 
position is displayed. For moorings that have been deployed with the anchor 
first, the position measured with Posidonia was the same as being noticed 
after the deployment. For moorings that have been deployed in open water with 
anchor last, it was found that the position was not very far off the 
calculated position. Once Posidonia has found the position of the mooring the 
navigation officer sets a marker from this position or the radar screen, 
which shows the surrounding sea ice field. If the mooring was in a region of 
heavy sea-ice coverage the mooring was not released. Instead the ice drift 
was observed to find a lead passing the mooring. As soon as a lead has 
reached the mooring position a release command was send. This can be done 
directly from the Posidonia software. After the release positioning was 
continued and the Posidonia PC-display shows decreasing transponder depth. It 
occurred that the moorings top-floats appeared directly in the assumed 50 m 
wide lead. Because the mooring will drift with the current, which may set 
differently than the drifting sea ice, the mooring can miss the lead. In this 
case the positions from the Posidonia system help to fix the region to search 
for float packages, which may appear between the ice flows.

Even in open water Posidonia helps to improve the mooring recovery. It was 
found that release commands being transmitted with the standard deck units 
(TT301 and TT801) and the 30 m cable hand-held-transducer failed if the 
release is placed in very deep water (greater 4000 m). During this cruise it 
could be verified that the release did not fail if the ship's noise was 
reduced disconnecting the propellers. But Posidonia transmitted release codes 
are able to release deep moorings even with running propellers or thrusters.


2.8.2  ICEBERG TRACKING

To estimate the fresh water transport by icebergs, 10 satellite tracked 
transmitters were deployed there upon. These iceberg markers were 
manufactured by the "Denk Manufaktur" company, Gr. Kneten, Germany. The 
markers determine their position once per day at noon with a GPS receiver. 
The positions are transmitted via satellite using the ARGOS system. The ARGOS 
transmitter is switched on for six hours once a week only, to send the 
positions from the past seven days. The transmitter's on-time lasts long 
enough to ensure that all data can be received by CLS in Toulouse, France. 
This weekly transmission mode was chosen to save CLS service costs. Three 
markers are equipped additionally with an air pressure sensor. The ARGOS 
transmitters of these markers are operating in a 90 seconds continuous mode, 
providing three hourly air pressure data to the GTS. The iceberg markers are 
designed to operate for up to two years. Due to environmental aspects, the 
housing is slightly enlarged compared to previous versions. Thus the new 
markers have positive buoyancy without using additional floats. Markers from 
melted icebergs are likely to leave the Antarctic Ocean by drifting 
northwards and being entrained into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Tilt 
sensors are installed to detect when an iceberg begins to capsize. The ARGOS 
transmitter will switch into a continuous mode as soon as the tilt is 
excessive.

A helicopter was used to deploy markers on icebergs. Figure 2.8-2 shows the 
locations of the marked icebergs. The icebergs were chosen along the cruise 
track with a maximum flight distance of 20 nautical miles. Three markers were 
deployed during the supply activities at Neumayer Station. A digital 
photograph was taken to describe the shape of the iceberg. The length and 
width was measured with the GPS, flying along and across the iceberg. The 
height above sea level is taken from the radar altimeter of the helicopter. 
Table 2.8-3 gives a summary of all icebergs marked. Snow was sampled for the 
tracer group from IUPB.


Figure 2.8-2: Map of the ice bergs with deployed ARGOS transmitters. Numbers 
              are the ARGOS Ids. Underlined Ids indicate the transmitters 
              that are additionally equipped with air pressure sensor. The 
              drift is shown for the period given in Table 2.8-3.


Data collection from CLS via direct computer link and to do the data 
processing and validation is assigned to Optimare company, Bremerhaven, 
Germany. Daily updated iceberg tracks are available from Gerd Rohardt 
(grohardt©awi-bremerhaven.de).


2.8.3  DEPLOYMENT OF PRESSURE INVERTED ECHO SOUNDERS - PIES

To monitor the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport, two Pressure 
Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) were purchased from the University of Rhode 
Island and deployed across the ACCs. The instruments are located on the 
TOPEX/Poseidon ground track number 133 (Figure 2.8-3), complementing a PIES 
array between the South African coast and about 40°S, which is currently 
being deployed by Deidre Byrne, University of Maine along the same satellite 
ground track.

PIES deliver bottom pressure and travel times of sound signals from the 
bottom to the sea-surface, effectively providing a measure of average 
temperatures, bottom pressure variations and sea surface height. After the 
planned recovery of the instruments in austral summer 2004/2005, the data 
shall be used to extract baroclinic and possibly barotropic transport 
variations within the gap spanned by the PIES.

A high resolution bathymetric profile between Cape Town and the two PIES was 
recorded with the Hydrosweep System (Figure 2.8-4 and Figure 2.8-5).


Figure 2.8-3: Map of Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) deployment 
              positions (square boxes near 45° and 50°S at the crossover 
              points of TOPEX/Poseidon tracks 133, 98 and 48) together with 
              selling positions often freely drifting ARGO/APEX floats. 
              Bottom topography from Smith & Sandwell.

Figure 2.8-4: Bathymetry around deployment position of PIES-1 at 44°39.75'S, 
              7°05.03'E. The bathymetry was recorded by Hydrosweep during 
              cruise ANT-XX/2. Isobaths are spaced by 50 m.

Figure 2.8-5: Bathymetry around deployment position of PIES-I at 50°15.O1'S, 
              1°25.00'E. The bathymetry was recorded by Hydrosweep during 
              cruise ANT-XX/2. Isobaths are spaced by 50 m.



2.8.4  DEPLOYMENT OF ARGO/APEX FLOATS

The international ARGO (Array of Real Time Global Oceanography) project aims 
to set on the order of 3000 profiling floats into the world ocean to 
establish a real-time operational data stream of upper (<200D rn) ocean 
temperature and salinity profiles. Since 2001 the AWI contributes to this 
program with nine APEX floats, roving primarily between 50-60°S, which cycle 
every seven days between the sea surface and their drift depth near 800 m. 
This year the fleet that was augmented by another ten floats, set south of 
60°S and cycling at ten days intervals (Figure 2.8-3).



2.8.5  DEPLOYMENT OF RAFOS FLOATS AND SOUND SOURCE MOORINGS AT MAUD RISE

The Ranging and Fixing of Sound (RAFOS) technology has been used widely in 
moderate latitudes to provide high-resolution trajectories of neutrally 
buoyant floats by means of underwater acoustics. It is based on travel time 
measurements of a coded sound signal between a moored sound source and the 
moving float. However, at high latitudes, this technique is expected to work 
at considerable shorter ranges only, and the Maud Rise RAFOS Experiment 
(MARE) is designed as a first test to explore the ranges to be expected, 
while simultaneously trying to unveil the mesoscale circulation patterns 
around Maud Rise. To this end, three sound sources were moored and nine 
floats were launched in the vicinity of Maud Rise (Figure 2.8-6, Table 2.8-6 
and Table 2.8-7).


Figure 2.8-6: Map of Sound Source moorings and RAFOS float deployment sites 
              around Maud Rise. Asterisks mark the sound source mooring 
              positions, with circles indicating 100 and 200 km ranges. Dots 
              mark the setting positions of nine RAFOS (Ranging and Fixing of 
              Sound) floats. Bathymetry according to Smith & Sandwell.


The sources are refurbished sources, with some major problems that could only 
provisionally be fixed in Bremerhaven before shipment. Sound source 21 showed 
signs of previous leakage at the high voltage feed-through, which was 
provisionally fixed with Scotch Fill. Sound source 19 and 21 could only be 
addressed through the internal interface and hence could not be vacuum 
checked before deployment. Sound source 49/14 had the high voltage 
feed-through replaced and spliced to the external cable leading to the 
transducer.



2.8.6  MEASUREMENTS WITH THE VESSEL MOUNTED ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER VM -ADCP
       AWI, OPTIMARE

A 150 kHz ADCP is mounted in the ship's hull and monitors continuously the 
velocity profile in the upper water column. Navigation is provided by the 
Marine Inertial Navigation System (MINS).

Due to problems with one of the four transducers the ADCP was run in the 
3-beamsolution mode for the whole cruise up to January 3, 2003, when it was 
switched off for repair. The decision to switch the VM-ADCP off that early, 
was made to take the opportunity to demount the instrument in calm weather 
conditions near the ice edge.

The instrument will be sent to the manufacturer RD Instruments for repair 
after the cruise. A preliminary scan through the data indicates no problems. 
The final processing will be done with the CODAS software at home.


Table 2.8-1: Moorings recovered at the Prime Meridian. ADCP = RDI Inc. self 
             contained acoustic doppler current profiler. ACM-CTD = Falmouth 
             Scientific Inc. three-dimensional acoustic current meter with 
             CTD head (CTD = Conductivity, Temperature, Depth). AVTCP = 
             Aanderaa current meter with temperature-, conductivity-, and 
             pressure sensor. AVTP Aanderaa current meter with temperature 
             and pressure sensor. AVT = Aanderaa current meter with 
             temperature sensor. RCM 11 = Aanderaa Doppler current meter. 
             SBE16 = Seabird Electronics SBE16 recording temperature, 
             conductivity, and pressure, ULS = Christian Michelsen Research 
             Inc. upward looking sonar to measure the sea ice draft. SBE26 = 
             Seabird Electronics SBE26 bottom pressure recorder. CT = Seabird 
             Electronics SBE37 recording temperature and conductivity. CT-P = 
             Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature, conductivity, 
             and pressure.

                               Date
                      Water    time                                   Record 
          Latitude    depth   of 1st  Instrument  Serial  Instrument  length 
Mooring   Longitude    (m)    record     type     number  depth (m)   (days)
--------  ----------  -----  -------  ----------  ------  ----------  ------
AWI233-5  69°23.73'S  1916   20-12-0       ULS        42     191       725
          00°04.04'W           16:00       ACM     1569A     220        (1)
                                           AVT      9186     717       725
                                       ACM-CTD     1387A    1873       725

AWI232-5  68°59.49'S  3337   21-12-00      ULS        46     166       724
          00°02.18'W            16:00      ACM     1565A     225        (1)
                                         AVTCP      9214     732       5(2)
                                           AVT      9182    1778       724
                                       ACM-CTD     1447A    3284       724

AWI231-4  66°30.00'S  4515   23-12-00      ULS        47     179       724
          00°01.80'W            10:00  ACM-CTD     1456A     198        (1)
                                            CT       237     250       724
                                            CT       238     300       724
                                            CT       239     350       724
                                           CTD       245     400       724
                                            CT       240     450       724
                                            CT       435     500       724
                                          CT-P      1231     550        (3)
                                           CTD       247     600       724
                                          CT-P      1232     650       724
                                        ACM-CT     1442A     705       724
                                           AVT     10003    1811       724
                                       ACM-CTD     1472A    4472        (1)

AWI230-3  66°00.34'S  3447   23-12-00      ULS        36     170       724
          00°10.38'E            20:00     ADCP      1600     187        (4)
                                          AVTP      9204     195       724
                                            CT       236     295       724
                                           CTD       243     395       724
                                           CTD       244     495       724
                                          CT-P      1230     595       724
                                       ACM-CTD     1474A     705       724
                                           AVT      9785    1598       724
                                       ACM-CTD     1470A    3404        (1)

AWI229-4  63°57.86'S  5167   26-12-0       ULS        24     127       713
          00°02.40'E           18:00   ACM-CTD     1450A     170        (1)
                                            CT       228     220       713
                                            CT       230     270       713
                                            CT       232     320       713
                                           CTD       241     370       713
                                            CT       233     420       713
                                            CT       235     470       713
                                          CT-P      1288     520       713
                                           CTD       242     570       713
                                          CT-P      1229     620       713
                                       ACM-CTD     1443A     677       713
                                           AVT      9391    1973      74(2)
                                       ACM-CTD      1451    5117        (1)
                                                               
AWI227-7  59°04.20'S  4620   29-12-00      ULS        08     148        (4)
          00°04.40'E            14:00    AVTCP      9194     252       707
                                         AVTCP      9998     679       707
                                         SBE16      2422     680       637
                                           AVT      9179    1986       707
                                           AVT      9211    4596       707
                                         SBE16       631    4597        (4)

AWI228-5  56°57.61'S  3712   30-12-00      ACM     1553A     205        (1)
          00°01.40'E            16:00    SBE16      2416     206       551
                                       Micro-J     1324F     256       411
                                          CT-P      1235     306       704
                                            CT       224     356       704
                                          AVTP     10541     413       704
                                         SBE16       630     414        (4)
                                         SBE16       319     575        (4)
                                           AVT      9180     741       704
                                            CT       229     742       704
                                          CT-P      1603     992       704
                                          CT-P      1604    1242       704
                                           AVT      9190    1948       704
                                         RCM11        20    3649       704
                                         SBE26       227    3712        (4)

AWI238-3  54°30.60'S  1700   31-12-00      ACM     1567A     176       701
          00°0170'E             16:00    SBE16      2415     187       625
                                            CT       231     227       701
                                          CT-P      1234     327       701
                                          AVTP      9193     383       701
                                         SBE16      1167     384       701
                                          CT-P      1237     550       701
                                          AVTP     10926     730       701
                                         SBE16      1979     731       697
                                          CT-P      1605     981       701
                                          CT-P      1606    1231       701
                                         RCM11        25    1610       701
                                         SBE26       228    1700        (4)
                                                              

AWI239-2  52°00.66'E  2460   03-01-01      ACM     1558A     218       697
          00°00.93'E            02:00    SBE16      2414     219       496
                                          CT-P      1233     269       697
                                            CT       216     319       697
                                            CT       225     369       697
                                          AVTP     10927     426       697
                                         SBE16      1977     427       566
                                          CT-P      1236     597       697
                                          AVTP     10928     773       697
                                         SBE16      1978     774       584
                                          CT-P      1607    1024       697
                                            CT       269    1274       697
                                          AVTP     12325    1780       697
                                            CT       227    1781       697
                                         RCM11        26    2407       697
                                         SBE26       276    2460       697

Remarks: Instrument failure no data recorded; Instrument flooded = data lost; 
         Instrument lost during recovery; Memory download failed, has to be 
         done by manufacturer.


Table 2.8-2: Moorings deployed at the Prime Meridian and sound source mooring 
             northeast of Maud Rise. AVTCP Aanderaa current meter with 
             temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensor; AVTP = Aanderaa 
             current meter with temperature and pressure sensor; AVT Aanderaa 
             current meter with temperature sensor; RCM 11 = Aanderaa Doppler 
             current meter; SBE16P# = Seabird Electronics SBE16 recording 
             temperature, conductivity, and pressure; here P# indicates the 
             pressure range e.g. P1 for 1000 psi; ULS Christian Michelsen 
             Research Inc. upward looking sonar to measure the sea ice draft; 
             SBE26 = Seabird Electronics SBE26 bottom pressure recorder: 
             SBE37-Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature and 
             conductivity, SBE37Pu = Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording 
             temperature and conductivity with external pump; SBE37PuP# = 
             Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature, conductivity, 
             and pressure with external pump; here P# indicates the pressure 
             range e.g. P1 for 1000 psi; SQ-Sound source for SOFAR-Drifters.

                               Date
                      Water    time                                  
          Latitude    depth   of 1st  Instrument  Serial  Instrument 
Mooring   Longitude    (m)    record     type     number  depth (m)  
--------  ----------  -----  -------  ----------  ------  ---------- 
AWI233-6  69°23.66'S  1948  15-12-02        ULS      49      165
          00°03.98'W           22:48       AVTP    8367      237
                                          AVTCP    8395      738
                                          SBE37    1604     1891
                                            AVT   10499     1892
                                                  
AWI232-6  68°59.87'S  3369  16-12-02        ULS      50      175
          00°00.32'           E14:46       AVTP   11887      252
                                          AVTPV    8396      765
                                            AVT   10498     1809
                                          SBE37    1605     3314
                                          RCM11     127     3315

AWI231-5  66°30.56'S  4552  18-12-02        ULS      39      178
          00°02.03'W           10:55      AVTCP    8400      220
                                          S3E37    2609      220
                                          SBE37     211      270
                                          SBE37    2610      320
                                          SBE37     214      370
                                          SBE37     215      420
                                      SBE37Pup3    2392      470
                                          SBE37     220      520
                                          S8E37     222      570
                                          SBE37     223      620
                                          S3E37    2234      670
                                        SBE37Pu    2382      720
                                          AVTCP    9215      731
                                             SQ   18/W2      882
                                            AVT    9768     1837
                                        SBE37Pu    2383     4492
                                          RCM11     133     4498

AWI230-4  66°00.30'S  3477  18-12-02        ULS      38      177
          00°10.29'E           20:53      AVTCP    8401      220
                                        SBE37Pu    2384      220
                                        SBE37Pu    2385      320
                                        SBE37P3     249      420
                                          SBE37     445      520
                                          SBE37     446      620
                                        SBE37Pu    2386      720
                                          AVTCP    9995      731
                                          RCM11     134     1627
                                        SBE37Pu    2087     3427
                                          RCM11     135     3433

AWI227-8  59°0420'S  4566  07-12-02         ULS      41      162
          00°04.47'E          09:01       AVTCP   10004      274
                                            AVT    3570      704
                                      SBE37PuP3    2395      705
                                            AVT   10503     2011
                                        SBE37Pu    2091     4616
                                          RCM11     146     4622

AWI229-5  63°57.23'S  5200  10-12-02        ULS      38     1471
          00°00.21'W           18:45       AVTP    8402      193
                                        5BE37P3    2387      200
                                          SBE37     250      250
                                          SBE37     448      300
                                          SBE37     449      350
                                        SBE37Pu    2086      400
                                       SBE37PuP   23933      450
                                         SBE37P   2088u      500
                                         SBE37P   2089u      550
                                         SBE37P   2090u      600
                                           SBE3   26117      700
                                       SBE37PuP   15647      750
                                            AVT   9783P      704
                                              S  14/W1Q      659
                                           RCM1    1441     2005
                                         SBE37P   2388u     5150
                                           RCM1     145     5156

AWI228-6  56°57.64'S  3699  04-12-02      AVTCP    8405      190
          00°01.62'E           23:00    SBE16P1   19783      191
                                      SBE37PuP3    2235      241
                                        SBE37Pu    2092      291
                                        SBE37Pu    2093      341
                                          AVTCP    9201      402
                                        SBE37Pu    2391      403
                                      SBE37PuP3 2396666      562
                                            AVT    9389      728
                                        SBE37Pu    2094      729
                                        SBE37Pu    2095      979
                                      SBE37PaP7    1565     1227
                                          RCM11     100     1934
                                          RCM11     101     3635
                                        SBE37Pu    2389     3636
                                          SBE26     276     3699

AWI238-4  54°30.63'S  1718  03-12-02       AVTP   11892      187
          00°01.81'E           14:20    SBE16P3    2420      188
                                        SBE37Pu    2096      238
                                        SBE37Pu    2097      288
                                        SBE37Pu    2098      338
                                           AVTP   10491      399
                                      SBE37FuP3    2236      400
                                        SBE37Pu    2099      570
                                            AVT    9390      745
                                      SBE37PuP3    2237      746
                                        SBE37Pu    2100     1000
                                        SBE37Pu    2101     1250
                                          RCM11     102     1651
                                        SBE37Pu    2390     1652
                                          SBE26     257     1718

AWI239-3  53°00.49'S  2483  02-12-02      AVTCP    8419      240
          00°01.96'E           18:03    SBE37Pu    2231      241
                                        SBE37Pu    2102      291
                                        SBE37Pu    2103      341
                                        SBE37Pu    2104      391
                                            AVT    9401      441
                                      SBE37PuP3    2394      442
                                        SBE37Pu    2105      613
                                            AVT    9458      797
                                      SBE37PuP3    2238      798
                                        SBE37Pu    2233     1043
                                      SBE37PuP7    1566     1293
                                          RCM11     103     1793
                                          SBE37    2232     1804
                                          RCM11     104     2429
                                          SBE26     261     2483

AWI240-1  64°30.00'S  5200                   SQ     new      856
          10°00.00'E



Table 2.8-3:  Deployment of ARGOS transmitters on icebergs.

  ARGOS   Date and time of                Iceberg                     Digital 
 identi-   - deployment      Latitude    dimension                     photo 
fication   - last position   Longitude   L-W-H (m)       Remarks       (JPG)
--------  ----------------  ----------  -----------  ---------------  -------
9360      11-12-02 / 11:36  65°57.15'S   200-200-25  inclusive air      EB1
          13-01-03 / 12:00  02°28.89'W               pressure sensor  

14959     13-12-02 / 15:09  70°20.88'S  1600-750-40  tritium snow       EB2
          10-01-03 / 12:00  08°20.44'W               sample taken

14958     13-12-02 / 15:30  70°13.61'S   380-380-25  tritium snow       EB3
          10-01-03 / 12:00  07°57.00'W               sample taken

14960     14-12-02 / 12:54  70°16.63'S   380-380-40  tritium snow       EB4
          11-01-03 / 12:00  09°39.85'W               sample taken

14956     16-12-02 / 13:25  69°06.05'S   380-380-20  tritium snow       EB5a
          12-01-03 / 12:00  00°29.81'E               sample taken       EB5b

8056      18-12-02 / 13:56  66°07.24'S   180-180-10  inclusive air      EB6a
          13-01-03 / 12:00  00°24.79'E               pressure sensor    EB6b

14955     19-12-02 / 09:30  64°52.09'S   180-180-50  tritium snow       EB7
          22-12-02 / 12:00  00°16.97'E               sample taken

9835      23-12-02 / 09:00  64°01.33'S   200-100-15  inclusive air      EB8a
          10-01-03 / 12:00  08°17.02'E               pressure sensor    EB8b
                                                     capsized           EB8c

14954     29-12-02 / 15:25  69°10.98'S   100-300-30  tritium snow       EB9a
          12-01-03 / 12:00  22°32.06'E               sample taken       EB9b

14961     29-12-02 / 16:09  69°24.07'S   300-300-35  Tritium snow
          12-01-03          21°34.69'E               sample taken  



Table 2.8-4: PIES mooring positions. Times are set according to GPS time, 
             which was 14 S late (GPS = UTC + 14 s) relative to UTC during 
             this period.

Identifiers  Start                       Launch 
                           Auto release  wt. Depth (m) 
AWI project  - date (DMY)  - date        - Hydroswe.    Latitude    Date/ Time  Speed 
URI SN.      - time (GPS)  - time        - PODAS        Longitude   (UTC)       (km/h)
-----------  ------------  ------------  -------------  ----------  ----------  ------
PIES-1       26-11-02      26-12-06      4610           44°39.75'S  27-11-02     1.9
67           18:46:37      20:00         4613           07°05.03'E     16:42  

PIES-2       28-11-02      26-12-06      3879           50°15.01'S  29-11-02     2.5
69           16:09:55      20:00         3930           01°25.00'E     21:56



Table 2.8-5: ARGOS/APEX profiling float setting positions during ANT-XX/2. 
             All floats feature an ice avoidance software feature, based on 
             measurement of the median temperature between 50 and 20 m water 
             depth. Float times are set according GPS time which was 14 slate 
             (GPS = UTC + 14 s) relative to UTC during this period.

Float number             Start           Launch
-----------------------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
                   Webb            Wt.                 Date
AWI  ARG    ARG    Res  Date-GPS  Depth  Latitude      Time    Wave    Wind   Ice
     HEX    DEC    SN   Time-UTC   (m)   Longitude     (UTC)   height  (m/s)  cov
---  -----  -----  ---  --------  -----  ----------  --------  ------  -----  ---
40   90C64  25649  673  09-12-02  5337   62°37.84'S  09-12-02    0      13     5
                        09:04:08         00°05.81'W     15:32

41   9F3F1  26575  680  16-12-02   4512  68°00.28'S  17-12-02    0       2     5
                        16:33:12         00°03.49'W     03:44

42   A1965  26725  681  18-12-02   3757  65°00.32'S  19-12-02    0       5     4
                        22:48:06         00°00.41'W     11:13

43   A9096  10818  655  21-12-02   5172  62°57.27'S  22-12-02    1       5     0
                        08:26:04         05°16.46'E     09:54

44   90C91  25650  674  23-12-02   5214  64°29.48'S  23-12-02    0       9     1
                        08:31:53         09°49.45'E     15:43

45   91DC7  25719  675  25-12-02   3424  66°03.46'S  25-12-02    0       2     3
                        14:59:45         14°32.98'E     23:07

46   93890  25826  676  27-12-02   4045  67°59.98'S  28-12-02    0       5     2
                        16:26:23         20°13.58'E     13:33
 
47   95178  25925  677  06-01-03   4899  65°49.57'S  06-01-03    0       2     0
                        18:02:00         17°45.57'E     20:12

48   9F3A2  26574  679  08-01-03   5055  64°07.90'S  08-01-03    0       4     0
                        10:18:32         20°45.40'E     13:23

49   9518D  25926  678  09-01-03   5160  61°59.96'S  09-01-03    0       4     0
                        19:30:00         22°58.95'E     22:45



Table 2.8-6: RAFOS float setting positions. Float times are set according to 
             GPS time, which was 14 s late (GPS + 14 s) relative to UTC 
             during this period.

Float number                        Start              Launch
----------------------------------  -----------------  --------------------------------------
                                    Dive start  Water                Date
AWI  ARGO   ARG   Sea   Start Date   Expected   Depth  Latitude      Time    Wave  Wind   Ice
     HEX    DEC   Scan   time GPS   surf. date   (m)   Longitude     (UTC)    ht   (m/s)  cov
---  -----  ----  ----  ----------  ----------  -----  ----------  --------  ----  -----  ---
 01  4938F  4684   262   17-12-02     18-12-02   3497  66°00.27'S  18-12-02    0     0     7
                            14:52     16-02-04         00°10.30'E     20:28

 02  49755  4701   263   17-12-02     18-12-02   3960  65°29.90'S  19-12-02    0     0     5
                            14:38     16-02-04         00°00.10'E     04:34

 03  5FOEB  6083   270   16-12-02     17-12-02   3758  65°00.31'S  19-12-02    0     5     4
                            18:50     17-02-04         00°00.36'E     11:13

 04  498F0  4707   264   17-12-02     18-12-02   4670  64°30.36'S  20-12-02    0     4     4
                            18:31     16-02-04         00°00.40'E     00:04

 05  49E14  4728   265   17-12-02     18-12-02   5200  64°00.18'S  20-12-02    0     6     0
                            18:21     16-02-04         00°00.30'E     03:04

 06  49E47  4729   266   20-12-02     21-12-02   5414  62°33.87'S  22-12-02    2     8     0
                            18:12     17-02-04         04°11.42'E     03:22

 07  49EE1  4731   268   21-12-02     22-12-02   5383  63°17.97'S  22-12-02    1     3     0
                            10:13     16-02-04         06°15.10'E     18:43

 08  5F101  6084   271   21-12-02     22-12-02   4926  63°43.23'S  23-12-02    0     5     3
                            15:37     16-02-04         07°32.18'E     02:05

 09  49F0B  4732   269   22-12-02     23-12-02   5028  64°07.30'S  23-12-02    0     8     2
                            08:42     17-02-04         08°38.93'E     09:22



Table 2.8-7: Position of sound source moorings.

          Identifiers             Start                 Deployments
--------------------------------  -----  -----------------------------------------
         Sound                     Ping  Water 
  AWI    source  Electr.   AWI     time  Depth  Latitude    Date UTC  Wave    Wind 
project    SN      SN    mooring  (GPS)   (m)   Longitude   Time UTC  height  (m/s)
-------  ------  ------  -------  -----  -----  ----------  --------  ------  -----
   W1      49      14     229-5   00:35  5200   63°57.23'S  10-12-02     0      13
                                                00°00.21'W     18:45           
   W2      19      19     231-5   01:05  4542   66°30.56'S  18-12-02     0       5
                                                00°02.03'W     10:41           
   W3      21      21     240-1   01:35  5173   64°29.49'S  23-12-02     0       9
                                                09°49.53'W     15:40           



2.9  TRACER MEASUREMENTS
     Hendrik Sander and Martha Schattenhofer

CFCs and Tritium are transient tracers of anthropogenic origin. Measured 
distributions of these tracers provide information on the renewal of 
subsurface water from the ocean surface layer on decadal time scales. 
Sections on the Greenwich Meridian investigated during ANT-X/4 (1992), 
ANT-XIII/4 (1996) and ANT-XV/4 (1998) were repeated to evaluate the increase 
of the tracer concentrations in time. The comparison between the atmospheric 
and the in-situ increase will be used to study transport processes. In 
addition new sections in the east will provide information of the inflow from 
the east into the Weddell Sea.

All samples taken during the cruise will be analyzed in the laboratory after 
the cruise. The waters samples for CFCs were taken from the rosette water 
sampler and were stored in flame-sealed ampoules for later analysis. Along 
the Greenwich Meridian 36 stations were sampled, along the section between 0° 
and the GeoBox thirteen stations, in the GeoBox six stations and along 23°E 
14 stations. Overall 1007 water samples for CFCs were taken. They will be 
extracted after the cruise and analyzed with a mass spectrometer.

Snow samples for tritium measurements were taken at 25 locations along the 
entire cruise. This includes eight samples from icebergs, four samples from 
the shelf-ice and thirteen samples from ice floes. All gases will be 
extracted from the Tritium samples which will then be stored or half a year. 
After this time a sufficient amount of Tritium will have decayed to 3He and 
can be measured by the mass spectrometer. This will help to improve the 
global Tritium input function and give more details about the local 
precipitation.



2.10  NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES AS TRACERS FOR WATER MASS CHARACTERIZATION
      Claudia Hanfland, Walter Geibert, Ingrid Vöge and Olaf Boebel

Natural radioactivity in the oceans originates mainly from three sources: 
cosmogenic nuclides, 40K and decay products of the naturally occurring decay 
chains 238U, 235U and 232Th, Especially isotopes of the latter find a wealth 
of applications in the study of oceanic reaction and transport processes 
taking place on time scales from hours and days to years. According to their 
geochemical behaviour in sea water, the radionuclides can be grouped after 
their respective particle-reactivity. For example, given, radium and actinium 
tend to stay in solution while thorium or protactinium are quickly scavenged 
by particles and subsequently transported to the seafloor. Disequilibria 
between parent and daughter nuclides are the consequence of this 
partitioning. While particle transport processes are investigated by means of 
adsorption-prone isotopes, water mass studies rely on elements having a 
soluble behaviour. The supply of the rather mobile elements to the water 
column is mostly by diffusion from sediments through decay from a particle-
reactive parent while their distribution in the water column is governed by 
their respective half-lives.

During expedition ANT-XX/2, 234Th, 226Ra, 228Ra and 227Ac have been sampled 
in surface waters and on selected vertical profiles. 234Th has been measured 
in order to estimate the export production from the upper water column into 
deeper water layers and will be presented in further detail in the chapter 
2.11.5. SYNPART Project.



226Ra AND 228Ra SAMPLING PROGRAM

Both 226Ra and 228Ra (half-lives 1600 yrs and 5.5 yrs, respectively) are 
released to the water column from the sediment through decay of thorium 
isotopes, but in consequence of a difference in parent distribution and 
half-life, the release of 226Ra is strongest from deep-sea sediments while 
228Ra accumulates to high activities in shallow water regions.

Sampling for 226Ra has been carried out with regard to two objectives:

(1) the quantitative determination of 226Ra provides a simple means to 
    convert 226Ra/228Ra activity ratios into absolute 228Ra activities (see 
    below).
(2) It is the most abundant of the radium isotopes in open ocean waters and 
    is best suited to study the biogeochemistry of radium in the marine 
    environment, i.e. its behaviour as a biointermediate element.

Radium has been considered as a water mass tracer with a nutrient-like 
distribution (Broecker et al. 1967). Based on the similarity of vertical 
water column profiles of 226Ra and Si, it was hypothesized that siliceous 
tests act as a main carrier phase for 226Ra (Ku et al. 1970, Ku & Lin 1976). 
Given the pre-dominance of diatoms over other phytoplankton species in the 
Southern Ocean, the relation should hold especially in circumpolar waters. 
However, results from previous cruises have indicated that the uptake of 
226Ra continues north of the Polar Front after the near depletion of Si, 
pointing to a decoupling of both parameters.

Besides the sub sampling necessary for the 228Ra analysis, 226Ra was sampled 
on three selected vertical water column profiles (Figure 2.10-1) in 
conjunction with nutrient analysis in order to get a better idea of the 
biogeochemical processes governing the distribution of 226Ra in southern 
circum polar waters.

228Ra has been used widely (e.g. Kaufmann et al. 1973, Reid et al. 1979, 
Moore et al. 1986, Rutgers van der Loeff et al. 1995) as a tracer for 
prolonged contact of water masses with continental shelf areas. It is a 
daughter product of 232Th, which is common in most sediment types but nearly 
absent in sea water due to its particle reactive behaviour. In contrast, 
radium is soluble in sea water and can accumulate to high activities over 
fine-grained sediment. According to its half-life of 5.8 years, the activity 
of 228Ra will decrease with distance from the source and is extremely low in 
the open ocean.

Dependant on the geographic region, the sampling for 228Ra during ANT-XX/2 
was performed under different aspects (Figure 2.10-1):


Figure 2.10-1: sampling chart for radium and actinium during ANT-XX/2. 
               Numbers refer to official stations, full labeling should read: 
               PS63-xxx.



Polar Frontal Region

In the context of iron as a growth-limiting factor for the primary 
productivity of the Southern Ocean, the oceanic fronts within the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current (ACC) and especially the Polar Front have been suggested 
as effective transport mechanisms for iron released from continental shelf 
sediments and transported eastwards with ACC (de Baar et al. 1995, Löscher at 
al. 1997). If the shelf areas represent indeed important source areas of iron 
for the open South Atlantic, this should be mirrored by increased 228Ra 
activities. Results from previous cruises indicate an ambiguous picture, 
pointing to rather sporadic inputs that are highly variable in both space and 
time. Hence, high resolution sampling of the Polar Frontal Region along 0° 
and 23°E was done in order to get a better picture of the variability of 
possible shallow water inputs with the Polar Front.


South-Eastern Weddell Gyre

Inflow of North Atlantic Deep Water into the Weddell Gyre takes place in its 
southeastern corner (Orsi et al. 1993), a region where currently only very 
few natural radionuclide data are available for (Geibert et al. 2002, 
Hanfland 2002). The determination of 228Ra will help to demarcate the 
extension of coastal waters into the Weddell Gyre.


Agulhas (Return) Current

Intense mixing of subtropical and subantarctic water masses takes place in 
the region south of South Africa. Occlusion of the retroflecting Agulhas 
Current generates rings that move northwestwards into the Atlantic while 
perturbations in the flow of the Agulhas Current lead to the spawning of both 
cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies (Lutjeharms 1996, Boebel et al. 2003). The 
mixing waters carry very distinct 228Ra signals, a feature that should help 
especially in a better distinction of the origin of cyclonic eddies. While 
waters moving north from the Antarctic zone are typically low in 228Ra, 
cyclones developing along the South African coast in the course of a Natal 
Pulse can be expected to carry a strong coastal signal.

Four stations had been sampled for 228Ra within the Aguihas Retroflection 
Area (Figure 2.10-2):

  PS 63-182. cyclonic eddy	PS 63-197: Agulhas Retroflection
  PS 63-199: cyclonic eddy	PS 63-216: Agulhas ring

A highly variable, mesoscale flow field dominates the Agulhas Region. To 
obtain samples as close as possible to the end-members of each regime, an 
identification of these mesoscale features during the cruise was mandatory. 
Using steric sea-surface height anomalies (SSH data) from MODAS (Modular 
Ocean Data Assimilation System), the location of cyclones and anticyclones 
was achieved in real-time. Daily MODAS SSH fields were uploaded to RV 
POLARSTERN by the Stennis Space Center at the Naval Research Lab, Mississippi 
in real time. MODAS-SSH data have recently been shown to provide a highly 
reliable view of the overall distribution of the mesoscale flow field (Boebel 
& Barron 2003) in this region. Modulations in the SSH field are directly 
related to ocean currents, which flow along SSH isolines with higher SSH 
values to their left when looking downstream (Figure 2.10-2).


Figure 2.10-2: Steric sea-surface height (SSH) from MODAS from January 18, 
               2003. Similar plots were produced for each day and the cruise 
               track adjusted as to sample the water in each feature's centre.


The reliability of the actual MODAS SSH fields was tested during the cruise 
by monitoring the depth of the 10°C isotherm. The latter should be located at 
depths around 800 m when an anticyclone is traversed, or alternatively, at 
300-500 m when encountering cyclones. This was indeed the case when XBT casts 
succeeded, though between P563-197 and PS63-199 only few XBT profiles were 
collected due to bad weather.

Figure 2.10-2 shows the situation on January 18, 2003. The first eddy sampled 
near 40°37'S (PS63-182) shows a local SSH minimum and hence represents a 
cyclonic circulation pattern, which we traced back in time to a subantarctic 
origin. PS63-1, on the other hand, is located at the local SSH maximum 
indicative of the Agulhas Retroflection proper.

A cyclone north of the Agulhas Retroflection might have subantarctic 
(Atlantic) or subtropical/Indian origin (a Natal Pulse) or might have been 
formed locally (Boesel et al. 2003). One such cyclone has been probed during 
PS63-199. In contrast to the previous two locations, this feature is not 
expected to display end-members but a mix of Indian and Atlantic water types.

The same holds true for the last station in a matured Agulhas Ring 
(anticyclone) sampled during PS63-216. While travelling north, these features 
have been shown to entrain surrounding waters, which could be of subantarctic 
and/or subtropical origin.


227Ac SAMPLING PROGRAM

227Ac (half-life 21 yrs) is almost exclusively released from deep-sea 
sediments into bottom waters. Any excess activity over its parent nuclide 
231Pa in the upper water column indicates rapid upwelling of deeper water 
masses (Geibert et al. 2002). Sampling for 227Ac at the sea surface follows 
the same procedure as described for 228Ra (see below). Determination of the 
227Ac activity will be done on all surface water samples in the Weddell Gyre 
and on the vertical stations PS63-64, PS63-83 and PS63-121. The combined 
analysis of 227Ac and 228Ra will allow a better distinction of deep upwelling 
versus lateral input of water masses in the southeastern Weddell Gyre.


Additional sampling

Samples for the determination of 231Pa and 230Th in the water column were 
taken on three selected vertical profiles. These samples will be analyzed by 
the University of Kiel (group Scholten/Fietzke).

Additionally, three samples of Weddell Sea Deep Water were taken for the 
analysis of the isotopic composition of Cadmium (analysis by Rehkamper, ETH 
Zürich).


Methods

226Ra

20 l of sea water were taken either directly from the ships sea water supply 
or sampled from the CTD. Surface water samples were run through a 
1µm-prefilter to remove particulate matter. Particle concentrations from 
samples taken below the mixed layer were so low that filtering was not 
necessary. The samples were then weighed to determine the sample size. Even 
in rough seas, this is accurate to at least 100 g which equals an error of 
0.5% for 20 kg. A pre-weighed aliquot (100 ml) of a BaCl2-solution that had 
been prepared before the cruise was added under constant stirring to every 20 
l water sample to precipitate radium as Ba(Ra)SO4, making use of the natural 
sulfate content in sea water. After at least one hour of further mixing on 
the magnetic stirrer, the crystals were recovered by decantation and 
centrifugation and washed several times to remove any interfering ions.

At home, the dried and weighed precipitates will be filled in plastic tubes, 
sealed and set aside for about three weeks to allow the short-lived daughters 
214Pb and 214Bi to grow into equilibrium with their parent 226Ra. After 
establishment of a secular equilibrium, the sample will be counted by 
γ-spectrometry.

228Ra and 227Ac sampling was performed with MnO2-coated cartridges that had 
been prepared before the cruise by immersion overnight at 70°C in a bath of a 
saturated KMnO4 solution. The radionuclides get adsorbed on the MnO2-coating. 
For surface water samples, a filter system was connected to the ship's sea 
water supply. The water sample was run through an uncoated cartridge (1 µm) 
for removing particulate matter, two MnO2-coated cartridges put in series and 
a flowmeter for recording the sample volume. Typical sample volumes were 
between and 3 m3. Sampling on vertical water profiles was performed with six 
time-programmed pumping units, equally loaded with a prefilter and two coated 
cartridges. The pumps were let on depth for 2.5 hrs and filtered about 1 m3 
of sea water.

In the home lab, the coated cartridges will be rinsed with deionised water 
and dried. Further processing of the samples involves acid-leaching of the 
cartridges, separation of the different isotope fractions by repeated 
precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography and determination of the 
respective activities by alpha- or gammaspectrometry. Due to their extremely 
low activities, 228Ra and 227Ac will be analyzed via their daughter-nuclides 
228Th and 227Th, respectively (Moore 1972, Li et al. 1980, Geibert 2002).

As the adsorption of radionuclides on cartridges is seldom quantitaive, the 
results must be corrected for their efficiency (E). For 228Ra, the cartridges 
yield 228Ra/226Ra activity ratios that are converted to absolute 228Ra 
activities by means of the 226Ra subsamples. 227Ac is determined by using the 
cartridge formula: E = 1 -B/A, where A and B are the two cartridges put in 
line (Rutgers Van Der Loeff & Moore 1999).

For the determination of 227Ac activities on depth profiles, it was planned 
to use a delayed coincidence counter system (Moore & Arnold 1996). However, 
when in operation on board, the counting unit proved to have several 
substantial problems. First, the manganese adsorbers dried within about half 
an hour, with the effect of large changes in counting efficiency. The 
counting of test samples showed additionally intervals of increased 
background activity. These intervals were irregular in time, and the activity 
too variable to allow reliable counting of the samples. Therefore, a 
different method of sampling was applied. To the water samples (12-60 l) 
NH4OH, KMnO4, and MnCl2 were added in small amounts to produce a MnO2 
precipitation that adsorbs 227Ac quantitatively. Later, the precipitate was 
filtered onto 142 mm diameter polycarbonate filters with 1 µm pore size. 
234Th was counted on the filters as a yield tracer for the MnO2. Back in the 
home lab, the samples containing the 227Ac will be dissolved, purified and 
counted via the more sensitive γ-spectrometric method.



REFERENCES

Boebel, O. & Barron, C. (2003): A comparison of in-situ float velocities with 
    altimeter derived geostrophic velocities.- Deep-Sea Res. II, 50; 119-139.

Boebel, O., Lutjeharms, J., Schmid, C., Zonk, W., Rossby, T. & Barron, C. 
    (2003): The Cape Cauldron: A regime of turbulent inter-ocean exchange.- 
    Deep-Sea Res. II, 50:57-86.

Broecker, W.S., Li, Y.-H. & Cromwell, J. (1967): Radium-226 and radon-222: 
    concentration in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.- Science 158: 1307-1310.

de Baar, H.J.W, de Jong, J.T.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Löscher, B.M., Veth, C., 
    Bathmann, U. & Smetacek, V. (1995): Importance of iron for plankton 
    blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Nature 373: 
    412-415.

Geibert, W., Rutgers van der Loeff, M.M., Hanfland, C. & Dauelsberg, H.-J. 
    (2002); 227-Actinium as a deep-sea tracer: sources, distribution and 
    applications.- Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198: 147-165.

Hanfland, C. (2002): Radium-226 and Radium-228 in the Atlantic Sector of the 
    Southern Ocean.- Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 431: 1-135.

Kaufman, A, Trier, R.M. & Broecker, W.S. (1973): Distribution of 228Ra in the 
    World Ocean.- J. Geophys. Res. 78: 8827-8848.

Ku, T.-L. & Lin, M.C. (1976): Ra-226 distributions in the Antarctic Ocean.- 
    Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 31: 236-248.

Ku, T.-L., Li, Y-H, Mathieu, G.G. & Wong, H.K. (1970): Radium in the 
    Indian-Antarctic Ocean South of Australia.- J. Geophys. Res. 75: 
    5286-5292.

Li, Y-H, Feely, H.W & Toggweiler, J.R. (1980): 228Ra and 228Th concentrations 
    in GEOSECS Atlantic surface waters.- Deep-Sea Res, 27A: 545-555.

Löscher. B.M., de Baar, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Veth, C. & Dehairs, F. 
    (1997): The distribution of Fe in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.- 
    Deep-Sea Res. II, 44; 143-187.

Lutjeharms, J.R.E. (1996): The Exchange of Water Between the South Indian and 
    South Atlantic Oceans.- In: G. WEFER, W.H, BERGER, G. SIELDER & D.J. WEBB 
    (Eds.), The South Atlantic: Present and past circulation, Springer 
    Verlag, Berlin, 125-162.

Moore, W.S. (1972): Radium-228: Application to thermocline mixing studies.- 
    Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 16: 421-422.

Moore, W.S. & Arnold, R. (1996): Measurement of 223Ra and 224Ra in coastal 
    waters using a delayed coincidence counter.- J. Geophys. Res. 101 (C1): 
    1321-1329.

Moore, W.S., Sarmiento, J.L. & Key, R.M. (1986): Tracing the Amazon component 
    of surface Atlantic water using 228Ra, salinity arid silica.- J. Geophys. 
    Res. 91(C2): 2574-2580.

Orsi A.H., Nowlin Jr., W.D. & Whitworth III, T. (1993): On the circulation 
    and stratification of the Weddell Gyre. - Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 169-203.

Reid, D.F., Moore, W.S. & Sackett, W.M. (1979); Temporal variation of 228Ra 
    in the near-surface gulf of Mexico.- Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 43: 
    227-236.

Rutgers van der Loeff, M.M., Key, R.M., Scholten, J., Bauch, D. & Michel, A. 
    (1995); 228Ra as a tracer for shelf water in the Arctic Ocean.- Deep-Sea 
    Res. II, 42: 1533-1553.

Rutgers van der Loeff, M.M. & Moore, W.S. (1999); Determination of natural 
    radioactive tracers.- In: K. GRASSHOFF, K. KREMLING AND M. EHRHARDT, M. 
    (Eds.), Methods of Seawater Analysis. 365-397, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.





2.11  GEOSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

2.11.1  BATHYMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE EASTERN WEDDELL SEA
        Sonja Gütz, Alexander Iffland and Anton Obermüller

During cruise ANT-XX/2 of RV POLARSTERN the swathsonar system Hydrosweep was 
used to obtain new bathymetric data from the Larazev and Riiser-Larsen seas. 
Another important goal for the bathymetry group was to support the other 
projects especially physical oceanography and marine geology by supplying 
informations on detailed morphological sea floor structures and updated 
working charts (Figure 2.11-1).

For physical oceanographers several mooring stations surveys were carried out 
to add necessary information on the ocean seafloor topography. The obtained 
depth and morphological information is an important prerequisite for the 
interpretation of current behaviour at mooring stations and fundamental for 
further station planning before deploying a new mooring. Therefore, collected 
data were visualized together with previously gathered data sets in 
large-scale charts and provided for planning activities.


Figure 2.11-1: Trackplot of the collected Hydrosweep data during ANT-XX/2


The main area of geological interest during this expedition was the "GeoBox" 
covering the area between 62-70°S and 13-26°E. Within this area a channel 
system in the southern Riiser-Larsen Sea was main objective to "partly" 
systematic measurements. The spatial depth data collected with the swathsonar 
system were used to correlate with the information retrieved from the 
measurements by the sedimentsonar Parasound and to identify appropriate 
locations for sediment sampling. At these sites gravity corer and multicorer 
were deployed.

Finally all "partial" surveys of the Hydrosweep swathsonar system contributed 
to add more accurate data to the poor data density in the Southern Oceans and 
to enlarge the range of data available for international bathymetric charts 
such as the GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) and the AWI BCWS 
(Bathymetric Chart of the Weddell Sea).

Most of the measurements have - with respect to areal coverage - to be 
considered "partly or partially" because due to obligations by the German 
Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), the Hydrosweep system had to be shut down 
south of latitude 60°S when marine mammals (i.e. whales and seals) were 
identified or sighted within a range of 3 km around the vessel. Not before 20 
minutes after the last sighting of a marine mammal, the Hydrosweep system 
could be re-started with a "soft start procedure" in order to avoid harming 
of marine mammals in the vicinity of the vessel, According to this 
"procedure", energy was increased over a time period of one hour until full 
measurements and data acquisition were possible.

Technically this "soft start procedure" was subdivided in three separate 
steps, each of them lasting for 20 minutes. With each step the emitted 
intensity was slowly increased. Step 1 was a shallow water search mode with a 
swath width of 200, Step 2 was a shallow water mode with a 1200 swath width 
and Step 3 was already a deep sea mode with 90° swath width but alternating 
directions. The full measurement mode of the system was reached not earlier 
than one hour and 20 minutes after the last sighting of a mammal.

Due to these obligations (and restrictions) south of 60°S profiling was very 
incomplete and as a result areal data coverage was poor as demonstrated at 
Althoff Seamount.

Earlier cruises in 1990 and 2000 discovered a rapidly changing seafloor and 
rough bottom topography in the waters at 66° to 66°30'S and 16° to 17°E. This 
led to the assumption of the existence of a larger seamount in that 
particular area. During ANT-XX/2, therefore, it was planned to carry out a 
more complete survey of these waters to get a better idea of extend, height 
and structural position of this feature. Approaching the area several whales 
were sighted and consequently the swath and sediment penetrating sonar 
systems (Hydrosweep and Parasound) had to be shut down. Only a single line 
crossing the structure could be obtained by the DWS echosounder revealing an 
approximate idea of the structure of this feature (Figure 2.11-2). However, 
for any more precise scientific interpretation a three dimensional spatial 
representation is needed, which can only be achieved by multibeam surveys. 
Nevertheless, by its general outline this feature was classified a seamount 
and named in April 2003 at a meeting of SCUFN (GEBCO Sub-Committee on 
Undersea Feature Names) "Althoff Seamount" after Friedrich Althoff 
(*19/2/1839 †20/10/1909). Althoff was a lawyer and later a Prussian 
politician for culture and science during the period of 1882-1907 with 
extraordinary efficacy. He was a professor for civil law before joining the 
Prussian Ministry for Culture where he became the director in 1897 Althoff 
was an active promoter or the expansion of German universities and scientific 
institutions. He focused his energy especially on the famous Valdivia 
expedition in 1899 which led into the southern Atlantic Ocean. During this 
expedition, among others, Bouvet Island was discovered.


Figure 2.11-2: Topographic map of the Althoff Seamount above and the 
               crossprofile (bottom)



2.11.2  SEDIMENT CHARACTERIZATION BY ECHOSOUNDING AND SAMPLING
        Gerd Kuhn, Sylvia Brückner, Claudia Didié, Matthias Forwick, 
        Christian Hass, Norbert Lensch, Wolfgang Schmitt, Constanze v, 
        Waldthausen and Thomas Wittling

The reconstruction of the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic development of 
the late Quaternary Southern Ocean and adjacent continental areas in high 
temporal and spatial resolution is a main goal of our long-term study. During 
ANT-XX/2 the sedimentary budget of biogenic and terrigenous components and 
their variability was investigated in cooperation geochemical projects. Main 
objectives were the relationships between production of biogenic components 
and input of terrigenous components and involved nutrients. Therefore in 
addition to surface samples long sediment cores were recovered on the 
transects across the Polar Frontal Zone (Table 2.11-1) for the following 
projects:

• Establishment of a high resolution stratgraphy of the obtained sediment 
  sectons (isotope stratigraphy, AMS-14C age determinations, magnetic 
  susceptibility),
• Quantification and reconstruction of terrigenous sediment supply and its 
  distribution by paleocurrents (high-resolution granulometry, bulk and clay 
  mineralogy, heavy minerals, geochemical tracers),
• Identification and quantification of biogenic and terrigenous components 
  and their variation during glacial and interglacial, periods.
• Correlation of the marine sedimentary record with Antarctic ice core 
  records and reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions.

The ship-mounted Parasound system (Krupp Atlas Electronics, Bremen, Germany) 
is a sub-bottom echosounder. It generates two primary sound waves at 
frequencies of 18 kHz and of 20.5-23.5 kHz. As a result of the parametric 
effect, a secondary frequency between 2.5 and 5.5 kHz is produced at a very 
narrow angle of 4°. This provides much higher horizontal resolution at a 
penetration depth comparable to that of other sediment-echosounding devices.

The Parasound device is attached to an analogue printer (Atlas DESO 25). The 
analogue signal is then digitised and post-processed using the PC-based 
Paradigma software (Spiess 1993). Digital data are stored on hard disk (later 
on CD) and printed simultaneously on a colour printer. Important data such as 
time, geographic position, and water depths are continuously plotted on a 
third printing device.

For geological work on board POLARSTERN the Parasound system is the most 
important tool. Stations for taking geological samples from the seafloor can 
only be planned properly with information based on Parasound data. The 
echosounding data recovered during transit between stations are also very 
important for marine geological work.

Therefore, the Parasound survey during ANT-XX/2 should cover the following 
goals and targets in addition to those relevant for the Riiser Larsen Sea:

• Mapping sediment distribution patterns along transects across the Polar 
  Frontal Zone (areas of non deposition and high accumulation),
• To interpolate sediment budget and to identify transport processes of 
  terrigenous and biogenic components to the seafloor during past climate 
  periods,
• To identify areas showing sedimentary sequences of high temporal 
  resolution,
• To provide information for the selection of locations for sediment coring 
  (site surveys for future expeditions).


Figure 2.11-3: Cruise track south of 60°S indicating distances with shutdown 
               Hydrosweep and Parasound systems due to seals (S) or whales 
               (W). The distance with measuring systems (black) was only 44% 
               of total distance.


In total 5400 nm of the cruise track were measured with the Parasound system. 
South of 60°S more then 50% of these targets could not been reached because 
of frequent shutdowns of the acoustic devices related to restrictive 
obligations by the German Environmental Agency (UBA) with respect to marine 
mammals protection. Furthermore, scientific interpretation of these data will 
be severely hampered by the frequent gaps in the data collection or will in 
many cases not be possible at all. Therefore, the collected profiles are of 
even less scientific value.

With operating Parasound system a total of 58% of the transit tracks were 
measured (Figure 2.11-3). Because of difficulties during operation and 
avoiding damage of the towed hydroacoustic mammal monitoring streamer, the 
Parasound system was switched off on the southern part of the Prime Meridian 
profile and during very heavy sea ice conditions. Therefore, south of 60°S 
altogether on only 44% of the total travel distance sediment acoustic data 
could be collected.

To minimize the acoustic emission the pulse length of the transmitted sound 
was selected to 2. This is equal to a very short pulse length of 0.5 ms at an 
operating frequency of 4 kHz. After shut down due to marine mammal 
observation the system was very slowly restarted 20 minutes after last 
sighting of a marine mammal. This procedure to slowly increase the emitted 
sound (Table 2.11-2) to scare away marine mammals took one hour and was 
conducted 98 times during ANT-XX/2 (equal to four days of potential profiling 
without any scientific data). This frequent on/off operation was very 
stressful for the system and ruined the inrush current limiter (which was 
bypassed later).

Many problems with the online inkjet printers and errors (wrong position or 
time and date) in the record headers of the digitised data occurred 
throughout the whole cruise. This has destroyed data and will make data 
processing a time consuming work. Therefore, an upgrade of the Parasound 
system (DS3) is absolutely needed. A software controlled start-up procedure 
and a software control of sound transmission should be inserted to reduce 
ping rate and sound emission.

Sites for sampling the seafloor were selected according to the Parasound 
data. All together 58 surface samples were collected with the Multicorer 
(MUC) or the Minicorer (MIC), the latter installed 20 m below the CTD (Table 
2.11-1), a configuration that saved a couple of hours of station time. The 
water column at the hydrographic CTD stations was sampled for seawater stable 
isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon ∂13CDIC and ∂18O at 43 
stations (Table 2.11-3). With the collected surface samples the sediment 
composition will be mapped and material for the development of 
micropaleontological transfer functions and trace element and stable isotope 
analyses of benthic forams and ostracodes is available.


2.11.3  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEDIMENT CORES
        Gerd Kuhn

Sediment cores were taken with a gravity corer (SL) and a piston corer (KOL) 
on 18 stations during the cruise (Table 2.11-1). Physical properties like 
sediment density, p-wave velocity, and magnetic suscep-tibility were measured 
on the collected sediment cores with a GEOTEK multi-sensor core logger 
(MSCL). For calculation of these values core diameter and temperature were 
measured in addition (Table 2.11-4).

For calibration the following parameter were used in the logger settings of 
the MSCL software (version 6) or afterwards:

• Temperature calibrated with Hg-thermometer:
  T = 0.003754 x -23.518995  R2 = 0.99968

• Core thickness (displacement) with distance pieces 
  D = 0.0019394 x 1.0001728  R2 = 0.99979

• p-wave travel time with a water core of known temperature and theoretical 
  sound velocity.
    offset for gravity corer (SL) 7.79 µs and for piston corer (KOL) 8.15 µs 
    (Table 2.11-4)

• Gamma ray attenuation measurement and density calculation 
  calculation with equation type y = -Ax2 + Bx + C
    The coefficients A, B, and C were determined with measurements on 
    calibration cores with defined density steps (GEOTEK calibration 
    software) for the gravity corer with
       y = 0.0001x2 - 0.0682x + 10.126, R2 = 0.9996, and for the piston corer
       y = 0.00002x2 - 0.0595x + 10.049, R2 = 0.9998
    A and B, the linearity of the detector, were constant during the cruise. 
    C, the sensitivity of the detector (IO drift), was variable (Figure 
    2.11-4) and determined with a constant attenuation measurement (PVC-core) 
    before each sediment core measurement. The values are stored in the 
    calibration files for each core and the variability of In(Io) for the 
    gravity corers (Figure 2.11-5) and piston corers (Figure 2.11-6) reached 
    maximum -7% deviation (PS63/149-3).

• Magnetic susceptibility data were stored as sensor units and calculated for 
  volume magnetic susceptibility (Table 2.11-4). Corrections for sensor drift 
  during measurement and recalculation of core top and bottom data have been 
  applied.
    Gravity corer sensor units times 6.391 
    Piston corer sensor units times 14.584


Figure 2.11-4: Stability of the gamma-ray detector: counts over 23 hours

Figure 2.11-5: Stability of the IO-gamma attenuation measured during the 
               cruise before measuring the gravity corer sediment cores.

Figure 2.11-6: Stability of the IO-gamma attenuation measured during the 
               cruise before measuring the piston corer sediment cores.



All data were graphically controlled and bad values at core section 
boundaries were removed. The data will be stored in the database PANGAEA 
(www.pangaea.de).

First results and comparison with studied sediment cores showed nicely 
recorded cycles in magnetic susceptibility variations in core PS63/149-3. Low 
values are characteristic for warm climate periods (Holocene, marine isotope 
stage 5) with high accumulation of biogenic silicate. During cold climate 
periods accumulation of terrigenous material was higher and increases 
magnetic susceptibility values (Figure 2.11-7).


Figure 2.11-7: Volume corrected magnetic susceptibility values from sediment 
               core PS63/149-3.



211.4  DYNAMICS OF A CHANNEL-LEVEE SYSTEM IN THE RIISER LARSEN SEA
       Christian Hass

The goal of this part of the marine geological investigations includes the 
investigation of a broad system of channels and levees on the continental 
slope of the Riiser Larsen Sea. The major focus of the investigations is 
placed on mapping the working area in order to get an idea on the extent of 
this system. Channels form through dense water masses that flow down the 
continental slope. However, whether turbidity currents or colder and/or more 
saline waters than the ambient water masses form these dense waters are not 
known. Thus, the investigations aim at discovering the sources and 
reconstructing the principal processes that lead to channel formation in this 
area. A further goal is to investigate whether the channels are presently 
active pathways or whether they are old and/or pie-designed structures.

Levees frame the majority of the channels. Results from an earlier 
investigation (ANT-XVII/2) suggest adequate sediment accumulation rates for 
high-resolution climate reconstructions. Levee formation is closely linked to 
the processes that form the adjacent channels. Thus investigations of the 
levees provide also information on channel activity and its links to climate 
development.

Mapping was planned to be accomplished by Parasound sediment profiling the 
structure of the upper sediment layers and Hydrosweep swath sounding for 
bathymetry. Sediment samples were taken using a gravity corer (SL) and a 
multicorer (MUC).


Parasound profiling

The major goals and tasks of the Parasound surveys were:

• to provide information on the general acoustic characteristics of the 
  sediments (sediment types). These include penetration, and structure of the 
  sediment;
• to provide information on the horizontal extension of different sediment 
  types and distinct reflectors in the sediment column;
• to provide information in order to aid selecting core locations (site 
  surveys);
• to provide information on acoustic reflectors that shall be identified in 
  sediment cores.
• to contribute to a mapping of the sediment characteristics of channels and 
  related levees in the Rilser Larsen Sea.
• to classify sediment types that reveal information on sedimentation 
  processes,
• to discover areas with sediments of high temporal resolution,
• to reconstruct and characterize pathways and processes of 
  sediment-transport

Within the working area (western Riiser Larsen Sea) a total track of 2169 nm 
was accomplished in order to carry out Parasound profiling and Hydrosweep 
mapping. However, due to the restrictive obligations for the usage of 
hydroacoustic systems by the Federal German Environmental Agency (UBA) in 
order to protect marine mammals only a patchy fraction of the track could be 
measured. Only 969 nm - equivalent to only 45% the total track - were 
recorded by Parasound and Hydrosweep respectively; 1200 nm (55%) were not 
recorded (Figure 2.11-8). The sonar systems were shut down very irregularly, 
sometimes within a channel, on top of a levee or even right before a 
channel-levee structure. Thus in-depth investigations of sedimentary 
processes and structural features of channels and levees that require 
information on entire channellevee systems were largely prevented. The 
information gained from this survey is of only very limited use since 
propagation of sedimentary features across channel-levee systems could not be 
measured in the majority of the cases. Gaps in the profile lines may hide 
second- or third-order channels that may be small but that can significantly 
affect sedimentary processes if situated on levee flanks.


Figure 2.11-8: Cruise track in the Riiser Larsen Sea where channel/levee 
               systems should be mapped and the acoustic systems were shut 
               down at 55% (dark lines).


Despite the incomplete survey data the following results can be extracted: 
Channel/levee systems form the most common relief structure in this part of 
the Riiser Larsen Sea. The channels reveal typical structures with very low 
sound penetration suggesting hard and/or coarse-grained sediments. The 
western sides of the channels are usually flanked by levees that show up to 
200 m of acoustically well-stratified sediments. Within the levees sometimes 
smaller, second or third-order channels form; building up smaller levees that 
sit on the large channel levees. Wherever possible the map of the working 
area that was worked out based on ANT-XVII/2 data (Thiede & Oerter 2002) was 
updated.


Sediment coring

The planning was to carry out a precise Parasound survey and then select core 
locations on the basis of that survey. Since the survey data were not 
reliable in terms of continuity due to the above-mentioned restrictions all 
but two positions had to be selected based on data of an earlier expedition 
(ANT-XVII/2; Thiede & Oerter 2002). During the ANT-XVII/2 expedition a number 
of important locations had already been sampled, thus, additional sediment 
cores taken during ANT-XX/2 must be rated of only less importance.

Long sediment cores (up to 13.8 m length) were taken using a gravity corer. 
The gravity corer includes a 2 t weight on the top and a variable number of 
steel pipes of 5 (3) m length each attached to the weight. Inside the steel 
pipes are plastic liners (12 cm Ø). Attached to the base of the gravity corer 
a core catcher is mounted that prevents the sediment core from sliding out of 
the plastic liners. Once recovered, the 5 (3 m) m plastic liners were cut 
into 1 m pieces. Subsequently the 1 m pieces were logged using a multisensor 
core logger. Undisturbed surface samples were recovered using a multicorer 
equipped with 12 tubes (6 cm Ø, 60 cm tube length). Multicorer lengths were 
usually around 30 cm. On every geological station within the working area 
gravity corer and multicorer were deployed.

Due to time consuming marine-mammal-watches related to the Parasound and 
Hydrosweep profiling projects, opening of the sediment cores, core 
descriptions, sampling, X-radiography, colour scans, photographs, and further 
analyses could not be carried out on board.

A total of 17 locations within the working area were sampled (Figure 2.11-9). 
Two locations were selected upon new Parasound data, 13 stations were 
selected on the basis of ANT-XVII/2 data, three stations were sampled upon 
occasion at a CTD station and during transit.

Nine inner-channel locations were sampled. In every case the surface 
sediments consisted of very soft silty clay and could easily be cored using 
the multicorer. However, the gravity corer was not able to penetrate deeper 
than two meters. On five mid-channel locations the gravity corer was 
recovered empty suggesting that physically very hard sub-surface sediments 
prevented penetration. On one of these locations the damaged core catcher 
visibly released a small amount of sediment (i.e. all of the approx. 30-50 cm 
of sediment that made it up to the sea surface) when the corer came out of 
the water. Three of the mid-channel locations allowed to recover 147, 148, 
and 94 cm, respectively, of the sediment column (PS63/099-2, 105-2, 114-1). 
At two of these locations the coring gear was severely damaged. Cores 
PS63/099-2 and PS63/105-2 obviously got stuck in very dense and water 
depleted sediments that included larger stones (several cm Ø) in a yellowish 
silty-clayey matrix. These sediments significantly differed from all 
sediments cored in the Riiser Larsen Sea; it is presumably much older than 
the overlying softer sediments. Core PS63/114-1 went undamaged back on deck 
but revealed only 147 cm of sediment. The corer was obviously not able to 
penetrate a convolutedly bedded coarse-sand layer that occurred at the base 
of the recovered core. One of the cores (PS63/120-4) was taken on transit 
from the lower northern area of the western channel. It revealed 427 cm of 
soft sediments. Since the Parasound system had to be shut down no information 
on the position of this core location relative to the channel axis could be 
gained.


Figure 2.11-9: Core recovery and length in the Riiser Larsen Sea in relation 
               to location.



References

Thiede, U. & Oerter, H. (2002): The expedition ANTARKTIS XVII/2 of the 
    Research Vessel POLARSTERN in 2000.- Rep. Polar Marine Res. 404, 1-245.

Spiess, V. (1992): Digitale Sedirrentechographie- Neue Wege zu einer 
    hochauflösenden Akustostratigraphie.- Ber. Fachber. Geowiss. Univ. 
    Bremen, 35: 1-199.


Table 2.11 -1: List of surface sediment samples and sediment cores from 
               ANT-XX/2.

                          Water 
Station            Time   depth                               Recov. Penetr.
PS63/    Date      (UTC)   (m)   LatidudeLongit.(S)  GEAR      (cm)   (cm)  Remarks            Location
-----  ----------  -----  ----  -------------------- ------   -----  ------ -----------------  --------------
024-1  28.11.2002  16:06  4562  47°01.46' 04°52.85'E  MIC        23                            Cape Basin
025-1  29.11.2002  11:06  4086  49°00.12' 02°50.41'E  MIC                   empty              Cape Basin
026-2  29.11.2002  22:59  3918  50°15.00' 01°25.28'E  MIC        <3                            SW-Ind. Ridge
027-2  30.11.2002   7:43  1342  51°00.20' 00°31.31'E  MUC        10                            SW-Ind. Ridge
028-2  01.12.2002   1:12  3011  52°01.18' 00°06.07'W  MUC        35                            SW-Ind. Ridge
030-3  01.12.2002  20:56  2581  52°59.55' 00°01.47'E  MUC        13                            SW-Ind. Ridge
032-2  03.12.2002   6.53  2764  54°00.36' 00°06.56'W  MUC        30                            SW-Ind. Ridge
033-5  03.12.2002  16:42  1632  54°31.24' 00°00.44'W  MUC        20                            SW-Ind. Ridge
035-2  04.02.2002   4:53  3427  55°29.45' 00°05.47'W  MUC        20                            SW-Ind. Ridge
037-4  05.12.2002   2:45  3334  55°55.62' 00°05.92'E  MUC        24                            SW-Ind. Ridge
033-2  05.12.2002   6:54  4352  56°31.33' 00°03.32'W  MUC        33                            SW-Ind. Ridge
039-2  05.12.2002  18:39  4018  57°31.38' 00°07.83'W  MUC                   Not released       SW-Ind. Ridge
039-3  05.12.2002  20.19  3989  57°31.64' 00°07.37'W  MUC        32                            SW-Ind. Ridge
041-2  06.12.2002   6:35  3839  58°28.89' 00°05.01'E  MUC        33                            SW-Ind. Ridge
042-4  07.12.2002   3:15  4667  59°02.70' 00°04.17'E  MUC        41                            SW-Ind. Ridge
043-2  07.12.2002  15:36  4580  59°27.92' 00°00.39'W  MUC        36                            SW-Ind. Ridge
047-2  08.12.2002  15:06  5423  60°58.36' 00°00.54'W  MUC        37                            N Weddell Sea
049-2  09.12 2002   6:51  5383  62°01.29' 00°03.61'W  MUC        12                            N Weddell Sea
052-2  09.12.2002  22:17  5310  63°00.13' 00°05.50'W  MUC        10                            N Weddell Sea
054-5  10.12.2002  23.14  5164  64°00.37' 00°01.15'E  MUC        9                             N Weddell Sea
057-2  16.12.2002  21:34  4220  68°30.67' 00°00.92'W  MUC        35                            N Weddell Sea
059-2  17.12.2002  10:25  4588  67°29.22' 00°00.48'E  MUC        32                            N Weddell Sea
061-3  18.12.2002   2:12  4500  66°30.42' 00°00.01'E  MUC        26                            N Weddell Sea
064-6  19.12.2002  17:43  3698  64°59.65' 00°02.70'E  MIC        22                            Maid Rise
068-1  25.12.2002  21:48  5427  61°00.27' 00°00.81'E  KOL/25   1924   2100  TC=88cm            N Weddell Sea
071-1  21.12.2002  12:31  5375  61°46.75' 02°04.50'E  MIC        17                            N Weddell Sea
073-1  22.12.2002   1:43  5345  62°33.16' 04°12.18'E  MIC        12                            Enderby Basin
076-2  22.12.2002  14:50  5330  63°17.63' 06°17.18'E  MUC        37                            Enderby Basin
078-1  23.12.2002   7:36  5190  64°06.85' 08°38.54'E  MIC        24                            Enderby Basin
080-1  23.12.2002  22:20  5213  64°33.70' 09°48.22'E  MIC        24                            Enderby Basin
081-3  24.12.2002   7:29  4804  64°53.34' 10°56.62'E  MUC        36                            Astrid Ridge
082-2  24.12.2002  15:18  4111  65°16.84' 12°11.85'E  MUC        37                            Astrid Ridge
083-2  25.12.2002  10:09  2612  65°40.29' 13°21.55'E  MUC        16                            Astrid Ridge
095-1  30.12.2002  12:00  1169  69°53.10' 25°14.00'E  MIC        13                            Riiser Larsen Sea
095-3  30.12.2002  17:12  1140  69°53.34' 25°12.75'E  MUC         8                            Riiser Larsen Sea
097-1  01.01.2003   8:46  3130  68°57.56' 17°34.37'E  GKG                   failed             Riiser Larsen Sea
097-2  01.01.2003  10:41  3046  68°57.85' 17°35.91'E  MUC        37                            Riiser Larsen Sea
097-3  01.01.2003  12:16  3068  68°57.71' 17°35.57'E  SL/10m    872   1050                     Riiser Larsen Sea
098-1  01.01.2003  14:30  2914  68°57.82' 17°41.55'E  SL/l5m   1148   1300                     Riiser Larsen Sea
098-2  01.01.2003  16:04  2868  68°58.32' 17°41.87'E  MUC        36                            Riiser Larsen Sea
099-1  01.01.2003  18:25  3625  68°59.25' 18°00.52'E  MUC        36                            Riiser Larsen Sea
099-2  01.01.2003  20:00  3627  68°59.26' 18°00.62'E  SL/10m     94    100  damaged            Riiser Larsen Sea
103-1  02.01.2003  12:48  3590  68°13.14' 16°44.67'E  SL/15m   1080   1400                     Riiser Larsen Sea
103-2  02.01.2003  14:24  3587  68°13.23' 16°44.32'E  MUC        37                            Riiser Larsen Sea
105-1  02.01.2003  23:59  4350  68°08.08' 18°12.37'E  MUC        36                            Riiser Larsen Sea
105-2  03.01.2003   1:45  4351  68°07.97' 18°12.78'E  SL/15m    147    200  damaged            Riiser Larsen Sea
106-1  03.01.2003   5:10  3754  68°06.26' 18°49.14'E  SL/15m   1048   1200                     Riiser Larsen Sea
106-2  03.01.2003   6:43  3749  68°06.20' 18°49.05'E  MUC        37                            Riiser Larsen Sea
109-1  03.01.2003  18:24  4494  67°24.04' 19°36.64'E  MUC        36                            Riiser Larsen Sea
109-2  03.01.2003  20.10  4489  67°25.06' 19°36.73'E  SL/5m  cc-sample   0  failed             Riiser Larsen Sea
110-1  04.01.2003   0:23  4230  67°25.06' 20°40.82'E  SL/15m    991   1550                     Riiser Larsen Sea
110-2  04.01.2003   2:11  4235  67°25.06' 20°49.14'E  MUC        30                            Riiser Larsen Sea
111-1  04.01.2003   5:52  4517  67°25.69' 21°31.33'E  MUC        35                            Riiser Larsen Sea
111-2  04.01.2003   7:39  4509  67°25.69' 21°31.40'E  SL/3m       0      0  failed             Riiser Larsen Sea
112-1  04.01.2003   1:36  4480  67°04.97' 21°06.29'E  SL/15m   1380   1550                     Riiser Larsen Sea
112-4  04.01.2003  13:57  4482  67°04.92' 21°06.22'E  MUC        38                            Riiser Larsen Sea
113-1  04.01.2003  19:26  4459  66°28.52' 21°30.61'E  MUC        35                            Riiser Larsen Sea
113-2  04.01.2003  21:16  4457  66°28.50' 21°30.76'E  SL/15m   1068   1500                     Riiser Larsen Sea
114-1  05.01.2003   0:40  4706  66°35.71' 22°05.32'E  SL/3m     148    200                     Riiser Larsen Sea
114-2  05.01.2003   2:33  4697  66°35.71' 22°05.03'E  MUC        37                            Riiser Larsen Sea
115-1  05.01.2003   5:17  4744  66°37.71' 22°15.64'E  MUC        21                            Riiser Larsen Sea
115-2  05.01.2003   7:06  4735  66°37.69' 22°13.30'E  SL/3m       0      0  failed             Riiser Larsen Sea
117-1  06.01.2003   2:00  4737  66°27.02' 17°10.76'E  MUC        36                            Riiser Larsen Sea
117-2  06.01.2003   3:52  4733  66°27.06' 17°10.79'E  SL/3m       0    100  failed             Riiser Larsen Sea
116-1  06.01.2003   8:37  4347  66°24.17' 15°48.27'E  SL/15m    235    500  damaged            Riiser Larsen Sea
118-2  06.01.2003  10:21  4355  66°24.15' 15°48.34'E  MUC        12                            Riiser Larsen Sea
120-3  07.01.2003   3:16  4890  66°24.46' 18°29.43'E  MUC        40                            Riiser Larsen Sea
120-4  07.01.2003   5:18  4890  65°24.34' 18°29.04'E  SL/5m     427    550                     Riiser Larsen Sea
121-2  07.01.2003  11:25  4977  64°57.43' 19°01.22'E  MIC        25                            Riiser Larsen Sea
123-3  08.01.2003  10:11  5017  64°08.10' 20°45.44'E  MUC        39                            Riiser Larsen Sea
123-4  08.01.2003  12:12  5010  64°08.16' 20°45.30'E  SL/8m       0      0  failed             Riiser Larsen Sea
126-2  09.01.2003   7:59  5089  62°59.56' 22°58.88'E  SL/5m       0      0  failed             Enderby Basin
126-3  09.01.2003   9:55  5108  62°59.66' 22°58.01'E  MUC        40                            Enderby Basin
130-2  10.01.2003   5:18  5181  61°29.97' 23°00.05'E  MUC        37                            Enderby Basin
130-3  10.01.2003   7:20  5131  61°29.84' 22°59.76'E  SL/10m   1136   1200                     Enderby Basin
132-1  10.01.2003  17:10  5210  60°53.61' 22°59.98'E  KOL/25                aborted            Enderby Basin
135-2  11.01.2003  12:31  4825  59°29.97' 23°00.53'E  MUC                   empty              Enderby Basin
136-1  11.01.2003  17:06  5375  59°19.26' 22°59.54'E  KOL/25   1640   1700  Damaged TC=85cm    Enderby Basin
136-2  11.01.2003  20:13  5388  59°19.43' 22°59.56'E  MUC        29                            Enderby Basin
139-1  12.01.2003  11:55  5370  58°18.84' 22°59.76'E  KOL/20         empty  released           EnderbyBasin
139-2  12.01.2033  14:35  5368  58°17.97' 23°00.05'E  MUC        33                            Enderby Basin
139-3  12.01.2003  17:36  5379  58°17.79' 22°59.86'E  KOL/20         empty  Released at 5200m  Enderby Basin
141-2  13.01.2003   7:12  5412  57°30.91' 22°59.06'E  MUC        26                            Enderby Basin
143-2  13.01.2003  20:14  4810  56°30.43' 23°00.85'E  MUC        35                            Enderby Basin
146-1  14.01.2003  10:36  4733  55°19.24' 23°00.01'E  MUC        32                            Enderby Basin
146-2  14.01.2003  13:16  4730  55°19.26' 23°00.03'E  KOL/20   1782   2100  TC=43cm            Enderby Basin
149-2  15.01.2003   6:08  3804  53°57.25' 23°02.86'E  MUC        31                            SW-Ind. Ridge
149-3  15.01.2003   8:43  3805  53°57.32' 23°02.87'E  KOL/25   2119   2400  TC=65cm            SW-Ind. Ridge



Table 2.11-2: Softstart parameter settings of the Parasound system.

                  Minutes  Channel                     Pulse 
                  startup  Select   Gain  Mode  Angle  Length
                  -------  -------  ----  ----  -----  ------
                     0     NBS         1    1    20      1
                    10     NBS        10    1    20      1
                    20     NBS       100    1    20      1
                    30     PAR/NBS   100    1    20      1
                    40     PAR/NBS   100    4    20      1
                    50     PAR/NBS   100    4     4      1
                    60     PAR/NBS   100    4     4      2


Table 2.11-3: List of CTD/rosette water sampler, sampled for seawater stable 
              isotope composition.

                                                    waterdepth,
            Station    Gear   Lat. S       Long.    Pmax or. HS  
           ----------  ----  ---------  ----------  -----------
           PS63/024-1  CTD   47°01.46'  04°52.85'E     4625     0°-Transect
           PS63/032-1  CTD   54°00.13'  00°06.42'W     2683     
           PS63/033-4  CTD   54°31.47'  00°00.24'W     1565     
           PS63/037-3  CTD   56°56.46'  00°04.96'E     3720     
           PS63/041-3  CTD   58°28.68'  00°05.77'E     3832     
           PS63/043-1  CTD   59°28.65'  00°01.74'W     4628     
           PS63/047-1  CTD   60°59.26'  00°02.86'W     5460     
           PS63/052-1  CTD   63°00.08'  00°04.87'W     5370     
           PS63/057-1  CTD   68°30.36'  00°00.77'W     4300     
           PS63/061-4  CTD   66°30.59'  00°00.04'E     4570     
           PS63/076-3  CTD   63°17.64'  06°17.18'E     5330     NW-SE-Transect
           PS63/081-2  CTD   64°53.15'  10°57.54'E     4913     
           PS63/082-1  CTD   65°16.90'  12°09.57'E     4145     
           PS63/083-1  CTD   65°40.14'  13°21.22'E     2660     
           PS63/087-1  CTD   66°27.51'  17°38.36'E     4870     GeoBox South
           PS63/090-1  CTD   67°59.48'  20°15.17'E     4052     
           PS63/093-1  CTD   69°15.16'  24°08.95'E     3267     
           PS63/095-1  CTD   69°53.10'  25°14.00'E     1176     
           PS63/100-1  CTD   69°13.53'  17°57.86'E     2508     
           PS63/101-1  CTD   68°49.38'  17°59.27'E     3700     
           PS63/104-1  CTD   68°14.46'  17°59.82'E     4314     
           PS63/107-2  CTD   67°39.63'  17°59.92'E     4566     
           PS63/116-1  CTD   66°48.06'  16°59.51'E     4707     
           PS63/120-2  CTD   65°24.42'  18°29.45'E     4985     GeoBox North
           PS63/124-1  CTD   63°44.70'  21°44.10'E     5145     
           PS63/125-1  CTD   63°30.07'  22°59.56'E     5166     23°E-Transect
           PS63/126-1  CTD   62°59.78'  22°59.27'E     5196 
           PS63/127-1  CTD   62°29.93'  23°00.06'E     5222 
           PS63/131-1  CTD   60°59.90'  22°59.92'E     5272 
           PS63/133-1  CTD   60°30.00'  23°01.18'E     5163 
           PS63/134-1  CTD   59°57.66'  22°59.65'E     5034 
           PS63/135-1  CTD   59°29.94'  23°00.76'E     4900 
           PS63/140-1  CTD   58°00.93'  22°59.56'E     5303 
           PS63/141-1  CTD   57°30.35'  22°59.78'E     5250 
           PS63/142-1  CTD   57°00.58'  22°59.65'E     4717 
           PS63/143-1  CTD   56°30.25'  23°00.40'E     4880 
           PS63/144-1  CTD   56°00.23'  22°59.90'E     3736 
           PS63/145-1  CTD   55°30.37'  23°00.91'E     4358 
           PS63/147-1  CTD   55°00.59'  23°00.40'E     4534 
           PS63/148-1  CTD   54°30.18'  22°59.85'E     3567 
           PS63/149-1  CTD   53°57.01'  23°02.99'E     3857 
           PS63/150-1  CTD   53°29.42'  23°00.20'E     3123 
           PS63/152-1  CTD   52°59.90'  22°59.54'E     1942 



Table 2.11-4: Sensors and parameter settings for measurements with the GEOTEK 
              multi-sensor core logger.

P-Wellengeschwindigkeit und Kerndurchmesser
  Platten-Transducer-Durchmesser: 4 cm
  Transmitter Pulsfrequenz: 500 kHz
  Pulswiederholungsrate: 1 kHz
  registrierte Pulsauflösung: 50 ns
  gate: 2800 
  delay: 10 Ls 
  P-Wellenlaufzeit offset: 7.79 Ls (SL, 2*2.5 mm Wandstarke), 8.15 Ls (KOL,   
  2*2.7 mm Wandstärke) Temperature = 20°C, Salinity = 35 psu, not corrected 
  for water depth and in situ temperature.
Temperatur
  Bimetall Sensor
Density
  Gammastrahlenquelle: Cs-137
  Aktivität: 356 MBq
  Energie: 0.662 MeV
  Blendendurchmesser: 5.0 mm (SL+KOL)
  Gammastrahlendetektor: Gammasearch2, Modell SD302D, Ser. Nr. 3047 , John   
  Caunt Scientific
  Ltd., 10 s Zählzeit
Fractional porosity
  Mineral grain density = 2.75, water density 1.026
Magnetische Susceptibilität
  Spulensensor: BARTINGTON MS-2C, Ser. Nr. 208 (SL+KOL) 
  nominaler Spuleninnendurchmesser: 14 cm
  Spulendurchmesser: 14.8 cm
  Wechselfeldfrequenz: 565 Hz, Zählzeit 10 s, Präzision 0.1 * 10-5 (SI)
  Magnetische Feldstärke: ca. 80 A/m RMS
  Krel: 1.56 (SL, 12 cm Kern-ø), 0.69 (KOL, 8.46 cm Kern-ø)
  Spulensensorkorrekturfaktor 6.391 (SL) 14.584 (KOL) für 10-6 (SI)
Dickenmessung
  Penny + Giles, Type HLP 190..., Ser.#.Nr. 92730147



2.115  SYNPART SYNOPTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PARTICLE FLUX IN THE EASTERN 
       WEDDELL GYRE
       Walter Geibert, Claudia Hanfland and Regina Usbeck

The starting hypothesis for this study was that in the Eastern Weddell Gyre 
between 0°E and 35°E, a hitherto overlooked region of high productivity, 
would be found. This assumption was supported by model results derived from 
nutrient budgets (Usbeck 1999, Usbeck et al. 2002), data of whale abundance 
(Tynan 1998) as well as by other data from adjacent areas. Satellite data of 
surface chlorophyll do not show a pronounced anomaly at that region, and a 
further question was whether such a high productivity region could be 
overlooked by the satellites due to deep chlorophyll. However, hydrographical 
and geochemical data from the region of interest itself were extremely 
sparse. Therefore, a study was initiated which should allow to get an 
impression of the particle flux. Real-time SEAWIFS-satellite images of the 
region would allow comparing on-site measurements with remote sensing data. 
Chlorophyll profiles were measured in order to compare deep and surface 
chlorophyll, as well as to get a general idea of phytoplankton activity in 
the region. Oxygen was measured onboard on all CTD profiles, and nutrient 
samples were taken for later analysis in the home laboratory. 234Th was 
measured on depth profiles in order to get estimates of export productivity. 
Surface sediment samples were taken in order to determine accumulation rates 
when back in the home lab. Thus, an impression of particle flux throughout 
the whole water column could be obtained.


Satellite images

The SEAWIFS chlorophyll data for the region show a larger bloom for the 
eastern part of the Weddell Gyre than in previous years. So far, the results 
agree with chlorophyll measurements. However, the absolute chlorophyll 
concentrations given by SEAWIFS for the bloom in the eastern Weddell Gyre do 
not at all reflect the absolute values obtained by in-situ chlorophyll 
measurements Whereas satellite data give surface values of 2 µg/l in the 
eastern Weddell Gyre, yet uncalibrated in-situ fluorometer values are 
substantially higher (5-15 µg/l), and only part of this discrepancy can be 
explained by the deep chlorophyll maxima. As there had been very few 
chlorophyll profiles from the Southern Hemisphere available for calibration 
of the SEAWIFS data, it seems reasonable to assume that remote sensing data 
are substantially underestimating the productivity of the Weddell Gyre. 
However, the calibration of the fluorometer has to be awaited before final 
conclusions are drawn.


Chlorophyll

A seapoint fluorometer was deployed with all CTD stations (Figure 2.11-10), 
except a few in the beginning of the cruise. Additionally, about 150 samples 
were taken from the CTD bottles for later analysis of pigment concentration, 
which will allow to calibrate the fluorometer measurements of chlorophyll-a 
(Chl-a). Three transects of chlorophyll-a were obtained, one N-S at 0°E from 
about 52°S to the Antarctic coastline (Figure 2.11-11a), one with NW-SE 
orientation from about 0°E, 64°S to 23°E, 70°S (Figure 2.11-11b) and a 
further S-N transect, mostly at 23°E (Figure 2.11-11c), covering the core of 
the region of interest.

The three sections shown below (Figure 2.11-11a-c) illustrate that the 
Weddell Gyre is in general much more productive than could be derived from 
satellite images. Whereas the blooms in the ACC reach about 2 µg/l Chl-a (all 
values uncalibrated) and are relatively homogeneous with depth, the profiles 
in the Weddell Gyre are typically much lower at the sea surface but reach 
Chl-a concentrations up to 15 µg/l. In the eastern Weddell Gyre, extremely 
high values of Chl-a were found, sometimes exceeding the fluorometer's range 
(up to 15 µg/l). Maxima were typically between 7 and 15 µg/l in the eastern 
Weddell Gyre from about 62.5 to 55°S. These values fully support the starting 
hypothesis, revealing a huge area of high productivity just where predicted 
by model results. For final results, the calibration of the fluorometer has 
to be awaited.


Figure 2.11-10: Locations of all CTD-depth profiles including fluorometric 
                determination of chlorophyll a.

Figure 2.11-11: Concentration of chlorophyll a (fluorometrically, yet 
                uncalibrated) vs. depth. 
                a: N-S transect along 0°E, 
                b: NW-SE-transect, 
                c: N-S transect along 23°E (see Figure 2.11-9 for details).



Thorium-234

234Th (half-life 24.1 days) is a naturally occurring radionuclide that 
originates from the 238U decay chain. It is very particle reactive, and with 
increasing particle concentration an increasing part of 234Th is found on 
particles. Recent observations sugest that acid polysaccharides, a product of 
phytoplankton, are the main adsorber for 234Th in natural seawater (Quigley 
et al. 2002) Generally spoken, the fraction of 234Th found on particles may 
be considered a measure for biogenic particle concentration under open ocean 
conditions.

When particles sink out of the euphotic zone, they carry 234Th with them. 
Consequently, particle export leads to an export of 234Th, too. As the 
activity of 234Th is in equilibrium with 238U when no export takes place, the 
disequilibrium between 238U and 234Th is a measure for particle export (Coale 
& Bruland 1985).

In order to get information on carbon export, 25 vertical profiles of 234Th 
from the upper water column were measured (Figure 2.11-12) as described in 
Usbeck et al. (2002). Preliminary results show a good agreement with the 
chlorophyll data. High fractions of Th on particles are found in regions with 
high chlorophyll concentrations. On the eastern transect, a strong depletion 
of Th was found that can be explained by particle export. The subsurface 
maximum of chlorophyll is often reflected in particulate 234Th.


Figure 2.11-12: Locations of the 234Th depth profiles


Oxygen 

Samples for oxygen analysis were the first to be drawn from the Niskin bottle 
unless chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) samples were taken. Volume calibrated glass 
bottles of ∼120 mL were used. A piece of Tygon tube was attached to the outlet 
tap of the Niskin bottle to allow the water to enter the sample bottle with 
minimum air contact and turbulence. The sample was allowed to overflow up to 
three times the bottle volume and the temperature of the seawater was then 
measured. The oxygen was chemically fixed and the bottles were capped and shaken. 
Samples were analyzed using the standard Winkler method [Grasshoff and Ehrhardt, 
1983] within 12 h of collection. Whole bottle titrations were performed as 
recommended for WOCE [Culberson, 1994]. The titration process was automated and 
the endpoint calculated using an electronic burette and photometer linked to a 
computer (SiS GmbH Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer). Duplicate samples were drawn and 
analyzed for 10% of all the samples. The analytical precision of these 
duplicates was 0.45%.


Nutrients

Polyethylene (PE) 50 mL bottles were used to collect subsamples from Niskin 
bottles for nutrient analysis. The PE bottles were rinsed three times with the 
sample water. The samples were poisoned with 105 mg/mL mercuric chloride (HgCl2), 
stored at 4°C and analyzed at the home laboratory 7 months after sampling. This 
preservation method has been shown to be successful for the storage of nutrient 
samples for up to 2 years [Kattner, 1999]. A Technicon autoanalyser II was used 
to measure the concentrations of Si, NOx−, NO2− and NH4+ using standard 
techniques [Grasshoff and Ehrhardt, 1983]. All the samples were analyzed in 
duplicate and the average difference of the duplicates from the mean was 0.23% 
for NO3− and 0.26% for Si.


Temperature and salinity

Temperature and salinity were recorded with a Seabird SEACAT SBE 19 instrument. 
Here, we report 5 m averages. Bottle data were related to the salinity and 
temperature of the nearest 5 m data point. A comparison of the physical data 
with that from another CTD instrument, which was operated in parallel and 
continuously calibrated against seawater standards (M. Schröder et al., The 
structure of the eastern Weddell Sea warm inflow, manuscript in preparation, 
2010) yielded excellent agreement.


Surface sediment samples

From selected samples of the sediment surface, 230Th activities will be 
determined in the near future in order to obtain sediment accumulation rates 
that may be compared with production data from the overlying water column. 
For locations of the sediment samples, see the respective chapters in this 
cruise report.


Preliminary conclusions

The obtained dataset gives for the first time a comprehensive insight into 
the production patterns of the eastern Weddell Gyre. The preliminary results 
fully support the starting hypothesis of a hitherto overlooked high 
productivity region in the Southern Ocean.



REFERENCES

Coale K.H. & Bruland K.W. (1985): 234Th:238U disequilibria within the 
    California Current.- Limnol. Oceanogr. 30: 22-33.

Quigley M.S., Santschi P.H., Hung C.-C., Guo L. & Honeyman B. (2002): 
    Importance of acid polysaccharides for 234Th complexation to marine 
    organic matter.- Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 367-377.

Tynan, C.T. (1998): Ecological importance of the southern Boundary of the 
    Antarctic circumpolar current.- Nature 392: 708-710.

Usbeck, R. (1999): Modeling of marine biogeochemical cycles with an emphasis 
    on vertical particle fluxes.- Rep. Polar Marine Res. 332, http://www.awi-
    bremerhaven.de/GEO/Publ/PhDs/RUsbeck

Usbeck, R., Rutgers van der Loeff, M.M., Hoppema, M. & Schlitzer, P. (2002): 
    Shallow remineralization in the Weddell Gyre.- Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 
    3: 10.1029/2001GC000182.



2.12  VIRIOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE AND BACTERIOPHAGE OF OLIGOTROPHIC BACTERIA FROM 
      POLAR SEAS
      Jifang Yang and Timo Hagemann

Viruses are now considered to be an important component of aquatic microbial 
communities. The re-evaluation of the role of viruses in marine ecosystem is 
due to the discovery of high numbers of viruses and their abundances, 
typically numbering ten billions per litre. They probably infect all 
organisms, undergo rapid decay and replenishment and influence many 
biogeochemical and ecological processes, including nutrient cycling, 
respiration system, particle-size distributions and sinking rates, bacterial 
and algal biodiversity and species distributions, algal bloom control, 
dimethyl sulphide formation and genetic transfer. The marine bacterial 
community is responsible for a considerable portion of primary production and 
regeneration of nutrients in the microbial loop and is associated with a 
great variety of marine bacteriophages. The phages are parts of the marine 
virioplankton community and are capable of infecting a large portion of the 
bacterioplankton. It is assumed that, as part of the marine food web, 
bacteriophages play important quantitative and qualitative roles in 
controlling marine bacterial populations.

Oligotrophic bacteria have been defined as organisms with the capability to 
grow on a medium containing 1 mg or less than 1 mg of organic carbon per 
liter and have been found as the dominant populations in the Pacific Ocean 
and the polar seas. Occurrence and distribution of oligotrophic bacteria in 
Antarctic and Arctic seas were investigated and a few hundred of oligotrophic 
strains were isolated. Although there are a lot of reports about 
bacteriophages of marine heterotrophic bacteria, no reports of bacteriophages 
infecting marine oligotrophic bacteria are available. Investigating 
virioplankton abundance and bacteriophages of oligotrophic bacteria in polar 
seas are very important for better understanding the interactions between 
phages and their host organisms and the role of viruses in the polar marine 
ecosystem.

As part of an international cooperation between the AWI and SIO (Second 
Institute of Oceanography, China) this research cruise served to sample sea 
water and concentrate virus solution on board.


Work at sea

At ten stations in the Weddell Sea, seawater samples of about 200 liters were 
taken with a CTD-Rosette. The normal sample depths were 25 m and at two 
stations we took an additional sample of 400 m water depth. After separating 
algae and bacteria cells with a 0.2 µm / 0.45 µm Sartobran Capsule, the 
bacteriophages and viruses were concentrated thousandfold by 
tangential-flow-ultrafiltration using three Polyethersulfone Ultrasart 
Cassettes (0.1 m2 effective filtration area each; 100 kdalton cut off). 
Twelve host bacteria strains, belonging to the alpha or gamma subclass of 
proteobacteria or the Cytophaga-Flavobaoterium-Bacteroides group, were 
infected each with 0.1 ml of the concentrated virus solution and incubated at 
8°C to determine the bacteriophage concentration in seawater by counting the 
number of plaques on the plates. Meanwhile, about three litres seawater 
sample in every sampling station were filtered through a glasfibre filter for 
POC/PON measurement. This POC/PON measurement will be done in home 
laboratory.


Preliminary results

At each station a 200 ml bottle was filled with sample of the concentrated 
virus solution (Table 2.12-1). The twelve bottles were collected and stored 
at 4°C for further studies in home laboratory (morphology observation and DNA 
sequence analysis of virus). Preliminary results from plaque assay test 
confirmed the existence of oligobacteriophages in Antarctic Sea (Figure 
2.12-1). There were high emergence rates relatively of phage plaque against 
host strain ARK126 (25%) or ANT43 (37%).


Table 2.12-1:  Sampling stations

                     Sample                      Total 
                       No    Station No  Depth  plaques
                     ------  ----------  -----  -------
                        1    PS63/038-1   25 m    28  
                        2    PS63/042-5  400 m     0  
                        3    PS63/042-7   25 m     3   
                        4    PS63/047-3   25 m     7   
                        5    PS63/054-3   25 m     2   
                        6    PS63/061-2   25 m     4    
                        7    PS63/076-1   25 m     4
                        8    PS63/081-1   25 m     3
                        9    PS63/081-4  400 m     3
                       10    PS63/107-1   25 m     7
                       11    PS63/120-1   25 m     3
                       12    PS63/123-1   25 m     3



Figure 2.12-1: Total number of occurred plaques


No phage plaque against host strain ARK150 or ARK152 or ARM58 or ARK176 
occurred



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Especially, we want to thank technical assistant Mrs. Susanne Spahic who was 
involved deeply in preparations for the cruise expedition. This international 
cooperation project between the Alfred Wegener Institute and the Second 
Institute of Oceanography, 99 PR China, (CHN 01/034) was supported by the 
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).


Addendum of ANT-XIX/4

2.13  COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ABUNDANCE OF OLIGOTROPHIC BACTERIA
      T.-L. Tan, S. Spahic', C. Germer


Objectives

Although not integrated in the ANDEEP projects, the aim of our participation 
is to study the abundance and diversity of oligotrophic, low-nutrient 
bacteria in south polar seas by using conventional and molecular biological 
methods. The results will be compared with the results of a similar 
expedition programme to the north polar region from June to August 2002 (ARK 
XVIII / la+b).


Work on board

For the above purpose, we have taken water samples at 10 stations from four 
depths (25, 100, 200, and 400 m). The water sampler (Rosette) was combined 
with CTD measurements (conductivity-temperature- salinity) in the water 
column (Table 2.13-1).


Table 2.13-1: Salinity (psu) and temperature (°c) at the bacteriological 
              stations

Internal no.   PS no.      Date     Sal.Min.  Sal.Max.  Temp.Miri.  Temp.Max.
------------  --------  ----------  --------  --------  ----------  ---------
 Bac St 01    61/130-2  03.03.2002   33.842   34.689      -0.18      2.547
 Bac St 02    61/131-5  05.03.2002   33.374   34.675      -1.734     0.668
 Bac St 03    61/133-2  07.03.2002   34.062   34.674      -1.713     0.601
 Bac St 04    61/134-2  08.03.2002   32.845   34.684      -1.554     0.545
 Bac St 05    61/135-2  10.03.2002   34.044   34.679      -1.544     0.531
 Bac St 06    61/136-2  12.03.2002   34.11    35.662      -1.322     0.963
 Bac St 07    61/137-2  14.03.2002   34.004   34.674      -1.218     0.773
 Bac St 08    61/138-1  16.03.2002   33.223   35.617      -1.283     0.508
 Bac St 09    61/139-2  19.03.2002   33.8812  34.6908     -0.6876    1.932
 Bac St 10    61/141-1  22.03.2002   33.8823  34.6711     -1.1257    1.0599


The seawater samples have to be filtered for fluorescence in situ 
hybridizations (FISH) of the bacteria cells with phylogenetic specific 
oligonucleotide probes. Unfortunately, the stainless steel 10-fold filtration 
apparatus for FISH did not work smoothly for getting the amounts of filters 
needed, because the teflon sealing in the apparatus was damaged. Therefore, 
we could not get enough bacterial biomass to inspect ten different 
phylogenetic groups, as planned before.

Enrichment cultures in dialysis chambers and in Erlenmeyer-flasks with 
screw-on caps were kept at 4°C for further attempts to enumerate and isolate 
oligotrophic bacteria in the home laboratory.

Bacterial biomass for clone libraries from 25 and 400 m water depths has to 
be collected from 50 litres of seawater by means of a tangential flow 
microfiltration apparatus. However, the tangential flow filtration device did 
not function satisfactorily, because the desired high speed for the seawater 
flow of 4 litres per minute with the peristaltic pump was not reached with 
the Marprene tube delivered by the manufacturer. Silicone tubing was needed 
to get the high speed necessary for cell concentrations. Bacterial biomass 
was therefore concentrated on Millipore GP50 filters.

Seawater samples were also prepared in glass ampoules for dissolved organic 
carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon / particulate organic nitrogen 
(POC / PON) determinations on glass-fibre filters.

All preparations of seawater samples were kept frozen at -30°C.


Note

We got surface sediment samples to determine bacterial biomass from the 
stations 139-4, 139-8, 140-3, 142-4 and 142-5. The results will be of 
interest for the meiofauna working groups.



3  ANNEX

The achievements during the cruise were to a large extent due to the 
effective and friendly cooperation between the ship's crew and the 
participating scientific personal.


3.1  BETEILIGTE INSTITUTE/ PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES ANT-XX/1-2


  Acronym   Adresse                         Teilnehmerzahl
  -------   ------------------------------  --------------
Deutschland

  AWI       Alfred-Wegener-Institut               38
            für Polar- und Meeresforschung
            Columbusstraße
            27558 Bremerhaven

  BFN       Bundesamt für Naturschutz              1
            INA - Insel Vilm
            18581 Putbus

  BIA       Berufsgenossenschaftliches             1
            Institut für Arbeitssicherheit
            Mirecourtstr. 9
            53225 Bonn

  DWD       Deutscher Wetterdienst                 6
            Geschäftsfeld Seeschifffahrt
            Jenfelder Allee 70 A
            22043 Hamburg

  DSMZ      Deutsche Sammlung von                  1
            Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH
            Mascheroder Weg 1b
            38124 Braunschweig

  FIELAX    FIELAX                                 3
            Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche
            Datenverarbeitung mbH
            Schifferstraße 10-14,
            27558 Bremerhaven

  GL        Germanischer Lloyd AG                  3
            Vorsetzen 32/35
            20459 Hamburg

  GKSS      GKSS Forschungszentrum                 2
            Institut für Küstenforschung
            Max-Planck-Straße
            21502 Geesthacht

  HSW       Helicopter Service                     4
            Wasserthal GmbH
            Flughafen Hamburg
            Geschäftsfliegerzentrum, Geb. 347
            22335 Hamburg

  IMPG      Institut für Mineralogie               1
            Petrologie und Geochemie
            der Universität München
            Theresienstraße 41/III
            80333 München

  ISITEC    ISITEC GmbH                            1
            Stresemannstr. 46
            27570 Bremerhaven

  IUPB      Universität Bremen                     5
            Institut für Umweltphysik
            Otto-Hahn-Allee 1
            28359 Bremen

  IUPH      Universität Heidelberg                 3
            Institut für Umweltphysik
            Im Neuenheimer Feld 229
            69120 Heidelberg

  LAEISZ    Reederei F. Laeisz                     1
            Barkhausen-Str. 37
            27568 Bremerhaven

  OPTIMARE  Optimare Sensorsysteme AG              1
            Coloradostraße 5
            27580 Bremerhaven

  See-BG    Seeberufsgenossenschaft                1
            Reimerstwiete 2
            20457 Hamburg

  WERUM     Werum Software & Systems AG            1
            Wulf-Werum-Str. 3
            21337 Lüneburg

China

  SOA       Second Institute of Oceanography       1
            PO Box 1207
            Hangzhou
            P. R. China

Frankreich

  GENAVIR   GENAVIR          
            Zone portuaire de Bregallion
            B.P. 330
            83507 La Seyne-sur-mer cedex

  IFREMER   IFREMER                                2
            Centre do Toulon
            Zone portuaire de Bregallion
            B. P. 330
            83507 La Seyne-sur-mer cedex

  OCEANO    OCEANO Technologies                    1
            Rue Rivoalon, Sainte-Anne du Portzic
            29200 Brest

Großbritannien

  CER       Centre of Environmental Risk           1
            University of East Anglia
            Norwich NR4 7TJ

  CHYORK    University of York                     2
            Dept. of Chemistry
            York, YOlO 5DD

  lENS      Lancaster University                   1
            Environmental Science
            Lancaster, LA1 4YQ

  UMIST     University of Manchester               1
            Institute of Science and Technology
            PO Box 88
            Manchester M6O 1QD

Norwegen

  LIT       Universitetet i Tromsø                 1
            Institutt for Geologi
            Dramsveien 201
            9037 Tromsø

Südafrika

  UTC       University of Cape Town                4
            Dept. of Oceanography
            Rondebosch 7701
            Cape Town



3.2  WISSENSCHAFTLICHES PERSONAL / SCIENTIFIC CREW


       Name                            Institut     ANT-XX/1  ANT-XX/2
       ------------------------------  -----------  --------  --------
       Ansorge          Isabelle Jane  UTC                       X
       Baier            Uli            FIELAX          X          
       Bakker           Dorothee       CER                       X
       Belier           Frederic       OCEANO          X          
       Bluszcz          Thaddus        AWI             X          
       Boebel           Olaf           AWI                       X
       Brückner         Sylvia         AWI                       X
       Büchner          Jürgen         HSW                       X
       Buldt            Klaus          DWD             X          
       Caba             Armando        GKSS            X          
       Deckelmann       Holger         AWI             X          
       Didié            Claudia        AWI                       X
       Dinter           Wolfgang       BFN                       X
       Durham           Louise         ENS             X          
       El Naggar        Saad           AWI             X          
       Forwick          Matthias       UIT                       X
       Fütterer         Dieter Karl    AWI                       X
       Geibert          Walter         AWI                       X
       Gerchow          Peter          FIELAX          X          
       Giljam           Rhys Thomas    UTC                       X
       Graeser          Jürgen         AWI             X         X
       Graeve           Martin         AWI             X          
       Hagemann         Timo           AWI                       X
       Halasia          Magdalini A.   UPH                       X
       Hanfland         Claudia        AWI                       X
       Hass             Christian      AWI                       X
       Heckmann         Hans-Hilmar    HSW                       X
       Hemmerling       Börge          UPH             X          
       Hoppema          Jan Marinus    UEB                       X
       Jaeneke          Matthias       DWD             X          
       Kattner          Gerhard        AWI             X          
       Klatt            Olaf           AWI                       X
       Kleffel          Guido          AWI                       X
       Knuth            Edmund         DWD                       X
       Krischat         Joachim        AWI                       X
       Kuhn             Gerhard        AWI                       X
       Lakaschus        Sönke          GKSS            X          
       Lehnberg         Barbara        DSMZ            X          
       Lensch           Norbert        AWI                       X
       Max              Thomas         AWI             X          
       Menßen           Jens           HSW                       X
       Mizdalski        Elke           AWI             X          
       Monsees          Matthias       AWI                       X
       Müller           Eugen          DWD             X          
       Niederjasper     Frederic       AWI             X          
       Niehoff          Barbara        AWI             X          
       NN               AWI                            X          
       NN               GL                             X          
       NN               GL                             X          
       NN               GL                             X          
       NN               IFREMER                        X          
       NN               IFREMER                        X          
       Nunez            Ismael         AWI                       X
       Pols             Hans-Arnold    DWD                       X
       Reinke           Manfred        AWI             X          
       Rohardt          Gerd           AWI                       X
       Rohr             Harald         OPTIMARE                  X
       Sablotny         Burkhard       AWI             X          
       Sander           Hendrik        IUPB                      X
       Schattenhofer    Martha         IUPB                      X
       Schiel           Sigrid         AWI             X          
       Schmidt          Thomas         FIELAX                    X
       Schmitt          Wolfgang       IMPG                      X
       Schröder         Michael        AWI                       X
       Schulz           Astrid         AWI             X          
       Seidler          Kai            HSW                       X
       Thomalla         Sandy          UTC                       X
       Usbeck           Regina         FIELAX                    X
       Vöge             Ingrid         AWI                       X
       Wagner           Eberhard       LAEISZ          X          
       Wahl             Sebastian      AWI                       X
       Waldthausen, v.  Constanze      AWI                       X
       Webb             Adrian Myles   UTC                       X
       Wevill           David          CHYORK          X         X
       Williams         Paul Ivor      UMIST           X          
       Wittling         Thomas         AWI                       X
       Yang             Jifang         SOA                       X
       
       

3.3  SCHIFFSPERSONAL / SHIP'S CREW


       Rank        Name                           ANT-XX/1  ANT-XX/2
       ----------  ----------------  -----------  --------  --------
       Master      Domke             Udo             X         X
       1.Offc.     Spielke           Stefan          X          
       1 Offc.     Schwarze          Stefan                    X
       Ch. Eng     Pluder            Andreas         X         X
       2 Offc.     Spielke           Stefan                    X
       2. Offc.    Szepanski         Nico            X         X
       2. Offc.    Thieme            Wolfgang        X         X
       R. Offc.    Koch              Georg           X         X
       Doctor      Böttcher          Herbert                   X
       1. Eng.     Delif             Wolfgang        X         X
       2. Eng.     Ziemann           Olaf            X         X
       3. Eng.     Zornow            Martin          X         X
       Electr.     Muhle             Heiko           X         X
       Boatsw.     Clasen            Burkhard        X         X
       Carpenter   Reise             Lutz            X         X
       AB          Gil glesias       Luis            X         X
       AB          Pousada Martinez  S.              X         X
       AB          Kreis             Reinhard        X         X
       AB          Schulz            Ottmar          X         X
       AB          Burzan            G.-Ekkehard     X         X
       AB          Moser             Siegfried       X         X
       AB          NN                                X         X
       AB          Hartwig           Andreas         X         X
       Storek      Preußner          Jörg            X         X
       Mot-man     Ipsen             Michael         X         X
       Mot-man     Voy               Bernd           X         X
       Mot-man     Elsner            Klaus           X         X
       Mot-man     Hartmann          Ernst-Uwe       X         X
       Mot-man     Grafe             Jens            X         X
       Cook        Haubold           Wolfgang        X         X
       Cookmate    Völske            Thomas          X         X
       Cookmate    Silinski          Frank           X         X
       1. Stwdess  Jürgens           Monika          X         X
       Stwdss/KS   Wöckener          Martina         X         X
       2. Stwdess  Czyborra          Bärbel          X         X
       2. Stwdess  Silinski          Carmen          X         X
       2. Steward  Gaude             Hans-Jürgen     X         X
       2. Steward  Möller            Wolfgang        X         X
       2. Steward  Huang             Wu-Mei          X         X
       Laundrym.   Yu Kwok           Yuen            X         X





CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Person             Date Type  Event  Summary 
----------  -----------------  ---------  ------------------------------------------------------
2004-02-17  Witte, Hannelore   CTD/SUM    Submitted  1999a, 2000a, 2002a Data Submitted Together 
            This is information regarding line: A12
            ExpoCode: 06ANTXVI_2, ANTXVIII_3, ANTXX_2
            Cruise Date: 1999/01/18 - 2003/01/15
            From: WITTE, HANNELORE
            Email address: hwitte@awi-bremerhaven.de
            Institution: AWI
            Country: GERMANY
            The file: AWICTD.tar - 4248576 bytes has been saved as: 
              20040217.052429_WITTE_A12_AWICTD.tar in the directory: 20040217.052429_WITTE_A12
            The data disposition is:
              • Public 
            The file format is:
              • WHP Exchange 
            The archive type is:
              • Other:  Tar/Zip/Tar
            The data type(s) is:
              • Summary (navigation)
            CTD File(s)
            The file contains these water sample identifiers:
              • Cast Number (CASTNO)
              • Station Number (STATNO)
            WITTE, HANNELORE would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
              • Merge Data 
            2004-04-13  Bartolacci, Danie  SUM  Website Update  
              Notes on sumfile reformatting:
            2004.04.13 DMB
            I have reformatted the A12_2002a sumfile:
              • Changed expocode from 06ANTXX_2 to 06AQ200211_2
              • Changed date format from yyyymmdd to mmddyy
              • Added event code as UN
              • Changed position format from DD.dd to DD MM.mm
              • Added hemisphere alphabetic
              • Added NAV as UNK
              • Realigned all columns to conform with WOCE standards
              • Added name/date stamp
              • Ran sumchk with no errors
            file was renamed a12_2002asu.txt and put online. 

2004-04-15  Bartolacci, Danie  CTD/SUM    To go online  EXCHANGE Format, No Qual Values 
            CTD files are in .csv format, but at present have no quality bytes associated with 
            values and therefore cannot be converted to netCDF at this time.
            A directory and web page files have been created for this cruise. All station track 
            and data files link. This cruise will not link to the website until web-generating 
            code is working and run.

            Notes on sumfile reformatting:
            2004.04.13 DMB
            I have reformatted the A12_2002a sumfile:
              • Changed expocode from 06ANTXX_2 to 06AQ200211_2
              • Changed date format from yyyymmdd to mmddyy
              • Added event code as UN
              • Changed position format from DD.dd to DD MM.mm
              • Added hemisphere alphabetic
              • Added NAV as UNK
              • Realigned all columns to conform with WOCE standards
              • Added name/date stamp
              • Ran sumchk with no errors
            file was renamed a12_2002asu.txt and put online. 
            Date  Person  Date Type  Event  Summary 

2004-04-20  Bartolacci, Danie  CTD        Website Update  
              • Added quality bytes for all values (2 if valid value was present, -999. if value 
                was missing) and associated comment lines in header.
              • Added CTDOXY and flag column with missing values and missing value flag. This was 
                done in order to convert files into netcdf (our in-house code requires all 
                columns be present).
              • Renamed all station files to CCHDO format.
              • Converted files to netcdf with no apparent errors. 
              
              
              
