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A.  CRUISE REPORT:  A12
    (Updated JUL 2008)

A.1.  HIGHLIGHTS

                         WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

             WOCE section designation  A12
    Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  06AQ199901_2
        Chief Scientist & affiliation  Dr. Eberhard Fahbach/AWI*
                                Dates  1999 JAN 09 - 1999 MAR 16
                                 Ship  R/V Polarstern
                        Ports of call  Cape Town
                   Number of stations  133
                                                  46°09.41'S
Geographic boundaries of the stations  61°08.89'W            01°00.55'E
                                                  76°43.02'S

         Floats and drifters deployed  10 Floats, 00 Drifters
       Moorings deployed or recovered  07 Deployed, 07 recovered

      *Dr. Eberhard Fahrbach • Alfred-Wegener Inst. fur Polar und 
     Meeresforschung • Postfach 1201061 Columbusstrasse Bremerhaven     
D-27515 • GERMANY • Tel: 49-471-4831-501 • Fax: 49-471-4831-149 or -425 
                  Email: efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de


                             Contributing Authors
  J. Ams        G. Birnbaum   A. Brehme    H. Brix          T. Büβerlberg  
  D. Dommenget  C. Drücker    D. Dzubil    H. Eggenfellner  S. El Naggar  
  E. Fahrbach   W. Förster    U. Frieβ     R. Gladstone     G. Hargreaves  
  S. Harms      H.W. Jacobi   J. Janneck   A. Jenkins       A. Jones  
  W. Kaiser     F. Kallweit   E. Kohlberg  H. Köhler        A. Köhnlein  
  S. Krull      W. Krüger     N. Lensch    J. Lieser        B. Loose  
  W. Mack       J. Meyer      U. Neumann   K. Pedersen      J. Pogorzalek  
  M. Prozinski  M. Reise      K. Riedel    G. Rohardt       C. Sacker  
  H. Schmid     M. Schurmann  L. Sellmann  O. Skog          D. Steinhage  
  G. Stoof      F. Thiel      E. Vike      J. Wehrbach      R. Weller  
  H. Weiland    F. Wilhelms   A. Wille     R. Witt          H. Wohltmann  
  A. Ziffer  




2. LEG ANT XVIl2 CAPE TOWN - CAPE TOWN
   (9 January 1999 - 16 March 1999)

2.1. SUMMARY AND ITINERARY
     E. Fahrbach (AWI)

On 9 January 1999 at 20:OO POLARSTERN put to sea from Cape Town with 43 Crew 
members and 43 scientists on board. The cruise track is reproduced in Fig. 2. 
At the border of the South African 200-nautical-mile Zone, the oceanographic 
measurements began, with the dropping of XBTs (expendable Bathythermographs), 
used to measure the temperature of the seawater down to a depth of 700 m. 
Hydrosweep and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data were logged.

The first iceberg crossed the path of POLARSTERN at 50°S. At 55°S we reached 
the Greenwich Meridian and deployed floats at intervals of 30 or 60 nautical 
miles up to 60°S These so-called ALACE (Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation 
Explorers) sink to a depth of approximately 700 m and will indicate the 
currents at this depth over the next one to two years. The deployments were 
carried out in the southern Part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the 
northern Weddell Gyre. In order to trace the inflow, the drifters come up to 
the surface at weekly intervals, where they can be located by satellites, 
before sinking again to their nominated depth. As they rise to the surface 
they record a temperature profile that is transmitted via the satellites.

In order to measure the convection and the longer-term changes in the water 
mass properties that are dependent on the ice coverage, 7 moored Instrument 
strings, equipped with temperature and salinity Sensors, current meters and 
upward looking Sonars, have been maintained on the Greenwich Meridian since 
1996. These measurements are a contribution to the "Climate Variability and 
Predictability Programme" (CLIVAR) of the "World Climate Research Programme" 
(WCRP). On the outward journey, three moorings were recovered south of Maud 
Rise and four new ones deployed. With winds of force 7 to 8 and the 
consequent sea state, the weather conditions were not very favourable, and 
the new fill-in section over the Stern ramp proved to be advantageous.

In the northern part of the Weddell Gyre we began the deployment of 
positioning buoys on icebergs, which are then tracked by satellites. 
Throughout the cruise 11 iceberg buoys were deployed. These will record the 
drift tracks of the icebergs, in order to ascertain where the freshwater 
originating on the continent feeds into the ocean.

After reaching the Antarctic coast, we steamed to the South African Sanae 
Station in order to deliver a generator. It was transferred with a South 
African Oryx helicopter from the POLARSTERN to the ice shelf, from where it 
was transported further on a sledge. Our helicopter took two South African 
colleagues to the coastal station, from where they were taken to the main 
station, which lies further inland.

The journey along the coast to Neumayer Station passed quickly, because the 
sustained easterly wind, having an offshore component, drove the ice to the 
west into the open ocean. When we arrived in Atka Bay, on 21 January, it was 
filled from the east with a thick ice cover, that consisted in part of large, 
old floes. An attempt to carry out the unloading at the northern ice front 
had to be suspended, because a strong swell arose and an iceberg strayed 
towards the landing site. Further into the Bay the unloading could commence 
late On the Thursday afternoon.

On the Friday evening around 10 o'clock the equipment and fuel for the 
station had been delivered and the tools for the salvage of Filchner Station 
had been taken on board. The station had been located on the Ronne ice Shelf 
and went adrift into the Weddell Sea when the giant iceberg A-38 broke off 
the ice shelf in October 1998. The iceberg A-38 fell into several pieces, the 
largest ones were A-38A and A-38B. The Filchner Station was located on top of 
the latter. It was our task to dismantle the station on the floating iceberg 
in the southern Weddell Sea before it would drift in the perennial ice out of 
reach. Seventeen wintering personnel and summer visitors stayed at the 
station and four members of the salvage team came on board. After midnight, 
with some trouble, we broke out of Atka Bay, and steamed to the southwest.

On 24 January we reached Drescher Inlet, a bay cut deeply into the front of 
Riiser- Larsen Ice Shelf. There we established a fuel depot for our aircraft 
and replaced an automatic weather station that has been operating since 1992. 
In the afternoon the aeroplane POLAR4 landed with the last two members of the 
salvage team. They had been on a traverse 1,300 km south of Neumayer Station 
and had been unable to return sooner on account of bad weather. In the 
meantime the weather had improved, so that POLAR4 was able to fly from 
Neumayer Station to the traverse and transport the two men from there to 
Drescher Inlet. With the team complete, we steamed further south, in order to 
drop off a group of Norwegians at "Blåenga", a summer station established by 
Monica Kristensen. The station has been taken over by the Norwegian Polar 
Institute and served as a base for the project of the four Norwegians.

During the Passage we made a visit by helicopter to the British Halley 
Station, while POLARSTERN steamed on in the broad coastal polynya. On 25 
January, we met at 76°37'S, 31°19'W a barrier of icebergs. South of this, a 
solid cover of fast ice had developed that extended over the Filchner 
Depression and formed for us an insurmountable obstacle. As a result the 
disembarkation of the Norwegians and their equipment had to take place over a 
distance of 65 nautical miles. This was a time-consuming operation because 
the fuel had to be transported underslung beneath the helicopters. We were 
unable to retrieve a sea level recorder of our English colleagues, because it 
lay seaward of the polynya in a band of thick ice.

We had to Cross this ice field, which appeared very difficult to navigate, in 
order to proceed westward. Therefore, we sailed back to the north, as far as 
74°30'S, where the ice cover was looser and we were able to make westerly 
progress. Once we had turned west-southwest in the direction of Filchner 
Station, the ice cover became ever more compact. Nevertheless, a wide area of 
open water over the Filchner Depression, to the West of the fast ice barrier, 
was visible in the satellite pictures. We wanted to reach the front of Ronne 
Ice Shelf in this polynya, and from there make further westerly progress in 
the coastal polynya. However, we then noticed in the satellite pictures a 
line of fractures in the ice that extended about 90 nautical miles east from 
the northeastern corner of the Filchner iceberg (Fig. 7).

On 28 January an advance party landed on the iceberg with the helicopter. The 
mighty iceberg could be Seen from a distance of 70 nautical miles and filled 
the horizon. At the northeastern corner we came to the calving edge, which 
towered more than 50 m above the sea ice pressed against its base. We flew 
along the northern edge to the station, which lay about 3 km south of the ice 
cliffs. A quick inspection revealed that the station was in good condition. 
We continued the exploration along the iceberg's northern edge, which was 
about 36 m high. At many points there were impressive scars, formed through 
collisions with other icebergs. On the western side we found ice cliffs of 
around 26 m height.

For POLARSTERN the route to A-38B proved to be troublesome. About 20 nautical 
miles distant from the sought-after channel, we were stuck fast in the ice 
for the first time. Only the turning of the tide during the course of the 
night reduced the pressure of the ice, so that we were able, using all our 
power, to break free. We sailed round the shear Zone and reached the sought-
after channel. Because it consisted of a succession of leads that lay oblique 
to our course, time and again we had to break through the intervening 
pressure ridges, so that we only arrived at iceberg A-38B on 30 January.

On 31 January the equipment needed for the dismantling and removal of 
Filchner Station was unloaded on the western side of the iceberg A-38B (Fig. 
8). Just 30 km away from the station, we had found a section of the former 
ice front with 18 m high cliffs. Sunny weather and light winds made the work 
easier. At midday the equipment was unloaded and the salvage team set out for 
the station with three trains of sledges towed by Pisten-Bullys. At the 
station an advance party was already busy getting the heating, the melt water 
tank, the kitchen and the radio-room in working order. Once the operation of 
the station had been checked, the dismantling could begin. The equipment that 
was distributed around the station platform, and had been buried by the 
previous years' snowfall, was uncovered. A generator, a number of depots with 
both full and empty fuel drums, which lay under 1 to 2 m of snow, a further 
Pisten-Bully and a tanker sledge, which had to be recovered from 4 m of snow,
were dug out. The freed drums and other miscellaneous items were loaded onto 
sledges. At the Same time work on the station was proceeding. The station 
consisted of a platform supported by 14 legs at a height of about 4 m above 
the current snow surface, so as to prevent the accumulation of snow around 
it. Containers for living, dining and storage were secured to the platform. 
The storage container was cleared out and loose items on the platform were 
packed ready for transport. The storage container was then dismantled and the 
other containers were unfastened from the platform. The work proceeded well, 
so that on 7 February the first 20 tonnes of material were taken on board 
POLARSTERN. This first load comprised miscellaneous cargo, including the 
dangerous goods such as fuel drums, gas bottles and old batteries and was 
transported to the ship with Pisten-Bullys and sledges. An anti-cyclone 
brought weak northerly winds and comparatively warm temperatures (between -1 
and -2°C). Linked with the warm air masses was a constant covering of low 
cloud and occasional Snow showers, which greatly hindered the pilots and 
permitted only short helicopter flights.

On 10 February the dismantling of the station was completed. A snow ramp had 
been pushed up around the station platform, and the station containers were 
pulled down this and placed on sledges or simple runners. The overnight 
transportation of everything to the ship had already begun. While the Pisten-
Bullys were still in use during the day for dismantling the last of the 
station and loading the sledges, the first two loads were removed overnight, 
On 11 February at 20:00, all 120 tonnes of material from the station and 50 
tonnes of equipment used for its transport (Pisten- Bullys, sledges, 
containers, etc) had been brought to the POLARSTERN and loaded on board. All 
that remained of the station was the steel support structure, buried in the 
snow. Despite the hard conditions and the speed at which the work was 
undertaken, no serious incident occurred.

The ice conditions were difficult and allowed only a restricted set of 
measurements. The ice islands, surrounded by numerous icebergs, formed a 
barrier, against which a band of pack ice built up according to wind 
direction and tide. The sea ice hardly broke out at all this summer, so that 
the floes and pressure ridges of last winter were still present. During the 
outward journey the south wind opened up the ice Cover a little, but the 
temperatures dropped to -15°C and new ice formed immediately between the 
floes. The water was almost everywhere close to the freezing point, so that 
even with milder temperatures new ice was forming. The change of the wind 
from southerly to northerly led to new ice pressure. Because of the low wind 
speeds, of less than force 6, the ice pressure increased only in moderation, 
but, under the influence of tidal currents, it was time and again sufficient 
to hold POLARSTERN fast for several hours. until the tide had turned.

The south wind had opened the coastal polynya in front of Ronne Ice Shelf 
(Fig. 8), so we were able to carry out a hydrographic section from A-38B, 
west along the ice front to within a few miles of the Lassiter Coast. In an 
inlet, on 2.5 m thick fast ice, we deployed a buoy that is equipped with a 
486 m long wire with 3 current meters and 10 temperature and salinity 
sensors. The measurements from these sensors were transmitted via satellite. 
After a few days the data transmission ended due to a unknown reason.

The hydrographic section running along the ice front from the Antarctic 
Peninsula had to be terminated south of the iceberg A-38B, because the 
iceberg had in the meantime changed its direction of motion and was drifting 
southwest with a velocity of about one kilometre per day. As a result, the 
distance between the ice shelf and the iceberg was decreasing, so that the 
polynya, which had been created on the southern side of the iceberg by the 
continual northerly winds, was gradually shrinking. In the southeast, between 
the ice shelf and the iceberg, an insurmountable barrier of ice had built up, 
so we turned and headed northeast along the western side of the iceberg. A 
polynya had developed in the lee of the northern part of the iceberg, but the 
sea ice was being packed up against the Ronne Ice Front and a collection of 
smaller icebergs. As a result much power, patience and fuel were required to 
reach this polynya from the south. Once we had made it, we were able to reach 
our old landing site.

The continual (if also weak) northerly wind drove the ice from the north 
against the iceberg, and a broad belt of pack ice developed, consisting 
partly of ground up floes and partly of floes that had been heaped up into 
impressive ridges. It was obvious that this ice field could only be 
penetrated with great difficulty, and that a return to the iceberg would be 
equally difficult. We therefore gave up our plan to head around east of the 
iceberg and continue our hydrographic section along the new calving front of 
the ice shelf, and instead waited in the polynya until the dismantling of 
Filchner Station had been finished. We occupied the time with taking 
biological samples, using Bongo nets, Agassiz trawls and fish traps, and with 
measuring a sequence of oceanographic profiles, that is a yo-yo CTD.

Under these conditions we were unable to retrieve either of the bottom 
pressure recorders that had been deployed last year in front of Filchner-
Ronne Ice Shelf. We did however set up further marker buoys on icebergs and 
three meteorological buoys on ice floes. The buoys are a contribution towards 
the maintenance of a network, for which the "International Programme for 
Antarctic Buoys" (IPAB) of the WCRP is responsible. A buoy with oceanographic 
Sensors (SUSI) was deployed close to the iceberg A-38B, in order to 
investigate delivery and effects of melt water from the iceberg over a longer 
time. This buoy however had to be retrieved on account of a malfunction.

The continual northerly wind had driven the sea ice into the southern Weddell 
Sea, so after our departure from A-38B, we were often held fast by the ice, 
because our four engines were incapable of overcoming the combined forces of 
wind and tide. With the turning of the wind, cracks opened up that, 
nevertheless, ran from south to north and therefore oblique to our direction 
of travel. Therefore, and with difficulty, we had to break through the high 
pressure ridges between the cracks, in order to Progress to the northeast. 
Our course out of the region of ice pressure to the north of the pieces of 
iceberg A-38 was thus determined more by the ice than by the scientific 
objectives. When the wind finally turned and blew with increasing strength 
towards the north, it created sufficient room between the floes that we could 
once again follow a course aimed at making specific measurements.

Following the departure from A-38B, work related to the biological and 
oceanographic research programmes became the top priority. Biologists from 
the University of Oldenburg collected samples to investigate and evaluate the 
concentrations of heavy metals in Antarctic crustaceans. Elevated levels of 
cadmium were of particular interest. The aim is to develop a conceptual model 
of the uptake and transmission of heavy metals within the Antarctic food 
chain. In order to judge the levels of pollution in the water, the heavy 
metal concentrations are determined not only in the water but also in the 
creatures that live in the water, which effectively integrate the conditions 
of their surroundings over a long period of time. As a result there are 
higher concentrations in their tissues, that are more easily measured, and 
the short-term fluctuations that occur in the water cannot distort the 
picture. From the water samples taken on earlier expeditions it is known that 
no detectable increase in the heavy metal content of the south polar seas is 
attributable to the impact of mankind. Therefore, Antarctic crustaceans can 
be taken as examples of an unpolluted state and serve as a standard against 
which to judge the degree to which other waters are polluted. Now it appears 
that the heavy metal concentrations found in different types of animal can 
vary significantly. For instance, there are crustaceans in the Antarctic, 
like NOFOCRANGON ANFARCTICUS, that, with a cadmium content of over 10 mg/kg, 
would be regarded as polluted if they were caught in the North Sea. They were 
caught together with amphipods of the type GLYPTONOTUS ANTARCTICUS that, with 
a tenfold lower concentration, would be classified as unpolluted. Now the 
biologists would like to know the cause of the differing up-takes, and how, 
for example, NOFOCRANGON ANFARCTICUS can live with such high concentrations 
of heavy metals, which would have to be classified as poisoning. In order to 
find answers to these questions, the biologists catch organisms for 
investigation using a variety of nets. In free water, the catches are made 
with a Bongo net that is either hauled vertically or towed alongside, while 
for the layers of water near the seabed, an Agassiz trawl that is dragged 
along the bottom or a fish trap is used. Some of the creatures are frozen, 
because the heavy metal concentrations cannot be measured On board. With the 
others the up-take rates are determined through experiments, in which the 
animals live for various periods of time in water containing heavy metals, 
before being likewise frozen for later measurement. The results of these 
investigations will be available once the measurements have been carried out 
in Oldenburg.

At the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression, the so-called Ice Shelf 
Water drains into the deep sea. This water mass forms because water of high 
salinity flows in beneath the ice shelf. Its outflow contributes to the 
formation of Weddell Sea Bottom Water, which feeds into the circumpolar ocean 
to the north, from where it flows further into the three ocean basins as 
Antarctic Bottom Water. It is the objective of our work to quantify the 
transport of Ice Shelf Water into the deep sea, reckoned at about 1 million 
cubic metres per second, using direct measurements of the currents made with 
moored instruments. These investigations are taking place as a cooperation 
between the AWI, the British Antarctic Survey, the Geophysical Institute of 
the University Bergen, Norway and Earth and Space Research, Seattle, USA in 
the framework of the "Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf Programme" (FRISP) of 
"Scientific Committee On Antarctic Research" (SCAR).

The recovery of the moorings called for much patience. The mooring F3, 
belonging to a group of four moorings on the continental slope to the 
northwest of the Filchner Depression, was lying, at the time of the first 
attempt at recovery, under D11, a giant iceberg 8 nautical miles in width and 
30 nautical miles in length. With the other three moorings and the Bottom 
Pressure Recorder C2 we had more luck. F4 lay just to the north of the 
iceberg in a polynya. Nevertheless, thick fog had developed over the open 
water, turning the recovery into an exciting game of hide and seek. The 
moorings F1 and F2 were situated in the thick band of ice to the south of the 
iceberg, but with some patience and the use of acoustic position finding 
during the ascent, we were able to locate both moorings amongst the ice.

Over the night leading up to 21 February we left our work area to the north 
of the Filchner Depression and steamed south in a wide coastal polynya (Fig. 
9) to pick up the Blåenga group. The sea smoke that, with air temperatures 
down to -20°C was forming over the polynya, had thickened into a bank of fog 
that compelled us to reduce our speed, At the fast ice edge, at 76°44'S, 
30°26'W the sun broke through, so the four Norwegians with their skidoos and 
sledges were quickly brought On board with the helicopters.

Afterwards we went to the bottom pressure recorder M2 of the Proudman 
Oceanographic Laboratory. On our journey south M2 had been lying under thick 
ice, but now it had to surface within of a broad expanse of new ice. The 
southerly wind was constantly creating Open water, but because of the low 
temperatures a compact covering of new ice was rapidly forming. Under these 
conditions M2 put our patience to the test, because it first only rose to the 
sea surface after repeated attempts at release, then was practically 
invisible between the compacted floes of new ice. Meanwhile, D11 shifted 
sufficiently to leave F3 clear. The route back there led through such strong 
ice pressure that we were often held fast, and the detour required more than 
two days. Our efforts were rewarded with the successful retrieval of F3.

On 26 February, on the way to Neumayer Station we cleared away the fuel depot 
from Drescher Inlet that we had established for the planes at the start of 
the cruise. The loading work lasted longer than expected, because the 
ferrying of empty drums to the ship could not be done by helicopter, on 
account of the bad weather, but had to be completed with a Pisten-Bully and 
two sledges.

During the night of 26 to 27 February we arrived at Neumayer Station, 
accompanied by winds of force 8. We had to wait until the following 
afternoon, until the wind abated enough for us to be able to move alongside 
the ice shelf edge and begin the relief work. The pieces of the former 
Filchner Station, the Pisten-Bullys and the sledges had been stowed on the 
forward hatch Covers and in the hold, and these first had to be unloaded 
before the final loading for the homeward journey could begin. Atka Bay was 
covered with several layers of rafted pancake ice, which was forming quickly 
in temperatures of -15°C and being pushed together at the ice shelf edge by 
the wind. The ice Cover dampened the oncoming swell, which was, however, 
still sufficient to keep the ship in motion. On the Sunday morning we had to 
get out the ice anchors, before we were able to continue the unloading 
operation. These were needed to hold the ship steady enough to safeguard the 
pipeline used to fill the fuel tanks of the station.

Meanwhile the wind had almost completely died down. Therefore, everyone who 
was not busy with the loading work could use the Sunday afternoon, with its 
glorious weather and bright sunshine, to enjoy a game of football or a walk 
on the ice shelf. It was also possible to visit the station.

In addition to the routine work in the meteorological, geophysical and 
chemical observatories of Neumayer station, comprehensive reconstruction of 
the station was carried out. The main construction work was the set up of a 
ground radio station providing a permanent data connection at 64 kbits/s 
between Neumayer Station and the AWI, via the INTELSAT satellites. The 
connection is made to a radio station at Raisting. This project has been 
designed and realized by Deutsche Telekom and its subsidiary company DeTeSat 
in collaboration with AWI. The permanent connection makes it possible to 
transmit new data directly to the AWI. The data can then be used more 
efficiently and maintenance of the systems becomes easier. With the permanent 
connection the station can be reached via telephone or fax in the same way as 
any subsection of AWI.

The atmospheric chemistry work at Neumayer Station was aimed at the 
extraction of fundamental information about the climate and composition of 
the palaeoatmosphere from profiles of trace materials deposited in the firn 
and ice. This requires a detailed knowledge of the chemical processes in the 
atmosphere and the physical and chemical interactions of the trace materials 
with the firn layer. Investigations into the photochemistry of the Antarctic 
troposphere and the special role of the firn layer as a temporary store for 
reactive trace gases have been the work of the PEAN'99 campaign 
(Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer), which has been carried out by the AWI 
in collaboration with the British Antarctic Survey. These investigations 
concentrated on nitric oxides, ozone, peroxides, formaldehyde and carbon 
monoxide and were in addition to the routine measurements made at the tracer 
observatory. The investigations verify the complex influence of 
meteorological and photochemical conditions and the firn layer on the 
observed concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere. For example, there 
seems to be a no clear relationship between nitrate profiles in the firn and 
atmospheric concentrations of nitric oxide.

Both the aeroplanes POLAR2 and POLAR4 took part in two campaigns of 
geophysical measurements during the flight programme based out of Neumayer 
Station from the 18 December 1998 to the 14 February 1999. These campaigns 
involved a total of 235 hours of flying. In addition POLAR4 was involved in 
an emergency medical evacuation. The Indian patient was brought to Neumayer 
Station by South African colleagues and was flown out via the British Halley 
Station to the American Amundson-Scott Station at the south pole.

During the first part of the flight programme, which was a contribution to 
the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica) preliminary survey 
of Dronning Maud Land (southeast of Neumayer Station), the existing grid of 
ice thickness measurements was supplemented by new profiles covering a total 
distance of 18,500 km. Among them was a flight along the ice divide in the 
direction of Dome Fuji. This flight opens up the possibility of a tie up with 
the ice core that has been drilled there and already dated, by tracing the 
internal layering of the ice between the two sites. This is possible, because 
the technique of radio-echo sounding reveals not only the sub-glacial relief 
but also the internal structure of the ice.

The concluding Part of the airborne campaign involved flights for EMAGE 
(Eastern Antarctic Margins Geophysical Experiment). The objective of this 
geophysical project, which has been planned over a number years, is to 
explore the earliest geological and tectonic structures left by the opening 
of the Weddell Sea in the area between the Antarctic stations of Halley in 
the west and Novolazarevskaya in the east. This is achieved through the use 
of airborne magnetic and gravimetric measurements. The area already covered 
by measurements, to the north of Neumayer Station, was extended westward 
along the coast of Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf by approximately 50,000 km^2. The 
profiles obtained during this part of the programme reach a total length of 
17,500 km.

On 1 March the wind slowly picked up again, but it remained sunny, so 
conditions remained favourable during the loading of the material for the 
return journey. In the evening the loading work was finished. We were able to 
take our leave from the 2 women and 7 men of the 19th overwintering party and 
to celebrate the end of the season on the ice and the completion of the 
relief with a barbeque on board. Because the wind had reached again force 8, 
we could not stay at the ice shelf edge, but went into the Open water of Atka 
Bay. During the night we returned to the ice edge and, to the accompaniment 
of fireworks and atmospheric music, Set the winterers onto the ice shelf with 
the crane. They drove back to the station in Pisten- Bullys. The next morning 
POLARSTERN was made ready for sea. We took another lap of honour past the 
waving winterers, who had come to the ice shelf edge for the final farewell, 
and steamed away to the northeast. The wind had again abated and the sun 
shone from a bright blue sky. After the completion of the relief, there were 
49 scientists on board, including the former wintering party and the Summer 
visitors.

By the afternoon we were already passing through a loose field of ice, 
consisting of either newly-formed pancakes or heavily-melted older floes. 
Therefore, we began the XBT section that extended to the South African 
continental slope. On Wednesday morning we reached the Greenwich Meridian at 
66°30'S, where the Station work continued with a CTD and a hau1 of the Bongo 
net. Southerly winds of force 4 gave rise to a moderate swell. From there we 
headed north along the Greenwich Meridian to 48'S, where we turned to the 
northeast. On this northerly journey we were able to carry out a CTD section, 
with 22 stations, extending to 46°10'S, 01°02'E. Along this section we 
recovered and redeployed three moorings.

On 6 March we crossed the 60th parallel and left the Antarctic. Following our 
departure from Atka Bay, southerly winds of force 6 assisted our journey to 
the north. Then a ridge of high pressure, lying between two depressions 
situated in the western and eastern Weddell Sea, swung over us, so that we 
came into a region of northwesterly winds, which brought us temperatures 
above the freezing point and poor visibility. After that the wind varied 
between force 6 and 8 and maintained a northwesterly direction. When we 
arrived On 10 March at the planned position for the deployment of a bottom 
pressure recorder, at 48°S, the wind was gusting to force 10. We had to 
discontinue all work and steam onwards to 47°03'S, 00°30'E where we 
recommenced the CTD and XBT work. Because of the continuing heavy seas, we 
could only deploy the bottom pressure ecorder at 46°S, 1°E, where the last 
CTD station was also completed. The XBT section was finished at the 
continental slope of South Africa. On 16 March 1999, as planned, POLARSTERN 
entered Cape Town.


2.2. WEATHER CONDITIONS
     H. Weiland und H. Köhler (DWD)

2.2.1. From Cape Town to Neumayer Station

On 9 January 1999 POLARSTERN started from Cape Town to its 16th 
research-cruise into the Antarctic. At first the heading was to the 55°S on 
the Greenwich Meridian and from there on to the south. At the beginning of 
the cruise there was a low south of the Cape, on its rear side the ship had 
southerly winds between 5 and 7 Bft. At about 11 January there was developing 
a large storm-depression which stayed until 15 January. The wind force was 
Bft 6 to 8, Bft 9 at times, coming from north to northwest. On the following 
days the Westwind Drift became prevailing, with strong easterly wind on the 
coasts of the Antarctic continent. On 20 January POLARSTERN reached the South 
African Sanae Station. On the next day she arrived at the ice shelf edge near 
Neumayer Station. For one day the easterly wind decreased and turned to the 
southeast, the conditions increased due to dry air from the ice. Helicopter 
flights became possible. But on the next day the wind increased again und 
snowfall began, that flights were no more possible and loading work more 
difficult.


2.2.2. From Neumayer Station to Filchner Station

On 23 January POLARSTERN started towards the Weddell Sea. We reached Drescher 
Inlet on 24 January and passed the British Halley Station on 25 January. As 
low pressure still remained north of Neumayer Station, high pressure 
influence was prevailing over the Weddell Sea with weak southerly winds. On 
26 January POLARSTERN continued towards Filchner Station through the ice. 
Northeasterly winds, induced by a low pressure system east of the Antarctic 
Peninsula built up ice ridges which reduced the ship's speed, Later on, the 
wind turned from northeast to east and then to the south providing more 
favourable ice conditions. On 30 January we reached the iceberg A-38B.


2.2.3. In the southern Weddell Sea

On 31 January the dismantling of the Filchner Station began. On 1 February 
POLARSTERN went along the shelf-ice coast to the west through a polynya and 
reached the most westerly point of the trip On the eastern shore of the 
Antarctic Peninsula. A strong katabatic wind from southwest came from the ice 
shelf. On 2 February a low approached from the north and went into the 
eastern Weddell Sea with increasing southerly winds. Two days later another 
low arrived at the Antarctic Peninsula causing a northeasterly wind and 
severe ice conditions again. On 5 February POLARSTERN returned to the loading 
area. On 11 February the dismantling of the station was finished. Since the 
beginning of the month there had been a continuous cover of low clouds over 
the whole area. Due to these conditions helicopter-flights were only possible 
near the ship and along the ice shelf front.


2.2.4. From Filchner Station to Neumayer Station

On 12 February POLARSTERN started its way back, suffering severely under the 
ice conditions. As the wind turned to southeast on the following days due to 
a developing low over the Weddell Sea, the ice began to move to the northwest 
and the conditions improved. Later, a high pressure ridge built up with light 
southerly winds. On 21 February we arrived at "Blåenga" where southerly 
katabatic wind blow with temperatures to -21°C and intensive sea smoke. On 22 
February the weather situation changed again, a low from the Antarctic 
Peninsula was responsible for northeasterly winds, providing difficult ice 
conditions. But On 24 February POLARSTERN reached Open water. With strong 
northeasterly winds we arrived at Drescher Inlet on the 25 February. The 
helicopter flights were difficult further On, especially over the ice shelf 
due to white out-conditions. Over Open water and over loose ice floes 
however, flights were possible for the most time. On 27 February we reached 
Neumayer Station. The strong northeast winds changed to a light south, which 
remained during the next days. Due to the katabatic winds, the temperatures 
decreased to -11°C.


2.2.5. From Neumayer Station to Cape Town

On 2 March POLARSTERN left Neumayer Station and went along the Greenwich 
Meridian to the north with moderate southerly winds due to a large low 
extending from South Africa to the Antarctic. Later on the Westwind Drift 
developed again and POLARSTERN arrived on the northern flanks of the lows 
after crossing 60°S with strong winds coming prevailingly from westerly 
directions. During the last days, the subtropical high was dominating. The 
westerly winds decreased, later on we had a moderate wind from southeast. On 
the 16 March POLARSTERN arrived at Cape Town.

The frequency distributions of wind direction and force are displayed for the 
time periods during which POLARSTERN operated between 45° and 66°S (Fig. 3), 
66° and 72°S (Fig. 4) and south of 72°S in Fig. 5. Two examples for typical 
surface air pressure distributions which determined by southerly (top) or 
northerly winds (bottom) the ice situation are shown in Fig. 6.


2.3. SEA ICE CONDITIONS
     G. Birnbaum, H. Brix, D. Dommenget, R. Gladstone, S. Harms and 
     A. Jenkins (AWI, BAS)

POLARSTERN is equipped with a satellite data receiver (SeaSpace-TeraScan). It 
provides a means of producing sea ice charts on the basis of two types of 
satellites: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and DMSP 
(Defense Meteorological Satellite Program). During ANT XVI/2 data were 
received from NOAA-12, NOAA-14, NOAA-15 and DMSP F-12, F-13, F-14 (Figs. 7 to 
9).

On NOAA satellites a AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) system 
is operated. It uses five channels in the visible and infrared spectrum with 
a resolution of approx. 1 km (depending on the earth's curvature). DMSP's 
SSMII (Special Sensor Microwave I Imager) offers a seven-channel, four 
frequency, linearly-polarized, passive microwave radiometric System. Its 
resolution is in the range between 13 and 69 km. In addition data is supplied 
from the OLS (Operational Linescan System) Sensor including a visible and an 
infrared channel with approx. 0.5 km resolution.

Satellite data analysis on board POLARSTERN consisted of choosing appropriate 
satellite passes for data transmission. The received data was transformed 
onto suitable map projections (mainly Mercator and polar stereographic) 
applying the TeraScan and TeraVision software packages. Coastlines and the 
ship's track were added. Because microwave data are not influenced by clouds, 
they show the sea ice distribution directly. Combining the different channels 
allows conclusions On the ice types (first year or multi-year ice), however 
only with coarse resolution.

The high resolution visible and infrared data allow detailed presentations of 
the ice cover given favourable weather conditions. Limitations arise from the 
availability of the visible channels (daylight only) and from the cloud 
cover. Appropriate combination of several channels may well minimize the 
optical filtering properties of some clouds (especially cirriform types). 
Nevertheless massive cloud cover reduces those channels to meteorological 
use.

In-situ sea ice observations were conducted hourly from the bridge of 
POLARSTERN as part of the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) 
Program, a multi-disciplinary initiative of Antarctic sea ice zone research 
within SCAR's Global Change (GLOCHANT) Program. The overall aim of ASPeCt is 
to understand and model the role of Antarctic sea ice in a coupled 
atmosphere-ocean system. One of the major projects of SCAR is to develop a 
seasonal and regional climatology of sea ice thickness and characteristics 
around Antarctica. The obtained data were submitted to the ASPeCt after the 
cruise for further analyses.

Pack ice conditions in the immediate vicinity of the ship (about 1 km radius) 
were observed. For each observation, the time (GMT), latitude and longitude, 
and meteorological parameters (e.g. air and water temperature, wind speed and 
direction, cloud coverage, visibility, etc.) were recorded together with the 
sea ice Information. The following sea ice parameters were documented:

  • total ice concentration, to the nearest 10% (Fig 10)
  • concentration of the three dominant ice types present in the pack
    (thickest = primary ice type; thinnest = tertiary ice type)
  • ice types (e.g. frazil, shuga, grease, nilas, pancakes, young grey ice, 
    young white ice, first year ice, multiyear ice, brash, fast ice)
  • ice thickness in cm (Fig. 10)
  • floe size in m
  • ice topography (level ice, rafted pancakes, cemented pancakes, ridged 
    ice, Fig.ll)
  • Snow type and thickness in cm.


POLARSTERN entered the pack ice Zone on 22 January 1999 15:OO at 69 37'S, 00 
00'. In the eastern Weddell Sea near the ice shelf the total sea ice 
concentration remained below 40%, both for the southbound and the northbound 
track, and the ice thickness rarely exceeded 40 cm. In the southern Weddell 
Sea, north of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, POLARSTERN encountered mainly 
first year pack ice which was strongly ridged. The sea ice concentration 
frequently exceeded 90%. Average ice thickness of 1 m and more was observed 
frequently. The ridge height often exceeded 1 m. Some multi-year ice floes 
were sighted in the southeastern and the southwestern regions of the southern 
Weddell Sea. POLARSTERN left the pack ice Zone on 2 March 1999 14:OO at 69 
45's. 07 01'W.


2.4. RESEARCH, SUPPLY AND CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS AT THE NEUMAYER 
     STATION

2.4.1. Supply operations
       S. EI Naggar (AWI)

Material and fuel were supplied to the Neumayer Station via POLARSTERN in the 
time period from 21 to 22 January 1999. The offloading took place at the 
northern ice shelf edge about 15 km away from the station. The height of the 
ice edge was about 11 m.

The 19th overwintering team (2 women and 7 men) replaced the former one (9 
men). They partly arrived On board of the South African RV AGULHAS on 15 
December 1998 and partly on POLARSTERN. Besides routine maintenance work of 
the meteorological, geophysical and chemical observatories, major 
constructions On the building facilities were carried out. Three men from the 
company of J. Kramer in Bremerhaven participated at the work.

The participants of the Dronning-Maud-Land-Travers arrived with AGULHAS. The 
travers was prepared at the Neumayer Station and supplied with vehicles, 
material and personal (see 2.5). The flight programme occurred with POLAR2 
and POLAR4 

The weather conditions were rather unfavourable. Strong winds and drift 
prevailed. During the five weeks duration of the Summer field season only two 
weeks had weather conditions which permitted work outside the station.

On 17 February AGULHAS visited the station for a second time and took 9 
persons and some containers on board. On 27 February the station was handed 
over to the 19th overwintering team. The field season ended on 3 March 1999.


2.4.2. General Logistics 
       A. Brehme, D. Dzubil, S. EI Naggar, W. Förster J. Janneck, 
       F. Kallweit, W. Kaiser, E. Kohlberg, W. Krüger, W. Mack, J. Meyer, 
       M. Prozinski, M. Reise, R. Witt, H. Wohltmann, A. Ziffer (AWI, GL, KR, 
       LAEISZ)

The main operations were: 

The safety System of the Neumayer Station was tested and certified by the 
Germanische Lloyd (GL).

The roof of the vehicle hangar was lifted by about 80 cm.

The main generator was replaced.

A new antenna (3.7 m in diameter) was installed, to allow for a continuous 
data and voice link between the Neumayer Station and the AWI by INTELSAT 
satellites. This project was realized by the German Telecom and its 
subsidiary company DeTeSat together with the AWI. This permanent link allows 
a continuous data transfer from the observatories to the AWI. This will 
increase the efficiency of data application and facilitate the maintenance of 
the systems. By this link, the Neumayer Station is also directly connected by 
phone or fax to the AWI.


2.4.3. Research programme and observatories

2.4.3.1. Geophysical observatory
         T. Büßelberg, . Krull, U. Neumann, C. Sacker (AWI)

One part of the geophysical observations of Neumayer Station is a 
seismological network of 22 stations (28 channels). 16 of these stations are 
configured to a detection array, which is installed on the Halvfar Ridge 
(Watzmann), 50 km southeast of Neumayer Station. Additionally, there is a 
station on the Sörasen Ridge, 80 km southwest of Neumayer Station.

On the Ekström Ice Shelf 5 stations ("West", "Sud", "GvN", "D15", "Obs") are 
located in a radius up to 14 km around the Neumayer Station, in the past this 
stations are used to detect and locate local seismicity like ice quakes. All 
the seismological data are transferred to the Neumayer Station by telemetry 
and stored on hard disk for further data processing.

The detected events were analysed to locate their hypocenter. Monthly, the 
picked times of the phases were send to the United States Geological Survey 
(USGS), The ability of the array to detect events could be seen by the 
detection of earthquakes with small magnitudes of 3 and a epicentral distance 
of 300 km. These events could be detected by the new broadband station (also 
AWI) at Sanae Station, too. They show, that there is still a seismic activity 
on the Antarctic continent.

Another part of the geophysical observations is the investigation of the 
magnetic field. For this, there are two Proton magnetometers for the 
measurement of the total intensity of the magnetic field and two fluxgates to 
determine the components of the magnetic field. In certain times the 
inclination and declination of the earth magnetic field (the difference of 
the field from the north and vertical direction) were measured. Changes in 
the gravity field and the tides were observed by an Askania gravimeter. All 
the seismological, magnetic and gravimeter data were observed continually and 
digital stored on tape or disk.

The overwinterers Udo Neumann and Stefan Krull were instructed to continue 
the observations.

Various maintenance operations were carried out on geophysical stations as 
done every year. The ice shelf stations "West" and "GvN" were built up for 
the next season. Additionally, at "GvN" some old "Saft" batteries were 
installed for the winter, It was planed, that the other ice shelf stations 
obtain "Saft" batteries after the field party to Olymp and Watzmann, too. Due 
to the bad weather conditions the field party was stopped and came back to 
Neumayer Station after 6 days. The service work for the Watzmann and Olymp 
stations has to be done later.

On 28 February a transceiver at the Watzmann could be exchanged with a 
helicopter flight. Consequently the new overwinterers received the 
seismological network in good conditions. Both magnetometers were lifted. At 
this occasion the DC-supply of one instrument was exchanged which improved 
the data quality. The magnetic data of Neumayer Station are needed for 
further interpretation of the EPICA and EMAGE programmes.

The PRARE ground station to observe the ERS-2 satellite passes was repaired 
and is now fully active. Due to a defect motor the station was passive since 
May 1998. The Dronning Maud Land (DML) field party was supported by 
geophysical personal and instruments of the Neumayer Station. For this 
purpose C. Sacker joined the field party in the Kottas hills.


2.4.3.2.  Meteorological observatory
          S. EI Naggar, A. Köhnlein, J. Lieser, B. Loose, H. Schmid and 
          A. Wille (AWI)

The meteorological observatory was successfully operated during the last 
year, and a complete data set was delivered. The new overwintering team was 
introduced to the routine work and took over after a few weeks. Major 
maintenance was done of all instruments, sensors, data acquisition systems 
and the radio sonde system.

The following work was done in addition to the routine maintenance.

A new humidity Sensor (HMP 233-VAISALA) was installed in addition to validate 
the present hair based one.

The pyranometer array of the BSRN (Baseline Surface Radiation Network), the 
meteorological mast and the platform of the solar tracker were lifted to 
compensate the new snow accumulation.

A test pyranometer array was installed and parallel measurements were made to 
validate the present instruments.

A new data recording system based on a PC was installed for the radio sonde 
system (DIGI-CORA) to avoid data loss.

The spectral photometer (SPM1A) was mounted on the solar tracker to provide 
continuous measurements.

A new decoding and encoding system (HAMCOMM) based on a simple PC interface 
for weather information was installed and tested in the radio room. The 
system could receive and transmit via HF weather data and charts. It is 
planned to distribute weather information from Neumayer Station via HF to 
other Antarctic stations.


2.4.3.3. Air Chemistry Observatory
         U. Frieß, A. Jones und R. Weller (AWI, BAS, IUP)

A comprehensive technical and scientific programme was performed at the 
Neumayer Air Chemistry Observatory during this summer season. The routine 
work included servicing of the scientific equipment, calibration of all 
measuring devices and finally training of the new overwintering Crew. The 
scientific programme includes mainly accompanying measurements for the 
nitrogen oxide and peroxide project. Basically, the snow and firn analyses 
and the low volume aerosol sampling measurements have been intensified and 
immediate ion chromatographic analyses of the filter and snow samples were 
performed during the campaign. Finally, the NO(y) apparatus was installed in 
the Air Chemistry Observatory at the end of the summer season and will 
continuously measure NO(y) during this overwintering period.


2.4.3.4. Computersystem and network
         T. Büßelberg, S. Krull, U. Neumann, and C. Sacker (AWI)

Apart from training the new overwinterers in the computers and network, new 
equipment was installed.

10 Mbit hubs were changed against 10/100 Mbit switches. Therefore a new 
fiberoptics cable was installed between the two tubes. The old RG58 cabling 
was totally deactivated.

The new media converter, dedicated for the glass fiber line to the obs, does 
not work with the old optical repeater. Therefore the old equipment was 
installed in the rack in the east tube.

In the west tube rack a router was installed. It connects the Neumayer 
Station network to the AWI network in Bremerhaven over a new permanent link. 
The full bandwidth of 6-1 1 kbytes/s is not reached yet. At present the 
bandwidth amounts to 1.5-3.0 kbyte/s. The new link is used for email exchange 
and data transfer.

Two new PCs were installed, the operating System is Windows NT Workstation 
respectively Server.

The SUN workstations (gvnsll, gvns7), working with large amounts of data, 
obtained an upgrade with memory and 100 Mbit network cards. The TeraScan 
satellite data acquisition SUN gvns6 did not work as expected with an 
additional S-bus card, so the upgrade with a 100 Mbit network card was not 
successful.

Two DLT tape drives with 40 Gbyte capacity are now used for data storage in 
seismology and satellite data acquisition.

The old SUN workstation (gvns9, SUN IPX) from the station office and the old 
radio Operator PC (Compaq Prolinea 486133) were removed and sent back to 
Bremerhaven. A SUN memory was sent directly to Sanae Station, where an old 
equivalent SUN is used for seismology data acquisition.


2.4.3.5. UV-B-Dosimetry
         S. EI Naggar (AWI)

The UV-B personal dosimetry programme will be continued and extended with a 
new biological dosimeter (VIOSPOR). It is planned, to determine the UV-B dose 
per person during the year by means of the different systems. Due to the bad 
weather conditions, a part of the summer programme had to be cancelled. The 
AWI-UV-B spectrometer Land 5, which continuously records the solar UV-B 
radiations, was replaced by a newly calibrated one, Land 3.


2.4.4. PEANY99 C: Nitrogen oxides, hydroperoxides, and formaldehyde in
       the Antarctic troposphere and their interaction with the firn layer
       H.W. Jacobi, A. Jones, K. Riedel and R. Weller (AWI, BAS)

2.4.4.1. Introduction

The aim of the PEAN'99 campaign (Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer) was to 
study the photo-chemistry of the Antarctic troposphere and the special role 
of the firn layer as a reservoir and reactive surface for photochemically 
active trace gases. The measuring programme comprised reactive nitrogen 
oxides (NO(y) = NO, NO(2), HNO(3), PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate), alkyl nitrates, 
...), photo-oxidants (ozone and hydroperoxides), formaldehyde, and CO.

Nitrate is one of the dominant ions to be found in firn- and ice cores. It is 
believed that deposition of particulate nitrate and HNO(3) are the main 
sources for nitrate in the Snow pack. Intrusions of nitrogen oxide rich 
stratospheric air masses and long range transport of nitrogen oxides formed 
by lightning and biomass burning can be advanced as potential nitrate 
sources. Thus, nitrate profiles in ice cores might be expected to provide 
information about the strengths of the above mentioned sources in the palaeo-
atmosphere. An understanding of the NO(y) budget at high latitudes is 
desirable from the point of view of ice core interpretation. While there is 
an abundance of data on concentrations of nitrate in ice cores, it is not a 
simple step to translate this into an understanding of past atmospheric 
composition, partly due to the lack of knowledge of present day nitrogen 
chemistry at high latitudes, and partly because the physical and chemical 
interactions of these compounds with the firn layer is not yet clarified.

For this reason the main part of the PEAN'99 activities was dedicated to 
assess the budget of reactive nitrogen oxides and to study their interactions 
with the snow layer. For this purpose NO/NO(2)/NO(y), PAN, organic nitrates, 
gaseous HN03, and particulate nitrate were determined during the campaign 
from 28 January to 28 February. To study the interaction of these species 
with the snow layer, we performed gradient measurements of NO, NO(2), and PAN 
at 5 cm and 250 cm height above the Snow surface and studied the interaction 
of ambient air drawn through a 0.015 m^3 snow block.

Another goal was to elucidate the photochemistry of peroxides (H(2)O(2)/ROOH) 
and formaldehyde in the polar troposphere. Atmospheric peroxides, hydrogen 
peroxide(H(2)0(2)) and organic peroxides (ROOH) are important photo-oxidants 
and reservoirs for hydroxyl radicals that initiate the decomposition of many 
different trace gases. Formaldehyde (HCHO), an intermediate of the 
photooxidation of miscellaneous hydrocarbons, also plays an important role as 
a free radical source in the polluted and unpolluted atmosphere. Previous 
HCHO and peroxide measurements revealed distinct differences between observed 
concentrations and model predictions. From HCHO and H(2)0(2) profiles in firn 
and ice-core samples it might be possible to derive information on the 
oxidation potential of the palaeo-atmosphere. Due to technical problems the 
H(2)0(2) and HCHO measurements during the summer campaign 1997 were limited. 
Therefore, investigation of the seasonality of tropospheric H(2)O(2) and HCHO 
mixing ratios were continued during the '99 summer season and the 
determination of H(2)O(2) and HCHO concentrations in firn and snow was 
intensified.

2.4.4.2. NO, NO(2) and NO(y) measurements

We measured NO/N02/NO(y) using two chemiluminescence detectors coupled with 
a photolytical NO2 and a Au/CO catalysed NO(y) convertor, respectively. The 
basic technique of the chemiluminescence method is the gas phase reaction of 
NO with O(3) and the subsequent detection of the resulting electronically 
excited NO2* by fluorescence. In order to measure NO2 and NO(y) by this 
method, these compounds have to be reduced to NO, which was done by selective 
photolysis of NO2, and by passing the ambient air stream, in presence of CO 
over a solid gold catalyst thermostated at 300°C, respectively. This 
apparatus worked continuously and the NO/NO2/NO(y) data are available as 20-
minutes averages for the whole campaign. However, some technical problems 
with the NO convertor (impurities in the CO reactant gas) caused significant 
gaps in the NO time series (approximately for 50% of the campaign). A 
preliminary evaluation of the raw data set revealed that the back ground NO 
mixing ratios were well below 100 pptv (parts per trillion by volume), 
typically between 20-40 pptv, while the NO/N02 mixing ratios remained below 
10 pptv. While the gradient measurements did not show a significant net NO 
flux into or out of the snow layer, the Snow block experiment indicated a 
distinct NO2 production from within the snow layer most pronounced during 
sunlight.

2.4.4.3. PAN, 0(3) and CO measurements

Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is a nitrogen containing compound, which is 
generated in continental regions during the oxidation of higher organic 
compounds in the presence of NO2. The most important sink is thermal 
decomposition. Because this decay is strongly temperature dependent, PAN has 
a life time of several weeks in cold, polar regions. Results of several field 
experirnents show that PAN can constitute a major contribution to the sum of 
reactive nitrogen compounds (NO(y)) in the Arctic troposphere. Up to now no 
PAN measurements in Antarctica have been published. Therefore, within the 
frame of the PEAN'99 campaign, continuous in situ measurements of PAN were 
performed by electron capture gas chromatography combined with a cryogenic 
pre-concentration technique. The time resolution of the measurements was 10 
min and a detection limit around 5 pptv was achieved. The mixing ratios of 
PAN showed maxima of 60 pptv, but most of the time the values were less than 
20 pptv. In addition, carbon monoxide was measured, because again long-range 
transport of continental air masses is the dominant CO source for Antarctica. 
PAN measurements were also continued during the cruise of POLARSTERN from 
Neumayer Station to Cape Town.

Because one main focus of PEAN'99 was to investigate interactions between the 
atmosphere and the Snow surface, PAN and 0(3) measurements were performed at 
two different heights (0.05 m and 2.5 m above the Snow surface). The results 
were used to determine gradients, from which deposition or emission rates can 
be derived. A detailed evaluation of the results, considering the 
meteorological data of the Neumayer Station will be done after the campaign.

2.4.4.4. Alkyl nitrates and inorganic nitrate measurements

The alkyl nitrates (RONO(2)) are a relatively stable component of NO(y), with 
known sources from combustion and from the atmospheric photo oxidation of 
organic compounds in the presence of NO(x). Evidence is also emerging of an 
oceanic source for these compounds, with measurements in equatorial regions 
showing latitudinal profiles similar to compounds with a known marine origin. 
The southern ocean is a highly productive region during the polar summer and 
autumn, and measurements made from Neumayer Station two years ago indicated 
high concentrations of methyl and ethyl nitrates in the ambient air. Their 
role in nitrogen chemistry at these southern polar latitudes thus becomes of 
interest. Our previous campaign also revealed significant diurnal variability 
in NO(y) concentration, which raised the question, which component of NO(y) 
was responsible for this signal. Studies in Greenland have suggested that 
deposition of ambient inorganic nitrate (HNO(3) and particulate nitrate) 
cannot be the sole route whereby nitrate enters the snow/firn, and this 
probably affects the ice core signal.

In order to address these issues, whole air samples were collected every 3 
hours on a number of days and under various weather conditions in order to 
look for a diurnal variation in RONO(2) and to compare concentrations with 
NO(y) measurements. When wind speeds were suitably low, sampling was carried 
out at two heights simultaneously, in order to detect gradients. The samples 
will be analysed in the UK using gas chromatography with electron capture 
detection.

The filter programme to sample inorganic nitrate was continued this summer, 
using the permanent pump system at the air chemistry observatory. A 3-stage 
filter pack of Teflon/nylon/nylon was used to sample particulate nitrate and 
HN0(3). The data from this will be used to assess the budget of NO(y). 
Furthermore, on days when diurnal sampling for RONO(2) was carried out, 
filter changes were made at higher frequency in an attempt to detect a 
diurnal variation in HNO(3)/p-NO(3)-concentrations. Surface snow samples were 
also taken coincidentally. The aim of these diurnal variation studies is to 
investigate the exchange processes between NO(y) compounds in the ambient air 
and in the snow/firn. Ultimately such knowledge is necessary in order to 
correctly interpret nitrate data from ice cores.

2.4.4.5. Peroxide and formaldehyde measurements

During the summer campaign "98/99, peroxides (H(2)O(2)/ROOH) and formaldehyde 
(HCHO) were continuously monitored at Neumayer Station. These observations 
were part of the PEAN-Project and continue on from time series measurements 
made during the overwintering season of 1997.

The planned measuring programme was performed successfully. A preliminary 
evaluation of the data shows atmospheric hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios 
between 100 and 400 pptv, and for methyl hydroperoxide, the most common 
organic peroxide, of approximately 200 pptv, while the formaldehyde mixing 
ratios ranged between 50 and 400 pptv. In addition, snow samples were 
analysed during the summer campaign in order to compare concentrations of 
these reactive trace gases in the air and snow. An understanding of the 
exchange processes of these oxidants between the atmosphere and the snow/firn 
holds the potential for reconstructing the oxidation potential of palaeo-
atmospheres.


2.4.5. Installation of a ground- based DOAS instrument at the Neumayer 
       Station air chemistry observatory
       U. Frieß (IUPH)

A dual channel DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) 
spectrograph has been installed at the Neumayer air chemistry observatory. 
The instrument was developed at the Institut für Umweltphysik, Heidelberg. It 
measures zenith scattered sunlight, covering the wavelength ranges 320-435 nm 
(UV) and 400-650 nm (visible). The light is spectrally dispersed by two 
holographic gratings and detected with cooled photo diode arrays. Using the 
absorption structure of several atmospheric constituents (Ozone, NO2, OCIO 
and BrO), the instrument is able to detect the column amount of those trace 
gases. These species are involved into the ozone depleting mechanisms in the 
Antarctic stratosphere.

To examine chemical and physical processes in the stratosphere, the DOAS 
measurements will be compared with photochemical model calculations. The data 
will also be used to validate satellite borne measurements, e.g. GOME (Global 
Ozone Monitoring Experiment) and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer), and 
the ozone soundings regularly performed at Neumayer Station.

Chlorine and bromine compounds are the major cause for the ozone depletion in 
the Antarctic polar stratosphere. Another halogen compound, iodine oxide, can 
contribute to the ozone depletion even when present in small amounts. A 
further goal of the DOAS measurements is the possible detection of iodine 
oxide or at least the estimate of an upper limit for the concentration of 
this trace gas. Continuous DOAS measurements were performed at Neumayer 
Station since 1994. It is planned to operate the new instrument for several 
years. Beside the study of the diurnal and seasonal variation of the various 
trace gases, those measurements supply information about long- term trends of 
the stratospheric trace gas budget.


2.5.  LANDOPERATIONS AND FLIGHT PROGRAMMES

2.5.1.  Airborne programme
        D. Steinhage, M. Schürmann, F . Thiel, T. Büßlberg (AERODATA, AWI, DLR)

The airborne programme of the austral summer 1998/99 consists of three 
different projects (EPICA, EMAGE, APIS) carried out between 15 December 1998 
and 14 February 1999. During that time some of logistic flights have been 
done which are related to a distinct project, e.g. the participation in the 
evacuation of an Indian patient from RV POLAR BIRD with POLAR4 via the 
Neumayer-Halley-Amundsen Scott stations as well as the maintenance of three 
automatic weather stations of the University of Utrecht. A fourth project, 
airborne RES with Filchner Station as base, had to be cancelled due to the 
fact that the station did no longer exist. The station had to be removed 
after the calving of iceberg A-38 from Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf.

All three projects started in the past. Therefore, see for a detailed 
description the report of ANT XIVl3 (W.Jokat and H. Oerter (ed.), 1998: Die 
Expedition ANTARKTIS-XIV mit FS POLARSTERN 1997, Bericht vom Fahrtabschnitt 
ANT XIV/3, Berichte zur Polarforschung, Nr. 267). The following section will 
only describe the work of the season 1998/99.

PS the ferry flights of POLAR2 and POLAR4 have become routine and just minor 
changes of the flight tracks have been applied compared to those in the past, 
as well as the fact that no scientific measurements have been carried out on 
them, a detailed description will not be given. They lasted 260 hours for 
both airplanes.

Within the geophysical programmes of EPICA and EMAGE several GPS and magnetic 
reference stations have been deployed by POLAR4 The data collected by these 
stations completed by data of the geophysical observatory at Neumayer 
Station. The ground based RES traverse also maintained from time to time some 
(DML05).

The total measuring equipment which is not integrated in POLAR2 has been 
shipped on board of the RV AGULHAS from Cape Town to Neumayer Station and 
with POLARSTERN back to Cape Town.

EPICA (EUROPEAN PROJECT FOR ICE CORING IN ANTARCTICA)

Within the EPICA pre-side survey another 18,500 km of airborne RES (radio 
echo sounding) have been measured in the fourth season in a row in Dronning 
Maud Land (DML) for the determination of ice thickness and magnetic 
properties. The flights of this austral summer, with the DML ground traverse 
as logistic base, enlarged the investigated area further to the southeast. In 
total 25 flights with together 96 hours of flight time, including logistic 
flights, have been carried out. Fig. 12 shows a map of all measuring flights, 
the dotted lines mark the ice divides in DML.

A flight towards Dome Fuji will most likely allow to connect the obtained 
profiles to the dated ice core drilled there, because the RES system also 
reveals the internal structures of the ice in addition to the ice thickness. 
For this flight POLAR4 had to deploy a fuel depot at B33 (DML17) and to 
collect the empty drums afterwards.

Due to unfavourable Snow conditions and later in the season general bad 
weather conditions four flights from the Kottas Camp had to be cancelled. 
Additionally technical problems led to some problems with the schedule. But 
all problems could be solved with the available spare parts for the planes 
and the measuring system.

The maintenance of three weather stations of the University of Utrecht, at 
Camp Victoria, at B32 as well as at Svea Cross south-west of Kottas Camp, 
could be combined with logistic flights.

EMAGE (EASTERN ANTARCTIC MARGIN AEROGEOPHYSICAL EXPERIMENT)

The aim of this long term geophysical project is to detect first geological-
tectonical structures of the opening of the Weddell Sea in the region between 
the Antarctic stations Halley in the West and Novolazarevskaja in the East. 
The area of investigation could be enlarged by 50,000 km^2 in this austral 
summer with 18 flights. Included are two flights for static and dynamic 
compensation. All compensations as well as those of the last seasons have 
been carried out at 71°S, 9°30'W. To extend the investigated area in front of 
the Rijser-Larsenisen POLARSTERN deployed a fuel depot at the edge of the 
Drescher inlet. Fig. 13 shows a map with all flown profiles.

Nearly all flights above the sea could be flown with 130 kts in 600 feet 
barometric altitude. During all flights the measuring system consists of two 
Trimble GPS receiver, a modified LaCoste-Romberg gravimeter, a laser 
altimeter and an airborne Geometrics magnetic system with 'He Sensors. The 
line spacing was 5 nm, the total length of all profiles 17,500 km.

To achieve the necessary precision of the positioning for the evaluation of 
the gravity data post differential GPS processing will be used. The necessary 
GPS reference stations are the Neumayer Station and a GPS station set up at 
Halvfarryggen, close to the central point of there installed seismological 
array "Watzmann". To allow the correction of the airborne gravity data for 
the tides, the continuous registration of the gravimeter of the geophysical 
laboratory at Neumayer Station is available. To eliminate the daily 
variations of the magnetic data also registrations of the geophysical 
laboratory are available. Parallel to the registrations at Neumayer Station 
also a magnetic reference station on base of a Geometrics G856, had been 
installed on Skjoldet, an ice rumple in the Rijser-Larsenisen.

APIS (ANTARCTIC PACK ICE SEALS)

As in the past, for the APIS programme a digital video camera had been 
installed on all EMAGE flights, but this time just in the vicinity of sea ice 
recordings have been done. The map in Fig. 14 shows all sections with video 
monitoring. Gaps are due to clouds and missing sea ice coverage. On 14 
flights 17 hours of video in total have been collected, covering 4,000 km of 
profiles. The video camera has been handled by the operator on board (M. 
Schürmann, F. Thiel (both AERODATA), D. Steinhage (AWI)). Responsible for the 
APIS project at AWI is Dr. Jochen Plötz. For further information see report 
ANT XIV/3.


2.5.2. Glaciology
       F. Wilhelms, C. Drücker, G. Stoof, H. Wohltmann, J. Wehrbach, 
       A. Schmid, J. Pogorzalek, C. Sacker, F. Kallweit, D. Steinhage (AWI)

In this season glaciological studies have been carried out afresh, for the 
prereconnaissance of a deep drilling site within EPICA. In the period from 15 
December 1998 to 16 February 1999 several EMR-profiles (EMR: electromagnetic 
reflection method), were recorded connecting the sites of the 100-m- to 150-
m-long ice cores drilled last year. The aim is to enable a correlation 
between the different ice cores and to extend the information gathered at 
points to the EMR-sections.

The EMR-measurements are part of a DFG funded project managed by Dr. Uwe 
Nixdorf. For the first time, two standard EMR-systems from the company Mala 
Geoscience, Sweden, have been put in use. The 1,000-km-long section with the 
measured profiles (Fig. 15) is the same route along which three 100-m- to 
150-mlong ice cores and numerous firn cores have been drilled last season. 
Another 1,000 km have to be added for the roundtrip Neumayer-Kottas Camp-
Neumayer.

Arrival and departure of the traverse participants, as long as they were not 
participants of the overwintering team, were organized with the South African 
RV AGULHAS. The ship also transported the scientific equipment and 
provisions. The logistic equipment, three Kässbohrer Pisten-Bullys, six sleds 
with diverse superstructures, two skidoos and several Nansen sleds could be 
taken over from the Neumayer Station. The span was put together such that it 
was possible to work in the container during the trip. This enabled the use 
of the Ramac-apparatus from the Pisten-Bully Span.

Several antennae in the frequency range between 50 MHz and 800 MHz were used. 
With a shielded 500-MHz aerial some uppermost 20 m of firn coverage and using 
a 100-MHz antenna the range to a depth of 100 m to 150 m were mapped. Thus, 
the data basis for the correlation between the ice core drill sites as well 
as between firn core drill sites are available. In addition several Common 
Mid Point (CMP) measurements were carried out using different aerials to 
determine the velocity-depth-function at different drill sites. Especially at 
DML05 two satellite drillings were connected by several profiles using 
different aerials. At the Same time, the GPS measurements of stakes were 
repeated in order to determine the surface flow velocity of ice, a firn core 
was drilled and a snow pit was dug.

Besides the main scientific questions numerous other tasks could be 
performed. Thus the traverse served as a temporal base for aero-EMU-
measurements and therefore provided, in addition to a tank container of 
kerosene, further material for airplane support. Besides that, it also 
installed and maintained GPS and magnetic reference stations at Kottas Camp 
and other locations along the track for some periods of time.


2.5.3.  The Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 98/99, NARE 98/99
        H. Eggenfellner, K. Pedersen, 0. Skog und E. Vike (NPI)

The goals for the expedition were to bring home four automatically recording 
weather stations (and the data) from the area, to remeasure the movement and 
snow accumulation of 36 aluminium stakes placed in a glaciological monitoring 
network On the Bailey Ice Stream and across the Filchner Ice Shelf to the 
Berkner Island (two stake lines), and finally - to bring home any 
environmental harmful products and equipment remaining at the summer-base 
Blåenga.

The same group had participated on the NARE 96/97 to do the same work, but 
unfortunately the ice conditions at that season where too heavy and made it 
impossible to reach the summer base. Because of very good international 
cooperation in the Antarctic the group could join POLARSTERN from Cape Town 
to the most southern part of the Weddell Sea.

After 16 days of sailing the group was put ashore at the summer base 
(77°30'43"S, 34°12'37"W) the 25 January 1999. All the huts where under the 
snow-surface and only bamboos showed that there was something under the snow.

After two days of digging and 10 days with very bad weather the group started 
off towards the Theron Mountains 220 km inland (79°00'00"S 27°55'44"W). They 
used four snow-mobiles as transportation. Here the group divided in two. In 
the Theron Mountains Pedersen and Skog established a communication base (HF 
radio and Inmarsat C) to communicate with the field party and the "outer 
world" (POLARSTERN and Norway). They also mounted a GPS receiver on a nunatak 
as reference station for the measuring of the glaciological monitoring 
network.

On 7 February Vike and Skog drove to the weather station "Delta", 170 km 
northeast of Theron base (at 78°00'00"S 22°31'43"W). The weather station is 
four meter high but only two meter of it were visible over the snow. They 
demounted the station (after three hours of digging) and brought it back to 
the Theron base. They also found some old gasoline which they brought back.

At the Same time the weather station in the Theron Mountains was demounted by 
Eggenfellner and Pedersen.

On 9 February Vike and Eggenfellner started out on the "stake round". During 
the season 91/92 36 stakes where accurate positioned with the help of 
differential GPS. One line followed the 80th parallel and one line followed 
the 79°15'-parallel across the Filchner Ice Shelf, plus four lines across the 
Bailey Ice Stream. The network was again measured during the 92/93 season, so 
the movement of the stakes during one year was already known. The total 
driving distance on this round is 800 km, but because of good conditions and 
no serious problems the "stake-round" this season took only a short week. 
However, not all the stakes where measured because they where covered by 
snow. On each stake the Snow accumulation during the period was also 
measured.

Close to Berkner Island (80°06'02"S, 41°52'55"W), the third weather station 
was demounted. On 16 February the Norwegians left the Theron Mountains. 
Because of very good driving conditions and nice weather, the trip out to the 
summer base (220 km) took only 7 hours.

All environmental harmful goods (oil, batteries etc.) were removed from the 
base. Most of the material was still in good condition and was handed over to 
the Argentineans at the Belgrano base. Also the left-over gasoline, oil and 
food from this seasons work was given to Belgrano.

To make the pick-up operation as less time consuming for POLARSTERN as 
possible, the Norwegians drove with all their equipment 150 km northeast of 
the summer base to the ice-edge. On 21 February 1999, they where picked up 
after a very successful season.


2.6. DISMANTLING OF THE FILCHNER STATION
     J. Ams, A. Brehme, J. Janneck, W. Kaiser, N. Lensch, 
     J. Porgarzalek, R. Witt, A. Ziffer (AWI, KG, LAEISZ)

In October 1998 the large tabular iceberg A-38 calved from the Filchner-Ronne 
Ice Shelf and broke into several pieces. Filchner Station (Figs. 17 and 18) 
was situated on one of them A-386 with an area of 2980 km^2 (Fig. 16). It 
became necessary to dismantle and remove the station, and for this reason a 
salvage team of nine people sailed on board POLARSTERN. On 31 January 1999 
the salvage team was disembarked and the equipment needed for the work on the 
station unloaded on the western side of the iceberg A-38B, where the ice 
cliffs were 18 m high (Figs. 19 and 20). The landing site was just 30 km away 
from the station. An advance party got the heating, the melt water tank, the 
kitchen and the radio room up and running. The salvage work began on 1 
February. First, the covering of snow was removed from the equipment that was 
distributed around the station platform. A generator, a number of depots with 
both full and empty fuel drums, which lay under 1 to 2 m of snow, a further 
Pisten-Bully and a tanker sledge, which had to be recovered from 4 m of snow, 
were dug out (Fig. 21). The freed drums and other miscellaneous items were 
loaded onto sledges. At the Same time work on the station was proceeding. The 
station consisted of a platform supported by 14 legs at a height of about 4 m 
above the current snow surface, so as to prevent the accumulation of snow 
around it. Containers for living, dining and storage were secured to the 
platform. The storage container was cleared out and loose items on the 
platform were packed ready for transport. The storage container was then 
dismantled and the other containers were unfastened from the platform. On 7 
February the first 20 tonnes of material were taken on board POLARSTERN. This 
first load comprised miscellaneous cargo, including the dangerous goods such 
as fuel drums, gas bottles and old batteries and was transported to the ship 
with Pisten-Bullys and sledges.

On 10 February the dismantling of the station was completed. A snow ramp had 
been pushed up around the station platform, and the station containers were 
pulled down this and placed on sledges or simple runners. The overnight 
transportation of everything to the ship had already begun. While the Pisten-
Bullys were still in use during the day for dismantling the last of the 
station and loading the sledges, the first two loads were removed overnight. 
On 11 February at 20:00, all 119.8 tonnes of material from the station and 48 
tonnes of equipment used for its transport (Pisten- Bullys, sledges, 
containers, etc) had been brought to the POLARSTERN and loaded on board (Fig. 
22, Tab. 1 and 2). The cargo included 30,200 | of fuel, comprising 8,000 | of 
kerosene, 9,800 | of Arctic diesel and 12,400 | of petrol. During the salvage 
operation 5,200 | of fuel were consumed. The kerosene and Arctic diesel were 
used for fuel on POLARSTERN and the petrol was unloaded at Neumayer Station. 
All that remained of the station is the steel support structure, buried in 
the snow (Fig. 23). Despite the hard conditions and the speed at which the 
work was undertaken, no serious incident occurred.


ORDER OF WORK

31 January 1999

06:OO Start of unloading,
06:15 First flight of members of the salvage team to the station, in 
      order to get the motor, snow-melt tank and crane up and running. 
      The engine heater was switched on and the main switch of the 
      crane was closed. The water level in the melt-tank was raised 
      with 150 l of water brought from POLARSTERN.
10:OO Return flight to the ship to unload the remaining equipment.
12:OO End of unloading.
12:30 Departure for the station. Everything except the separate runners 
      was taken to the station. A cold store was set up and the 
      provisions were stowed away. The station was established. The 
      radio equipment (VHF and short wave) was sei up in working order.

1 February 1999

The satellite communications were started up. It was necessary to repair a 
plug. Test calls to AWI and Neumayer Station followed. The skidoos and 
starter unit were taken from the platform and set down on the ice. Snow was 
bulldozed away from the reserve diesel generator (90 KVA). Work started to 
clear snow from the Pisten-Bully garage. Snow was bulldozed away from the 
petrol depot and the drums were put on sledges. Clearing out of kitchen, 
mess, radio room and scrap store started. The winches and the uppermost stage 
of the platform supports were dismantled. Further dismantling of the supports 
proved not to be possible, because the last extension pieces had been cut 
down to size and the crank handles were resting against the grating. 
Therefore, snow later had to be pushed up to the level of the platform, so 
that the containers could be pulled off.

2 February 1999

The last piece of the Pisten-Bully garage was freed with a chainsaw. The 
Bully was completely iced up, but the motor started without problems after 
preheating. Because the roof of the garage had slumped, it was lifted with a 
Bully crane and propped up with beams. After this the vehicle could be driven 
from the garage without problem. The Bully was made in good working order. 

14:OO The Bully was Set to work. From this time three Pisten-Bullys with snow 
shovels were available. The snow was bulldozed away from the depot of Arctic 
diesel and the drums were put on sledges. Clearing of snow from the sledges 
and tank container began. The steel parts used for raising the station were 
dismantled and stowed in a container. The store was cleared out and the 
shelves were taken down. The antenna mast was disassembled.

3 February 1999

The 10 foot tank container and the bivouac huts were cleared of snow. The 
wooden boards between the kitchen and dormitory containers, which formed the 
store, were removed. Clearing of the container rooves started. The fastenings 
and stays of the workshop container were detached. Assorted pieces of steel 
were packed up. The batteries of the reserve generator were installed. The 
test run was successful.

4 February 1999

Snow was bulldozed from around the freight sledges and the 900-kg sledge. The 
sledges were shovelled free of snow. The winches and heavy duty shackle were 
removed from the station and stowed in containers. The wooden boxes with 
bolts, nuts, washers and shackles were taken from the station and placed in 
containers. Clearing of snow from the 20 foot tank container started. 
Clearing of the container roofs was completed. Removal of the planks and 
beams from the support structure of the platform. Loading of the empty drums, 
which had contained kerosene belonging to BAS, on the sledges with the petrol 
drums. The bivouac huts were prepared for occupation.

5 February 1999

Snow was cleared from the 20-foot tank-container. Steel items were stowed in 
container 202. Zarges boxes and miscellaneous items were stowed in container 
246. Boxes that were no longer required were transferred from the supply 
container 204 to container 246. Zarges boxes that were not yet needed were 
placed on the platform. A freight sledge was loaded with rubbish, special 
waste, dangerous items and loose cargo for Neumayer Station. Fixing brackets 
of the former store between the kitchen and dormitory containers were 
dismantled. Container bridge fittings were dismantled. All the container 
fastenings that were welded onto the longitudinal girders were cut off. The 
cable fastenings on the container roofs were dismantled. On the south side of 
the station snow was bulldozed up to the level of the platform.

6 February 1999

Old sanitary material was packed away. Tools from the workshop container that 
were no longer required were packed away. Spare parts for the 90-KVA 
generator and melt tank were packed away. Freight containers 202 and 246 were 
loaded with return freight. Remaining freight (Bully spares, etc) in the 
supply container 204 were transferred to container 246. On the west and east 
sides of the station Snow was bulldozed up to the level of the platform. 
Construction of the new camp, consisting of folding container W 209, 
container 204 for provisions and two bivouac huts.

7 February 1999

Remaining provisions were removed from folding container W 209 and stowed in 
empty container 204, Transport of petrol drums, freight sledges with 
miscellaneous items (skidoos, starter unit, empty drums) and sledges with 
waste to the loading site at the edge of the iceberg. Loading of POLARSTERN. 
Empty sledges were taken back to the station. The transport and loading 
operation lasted all day. The camp power supply was connected up to the 
reserve diese1 generator. The kitchen fittings were removed from the station 
and arranged in the folding container W 209. The radio equipment was 
dismantled and installed in the folding container W 209. The inferior 
fittings of the container from the kitchen, mess and radio room were removed. 
On the north side of the station Snow was bulldozed up to the level of the 
platform.

8 February 1999

The mess fittings were placed in the folding container W 209. The first 
members of the salvage team moved into a bivouac hut. The crane was 
disassembled. The top shute of the melt tank was dismantled. The extensions 
to the exhaust pipes of the burner and 90-KVA generator were dismantled. The 
radio container, the mess container and the kitchen container were lifted 
from the platform and placed on runners.

17:30 The main motor was taken out of service. The remaining station 
containers were connected up to the power supply of the reserve diesel 
generator. The container fittings were stowed in the radio room and the 
container was closed with wooden boards.

9 February 1999

The water supply to the toilet container was shut off. The water and waste 
water pipes in the dormitory containers were disassembled. The dormitory 
containers were lifted from the platform, placed on runners and reconnected 
to the power supply in the camp. The workshop container was packed up and 
placed on a sledge. The provisions that were no longer required were stowed 
in a heated bivouac hut. Because both hut and provisions were going to 
Neumayer Station, repacking was unnecessary. Because of the ice situation, 
speed was important, and the first transport of material to POLARSTERN took 
place during the night.

10 February 1999

The melt-water container was drained and placed on a sledge. The toilet 
container was drained, dismantled water pipes were stored inside it, and the 
container was placed on a sledge. The remaining material (tools, strops, 
shackles, etc) were packed away in the return freight container. The folding 
container W 209 was cleared out and folded up.

12:30 The diesel unit was taken out of service, and all cables were 
      removed and packed away.
13:OO The chilled provisions were taken to the ship by helicopter.
15:OO An attempt to tow container 202, which was full of pieces of 
      steel and wood, with three Bullys failed, because the container 
      was too heavy. Some of the wood was reloaded onto a sledge. The 
      container could then be pulled with two Bullys.
15:30 Three members of the group flew back to POLARSTERN in the 
      helicopter.
17:30 The remainder of the group drove to POLARSTERN with four Pisten-
      Bullys and freight. A further load was transported to the ship 
      during the night.

11 February 99

08:OO The last load, comprising two bivouac huts towed by two Pisten-
      Bullys, was brought to ship. At the site of the former Filchner 
      Station, only the central Supports, anchored in the ice and the 
      platform, consisting of longitudinal and transverse girders and 
      the welded-on grating, which had served as a walkway, remained. 
20:OO The last sledge was loaded and POLARSTERN Cast off from the 
      loading site on iceberg A-38B.


TABLE 1. Load taken on board on 7 February 1999
________________________________________________________________________

 26 empty drums (kerosene)                              Dangerous cargo
 20 empty drums (Arctic diesel)                         Dangerous cargo
  1 tank container 10 foot T101 with leftover kerosene  Dangerous cargo
  1 dum used oil (half full)  
 14 batteries                                           Dangerous cargo
    power unit
    heating unit
  1 heating unit
  2 skidoos
 62 dums filled with 12,400 l petrol                    Dangerous cargo
  9 Zarges boxes for Neumayer Station
  6 Pisten-Bully wheels for Neumayer Station
  2 Pisten-Bully cog wheels for Neumayer Station
  1 rope which for Neumayer Station
  2 oxygen gas bottles                                  Dangerous cargo
  2 acetylene gas bottles                               Dangerous cargo
 17 propane gas bottles                                 Dangerous cargo
  8 live extinguishers                                  Dangerous cargo
 misc. cleangn material
 1x net of various rubbish
 (kitchen waste, plastic, paper, etc.)
________________________________________________________________________
                           Total weight 20.31


TABLE 2. Load taken on board on 10 and 12 February 1999
         ________________________________________________________
         
                                                   Weight
          ---------------------------------------  -------
          90 KVA generator                          2.21 t
          2x Nansen sledges                         0.1 t
          Cont. AWI 202                            12.1 t
          Cont. AWI 204                             4.0 t
          Stat. cont. toilet                        3.0 t
          Cont. AWI 246                             7.0 t
          Stat. cont. kitchen                       4.0 t
          Pisten-Bully No. 15                       7.5 t
          Pisten-Bully No. 16                       7.5 t
          Cont. motor No. 10 foot                   3.8 t
          Cont. melt tank 10 foot                   2.1 t
          Cont. AWI T 210 with 8,000 I kerosene    11.5 t
          Stat. cont. dormitory                     3.0 t
          Stat. cont. dormitory                     3.0 t
          Workshop cont.                            1.0 t
          Stat. cont. radio                         3.0 t
          Stat. cont. mess                          2.0 t
          Bivouac hut                               4.3 t
          Bivouac hut                               3.0 t
          Stat. cont. mess                          2.0 t
          10x cont. sledges                        28.0 t
          1x small sledges                          1.5 t
          6x pairs of runners                       1.5 t
          Brace for 10 foot container               1.0 t
          65 drums of Arctic diesel 
          (of which 49 drums filled with 9.800 l)   7.8t
         ________________________________________________________



2.7. CIRCULATION AND WATER MASS FORMATION IN THE ATLANTIC SECTION OF 
     THE SOUTHERN OCEAN
     G. Birnbaum, H. Brix, D. Dommenget, E. Fahrbach, R. Gladstone, 
     G. Hargreaves, S. Harms, A. Jenkins, G. Rohardt und L. Sellmann 
     (AWI, BAS, POL)

OBJECTIVES

The field work aimed to measure circulation and water mass properties in the 
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, to investigate the contribution of the 
Weddell Sea to the ocean's role in climate. In this respect water mass 
modification plays an important role, because it leads to the formation of 
Antarctic Bottom Water which is an essential part of the global thermohaline 
circulation. With the aim to determine the spatial and temporal variability 
of the water masses and the ocean currents, vertical temperature and salinity 
profiles were measured from the ship, moored instruments were recovered and 
deployed and drifting platforms were launched.

At the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression, the so-called Ice Shelf 
Water drains into the deep sea. This water mass forms because water of high 
salinity flows in beneath the ice shelf. At a depth of 1,000 m, the freezing 
point of seawater is lowered to -2.5°C. As a result the inflowing water, even 
if it has already reached the freezing temperature at the sea surface, can be 
further cooled at the base of the ice shelf through melting. In this manner, 
the coldest water found anywhere in the ocean is formed. Part of this 
supercooled water freezes at the underside of the ice shelf on its way back 
out, so forming marine ice. Another part comes out at the front of the ice 
shelf as supercooled water. In the Filchner Depression it flows to the north, 
where with a temperature of -2.1°C it crosses a low saddle at the edge of the 
continental shelf, and as a result of its high density, caused by its low 
temperature, drains into the deep sea. This outflow contributes to the 
formation of Weddell Sea Bottom Water, which feeds into the circumpolar ocean 
to the north, from where it flows further into the three ocean basins as 
Antarctic Bottom Water.

It is the objective of our work to quantify the transport of Ice Shelf Water 
into the deep sea, reckoned at about 1 million cubic metres per second, using 
direct measurements of the currents made with moored instruments. The mixing 
of the Ice Shelf Water with the lighter surrounding water determines the 
depth to which the outflow can sink. This can be derived from the temporal 
fluctuations of the Ice Shelf Water flow, that are measured with the moored 
instruments, and the spatial distribution, that can be learnt from CTD 
(Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) sections. For this reason, four moorings 
were placed in the outflow last year by HMS ENDURANCE. In order to record the 
distribution of water masses, we carried out a CTD section from the iceberg 
A-38B, extending onto the continental slope, a second section in the region 
of the descending flow of Ice Shelf Water and a third along the northern 
threshold of the Filchner Depression. These investigations are taking place 
as a cooperation between the AWI, the British Antarctic Survey, the 
Geophysical Institute of the University Bergen, Norway and Earth and Space 
Research, Seattle, USA in the framework of the "Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf 
Programme" (FRISP) of "Scientific Committee On Antarctic Research" (SCAR).

The objective of the investigations in the eastern Weddell Sea and the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current is to detect, if there are correlations between 
the fluctuations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the properties of 
the Weddell Sea Bottom Water. Furthermore it should be shown, if the 
variations in the deep and bottom water of the Weddell Sea affect the 
Antarctic Bottom Water in the South Atlantic. To determine the origin of the 
variations, it is planned to measure the fluctuations of the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current south of South Africa, in particular the intensity and 
location of the southernmost current bands and the transition to the northern 
part of the Weddell gyre. In case of the formation of a large Weddell Polynya 
west of Maud Rise, the measurements should allow to determine, if an 
increased inflow of Circumpolar Deep Water contributes to the polynya 
development or, if the local atmospheric forcing dominates. Furthermore the 
occurrence of deep convection and the change of water mass properties as a 
consequence of the polynya will be detected.

The measurements continue the time series in the Weddell Sea covering the 
past decade. They will allow to determine the dominant time scales and the 
spatial distribution of observed changes of the water mass properties. It is 
planned to identify a minimum set of measurements which is sufficient to 
determine the state of the water mass formation in the Weddell Sea, which can 
be applied as a long term monitoring System with an as small as possible 
logistical effort. These measurements are a contribution to the "Climate 
Variability and Predictability Programme" (CLIVAR) of the "World Climate 
Research Programme" (WCRP).

To investigate the contribution of icebergs to the fresh water cycle in the 
Weddell Sea, 11 of them were tagged with satellite transmitters (Fig. 31, 
Tab. 4). The icebergs originate at the Antarctic coast or ice shelf edge, 
when the ice masses from the inland reach the ocean and break off. With a 
typical velocity of 15 km per day they might drift for several years in the 
Weddell Sea until they finally break into small pieces and supply continental 
fresh water to the ocean. If they encounter shallow water during their drift 
they can stay at a fixed location for years until they melted enough or broke 
to smaller bergs which can drift freely. By iceberg melt the Weddell Sea 
receives about 410 Gt of fresh water per year.

Large icebergs can be followed on satellite images. However, a large part of 
the icebergs is too small to be detected by satellites, but they might 
contribute significantly to the fresh water input. Therefore, the tracks of 
relatively small bergs should be measured. The results will be used to 
determine the appropriate parameters in a numerical model of the iceberg 
drift which is run in AWI. This model includes atmospheric driving forces, 
ocean currents and sea ice. It takes into account that iceberg motion can be 
determined by surrounding sea ice, if the sea ice cover is ridged enough. The 
observed and the model trajectories will be compared to optimize the model 
parameters. In a final state it will be possible to determine with the 
validated models the variations in the iceberg drift and consequently of the 
regional fresh water input due to climate changes, because iceberg motion 
determines where the fresh water from the Antarctic continent is supplied to 
the ocean. Together with the other components of the fresh water budget, as 
precipitation minus evaporation and differential freezing and melting of sea 
ice, the fate of the icebergs can locally affect the stability of the water 
column and consequently the formation of deep and bottom water.

WORK AT SEA

On the way towards the Neumayer Station and back to Cape Town expendable 
Bathythermographs (XBTs) were launched to measure the ocean temperature to a 
depth of 700 m. The data were directly inserted in the GTS. However the 
tracklines did no correspond completely on the way south and north (Figs. 24, 
25 and 26, Annex 1). Measurements with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 
(ADCP) and the thermosalinograph were carried through the complete cruise. 
The thermosalinograph records are presented in Figs. 25 and 26.

To determine the water mass properties 257 vertical profiles were measured 
with a CTD sonde along the Greenwich Meridian and in the southern Weddell Sea 
(Fig. 27, Annex 2). In the southern Weddell Sea a CTD section was done from 
iceberg A-38B over the continental slope (Fig. 27) and a detailed survey was 
carried out between the Ronne Ice Shelf up to Lassiter Coast and the iceberg 
A-38B (Figs. 27 and 28 top). The distribution of the water masses sinking 
along the continental slope and at the northern threshold of the Filchner 
Depression was measured (Figs. 27 and 28 bottom).

In the vicinity of the Southwest Indian Ridge between 55°S and 61°S in the 
transition zone from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Weddell Gyre, a 
set of 10 ALACEs (Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer) were launched 
in a distance of 30 or 60 nm (Fig. 29, Tab. 3). These floats sink to a depth 
of approximately 700 m and return every 7 days to the surface, where they 
transmit their position and a temperature profile via Service Argos. During 
the drift the floats supply information about the injection of Circumpolar 
Deep Water into the Weddell Gyre. This warm and salty water mass represents 
the major heat and salt source which limits the ice thickness and permits the 
formation of deep and bottom waters. In addition to the ALACEs, a 
meteorological buoy (ODAS) with a drogue at 200 m was deployed.

To measure the low period variability of the water mass properties and the 
sea ice thickness, seven moorings were recovered and deployed along the 
Greenwich Meridian with temperature and salinity Sensors, current meters and 
upward looking Sonars (ULS) (Fig. 30, Tabs. 5 and 6). On the way south, three 
moorings were recovered and four redeployed south of Maud Rise. On the way 
north, three moorings were exchanged in the northern part of the Weddell 
gyre. Additionally two sea level recorders were deployed in the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current.

A set of four moorings and two sea level recorders of the Proudman 
Oceanographic laboratory, which were deployed in 1998, were recovered on the 
continental slope northwest of the Filchner Depression (Tab. 7). The mooring 
F3 was lying, at the time of the first attempt at recovery, under D1 1, a 
giant iceberg 8 nautical miles in width and 30 nautical miles in length (Fig. 
28 bottom). With the other three moorings and the bottom pressure recorder C2 
we had more luck. F4 lay just to the north of the iceberg in a polynya. 
Nevertheless, thick fog had developed over the open water, turning the 
recovery into an exciting game of hide and seek. The moorings F1 and F2 were 
situated in the thick band of ice to the south of the iceberg, but with some 
patience and the use of acoustic position finding during the ascent, we were 
able to locate both moorings amongst the ice. The bottom pressure recorder M2 
was recovered on the way back because on our journey south, M2 had been lying 
under thick ice. The southerly wind was constantly creating open water, but 
because of the low temperatures a compact covering of new ice was rapidly 
forming. The Bottom Pressure Recorder was held on the sea floor by an anchor 
weight, from which it could be detached by means of a release that would be 
activated on receipt of an acoustic signal. However, M2 put our patience to 
the lest, because it first only rose to the sea surface after repeated 
attempts at release, then was practically invisible between the compacted 
floes of new ice. Meanwhile, D11 shifted sufficiently to leave F3 clear. The 
route back there led through such strong ice pressure that we were often held 
fast, and the detour required more than two days. Our efforts were rewarded 
with the successful retrieval of F3.

Three buoys were deployed on ice floes for the "International Programme for 
Antarctic Buoys" (IPAB) in the framework of the WCRP, to observe 
meteorological parameters and sea ice drift. A buoy with oceanographic 
instruments was deployed in an inlet, on 2.5 m thick fast ice at the Ronne 
ice front within a few miles of the Lassiter Coast. It was equipped with a 
486 m long wire with 3 current meters and 10 temperature and salinity 
sensors. The measurements from these sensors were transmitted via satellite. 
After a few days no more data were transmitted.

CTD DATA PROCESSING

Hydrographic observations were made with a Falmouth Scientific Triton 
Integrated CTD (FSI-ICTD) combined with a 24 bottles water sampler. The CTD 
contained three temperature channels: Fast Response (FT), Platinum with 100 
ms time constant (PT1) and Platinum with 400 ms time constant (PT2). The 
sample rate was 21 Hz. Connected to the CTD was a Benthos Altimeter Mod. 
2110. A FSI data terminal DT 1050WS was used as deck unit. The water sampler 
consisted of a frame from General Oceanics and a Falmouth Scientific Sure 
Fire water sampler release unit. The water sampler was equipped with 12 liter 
bottles from Ocean Test Equipment with stainless steel springs.

CTD SN 1360 was used for the first 151 casts. Then, we switched to instrument 
SN 1347 because frequent spikes occurred in the pressure record. However, it 
appeared that the perturbations were not due to the CTD and consequently we 
switched back after 25 casts to the initial CTD. Altogether 257 profiles were 
taken (Annex 2)

The pre-cruise calibration had demonstrated the perfect status of the system. 
However, the comparison of the final data with those of previous cruises 
which were measured with a Neil Brown Mark IIIB evidenced that the 100 ms 
temperature probe (PT1) did not work properly in both instruments, Further 
investigation indicated that both PT1 were subject to a systematic error. The 
data set was reprocessed by use of the records from the 400 ms Sensor (PT2).

CTD-CALIBRATION

TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

The pre- and post-calibrations were made at the Scripps Institute of 
Oceanography (SIO). No significant time drift occurred between the two 
calibrations. Thus the correction based on the SI0 calibration from August 
1998 was applied to all data. The corrections were determined by use of all 
calibration points as:

Correction = A + B*N + C*N2 + D*N3 + E*N4 (N = instruments reading).

The coefficients for the two CTDs are presented in the table below.


Coefficients for ICTD SN 1347
_________________________________________________________________________________________

 Kanal                   A            B             C              D             E
 ----------------  -----------   -----------  -------------  -------------  ------------
 PT1                0.00192750   0.000367769   5.98102E-006  -1.73705E-006  3.92021E-008
 PT2               -0.00296646   0.000105862   1.00638E-005  -1.12480E-066  2.20040E-008
 Press loading      1.62150000   0.000766727  -2.36597E-007  -5.02071E-011  8.88206E-015
 Press unloading    1.22939000   0.000835985  -5.34279E-007   4.41770E-011  1.33893E-015
_________________________________________________________________________________________


Coefficients for ICTD SN 1360 
_________________________________________________________________________________________

 Kanal                   A           B             C              D             E
 ----------------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------
 PT1                0.00448876  -4.55829E-005  3.83954E-005  -2.45250E-006  3.92021E-008
 PT2               -0.00332538  -0.000208227   3.21668E-005  -1.67948E-006  2.20040E-008
 Press loading     -0.64126400  -0.000848879   3.51877E-007  -7.04156E-011  8.88206E-015
 Press unloading   -0.70612700  -0.000846957   2.60004E-007  -3.95838E-011  1.33783E-015
_________________________________________________________________________________________


The accuracy of the data was estimated as the mean difference between the 
correction and the calibration points. The pressure data are better than ±0.2 
dbar for loading pressure and ±1dba for unloading pressure. The temperature 
is better than ±0.001K. T68 temperature scale is used to maintain a 
consistent basis for later salinity and density calculations.

SALINITY/CONDUCTIVITY

Water samples were taken from the bottles for salinity/conductivity 
correction. The samples were measured with a Guildline Autosal 8400B using 
IAPSO Standard Seawater from Ocean Scientific International; Batch No. P134. 
The Autosal measurements were controlled and logged by PC and software (SIS 
Softsal Package). The conductivity differences between CTD and Autosal 
measurements did neither show a pressure or nor a time dependence. Thus the 
ICTD conductivity was corrected by a constant offset of:

                      C(corrected) = C(ICTD) + COR

While ICTD SN 1347 was used, 89 salinity samples were taken and measured. The 
conductivity correction was determined from 61 samples taken deeper as 100 m 
and resulted in: COR = 0.0053 mS/cm with a standard deviation of 0.001 mS/cm. 
1278 salinity samples were taken and measured while ICTD SN 1360 was used. 
The conductivity correction was determined from 952 samples. Here 966 samples 
were taken from depth below 100 m, 14 samples of them were rejected because 
they were off by up to 0.03 mS/cm. The correction resulted in COR = 0.0154 
mS/cm with a standard deviation of 0.001 mS/cm.

DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

The raw data from the CTD down- and up-casts were recorded using a PC and 
FSI's acquisition software (W95-ICTD, Version 1.5). The binary formatted raw 
data were transferred to a SUN UNIX Workstation for post-processing. These 
software routines are written in FORTRAN and are essentially based on the 
formerly used PC-based post-processing package from EG&G (Oceansoft) which 
was used since 1989 for the processing of the Neil Brown CTD Mark IIIB data.

THE POST-PROCESSING PROCEDURED FOR THE DOWN-CAST:

Editing spikes using a graphical editor:
All parameters are plotted versus scan number on the screen. Questionable 
parts of the profiles were enlarged. Spikes were removed with a 
minimum/maximum filter, a difference filter or manually by setting markers 
with the mouse pointer. Removed values were replaced by linear interpolation.

Pressure averaging:
The output of this program is an ASCII formatted file containing the cast 
header and the CTD record on 2dbar steps with pressure, temperature, 
conductivity, and computed parameters like salinity, potential temperature, 
and density. The program executes the following tasks:

(a) Apply corrections for PT1, PT2 and the loading pressure based on the SIO 
    calibration
(b) Combine Fast Response and Platinum temperatures; select one of the 
    two channels (PT1 or PT2)
(c) Apply time lag correction for the conductivity
(d) Eject pressure reversals (keep monotonely increasing pressure)
(e) Average conductivity and temperature for 2-dbar-intervall
(f) Apply conductivity cell correction (consider temperature- and 
    pressure effect on the cell ceramic)
(g) Compute salinity
(h) Interpolate pressure, temperature, and salinity on the center of the 
    pressure interval
(i) Compute conductivity from pressure, temperature, and salinity.

Details are documented in the EG&G software manual Oceansoft from 1989 as 
well as in Falmouth Scientific ICTD Operation Manual.


THE POST-PROCESSING PROCEDURES FOR THE UP-CAST: CREATE A BOTTLE FILE

Check bottle firing:
The up-cast data were acquired in the same way as the down-cast data. While 
taking a water sample (bottle firing), the acquisition software changes a 
specific bit ("marker") within an additional byte which is added to the 
standard CTD record. Thus it is possible to identify water sample records in 
the up-cast and create a bottle file. In this first step, the taken number of 
samples is compared with the "markers" in the up-cast with a program similar 
to the graphical spike editing program. It allows to erase or insert 
"markers".

Reduce number of records:
To accelerate further processing superfluous records were ejected. Thus, 200 
records before and after the "marker" were kept.

Editing spikes using a graphical editor:
The same routine as described in the down-cast processing was applied.

Create the bottle file:
The average of pressure, PT1 or PT2, and the conductivity was calculated from 
50 records before and after the "marker". Temperatures FT & PT1 or FT & PT2 
were not combined. The cell correction (see pressure averaging) was applied 
to the conductivity values, and the SI0 corrections to PTl/PT2 and the 
unloading pressure. The standard deviation of PTl/PT2 (STDDEV) was added to 
each bottle record as a control value to identify by small values samples 
which were taken in layers homogenous enough to be used for the conductivity 
correction on the basis of the comparison between CTD-conductivity and 
Autosal measurements.

SUMMARY OF DATA PROCESSING:

Due to the SI0 pre- and post-calibration and Autosal measurements on board 
the Instruments accuracy is much better than the manufacturers specification:

____________________________________________________________________________________

                        Accuracy
                        ----------------------------  -----------------------------
 Parameter              ANT XVIl2                     manufacturers  specifications
 Pressure (dbar)        ±0.2 loading, ±1.0 unloading  ±0.03% of full scale
                                                      (±2.0 dbar at 6.500 dbar)
 Temperature            ±0.001                        ±0.003
 (Conductivity (mS/cm)  ±0.001                        ±0.003
 Salinitv               ±0.001
____________________________________________________________________________________


PRELIMINARY RESULTS

A hydrographic section was carried out in the coastal polynya in front of the 
Ronne Ice Shelf from iceberg A-38B to the west up the Lassiter Coast (Figs. 
28 top and 32). An outflow of Ice shelf Water was observed at the eastern 
boundary of the Ronne Depression, which formed a strip along the ice shelf 
front of more than 100 km length with temperatures in the water column below 
the surface freezing point. The coldest temperatures of -2.12°C were observed 
at station 29 and even at the sea surface temperatures around -2°C were 
encountered indicating upwelling of supercooled water. The outflow of Ice 
Shelf Water was surveyed on a three-dimensional grid. The temperature minimum 
at the eastern slope of the depression decreases clearly to the north (Fig. 
33). It remains to explain, why the northward directed outflow of Ice Shelf 
Water follows the eastern slope whereas due to the effect of Coriolis force 
it is expected at the western slope.

To the southwest of iceberg A-38B another iceberg laid at the ice shelf front 
(Fig. 28 top) which prohibited measurements along the ice front. The section 
had to be finished at the southeast corner of A-38B, because of the heavy sea 
ice. Two sections were obtained perpendicular to the ice shelf front towards 
iceberg A-38B. They show by increasing temperature and salinity with 
increasing distance from the ice shelf front, the decreasing influence of the 
Ice Shelf Water (Fig. 34). At the loading site of A-38B two series of CTD 
yoyos were achieved (Figs. 35 and 36).

The descending plume of former Ice Shelf Water, now transformed to Weddell 
Sea Bottom Water, was surveyed at three transects. (Figs. 28 bottom and 37). 
The core of cold water with low salinity is located at the northern threshold 
of the Filchner Depression in 400 m to 500 m depth (Fig. 39). After crossing 
the sill, the plume turns under the influence of the Coriolis force to the 
left and sinks between the eastern (Fig. 37b) and the western (Fig. 37a) 
section from 1,500 m to 2,500 m depth. On this path the temperature increases 
significantly due to mixing with ambient water masses. However, the core can 
still be clearly identified. On a section along the 2,800 m depth contour 
(Fig. 38) higher temperatures are found as in shallower parts of the slope, 
suggesting that the cold core did not exit seaward between the eastern and 
western sections (Figs. 37a and b). The evaluation of the current meter data 
(Tab. 7), which can occur only after the return, will allow to estimate the 
volume transport of the cold plume.

The vertical distributions of temperature and salinity along the Greenwich 
Meridian display the typical structure of a cold dome with low salinity which 
is centred at approximately 61°S (Fig. 40) and is formed by the cyclonic 
circulation of the large scale Weddell gyre. At the southern side over the 
slope of Maud Rise Warm Deep Water is carried to the west and creates 
temperature and salinity maxima of 1.2°C and 34.69. In the northern part of 
the gyre significantly cooler Warm Deep Water and Weddell Sea Bottom Water is 
carried to the east. In the past years a gradual warming and increase of 
salinity was observed in the Warm Deep Water and the Weddell Sea Bottom 
Water. The preliminary data suggest that the warming and salinity increase 
continues in the Warm Deep Water. However, conclusions can only be drawn of 
the final processing of the data set.


2.8. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE METAL METABOLEM IN POLAR AMPHIPODS AND DECAPODS 
     J. Ritterhoff and J. Kahle (ICBM)

0BJECTIVES

In recent years high metal concentrations (especially regarding Cadmium) were 
reported in marine amphipods and decapods from polar regions. In particular, 
hyperiid amphipods from the Arctic and Antarctic showed extremely high 
cadmium levels up to 100 mg kg^(-1) d.w., deep sea amphipods EURYTHENES 
GRYLLUS from the Canada Basin levels up to 360 mg kg^(-1). Decapod 
crustaceans from polar oceans also display elevated cadmium levels. The 
observed metal accumulation is in contrast to the low soluble metal 
concentration normally found in Antarctic sea water. Without efficient 
mechanisms of storage and detoxification, the metal ions taken up by the 
organisms would be toxic. Thus, uptake and detoxification strategies as well 
as mechanisms of the metal metabolism are essential issues for those 
organisms accumulating high amounts of metals. The corresponding 
physiological and biochemical mechanisms are not yet fully understood.

The main goal of the current project is to develop and improve a conceptual 
model of the metal metabolism in marine amphipods and decapods from polar 
waters, based on investigations On the accumulation strategies and related 
storage and detoxification mechanisms. This would be a precondition to assess 
the importance of trophic transfer of metals, for example, to seabirds and 
marine mammals. To achieve this goal integrated field studies and 
toxicokinetic and bioaccumulation experiments On board ship are necessary.

METHODS

Mesozooplankton for determination of metals was mainly sampled at 12 stations 
by vertical bongo hauls (200 - 0 m), mesh sizes 500 µm and 700 µm, hauling at 
0.4 ms^(-1) and by towed bongo hauls (0 - 200 - 0 m), trawled with 1 knot. 
Macrozoobenthos was collected at 5 stations using a trap (400 m) with fish 
pieces as a bait to get a selective catch of necrophorous organisms. Although 
5 times the Agassiz trawl (200 - 400 m) was trawled for 10 min to get a 
broader variety of taxa. Organisms were identified to species level (if 
possible), sexed and sorted according to developmental stage and body size. 
The samples were shortly rinsed with double-distilled water, dried on good 
quality filter paper and immediately frozen at -27°C. Special care was taken 
to avoid contamination, e.g. by maintaining animals always in water or closed 
containers. Occurrence of paint particles or other materials was excluded by 
close visual inspection of each specimen collected using a binocular 
microscope. More than 1,000 field samples of 44 Antarctic crustaceans and 
some other taxa were collected during the cruise, Sampled material included 2 
decapod species, 23 amphipod, 6 isopod, 4 copepod, 4 euphausiid, 1 cumacea, 2 
pteropod and 5 fish species. Thus this field studies will give a first 
overview on the metal levels in Antarctic marine organisms from different 
trophic levels.

Furthermore 13 toxicokinetic experiments were done as a tool for calibration 
of monitor organisms to follow the time Course of uptake (8 to 20 d) and 
depuration (8 to 14 d) of water born cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt, chrome, 
copper and zinc in the decapod species NOTOCRANGON ANTARCTICUS, the amphipods 
WALDECKIA OBESA, ORCHOMENE PLEBS (adult and juveniles), ORCHOMENE SPEC., 
AMPELISCA BOUVIERI, and the copepods METRIDIA GERLACHEI and CALANOIDES 
ACUTUS. Nominal exposure concentrations were 5 µg Cd I^(-1), 5 µg Co I^(-1), 
20 µg Pb I^(-1), 20 µg Ni I^(-1), 20 µg Cr I^(-2), 30 µg Cu I^(-1) and 60 µg 
Zn I^(-1). Furthermore toxicokinetics experiments were done to follow the 
uptake (20 d) and depuration (10 d) of metals via the food path in 0. PLEBS 
using artificial contaminated fish and naturally polluted snails.

Finally, three uptake experiments were performed using a wide range of 6 
exposure levels to investigate accumulation strategies of 0. PLEBS, A. 
BOUVIERI and C. ACUTUS and to validate model predictions based on the 
compartment models which will be developed from the results of the 
toxicokinetic experiments.

During all experiments no elevated mortality due to metal exposure were 
noted.

POTENTIAL RESULTS

Since the metal analysis and the statistical evaluation will be done in our 
laboratories at the Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the marine 
environment (ICBM) in Oldenburg, the results of our project could not 
presented here.

However the experiments and field work will result in a set of data about the 
(i) water borne uptake and depuration of metals, (ii) uptake of metals via 
the food path (iii) their binding to specific, soluble, ligands, 
(metallothioneins and hemocyanin), (iv) the formation and sequestration of 
insoluble precipitates in concretions or granules and probably (V) their 
compartmentalisation within membrane-limited vesicles (lysosomes) and (vi) 
the influence of life-history and abiotic factors. These results will be the 
basis for the modelling of a conceptual model at the end of the project.



3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The extraordinary achievements during the cruise which were obtained under 
some times difficult conditions were only possible because of an effective 
and heartful cooperation between the ship's Crew and the scientific party. We 
are grateful to Master Keil and his Crew for another example of the 
traditionally good cooperation on board. We want to thank as well to all 
those, even if we are not able to call them all by name, who contributed to 
the success of the cruise by their support on shore during planning, 
preparation and while we have been at sea.


PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS
____________________________________________________________________

 ANT XVI/2
 ------------  
 Germany
 ------------
 AERODATA      Aerodata Flugmesstechnik
               Hermann-Lenk-Str. 36
               38108 Braunschweig
 AWI           Alfred-Wegener-Institut
               für Polar- und Meeresforschung
               Columbusstraße
               27568 Bremerhaven
 AWIP          Alfred-Wegener-Institut
               für Polar- und Meeresforschung
               Forschungsstelle Potsdam
               Telegrafenberg A43
               14473 Potsdam
 DLR           Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
               Flugbetrieb, Flugabteilung Braunschweig
               Postfach 3267
               38022 Braunschweig
 DPA           dpa
               Außenbüro Bremen
               Parkallee 30
 DWD           Deutscher Wetterdienst
               Geschäfsfeld Seeschiffahrt
               Jenfelder Allee 70 A
               22043 Hamburg
 GL            Germanischer Lloyd Bremerhaven
               Bartelstr. 1
               27570 Bremerhaven
 HSW           Helicopter Service
               Wasserthal GmbH
               Kätnerweg 43
               22393 Hamburg
 ICBM          Institut f. Chemie und Biologie des Meeres
               Carl v. Ossietzky Univeritat Oldenburg
               Carl b. Ossietzky-Str. 9-11
               Postfach 2503
               26111 Oldenburg
 IUP           Institut für Umweltphysik der Universität Heidelberg
               Im Neuenheimer Feld 366
               69120 Heidelberg
 KG            Kässbohrer Geländefahrzeug AG
               Postfach 1507
               89244 Senden
 JHK           J.H. Kramer
               Labradorstr. 5
               27572 Bremerhaven
 LAEISZ        Reederei F. Laeisz (Bremerhaven) G.m.b.H.
               Barkhausenstraße 37
               25768 Bremerhaven
 MPI           Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
               Bundesstr. 55
               20146 Hamburg

 Norway   
 ------------
 NPI           Norsk Polarinstitutt
               Storgata 25A
               Box 399
               N-9001 Tromsoe

 South Africa
 ------------  
 SANARP        South African National Antarctic Research Program
               Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
               Directorate: Antarctica and Islands
               Pretoria Street 315
               Pretoria

 UK
 ------------
 BAS           British Antarctic Survey
               High Cross Madingley Road
               Cambrigde CB3 OET
 POL           Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory
               Birkenhead, Merseyside
               L 437 RA
 UEA           School of Environmental Sciences
               University of East Anglia
               Norwich NR4 7TJ
____________________________________________________________________


PARTICIPANTS

ANT XVI/2
The participants are listed according to three sub-legs:
1) Cape Town to Neumayer Station
2) Neumayer Station to Filchner Station and back to Neumayer Station
3) Neumayer Station to Cape Town

1) Cape Town - Neumayer Station
------------------------------------------------
Birnbaum, Gerit               (AWI)
Brix, Holger                  (AWI)
Buitendag, Ernest             (SANARP) bis Sanae
Buchner, Jurgen               (HSW)
Dinkeldein, Wolfgang          (HSW)
Dommenget, Dietmar            (MPI)
Eggenfellner, Heinrich        (NPI)
EI Naggar, Saad               (AWI)
Fahrbach, Eberhard            (AWI)
Feldt, Oliver                 (HSW)
Friess, Udo                   (IUP)
Gladstone, Ruppert            (UEA)
Hargreaves, Geoffrey William  (POL)
Harms, Sabine                 (AWI)
Jocobi, Hans Werner           (AWI)
Jenkins, Adrian               (BAS)
Jones, Anna                   (BAS)
Kahle, Jens                   (ICBM)
Kohler Herbert                (DWD)
Krause, Peter                 (HSW)
Kruger, Wolfgang              (GL)
Krull, Stefan                 (AWI)
Lensch, Norbert               (AWI)
Loose, Bernd                  (AWI)
Mack, Werner                  (JHK)
Meyer, Jorg                   (JHK)
Neumann, Udo                  (AWI)
Pedersen, Kare                (NPI)
Prozinski, Mark               (JHK)
Riedel, Katja                 (AWI)
Ritterhof, Jurgen             (ICBM)
Rohardt, Gerd                 (AWI)
Schmid, Heidemarie            (AWI)
Sellmann, Lutz                (AWI)
Skog, Ottar                   (NPI)
Valentine, Henry R.           (SANARP) bis Sanae
Vike, Erik                    (NPI)
Weiland, Hans                 (DWD)
Weller, Rolf                  (AWI)
Wille, Andrea                 (AWI)
Witt, Ralf                    (AWI)
WÃ¶ste Hans-Christian         (DPA)
Ziffer, Albert                (AWI)

 
2. Neumayer Station - Filchner Station - Neumayer Station
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Ams, Jochen                   (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station
Birnbaum, Gerit               (AWI)
Brehme, Andreas               (LAEISZ) von und bis Filcher-Station
Brix, Holger                  (AWI)
Buchner, Jurgen               (HSW)
Dinkeldein, Wolfgang          (HSW)
Dommenget, Dietmar            (MPI)
Eggenfellner, Heinrich        (NPI) bis und von Blåenga
Fahrbach, Eberhard            (AWI)
Feldt, Oliver                 (HSW)
Gladstone, Ruppert            (UEA)
Hargreaves, Geoffrey William  (POL)
Harms, Sabine                 (AWI)
Janneck, Jurgen               (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station
Jenkins, Adrian               (BAS)
Kahle, Jens                   (ICBM)
Kaiser, Wolfgang              (LAEISZ) von und bis Filchner-Station
KÃ¶hler Herbert               (DWD)
Krause, Peter                 (HSW)
Lensch, Norbert               (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station
Pedersen, Kare                (NPI) bis und von Blåenga
Pogarzalek, Joachim           (LAEISZ) von und bis Filchner-Station
Ritterhof, Jurgen             (ICBM)
Rohardt, Gerd                 (AWI)
Sellmann, Lutz                (AWI)
Skog, Ottar                   (NPI) bis und von Blåenga
Vike, Erik                    (NPI) bis und von Blåenga
Weiland, Hans                 (DWD)
Werbach, Johann               (KG) von und bis Filchner-Station
Witt, Ralf                    (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station
Woste, Hans-Christian         (DPA)
Ziffer, Albert                (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station


3. Neumayer Station - Cape Town
--------------------------------------
Ams, Jochen                   (AWI)
Birnbaum, Gerit               (AWI)
Brehme, Andreas               (LAEISZ)
Brix, Holger                  (AWI)
Buchner, Jurgen               (HSW)
BuBelberg, Thorsten           (AWI)
Dinkeldein, Wolfgang          (HSW)
Dommenget, Dietmar            (MPI)
Eggenfellner, Heinrich        (NPI)
El Naggar, Saad               (AWI)
Fahrbach, Eberhard            (AWI)
Feldt, Oliver                 (HSW)
Forster, Winfried             (LAEISZ)
Fries, Udo                    (AWI)
Gladstone, Ruppert            (UEA)
Hargreaves, Geoffrey William  (POL)
Harms, Sabine                 (AWI)
Jacobi, Hans Werner           (AWI)
Janneck, Jurgen               (AWI)
Jenkins, Adrian               (BAS)
Jones, Anna                   (BAS)
Kahle, Jens                   (ICBM)
Kaiser, Woifgang              (LAEISZ)
Kohler, Herbert               (DWD)
Kohnlein, Andreas             (AWI)
Krause, Peter                 (HSW)
Lensch, Norbert               (AWI)
Lieser, Jan                   (AWI)
Loose, Bernd                  (AWI)
Mack, Werner                  (JHK)
Meyer, Jorg                   (JHK)
Pedersen, Kare                (NPI)
Pogarzalek, Joachim           (LAEISZ)
Prozinski, Mark               (JHK)
Riedel, Katja                 (AWI)
Ritterhof, Jurgen             (ICBM)
Rohardt, Gerd                 (AWI)
Sacker, Karsten               (AWI)
Sellmann, Lutz                (AWI)
Skog, Ottar                   (NPI)
Steinhage, Daniel             (AWI)
Vike, Erik                    (NPI)
Weiland, Hans                 (DWD)
Weller, Rolf                  (AWI)
Werbach, Johann               (KG)
Witt, Ralf                    (AWI)
Woste, Hans-Christian         (DPA)
Wohltmann, Holger             (AWI)
Ziffer, Albert                (AWI)
 


6. SHIP'S CREW  ANT XVI/2

Master       Keil, Jürgen
Offc.        Grundmann, Uwe
1. Offc.     Rodewald, Martin
Ch. Eng.     Schulz, Volker
2. Offc.     Fallei, Holger
2. Offc.     Peine, Lutz
Doctor       Dehof, Stefan
R. Offc.     Hecht, Andreas
2. Eng.      Delff, Wolfgang
2. Eng.      Folta, Henryk
2. Eng.      Simon, Wolfgang
Electron     Baier, Ulrich
Electron     Dimmler, Werner
Electron     Fröb, Martin
Electron     Holtz, Hartmut
Electron     Piskorzynski, Andreas
Boatsw.      Loidl, Reiner
Carpenter    Neisner, Winfried
A.B.         Bäcker, Andreas
A.B.         Bindernagel, Knuth
A.B.         Bohne, Jens
A.B.         Hagemann, Manfred
A.B.         Hartwig, Andreas
A.B.         Moser, Siegfried
A.B.         Schmidt, Uwe
A.B.         Winkler, Michael
Storekeeper  Beth, Detlef
Mot-man      Arias Iglesias, Enr.
Mot-man      Dinse, Horst
Mot-man      Fritz, Günter
Mot-man      Giermann, Frank
Mot-man      Krösche, Eckhard
Cook         Silinski, Frank
Cooksmate    Fischer, Matthias
Cooksmate    Tupy, Mario
1. Stwdess   Dinse, Petra
Stwdess/KS   Kampfhenkel, Ute
2. Stwdess   Schmidt, Maria
2. Stwdess   Silinski, Carmen
2. Stwdess   Streit, Christina
2. Steward   Tu, Jian-Min
2. Steward   Wu, Chi Lung
Laundrvm.    Yu, Chu Leung




TABLE 2. ANT XVI/2 CTD Stations
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  -----------------------------------------------------------
  1   011      01    18/01/99        06:09      S66˚00.22'  E00˚09.80'  3451      1101D(U).raw  upcast profile spiky when bottles were closed;
                                                                                                bottle #7 didn't close despite of BAF message;
                                                                                                triple samples for practice;
                                                                                                position near mooring AWI 230
  2   012      03    18/01/99        20:32      S66˚30.29'  E00˚01.86'  4503      1203D(U).raw  upcast profile spiky when bottles were closed;
                                                                                                double samples for practice;
                                                                                                position near mooring AWI 231
  3   013      02    19/01/99        19:16      S68˚59.76'  W00˚03.91'  3320      1302D(U).raw  discontinuity in T and C at bottle #20;
                                                                                                BAF at bottle #14; reset; bottle file starts at bottle #14;
                                                                                                double samples for practice;
                                                                                                position near mooring AWI 232
  4   014      01    20/01/99        04:05      S69˚24.00'  W00˚02.45'  1950      1401D(U).raw  double samples for practice;
                                                                                                position near mooring AWI 233
  5   015      02    20/01/99        22:55      S70˚15.95'  W02˚47.33'   268      1502D(U).raw  double samples for practice;
  6   016      01    23/01/99        01:21      S70˚29.41'  W08˚08.98'   275      1601D(U).raw  hydrosweep wasn't working;
                                                                                                lids of sample bottles were not rinsed
  7   017      02    24/01/99        06:46      S72˚52.22'  W19˚05.67'   409      1702D(U).raw  hydrosweep wasn't working;
                                                                                                altimeter problems; bottles #3 and 4 didn't close;
  8   018      01    26/01/99        00:17      S76˚36.65'  W31˚18.84'   378      1801D(U).raw
  9   019      01    31/01/99        16:11      S75˚16.95'  W53˚44.76'   402      1901D(U).raw  first cast of 24th JoJo CTD;
                                                                                                bottle #6 leaked slightly
 10   019      02    31/01/99        17:06      S75˚16.79'  W53˚43.97'   403      1902D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 11   019      03    31/01/99        17:26      S75˚16.79'  W53˚43.84'   404      1903D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 12   019      04    31/01/99        17:41      S75˚16.76'  W53˚43.72    404      1904D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 13   019      05    31/01/99        17:58      S75˚16.73'  W53˚43.56'   405      1905D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
                                                                                                stopped at 17.5 m during upcast due to ice
 14   019      06    31/01/99        18:18      S75˚16.73'  W53˚43.40'   407      1906D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 15   019      07    31/01/99        18:38      S75˚16.69'  W53˚42.95'   405      1907D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
                                                                                                CTD lifted out of water after upcast for correction
                                                                                                of position
 16   019      08    31/01/99        19:02      S75˚16.71'  W53˚42.96'   405      1908D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 17   019      09    31/01/99        19:21      S75˚16.75'  W53˚43.22'   406      1909D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  -----------------------------------------------
 18   019      10    31/01/99        19:41      S75˚16.71'  W53˚42.05'  406       1910D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 19   019      11    31/01/99        20:00      S75˚16.71'  W53˚42.52'  409       1911D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 20   019      12    31/01/99        20:28      S75˚16.90'  W53˚42.72'  404       1912D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles;
                                                                                                downcast file corrupted
 21   019      13    31/01/99        20:48      S75˚16.93'  W53˚42.55'  405       1913D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 22   019      14    31/01/99        21:15      S75˚17.01'  W53˚42.36'  408       1914D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 23   019      15    31/01/99        21:34      S75˚17.07'  W53˚42.45'  408       1915D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 24   019      16    31/01/99        21:54      S75˚17.18'  W53˚42.75'  406       1916D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
                                                                                                Computer reboot at the end of downcast'
                                                                                                no downcast file
 25   019      17    31/01/99        22:22      S75˚17.37'  W53˚42.90'  409       1917D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 26   019      18    31/01/99        22:44      S75˚17.47'  W53˚43.12'  410       1918D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 27   019      19    31/01/99        23:07      S75˚17.57'  W53˚43.47'  412       1919D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 28   019      20    31/01/99        23:27      S75˚17.69'  W53˚43.62'  413       1920D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 29   019      21    31/01/99        23:46      S75˚17.77'  W53˚43.78'  412       1921D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 30   019      22    01/02/99        00:01      S75˚17.87'  W53˚43.92'  411       1922D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 31   019      23    01/02/99        00:22      S75˚17.91'  W53˚44.22'  411       1923D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 32   019      24    01/02/99        00:40      S75˚17.87'  W53˚44.57'  407       1924D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 33   019      25    01/02/99        00:57      S75˚17.96'  W53˚44.58'  411       1925D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 34   019      26    01/02/99        01:15      S75˚18.02'  W53˚44.61'  410       1926D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles;
                                                                                                Discontinuity in upcast data at 100 dbar
 35   019      27    01/02/99        01:33      S75˚18.00'  W53˚44.74'  414       1927D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 36   019      28    01/02/99        01:50      S75˚18.04'  W53˚44.74'  412       1928D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 37   019      29    01/02/99        02:10      S75˚18.06'  W53˚44.78'  412       1929D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 38   019      30    01/02/99        02:26      S75˚18.08'  W53˚44.86'  411       1930D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 39   019      31    01/02/99        02:46      S75˚18.07'  W53˚44.87'  400       1931D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 40   019      32    01/02/99        03:11      S75˚17.90'  W53˚44.33'  408       1932D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles;
                                                                                                downcast spiky;
                                                                                                CTD lifted out of water after upcast due to ice
 41   019      33    01/02/99        03:28      S75˚17.83'  W53˚44.14'  408       1933D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  -----------------------------------------------
 42   019      34    01/02/99        03:44      S75˚17.77'  W53˚43.98'  409       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 43   019      35    01/02/99        04:01      S75˚17.70'  W53˚43.76'  412       1935D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 44   019      36    01/02/99        04:17      S75˚17.64'  W53˚43.67'  412       1936D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 45   019      37    01/02/99        04:34      S75˚17.56'  W53˚43.51'  412       1937D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 46   019      38    01/02/99        04:51      S75˚17.49'  W53˚43.31'  414       1938D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 47   019      39    01/02/99        05:07      S75˚17.41'  W53˚43.18'  411       1939D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 48   019      40    01/02/99        05:25      S75˚17.32'  W53˚42.93'  408       1940D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 49   019      41    01/02/99        05:39      S75˚17.27'  W53˚42.79'  414       1941D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 50   019      42    01/02/99        05:55      S75˚17.20'  W53˚42.62'  410       1942D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 51   019      43    01/02/99        06:12      S75˚17.13'  W53˚42.44'  409       1943D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 52   019      44    01/02/99        06:29      S75˚17.07'  W53˚42.26'  408       1944D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 53   019      45    01/02/99        06:45      S75˚17.01'  W53˚42.10'  410       1945D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 54   019      46    01/02/99        07:02      S75˚16.95'  W53˚41.94'  409       1946D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles

 55   019      47    01/02/99        07:19      S75˚16.91'  W53˚41.82'  415       1947D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 56   019      48    01/02/99        07:35      S75˚16.87'  W53˚41.63'  410       1948D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 57   019      49    01/02/99        07:53      S75˚16.83'  W53˚41.46'  416       1949D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 58   019      50    01/02/99        08:08      S75˚16.81'  W53˚41.42'  412       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 59   019      51    01/02/99        08:28      S75˚16.79'  W53˚41.37'  412       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 60   019      52    01/02/99        08:47      S75˚16.78'  W53˚41.32'  412       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 61   019      53    01/02/99        09:05      S75˚16.78'  W53˚41.20'  412       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 62   019      54    01/02/99        09:23      S75˚16.79'  W53˚41.18'  412       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 63   019      55    01/02/99        09:43      S75˚16.80'  W53˚41.23'  412       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 64   019      56    01/02/99        10:07      S75˚16.84'  W53˚41.48'  411       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 65   019      57    01/02/99        10:28      S75˚16.88'  W53˚41.59'  409       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 66   019      58    01/02/99        10:47      S75˚16.91'  W53˚41.69'  410       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 67   019      59    01/02/99        11:05      S75˚16.96'  W53˚41.60'  410       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles

 68   019      60    01/02/99        11:23      S75˚17.00'  W53˚42.03'  410       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 69   019      61    01/02/99        11:42      S75˚17.04'  W53˚42.26'  411       1934D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  ---------------------------------------------------------
 70   019      62    01/02/99        12:02      S75˚17.08'  W53˚42.48'  408       1962D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 71   019      63    01/02/99        12:20      S75˚17.10'  W53˚42.61'  410       1963D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 72   019      64    01/02/99        12:38      S75˚17.12'  W53˚42.75'  410       1964D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 73   019      65    01/02/99        12:55      S75˚17.16'  W53˚42.95'  407       1965D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 74   019      66    01/02/99        13:12      S75˚17.16'  W53˚43.06'  410       1966D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 75   019      67    01/02/99        13:30      S75˚17.19'  W53˚43.33'  405       1967D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles;
                                                                                                discontinuity at start of upcast data
 76   019      68    01/02/99        13:47      S75˚17.18'  W53˚43.40'  406       1968D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 77   019      69    01/02/99        14:05      S75˚17.19'  W53˚43.53'  407       1969D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 78   019      70    01/02/99        14:21      S75˚17.17'  W53˚43.52'  408       1970D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 79   019      71    01/02/99        14:37      S75˚17.16'  W53˚43.65'  407       1971D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles;
                                                                                                spiky upcast data
 80   019      72    01/02/99        14:55      S75˚17.13'  W53˚43.63'  408       1972D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 81   019      73    01/02/99        15:10      S75˚17.10'  W53˚43.67'  408       1973D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 82   019      74    01/02/99        15:27      S75˚17.08'  W53˚43.69'  406       1974D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 83   019      75    01/02/99        15:44      S75˚17.03'  W53˚43.63'  405       1975D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 84   019      76    01/02/99        15:59      S75˚16.98'  W53˚43.51'  404       1976D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 85   019      77    01/02/99        16:18      S75˚16.93'  W53˚43.49'  409       1977D(U).raw  JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles
 86   019      78    01/02/99        16:38      S75˚16.87'  W53˚43.43'  409       1978D(U).raw  last cast of 24th JoJo CTD near SUSI
 87   020      01    02/02/99        16:43      S74˚42.59'  W53˚43.58'  610       2001D(U).raw  stopped at 10 m during upcast due to ice;
                                                                                                all bottles were closed but only the first 9 were sampled
 88   021      01    02/02/99        18:23      S74˚46.16'  W53˚43.09'  628       2101D(U).raw
 89   022      01    02/02/99        21:43      S74˚42.86'  W53˚43.89'  611       2201D(U).raw  deck reading in te protocol was taken at the surface,
                                                                                                bottle #1 not closed, skipped on purpose;
                                                                                                position near ACSYS-buoy
 90   023      01    03/02/99        00:24      S74˚50.07'  W53˚43.76'  638       2301D(U).raw  bottles were frozen
 91   024      01    03/02/99        02:13      S74˚55.72'  W53˚43.60'  625       2401D(U).raw  bottles were frozen
 92   025      01    03/02/99        04:17      S74˚02.40'  W53˚43.45'  604       2501D(U).raw  bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water;
                                                                                                problems with sample bottle #1 at salinometer;
                                                                                                bottle empty before measurement was completed
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  ------------------------------------------------------
  93  026      01    03/02/99        06:12      S75˚08.66'  W58˚46.62'  609       2601D(U).raw  bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water
  94  027      01    03/02/99        07:32      S75˚11.58'  W58˚30.67'  602       2701D(U).raw  bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water
  95  028      01    03/02/99        08:54      S75˚14.49'  W58˚14.32'  586       2801D(U).raw  bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water
  96  029      01    03/02/99        10:06      S75˚17.90'  W58˚00.13'  578       2901D(U).raw  conductivity spiky in upper 100 m due to ice platelets;
                                                                                                no bottles
  97  030      01    03/02/99        11:51      S75˚21.29'  W57˚40.22'  536       3001D(U).raw  conductivity spiky in upper 100 m due to ice platelets;
                                                                                                no bottles
  98  031      01    03/02/99        13:05      S75˚17.28'  W57˚29.87'  533       3101D(U).raw  conductivity spiky in upper 20 m due to ice platelets;
                                                                                                no bottles
  99  032      01    03/02/99        14:10      S75˚14.52'  W57˚45.72'  558       3201D(U).raw  conductivity spiky in upper 20 m due to ice platelets;
                                                                                                no bottles
 100  033      01    03/02/99        15:18      S75˚11.16'  W58˚00.41'  571       3301D(U).raw  no bottles
 101  034      01    03/02/99        16:39      S75˚08.10'  W58˚16.27'  588       3401D(U).raw  no bottles
 102  035      01    03/02/99        18:02      S75˚05.13'  W58˚31.51'  590       3501D(U).raw  no bottles
 103  036      01    03/02/99        19:14      S75˚01.29'  W58˚20.97'  577       3601D(U).raw  no bottles
 104  037      01    03/02/99        20:36      S75˚03.83'  W58˚04.29'  573       3701D(U).raw  no bottles
 105  038      01    03/02/99        21:48      S75˚06.88'  W57˚47.95'  559       3801D(U).raw  no bottles
 106  039      01    03/02/99        23:25      S75˚09.90'  W57˚34.84'  552       3901D(U).raw  no bottles;
                                                                                                computer reboot after downcast
 107  040      01    04/02/99        00:54      S75˚13.22'  W57˚18.80'  528       4001D(U).raw  no bottles
 108  041      01    04/02/99        02:51      S75˚29.33'  W57˚18.30'  493       4101D(U).raw  no bottles
 109  042      01    04/02/99        04:30      S75˚30.41'  W56˚48.88'  423       4201D(U).raw  no bottles;
 110  043      01    04/02/99        06:43      S75˚23.97'  W56˚12.29'  413       4301D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth;
                                                                                                bottle #5 didn't close
 111  044      01    04/02/99        08:00      S75˚22.55'  W55˚51.35'  402       4401D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 112  045      01    04/02/99        10:53      S75˚21.09'  W55˚24.11'  409       4501D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 113  046      01    04/02/99        12:06      S75˚21.19'  W55˚05.06'  404       4601D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 114  047      01    04/02/99        18:49      S75˚21.14'  W54˚41.75'  395       4701D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth;
                                                                                                winch stopped for a few minutes at 240 dbar
 115  048      01    05/02/99        06:26      S75˚31.11'  W55˚00.69'  426       4801D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  ------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                winch stopped for a few minutes at 3 m;
                                                                                                bottle #4 said it closed but didn't close;
                                                                                                bottle #14 said BAF on first click but closed
 116  049      01    05/02/99        07:58      S75˚38.05'  W55˚00.74'  468       4901D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth;
                                                                                                bottles #1 and 2 were closed at bottom
                                                                                                before start of upcast file;
                                                                                                upcast file started late at 430-440 m
 117  050      01    05/02/99        09:36      S75˚58.53'  W54˚58.53'  473       5001D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth;
                                                                                                bottle #14 said it closed but didn't close;
                                                                                                bottle #16 was never fired but closed
 118  051      01    05/02/99        13:03      S75˚19.64'  W56˚19.64'  350       5101D(U).raw  no bottles
 119  052      01    05/02/99        14:51      S75˚43.82'  W55˚43.82'  456       5201D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 120  053      01    05/02/99        17:02      S75˚01.45'  W55˚01.45'  472       5301D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
                                                                                                bottle #3 didn't close
 121  054      01    05/02/99        19:14      S75˚29.95'  W54˚29.95'  503       5401D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 122  055      01    05/02/99        21:05      S75˚48.98'  W53˚48.98'  482       5501D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 123  056      01    05/02/99        22:45      S75˚28.31'  W53˚28.31'  497       5601D(U).raw  2 bottles were closed at each depth
 124  057      01    06/02/99        06:54      S75˚59.16'  W55˚59.16'  415       5701D(U).raw  P,T guage at bottle #2 turned
                                                                                                before CTD went into the water
 125  058      01    06/02/99        08:38      S75˚19.61'  W56˚19.61'  350       5801D(U).raw  
 126  059      01    06/02/99        10:03      S75˚38.08'  W56˚38.08'  373       5901D(U).raw  conductivity spiky in upper 20 m due to ice platelets
 127  060      01    07/02/99        08:02      S75˚22.94'  W54˚22.94'  431       6001D(U).raw  downcast information lost due to computer problems;
                                                                                                couldn't close bottles during upcast;
                                                                                                cast was repeated
 128  060      02    07/02/99        08:30      S75˚22.62'  W54˚22.62'  433       6002D(U).raw
 129  061      01    07/02/99        11:33      S75˚58.32'  W53˚58.32'  400       6101D(U).raw  fist cast of JoJo CTD; no bottles
 130  061      02    07/02/99        11:54      S75˚58.45'  W53˚58.45'  400       6102D(U).raw  JoJo CTD; no bottles
 131  061      03    07/02/99        12:10      S75˚58.70'  W53˚58.70'  398       6103D(U).raw  last cast of JoJo CTD; no bottles
 132  062      01    07/02/99        21:55      S75˚09.00'  W54˚09.00'  392       6201D(U).raw
 133  063      01    07/02/99        23:52      S75˚18.33'  W54˚18.33'  420       6301D(U).raw

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  ----------------------------------------------------
 134  064      01    07/02/99        23:33      S75˚27.25'  W54˚22.63'  423       6401D(U).raw  T,P guage at bottle #2 turned
                                                                                                before CTD went into the water
 135  065      01    08/02/99        00:35      S75˚24.32'  W54˚11.45'  412       6501D(U).raw
 136  066      01    08/02/99        02:15      S75˚21.48'  W54˚02.33'  401       6601D(U).raw
 137  067      01    08/02/99        03:24      S75˚20.48'  W54˚00.13'  398       6701D(U).raw  fist cast of JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg
 138  067      02    08/02/99        04:30      S75˚20.50'  W54˚00.34'  397       6702D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 139  067      03    08/02/99        05:30      S75˚20.79'  W54˚00.58'  393       6703D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 140  067      04    08/02/99        06:30      S75˚20.70'  W54˚01.98'  395       6704D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 141  067      05    08/02/99        07:29      S75˚20.45'  W54˚01.85'  395       6705D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 142  067      06    08/02/99        08:32      S75˚20.44'  W54˚01.89'  396       6706D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 143  067      07    08/02/99        09:32      S75˚20.26'  W54˚01.53'  394       6707D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 144  067      08    08/02/99        10:31      S75˚20.16'  W54˚00.74'  395       6708D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 145  067      09    08/02/99        11:29      S75˚20.23'  W54˚00.85'  392       6709D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 146  067      10    08/02/99        12:31      S75˚19.62'  W54˚02.19'  391       6710D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 147  067      11    08/02/99        13:33      S75˚19.31'  W53˚57.02'  392       6711D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles
 148  067      12    08/02/99        14:32      S75˚19.52'  W53˚58.02'  391       6712D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                Error COM 1 port; wrong port setup for water sampler
 149  067      13    08/02/99        15:29      S75˚19.64'  W53˚57.93'  393       6713D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                Error COM 1 port; wrong port setup for water sampler
 150  067      14    08/02/99        19:35      S75˚19.55'  W53˚58.38'  385       6714D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                first cast after 4 hours;
                                                                                                new altimeter; problems with water sampler;
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 151  067      15    08/02/99        20:35      S75˚19.48'  W53˚56.40'  397       6715D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                problems with water sampler;
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 152  067      16    09/02/99        00:41      S75˚19.23'  W53˚55.68'  386       6716D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                first cast after 4 hours;
                                                                                                new CTD, serial number 1347;
                                                                                                new water sampler, original altimeter;
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  ---------------------------------------------
                                                                                                still many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 153  067      17    09/02/99        01:34      S75˚19.26'  W53˚55.54'  390       6717D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347;
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 154  067      18    09/02/99        02:31      S75˚19.29'  W53˚55.36'  389       6718D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347;
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 155  067      19    09/02/99        03:31      S75˚19.31'  W53˚55.17'  395       6719D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347;
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 156  067      20    09/02/99        04:30      S75˚19.37'  W53˚55.29'  387       6720D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 157  067      21    09/02/99        05:28      S75˚19.35'  W53˚55.20'  390       6721D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 158  067      22    09/02/99        06:30      S75˚19.31'  W53˚55.12'  393       6722D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 159  067      23    09/02/99        07:28      S75˚19.25'  W53˚54.94'  396       6723D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 160  067      24    09/02/99        09:30      S75˚19.13'  W53˚55.12'  389       6724D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                08:30 CTD skipped;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347;
                                                                                                many pressure jumps in up- and downcast;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 161  067      25    09/02/99        12:55      S75˚19.20'  W53˚55.14'  394       6725D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                09:30 and 10:30 CTDs skipped;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347;
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  ------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                tried a different wire (winch EL31)
                                                                                                no more pressure jumps; still problems closing bottles
 162  067      26    09/02/99        12:36      S75˚19.31'  W53˚55.52'  393       6726D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 163  067      27    09/02/99        13:33      S75˚19.44'  W53˚56.20'  393       6727D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 164  067      28    09/02/99        14:30      S75˚19.56'  W53˚55.96'  396       6728D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 165  067      29    09/02/99        15:30      S75˚19.69'  W53˚55.66'  393       6729D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 166  067      30    09/02/99        16:30      S75˚19.82'  W53˚55.36'  395       6730D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 167  067      31    09/02/99        17:28      S75˚19.93'  W53˚55.13'  395       6731D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 168  067      32    10/02/99        08:30      S75˚19.86'  W53˚53.84'  400       6732D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                first CTD after 16 hours;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31
                                                                                                Problems closing bottles
 169  067      33    10/02/99        09:42      S75˚19.81'  W53˚54.17'  398       6733D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
 170  067      34    01/02/99        10:30      S75˚19.86'  W53˚54.47'  397       6734D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename      Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  ------------  -------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                no P,T readings at bottles
 171  067      35    10/02/99        11:30      S75˚19.85'  W53˚54.42'  398       6735D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                problems closing bottles;
                                                                                                once again pressure jumps in up- and downcast
 172  067      36    10/02/99        12:37      S75˚19.85'  W53˚54.26'  391       6736D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                pressure jumps; problems closing bottles
 173  067      37    10/02/99        13:30      S75˚19.84'  W53˚55.42'  395       6737D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                pressure jumps; problems closing bottles
 174  067      38    10/02/99        14:29      S75˚19.93'  W53˚55.30'  395       6738D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                Pressure jumps; problems closing bottles
 175  067      39    10/02/99        15:30      S75˚20.04'  W53˚54.09'  405       6739D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                pressure jumps; problems closing bottles;
                                                                                                bottles # 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13,. 18, 22, 23 didn't close
 176  067      40    10/02/99        16:27      S75˚20.18'  W53˚54.87'  402       6740D(U).raw  JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31;
                                                                                                pressure jumps; problems closing bottles;
                                                                                                bottles # 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 22 didn't close'
                                                                                                P,T guage at bottle #2 turned
                                                                                                before CTD went into the water
 177  068      01    11/02/99        20:36      S75˚20.83'  W53˚54.23'  407       6801D(U).raw  back to original setup;
                                                                                                CTD serial number 1360; winch EL32;
                                                                                                original water sampler and altimeter;
                                                                                                no more pressure jumps; water sampler ok
 178  069      01    12/02/99        22:45      S75˚01.80'  W53˚54.40'  365       6901D(U).raw  bottle #9 closed instead of #1`
 179  070      01    13/02/99        14:07      S74˚44.55'  W53˚54.15'  386       7001D(U).raw  bottles #10 and 24 closed for biologists;
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename       Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  -------------  -----------------------------------------------
                                                                                                 no samples taken from #10 to 25; no bottle #2
 180  071      01   13/02/99         20:53      S74˚33.46'  W50˚18.94'   425      7101D(U).raw
 181  072      01   14/02/99         06:48      S74˚24.14'  W48˚41.57'   521      7201D(U).raw
 182  073      01   14/02/99         14:33      S74˚13.33'  W47˚11.71'   548      7301D(U).raw
 183  074      01   14/02/99         20:35      S74˚01.67'  W45˚44.31'   513      7401D(U).raw
 184  075      01   14/02/99         01:05      S75˚05.21'  W44˚00.69'   554      7501D(U).raw  bottles #9 and 13 were closed at same
                                                                                                depths as bottles #2 and 3 to sort out 
                                                                                                bottle #2 problem; bottle #2 did close correctly
 185  076      01   15/02/99         07:25      S73˚49.54'  W42˚33.29'   530      7601D(U).raw
 186  077      01   15/02/99         17:05      S73˚55.96'  W40˚57.17'   816      7701D(U).raw  no P,T reading at bottle #2
 187  078      01   15/02/99         22:48      S73˚55.48'  W39˚47.53'   925      7801D(U).raw
 188  079      01   16/02/99         00:25      S73˚54.55'  W39˚41.54'  1173      7901D(U).raw
 189  080      01   16/02/99         03:21      S73˚52.31'  W39˚04.00'  1480      8001D(U).raw
 190  081      01   16/02/99         04:59      S73˚50.19'  W38˚50.93'  1704      8101D(U).raw
 191  082      01   16/02/99         08:12      S73˚45.48'  W38˚25.99'  2027      8201D(U).raw
 192  083      01   16/02/99         10:43      S73˚42.33'  W38˚11.09'  2193      8301D(U).raw
 193  084      01   16/02/99         13:15      S73˚34.98'  W37˚53.09'  2433      8401D(U).raw
 194  085      01   16/02/99         17:01      S73˚21.38'  W37˚16.07'  2741      8501D(U).raw
 195  086      01   16/02/99         20:02      S73˚25.45'  W36˚43.96'  2743      8601D(U).raw
 196  087      01   16/02/99         23:20      S73˚24.91'  W36˚17.60'  2913      8701D(U).raw
 197  088      01   17/02/99         03:21      S73˚30.39'  W35˚51.04'  2857      8801D(U).raw
 198  089      01   17/02/99         07:02      S73˚35.91'  W35˚23.24'  2536      8901D(U).raw  bottle #10 was released but not closed;
                                                                                                bottle #14 was closed but not released
 199  090      01   17/02/99         09:50      S73˚38.62'  W35˚06.37'  2857      9001D(U).raw
 200  091      01   17/02/99         13:37      S73˚41.48'  W34˚36.50'  2795      9101D(U).raw  bottles #1 to 5 were not sampled since
                                                                                                the upper valves were not closed
 201  092      01   17/02/99         21:12      S73˚52.54'  W35˚00.32'  2507      9201D(U).raw
 202  093      01   17/02/99         23:47      S73˚58.27'  W35˚13.50'  2362      9301D(U).raw
 203  094      01   18/02/99         02:20      S74˚04.35'  W35˚26.37'  2171      9401D(U).raw  wrong P,T reading at bottle #5
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename       Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  -------------  ---------------------------------------------------
 204  095      01    18/02/99        04:46      S74˚08.47'  W35˚39.58'  2025       9501D(U).raw
 205  097      01    18/02/99        12:00      S74˚12.90'  W36˚22.50'  1704       9701D(U).raw
 206  098      01    18/02/99        14:11      S74˚20.55'  W36˚34.65'  1250       9801D(U).raw
 207  099      02    18/02/99        19:06      S74˚25.08'  W36˚22.54'  1199       9901D(U).raw  wrong P,T readings at bottles #2 and 5;
                                                                                                 bottle #3 said BAF, but wasn't closed
 208  100      01    18/02/99        20:22      S74˚24.04'  W36˚21.83'  1240      10001D(U).raw
 209  101      01    18/02/99        22:37      S74˚24.07'  W36˚04.27'  1282      10101D(U).raw
 210  102      01    18/02/99        01:24      S74˚22.44'  W35˚43.75'  1377      10201D(U).raw
 211  103      01    18/02/99        03:38      S74˚20.39'  W35˚26.71'  1435      10201D(U).raw
 212  104      01    18/02/99        06:50      S74˚16.38'  W35˚16.36'  1624      10401D(U).raw
 213  105      02    18/02/99        14:00      S74˚30.76'  W36˚36.95'   658      10502D(U).raw
 214  106      01    18/02/99        16:02      S74˚28.88'  W36˚27.95'   968      10601D(U).raw  bottles #7 and 8 didn't close;
                                                                                                 bottle #1 was fired for test purposes at 965 m;
                                                                                                 bottle #1 closed ok; not sampled
 215  107      01    18/02/99        17:31      S74˚31.96'  W36˚38.48'   481      10701D(U).raw  bottle #3 was fired for test purposes at 477 m;
                                                                                                 bottle #3 closed ok; not sampled
 216  108      01    18/02/99        18:42      S74˚33.89'  W36˚45.34'   391      10801D(U).raw  bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 390 m;
                                                                                                 bottle #2 didn't close
 217  109      01    18/02/99        22:30      S74˚37.76'  W36˚06.78'   416      10901D(U).raw  bottle #1 was fired for test purposes at 416 m;
                                                                                                 bottle #1 closed ok; not sampled
 218  110      01    18/02/99        01:10      S74˚35.36'  W35˚31.28'   462      11001D(U).raw
 219  111      01    18/02/99        03:20      S74˚36.33'  W34˚52.75'   505      11101D(U).raw
 220  112      01    18/02/99        06:28      S74˚36.04'  W34˚13.58'   541      11201D(U).raw  bottle #7 said BAF on first release; closed;
                                                                                                 bottle #1 was fired for test purposes at 538 m;
                                                                                                 bottle #1 didn't close
 221  113      01    18/02/99        09:47      S74˚37.85'  W33˚58.69'   585      11301D(U).raw
 222  114      01    18/02/99        12:25      S74˚38.63'  W33˚00.42'   612      11401D(U).raw
 223  115      01    18/02/99        14:05      S74˚39.42'  W32˚22.04'   595      11501D(U).raw
 224  116      01    18/02/99        15:55      S74˚44.21'  W31˚48.91'   605      11601D(U).raw  bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 608 dbar;
                                                                                                 Bottle #2 closed at 567 dbar; not sampled
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename       Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  -------------  --------------------------------------------------
 225  117      01    20/02/99        17:40      S74˚48.79'  W31˚15.49'   567      11701D(U).raw  bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 570 dbar;
                                                                                                 bottle #2 closed at 420 dbar; not sampled
 226  118      01    20/02/99        19:29      S74˚53.82'  W30˚42.85'   491      11801D(U).raw  bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 489 dbar;
                                                                                                 bottle #2 closed at 420 dbar; not sampled
 227  119      01    20/02/99        21:20      S74˚58.71'  W30˚08.00'   416      11901D(U).raw  bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 417 dbar;
                                                                                                 bottle #2 closed at 15 dbar; sampled;
                                                                                                 bottle #9 closed at wrong depth (400 dbar)
 228  120      01    20/02/99        22:58      S75˚03.63'  W29˚34.14'   398      12001D(U).raw
 229  121      01    21/02/99        10:39      S76˚43.02'  W30˚26.01'   359      12101D(U).raw
 230  122      01    21/02/99        17:39      S76˚34.87'  W32˚00.09'   386      12202D(U).raw
                                                                                                 3 bottles closed at each depth for biologists;
                                                                                                 only 1 bottle/depth sampled;
                                                                                                 samples may be corrupted due to ice
 231  123      01    22/02/99        12:06      S74˚37.58'  W33˚40.12'   584      12301D(U).raw
 232  124      01    22/02/99        13:25      S74˚33.39'  W33˚47.71'   592      12401D(U).raw
 233  125      01    23/02/99        17:26      S74˚17.80'  W36˚05.18'  1636      12501D(U).raw
 234  126      01    25/02/99        13:13      S72˚34.12'  W19˚04.45'   410      12601D(U).raw
 235  127      01    27/02/99        08:59      S70˚34.12'  W08˚00.49'   157      12701D(U).raw
 236  128      01    03/03/99        10:52      S66˚29.42'  E00˚00.04'  4488      12801D(U).raw  position near mooring AWI 231;
                                                                                                 P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth
 237  129      01    03/03/99        16:27      S66˚00.10'  W00˚01.47'  3409      12901D(U).raw  position near mooring AWI 230
                                                                                                 P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth
 238  130      01    03/03/99        22:53      S65˚00.09'  E00˚00.09'  3687      13001D(U).raw 
 239  131      01    04/03/99        05:51      S63˚57.74'  E00˚05.20'  5175      13101D(U).raw  position near mooring AWI 229;
                                                                                                 P,T gauges at bottles #5 and 13 show wrong depth;
                                                                                                 bottle #13 was fired but didn't close;
                                                                                                 bottle #17 wasn't fired but closed
 240  132      01    04/03/99        21:22      S62˚59.95'  E00˚00.09'  5286      13201D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #5 shows wrong depth;
                                                                                                 several spikes in upcast
 241  133      01    05/03/99        05:21      S61˚59.93'  E00˚00.43'  5344      13301D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TABLE 2. (continued)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 No.  Station  Cast  Date(dd/mm/yy)  Time(GMT)  Latitude    Longitude   Depth(m)  Filename       Comments
 ---  -------  ----  --------------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------  -------------  -----------------------------------------------------
 242  134      01    05/03/99        12:42      S60˚59.90'  W00˚00.19'  5362      13401D(U).raw
 243  135      01    05/03/99        20:05      S59˚59.85'  W00˚00.30'  5333      13501D(U).raw
 244  136      01    06/03/99        03:05      S59˚04.12'  E00˚06.34'  4615      13601D(U).raw  P,T gauges at bottles #5 and 9 show wrong depth
 245  137      01    07/03/99        02:07      S57˚59.90'  E00˚00.46'  4469      13701D(U).raw
 246  138      02    07/03/99        11:47      S56˚58.28'  E00˚03.70'  3696      13802D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #13 shows wrong depth
 247  139      01    07/03/99        21:16      S56˚00.09'  W00˚00.19'  3795      13901D(U).raw  bottle #10 didn't close
 248  140      01    08/03/99        03:44      S54˚59.98'  E00˚00.20'  1699      14001D(U).raw
 249  141      02    08/03/99        10:06      S54˚29.18'  E00˚01.90'  1823      14102D(U).raw
 250  142      01    08/03/99        14:49      S54˚00.18'  E00˚00.09'  2539      14201D(U).raw
 251  143      01    08/03/99        20:00      S43˚00.18'  W00˚00.27'  2473      14301D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth
 252  144      01    09/03/99        05:19      S51˚59.98'  E00˚00.21'  2944      14401D(U).raw  P,T gauges at bottles #5 and 9 show depth;
                                                                                                 last station with EL 32;
                                                                                                 very high seas and big swell
 253  145      01    09/03/99        12:46      S51˚00.15'  E00˚00.24'  2230      14501D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth;
                                                                                                 first station with EL 31;
                                                                                                 very high seas and big swell
 254  146      01    09/03/99        20:17      S50˚00.02'  E00˚00.23'  3610      14601D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth;
                                                                                                 high seas; big swell; EL 31
 255  147      01    10/03/99        03:54      S49˚00.12'  E00˚00.30'  3944      14701D(U).raw  P,T gauges at bottles #5, 9, and 13 show wrong depth;
                                                                                                 high seas; big swell; EL 31
 256  148      01    11/03/99        06:39      S47˚03.36'  E00˚30.00'  4123      14801D(U).raw  bottles #5-8 didn't close;
                                                                                                 P,T gauges at bottle #9 and 13 show wrong depth;
                                                                                                 high seas; big swell; EL 31
 257  149      02    11/03/999       15:21      S46˚09.41'  E01˚00.55'  3571      14902D(U).raw  P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth;
                                                                                                 high seas; big swell; EL 31;
                                                                                                 last CTD station ANT XVI/2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unless otherwise note: CTD serial number 1360.
Unless otherwise noted: winch EL32
During the later part of the cruise, on the Greenwich Meridian, the P,T racks at the bottles tipped over at wrong depths due to high seas and strong swell.
*Recurring problem: According to the pressure gauge, bottle #2 closed at the same depth as bottle #3.  Starting at station 105/02 the first 4 bottles were skipped on purpose.




CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

DATE        CONTACT            DATA TYPE  SUMMARY
----------  -----------------  ---------  -------------------------------------------
2004-04-20  Bartolacci, Danie  CTD/SUM    
            Detailed Notes
            • Added quality bytes for all values (2 if valid value was 
              present, -999. if value was missing) and associated comment 
              lines in header.
            • Added CTDOXY and flag column with missing values and missing 
              value flag. This was done in order to convert files into netcdf 
              (our in-house code requires all columns be present).
            • Renamed all station files to CCHDO format.
            • Converted files to netcdf with no apparent errors. 

2004-04-15  Bartolacci, Danie  CTD/SUM    EXCHANGE Format, No Qual Values
            Detailed Notes
            CTD files are in .csv format, but at present have no quality 
              bytes associated with values and therefore cannot be converted 
              to netCDF at this time.
            A directory and web page files have been created for this cruise. 
              All station track and data files link. This cruise will not 
              link to the website until web-generating code is working and 
              run.
            Notes on sumfile reformatting:
            2004.04.13 DMB
            I have reformatted the A12_1999a sumfile:
            • Changed expocode from 06ANTXVI_2 to 06AQ199901_2
            • Changed date format from yyyymmdd to mmddyy
            • Added event code as UN
            • Changed position format from DD.dd to DD MM.mm
            • Added hemisphere alphabetic
            • Added NAV as UNK
            • Realigned all columns to conform with WOCE standards
            • Added name/date stamp
            • ran sumchk with no errors
            file was renamed a12_1999asu.txt and put online.

2004-04-13  Bartolacci, Danie  SUM        Data Reformatted/OnLine
            Detailed Notes
            Notes on sumfile reformatting:
            2004.04.13 DMB
            I have reformatted the A12_1999a sumfile:
            • Changed expocode from 06ANTXVI_2 to 06AQ199901_2
            • Changed date format from yyyymmdd to mmddyy
            • Added event code as UN
            • Changed position format from DD.dd to DD MM.mm
            • Added hemisphere alphabetic
            • Added NAV as UNK
            • Realigned all columns to conform with WOCE standards
            • Added name/date stamp
            • ran sumchk with no errors 


DATE        CONTACT            DATA TYPE  SUMMARY
----------  -----------------  ---------  -------------------------------------------
2004-02-17  Witte, Hannelore   CTD/SUM    1999a, 2000a, 2002a Data Submitted Together
            Detailed Notes
            This is information regarding line: A12
            ExpoCode:                06ANTXVI_2, ANTXVIII_3, ANTXX_2
            Cruise Date:             1999/01/18 - 2003/01/15
            From:                    WITTE, HANNELORE
            Email address:           hwitte@awi-bremerhaven.de
            Institution:             AWI
            Country:                 GERMANY
            The file:                AWICTD.tar - 4248576 bytes
            has been saved as:       20040217.052429_WITTE_A12_AWICTD.tar
            in the directory:        20040217.052429_WITTE_A12
            The data disposition is: Public
            The file format is:      WHP Exchange
            The archive type is:     Other:  Tar/Zip/Tar
            The data type(s) is:     Summary (navigation)
            CTD File(s)
            The file contains these water sample identifiers:
            Cast Number              (CASTNO)
            Station Number (STATNO)
            WITTE, HANNELORE would like the following action(s) taken on the data:
                                     Merge Data
            
            
            
