A.   CRUISE NARRATIVE: A08

A.1. HIGHLIGHTS 

                        WHP Cruise SUMMARY Information

   WOCE section designation  A08                      |AR15
     Expedition designation  06MT28_1                 |06MT28_2
           Chief Scientists  Thomas Müller/IfMK       |Walter Zenk/IfMK
                      Dates  1994.MAR.29-1994.MAY.12  |1994.MAY.15-1994.JUN.14
                       Ship  RV METEOR                |
              Ports of call  Recife/Brazil -          |Walvis Bay/South Africa-
                               Walvis Bay/South Africa|  Buenos Aires/Argentina
         Number of stations  110                      |44
                                     08º16.31'S       |        21º00.06'S
      Geographic boundaries  05º45.08'W     13º32.42'E|48º38.97'W     10º34.44'W
                                     11º40.50'S       |        39º54.19'S
                                                      |
 Floats & drifters deployed  8 drifters               |20 drifters,  29 Floats
                   Moorings  none                     |7 recovered, 2 deployed 

                Contributing Authors (in order of appearance)
U. Beckmann   R. Meyer       K. Wills    T. Knutz      J. Funk
P. Beining    S. Müller      D. Hydes    C. Zelck      R. Rieger
C. Dieterich  A. Putzka      G. Siedler  H.-Ch. John   M. Schneider
U. Koy        K. Bulsiewicz  O. Boebel   J. Brinkmann  K. Ballschmiter
P. Meyer      H. Düßmann     C. Schmid   G. Schebeske  K. Flechsenhar
W.H. Pinaya   W. Plep        W. Zenk     W. Emery      W. Roether
D.J. Hydes   J. Sültenfuß    J. Pätzold  M. Suarez     J.C. Jennings
S. Kohrs     K. Johnson      W. Krauß    R. Cordes     L.I. Gordon


TABLE OF CONTENTS:

	Abstract
	Zusammenfassung

1	Research Objectives

2	Participants

3	Research Programme
	3.1	WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP): Section A8
	3.2	WOCE Deep Basin Experiment (DBE)
	3.3	Near-Surface Circulation from Drifters
	3.4	GEK Observations
	3.5	Taxonomy and Distribution of Fish Larvae in the Tropical South 
		Atlantic
			3.5.1 Introduction
			3.5.2 Plankton Sampling
	3.6	Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry
	3.7	Radiative Physics - Skin Sea Surface Temperature Investigation
	3.8	Marine Geology
	3.9	Environmental Chemistry

4	Narrative of the Cruise
	4.1	Leg M 28/1 (T.J. Müller)
	4.2	Leg M 28/2 (W. Zenk)

5	Preliminary Results
	5.1	The WHP Section A8 along 11°30'S
		5.1.1 Hydrography and Currents (T.J. Müller, U. Beckmann, P. 
		Beining, C. Dieterich, U. Koy, P. Meyer, W.H. Pinaya) 
		5.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients (D.J. Hydes, S. Kohrs, R. 
		Meyer, S. Müller) 
		5.1.3 Tracers (A. Putzka, K. Bulsiewicz, H. Düßmann, W. Plep, 
		J. Sültenfuß) 
		5.1.4 CO2 -Measurements (K. Johnson, K. Wills) 
		5.1.5 First Results from WHP A8 (T.J. Müller, P. Beining, D. 
		Hydes, K. Johnson, A. Putzka, G. Siedler) 
	5.2	Deep Basin Experiment
		5.2.1 Water Mass Distribution in the Subtropical South Atlantic 
		(O. Boebel, C. Schmid, W. Zenk)
		5.2.2 Water Exchange through Hunter Channel (T.J. Müller, J. 
		Pätzold, G. Siedler, C. Schmid, W. Zenk)
	5.3	Near Surface Circulation from Satilite Tracked Drifters (W. Krauß)
	5.4	GEK Observations (T. Knutz)
	5.5	Biological Oceanography and Taxonomy along 11°30'S (C. Zelck, H.-Ch. 
		John)
		5.5.1 Quantitative Data
			5.5.1.1 General
			5.5.1.2 Taxonomy
			5.5.1.3 Cross-slope Ecological Patterns
				5.5.1.3.1 Abundance Patterns
				5.5.1.3.2 Diversity and Species Composition
				5.5.1.3.3 Vertical Distribution and Implication for Cross - 
				slope Zonations
		5.5.2 The Plankton Material from the Central Atlantic to Angola: 
		Findings, Hints and Expectations 
			5.5.2.1 General
			5.5.2.2 Plankton Biomass Volumes and Micronekton Numbers
			5.5.2.3 The Juvenile Life Stage of Bathylagus argyrogaster
	5.6	Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry along 11°30 S (J. Brinkmann, G. 
		Schebeske)
	5.7	Radiative Physics (W. Emery, M. Suarez)
	5.8	Marine Geology (R. Cordes, J. Funk)
		5.8.1 Sediment Sampling 
		5.8.2 Water Sampling 
	5.9	Environmental Chemistry (R. Rieger, M. Schneider, K. Ballschmiter)
		5.9.1 Compounds of Interest
		5.9.2 Sampling Methods
			5.9.2.1 Sampling of Surface Seawater
			5.9.2.2 Sampling of Surface Micro Layer
			5.9.2.3 High Volume Air Sampling
			5.9.2.4 Low Volume Sampling
		5.9.3 Analytical Methods
		5.9.4 Preliminary Results
			5.9.4.1 Chlorinated Paraffins
			5.9.4.2 Alkyl Nitrates in Air Samples
			5.9.4.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

6	Ship's Meteorological Station (K. Flechsenhar)
	6.1	Weather and Meteorological Conditions during Leg M 28/1
	6.2	Weather and Meteorological Conditions during Leg M 28/2

7	Lists
	7.1	Leg M 28/1
		7.1.1 List of Stations
		7.1.2 List of XBT Drops
		7.1.3 List of Drifter Launches
	7.2	Leg M 28/2
		7.2.1 CTD Stations
		7.2.2 List of XBT Drops
		7.2.3 List of Drifter Launches
		7.2.4 Mooring Activities
		7.2.5 List of RAFOS Float Launches and MAFOS Deployments
		7.2.6 List of Plankton Stations during M 28 and Respective Haul Numbers
		7.2.7 Sample List of Sediment- and Water Samples for Geological 
		Investigations
		7.2.8 List of Surface Seawater Samples (sampled on XAD-2)
		7.2.9 List of Surface Seawater Samples (sampled on XAD-7)
		7.2.10 List of Micro Layer Samples
		7.2.11 List of High Volume Air Samples
		7.2.12 List of Low Volume Air Samples

8	Concluding Remarks

9	References
	
Appendicies
  Tritium-Helium
  CFC
  DQE Reports
    CTD
    Nutrients 
  Data Status Notes


ABSTRACT

From 29 March to 14 June 1994 the German research vessel METEOR 
performed its 28th cruise, a journey in the subtropical South Atlantic 
divided into two legs. The main objectives were hydrographical and 
tracer observations in the frame work of the internationally coordinated 
World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The cruise contributed to the 
WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) and to the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE) 
in the Brazil Basin. Physical observations were supplemented by 
biological, air and environmental chemical and geological components, 
including a contribution to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS).

The present cruise report contains a summary of the research objectives 
and comprises the research programme, a cruise narrative and preliminary 
observational results. The report was funded by the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung, 
Wissenschaft, Forschung and Technologie (BMBF).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Vom 29. März bis 14. Juni 1994 fand die 28. Reise des deutschen 
Forschungsschiffes METEOR statt. Die Reise führte in den subtropischen 
S0datlantik, und sie war in zwei Abschnitte unterteilt. Der Schwerpunkt 
lag bei hydrographischen und Spurenstoffbeobachtungen. Sie wurden im 
Rahmen des international koordinierten Programms "World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment" (WOCE) durchgeführt. Die Expedition lieferte 
Beiträge zum "WOCE Hydrographic Programme" (WHP) und zum "Deep Basin 
Experiment" (DBE), einer Studie im Brasilianischen Becken. Die 
physikalischen Untersuchungen wurden ergänzt durch biologische, luft- 
und umweltchemische sowie geologische Beobachtungen, zu denen auch 
Beiträge zur "Joint Global Ocean Flux Study" (JGOFS) gehören.

Der vorliegende Expeditionsbericht enthält eine Zusammenfassung der 
wissenschaftlichen Ziele und des Programms. Außerdem enthält er die 
Fahrtbeschreibung sowie vorläufige Beobachtungsergebnisse. Der Bericht 
umfaßt ferner ausführliche Tabellen zu allen Stationsarbeiten. Die Reise 
wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), sowie vom 
Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie 
(BMBF) gefördert.

1	Research Objectives

The German research vessel METEOR operated under the auspices of the 
World Ocean Experiment (WOCE) from March 29 - June 14, 1994 in the 
subtropical South Atlantic (Fig. 1, Tab. 1). WOCE is a major component 
of the World Climate Research Programme, which was established in 1979 
by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the International 
Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in cooperation with the UNESCO and 
the Scientific Committee in Oceanic Research (SCOR). WOCE encompasses 
planning, implementing and coordinating the global fieldwork and 
extensive modeling studies. The information gained will allow to better 
understand the ocean's role in climate and its changes resulting from 
both natural and anthropogenic causes.

The WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) includes a large set of sections 
in all oceans, with measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, 
nutrients and anthropogenic tracers. Its aim is the determination of 
global water mass distribution and geostrophic mass and heat transports. 
The zonal WHP section A8 on 11°S was selected for leg 1, Recife - Walvis 
Bay. In the beginning and at the end of this transatlantic CTD-section 
additional measurements were conducted in the source region of the 
Brazil Current and in the Angola Dome. The hydrographic investigations 
were supplemented by observations of the carbonate system as a 
contribution to the Joint Global Flux Study (JGOFS), by the biological 
sampling for the determination of near-surface plankton, and by 
measurements of aerosols and precipitation analyses.

During leg 2 studies of the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), a subprogramme 
of WOCE was continued between Walvis Bay and Buenos Aires. The main 
subject dealt with water mass distribution and spreading within the 
Brazil Basin. The advection of Antarctic Intermediate Water on its west- 
and northward paths was investigated in combination with the southward 
transport of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water. 
Special attention was given to the overflow phenomenon across the Rio 
Grande Rise at the Hunter Channel. Direct current observations by moored 
instruments and drifting buoys near the surface and at 1000 m depth were 
initiated. Seven deep-sea current meter and thermistor chain moorings 
had been deployed by METEOR in December 1992. The programme included the 
recovery of this instrument array in the Hunter Channel region. 

The investigation further included radiative measurements at the sea 
surface, an 
environmental chemistry component and sediment sampling in combination 
with CTD.


Tab. 1: Legs and Chief Scientists of METEOR cruise no. 28

Leg M 28/1
	29 March - 12 May 1994,
	Recife/Brazil - Walvis Bay/South Africa
	Chief scientist: 	Dr. T.J. MülIer

Leg M 28/2
	15 May - 14 June 1994,
	Walvis Bay/South Africa - Buenos Aires/Argentina
	Chief scientist: 	Dr. W. Zenk

Coordination:
	Dr. W. Zenk

Master:
	Leg M 28/1: Captain H. Andresen
	Leg M 28/2: Captain H. Papenhagen


Fig. 1a: Track and working area of METEOR cruise no. 28
Fig. 1b: Detailed cruise track
Fig. 1c: Detailed cruise track


2  Participants

Tab. 2: Participants of METEOR cruise no. 28

Leg M 28/1

Name				Speciality		Institute
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Müller, Thomas J., Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
(Chief scientist)
Bassek, Dieter, T.A.		Meteorology		SWA
Beckmann, Uwe, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Beining, Peter, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Brinkmann, Jutta, Dipl.-Met.	Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Dipl.-Phys.	Tracer Physics		IUOB
Campos, Ricardo, Cap. Ten.	Observer Brazil		DHN
Dieterich, Christian, student	Marine Physics		IfMK
Düßmann, Heiko, student		Tracer Physics		IUOB
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorology		SWA
Hydes, David, Dr.		Marine Chemistry	IOS
John, Hans-Chr., Dr.		Marine Taxonomy		BAH
Johnson, Kenneth M., M.Sc.	CO2-Group		BNL
Kohrs, Stephan, B.Sc.		Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Koy, Uwe, T.A.			Marine Physics		IfMK
Meyer, Peter, Dipl.-Ing.	Marine Physics		IfMK
Meyer, Ralf, student		Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Müller, Sabine, student		Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Neill, Craig, B.Sc.		CO2-Group		BNL
Pinaya, Walter H., student	Marine Physics		IOUSP
Plep, Wilfried, T.A.		Tracer Physics		IUOB
Putzka, Alfred, Dr.		Tracer Physics		IUOB
Schebeske, Günther, Dipl.-Ing.	Atmospheric Physics	MPI
Schneider, Wilhelm, T.A.	Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Sültenfuß, Jürgen, Dipl.-Phys.	Tracer Physics		IUOB
Thomas, Rüdiger, Dipl.-Ing.	Marine Physics		IAPK
Welter, Alexander, student	Marine Physics		IfMK
Wills, Kevin, B.Sc.		CO2-Group 		BNL
Zelck, Clementine, Dipl.-Biol.	Marine Taxonomy		BAH

Leg M 28/2

Name				Speciality		Institute
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Zenk, Walter, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
(Chief scientist)
Bassek, Dieter, T.A.		Meteorologie		SWA
Berger, Ralf, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Boebel, Olaf, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Carlsen, Dieter, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Cordes, Rainer, student		Sedimentology		UBG
Emery, William, Prof.		Radiation Physics	CCAR
Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met.	Meteorology		SWA
Funk, Jens, student		Sedimentology		UBG
Hauser, Janko, student		Marine Physics		IfMK
Kipping, Antonius, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Möller, Karsten, student	Applied Physics		IAPK
Onken, Rainer, Dr.		Marine Physics		IfMK
Riger, Roland, Dipl.-Chem.	Environm. Chem.		UUM
Roese, Martin, B.Sc.		Marine Physics		IAA
Romaneeßen, Ezard, Dipl.-Oz.	Marine Physics		IfMK
Schmid, Claudia, Dipl.-Oz.	Marine Physics		IfMK
Schneider, Manfred, Dipl.-Chem.	Environm. Chem.		UUM
Snarez, Manuel, B.Sc.		Radiation Physics	CCAR
Wehrend, Dirk, T.A.		Marine Physics		IfMK

Tab. 3:	Participating Institutions

BAH	Taxonomische Arbeitsgruppe der
	Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland (TAG)
	c/o Zoologisches Institut und Museum
	Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3
	20146 Hamburg
	Germany

BNL	Brookhaven National Laboratory
	Associated Universities, Inc.
	Upton, NY, 11973
	U.S.A.

CCAR	University of Colorado
	Box 431
	Boulder, CO, 80309
	U.S.A.

DHN	Diretoria Hidrografia e Navegacao
	Niteroi, RJ
	Brazil

IAA	Instituto Antarctico Argentino
	Cerrito 1248
	1010 Capital Federal
	Argentina

IAPK	Institut für Angewandte Physik
	der Universität Kiel
	Leibnitzstr. 11
	24118 Kiel
	Germany

IfMK	Institut für Meereskunde
	an der Universität Kiel
	Düsternbrooker Weg 20
	24105 Kiel
	Germany

IOS	Institute of Oceanographic Sciences
	Deacon Laboratory
	Wormley, Godalming
	Surrey, GU8 5UB
	UK

IOUSP	Universidade de Sao Paulo
	Instituto de Oceanográfico
	Cidade Universitária
	CEP 055 08
	P.O. Box 9075
	Sao Paulo
	Brazil

IUOB	Universität Bremen
	Institut für Umweltphysik und Ozeanographie
	Postfach 33 04 40
	28334 Bremen
	Germany

MPI	Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie
	Abt. Biogeochemie
	B.-B.-Becherweg 27
	55099 Mainz
	Germany

SWA	Deutscher Wetterdienst
	- Seewetteramt -
	Bernhard-Nocht-.Str. 76
	20359 Hamburg
	Germany

UBG	Universität Bremen
	Fachbereich 5 - Geowissenschaften
	Postfach 33 04 40
	28334 Bremen
	Germany

UMZ	Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre
	Johannes -Gutenberg-Universität
	Saarstr. 21
	55122 Mainz
	Germany

UUM	Universität Ulm
	Abt. Analytische Chemie und Umweltchemie
	Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
	89069 Ulm
	Germany


3    RESEARCH PROGRAMME

3.1  WOCE HYDROGRAPHIC PROGRAMME (WHP): SECTION A8

The main programme of leg M 28/1 was devoted to the World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE) which is internationally coordinated by 
the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the International 
Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).  Within the fieldwork of WOCE, for 
the first time in history the present state and dynamics of the ocean 
will be observed world wide within less than ten years.  Closely related 
to WOCE is the Joint Ocean Global Flux Studies (JGOFS) within which 
sampling of CO2 components is requested on WOCE hydrographic sections.

One major component of WOCE is the Hydrographic Programme (WHP). German 
institutes took responsibility to occupy three zonal transatlantic 
hydrographic sections in the South Atlantic: Sections A9 along 19°S and 
A10 along 30°S were obtained during METEOR cruises no. 15/3 in 1991 and 
no. 22/5 in 1993, respectively. During the present METEOR cruise no. 
28/1, section A8 along nominal 11°20 S was occupied with a total of 110 
hydrographic stations with CTD and up to 40 small (10 l) volume rosette 
samples per station. The nominal station spacing was decreased down to 
10 p.m. and 5 n.m. over the shelf and continental breaks, to 24 n.m. 
over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and increased to 38 n.m. over the deep 
Pernambuco Basin and Angola Basin.  Bottle samples to analyze for 
oxygen, nutrients and salinity were taken on each station, samples for 
anthropogenic tracers and CO2 on every other station.

In addition, four test stations and a survey with ADCP were performed 
off the Brazilian shelf before the WHP section began, and a box around 
the eastern tail of the section was occupied.

Underway measurements of currents down to 200 m with a ship borne 
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and with a Geomagnetic Electro 
Kinetograph (GEK), satellite tracked drifting buoys and expendable 
current profilers as well as near-surface temperature and salinity and 
meteorological parameters supplemented the station work.

As part of a long-term Atlantic wide survey on the distribution and 
ecology of fish larvae, biological stations with 69 plankton hauls from 
the surface and in 5 levels between the surface and 200 m depth were 
performed.

Aerosols determine the formation of clouds. Over the South Atlantic 
several sources may be expected: Aerosols of sea salt and remainders of 
continental aerosols of mostly desertal origin as well as particles 
which result from decomposition of dimethylsulfide (DMS) formed by 
chlorophyll in the sea. All types of these aerosols were filtered from 
air and are to be correlated to DMS concentrations in seawater and air.


3.2  WOCE DEEP BASIN EXPERIMENT (DBE)

During leg M 28/2 earlier work, performed in the Brazil Basin by METEOR 
in 1991 and 1992, was continued and extended towards a larger area. 
These activities contributed to the Deep Basin Experiment of WOCE 
implemented by scientists from Brazil, France, Germany and the USA. 
Certified knowledge of the regional water mass circulation as well as 
the distribution of horizontal divergence and convergence zones are 
essential for appropriate modelling, one of the research targets of 
WOCE.

Besides XBT, CTD and GEK measurements (chap. 3.4) circulation studies of 
the near- surface Central Water were conducted on a quasi-meridional 
section through the Brazil Basin across the Rio Grande Rise towards the 
northern Argentine Basin. Among other instrumentation satellite tracked 
drift buoys from Kiel were used for these observations (chapter 3.3).

Within the deeper levels (800 - 1000 m) of the Antarctic Intermediate 
Water Lagrangian current observation with RAFOS floats were performed. 
Results from the previous METEOR cruise No. 22 have impressively 
confirmed the westward circulation pattern above the Rio Grande Rise. 
However, we definitely still need more observations of the Intermediate 
Water in the central part of the Brazil Basin and near the Subtropical 
Convergence in the Argentine Basin.

The RAFOS sound array has been enlarged by two more sound sources moored 
at the northern rim of the Argentine Basin. In fact, the whole array in 
the South Atlantic consists of nine American and six German sound 
sources (status: Nov. 1994). We deployed 27 floats, built and ballasted 
by the Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel.  The recovery of seven current 
meter and thermistor chain moorings in the Hunter Channel was another 
research topic. These Eulerian long-term observations began during 
METEOR cruise No. 22 in December 1992. The obtained data supplement an 
existing set of observations monitoring the more westerly part of the 
water exchange between the Argentine and the Brazil Basin.

Near-bottom CTD casts were utilized for taking bottom samples by means 
of a minicorer of the University of Bremen (chapter 3.8). Results are 
analyzed in terms of paleoceanographic objectives.


3.3  NEAR-SURFACE CIRCULATION FROM DRIFTERS

Within the framework of WOCE about 135 satellite tracked drifting buoys 
(drogue depth 100 m) have been deployed in the South Atlantic by the 
Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel since 1990. The objective is to deduce 
near-surface circulation properties in the South Atlantic. Analysis of 
the eddy statistics was already started in selected areas. But up to now 
the data density is insufficient for a basin-wide determination of 
physical parameters like mean velocity and eddy kinetic energy. 
Therefore the data set has been supplemented by deploying 80 new buoys - 
30 of them during M 28.


3.4  GEK OBSERVATIONS

During both legs GEK (Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph) observations were 
taken (Fig. 2). Motion induced electrical potential difference is 
recorded, representing ocean currents perpendicular to the cruising 
ship. Developments over the past five years have made the GEK set an 
easy to use instrument. The new measurements supplement earlier records 
from RV RESEARCHER and RV POLARSTERN obtained in 1987. Due to its simple 
handling the GEK set could be used without additional ship time.

GEK current registrations will be correlated with meteorological and 
hydrographical data sets. We aimed the question, in how far it is 
possible to use a GEK system as an online aid for advanced planning of 
XBT drops and CTD stations. The post-cruise analysis is expected to 
evaluate the effectiveness of a low cost and easy to handle GEK in terms 
of future XBT operations.


3.5    TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH LARVAE IN THE TROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC

3.5.1  INTRODUCTION

The zonal transect surveyed during the M 28/1 is part of a long-term 
programme to describe fish larvae (taxonomy), investigate their 
distribution (ichthyogeography) and their environmental requirements 
(ecology) in the entire Atlantic Ocean.

Ichthyogeography can be studied more easily and more economically by 
larval catches (ichthyoplankton) than by fisheries on adult fish. Larvae 
cover a vertically more restricted space, are much more abundant, are 
less capable of escape movements and can be stored more easily (e.g. 
LASKER, 1981). Some potential disadvantages may be seasonality in 
occurrence (JOHN, 1979) and the still limited knowledge of larvae 
taxonomy. World wide the knowledge is most restricted in tropical seas 
(AHLSTROM and MOSER, 1981).

Quantitative plankton samples can, even after coarse taxonomic analysis 
only, reveal large scale regional differences in biogeography (JOHN, 
1976/77). The spatial resolution increases with taxonomic precision. 
Additionally such quantitative studies can indicate those environmental 
parameters limiting the specific distributions (JOHN, 1985). The ranges 
of most vulnerable youngest stages generally conform with optimum 
conditions for reproduction, whilst gradients of abundance and age 
indicate the paths of dispersal and areas of decay (JOHN, 1984). 
Combining results of other marine sciences, parameters of relevance can 
be revealed and quantified (e.g. HAMANN et al., 1981). In spite of many 
uncertainties, fish are among the best investigated marine organisms and 
provide some regional comparative data covering decades. Comparison of 
such data can allow an assessment of the effects of climatic changes 
(e.g. EHRICH et al., 1987). Therefore, in light of the recent discussion 
concerning Global Change, such quantitative studies should be continued 
and intensified. 


Fig. 2: GEK current measurements by a cruising ship. E1, E2 are electrodes.
        - E1, E2: electrodes - B: earth magnetic field, vertical component
        - U: induced potential - v: velocity


3.5.2  PLANKTON SAMPLING

Samples were taken on a total of 69 biological stations, strictly 
following the box or lines of the CTD stations shown in the reports 
above, which made the hydrographical parameters available. However, 
distances between plankton tows in the biologically somewhat more 
uniform oceanic realm were wider than for CTD stations. Nevertheless, at 
the continental slopes off Brazil and Angola smaller scale 
hydrographical features, particularly bottom depths and bottom types, 
were anticipated to cause small scale heterogeneities in species 
composition and abundance. There a finer resolution of sometimes only 3 
n.m. between stations could be achieved, neglecting likely diurnal 
differences in light-sensitive neustonic organisms. In the open ocean 
daylight and nighttime stations were taken in similar numbers.

Samplers deployed were a David Neuston net NEU (modified, see HEMPEL and 
WEIKERT, 1972) and a Multiple-opening-Closing Net (MCN) after BÉ (for 
modifications see KLOPPMANN, 1990). Both samplers had an identical mesh 
size of 300 µm and were towed simultaneously at net speeds of 1.1 - 1.5 
m/s for about 30 minutes. While the NEU provided strictly two-
dimensional samples 0 - 8 cm, the MCN yielded 5 strata 200 m - 150 m 
(net no. 1), 150 - 100; 100 - 50; 50 - 25, and 25 - 0 m (net no. 5). The 
entire catch was transferred to the laboratory immediately after the 
catch and preserved in buffered 4% formaldehyde seawater solution.

Technical problems early in the cruise caused a delayed availability of 
the MCN and a few malfunctions, resulting in inconsecutive haul numbers 
for both gears. Chapter 7.2.6 provides the respective station data and 
indicates MCN-haul quality. The sample statistics are given in Table 4. 


Tab. 4: Volumes or areas filtered by NEU and MCN (successful tows only).

Sampler         NEU      MCN                                     MCN
                        -net 1  net 2   net 3   net 4   net 5    TOTAL
                -----   ------  -----   -----   -----   -----    -----
Mean Vol. (m3)    -     226.9   208.8   207.9   128.2    90.5    173.0
SD (m3)           -      67.6    49.5    53.7    40.1    34.8     73.4
Mean Area (m2)  830.3     4.5     4.2     4.2     5.1     3.6      4.3
SD (m2)          58.6     1.4     1.0     1.0     1.6     1.4      1.4
N                68      61      59      59      58      59      296
-----------------------
SD - standard deviation
 N - Numbers of samples


3.6  ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY

Aerosol particles over the subtropical South Atlantic are mainly 
influenced by two sources: The sea salt aerosol and aged continental 
background aerosol with a contribution of the Sahara or Namib desert.

During M 28/1 the size distribution of the marine aerosol particles 
ranged from 0.005 µm to about 50 µm radius.

The ocean is an important source of biological aerosol particles. These 
are able to contribute to cloud forming processes. Thus particles of 
this type were determined in the radius range > 0.2 µm. Measurements 
during METEOR cruise no. 9/2-4 and 22/5 showed discrepancies in the 
biological content. Therefore dimethylsulfide (DMS) was measured 
additionally during M 28/1.

In presence of sun light marine phytoplancton is able to produce a 
compound which decomposes in seawater and enters the atmosphere as DMS. 
This component in turn is unstable in the atmosphere and oxidizes to 
sulfate which forms particles and thus influences the cloud condensation 
nuclei density.

The DMS concentration will be correlated with the concentration of the 
biological aerosol particles on one hand and with the concentration of 
the aerosol particles on the other hand. The latter were measured 
continuously during leg 1.

Additional information will be given by filter samples that were done 
simultaneously. The filters will be analyzed in order to determine the 
carbonaceous part of the aerosol.


3.7  RADIATIVE PHYSICS - SKIN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATION

The purpose of the measurements collected during M 28/2 in the South 
Atlantic ocean is to examine the radiative skin sea surface temperature 
(SST) and its relationship to simultaneous measurement of bulk SST. It 
is the radiative skin SST that is viewed by satellite infrared 
radiometers and we wish to develop new calibration procedures for the 
satellite sensors. We have used systems similar to that to be installed 
on METEOR for cruises in the North Atlantic (on the old METEOR in the 
fall of 1984), in the Arctic (from VALDIVIA in 1988) in the South 
Pacific (RV M BALDRIGE in 1990) and in the tropical Pacific (RV VICKERS 
in spring 1993). Thus measurements from the South Atlantic compliment 
some of our other measurements of skin and bulk temperature. We have yet 
to collect a set of skin, bulk SST measurements in the North Pacific.

The new radiometer (Fig. 3) has only been used once before in the 
tropical Pacific last year. It is a unique system designed for this 
measurement and the radiometer has 6 different infrared channels for the 
measurement of skin SST. Four of these 6 channels are the same channels 
that are available from the satellite radiometer.  The housing is cooled 
with seawater and there is a reference bucket system to continuously 
calibrate the radiometer every 2.3 minutes. As the goal was to collect 
as many contributing measurements as possible we had also installed a 
pair of upward looking Eppley radiometers measuring solar input in the 
long and short wave lengths.  We used the ship's systems to collect data 
on wind (speed and direction), air temperature, bulk temperature (at 2 m 
depth), and position. In addition the meteorological data set is also 
very useful as it includes not only subjective observations of clouds it 
also has twice daily radiosonde profiles useful for our studies of the 
air-sea heat flux associated with the skin-bulk SST difference.  Finally 
the shallow (upper 20 m) CTD profiles will be used to initialize our 
numerical model of the skin-bulk temperature differences. 


Fig.  3: Apparatus for the continuous registration of the skin sea surface 
         temperature 
         (a) and details of the new radiometer (b).


Using previous data we have been able to parameterize the night 
relationship between skin and bulk SSTs which at that time are strictly 
a function of the local wind speed driving the ocean turbulence. During 
the day a more complex numerical model must be coupled to our 
paratermization to model conditions when solar insolation occurs along 
with the local wind stress.


3.8  MARINE GEOLOGY

During leg 2 sediment samples up to 20 cm depth as well as water samples 
were taken on the whole profile across the Atlantic. A minicorer with 
four sampling tubes has been used to sample the sediment.

The aim of the geological sampling during the second leg is to obtain 
core material for paleoceanographic studies of the time span from the 
last glacial to recent times. Furthermore the expressiveness of the 
proxy parameter should be improved.

On the water samples measurements of the stable oxygene-isotopes 18O/16O 
and of nutrients as well as measurements of the 13C/12C compositions of 
total-CO2 have been carried out. These measurements will enlarge the 
Geochemical Ocean Section Study (GEOSECS) data set of the Atlantic.


3.9  ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

The Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry joined M 28/2 
to investigate the global occurrence and distribution of organic 
xenobiotics. These persistent compounds are mainly produced in the 
northern hemisphere and reach the environment, where they are 
transported and distributed in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere 
by the global mass flow of these compartments. The inter- hemispheric 
exchange however occurs very slowly resulting in very low concentrations 
of xenobiotics in the southern hemisphere. Thus data of persistent 
organic compounds in the southern hemisphere reflect the global 
distribution of these compounds. Level and pattern of multi-component 
mixtures of xenobiotics indicate formation or global translocation.

During M 28/2 samples from the surface seawater, micro layer and air 
from the lower troposphere were sampled for analysis of organic 
xenobiotics, namely chlorinated paraffins (PC) and alkyl nitrates. 
Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all seawater samples and surface 
micro layer samples in ng/l concentrations, whereas in air samples CP 
were not detectable. These data confirm the global occurrence and 
distribution of chlorinated paraffins. High volatile as well as long-
chain alkyl nitrates were detected in air samples of the lower 
troposphere. Levels and patterns can be discussed in order to 
investigate the origin of these xenobiotics.


4    NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE

4.1  LEG M 28/1 
     (T.J. MÜLLER)

METEOR sailed from Recife on March 29, at 14:15 lt (19:15 UTC), T.J. 
Müller being chief scientist. Heading eastwards (see Fig. 1), outside 
the 12 n.m. zone of Brazil at position 8°17 S/34°30 W the continuously 
re-coding systems were switched on: The integrated system DVS to acquire 
navigational data, the ship borne 150 KHz ADCP, and the towed GEK. The 
first two days were designed to test both CTD systems, each equipped 
with a 24x10 I rosette sampler, on four deep water stations (Sta. 165 to 
168). Also, the analyzing systems for oxygen, nutrients, freons and CO2 
were set up. At 11°20 S/34°W we began a section along A8 shore-wards 
with XBT and XCP thereby achieving a box with ADCP and GEK in the 
divergence zone of the western branch of the South Equatorial Current.

On April 1, WHP section A8 started on position 10°03 S/35°46 W on the 
200 in depth contour outside the 12 n.m. zone of Brazil normal to the 
continental break with Sta. 169. On each of the following stations, 
together with the first CTD rosette, a 150 kHz self-containing ADCP was 
lowered (LADCP) to maximal 1000 in depth. The bottles were used to 
increase the number of samples up to 40, where the bulk came from the 
main CTD which always went down until 10 m above the bottom. At 34°W the 
nominal latitude 11°20 S was reached again (Sta. 181), 13 stations at 5 
n.m. to 20 n.m. spacing were obtained. Station spacing now was increased 
to 30 n.m. until 32°W (Sta. 185).

Here, outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil, measurements with 
the multi-beam echo-sounding system Hydrosweep, surface meteorological 
data, and sampling of aerosols began. Over the Pernambuco Basin, station 
spacing was increased to 38 n.m. with XBTs of type T5 (nominal depth 
1800 m at 6 kn) launched halfway in between.  Until Sta. 190 at 25°20 W, 
all stations were biological, too. From then on, spacing for biological 
hauls was 70 to 90 n.m. Four satellite tracked surface drifters which 
are drogued at 100 m depth were launched between 20°W and 15°45 W.  
Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, from 22°W on (Sta. 200) spacing was 
decreased to 30 n.m. until 17°W (Sta. 210) and down to 24 n.m. over the 
ridge until 12°W (Sta. 222).

Spacing was increased again towards the Angola Basin to 28 n.m. until 
1°W where the section ran close to the Dampier Seamount. Expecting 
higher hydrographic variability and different species of fish larvae, 
two extra CTD stations (Sta. 245, Sta. 247, no bottles) and plankton 
hauls were obtained.

From 0°E on station spacing increased over the Angola Basin to 38 n.m. 
until we reached the African continental break at 8°E (Sta. 260). Again, 
on this wider spaced part of the section XBT T5 probes were launched 
halfway between stations.  Also, four more satellite drifting buoys were 
launched between 1°20 E and 5°20 E.

With 28 n.m. station spacing we reached 10°E (Sta. 264) where we entered 
the 200 n.m. economic zone of Angola. Since no clearance had been 
applied for plankton hauls, XBT, XCP, and GEK, we had to continue with 
CTD measurements only. Station spacing was reduced first to 25 n.m. and 
then to 10 n.m. until we reached the 50 n.m. zone at 12°57 E (Sta. 274). 
Waiting for an extension of the clearance to 12 n.m. and plankton hauls 
within 200 n.m. which was to be arranged by the German Embassy in 
Luanda, Angola, we surveyed the northern part of a box around the 
eastern tail of A8 using the CTD/LADCP system down to 1000 in depth 
(Sta. 275 to 281 along 11°S). We completed this box in the south (Sta. 
282 to Sta. 286 along 11°40 S) after the extension of the clearance came 
with plankton hauls as well. We joined A8 again after two days 
interruption on 11°20 S at 13°05 E (Sta. 287) and completed it on the 
200 m depth contour at 13°33 E with Sta. 290 on May 07, 1994.


4.2  LEG M 28/2 
     (W. ZENK)

In Walfish Bay, Namibia, W. Zenk took over as chief scientist at midday 
of May 13, 1994. Previously Captain H. Papenhagen and both chief 
scientists had briefed the press on board the ship. This meeting had 
been carefully arranged by H. Hoffmann from the German Embassy in 
Windhoek. In addition to the Regional Governor of the Erongo Region, Mr. 
A. Kapere, we enjoyed the company of Mayor B. Edwards and Mayor D. 
Kambo, representing the cities of Walfish Bay and Swakopmund, 
respectively.

In his introductory remarks H. Hofmann remembered the days 68 years ago, 
when METEOR's predecessor, the old METEOR, made a port call in Walfish 
Bay during her famous cruise, the "Deutsche Atlantische Expedition". W. 
Zenk welcomed the guests on behalf of the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft and T.J. Müller introduced some of the very first 
results of the WOCE section A8 that the METEOR had just completed.

Initiated by a press release issued by the coordinator's office in Kiel 
and the German Embassy in Windhoek, the arrival of the METEOR was well 
received in Namibia.  The city and habour of Walfish Bay had been 
peacefully incorporated by the Republic of Namibia only 74 days earlier. 
A respectable number of German speaking inhabitants visited METEOR 
informally. Among them were a few elderly guests who enthusiastically 
reported their unforgotten impressions of the old METEOR they had 
visited as school kids. Our port call at Walfish Bay exceeded 
everybody's expectation. We highly recommend this efficient port for 
future needs of the German research fleet.

Early Sunday morning on May 15, METEOR left Namibia and sailed directly 
towards target point "A" at 21°S/10°W, situated on the eastern flank of 
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Until early February 1994, we had planned to 
reach "A" coming from Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo, passing the 
island of St. Helena. However, due to official travel warnings from the 
American Secretary of State and the German Foreign Ministry we were 
forced to reorganize the cruise track on short notice.

On May 21, METEOR crossed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and occupied the first 
stations in the eastern Brazil Basin. Until then, all continuously 
recording systems, i.e. Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph (GEK), ADCP, 
radiation and environmental chemistry loggers, had become and remained 
fully operational for most of the expedition time.  The first surface 
drifters and RAFOS floats were launched at the corner Sta. 295.  All 
drifters were equipped with drogues at a depth of 100 m. The course then 
changed to 223°.

Further CTD/RO stations partly in combination with minicorer 
deployments, more float and drifter deployments and zodiac based 
chemical sampling followed till we reached mooring "R", at Sta. 305 on 
the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise on May 25.  This as all other 
mooring had been deployed by METEOR in mid December 1992 as a component 
of the 'Deep Basin Experiment', a subprogramme of WOCE.

On May 27, we reached the western side of the 200 km wide zonal cross 
Hunter Channel array at moorings "H1-6", being 200 km wide. Favoured by 
excellent weather conditions all moorings were recovered (Sta. 309-319, 
27-30 May) after a 17 month deployment duration. The remaining time in 
the region was utilized for Hydrosweep surveys and GEK tracks at night. 
The systematic survey of the bottom topography of the Hunter Channel is 
a long-term project of the Alfred -Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, the 
University of Bremen and the Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel.  Selected 
CTD stations with minicorer deployments will allow more precise 
hydrographic and sedimentological descriptions of this important passage 
for Antarctic Bottom Water on its equatorward drift.

We expected serious problems with mooring "K0". This sound source rig 
broke loose in mid February 1994, when signals from the watch dog top 
buoy were reported by Service ARGOS. Upon several release commands no 
remainders showed up at the mooring site of "K0" in the Hunter Channel. 
However, to our greatest surprise we were able to locate the sound 
source's shifted position at approximately 35°22 S/28°28 W by listening 
with two MAFOS monitors on the hydrographic wire. The listening 
procedure was repeated five nights from different spots resulting in a 
search radius of < 8 n.m. Despite of a 36 hour intensive search METEOR 
was unable to find the lost mooring on the sea surface.

On June 1, the search was discontinued. The ship returned to the Hunter 
Channel and set the replacement sound source mooring "K0 2" (Sta. 322). 
After a final hydrosweep leg across the Hunter Channel a narrowly spaced 
deep CTD-section was occupied at the eastern and northern exits of the 
channel area (Sta. 323-332).  Because of rough weather conditions we had 
to skip further minicorer deployments, which were otherwise performed 
regularly under the CTD probe on deep stations.  Chemical samples from 
the surface (University of Ulm) were taken regularly from the zodiac 
during CTD operations whenever the weather conditions allowed.

On June 4, METEOR left the well measured Hunter region and headed for 
its southernmost position at 40°S/35°W. Here sound source mooring "K4" 
was launched at Sta. 338. Sound sources are an integral component of the 
RAFOS system. Their signals are sensed by drifting floats. Arrival times 
of the coded transmissions are recorded in the floats. After the floats 
surface, typically after 10-15 months, the stored information is 
transmitted by a satellite link and converted in Kiel into a series of 
float positions.

The sound source "K4" was a brand-new instrument that had been shipped 
from the manufacturer WRC directly to METEOR in Hamburg. It was only the 
qualified assistance of the ship's electronic technician B. James that 
we were able to solve a problem that remained undiscovered until we 
unpacked the instrument on board of METEOR. The passage towards "K4" was 
combined with more float and drifter launches and GEK observations, 
resulting in a quasi -continuous section from the centre (21°S) of the 
subtropical gyre to its southern extend north of the confluence region 
(35°S).

On station 338 an extended CTD cast was taken. Samples include, as in 
other selected cases, probes of helium, tritium, nutrients (University 
of Bremen) and sulfurhaxaflouride (Woods Hole Oceanographic 
Institution). After METEOR had occupied this southern corner station she 
cruised northwestward towards the outer Vema Channel. Additional 
drifters and floats were launched between shallow CTD station 338 and 
344.

After the last drifter and float were deployed on Sta. 342 and 343, 
respectively, the ship cruised to the final position at the 200 n.m.-
zone off the Brazilian coast line. Here, at Sta. 34S more water samples 
were taken in the western boundary current system before METEOR called 
at Buenos Aires on 14 June 1994.

When approaching the South American shelf METEOR had occupied 44 CTD 
stations, 23 of them included joint minicorer deployments. 89 XBT probes 
were dropped. Seven moorings had been recovered, two were deployed. 27 
RAFOS floats, two MAFOS monitors and 20 satellite tracked surface 
drifters with drogues at 100 m depth could be launched. Quasi-continuous 
measurements of solar radiation and skin sea surface temperature as well 
as nearly uninterrupted GEK records were collected.


Fig. 4a: Participants of M 28/1
Fig. 4b: Participants of M 28/2


5    PRELIMINARY RESULTS

In this chapter, methods of sampling and calibration, and preliminary 
results are discussed from the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) section 
A8 along 11°20 S, from the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), and other 
projects of the cruise.


5.1  The WHP Section A8 along 11°20'S

The backbone of the station work were two MKIIIB CTDs to measure 
continuous profiles of pressure, temperature, salinity and dissolved 
oxygen. Attached to the main CTD was a General Oceanic rosette sampler 
with 24x10 l Niskin bottles. With this main CTD, all stations were 
profiled down to 5 m to 10 m above the bottom to achieve a consistent 
set of high resolution hydrographic data along the section.

To take samples for chemical analysis, during the all upcasts the first 
two bottles were closed at nominally 10 m above the bottom, and the last 
two bottles were closed in the mixed layer at nominally 10 m depth. 
This, together with the remaining bottles closed in between assured full 
depth calibration values for the CTD. The remaining bottles in between 
were closed according to a sampling scheme that took into account that 
zonal variations along this zonal section were expected to be small: 
During two successive stations, bottles were closed at fixed depths, 
during the next two stations the closing depths were set midth between 
those of the preceeding two profiles. Then the scheme was repeated. In 
order to fulfill the WHP requirements for high resolution sampling in 
the vertical, over the deep basins bottles from a second CTD/Rosette 
with up to 18x10 I bottles were added.

When on deck after a profile, samples were drawn in the following order: 
CFCs, helium, oxygen, CO2, nutrients, tritium, salinity.

The second CTD/Rosette system carried a self contained 150 kHz Acoustic 
Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that was lowered (LADCP) down to 1000 m 
on all but two stations to measure currents in the upper ocean. These 
LADCP data together with data from a ship borne 150 kHz ADCP and 8 
profiles taken with Expandable Current Profilers (XCP) in the western 
boundary, will provide estimates of absolute currents.

Due to reasons mentioned in chapter 4, underway measurements of near-
surface temperature and salinity, the multibeam echo sounding system 
Hydrosweep, and continuously recorded meteorological parameters are 
available only outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil.

Table 5 summarizes the most important events of the WHP section A8. 
Chapters 5.1.1 to 5.1.4 describe methods, calibrations and instruments 
used for analysis on board in more detail while in chapter 5.1.5 we 
present sections of hydrographic and tracer parameters as measured along 
A8.


Table 5:	Events on WHP section A8

Date	Time	Station	Latitude	Longitude	Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1994	UTC-3				

29.03.	13.18						sail Recife, local time UTC-3
	17.30	164	08°07.5S	34°16.6W	start test stations with N132, NB3
							start GEK
							start ADCP
							start DVS (no Hydrosweep)
	23.00	165	08°16.4S	33°27.4W	start tests N132, NB3, MSN, NEU
30.03.	22.28		11°14.1S	34°08.3W	start XBT/XCP section normal to 
							Brazilian coast
01.04.	14.22	169	10°03.6S	35°45.1W	start WHP section A8
05.04.	22.45	185	11°20.0S	32°00.0W	leave 200 nm economic zone of Brazil
							start Hydrosweep
1994	UTC-2				
08.04.	01.05	190	11°19.9S	28°39.9W	local time UTC-2
	19.50	192	11°20.0S	27°20.0W	W03 broke, NB2 and NB3 on W02
09.04.	16.22	194	11°20.0S	26°00.0W	NB3 on W10/12, NB2 on W02
13.04.	14.53	204	11°19.9S	20°00.0W	W03 repaired, NB3 on W03
	UTC-1				
15.04.	01.31	208	11°18.6S	17°57.6W	local time UTC-1
	UTC 0				
22.04.	03.15	233	11°20.0S	06°30.0W	local time UTC 0
25.04.	20.18	245	11°20.0S	00°45.0W	extra station DAMPIER Seamount
26.04	08.59	247	11°20.0S	00°15.0W	extra station DAMPIER Seamount
	UTC+1	
29.04.	01.00	254	11°20.0S	04°00.0E	local time UTC+1
30.04.	10.55	258	11°20.0S	06°40.0E	test ICTD
02.05.	18.48	265	11°20.0S	10°25.0E	stop GEK, MSN, NEU
							enter 200 nm Angolan economic zone
04.05.	12.36	274	11°20.0S	12°57.0E	break WHP A8 at 50 nm Angolan zone, wait 
							for extension of Angolan clearance, 
							start eastern box with NB2
05.05.	19.50	282	11°40.0S	11°00.0E	continue with MSN and NEU, continue 
							eastern box
06.05.	17.40	287	11°20.0S	13°05.0E	continue WHP A8
07.05.	05.49	290	11°20.0S	13°32.4E	last station on WHP A8, calibration 
							course for ADCP
10.05	08.00						Walvis Bay

Notations:

        ADCP    shipmounted 150 KHz acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, RDI
        DVS     ship's online data acquiring system
        GEK     towed Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph
        NB3     combined CTD°O2, 24 x 10 l rosette
        NB2     combined CTD°O2, 20 x 10 l rosette, 150 KHz ADCP
        MSN     towed multiple opening and closing net, maximum depth 200 m
        NEU     Neuston plankton surface net
        DR      satellite tracked surface drifter
        W02/03  CTD winches 2 and 3
        W10/12  winches 10 and 12


5.1.1  HYDROGRAPHY AND CURRENTS 
       (T.J. MÜLLER, U. BECKMANN, P. BEINING, 
       C. DIETERICH, U. KOY, P. MEYER, W.H. PINAYA)

The measurements to be made and controlled were: Two CTD/Rosette systems 
and two salinometers; XBT and XCP drops; Lowered Acoustic Doppler 
Profiling (LADCP) for vertical profiling of currents deeper than 300 in. 
Support came from the crew's electronic group running the ship borne 
ADCP and other underway measurements: Near- surface temperature (T0) and 
salinity (S0) which were distributed by the ship's data collection and 
distribution system DVS along with data from the ship's navigation and 
echo sounding system and from the automatic weather station.

CTD/ROSETTE 

Two MKIIIB CTDO2/Rosette systems were used with the sampling 
scheme described in chapter 5.1 above. Both CTDs were made by Neil Brown 
Instruments (NBIS) (BROWN and MORRISON, 1978). No technical changes were 
made, because the instruments were known to have relative smooth 
outputs. Thus, precision and fast temperature have a combined output 
resulting in a priori weak salinity spiking, pressure is measured with a 
strain gauge sensor which is capsulated in steel and which is 
temperature compensated. Attached to both CTDs were Clark type oxygen 
sensors.

The main CTD (IfMK code NB3) was used on all stations along with a 24x10 
l bottle General Oceanics rosette down to the bottom. The second CTD 
(IfMK code NB2) went down to 1000 in on almost each station to increase 
bottle samplings depths to WHP requirements. Attached to this second 
system was a 150 kHz LADCP to measure vertical current profiles.

Pre-cruise calibrations of both CTDs were performed in November 1993 at 
IfMK's calibration laboratory before shipping the instruments (SAUNDERS 
et al., 1991; MOLLER et al., 1994, for details in the procedure). First, 
the correction of the CTD's temperature output to the international 
temperature scale of 1990 (ITS90) was determined with a Rosemount Pt25 
resistance as part of a high precision bridge made by 'Sensoren 
Instrumente Systeme' SIS in Kiel. Two triple point cells of water and 
two melting point cells of gallium defined the fix-points of the 
reference bridge at 0.01°C and close to 28°C. The quadratic term for the 
Pt25 was taken from the original calibration certificate. The drift 
between the two calibrations of the main CTD (N133) was less 1 mK (Fig. 
5). Comparisons made during the cruise with the main CTD (NB3) and three 
electronic reversing thermometers which have 1 mK resolution and were 
turned on the same frame (depth) on almost each station also showed no 
drift or jump. Thus, the accuracy for A8 over the whole range is better 
than 2 mK.

For both CTDs, the pressure sensors static correction at three different 
temperatures (ca. 0.5°C, 10°C, and 25°C) were determined over the whole 
range, 0 dbar to 6000 dbar, in loading mode, and in unloading mode with 
three maximum pressures at 6000 dbar, 4000 dbar and 2000 dbar. A 
Budenberg dead weight tester with certified masses corresponding to 500 
dbar increments served as reference. The drift for both sensors is less 
1 dbar (Fig. 6), the accuracy for the static calibration is better than 
1.5 dbar over the whole range. For both sensors, fast temperature 
changes at fixed pressure result in sensor responses of order 0.3 dbar/K 
with time constants of the order of 1.5 h. A simple model can reduce 
this error to less than 30% (MÜLLER et al., 1994). Observing static and 
dynamic corrections, the overall accuracy of pressure measurements 
during A8 is better 2 dbar.


Fig. 5: Pre-, post-cruise temperature calibrations of the main CTD (NB3).  
        The drift between pre- and post-cruise calibration is less 1 mK.

Fig. 6: Pre-, post-cruise and cruise static calibrations at low temperatures 
        of the main CTD (NB3) pressure sensor.  The drift between pre- and 
        post-cruise calibration is less 1 dbar.


Conductivity is calibrated using the salinity of water samples taken 
during each cast and analyzed on an Guildline Autosal salinometer along 
with calibrated CTD temperature and pressure. The salinometer was 
calibrated with standard seawater batch P120. Double samples from two 
rosette bottles were taken 10 in above the bottom and within the mixed 
layer. All other samples for calibration stem from weak gradient layers 
at 2000 m, 3000 m, 4000 m and 5000 in depth giving a total of 1000 
samples for CTD calibration. At stations 165 and 166, the bottles of the 
main rosette were closed at same depths to achieve an estimate of 0.0005 
as mean precision of reference salinities. The drift of the Autosal was 
less 0.0005 over the whole cruise, if some obvious instabilities due to 
noise in the power supply and radio operations are ignored. After full 
evaluation we expect an accuracy of better 0.0015 in salinometer 
salinity and better 0.002 in CTD salinity.

Since the response of the oxygen sensor is known to be sensitive to 
uniform flow conditions, the calibration procedure at IfMK uses oxygen 
sensor and CTD values from the down cast and compares them to titrated 
values from the upcast on potential density surfaces in high gradient 
levels up to a pressure of 2000 dbar, and on pressure surface for higher 
pressures where oxygen gradients are weak. The formula for conversion of 
the sensor output to physical units is essentially that of OWENS and 
MILLARD (1985).


LOWERED ADCP

A 150 kHz self-contained ADCP made by RD Instruments was attached to the 
second CTD/Rosette system to measure the vertical distribution of 
currents down to 1000 m depth on stations. The instrument worked on all 
stations except stations 181, 209, and 270. Data processing follows the 
method described by FISCHER and VISBEK (1993).  As a result, we hope to 
be able to adjust geostrophically calculated currents to directly 
measured currents below the Ekman layer.

SHIP BORNE ADCP

Like the LADCP, the 150 kHz ship borne ADCP may serve to adjust 
geostrophically calculated currents to directly measured, at least in 
its deeper part. After station 208 the transducer mounted on the ship's 
hull broke and had to be replaced by a spare transducer mounted in the 
moon poole.

Major problems to be solved with data processing, are to compensate for 
misalignment and scaling error of the transducers with respect to the 
ship's main axis (course) and to remove high frequency fluctuations from 
the measurements like semidiurnal and diurnal tides. To determine the 
engineering constants, two calibration courses during the proceeding leg 
M 27/3 and at the end of M 28/1 were performed in bottom track mode over 
the shelves of Brazil and Angola (JOYCE, 1989; POLLARD and READ, 1989).

XBT AND XCP MEASUREMENTS

Both, 16 XBT probes T5 and Deep Blue (T7), and 8 XCP probes were used to 
measure the thermal and velocity structure on the continental break off 
Brazil westward along the western most part of WHP section AS before the 
section started on the shelf.  While XBTs were dropped at full speed of 
the ship, during XCP measurements the ship's speed 30 s after dropping 
an XCP probe was dropped to 2 kn, in order to receive properly the radio 
transmitter's signal. The XCP measurements will be merged with the 
hydrographic measurements.

UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS (DVS)

Underway measurements consisted of several parts. Common is that all 
these data are merged and distributed by the vessel's data distribution 
system DVS. Sampled were in 2 minute recording intervals information on 
navigation (mostly GPS), the ship's echo sounding systems Hydrosweep and 
Parasound (outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil from station 185 
on only, see section 3), near-surface (4 m depth) temperature at the 
ship's hull (T0), nearsurface salinity (4 m depth inlet, S0), and 
meteorological parameters from the ship's automatic meteorological 
station as measured on both sides of the ship, leeward and windward 
(also outside the Brazilian economic zone).

T0 and S0 are calibrated on CTD stations to better 0.05 K and 0.05 in 
salinity, respectively. The multibeam echo-sounding system Hydrosweep 
which is mostly to record depth, is a self-calibrating system, and on 
METEOR provides water depths, and no soundings. The meteorological 
station is operated during the cruise and checked on a pre-cruise basis 
by the German Maritime Weather Service (SWA). No in-cruise calibrations 
are available.


5.1.2   DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS 
        (D.J. Hydes, S. Kohrs, R. Meyer, S. Müller)

Samples to measure dissolved oxygen and the nutrients phosphate, nitrate 
and silicate were taken from each bottle closed on A8, and amount to 
more than analyzed 3700 probes not including double probes to determine 
precision. Whereas the measurements of oxygen, nitrate and silicate are 
of high quality, it was not possible to measure phosphate because of 
irreparable malfunction of the apparatus.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Bottle oxygen sub-samples were taken in calibrated clear glass bottles 
with ground glass stoppers from all WOCE section water samples collected 
on the cruise. Samples were taken immediately after the rosette was on 
deck or following the drawing of tracer samples of CFCs and helium. At 
the time of chemical fixation the temperature of the water was measured 
on a separate sample collected in the same manner as the oxygen samples 
themselves. This information was used to correct the change in density 
of the sample between the closure of the rosette bottle and the fixing 
of the dissolved oxygen. Duplicate samples were taken on every cast. 
These were the first four bottles on the deep rosette, and the first two 
bottles on the shallow rosette.

Analysis followed the Winkler whole bottle method. The thiosulphate 
titrations were carried out in an air conditioned laboratory, the 
temperature varied between 25°C and 21°C over the period of the cruise. 
Potassium Iodate standards were determined in conjunction with most of 
the analytical runs. A mean value of the standard measurement was used 
to calibrate the titration of oxygen. The titration was controlled at 
the end point using a Metrohm Titrino (a combined automated burette and 
micro-processor unit). The end point was determined amperometrically 
titrating to a dead stop (CULBERSON and HUANG, 1987). The concentration 
of the thiosulphate was 25 g/l this gives a titration volume close to 1 
ml for oxygen saturated water.  The thiosulphate solution is dispensed 
from a 5 ml exchange unit on the Titrino.  The calculation of oxygen 
concentration in the solutions followed the procedure outlined in the 
WOCE Manual of Operations and Methods (CULBERSON, 1991) committing the 
unnecessary intermediate conversion to volumetric units. Appropriate 
corrections for density of samples and reagents and volumes of glass-
ware were applied as well as for impurities in the reagents (as outlined 
in CULBERSON, 1991).

Bottle oxygen titrations are calibrated against a Potassium Iodate 
standard solution. These were prepared on board by dissolving amounts of 
the dried salt weighed to a precision of 0.0001 g, in a calibrated 
volumetric flask. Before weighing the salt was dried over night in an 
oven at 110°C. The dried salt was cooled over silica gel before 
weighing. The accuracy of these solutions was checked against a Sagami 
Potassium Iodate standard which is certified to be a 0.0100 normal 
solution. These comparisons agreed within the precision of the 
titrations. The precision of the measurements as indicated by the 
determination of the difference between duplicate samples taken from the 
same Niskin bottle were calculated as the mean of the absolute 
difference between duplicate measurements for groups of ten stations. 
The results are presented in Table 6, which includes the number of 
observations in each group of stations and the number and percent of the 
duplicate differences greater than 1 µmol and greater than 2 µmol.

NUTRIENTS

Nutrient samples were drawn from all the Niskin bottles closed on the 
WOCE section stations. Sampling followed that for oxygen and CO2 on 
those stations where CO2 samples were taken. Samples were collected into 
virgin polystyrene 30 ml Vials (Coulter Counter type). These were rinsed 
three times before filling. The samples were then stored in a 
refrigerator at 4°C, until they were analyzed. The tests carried out on 
WOCE leg A11 showed that samples from all depths stored for a week in a 
refrigerator at 4°C were not detectably effected by storage. Actual 
storage times on M 28/1 were up to 12 hours before being analyzed.

The nutrient analyses were performed on a Chemlab AAII type Auto 
Analyser, coupled to a Digital-Analysis Microstream data capture and 
reduction system. Due to problems with noise in the ship's electricity, 
supply the Chemlab Colorimeter was modified at the start of the cruise 
so that the detectors and light source were driven from stabilized DC 
supplies. For silicate, the standard AAII molybdate- ascorbic acid 
method with the addition of a 37°C heating bath was used (HYDES, 1984), 
and for nitrate the standard AAII method using sulphanilamide and 
naphtylethylenediamine-dihydrochloride was applied (GRASSHOFF, 1976), 
with a Cadmium-Copper alloy reduction column (HYDES and HELL, 1985).

As for phosphate it was intended to use the standard AAII phosphate 
method (HYDES, 1984) which follows the method of MURPHY and RILEY 
(1962). However, when the apparatus was set up the sensitivity of the 
method was so low as to make measurements meaningless.

The calibration of all the volumetric flasks and pipettes used on the 
cruise were checked before packing and were rechecked on return to the 
laboratory.

Nutrient primary standards were prepared on board from weighed dry 
salts. The salts were dried at 110°C for two hours and cooled over 
silica gel in a desiccator before weighing. Precision of the weighings 
was better than 1 part per thousand. For nitrate 0.510 g of potassium 
nitrate was dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water in a calibrated glass 
volumetric flask. Four different solutions were prepared in three 
different flasks. No detectable difference could be found between these 
solutions. For silicate 0.960 g of sodium silica fluoride was dissolved 
in 500 ml of distilled water in a calibrated plastic (PMP) volumetric 
flask. No detectable difference could be found between this solution and 
a standard solution which had been prepared on shore.


Table 6: Precision of oxygen measurements on WHP section A8 from 
duplicate 
         samples within groups of 10 stations. N is the number of double 
         samples within batches of 10 stations. D1 and D2 denote the 
number of 
         pairs with differences greater 1 µmol and greater 2 µmol, 
         respectively.

        | mean |      | differences        |
Station | dif. | mean | D1  D1/%  D2  D2/% | N
--------|------|------|--------------------|---
169-175 | 4.33 | 1.90 | 21  88    16  67   | 24
176-180 | 2    | 0.90 | 16  50    13  41   | 32
181-190 | 0.89 | 0.43 | 18  32    13  23   | 56
191-200 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 13  22     2   3   | 59
201-210 | 0.88 | 0.47 | 12  24     7  14   | 51
211-220 | 0.62 | 3.00 | 11  19     3   5   | 59
221-230 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 14  25     2   4   | 57
231-240 | 0.44 | 0.22 |  6  11     0   0   | 54
241-250 | 0.58 | 0.29 |  8  19     1   2   | 42
251-260 | 0.84 | 0.41 | 14  25     6  11   | 57
261-270 | 0.94 | 0.52 | 13  25     5  10   | 52
271-274 | 0.6  | 0.30 |  3  19     0   0   | 16


All analytical runs were calibrated on the basis of four mixed secondary 
standards measured in duplicate at the start of the run. Drift samples 
and blanks were measured after the standards, halfway though the run and 
at the end of the run. The concentrations of the standards were for 
silicate 125, 100, 50, 25 µmol in the western basin, and 100, 75, 50, 
and 25 µmol in the eastern basin; for nitrate the concentrations were 
40, 30, 20, and 10 µmol in both basins. Calibration was on the basis of 
a linear fit by the least squares method forced though the origin. The 
gains on the colorimeter channels were not altered after being 
established at the start of the cruise. The apparent sensitivity of each 
run was recorded along with the standard error estimated from the least 
squares fit. The secondary standards were prepared in 40 g/l Analar 
Sodium Chloride solution. The blank in this solution was checked daily 
against OSI-Low Nutrient Seawater, and was undetectable throughout the 
cruise (less than 0.05 µmol nitrate and less than 0.1 µmol for 
silicate). The apparent sensitivity of the methods used in Sodium 
Chloride solution were checked against standards prepared in OSILow 
Nutrient Seawater at the start of the cruise.  There were no detectable 
differences.

Duplicate samples were collected from the first four bottles on the deep 
CTD-3 rosette and the first two bottles on the shallow CTD-2 rosette. 
All samples were then measured once by the analyzer. e results for the 
reproducabilty of measurements of the duplicates were assessed on the 
basis of the variation over groups of ten stations (see Table 7).


Table 7:	Precision of nutrient measurements on WHP section A8

        | Silicate          |  Nitrate        
        | mean  mean  mean  |  mean  mean  mean
Station | µmol  dif.  dif.% |  µmol  dif.  dif.%
--------|-----  ----  ----- |  ----  ----  -----
171-180 | 52.4  0.13  0.25  |  24.7  0.06  0.25
181-190 | 87.2  0.27  0.30  |  32.3  0.10  0.32
191-200 | 86.5  0.24  0.28  |  31.9  0.08  0.24
201-210 | 65.1  0.32  0.49  |  28.8  0.11  0.38
211-220 | 35.7  0.12  0.34  |  21.3  0.07  0.31
221-230 | 37.1  0.11  0.30  |  24.4  0.07  0.31
231-240 | 41.0  0.09  0.22  |  27.7  0.05  0.17
241-250 | 46.3  0.12  0.26  |  27.5  0.07  0.27
251-260 | 45.5  0.12  0.25  |  27.9  0.09  0.33
261-270 | 41.4  0.11  0.27  |  26.9  0.11  0.41
271-274 | 28.4  0.11  0.37  |  26.1  0.13  0.48
287-290 | 25.1  0.11  0.45  |  35.4  0.06  0.18


Overall the mean difference for silicate was 0.2 µmol with a standard 
deviation of 0.3 µmol (N=594 duplicate samples) and for nitrate the mean 
difference was 0.1 µmol (stdev 0.1 µmol, N=594). The standard deviations 
on the differences are similar to the means of the standard errors of 
the least squares calculation of the calibration equations Si-0.28 µmol 
and NO3-0.097 µmol.

The accuracy of measurements was monitored through the cruise by 
measurements of Sagami Chemical Co. Nutrient Standard Solutions. New 
bottles of these solutions were opened each week. The results were for: 
Nitrate in a nominally 10.0 µmol Sagami Standard Solution, the mean 
value determined was 9.76 µmol stdev 0.14 µmol (N=36). Silicate in a 
nominally 50.0 µmol Sagami Standard Solution, the mean value determined 
was 49.70 µmol stdev 0.40 µmol (N=27).


5.1.3  TRACERS 
       (A. PUTZKA, K. BULSIEWICZ, H. DÜßMANN, W. PLEP, J. SÜLTENFUß)

The investigated tracers are helium, tritium and the chlorofluorocarbons 
(CFC) F-11, F-12, F-113 and carbon tetrachloride CCl4. The main part of 
tritium, the unstable hydrogen isotope which decays to 3He, and the CFCs 
are anthropogenic. Their time dependent input at the ocean surface is 
known. The tracer concentration is altered by mixing processes and as 
for tritium by radioactive decay while the water descends to deeper 
levels of the ocean. Measuring the concentration of the tracers provides 
information about time scales of ventilation processes of subsurface 
water.

The atmospheric F-11 and F-12 contents increase monotonously with 
different rates since 1940, CCl4 increases since 1920 while F-113 began 
to increase 1970. Hence the concentration ratios of different tracers 
vary over wide ranges and can be used to indicate the 'age' of water 
masses, i.e. the time since they had their last contact with the 
surface. 'Younger' water is tagged with higher CFC concentration 
compared with 'older' water. Combining concentrations and concentration 
ratios in the ocean with corresponding input functions at the sea 
surface provides information about mixing processes in the ocean.

SAMPLING

Samples were taken according to the WOCE scheme. About 1700 samples for 
CFC analysis were taken from all bottle depths of each other station 
over the deep ocean and of each station close to the continental 
margins. Samples were stored in glass syringes and measured on board.

Helium samples were extracted on board from 630 glass pipets. Another 
520 helium samples in copper tubes and 645 tritium samples in glass 
tubes were taken for later shore based analysis. Therefore, in chapter 
5.1.5, only the CFC and CCl4 measurements are discussed.

ONBOARD MEASUREMENTS OF CFCS

The Bremen system measures the CFCs F-11, F-12, F-113 and carbon 
tetrachloride CCl4 concentrations of seawater samples. It consists of a 
gas chromatograph made by Hewlett Packard which is equipped with a 
capillary column and a special non commercial sample preparation unit. 
The latter is to prepare gas aliquots for calibration purposes and to 
handle water samples, especially the stripping of essentially all gases 
from water samples of about 30 cc.

The gases are transferred to a trap which is cooled with liquid CO2 down 
to -40°C. The trap is filled with a special packing material to 
accumulate the compounds we are interested in. During the next step 
these compounds are released by heating the trap to about (100°C) and 
transferred through the capillary column by a steady carrier gas flow to 
separate the compounds.

The gases are detected using an electron capture detector (ECD). 
Temperature programming facilities of the gas chromatograph is applied 
to accelerate the whole analytic procedure. All main parts of the system 
are controlled by a standard PC driven by self developed software while 
the acquisition and integration of the chromatograms is done using 
commercial software on the same PC. The preparation unit is equipped 
with a multi sampler device which allows to analyze 7 water samples 
without further attendance together with one gas standard and two blanks 
within about 3 hour. Within 24 hours, 50 water samples can be processed. 
Every other day a calibration curve has to be measured, since the 
detector is non-linear and its sensitivity might change with time. This 
has to be taken into account for the evaluation of the raw data.

The measurements for F-11, F-12 and CCl4 cover the range from the 
detection limit of 0.002 pmol/kg to about 2 pmol/kg. While the 
reproducibility of gas standards is below 0.5% standard deviation the 
values for the water measurements is slightly greater of about 0.8% or 
0.003 pmol/kg whichever is greater. The analytic resolution for F-113 
was not as sufficient as for the other compounds, but further evaluation 
of the chromatograms will recover some reasonable figures for this 
parameter.


5.1.4  CO2-MEASUREMENTS 
       (K. JOHNSON, K. WILLS)

Research cruise M 28/1 (WOCE section A8) continues a tradition whereby 
personnel from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y., U.S.A., 
have made CO2 measurements aboard METEOR. This cruise is the fourth WOCE 
line involving the Brookhaven group and the Institut für Meereskunde at 
Kiel. The A8 section data join the results for WOCE sections A9 (M 15) 
and A10 (M 22) completed by the CO2 group, and with its completion 
Brookhaven is now in possession of data from three contiguous latitude 
lines 11°S, 19°S, and 30°S, respectively. This gives Brookhaven chemical 
oceanographers and oceanographic co-workers from Kiel, Warnemünde, and 
Wormley a unique opportunity to validate the calculation of CO2 
transport in a manner analogous to that done for heat transport.

During M 28/1 two parameters of the carbonate system were measured. The 
first, total carbon dioxide (CT), was measured by continuous gas 
extraction of acidified seawater with the resultant CO2 determined by 
coulometric titration. The second, the discrete partial pressure of CO2 
(pCO2), was measured by equilibrating known volumes of a liquid phase 
(seawater) and a gas phase (air of known CO2 concentration) by shaking 
for three hours at constant temperature. Following equilibration, the 
CO2 in the gas phase was determined on a gas chromatograph equipped with 
a flame ionization detector (FID) after the catalytic conversion of CO2 
to CH4. The pCO2, at the in situ temperature and the sample alkalinity 
were calculated from the ancillary nutrient and oxygen data and from the 
thermodynamic considerations and constants of the carbonate system. 
Unlike previous cruises where continuous underway pCO2, was determined 
in the surface waters, the discrete method above was used to measure the 
pCO2 throughout the water column, and to our knowledge this is the first 
WOCE section for which a complete set of pCO2 data exits.

The precision of the total carbon dioxide duplicate analyses during the 
cruise was 0.80 mol/kg (0.04%), while preliminary calculations indicate 
that the precision of the pCO2 determinations was 1.0%. In addition, 76 
samples of 'Certified Reference Materials' (CRM) were analyzed for total 
carbon dioxide as a check on accuracy. The CRM, seawater samples spiked 
with sodium bicarbonate, were analyzed before the cruise for CT in the 
laboratory of Dr. C.D. Keeling at the Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography (SIO) by vacuum extraction and manometry. The certified 
mean of 9 samples was 1991.94 mol/kg. For the 76 samples CRM analyzed by 
coulometry during M 28/1, the mean was 1991.37 mol/kg with standard 
deviation 1.27 mol/kg. As a further precaution, forty (40) samples were 
collected during the cruise and preserved for later analysis in the 
laboratory of Dr. Keeling at SIO.

During M 28/1 some 51 stations (nearly 50% of the WOCE stations) were 
sampled for the CO2 parameters. Approximately, 1,588 individual total 
carbon dioxide samples and 1,549 individual pCO2 samples (duplicates not 
included) were drawn and analyzed.  Counting the duplicates adds another 
200 samples and analyses. Because the data set is very large and there 
are still some uncertainties in the final depths and associated nutrient 
values, analysis of the data set in chapter 5.1.5 still is preliminary.


5.1.5  FIRST RESULTS FROM WHP A8 
       (T.J. MÜLLER, P. BEINING, D. HYDES, K. JOHNSON, A. PUTZKA, G. SIEDLER)

We show zonal sections along 11°20 S of preliminary WHP standard 
parameters: Potential temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, 
silicate, the CFCs F-11, F-12, and CCl4, and potential density (Figures 
7 to 15, respectively). Potential density is referred to the surface for 
the depth range 0 dbar to 1000 m, to 2000 dbar for the 1000 m to 3000 in 
range, and to 4000 dbar for depths greater 3000 m.

Some parameters will not be or are not yet available: Phosphate was not 
measured because of the insensitivity of the apparatus used on board 
(see chapter 5.1.2).  The measurements of the CFC F-113 did not provide 
high enough resolution and need special post cruise analysis of 
spectograms (see chapter 5.1.3). Samples of the tracers tritium and 
helium are still to be analyzed ashore. Also, the carbon measurements 
still need final adjustment.


Fig.  7: WOCE Hydrographic Programme Section A8 along 11°20'S, occupied with 
         METEOR during cruise M 28/1 from April 01 to May 07, 1994.  
         Distribution of potential temperature.
Fig.  8: As fig. 7, salinity (uncalibrated)
Fig.  9: As fig. 7, dissolved oxygen
Fig. 10: As fig. 7, nitrate
Fig. 11: As fig. 7, silicate
Fig. 12: As fig. 7, CCl4 
Fig. 13: As fig. 7, F-11
Fig. 14: As fig. 7, F-12
Fig. 15: As fig. 7, potential density referred to the surface until 1000 m 
         depth, to 2000 dbar between 1000 and 3000 m depth, and to 4000 dbar 
         for depths greater 3000 m. Dots indicate the more than 3700 spots 
         where bottles were closed.


The sections in figures 7 to 15 are based on preliminary data from the 
more than 3700 depths where bottles were closed (dots in the density 
section, Fig. 15).  Temperature, salinity and density are from upcast 
CTD values at depths where bottles were closed. For tracers and CO2 over 
deep ocean basins, each second station is sampled only. Samples from 
some 10% of all bottles showed obvious misalignment to water mass 
structures due to malfunctions of the rosette. They were rearranged 
subjectively to appropriate depths. The contouring procedure uses a 
Kriging algorithm for smoothing, and the colours for contouring are 
chosen to appropriately resolve the main structures of water masses.

The different water masses below the warm and high saline surface water 
and the low oxygen South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) show up in minima 
and maxima of characteristic parameters. These extrema usually are most 
pronounced at the western boundary current regime and they gradually 
decay and eventually vanish eastward.  Especially the anthropogenic 
tracers show a sharp frontal structure over the Mid- Atlantic Ridge with 
low values down to the detection limits in the eastern Angola Basin 
denoting weak ventilation in that basin.

Near the surface, both, temperature and salinity decrease in the well-
known manner from west to east. At 9°E, we find the isohalines doming to 
the surface and bowling down to 250 m. The SACW is characterized by low 
oxygen with lowest values in the east. In the eastern basin this minimum 
also is reflected in the highest pCO2 and CT values (not shown here) we 
have observed in the Atlantic. Commencing at 3°E to 4°E in the Angolan 
Basin, pCO2 and CT reached 2000 µatm and 2263 µmol/kg, respectively, at 
depths of 400 m to 600 m.

Below the SACW, two cores of waters of antarctic origin are identified: 
At 800 m depth the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) with its salinity 
minimum, and at 1000 m depth the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCPDW) 
with its temperature minimum and silicate maximum. They can be traced 
throughout the section until the African shelf break. While these water 
masses origin from the south, note that, both, the tongues of the AAIW 
and of the UCPDW are cut by the above mentioned fronts in anthropogenic 
tracers F-11 and CCl4 at about 5°W which indicates their relatively weak 
renewal rates in the eastern basin as compared to that in the western 
basin.

Next, all three components of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) are 
identified: At 1300 m depth the core of the Upper North Atlantic Deep 
Water (UNADW) with its temperature maximum, at 1900 m the Mid North 
Atlantic Deep Water (MNADW) with its salinity maximum and silicate 
minimum, and at 3200 m the oxygen rich Lower North Atlantic Deep Water 
(LNADW). Note some lenses of NADW just east of the western boundary; 
they may indicate re-circulation cells discussed recently (De MADRON and 
WHEATHERLY, 1994). In the west, the CFC values are relatively low within 
the UNADW because of its 'old' components of Mediterranean origin. A 
maximum in CFCs is found in the MNADW, and they still have high values 
in the LNADW. Again, a front in CFC values separates the NADWs in the 
western from those of the eastern basin.

Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCPDW) is formed when Weddell Sea Deep 
Water mixes with Circumpolar Deep Water on its way north. Formerly 
denoted as Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) (PETERSON and WHITWORTH, 1989), 
it carries low temperature and salinity bottom water along the western 
boundary northward. Because of its Weddell Sea compound, it is also 
marked by relatively high CFC values. A slight increase of the F-11 
concentration at the western slope of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge seems to 
indicate a re-circulation cell of bottom water. LCPDW also was clearly 
distinguishable in the CO2 parameters (not shown here).

Two further interesting result are found in the deep Angola Basin. 
First, we observe an increase of, both, CCl4 and F-11 values at the 
bottom which is intensified at the western side of the basin. Thus there 
is evidence that the bottom water of the Angola Basin is ventilated by a 
western boundary current (WARREN and SPEER, 1991) which carries 
compounds of bottom waters that have been at the surface within the last 
30 years. While other hydrographic and chemical parameters indicate a 
fairly homogenous water mass below 4000 m, F-11 and CCl4 outline a 
structure that indicates a circulation and slow upwelling of bottom 
waters within the basin. Only very few samples measured at about 3000 m 
depth in the eastern part of the Angola Basin show CCl4 concentrations 
below their detection limit.

The second interesting feature in the Angola Basin is observed at 4000 m 
depth on the continental break: A low oxygen and high silicate water 
mass with a small increase of CCl4 and extremely slight increase only of 
F-11. Whereas in the CFCs the signal is confined to only very few 
samples just above the bottom, it is broader and therefore significant 
in oxygen and silicate. Maybe the idea of a Congo River turbidity plume 
is evident here (BENNEKOM and BERGER, 1984).


5.2    DEEP BASIN EXPERIMENT

5.2.1  WATER MASS DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBTROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC 
       (O. BOEBEL, C. SCHMID, W. ZENK)

The data base for this paragraph consists of two quasi-meridional 
hydrographic sections (Fig. 16) occupied between 21° and 39°S during M 
28/2. The longer section (Fig. 17) contains 21 CTD stations covering the 
east side of the Brazil Basin, crossing Hunter Channel, running right 
into the central Argentine Basin. The supplementing shorter section 
(Fig. 18), featuring 7 CTD stations, connects the southern end of the 
long section between the Subtropical Convergence at roughly 40°S with 
the southern extend of Vema Channel. Thermosalinograph records also 
shown in Fig. 17 and 18, are reproduced without further corrections. 
Comparisons with near- surface CTD data revealed no systematic 
differences for temperature data. However, a significant shift of 0.038 
± 0.050 PSU between 35 salinity samples (taken during CTD stations) and 
the displayed continuous salinity record was determined. The shown 
surface salinity needs to be reduced by the calculated offset for future 
analyses.

CTD stations were taken (a) for a detailed investigation of the vertical 
structure and zonal flow of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) at 
approximately 900 m depth and (b) for the determination of in situ 
density at float launch sites (see chapter 7.2.5). Due to ship time 
limitations both sections had to be compiled from CTD profiles not 
exceeding 1500 dbar. Only selected stations cover tile whole water 
column. Their complete data are processed in our theta/S-diagram (Fig. 
19). Nominally all deep stations were taken with a sediment sampler as 
described in chapter 5.8.

Both CTD-sections are shown jointly with continuous thermosaIinograph 
data and their belonging bottom profiles. Gaps in these data (DVS) were 
linearly interpolated, or in case of bathymetry eliminated by soundings 
from CTD stations (Profile 36-33, 32- 16). Fig. 16 shows the track lines 
of the long (Profile 37-2) and the short section (Profile 37-43) 
embedded in the local bathymetry. Please note, station notation is given 
by CTD profile numbers. An equivalence Stat. No. vs Profile contains 
chapter 7.2.1. The central box in Fig. 46 contains CTD stations at 
Hunter Channel as displayed in Fig. 20 and described further down.


Fig. 16: During M 28/2 METEOR occupied two quasi-meridional hydrographic 
         sections in the Brazil Basin and in the Argentine Basin. Numbers 
         indicate CTD profiles, corresponding station numbers are listed in 
         chapter 7.2.1. Most of the CTD stations cover only the upper 1500 
         dbar, sufficiently deep enough for the investigation of the 
         Antarctic Intermediate Water. Stations in the box were taken in the 
         Hunter Channel region as described in chapter 5.2.2.

Fig. 17a-b: CTD-sections (p ¾ 1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical 
         gyre of the western South Atlantic.  The long section (A2) was taken 
         en route to Hunter Channel and farther to the Subtropical Convergence.
         a) Potential temperature (°C),
         b) Salinity (PSU),

Fig. 17c-f: CTD-sections (p ¾ 1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical 
         gyre of the western South Atlantic.  The long section (A2) was taken 
         en route to Hunter Channel and farther to the Subtropical Convergence.
         c) Density sigma-1 (kg m-3),
         d) thermosalinograph records of temperature,
         e) uncorrected salinity,
         f) bathymetry recorded simultaneously by METEOR.

Fig. 18a-f: CTD-sections (p ¾ 1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical 
         gyre of the western South Atlantic.  The short section (A3) was 
         taken on the north-westbound track towards the Vema Channel extention.
         a) Potential temperature (°C),
         b) Salinity (PSU),
         c) Density sigma-1 (kg m-3),
         d) thermosalinograph records of temperature,
         e) uncorrected salinity,
         f) bathymetry recorded simultaneously by METEOR.

Fig. 19: Potential temperature (°C) vs salinity (PSU) from all deep stations 
         of M 28/2 (chapter 7.2.1).  Lines of equal densities (kg m-3) are 
         referred to 1000 dbar (sigma-1).


The most pronounced structure of both sections shown in Figs. 17 and 18, 
is given by the Subtropical Convergence at their common southern end (<-
38° = > 38°S). North of 38°S thermosalinograph records with their strong 
fluctuations (horizontal interleaving) confirm the abrupt transition 
between the southern rim of the subtropical gyre of the South Atlantic 
at 38°S and the northern extend of the Southern Ocean (see Fig. 18e). 
The deep reaching front at the convergence is most developed in the 
upper 500 dbar. Nevertheless, it can be traced down to the bottom of our 
sections (1500 dbar), though with reduced horizontal gradients. Sloping 
isopygnals associated with the frontal region, represent the dynamical 
signature of the eastward flowing South Atlantic Current (STRAMMA and 
PETERSON, 1990).

Farther north we identify the well-known variety of water masses in the 
subtropical South Atlantic: In the centre of the subtropical gyre, i.e., 
north of 28°S, we find the characteristic shallow salinity maximum at 
approximately 60 dbar. The next deeper extremum on the theta/S-diagram 
(Fig. 19) occurs below the main thermocline. It is marked by the 
salinity minimum of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). The Smin 
core at approximately sigma-theta = 27.18 or sigma-1 = 31.75 kg m3 drops 
from < 600 dbar at the Subtropical Convergence to almost 1000 dbar 
between 36' and 37°S, from where on we observe a slow decrease of the 
pressure level to 700 dbar at the northern end of the long section. The 
core salinity is lowest in the frontal region (< 34.2 PSU). It increases 
up to 34.4 PSU towards the north. Temperatures range from 3-4°C in the 
south , where 3.5-4°C are more characteristic for the northern end. In 
terms of potential density Intermediate Water ranges from 27.00 < sigma-
theta < 7.35 kg m3 or 31.50 < sigma-1 < 31.90 kg m3.

Three different low temperature gradient regions were observed. The 
first at 36°S reaches down to 400 dbar at 14°C. It resembles Maderia 
Mode Water (SIEDLER et al., 1987) found in the eastern North Atlantic. 
This thermocline mode water is formed at the northern boundary of the 
subtropical gyre by deep wintertime convection and is degenerated during 
the course of the year. Deeper down at ~38°S (Fig. 17 and 18) we 
identify remainders of the upper Circumpolar Water (2.7°C, 34.4 PSU) 
beneath the deep core of Antarctic Intermediate Water. Unfortunately no 
oxygen data for further identification of this water mass are available 
from M 28/2. The third and most extended thermostat (~3.4°C) layer is 
found between 21° and 26°S (Fig. 17a) at pressures >1000 dbar. The 
concurrent increase of salinity from 34.40 to > 34.80 PSU indicates a 
mixture of upper Circumpolar Water with North Atlantic Deep Water 
(NADW). While vertical mixing in this water mass cannot have much effect 
on the temperature since the vertical temperature gradient is small, 
strong fluxes of salinity presumably exist between layers (K. SPEER in 
SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992).  Finally we point out two submesoscale 
pygnocline depressions (Profiles 11, 14) and/or three domes (Profiles 
12, 13, 16, 34) which cannot be interpreted by the available CTD data 
(Fig. 17c) alone. Perhaps RAFOS floats launched every degree of latitude 
concurrently with CTD stations along both sections, will allow a 
conclusive analysis of these dynamical signals. Float deployment 
locations are summarized in chapter 7.2.5.


5.2.2  WATER EXCHANGE THROUGH HUNTER CHANNEL 
       (T.J. MÜLLER, J. PÄTZOLD, G. SIEDLER, C. SCHMID, W. ZENK)

Under the auspices of the Deep Basin Experiment of WOCE a large fraction 
of observations has been focused on the bottom water exchange across the 
Rio Grande Ridge. During two METEOR cruises (M 15 and M 22) we 
concentrated our efforts in close cooperation with the Woods Hole 
Oceanographic Institution primarily on the inflow of Weddell Sea Deep 
Water and of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) through Vema Channel (ZENK et 
al., 1993). Cruise M 28/2 put special emphasis on the recovery of a 
moored current meter at the Hunter Channel, deployed in December 1992. 
Logistical constrains (see chapter 4.2) allowed a modest extent of 
bathymetric work started jointly with the University of Bremen and the 
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, during M 15 in 1991 (K. HEIDLAND 
in SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992). Fig. 20 shows the course of the 4000 m 
isobath according to a digitized chart of the South Atlantic (NGCD, 
1993) together with CTD stations and mooring locations (H1-H6, R). Fig. 
21 depicts a partial view of the sill region in the central Hunter 
Channel prepared from all available METEOR Hydrosweep data (M 15, M 22, 
M 28).

HYDROGRAPHY

As in Fig. 16 CTD stations in Fig. 20 are labeled by their profile numbers 
(see chapter 7.2.1). Fig. 22 and 23 display two hydrographic sections of 
deep and bottom water (p > 3000 dbar) distribution at Hunter Channel. The 
quasi-zonal section (Fig. 22) was obtained as a byproduct of the work on 
the moored current meter array. Unfortunately ship time did not allow 
for a higher spatial resolution of this section. Nevertheless, previous 
results such as a significant through flow of Antarctic Bottom Water (SPEER 
et al., 1992) are impressively confirmed. As in the survey in February 1991 
(M 15) we recognize a queezing of property lines in the east near the bottom 
of Fig. 22. Geostrophic speeds of 0 (+1 cm s- 1) relative to the depth of 
the 2°C (potential) temperature isoline were calculated. Furthermore it is 
worth mentioning that in 1991 the lowest temperature above the sill at the 
same location was approximately 0.2°C higher. A similar trend towards 
higher bottom temperature at the entrance of the Brazil Basin was observed 
already between Lower Santos Plateau and Vema Channel farther to the west of
Hunter Channel two years earlier (ZENK 
and HOGG, subm.).



Fig. 20: Zoomed distributions of stations from the Hunter Channel region in the 
         center box of Fig. 16.  Isolines represent the 4000 m line as available 
         in digital form (NGDC, 1993).  Crosses denote deep CTD stations labeled 
         by their profile numbers.  Station numbers are listed in chapter 7.2.1.  
         H1-6 stands for a moored current meter array across Hunter Channel.  
         Mooring R was situated in the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Ridge.

Fig. 21: 3-dimensional representation of the Hunter Channel.  The synthesis of 
         the bathymetry was compiled according to three METEOR surveys (M 15, M 
         22, M 28) by Hydrosweep in cooperation with the University of Bremen 
         and the Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven (SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992).

Fig. 22a-d: Deep CTD-section (p „ 3000 dbar) of the outflow of Antarctic Bottom 
         Water through the Hunter Channel. This section 1 was obtained during 
         the recovery work on mooring sites H1-6. Due to DVS failure no 
         detailed bathmetry between stations is available. Note the pintching 
         of property lines on the lower right side. These compressions 
         represent the dynamics of the bottom water flow entering the Brazil 
         Basin.
         a) Potential temperature (ºC)
         b) Salinity (PSU)
         c) Density sigma-4 (kg m-3) referred to 4000 dbar
         d) Geostrophic current speed (cm/s) relative to the depth of the 2ºC 
            potential temperature isoline.  Negative speeds (of Antarctic Bottom 
            Water) are directed towards the North.

Fig. 23a-d: Deep CTD-section (p „ 3000 dbar) of the outflow of Antarctic 
         Bottom Water just north of the Hunter Channel.  This section 2 was 
         plotted from profiles 31-22. Bathmetry between stations was measured by 
         METEOR.  The main outflow across the Hunter Sill into the Brazil Basin 
         was obtained between profiles 27, 26 and 25, 24.
         a) Potential temperature (ºC)
         b) Salinity (PSU)
         c) Density sigma-4 (kg m-3) referred to 4000 dbar
         d) Geostrophic current speed (cm/s) relative to the depth of the 2ºC 
         potential temperature isoline.  Negative speeds (of Antarctic Bottom 
         Water) are directed towards the North (Profiles 31-26) or towards the 
         East (Profiles 26-22).


The second deep hydrographic section (Fig. 23) consists of a nearly 
meridional (Profile 31-26) and a zonal part (Profile 26-22) north, 
respectively, east of the inner Hunter Channel. It was planned according 
to the known bottom hydrography (Fig. 20), focussing on the region where 
the through flow of the bottom water still appears to be topographically 
constrained, but where station spacing (nominally 25 km) allows for 
sufficient resolution of transport calculations.

Fig. 23 contains the actual bottom contours measured during M 28/2. 
Unfortunately major deficits in station coverage occurred afterwards 
such as the deep channels (or blind troughs ?) between Profile 31-30 and 
25-26. Unfavourable weather conditions did not allow us to fill these 
gaps during the remaining ship time. Apparently the majority of bottom 
water leaves the Hunter region towards the east between Profile 25-24. 
Only minor contributions at more intermediate depths (< 4000 m) are 
advected northward through Profile 27-26, which at least partially seems 
to recirculate between Profile 28-27. During M 28/2 we have observed no 
significant deep northward flow west of Profile 29. Such a flow has 
previously been suggested as part of an anticyclonic circulation around 
Rio Grande Rise (see Fig. 9 in SPEER and ZENK, 1993). Actually mooring R 
(Fig. 20) at Profile 13 (Stat. 306) had been launched in December 1993 
with the intention to monitor this interior western boundary current.  
Results from moored current meters are shown in the following paragraph.

Moored Current Meter Array Between 1991 and 1992 (M 15, M 22) an array 
of current meters had monitored deep advection along the western segment 
of the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin. A joint data report by the 
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Institut für Meereskunde 
Kiel summarizes the obtained results (TARBELL et al., 1994). After the 
recovery of this large array parts of it were re-moored farther to the 
east in the Hunter Channel and on the Rio Grande Ridge (Fig 24). Data 
presented here are complimentary to the former data set from the Vema 
Channel and the other more westerly regions. A total of 25 Aanderaa 
Current Meters, two 200 m long thermistor chains and an Acoustic Doppler 
Current Meter operated in seven moorings (Code H1-6 for Hunter Channel, 
R for Rio Grande Rise).

Chapter 7.2.4 contains all mooring durations and locations. The latter 
are also displayed in Figs. 20 and 21. Locations of related CTD stations 
from the deployment (M 22) and the recovery cruises (M 28) are 
summarized in Table 6. The table contains three different estimated 
depths which must be explained by the rough bottom topography, 
characteristic for the Hunter Channel (see Fig. 22). In selected cases 
we therefore give two numbers for the vertical position of our 
instruments: Clearance from bottom and instrument depth. The more 
reliable vertical distance relative to the surface or to the bottom is 
labeled by bold numbers.

Data from moored instruments were processed in the usual fashion 
(MOLLER, 1981). Problems occurred with larger numbers of Aanderaa 
Current Meters (RCM8): Both vector averaged components in slow current 
regimes appeared to have a stronger uncorrelated tendency towards zero. 
In order to conserve a rough estimate of the recorded direction, zeros 
in calculated speed series were artificially set to 1 cm s-1, the 
threshold speed of the instruments. Besides other operational details, 
Table 7 displays the percentage of changed threshold values of the 
Aanderaa Current Meters.  Since we were forced to shift identical 
instruments from the Vema to the Hunter regime during METEOR cruise M 
22/4, time did not allow for a detailed ship borne analysis of the 
obtained data sets. Unfortunately this did not prevent us from running 
into problems we had encountered before with vector averaging Aanderaa 
Current Meters. (TARBELL et al., 1994).

The data from the moored Acoustic Doppler Current Meter (ADCP) in H6 
were downloaded from the instrument to a personal computer aboard 
METEOR. These binary data later were transferred to the VAX of the 
Institut für Meereskunde computer centre in Kiel, where they were 
converted into time series of MK4 and ASCII coded vertical current 
profiles. The processing of auxiliary parameters like pitch, roll, 
heading and instrument depth followed. The latter quantity is displayed 
in Figs. 25-54. It represents a pseudo-pressure time series inferred 
from the strongest bin echo of the ADCP. A detail comparison of the 
upper real pressure record with the calculated depths reveals an 
excellent agreement between both methods (VIESBEK and FISCHER, 1995).

All thermistor chain data from H4 and H5 in Fig. 37 and 39 were adjusted 
to the available CTD profiles. Since these moored instruments stopped 
due to a lack of data storage capabilities earlier then the adjacent 
Aanderaa Current Meters, their temperature time series were used as 
transfer standards for the recovery calibration checks of the thermistor 
chains. The biggest problem with this calibration fine tuning appeared 
to be the determination of equal observation levels of the thermistor 
chains and the CTD profiles. As is shown in Table 6 and Fig. 21 the 
Hunter Channel is full of strong gradients in the bottom topography. A 
pre-cruise laboratory calibration of both thermistor chains did not 
deliver accuracies desirable and necessary for abyssal applications.

The complete set of time series of all available Aanderaa Current Meters together with 
selected ADCP data (see overview in Fig. 55) are displayed in Figs. 24-54.  With 
expectation of the displayed pressure and pseudo-pressure filtered, daily averaged means 
are shown. All progressive vector diagrams from the H-mooring are shown in not more then 
two different scales. Thermistor chain data were shifted by -0.2°C, referenced to the upper 
sensor.



Tab. 6:  Moorings with corresponding CTD stations during launch (M 22) and 
         recovery cruises (M 28).

Mooring			M22				   M28				
		December 1992				May 1994				
	     Nearest CTD	Launch	Estim.	Recovery     Nearest CTD
ID	Station	Profile	Depth	Station	Depth	Station	Station	Profile	Depth
	#	#	(m)	#	#	(m)	#	#	(m)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hunter Channel									
353  H1	603	46	4031	602	4112	309	309	16	4115
354  H2	-	-	-	604	4292	313	313	18	4390
355  H3	-	-	-	605	(4436)	312	-	-	-
356  H4	608	48	4319	606	4336	318	318	20	4370
357  H5	607	47	4301	607	(4836)2)316	316	19	4235
358  H6	609	49	4326	609	4303	315	(325	24	4530)3)
Rio Grande Rise									
363  R	612	50	3806	612	3719	306	306	13	3780

Remarks:( )	Questionable data
	1)	Rough estimate. For details see cruise report M 22 by SIEDLER et al. (1993)
	2)	According to bridge log, log sheet of mooring group shows 4485 m.
	-	no CTD data available
	3)	Station downstream of Hunter array in core of bottom water


Tab. 7:	Performance of moorings in Hunter Channel (H1-6) and on Rio Grande Rise 
	 (R). RCM_ = Aanderaa Current Meter, V = current vector, T = thermistor, MAFOS 
	= sound recorder, ADCP = Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler.

Mooring		Instrument	Serial	Instr.	Clearence	Max. 	k 	Notes
#	ID	Typ		#	Depth	from		Cycles	%	
					(m)	Bottom (m)			
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
353101	H1	RCM8/VTP	8412	175			6380	0	
353102	H1	MAFOS		10	875			-	-	no data
353103	H1	RCM8/VT		8295	925			-	-	no data
353104	H1	RCM8/VT		9730	2025			6380	38.9	
353105	H1	RCM8/VT		10077	3125			6380	36.8	
353106	H1	RCM8/VT		6159	3830			6380	49.5	
353107	H1	RCM8/VT		6160	4105			6380	47.1	
354101	H2	RCM5/VTC	8365	4000			6382	32.4	
354102	H2	RCM5/VT		7624	4335			6382	16.1	
355101	H3	RCM8/VTP	9323	905			6376	20.4	Pres = no data
355102	H3	RCM8/VT		10502	2005			6376	20.3	
355103	H3	RCM8/VT		10504	3155			6376	23.7	
355104	H3	RCM5/VT		8575	4310			6304	-	Dir = no data
355105	H3	RCM5/VT		4562	4530			-	-	no data
356101	H4	RCM5/VT		4354	4100			6380	13.8	
356102	H4	Aa Recorder	1293	4102-			5180	-	
		Th Chain	1259	4302				
356103	H4	RCM5/VT		8411	4315			-	-	no data
357101	H5	RCM8/VT		9832		252		6367	13.1	
357102	H5	Aa Recorder	1294		250-50		5216	-	
		Th Chain	1960					
357103	H5	RCM8/VT		9728		15		6367	8.9	
358101	H6	ADCP		389	(4-147)			5818	-	
358102	H6	RCM8/VTC	9732	900			6357	38.5	
358103	H6	RCM8/VTC	10663	2000			6357	75.6	
358104	H6	RCM8/VTC	9313	3100			6357	53.6	
358105	H6	RCM5/VT		4563	3980			6357	-	Temp only
358106	H6	RCM5/VT		7927	4310			6357	55.0	
363101	R	RCM8/VTP	10501	3485			6308	8.2	
363102	R	RCM8/VTC	10664	3705			6308	14.2	

 
Fig. 24: Typical mooring configurations of the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel.    
         Mooring H6 is on the left side. On the right side the thermistor chain   
         mooring H5 is displayed.

Fig. 25: Pressure (top) and temperature times series from mooring H1 on the west   
         side of the Hunter Channel. Only pressure data were not low-pass 
         filtered.

Fig. 26: Time series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H1.

Fig. 27: Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H1.

Fig. 28: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H1. North is 
         upward.

Fig. 29: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H1. Starting   
         points are given by asterisks. Tics separate 30 days intervals.

Fig. 30: Times series of temperature (top), zonal current components (UC), and   
         meridional current components (VC) from mooring H2.

Fig. 31: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H2 (top). North is   
         upward. Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H2   
         (bottom). Tics are separated by 30 days.

Fig. 32: Salinity (S) and temperature time series from mooring H3.

Fig. 33: Times series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H3.

Fig. 34: Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H3.

Fig. 35: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H3. North is   
         upward.

Fig. 36: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H3. Tics separate   
         30 days intervals.

Fig. 37: In situ temperature times series from thermistor chain mooring H4. For 
         better readability individual temperature curves are shifted by -
         0.5ºC, the uppermost curve serves as reference. Only the current 
         meter on the top of the 200 m long thermistor chain recorded for the 
         total mooring deployment (top). The data storage capacity of the 
         thermistor chain below expired earlier. Gaps under the second curve 
         stand for two sensors without records. The lower gap represents an 
         additional sensor that failed. Temperature were adjusted to the 
         nearest CTD station (see Table 6). Numbers on the right side 
         indicate sensor depths.

Fig. 38: Times series of the zonal (UC) and the meridional (VC) current 
         components together with the stick plot diagram (North is upward) from 
         mooring H4.

Fig. 39: Preliminary temperature time series from thermistor chain mooring H5. 
         Due to extreme bottom roughness at the sill of Hunter Channel depth 
         determinations of sensors are difficult. On the right side distances 
         from the bottom for individual sensors are displayed, which were 20 m 
         apart except for the top curve. This contains the temperature record 
         of the upper current meter. The data storage capacity of the 
         thermistor chain expired early. For better readability individual 
         temperature curves are shifted by -0.5ºC, the uppermost curve serves 
         as graphical reference. Gaps in the vertical stand for missing 
         records of defect sensors.

Fig. 40: Time series of zonal (UC) and meridional (VC) current components 
         together with stick plot diagrams (North is upward) from mooring H5. 
         The interrupt in the time series of the 4240 m level is caused by 
         technical problems of the used Aanderaa Current Meter.

Fig. 41: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H5. From the 
         upper level only the first sub-series (see Fig. 40) is shown. This 
         indicates 30 days intervals.

Fig. 42: Temperature (top) and auxiliary parameters of the Acoustic Doppler 
         Current Profiler on the top of mooring H6. Only the temperature time 
         series has been low-passed filtered.

Fig. 43: Time series of zonal current components (UC) at selected depths from 
         the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of the mooring H6. Bin 
         size was 8.7 m.

Fig. 44: Time series of meridional current components (VC) at selected depths 
         from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of mooring H6. Bin 
         size was 8.7 m.

Fig. 45: Uncorrected time series of vertical current components (W) at selected 
         depths as recorded by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of 
         mooring H6. Bin size was 8.7 m.

Fig. 46: Pseudo-pressure (PRESS) time series for the ADCP in mooring H6 as 
         inferred from the backscatter record (according to VIESBEK and 
         FISCHER, 1995). Below PRESS stick plot diagrams of ADCP current 
         vectors at selected depth above the top instrument (ADCP) of mooring 
         H6 is displayed. North is upward.

Fig. 47: Time series of pressure (top), salinity (S), and temperatures from   
         mooring H6. As before all time series were low-press filtered, except   
         for pressure.

Fig. 48: Time series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H6.

Fig. 49: Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H6.

Fig. 50: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H6. North is   
         upward.

Fig. 51: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H6. Tics indicate   
         30 days intervals.

Fig. 52: Time series of pressure (top), salinity (S), and temperatures from   
         mooring R at the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise. As before all   
         time series were low-pass filtered, except for pressure.

Fig. 53: Time series of zonal (UC) and meridional (VC) current components   
         together with stick plot diagrams (North is upward) from mooring R.

Fig. 54: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring R. Tics were   
         separated by 30 days.


5.3  NEAR SURFACE CIRCULATION FROM SATELLITE TRACKED DRIFTERS 
     (W. KRAUß)

During M 28/1 and M 29/2 a total of 30 satellite tracked buoys has been deployed 
in the central part of the South Atlantic in order to fill the gaps in the 
present pattern. Fig. 56 depicts the trajectories obtained until April 30, 1994. 
All deployments have been made from RV METEOR and RV POLARSTERN. After 
completion of the programme in 1995, mean values of the velocity field will be 
assimilated into a numerical model in order to simulate the 3-dimensional mean 
circulation of the South Atlantic.


Fig. 55: Performance of moored instruments in the Hunter Channel (H1-6) and on 
         the Rio Grande Rise (R).  Temperatures are represented by light beams, 
         current vectors by black beams.  Other parameters are displayed by dark 
         beams.  More information on the individual records contains Table 7. 
         Depths in {} indicate clearance from bottom.  V=vector, C=electrical 
         conductivity, T=temperature, p=pressure, ADCP=Acoustic Doppler Current 
         Profiler.

Fig. 56: Trajectories of the WOCE drifting buoy data set (status: April 30, 
         1994)


5.4  GEK OBSERVATIONS 
     (T. KNUTZ)

On both legs of M 28 the GEK system operated without any failure. The 
only area the GEK could not be used was the eastern shelf area of Africa 
because of missing clearance. The GEK data were sampled with 50 kHz. 
Averaged data were recorded every minute. Environmental data from the 
ship's data acquisition system DVS were available in two minute 
intervals.

There was a principal difference between both legs. On M 28/1 the time 
between two CTD stations was in the range of 1 to 3 hours. In contrast 
during M 28/2 long distances without interruptions could be used for 
continuous GEK operation. Before and after each station a GEK zero 
control had to be done. During this time no data for current 
interpretation could be recorded.

In a previous data interpretation the GEK data had been linked together 
with position and meteorological data from the ship's DVS system. A 
course plot including GEK signals proportional to ocean currents has 
been constructed for both legs (Figs. 57-59). The vectors plotted 
rectangular to the ship's heading are GEK signals in mV. The numbers at 
the vectors are mean values. The registered signals in the range from 
0.15 to 0.8 mV represent ocean currents in the range from 0.2 to 0.7 
m/s. An exact calculation of ocean currents from the GEK signal will be 
realized in a second step of interpretation.

The GEK signals shown in the plots are time averaged in dependence of 
the geographical scale of the plots. In addition to the GEK signals 
current arrows are plotted within Figs. 57-59. These current arrows were 
taken from the atlas, "Quarterly Surface Current Charts of the Atlantic 
Ocean" published by the Hydrographic Department of the Admirality 
(1945). The numbers at the butts of the arrows give the rate in miles 
per day representative for three month (February, March, April or May, 
June, July). 10 miles per day represents an averaged velocity of 0.2 
m/s. The averaged currents described by the arrows are in the same scale 
as the GEK signals. In all plots a good correlation between the GEK 
signals and global current field is given. Differences can be caused by 
local effects as sudden wind changes or superimposed eddy motion. In 
Fig. 57 no significant current rectangular to the ship's heading could 
be recorded. The shown GEK signals represent currents in the range of 
0.1 m/s. This is in good agreement with the global current in direction 
of the ship's course. In Fig. 58 is given a southern component by the 
0.8 mV signal in the eastern area and a northern current (0.5 mV) 
component in the western part of the course plot. The signals plotted in 
Fig. 59 give a good example for GEK measurements as frontal zone 
detection system. The measurements have been taken in the area of 
subtropical convergence (United States Naval Oceanographic Office 
(1955)) with high seasonal variability. The reversing current as 
described by the arrows could be registrated with high geographical 
resolution by the GEK system.

In the future data processing the GEK signals will be calculated with 
the earth magnetic field and compared with meteorological observations, 
ship drift, ADCP data and CTD measurements.


Fig. 57: GEK, 20 April -24 April 1994
Fig. 58: GEK, 27 April - 02 May 1994
Fig. 59: GEK, 20 May - 02 June 1994


5.5      BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND TAXONOMY ALONG 11°30'S
         (C. ZELCK, H.-CH. JOHN)

5.5.1    QUANTITATIVE DATA

5.5.1.1. GENERAL

Microscopic analysis was possible on board for 25 NEU upper net samples 
and 10 complete MCN stations from the Brazilian slope and adjacent 
oceanic area (see chapter 7.2.6). Analysis includes quantitative 
extraction of taxa Gammaridea and Hyperiidae, Hexapoda and fish, plus a 
qualitative record on the coarse taxonomic composition of the remaining 
plankton. The following chapters will exclusively focus on fish from the 
station sequence 169 - 189 (see Fig. 60). From these samples, the total 
catch of fish amounts to 3843 specimens, and a still insufficient 
identification of 79 taxa.


5.5.1.2    TAXONOMY

From this station sequence alone, larval forms of 4 taxa appear to be 
undescribed, further 10 taxa are known to science, but are new for the 
team and the larval collection of the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg. These 
species belong to the complex of coastal (neritic) species, which are 
extremely difficult to identify. It is anticipated that further analysis 
might yield additional taxonomic findings.


5.5.1.3    CROSS-SLOPE ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS

5.5.1.3.1  ABUNDANCE PATTERNS

NEU and MCN samples provide conforming results, though there is very 
little overlap in the species composition obtained by each sampler 
(Scaridae type 1, parrot fish, making the only notable exception), and 
NEU samples are notorious for their diurnal changes in species 
composition (HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 1972), and catch per unit of effort 
(cpue).

Oceanic NEU samples yielded the typical pattern of higher daytime cpue 
(Fig. 61a; compare LOPES and JOHN, 1986, and literature therein), with 
prevailing beloniform taxa (flying fishes Oxyporhamphus micropterus and 
several species of Exocoetidae).  Upper slope and shelf stations off 
northeast Brazil might prove to differ in diurnal periodicity and lacked 
the typical oceanic nighttime species of family Myctophidae (Myctophum 
nitidulum, M. affine, Centrobranchus nigroocellatus). However, the 
latter micronektonic groups showed low abundances in off-shore waters, 
too. From NEU samples as well as MCN (Fig. 61b, columns divided into 
cpue per stratum) it becomes apparent that upper slope waters (Sta. 169 
- 174) yielded much higher cpue than open ocean waters.


Fig. 60: The location of ship station nos. 165 - 189.  The consecutive series 
         are Sta. 169 (coastal) to 189 (off-shore) discussed in text.

Fig. 61: Abundance values of fish larvae and numbers of species identified.
         Top (61a): Neustonic fish.  The shading of columns represents light 
         conditions during catch. Middle (61b): MCN fish larvae per step, upper 
         part of column (light) indicating upper 25 m, and lowest part (dark) 
         150 - 200 m.  Sta. 169 is biased to low values Bottom (61c): Number of 
         species per station in MCN (squares) and NEU (triangles).  MCN Sta. 
         169 may be an underestimate.


5.5.1.3.2  DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION

A similar relation is revealed by the number of species identified (the 
MCN-values are likely to be underestimates due to identification 
problems) shown in Fig. 61c, neritic ecosystems being more diverse than 
oceanic ones. The neustonic realm is, due to its environmental stress, a 
habitat suited only for especially adapted organisms (HEMPEL and 
WEIKERT, 1972), and has thus a lower diversity than the epipelagic and 
mesopelagic layer sampled by the MCN. It seems to be an advection- 
related ecological signal, that diversity in the MCN decreases further 
off-shore than in the NEU (see below).

A preliminary calculation of the percentages of neritic and oceanic 
species among total catch (Fig. 62) yields some differences between NEU 
and MCN. For NEU there is a sharp decline of oceanic species from Sta. 
178 - 176, while such a decline in MCN only amounts to some 20 % (there 
are less identification problems and consequently more precise values 
for oceanic elements). On the contrary, neritic species reach further 
off-shore in MCN samples than NEU samples (the entire neritic curve in 
Fig. 62b is likely to increase by some 20 % after better taxonomic 
analysis and inclusion of less conspicuous elements into the group).

The boundary between the neritic and oceanic regime was much sharper and 
closer to the shore than found for the South Brazil Current, but there 
too oceanic elements are found in shelf waters (compare ANDRES et al., 
1992; ZELCK, 1993).

It is furthermore noteworthy, that species like tropical oceanic-
ubiquitous Diogenichthys atlanticus or Vinciguerria nimbaria were 
expected, but in fact proved absent or rare off Brazil (and somewhat 
deeper than in the NE Atlantic). On the other hand, catches of Sudis 
atrox, Evermanella or tuna exceeded by far previous catches.


5.5.1.3.3  VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION FOR CROSS-SLOPE ZONATIONS

An overall relative vertical distribution of fish larvae is given in 
Fig. 63.  Generally some 50 % of all larvae were caught in the upper 50 
m, and almost consistently some 80 % were contributed in the upper 100 m 
(Sta. 169 is an exception and biased as only half the bottom depth was 
sampled due to opening-closing problems).

As for the defined station sequence so far only about half of the 
samples with vertical resolution could be sorted, a detailed analysis on 
species level and differing individual depth preferences was hardly 
feasible. Differing vertical patterns are exemplified by species 
Scaridae type I, having an extended-shallow pattern (Fig. 64), and an 
oceanic deep group. Scaridae I occurred also in NEU samples seawards up 
to Sta. 175. However, in the MCN this species was encountered regularly 
up to and including Sta. 180, and with a shift towards deeper 
occurrences there. As we have a general pattern of a more restricted 
coastal regime in the NEU than in the MCN, we presume that off-shore 
displacement of surface plankton is restricted by the westward flowing 
South Equatorial Current, while at mid-depths an eastward transport (by 
a South Equatorial Undercurrent?) apparently takes place to some 120 
n.m. from the shelf edge. Nevertheless, considerable advection of 
oceanic species also occurred up to the shelf edge (Fig. 62), and 
perhaps at depths of between 50 and 200 m (Fig. 64) by along-slope 
currents.

Fig. 62: The relative percentages of neritic (triangles) respectively oceanic 
         species (circles) among total catch of NEU (top) and MCN (bottom). 
         MCN-neritic values may be underestimate.

Fig. 63: The relative vertical distribution of total fish larvae in MCN-catches 
         (shadings as for Fig. 61b).

Fig. 64: The relative vertical distributions of oceanic-deep species group 
         Alepisauroidei (left-hand, 7 hauls and 145 specimens) and coastal, 
         extended-shallow species Scaridae I (right-hand, 4 hauls and 300 
         specimens).  The interrupted lines connect median values.


5.5.2    THE PLANKTON MATERIAL FROM THE CENTRAL ATLANTIC TO ANGOLA:
         FINDINGS, HINTS AND EXPECTATIONS

5.5.2.1  GENERAL

It was impossible to microscopically analyze any further plankton 
sample. All following statements are based on macroscopical 
investigation during preservation of the sample, though some individual 
species or specimens in question had been picked out for closer 
identification under the microscope. Any numerical estimates may become 
void after microscopical analysis of larval numbers. Hoping that the 
team can be maintained as it is, a thorough analysis of the entire, huge 
load of material will take about four years. The priority to work from 
the Brazilian coast eastwards was set a long time ago.


5.5.2.2 PLANKTON BIOMASS VOLUMES AND MICRONEKTON NUMBERS

As already stated for Brazil, from Sta. 189 onwards and until having 
crossed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, plankton biomass and numbers of adult 
Myctophidae remained at a comparatively low level. Myctophids were 
mainly "slendertails" and Myctophum affine, considered by us as typical 
for the low productive central gyre zones.

Immediately after crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, both values increased 
distinctly. Checking regularly adult Myctophidae (following a request of 
myctophid taxonomists demanding Lepidophanes specimens), we were able to 
identify and deep freeze 4 L. guentheri immediately after catch for 
genetical analysis (Sta. 242 and 247). These specimens were transferred 
from board directly to P.A. Hulley in Cape Town. Other Myctophidae (e.g. 
Diaphus sp.) were often identified to generic level only, as there was 
not enough time (and literature) for thorough identification.

Somewhat down current of the Dampier/Cardno Seamount group we caught a 
tiny but adult dragonet (Callionymidae, Sta. 218, 200 - 150 m). Though 
not acquainted with this complex and difficult family, it might prove to 
become a new species. At Sta. 257 a beautiful larva of Loweina rara made 
a nice addition to our existing series of smaller larvae of this 
species, an amended description is in progress.

In the samples adjacent to the mentioned seamounts, plankton biomass and 
numbers of micronekton increased furthermore. Apparently this was less a 
seamount effect than a general East Atlantic feature, as both values 
remained high towards the slope of Angola. We estimated both figures to 
be two orders of magnitude higher than in the Brazilian off-shore area, 
sometimes we had problems to hose down the plankton in the nets. Sta. 
264 yielded high numbers of transforming V. nimbaria and will perhaps 
reveal even higher larval numbers. While high numbers of myctophids 
occurred until the very last and shallow station (Sta. 290) above the 
Angola shelf edge, plankton volumes decreased distinctly at stations 289 
and 290. Angolan ichthyoplankton obtained a neritic characteristic 
(larvae of Serranidae, Scorpaenidae and Carangidae becoming abundant) 
from Sta. 285 onwards. These stations seemed to differ also in vertical 
distribution, as plankton biomasses decreased sharply below 50 in depth, 
conforming with sharp density gradients below 30 m.


5.5.2.3 THE JUVENILE LIFE STAGE OF BATHYLAGUS ARGYROGASTER

Exciting results yielded Sta. 283. The MCN caught 3 juvenile specimens 
of Bathylagus argyrogaster (deep-sea smelt) at depths 150 - 100 m, 50 - 
25 m, and 25 - 0 m. They were coloured unlike larvae or adults, but like 
typical epipelagic species, with blue dorsum and silver ventral side. 
According to literature the dorsal colour of adults is black or brown 
(BLACHE, 1964; NORMAN, 1930). The species is generally considered to be 
endemic of the Gulf of Guinea and bathypelagic (BLACHE, 1964), but 
KOBYLYANSKIY (1985) stated a mesopelagic range. BLACHE (1964) provided 
evidence that juveniles might have a shallower distribution than adults.  
Larvae have been described on the basis of METEOR material (HERMES and 
OLIVAR, 1987), and are known to be swept with the NE Atlantic Upwelling 
Undercurrent up to Cape Blanc. Three larvae have been reported from off 
Namibia (HERMES and OLIVAR, 1987), and at least one additional larger 
South Atlantic larva was caught now at M 28, Sta. 283. In the mean time 
we learned, that larvae are stenobathic 60 - 90 in, and follow 
deflections of the undercurrent caused by gyres like the Guinea Dome or 
the Mauritanian Central Gyre (own, unpublished data). We think this new 
finding might be connected with the Angola Dome plus the southward 
undercurrent, and it will shed new light upon a previously unknown 
epipelagic life stage of this otherwise deep-sea species.


5.6  ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY ALONG 11°30S   
     (J. BRINKMANN, G. SCHEBESKE)

Although needed for a better understanding of the atmosphere as well as 
input information for different theoretical models (for example on cloud 
formation and radiation balance) the amount of data on marine aerosol is 
very crude.

During M 28/1 measurements of different physical and chemical properties 
of the marine atmosphere have been carried out. Furthermore 
investigations of the oceanic surface layer had been made. These 
measurements have to be seen in comparison to previous measurements made 
during the last few years in other areas of the Atlantic Ocean.

As we did not have any permission to work within the 200 sm-zone off-
shore from the Brazilian coast our measurements began on April 6, after 
having left that zone and were finished on May 6, near the Angolan 
coast.

The preliminary conclusions are described below:

1  Two optical particle counters in combination with a diffusion box and two 
   impactors were used to measure the number size distribution of the marine 
   aerosol particles in the size range of 0.002 micrometer to about 50 
   micrometer radius.  Initial results show relatively homogeneous 
   concentrations during most of the time of the cruise. First investigations of 
   our data in the lower particle size range are shown in Fig. 65. The spectrum 
   is an average of all the measurements done during the cruise in that 
   particular range of particle size. In correspondence with the model 
   distribution of marine aerosole (JAENICKE, 1987) the spectrum is of bimodal 
   nature. The absolute values of our mean size distribution have to be 
   validated in further tests. However, the shift of both of the models seems to 
   be of special interest. This phenomenon will be investigated in detail in 
   future examination of our data.

   The particles in the super micrometer range show a clear diel behaviour with 
   higher concentrations during the night.

   A noticeable increase in the concentrations measured next to the coast took 
   place very late, i.e. about 500 km off-shore, which is probably due to the 
   southerly winds next to the African coast. We also observed a slight rise in 
   the aerosol particle concentration while crossing the shipping route South 
   Africa - Europe.

   Besides these effects we also found an increase in the concentration in the 
   upper size range of the particles from April 27 to April 28. Comparing Fig. 
   66a and 66b it can be seen that there had been a doubling of particle 
   concentration in both of the two channels measuring the bigger particles 
   while the channel counting the small ones remained indicating a relatively 
   constant number concentration. This effect took place when we had a slight 
   change in the weather conditions: The sky became more cloudy, the wind 
   strengthened. So reasons might be the minor convection and an enhanced 
   production of big particles due to the wind. Examinations of the filter 
   samples will give more information of the nature of these additional 
   particles.

2  Soot is a very effective absorber and thus of great importance for the 
   radiation balance of the atmosphere. Nevertheless the amount of particulate 
   carbon in an unpolluted area is poorly known, although recently some 
   measurements have been made. We measured articulate carbon measured in 
   various ways. Different sets of filters will be analyzed with optical and 
   pyrolytic methods in order to get some information on the total and the black 
   carbon. First investigations of the deposits on the filters, i.e. the degree 
   of greyish-ness, showed an obvious dependence from the distance to the coast. 
   The filters will also be used to compare the different analytical methods 
   because up to now there is no standardized procedure for determining 
   particulate carbon in the atmosphere.

3  During the period given above we sampled aerosol particles daily in three 
   size classes by means of two different impactors. These specimens will be 
   analyzed by energy dispersive

   X-ray analysis and a protein dye technique in order to determine the amount 
   of biological or biologically contaminated particles. The analysis can not be 
   done on board in detail but, as expected, the relative amount of soil derived 
   particles seems to be distinctly higher in front of the Angolan coast than in 
   the middle of the South Atlantic.

   Analogous investigations had been made with samples got on two previous 
   cruises showing differing results. At the moment we cannot explain this 
   behaviour but hopefully these new measurements give some further information. 
   The differences might be due to dimethylsulfide.

4  Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is unstable in air and oxidizes to sulfate to form 
   particles. So it is of some interest to correlate DMS with the total particle 
   concentration as well as with the particles of biological origin. DMS in air 
   has been sampled and analyzed automatically. During the cruise 1400 samples 
   have been analyzed. The concentration was between 150 ng and 400 ng per cubic 
   meter air. It was found a slight increase in the concentration while 
   approaching the African coast. The diurnal course of DMS with an afternoon 
   minimum could be confirmed.

5  DMS in ocean water was sampled by means of a membrane pump four times a day 
   at 00, 06, 12, and 18 local time. All together 120 samples were analyzed. The 
   water contained between 120 ng and 480 ng DMS per liter. We also found a 
   slight increase while getting closer to the Angolan coast.

6  The above mentioned samples had been analyzed for chlorophyll and 
   phaeophytin, too. Because there had been no way to calibrate the measurements 
   on board the absolute amounts can not given here but will follow. An increase 
   of the measured signal of chlorophyll concentration in oceanic water 
   increased parallel with the atmospheric DMS.


Fig. 65: Marine aerosole; number size distribution of aerosol particles; 
         symboles: Mean distribution, measured during M 28/1, South Atlantic; 
         solid line: Model distribution, calculated by means of the parameters 
         and equations given in JAENICKE, 1987.

Fig. 66: Number concentration of aerosol particles in different size ranges, 10 
         min. means, measured during M 28/1;
         a) April 27, 1994;
         b) April 28, 1994.


5.7  RADIATIVE PHYSICS 
     (W. EMERY, M. SUAREZ)

The world's ocean serve as an vast reservoir of heat in the 
ocean/atmosphere engine.  For this reason, it is impossible to 
accurately model global climate without first understanding the heat 
exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Since the advent of weather 
satellites, scientists have been allowed to gather data from around the 
world in a matter of hours or days. One of the key quantities measured 
in this fashion is global sea surface temperature (SST).

In the past, satellite radiometric measurements have been calibrated 
using SST measurements taken from drifting buoys or ships which is not 
physically correct.  These methods measure the temperature of the 
seawater at a depth of a meter or more, that is, bulk temperature. 
Satellites, however, only measure the radiation emitted from the upper 
few microns, or skin temperature. Due to the latent heat released by 
evaporation, sensible heat and the net long wave radiative emission, the 
skin temperature is generally cooler than the bulk temperature. It is 
possible though, during periods of high wind or strong solar insulation, 
that the skin may be of the same or higher temperature than the water 
below. The difference between the bulk and skin temperatures can 
occasionally be as large as 1°C or more (SCHLUESSEL et al., 1990; WICK 
et al., 1992). While this difference may seem negligible, ROBINSON et 
al. (1984) suggests that an accuracy of 0.2°C is necessary for satellite 
measurements to be useful in global climate prediction. For this reason 
a more accurate, radiometric method of sea surface temperature 
calibration has been developed.

As part of M 28/2 we employed a prototype multi-channel infrared sea-
truth calibration radiometer (MISTRC) designed and built by OPHIR Corp., 
Littleton, Colorado. The experimental set up was patterned after a 
system developed by scientists in Hamburg and Kiel, Germany. Key aspects 
of the system include a bucket of continuously circulating ocean water 
which serves as a continuous calibration reference, and that the 
radiometer views the ocean at approximately the Brewster angle in order 
to minimize reflected radiation.

The radiometer has two independent optical trains, one operating in the 
short wave infrared (IR) and one operating in the thermal IR. The short 
wave head has filters at 3.7 and 4.0 µm and additional vertically 
polarized filters to further suppress the effects of reflected 
radiation. In the long wave region, the MISTRC has filters at 10.8 and 
11.8 µm which are closer to the standard Barnes PRT-5 and Heimann KT-19 
radiometers. These wave lengths are also similar to those on the 
advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) flying on the NOAA 
satellites and the along track scanning radiometer (ATSR) flying aboard 
ERS-1.

In addition to using the radiometric SST measurements to calibrate space 
borne radiometers, these measurements also give the opportunity to study 
the bulk-skin temperature difference. By understanding this difference, 
it may be possible to determine the bulk temperature from satellite 
measured skin temperature, or alternately to predict the temperatures 
calculated from satellites based on bulk measurements.

In order to help better our understanding of the temperature difference 
and the heat fluxes involved, an entire suite of atmospheric, 
oceanographic and radiometric measurements are taken. Atmospheric 
variables include dry and wet bulb temperature, pressure and surface 
wind as well as the profiles taken by radiosonde balloons. The primary 
oceanographic variable used is the bulk temperature from the hull 
mounted sensors and the thermosalinograph, however salinity and 
temperature profiles are also taken for their importance in upper ocean 
stability. Upward looking pyranometers and pyrgeometers are used to 
measure the down-welling solar and terrestrial irradiance.

Preliminary results from the first eight days of system operation are 
shown in Figs. 67-70 in the form of four bi-daily time series plots. The 
Julian day, 138 corresponds to May 18, 1994 and so forth. On each page, 
the top plot is of the bulk-skin temperature deviation using the short 
wave polarized radiometer channels, the middle plot is of surface wind 
speed and the bottom plot is of down-welling solar irradiance.

Important things to note are that the surface temperature deviation is 
generally positive, that is, the skin temperature is cooler than the 
bulk temperature. Also note that this difference changes sign (i.e., a 
warm skin) during periods of intense insulation. A notable exception to 
the latter is at the beginning of Julian day 141, May 21, when the 
temperature deviation dips below zero shortly after midnight.  This dip 
corresponds with a large wind event which may have disturbed the skin 
layer. Whether this was, in fact, the case or whether the wind simply 
caused an inaccuracy in the calibration is difficult to say, but this 
behavior is not typical.  Towards the end of day 144, May 24, the data 
begins to behave poorly. This was approximately the time we began having 
mechanical and electrical problems with our data.


Fig. 67: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
         temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
         channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
         speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

Fig. 68: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
         temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
         channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
         speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

Fig. 69: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
         temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
         channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
         speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.

Fig. 70: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin 
         temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer 
         channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind 
         speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance.


For the last two weeks of M 28/2, the preliminary results of our data do 
not look good. Unfortunately, this is often the case with prototypical 
instruments. Our radiometer is currently back home at OPHIR for post-
cruise inspection and recalibration. It is hoped that with the help of 
the scientists and technicians at OPHIR we may be able to salvage data 
from the final two weeks. It should be duly noted that this was the 
second experiment using the MISTRC radiometer and on its first voyage it 
performed flawlessly. Every time radiometric SST measurements are made, 
it adds to the wealth of knowledge about bulk-skin temperature deviation 
and improves the foundation for further research.

5.8  MARINE GEOLOGY 
     (R. CORDES, J. FUNK)

Sediment and water samples have been taken during the M28/2 (see chapter 
7.2.7) on a section across the subtropical South Atlantic (Angola Basin, 
Brazil Basin, Hunter Channel and Argentine Basin).

On 22 stations a minicorer was used to sample the sediment surface. The 
corer (Fig. 71) works similar to the multicorer which was successfully 
used on a number of cruises before. The minicorer, however, only has 
four tubes and is of low weight so that it is possible to use it below a 
CTD probe. The big advantage is only to need a few minutes extra time 
per station to get a deep water profile in combination with sediment 
samples from the uppermost 10 - 30 cm of the underlying sediments at the 
same time.

The aim of the geological sampling during leg 2 was to obtain core 
material and water samples for paleo-oceanographic studies from the last 
glacial to recent times.  The studies are carried out within the 
framework of the "Sonderforschungsbereich 261" at the Department of 
Geosciences of the University of Bremen.

On the water samples, stable oxygen isotopes, isotope composition of 
…CO2 and nutrients will be measured to improve the GEOSECS-data set 
(Geochemical Ocean Section Study) of the Atlantic and to investigate the 
relationship between nutrients and the 12C/13C-ratio.


Fig. 71: Scheme of the minicorer. It is fixed by a 10 in rope below the rosette. 
         As the outrigger of the main crane is not high enough, it has to be 
         fixed to an auxiliary crane by an additional rope. It is brought out 
         before the rosette, the auxiliary rope is unhooked and fixed to the 
         rosette as soon as the 10 m main rope comes tight. It is recovered the 
         reversed way. Bringing out and recovering the rosette with the 
         minicorer using the auxiliary crane takes about 10 minutes additional 
         time per sampling station compared to the rosette without minicorer.


5.8.1  SEDIMENT SAMPLING

The four tubes of the minicorer were sampled as follows: First tube: The 
uppermost 5 cm were cut in 1 cm thick slices, which were filled in 
Kautex-bottles and than preserved with Rose Bengal. Below that depth 
each 5 cm a one 1 cm thick slice was taken and filled up unpreserved. 
These samples will be used to determine the foraminiferal assemblage and 
the stable oxygen and carbon isotope-composition of the foraminifera.

Second tube: These samples were completely frozen up. Diatom and 
radiolaria assembleges will be studied on the sediment.

Third tube: Here also the uppermost 5 cm were cut in 1 cm slices. Each 
was filled into a petridish and then frozen to -20°C. The C/N-ratio of 
the organic material will be measured on these samples.

Fourth tube: This tube was completely frozen for the archives.


5.8.2 WATER SAMPLING

The water samples were taken with a CTD-rosette including 24 Niskin 
bottles (10 l) which were closed at different water depths.

All water samples will be analyzed for the stable oxygen isotopes 
composition of the water and 13C/12C -ratio of the total-CO2. Besides 
measurements of nutrients are planned, to study the coupling between the 
13C/12C-ratio of the total-CO2 and the nutrients.

For the measurement of 13C/12C-ratio the water was carefully filled into 
250 ml glass bottles to avoid contamination with air, and immediately 
poisoned with 1 ml of a saturated HgCl2 solution. Later the bottle was 
sealed air tight with wax and stored in the cooling storage at 4°C. The 
samples for the measurement 18O/16O-ratio were prepared in the same way 
but were not poisoned. Both samples were returned to the laboratory at 
the Department of Geosciences at Bremen for further preparation.

Samples for nutrient measurements were taken twice from each depth to 
test different preservation methods. The water was filled into 10 ml 
scintillation bowls. One series was frozen to -20°C the other one was 
poisoned with HgCl2 and stored at 4°C.  Both series were returned to the 
Department of Geosciences at Bremen and will be analyzed there.


5.9    ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 
       (R. RIEGER, M. SCHNEIDER, K. BALLSCHMITER)

5.9.1  COMPOUNDS OF INTEREST

Chlorinated paraffins (CP) are known as complex mixtures of 
polychlorinated n- alkanes, which are characterized by the chain length 
of the food stocks and the grade of chlorination. These compounds are 
synthesized in industrial scale (100000 t/year Europe) for various 
products, i.e. lubricants, plasticizers and fire retardants. Thus a 
significant input into the environment occurs. Due to the high stability 
of CP under environmental conditions they are not biodegradable but 
persistent. Only less data is available about the global occurrence and 
distribution of CP. In sewage sludge of different European cities CP 
levels are known in the µg/kg range and in the ng/l range in the South 
Atlantic. This project aimed at the confirmation of the occurrence of CP 
in the marine environment of the South Atlantic. Furthermore a temporary 
change in the level and/or pattern of CP might be determined.

Alkyl nitrates are, besides the more investigated molecules ozone and 
peroxyacetyl nitrate, components of the photochemical smog. Their 
atmospheric occurrence is related to the photo oxidation of 
anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons and the steady increase in NOX 
emission. The atmospheric life times are in the range of some weeks and 
allow therefore a long range transport to the unpolluted marine 
troposphere. Only little information is available about levels and 
pattern of alkyl nitrates in the South Atlantic region in relation of 
anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbon sources. Due to the relative high 
hydrolytic resistance of alkyl nitrates samples of surface water and 
water from the micro layer have been taken to investigate the 
distribution to these compartments. The micro layer possesses in order 
to higher temperatures increased activity of marine micro organisms. 
Biotic transformation of alkyl nitrates could be possibly seen by 
determining the enantiomeric ratios of chiral alkyl nitrates.

Furthermore the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been analyzed as 
well as which serve as trace components.


5.9.2    SAMPLING METHODS

5.9.2.1  SAMPLING OF SURFACE SEAWATER

For sampling of surface seawater a solid phase extraction technique was 
employed which enables sampling of volumes up to 1000 liters. Surface 
seawater was provided by a bulk water inlet at the bow of the ship, two 
meters below the sea surface, and was served directly by a water tap in 
the laboratory. The seawater sampling apparatus consisted of two glass 
cartridges with a volume of 200 ml which were connected to the seawater 
tap. For solid phase extraction various polymeric materials are 
available which are appropriate to the sampling of the different 
molecules. Chlorinated paraffins were extracted on "Amberlite XAD-2", a 
cross- linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with slight polar 
properties suitable for sampling chlorinated paraffins showing the same 
attributes. Alkyl nitrates contain more polarity and therefore 
"Amberlite XAD-7", an acryl ester polymer with medium polarity, has to 
be used.

The cartridges were packed with 90 g of XAD-2 or XAD-7 respectively, 
conditioned with 4 liters of seawater and spiked for quantification with 
internal standards (1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloro propane, epsilon-
hexachloro cyclo-hexane and tetrachloro naphthalene). A flow rate of 
approximately 400 ml per minute lead to sampling volumes of 300 to 550 
liters which were determined by a water gauge. The first cartridge 
performs the sampling part, while the second should indicate the break 
through of the compounds. To exclude any contamination of the ship, no 
water samples were taken during stops. The essential blank tests were 
also carried out by performing the same procedures with an XAD cartridge 
(filling, conditioning, spiking with internal standard) except sampling, 
Chapter 7.2.8 and 7.2.9 schedules the sampling positions, dates and 
volumes for precise sample characterization.


5.9.2.2  SAMPLING OF SURFACE MICRO LAYER

The surface micro layer is known for its ability to concentrate natural 
and man-made compounds, like hydrocarbons or pesticides, compared to the 
bulk water below the surface. The thickness of the sampled micro layer 
is about 30 µm. Several methods of sampling this particular layer were 
developed. In this study a simple screen technique (GARRET, 1965) was 
used. A rectangular steel framed screen (16-mesh) is lowered vertically 
into the water, oriented horizontally and raised through the micro layer 
yielding app. 50 ml of film water which is drained through an outlet 
tubing. Sampling was carried out on weather side of a rubber raft which 
cruised at least 100 m away from the vessel to minimize any 
contamination. A four liter sample was taken at every site which was 
extracted twice by a liquid phase extraction with 50 ml hexane 
(nanograde) using a high speed stirring device. In total 12 samples of 
micro layer were taken at 11 sampling sites (chapter 7.2.10).


5.9.2.3 HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLING

High volume air sampling was performed using two High Volume Samplers 
(Ströhlein), which were placed on the upper deck of the ship.

Air is sucked through an adsorbent bed where the components of interest 
are trapped.  Activated silica gel or a mixture of charcoal and silica 
gel were used for the sampling of CP. In case of alkyl nitrate sampling 
silica gel covered with 10% ethylene glycol is known to be effective. 
The volume of a single air sample ranged from 300 -1200 m3. After 
sampling the material was sealed in glass flasks to avoid any 
contamination. Sampling efficiency is controlled by internal standard 
compounds, which are spiked in a well known amount. In total 44 air 
samples has been taken. Chapter 7.2.11 outlines the specific sampling 
data of the individual air samples.


5.9.2.4 LOW VOLUME SAMPLING

The above described high volume sampling technique is only useful in the 
investigation of low volatile compounds such as chlorinated paraffins 
and alkyl nitrates with at least eight carbon atoms. Alkyl nitrates 
smaller than octyl nitrates cannot be retained quantitatively on the 
silica gel bed if amounts of approximately 300,000 liters of air are 
sampled. This is due to a general decrease in the break through volume 
with increasing volatility of the different compounds.  The volatilities 
of methyl nitrate (C-1) up to heptyl nitrates (C-7) are in the range of 
dichloro methane and tetrachloro ethanes respectively. Low volume 
sampling technique of these compounds on a Tenax adsorption phase 
(phenylether polymer) is useful. The Tenax adsorption bed is packed in 
glass tubes (length 15 cm, inner diameter 0.4 mm). To avoid 
contamination during the transport and storage before sampling, the 
tubes were sealed by melting them in a second glass tube. On sampling 
date the outer tube is cracked with a glass cutter and the sampling tube 
is connected to a small air sampling pump. Diurnal volumes of 30 - 70 
liters of air have been taken (see chapter 7.2.12). Air volumes were 
directly measured by connecting the outlet of the sampling pump with a 
gas counter. After sampling the tubes have been immediately resealed. 
The sampling efficiency can be proved, because most samples are taken 
using two Tenax glass tubes in a row. The first tube represents the 
sample while the second will show a possible break through. Moreover 
blanks of this sampling technique will be checked. Therefore two Tenax 
tubes were opened on the ship and sealed afterwards without sampling. On 
M 28/2 twenty one low volume air samples have been taken. Explicit 
sample characterization (position, date, volumes) is depicted in chapter 
7.2.12. Sampling locations are displayed in Fig. 72.


Fig. 72: Locations of environmental chemistry samples


5.9.3  ANALYTICAL METHODS

All samples were spiked with internal standards, sealed and carried to 
Germany. Organic trace analysis requires high sensitive instrumentation 
(e.g. mass spectrometer) and the exclusion of any sample contamination. 
Several control samples (blanks) document the background level. Thus 
sample preparation and analysis were not carried out on METEOR but at 
the University of Ulm under controlled background conditions (clean 
benches).

In cases of High Volume Air Sampling and Surface Seawater Sampling the 
adsorbents are eluted by organic solvents, cleaned-up and concentrated 
to a volume of 100 - 500 µl prior to analytical measurement. For 
analysis high resolution gas chromatography with electron capture 
detection (HRGC-ECD) and mass selective detection (HRGC-MSD) were 
applied. The sensitive detection of CP in negative chemical ionization 
mass spectrometry (NCI-MS) opens a classification into short-chain, 
intermediate and long-chain CP which gives more detailed information 
about the composition of a particular CP mixture.

Analysis of alkyl nitrates in high volume air samples required high pre- 
concentration of the eluted samples. A new liquid chromatographic 
separation procedure has been developed using silica gel with defined 
activity and chromatographic solvent fractions of different polarity. 
This improved the detection limit by the separation of disturbing 
components before gas chromatographic analysis.

The low volume air samples are analyzed using gas chromatographic 
separation with electron capture detection (ECD). The adsorbed molecules 
are not eluted from the Tenax material with a solvent. Due to their high 
volatility the glass tube is directly fitted into a special injector 
port of the gas chromatograph. Thermal desorption is carried out by 
heating the glass tube quickly up to 250°C. At the entrance of the 
chromatographic column the desorbed molecules are cold trapped with 
liquid nitrogen to enable a synchron starting of the separation. After 
separation, compound identification and quantification is carried out by 
comparison with reference compounds and internal calibration.


5.9.4    PRELIMINARY RESULTS

5.9.4.1  CHLORINATED PARAFFINS

Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all seawater samples and surface 
micro layer samples in ng/l concentrations, whereas in air samples CP 
were not detectable.

In seawater the total CP concentration varied between 0.5 ng/l and 10 
ng/l. Short- chain CP ranged from 0.1 ng/l to 4.8 ng/l at a limit of 
quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 ng/l. Levels of intermediate CP were between 
0.5 ng/l and 5.0 ng/l at a LOQ of 0.5 ng/l whereas long-chain CP were 
not detected at a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng/l (Fig. 73).

Acceptable recoveries of the internal standards and traces of short-
chain and intermediate CP in the break through samples document good 
sampling efficiencies.

The course of short-chain and intermediate CP levels displays a ground 
level in the low ng/l range. The increased levels of sample W3 
(21°S/0°E) and sample W11 (35°S/40°W) are effected by the South 
Equatorial Current and the Brazil Current gyre respectively. Sample W11 
is influenced by effluents from the Rio de La Plata which are 
transported north-easterly by the Brazil Current gyre.

The surface micro layer indicated total CP concentrations between 100 
and 650 ng/l.  Levels of short-chain CP ranged from 50 ng/l to 200 ng/l 
and intermediate CP from 75 to 500 ng/l at LOQ of 20 ng/l and 50 ng/l 
respectively (Fig. 74). Furthermore traces of long-chain CP were 
detected due to the effective accumulation of hydrophobic compounds by 
the micro layer which is in this case equivalent to a concentration 
factor of 100 compared with seawater. The course of CP levels in the 
micro layer is consistent to seawater and emphasizes the slightly 
increased levels at 15°W and 27°W. The ratio short-/intermediate CP 
however is different due to increased enrichment of more lipophilic 
intermediate and long-chain CP by the micro layer. Air samples of the 
lower troposphere were also investigated for chlorinated paraffins using 
the same analytical methods. At a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/m3 CP 
were not detected in any air sample. This fact is emphasized by 
calculating an expected concentration in air using the known seawater 
concentrations and the gas - water-distribution-coefficient (Kgw) 
derived from water solubility and vapor pressure. The expected 
concentrations in air are significantly below the limit of detection.

These data confirm the occurrence of short-chain, intermediate and long-
chain chlorinated paraffins in the hydrosphere of the South Atlantic 
ocean, which had been reported by KRAMER and BALLSCHMITER (1987), and 
document the global distribution of these anthropogenic compounds. These 
results also support the theory that chlorinated paraffins are mainly 
transported via hydrosphere primarily adsorbed on organic particulate 
matter rather than via atmosphere.


Fig. 73: Levels of chlorinated paraffin in surface seawater
Fig. 74: Levels of chlorinated paraffin in the micro layer


5.9.4.2  ALKYL NITRATES IN AIR SAMPLES

Alkyl nitrates could be analyzed on Tenax as well as in high volume 
samples. In case of the low volume samples we detected the spectrum of 
methyl nitrate (C1) up to C6-nitrates (2M3C5, 2M4C5, 3C6, 2C6). In IUPAC 
nomenclature the nitrate group is called "nitroxy" group. For peak 
labeling we used here a much more simpler and in case of mono-functional 
nitrates already conventional nomenclature. The longest alkyl chain is 
taken for the skeleton of the molecule (e.g. C7 means longest chain has 
seven C-atoms). In case of branched alkyl nitrates the alkyl side chains 
possess higher priorities than the nitroxy group, what implies that the 
alkyl side chains receive the smaller numbers. This is important because 
alkyl nitrates are formed via photo-oxidation from hydrocarbons and so 
the hydrocarbon skeletons can be compared. If the nitroxy group would 
have the higher priority same alkyl skeletons would be named different. 
A general example is 2,4M5C7 what indicates a heptyl chain with to 
methyl groups at the 2 and 4 position and the nitroxy group at the 5 
position.

Figure 75 depicts the separation of a 52.2 liter low volume air sample 
(LOW15) with high resolution gas chromatography and electron capture 
detection (HRGC-ECD) after thermal desorption from the Tenax material. 
The detected alkyl nitrate peaks are marked by asterisks and painted 
black. Beside the alkyl nitrates we determined high volatile halogenated 
hydrocarbons especially tetrachloro methane, tetrachloro ethylene and 
bromoform. Following table explains the abbreviations used in Figure 75 
for halogenated hydrocarbons.

            CH2BrCl        Bromo-chloro methane
            CHCl3          Chloroform
            111TCE         111-Trichloro ethane
            CC14           carbon tetrachloride
            Tri            Trichloro ethylene
            CHBrCl2        Bromo-dichloro methane
            Per            Tetrachloro ethylene
            CHBr2Cl        Dibromo-chloro methane
            CHBr3          Bromoform
            TCP (Int.St.)  123Trichloro propane (internal standard)
            PCE            Pentachloro ethane
            HCE            Hexachloro ethane

Nevertheless the sample includes several unknown components 
predominantly in the medium volatile region (C6 - C8 nitrates). In case 
of an immense increase in the complexity of possible branched alkyl 
nitrates, reference compounds have to be synthesized for further 
identification.

The analysis of the high volume samples required intense effort in pre-
separation before a possible gas chromatographic analysis of alkyl 
nitrates. Figure 76 exhibits an excellent high resolution gas 
chromatogram with mostly alkyl nitrates.  We detected alkyl nitrates 
from C-6 up to C-14 with the typical separation pattern deriving from 
the n-alkanes, e.g. all n-nonyl nitrates are present in their correct 
relative concentrations. We obtained a maximum at C-11 nitrates. 
Interpretation of this result is yet very difficult. Detailed results 
are potential if the separation technique of C-15 - C-25 alkyl nitrates 
can be improved.

It must be noted that Figure 76 only depicts a fraction of the high 
volume air sample. The whole air sample consists of a very complex 
composition. Gas chromatographic analysis without pre-separation would 
lead to no quantitative determination of alkyl nitrates. Furthermore we 
could prove that also the branched alkyl nitrates are present in this 
fraction. Hence, several of the unlabeled peaks should represent 
branched alkyl nitrates.

Alkyl nitrates are not commercially available, therefore nearly all 
compounds have to be synthesized and reference standards have to be 
prepared for quantitative analysis. First quantitative estimations can 
be made. The concentrations of high volatile alkyl nitrates (low volume 
sampling) range in the medium to upper pg/m3, while the long-chain alkyl 
nitrates are present in the lower pg/m3 region. The much higher 
concentrations of short-chain alkyl nitrates are conform with present 
results. Only high volume sampling makes the detection of long-chain 
alkyl nitrates possible, because it involves an enrichment factor of 
approximately 100 relative to the low volume sampling technique. Figure 
75 shows the whole low volume air sample (52.21), while Figure 76 
represents an aliquot of 5,800 l of the sampled 975,000 l air. These 
first results hint to further conclusions of global distribution or 
formation of alkyl nitrates in "unpolluted" air masses of the southern 
hemisphere.


Fig. 75: HRGC/ECD: Alkyl nitrates in a low volume air sample 
         (LOW 15; aliquot 52.2 1)


5.9.4.3 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB)

All seawater and micro layer samples were investigated for a set of 12 
PCB; congeners (PCB 28, PCB 49, PCB 52, PCB; 87, PCB; 101, PCB 110, PCB, 
118, PCB 138, PCB 149, PCB 151, PCB 153, PCB 180) which serve as trace 
components for environmental distribution effects.

The total PCB level as the sum of 12 congeners in the seawater ranged 
between 60 pg/l and 140 g/l which documents a very low background level 
in the South Atlantic.  However a significant elevated PCB burden was 
observed in sample W11 (35°S/40°W) due to the input from Rio de la Plata 
by the Brazil Current gyre. The micro layer again performs a 
concentration effect resulting in PCB; levels between 2,800 pg/l and 
5,000 pg/l. Slightly increased levels at 15°W and 27°W are consistent to 
CP levels at these positions (Figs. 77-78).

The composition of the PCB patterns in seawater and micro layer are very 
similar and correspond to a mixture of low chlorinated and high 
chlorinated technical PCB. The increase of highly chlorinated PCB 
congeners in sample W11 hints to an input from the hydrosphere (Rio de 
La Plata, Brazil Current gyre).

Furthermore other organohalogen compounds of anthropogenic and biogenic 
origin were also detected and are under further investigation.


Fig. 76: HRGC/ECD: Alkyl nitrates in a high volume air sample 
         (Lp2; aliquot 5,800 1)
Fig. 77: Level of total-12 PCB in surface seawater
Fig. 78: Level of total-12 PCB in surface micro layer


6    SHIP'S METEOROLOGICAL STATION (K. FLECHSENHAR)

6.1  WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 28/1

METEOR left the northeast Brazilian harbor Recife on March 29, 1994, 
steered south to southeastward doing station operations in coastal 
waters and reached the position 11°20S/34°W, which is the starting point 
of the projected WOCE section, on April 4.  From this position on it was 
to steer exactly east, doing all projected station operations on the 
same latitude. On April 4, the longitude 30°W was crossed.

Until April 9, METEOR sailed through the region of weak pressure 
gradients, which lies between the subtropical South Atlantic high 
centered at 28°S/5°W and the equatorial low pressure zone. The 
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC) was placed in the western Atlantic 
just north of the equator and curved eastward up to 15°N over Central 
Africa. Just south of the equator weak tropical disturbances moved 
westward, which could be noticed by some short showers near METEOR. Here 
weak easterly winds were dominating, height of swell 1.5 to 2 m.

From April 10 on, the eastsoutheasterly winds increased up to Bft 5, 
temporarily 6 at the northern parts of the above mentioned high, swell 2 
to -3 in. On April 13, 20°W and on April 19, 10°W was passed with east 
to southeast winds of 4 to 5 Bft and 2.5 m swell. On April 26, the 
Meridian 0 was crossed with southeast winds of 3 to 4 Bft and a long 
swell of about 3 in from the southeast. On May 2, METEOR passed the 
Meridian 10°E. Here the wind veered south to southwest and decreased, 
caused by a stationary low over the Congo Basin. The swell decreased to 
1 m. On May 4, 11°20 S was left at 13°E in the coastal waters of Angola 
for the first time. Until May 7, METEOR cruised near the coast of Angola 
doing station operations and then started her voyage down to Walvis Bay, 
Namibia. In the last part of the voyage the dominating cold up-welling 
waters caused fog and low clouds. The wind increased too. On May 11, 
METEOR moored in Walvis Bay.


6.2  WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 28/2

METEOR left the harbor of Walvis Bay, Namibia, on May 15, 1994, and 
sailed first to the position 21°S/10°W, where the station operations 
started. From this position on they steered west to southwest, doing all 
the projected station operations, and reached the Hunter Channel area 
(34°S/28°W) on May 27, where further station and mooring operations were 
done. Until May 25, the weather was fair, influenced by the stable 
subtropical South Atlantic high. But a steady 2 to 3 m high swell made 
the ship roll, specially at the stations, disturbing the participants 
and causing some lack of sleep. On May 25, a cyclogenetic process 
occurred near South Brazil, creating a storm centre, which moved 
eastsoutheast and caused winds Bft 6 to 7. After a rather calm period on 
May 28/29, another storm cyclone created in the same area, bringing gale 
Bft 9 with gusts of 11 to the heaving ship on May 30. From May 31 to the 
3rd of June, a high was dominating, so the search operations for a 
trifting sound-producer on May 31/June I could be done under good 
weather conditions, good sight and clear sky, but with a swell of 2 to 3 
m. On June 4, another storm cyclone approached from the Northwest, 
meeting METEOR at the position 33°S/27°W. After a while of high pressure 
influence with fair weather, METEOR reached the position 40°S/35°W on 
June 7. There the ship found itself at the edge of a large storm cyclone 
with centre between the Falkland Islands/Malvinas and the South Sandwich 
Islands. Here the wind increased to Bft 7 to 8, becoming 4 to 6 later, 
and the swell increased up to 4 m, causing heavy pitching and rolling. 
From June 6 on, the influence of a large high over Argentina was to be 
noticed by stable weather and a rather cool and steady southwest to west 
wind. This high moved gradually eastward. So from June 10 on, METEOR met 
winds (Bft 6 to 7) from ahead. On June 12, the wind became weak, on June 
13, they arrived at the Rio de la Plata with moderate winds from 
southeast to east and a rainy weather. On June 14, METEOR moored in 
Buenos Aires, Argentina.

7	LISTS

7.1	LEG M 28/1

7.1.1	LIST OF STATIONS

Station	Date		 Time	Device		Activity	Length		Speed	Winch	Latitude	Longitude
No.								of wire				
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Station # 164
		29.03.94 UTC-3	GEK		z/W, Schiff ADCP				08°07.5S	34°16.6W
			 17.30	(Kontinuierliches Messen mit ADCP; GEK - Messungen zwischen den einzelnen Stationen)		
Station # 165
			 23.12	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4648m		W 03	08°16.9S	33°28.0W
		30.03.94 01.52	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						08°16.5S	33°27.4W
			 02.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 991m			W 02	08°16.5S	33°27.4W
			 02.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						08°16.5S	33°27.4W
			 02.55	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		08°16.3S	33°27.3W
			 03.30	NEUSS		a/D						08°14.7S	33°26.2W
Station # 166
			 10.01	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m			W 02	08°19.9S	32°29.9W
			 10.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						08°20.0S	32°29.7W
			 11.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4800m		W 03	08°19.8S	32°29.9W
			 12.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						08°19.4S	32°29.8W
			 13.59	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		08°19.1S	32°29.7W
			 14.32	NEUSS		a/D						08°17.5S	32°29.4W
Station # 167
			 21.06	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4079m		W 03	09°15.1S	33°00.0W
			 23.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						09°14.8S	32°59.9W
			 23.58	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m			W 02	09°14.9S	33°00.0W
		31.03.94 00.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						09°14.9S	33°00.0W
			 00.58	MSN		z/W		SL 400m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	09°14.7S	32°59.9W
			 02.00	MSN		a/D						09°11.2S	32°59.6W
			 01.18	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		09°13.4S	32°59.8W
			 01.44	NEUSS		a/D						09°11.9S	32°59.7W
Station # 168
			 08.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m			W 02	10°15.1S	33°30.1W
			 09.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°15.1S	33°29.9W
			 10.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4801m		W 03	10°15.0S	33°30.0W
			 12.46	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°15.3S	33°29.3W
			 13.01	MSN		z/W		SL 70m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°14.9S	33°29.3W
			 13.22	MSN		a/D						10°14.1S	33°29.3W
			 13.04	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°14.8S	33°29.3W
			 13.36	NEUSS		a/D						10°13.6S	33°29.2W
			 14.07	MSN		z/W		SL 375m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°13.2S	33°28.8W
			 14.53	MSN		a/D						10°11.6S	33°28.3W
Wetter: SE 4 See 2 1012.7hPa c L 27.7°W 28.9
Station # 169
		01.04.94 14.22	CTD/R o/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 80m			W 02	10°03.6S	35°45.1W
			 14.29	CTD/R o/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°03.6S	35°45.0W
			 14.37	CTD/R o/WS	z/W		SL 187m			W 03	10°03.6S	35°44.9W
			 15.05	CTD/R o/WS	a/D						10°03.6S	35°44.9W
			 15.09	MSN		z/W		SL 127m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°03.5S	35°44.9W
			 15.30	MSN		a/D						10°02.8S	35°44.7W
			 15.12	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°03.3S	35°44.8W
			 15.42	NEUSS		a/D						10°02.2S	35°44.4W
Station # 170
			 16.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 499m			W 02	10°06.2S	35°42.5W
			 17.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°05.9S	35°42.4W
			 17.28	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 763m			W 03	10°06.2S	35°42.5W
			 18.51	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°05.1S	35°41.9W
			 18.58	MSN		z/W		SL 342m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°05.0S	35°41.8W
			 19.45	MSN		a/D						10°02.9S	35°41.2W
			 19.03	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°04.8S	35°41.8W
			 19.33	NEUSS		a/D						10°03.3S	35°41.4W
Station # 171
			 21.00	MSN		z/W		SL 280m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°12.7S	35°38.3W
			 21.42	MSN		a/D						10°11.0S	35°37.7W
			 21.04	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°12.8S	35°38.1W
			 21.33	NEUSS		a/D						10°11.4S	35°37.8W
			 22.03	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m			W 02	10°10.2S	35°36.9W
			 22.45	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°09.7S	35°36.5W
			 23.09	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2196m		W 03	10°10.2S	35°37.0W
		02.04.94 01.07	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°09.2S	35°36.0W
Station # 172
			 02.03	MSN		z/W		SL 331m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°15.8S	35°33.6W
			 02.50	MSN		a/D						10°14.0S	35°32.6W
			 02.10	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°15.4S	35°33.4W
			 02.50	NEUSS		a/D						10°14.0S	35°32.6W
			 03.04	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m		W 02	10°14.2S	35°32.5W
			 03.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°13.7S	35°32.0W
			 04.20	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2635m		W 03	10°14.2S	35°32.5W
			 07.06	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°12.5S	35°31.4W
Station # 173
			 08.08	MSN		z/W		SL 391m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°19.8S	35°27.0W
			 08.54	MSN		a/D						10°17.5S	35°26.6W
			 08.13	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°19.6S	35°27.0W
			 08.43	NEUSS		a/D						10°18.0S	35°26.8W
			 09.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m		W 02	10°18.0S	35°26.4W
			 10.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°17.1S	35°28.8W
			 10.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3036m		W 03	10°17.9S	35°26.5W
			 13.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°16.4S	35°26.0W
Station # 174
			 14.10	MSN		z/W		SL 358m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°24.7S	35°21.6W
			 14.58	MSN		a/D						10°22.8S	35°21.3W
			 14.17	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°24.3S	35°21.5W
			 14.49	NEUSS		a/D						10°22.8S	35°21.3W
			 15.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1008m		W 02	10°23.0S	35°20.0W
			 16.11	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°22.4S	35°19.8W	
			 16.36	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3294m		W 03	10°23.0S	35°20.0W
			 19.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°21.9S	35°19.7W
Station # 175
			 20.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m		W 02	10°28.2S	35°12.5W
			 21.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°27.6S	35°11.9W
			 22.12	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3713m		W 03	10°28.0S	35°12.6W
		03.04.94 00.47	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°26.7S	35°11.8W
			 00.51	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°26.5S	35°11.7W
			 01.24	NEUSS		a/D						10°25.0S	35°11.5W
Station # 176
			 02.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m		W 02	10°34.5S	35°04.0W
			 03.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°34.4S	35°03.6W
			 04.07	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3975m		W 02	10°34.5S	35°04.1W
			 06.56	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°33.4S	35°03.7W
			 07.00	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°33.1S	35°03.5W
			 07.33	NEUSS		a/D						10°31.8S	35°02.9W
Wetter: El 4 See 2 c 1013.OhPa L 27.6ø W 28.8ø
Station # 177
			 08.54	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1011m		W 02	10°39.9S	34°56.0W
			 09.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°39-6S	34°56.0W
			 10.11	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4051m		W 03	10°39.9S	34°56.0W
			 12.47	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°38.8S	34°55.8W
			 12.54	MSN		z/W		SL 446m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°38.5S	34°55.9W
			 13.46	MSN		a/D						10°36.6S	34°56.9W
			 12.57	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°38.4S	34°55.9W
			 13.27	NEUSS		a/D						10°37.1S	34°56.7W
Station # 178
			 15.34	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m		W 02	10°48.0S	34°44.5W
			 16.32	CTD/Ro/wS/ADCP	a/D						10°47.5S	34°44.5W
			 16.55	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4312m		W 03	10°47.2S	34°44.8W
			 19.38	CTD/Ro/WS							10°46.5S	34°45.0W
			 19.48	MSN		z/W		SL 420m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	10°46.1S	34°44.9W
			 20.35	MSN		a/D						10°43.9S	34°44.4W
			 19.51	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°46.0S	34°44.9W
			 20.23	NEUSS		a/D						10°44.5S	34°44.6W
Station # 179
			 22.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1005m		W 02	10°57.0S	34°30.9W
			 23.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						10°56.9S	34°30.9W
		04.04.94 00.02	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4468m		W 03	10°57.0S	34°30.9W
			 02.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						10°55.7S	34°30.6W
			 02.57	MSN		z/W		SL 522m	 V=2.3 Kn	w 09	10°55.5S	34°30.5W
			 03.51	MSN		a/D						10°53.1S	34°29.9W
			 02.59	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		10°55.4S	34°30.4W
			 03.32	NEUSS		a/D						10°53.8S	34°30.4W
Station # 180
			 06.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 644m			W 02	11°08.0S	34°11.0W
			 07.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°07.7S	34°10.9W
			 07.30	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4571m		W 03	11°07.6S	34°10.9W
			 10.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°06.3S	34°10.9W
			 10.22	MSN		z/W		SL 445m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°06.2S	34°10.8W
			 11.08	MSN		a/D						11°04.2S	34°09.7W
			 10.24	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°06.1S	34°10.7W
			 10.55	NEUSS		a/D						11°04.8S	34°10.0W
Wetter: El 1/2 See 0 b/c 1011.1hPa L 27.4ø W 28.9ø
Station # 181
			 13.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4618m		W 03	11°20.0S	34°00.0W
			 16.09	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.2S	34°00.5W
			 16.15	MSN		z/W		SL 466m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.0S	34°00.4W
			 17.14	MSN		a/D						11°16.7S	33°59.3W
			 16.18	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°18.9S	34°00.4W
			 16.51	NEUSS		a/D						11°17.6S	33°59.8W
			 21.01	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1511m			11°19.9S	34°00.0W
			 22.22	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.8S	34°00.0W
Station # 182
		05.04.94 01.20	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m			W 02	11°20.0S	33°30.0W
			 02.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	33°30.0W
			 02.16	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4980m		W 03	11°19.9S	33°30.0W
			 05.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.8S	33°29.9W
			 05.40	MSN		z/W		SL 453m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.6S	33°29.7W
			 06.35	MSN		a/D						11°17.1S	33°28.8W
			 05.42	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.5S	33°29.7W
			 06.15	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.0S	33°29.2W
Station # 183
			 09.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 992m			W 02	11°20.0S	32°59.9W
			 10.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	32°59.8W
			 10.27	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4766m		W 03	11°20.0S	32°59.8W
			 13.18	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	32°59.9W
			 13.22	MSN		z/W		SL 413m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.7S	32°59.8W
			 14.05	MSN		a/D						11°18.1S	32°58.8W
			 13.24	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.6S	32°59.8W
			 13.55	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.4S	32°59.1W
Station # 184
			 16.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4850m	W 02	11°20.0S	32°30.0W
			 18.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.7S	32°30.2W
			 18.05	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4889m WT 4884m	W 03	11°19.3S	32°30.3W
			 20.58	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°18.9S	32°30.3W
			 21.05	MSN		z/W		SL 458m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°18.6S	32°30.2W
			 21.57	MSN		a/D			 V=2.3 Kn		11°18.6S	32°30.1W
			 21.40	NEUSS		a/D						11°17.3S	32°29.4W
Station # 185
		06.04.94 00.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5060m	W 02	11°20.0S	32°00.0W
			 01.43	CTD/Ro/Ws/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	32°00.0W
			 01.47	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5067m WT 5060m	W 03	11°20.0S	32°00.0W
			 04.58	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	31°59.6W
			 05.05	MSN		z/W		SL 466m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	31°59.5W
			 06.05	MSN		a/D						11°17.3S	31°58.3W
			 05.07	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	31°59.4W
			 05.40	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.3S	31°58.8W
Station # 186
			 09.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5220m	W 02	11°20.0S	31°19.9W
			 10.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.7S	31°20.0W
			 10.49	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5256m WT 5220m	W 03	11°19.6S	31°20.0W
			 13.57	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.3S	31°20.0W
			 14.02	MSN		z/W		SL 459m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.1S	31°19.9W
			 14.54	MSN		a/D						11°17.2S	31°18.7W
			 14.02	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.1S	31°19.9W
			 14.36	NEUSS		a/D						11°17.9S	31°19.1W
Wetter: E'l 1/2 S 0 b/C 1010.6hPa L 27.1ø W 28.7ø
Station # 187
			 18.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m WT 5296m	W 02	11°20.0S	30°40.0W
			 20.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	30°40.0W
			 20.09	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5327m WT 5296m	W 03	11°20.0S	30°40.0W
			 23.05	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	30°40.0W
			 23.12	MSN		z/W		SL 474m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	30°39.8W
			 00.04	MSN		a/D						11°17.2S	30°39.5W
			 23.16	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	30°39.9W
			 23.46	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.1S	30°39.6W
Station # 188
		02.05.94 04.10	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m WT 5382m	W 02	11°20.0S	30°00.0W
			 05.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.1S	30°00.0W
			 05.32	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5412m WT 5382m	W 03	11°20.1S	29°59.9W
			 08.33	CTD/RO/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	29°59.9W
			 08.40	MSN		z/W		SL 491m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	29°59.9W
			 09.30	MSN		a/D						11°17.4S	30°00.0W
			 08.42	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	29°59.9W
			 09.14	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.1S	29°59.9W
Station # 189
			 13.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5480m	W 02	11°20.0S	29°20.0W
			 14.39	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	29°20.0W
			 14.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5460m WT 5429m	W 03	11°20.0S	29°20.0W
			 18.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.8S	29°19.8W
			 18.15	MSN		z/W		SL 532m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.3S	29°19.7W
			 19.17	MSN		a/D						11°16.2S	29°18.9W
			 18.17	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.2S	29°19.6W
			 18.48	NEUSS		a/D						11°17.6S	29°19.3W
Station # 190	UTC-2							
		08.04.94 02.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 5467m	W 02	11°19.9S	28°40.0W
			 01.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	28°39.9W
			 03.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5503m WT 5520m	W 03	11°19.9S	28°39.9W
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	28°39.8W
			 04.07	MSN		z/W		SL 534m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.7S	28°39.7W
			 05.25	MSN		a/D						11°16.6S	28°39.0W
			 04.09	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.6S	28°39.7W
			 05.01	NEUSS		a/D						11°17.8S	28°39.4W
Station # 191
			 09.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5488m	W 02	11°20.0S	28°00.0W
			 10.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	28°00.0W
			 10.19	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5526m WT 5489m	W 03	11°20.0S	28°00.0W
			 13.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	28°00.0W
Station # 192
			 17.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5509m	W 02	11°20.0S	27°20.0W
			 19.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	27°20.0W
			 19.04	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 650m	 WT 5510m	W 03	11°20.0S	27°20.0W
			 19.50	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D	Messung abgebrochen, Winde defekt)
			 20.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5549m WT 5566m	W 02	11°20.0S	27°20.0W
		09.04.94 00.44	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	27°20.0W
			 00.48	MSN		z/W		SL 468m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	27°20.1W
			 01.42	MSN		a/D						11°17.7S	27°19.2W
			 00.51	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	27°20.0W
			 01.23	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.4S	27°19.5W
Station # 193
			 05.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5581m WT 5537m	W 02	11°20.0S	26°40.0W
			 09.12	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	26°40.0W
			 09.30	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5537m	W 02	11°20.0S	26°40.0W
			 10.29	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	26°40.0W
Wetter: SE'I 5 See 2 c 1013.0hPa L 27.0ø W 27.8ø
Station # 194
			 15.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5678m	W 02	11°20.0S	26°00.0W
			 16.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	26°00.0W
			 16.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5607m WT 5601m	W 10/12	11°20.0S	26°00.0W
			 20.10	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	26°00.0W
			 20.23	MSN		z/W		SL 622m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	25°59.8W
			 21.26	MSN		a/D						11°17.2S	25°57.1W
			 20.23	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	25°59.7W
			 20.55	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.6S	250583W
Station # 195
		10.04.94 01.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 998m	 WT 5702m	W 02	11°20.0S	25°20.0W
			 02.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	25°20.0W
			 02.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5625m WT 5680m	W 10/12	11°19.9S	25°20.0W
			 06.30	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	25°20.0W
Station # 196
			 10.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5399m	W 02	11°10.0S	24°40.0W
			 11.44	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	24°40.0W
			 11.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5403m WT 5399m	W 10/12	11°20.0S	24°40.0W
			 15.02	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	24°40.0W
Station # 197
			 19.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 4954m	W 02	11°20.0S	24°00.0W
			 20.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	24°00.0W
			 20.56	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4931m WT 4928m	W 10/12	11°10.0S	23°59.9W
		11.04.94 00.12	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	24°00.0W
			 00.19	MSN		z/W		SL 410m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	24°00.0W
			 01.10	MSN		a/D						11°17.8S	23°58.8W
			 00.22	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	23°59.9W
			 00.54	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.5S	23°59.2W
Station # 198
			 05.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 5448m	W 02	11°20.0S	23°20.0W
			 06.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	23°20.0W
			 06.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5453m WT 5459m	W 10/12	11°20.0S	23°20.0W
			 10.07	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	23°20.0W
			 10.14	MSN		z/W		SL 569m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	23°19.9W
			 11.13	MSN		a/D						11°17.5S	23°17.7W
			 10.46	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	23°19.8W
			 10.48	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.5S	23°18.7W
Station # 199
			 15.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 5228m	W 02	11°10.0S	22°40.0W
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	22°40.0W
			 16.48	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5140m WT 5240m	W 10/12	11°20.0S	22°40.0W
			 20.19	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	22°40.0W
Station # 200
		12.04.94 00.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4888m	W 02	11°20.0S	22°00.0W
			 01.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.1S	22°00.0W
			 01.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4841m WT 4883m	W 10/12	11°20.1S	22°00.0W
			 05.35	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.2S	21°59.7W
Station # 201
			 08.51	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 4979m	W 02	11°20.0S	21°30.0W
			 09.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	21°30.0W
			 09.55	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4905m WT 4989m	W 10/12	11°20.2S	21°30.0W
			 13.31	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	21°30.0W
			 13.37	MSN		z/W		SL 418m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	21°29.9W
			 14.28	MSN		a/D						11°17.8S	21°29.6W
			 13.40	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	21°29.9W
			 14.11	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.5S	21°29.7W
Station # 202
			 17.29	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 992m	 WT 4916m	W 02	11°20.0S	20°59.9W
			 18.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	21°00.0W
			 18.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4851m WT 4869m	W 10/12	11°20.0S	21 °00.0W
			 22.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	21 °00.0W
Station # 203
		13.04.94 01.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5039m	W 02	11°20.0S	20°30.0W
			 02.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	20°29.9W
			 02.46	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4977m WT 5023m	W 10/12	11°20.0S	20°29.9W
			 07.03	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	20°30.0W
			 07.12	MSN		z/W		SL 487m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	20°29.9W
			 08.05	MSN		a/D						11°18.1S	20°28.3W
			 07.15	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.9S	20°29.9W
			 07.45	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.8S	20°29.0W
Station # 204
			 11.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4753m	W 02	11°20.0S	20°00.0W
			 12.07	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	20°00.0W
			 Wetter E 4/5 See 2 c 1012.9hPa L 26.4ø W 27.5ø			
			 12.18	Test mit Dummy			SL 4415m WT 4710m	W 03	11°20.0S	20°00.0W
			 14.48	Dummy		a/D						11°19.9S	20°00.0W
			 14.54	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4713m WT 4751m	W 03	11°19.9S	20°00.0W
			 18.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	19°59.9W
			 18.25	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°19.8S	19°59.7W
Station # 205
			 21.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4837m	W 02	11°20.0S	19°30.0W
			 22.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	19°30.0W
			 22.39	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4743m WT 4796m	W 03	11°20.0S	19°30.0W
		14.04.94 01.39	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	19°29.9W
			 01.46	MSN		z/W		SL 485m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	19°29.9W
			 02.43	MSN		a/D						11°17.2S	19°29.3W
			 01.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	19°29.8W
			 02.20	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.1S	19°29.5W
Station # 206
			 05.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 4573m	W 02	11°10.0S	19°00.0W
			 06.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	19°00.0W
			 06.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4542m WT 4565m	W 03	11°20.0S	19°00.0W
			 09.47	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	18°59.9W
			 09.54	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°20.1S	18°59.8W
Station # 207
			 12.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4115m	W 02	11°20.0S	18°30.0W
			 13.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.1S	18°29.9W
			 13.54	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4083m WT 4114m	W 03	11°20.0S	18°30.0W
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	18°29.8W
Station # 208
			 19.30	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 4411m	W 02	11°20.0S	18°00.0W
			 20.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	18°00.0W
			 20.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4326m WT 4417m	W 03	11°20.0S	18°00.0W
			 23.55	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	17°59.8W
			 UTC-1							
		15.04.94 00.00	MSN		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	17°59.6W
			 00.45	MSN		a/D						11°18.6S	17°57.6W
			 00.05	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.9S	17°59.5W
			 00.35	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.9S	17°58.0W
Station # 209
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 193m	 WT 3733m	W 02	11°20.0S	17°30.0W
			 04.20	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	17°30.0W
			 04.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3724m WT 3743m	W 03	11°20.0S	17°30.0W
			 07.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	17°29.9W
			 07.08	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°20.0S	17°29.8W
Station # 210
			 10.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1018m WT 4265m	W 02	11°20.0S	17°00.0W
			 10.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	17°00.0W
			 10.58	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3236m WT 4259m	W 03	11°19.9S	17°00.0W
			 13.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	16°59.9W
			 13.38	MSN		z/W		SL 62m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	16°59.8W
			 13.42	MSN		a/D (Kabelbruch im Gerdt)			11°19.7S	16°59.6W
			 13.41	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	16°59.7W
			 14.15	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.4S	16°59.1W
Station # 211
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4164m	W 02	11°20.0S	16°35.0W
			 17.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	16°35.0W
			 17.43	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4120m WT 4148m	W 03	11°20.0S	16°35.0W
			 20.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	16°35.0W
			 20.32	MSN		z/W		SL 581m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	16°34.9W
			 21.35	MSN		a/D						11°16.5S	16°34.4W
Station # 212
		16.04.94 00.08	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 115m	 WT 3843m	W 02	11°20.0S	16°10.0W
			 00.17	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	16°10.0W
			 00.19	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3843m	W 02	11°20.0S	16°10.0W
			 01.13	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	16°10.0W
			 01.17	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3743m WT 3819m	W 03	11°20.0S	16°09.9W
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	16°10.0W
Station # 213
			 06.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3470m	W 02	11°20.0S	15°45.0W
			 07.29	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	15°45.0W
			 07.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3434m WT 3472m	W 03	11°20.0S	15°45.0W
			 09.45	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	15°45.0W
			 09.51	MSN		z/W		SL 486m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	15°44.9W
			 10.47	MSN		a/D						11°17.4S	15°43.3W
			 09.54	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	15°44.8W
			 10.26	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.3S	15°43.9W
			 10.54	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°17.2S	15°43.1W
Wetter: E'l 5 See 2 c 1014.7hPa L 26.7ø W 26.3ø
Station # 214
			 13.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3476m	W 02	11°20.0S	15°20.0W
			 14.18	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	15°20.0W
			 14.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3488m WT 3476m	W 03	11°20.0S	15°20.0W
			 16.50	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	15°19.9W
Station # 215
			 19.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3269m	W 02	11°20.0S	14°55.0W
			 20.19	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	14°55.0W
			 20.24	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3252m WT 3270m	W 03	11°20.0S	14°55.0W
			 22.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	14°55.0W
			 22.35	MSN		z/W		SL 478m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	14°54.9W
			 23.40	MSN		a/D						11°17.1S	14°53.4W
			 22.38	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	14°54.8W
			 23.09	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.4S	14°54.1W
Station # 216
		17.04.94 02.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3075m	W 02	11°20.0S	14°30.0W
			 02.58	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	14°30.0W
			 03.02	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3014m WT 3047m	W 03	11°20.0S	14°30.0W
			 05.20	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	14°29.9W
Station # 217
			 07.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1061m WT 2935m	W 02	11°20.0S	14°05.0W
			 08.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	14°05.0W
			 08.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2926m WT 2947m	W 03	11°20.0S	14°05.0W
			 10.44	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	14°05.0W
Station # 218
			 13.27	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 2937m	W 02	11°20.0S	13°40.0W
			 14.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	13°40.0W
			 14.24	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2950m WT 2976m	W 03	11°20.0S	13°40.0W
			 16.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	13°39.8W
			 16.40	MSN		z/W		SL 582m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	13°39.7W
			 17.40	MSN		a/D						11°17.7S	13°37.6W
			 16.45	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	13°39.5W
			 17.19	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.4S	13°38.2W
Station # 219
			 20.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 2535m	W 02	11°20.0S	13°15.0W
			 20.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	13°15.0W
			 20.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2524m WT 2534m	W 03	11°20.0S	13°15.0W
			 22.44	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	13°15.0W
Station # 220
		18.04.94 01.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 2863m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°50.0W
			 02.16	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°50.1W
			 02.20	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2865m WT 2863m	W 03	11°20.0S	12°50.0W
			 04.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°50.0W
Station # 221
			 07.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3398m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°25.0W
			 08.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	12°25.0W
			 08.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3363m WT 3436m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°25.0W
			 10.22	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°25.0W
			 10.29	MSN		z/W		SL 672m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	12°24.9W
			 11.31	MSN		a/D						11°17.5S	12°22.5W
			 10.31	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	12°24.8W
			 11.03	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.5S	12°23.5W
Station # 222
			 13.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m WT 3604m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°00.0W
			 14.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.1S	12°00.0W
			 14.49	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3579m WT 3602m	W 03	11°20.1S	12°00.0W
			 17.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°00.0W
Station # 223
			 20.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3363m	W 02	11°20.0S	11°30.0W
			 21.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	11°30.0W
			 21.41	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3347m WT 3357m	W 03	11°20.0S	11°30.0W
			 23.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°19.9S	11°30.0W
Station # 224
		19.04.94 03.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1003m WT 3826m	W 02	11°20.0S	11°00.0W
			 04.04	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	11°00.0W
			 04.10	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3771m WT 3848m	W 03	11°20.0S	11°00.0W
			 06.56	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	11°00.0W
			 07.03	MSN		z/W		SL 502m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	10°59.9W
			 08.00	MSN		a/D						11°18.0S	10°58.2W
			 07.06	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	10°59.8W
			 07.36	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.6S	10°58.8W
Station # 225
			 11.08	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4373m	W 02	11°20.0S	10°30.0W
			 12.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	10°30.0W
			 12.02	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4364m WT 4373m	W 03	11°20.0S	10°30.0W
			 14.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	10°30.0W
Station # 226
			 18.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4065m	W 02	11°20.0S	10°00.0W
			 19.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	10°00.0W
			 19.20	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4054m WT 4070m	W 03	11°20.0S	10°00.0W
			 21.50	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	10°00.0W
Station # 227
		20.04.94 00.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4040m	W 02	11°20.0S	09°30.0W
			 01.57	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	09°30.0W
			 02.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4026m WT 4054m	W 03	11°20.0S	09°30.0W
			 04.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	09°30.0W
			 04.56	MSN		z/W		SL 499m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	09°29.9W
			 05.50	MSN		a/D						11°18.2S	09°27.9W
			 04.58	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	09°29.8W
			 05.32	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.7S	09°28.6W
Station # 228
			 08.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m WT 4211m	W 02	11°20.0S	09°00.0W
			 09.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	09°00.0W
			 09.47	CTD/RO/WS	z/W		SL 4227m WT 4221m	W 03	11°20.0S	09°00.0W
			 12.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	09°00.0W
Wetter: SE 5 See 2 c 101 1.3hPa L 25.4ø W 26.5ø
			 15.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 4635m	W 02	11°20.0S	08°30.0W
			 16.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	08°29.9W
			 21.01	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4535m WT 4647m	W 03	11°20.0S	08°30.0W
			 24.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	08°30.0W
Station # 230
		21.04.94 03.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4553m	W 02	11°20.0S	08°00.0W
			 04.18	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	08°00.0W
			 04.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4514m WT 4553m	W 03	11°20.0S	08°00.0W
			 07.21	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	08°00.0W
			 07.27	MSN		z/W		SL 510m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	07°59.8W
			 08.20	MSN		a/D						11°17.8S	07°58.0W
			 07.30	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	07°59.7W
			 08.00	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.5S	07°58.8W
Station # 231
			 11.24	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4464m	W 02	11°20.0S	07°30.0W
			 12.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	07°30.0W
			 12.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4439m WT 4452m	W 03	11°20.0S	07°30.0W
			 15.07	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	07°30.0W
Station # 232
			 18.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4999m	W 02	11°20.0S	07°00.0W
			 19.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	07°00.0W
			 19.32	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4283m WT 4304m	W 03	11°20.0S	07°00.0W
			 22.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	07°00.0W
			 22.59	MSN		z/W		SL 497m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	06°59.9W
			 23.54	MSN		a/D						11°17.6S	06°58.7W
			 23.12	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.7S	06°59.9W
			 23.34	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.3S	06°59.1W
Station # 233	UTC 0							
		22.04.94 03.24	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 998m	 WT 4479m	W 02	11°20.0S	06°30.0W
			 04.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	06°30.0W
			 04.35	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4469m WT 4477m	W 03	11°20.0S	06°30.0W
			 07.31	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	06°30.0W
Station # 234
			 10.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 998m	 WT 4514m	W 02	11°20.0S	06°00.0W
			 11.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	06°00.0W
			 11.33	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4505m WT 4504m	W 03	11°20.0S	06°00.0W
			 14.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	06°00.0W
Station # 235
			 17.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5002m	W 02	11°20.0S	05°30.0W
			 18.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	05°30.0W
			 18.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5009m WT 5001m	W 03	11°20.0S	05°30.0W
			 21.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	05°30.0W
			 21.45	MSN		z/W		SL 613m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.8S	05°29.8W
			 22.47	MSN		a/D						11°17.7S	05°27.0W
			 21.48	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	05°29.7W
			 22.18	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.7S	05°28.2W
Station # 236
		23.04.94 01.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1007m WT 4145m	W 02	11°20.0S	05°00.0W
			 02.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	05°00.0W
			 02.41	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4131m WT 4166m	W 03	11°20.0S	05°00.0W
			 05.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	05°00.0W
Station # 237
			 08.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 5057m	W 02	11°20.0S	04°30.0W
			 09.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	04°30.0W
			 09.37	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5061m WT 5062m	W 03	11°19.9S	04°30.0W
			 12.46	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	04°30.0W
Wetter: SSE 5 See 2 c 1015.51lPa L 24.7ø W 25.9ø
Station # 238
			 16.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 4552m	W 02	11°20.0S	04°00.0W
			 17.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	04°00.0W
			 17.58	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4528m WT 4554m	W 03	11°20.0S	04°00.0W
			 20.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	03°59.9W
			 20.58	MSN		z/W		SL 585m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	03°59.5W
			 21.31	MSN		a/D						11°18.8S	03°56.1W
			 21.00	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	03°59.4W
			 21.31	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.3S	03°57.7W
Station # 239
		24.04.94 00.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 4762m	W 02	11°20.0S	03°30.0W
			 01.38	CTD/ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	03°30.0W
			 01.41	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4770m WT 4762m	W 03	11°20.0S	03°30.0W
			 04.49	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	03°30.0W
Station # 240
			 07.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1002m WT 4650m	W 02	11°20.0S	03°00.0W
			 08.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	03°00.0W
			 08.52	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4645m WT 4652m	W 03	11°20.0S	03°00.0W
			 11.40	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	02°59.9W
			 11.46	MSN		z/W		SL 447m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	02°59.8W
			 12.37	MSN		a/D						11°19.3S	02°57.6W
			 11.48	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.9S	02°59.6W
			 12.20	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.5S	02°58.2W
Station # 241
			 15.18	CTD/ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5210m	W 02	11°20.0S	02°30.0W
			 16.24	CTD/ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	02°29.7W
			 16.45	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5220m WT 5225m	W 03	11°20.0S	02°30.0W
			 20.03	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	02°30.0W
Station # 242
			 22.52	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 5383m	W 02	11°20.0S	02°00.0W
			 23.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°19.9S	01°59.7W
		25.04.94 00.15	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5381m WT 5382m	W 03	11°20.0S	01°59.9W
			 03.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	02°00.0W
			 03.46	MSN		z/W		SL 560m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	01°59.8W
			 04.40	MSN		a/D						11°19.3S	01°56.9W
			 03.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.9S	01°59.6W
			 04.20	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.5S	01°58.0W
Station # 243
			 07.11	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5211m	W 02	11°20.0S	01°30.0W
			 08.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	01°30.0W
			 08.17	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5216m WT 5219m	W 03	11°20.0S	01°29.8W
			 11.19	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	01°29.9W
Station # 244
			 14.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1014m WT 5326m	W 02	11°20.0S	01°00.0W
			 15.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	01°00.0W
			 15.15	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5327m WT 5322m	W 03	11°20.0S	01°00.0W
			 18.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	01°00.0W
Station # 245
			 20.18	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4798m	W 02	11°20.0S	00°45.0W
			 21.04	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	00°45.0W
			 21.09	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4720m WT 4780m	W 03	11°20.0S	00°45.0W
			 23.53	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	00°45.0W
		26.04.94 00.00	MSN		z/W		SL 455m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.0S	00°44.8W
			 00.53	MSN		a/D						11°20.0S	00°42.3W
			 00.05	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.1S	00°44.5W
			 00.36	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.1S	00°43.1W
Station # 246
			 02.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4930m	W 02	11°20.0S	00°30.0W
			 03.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	00°30.0W
			 03.16	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4916m WT 4930m	W 03	11°20.0S	00°30.0W
			 06.30	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	00°30.0W
			 06.35	MSN		z/W		SL 572m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	00°29.8W
			 07.37	MSN		a/D						11°18.0S	00°27.6W
			 06.38	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	00°29.7W
			 07.10	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.7S	00°28.5W
Station # 247
			 08.59	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 5462m	W 02	11°20.0S	00°15.0W
			 09.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.1S	00°15.0W
			 09.51	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5469m WT 5473m	W 03	11°20.1S	00°15.0W
			 13.06	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.2S	00°14.9W
			 13.13	MSN		ZIW		SL 471m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.2S	00°14.7W
			 14.00	MSN		a/D						11°19.9S	00°12.4W
			 13.16	NEUSS		ZIW			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.1S	00°14.5W
			 13.48	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.0S	00°13.1W
Station # 248
			 15.35	CTD/RO/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5701m	W 02	11°20.0S	00°00.1W
			 16.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	00°00.0
			 16.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5697m WT 5694m	W 03	11°20.0S	00°00.0
			 20.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	00°00.0
Station # 249
		27.04.94 00.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 5605m WT 5608m	W 02	11°20.0S	00°40.0E
			 04.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	00°40.0E
			 0433	MSN		z/W		SL 480m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	00°40.3E
			 05.22	MSN		a/D						11°18.9S	00°42.6E
			 04.36	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.9S	00°40.4E
			 05.07	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.2S	00°42.0E
Station # 250
			 09.03	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1094m WT 5590m	W 02	11°20.0S	01°20.0E
			 10.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	01°20.0E
			 10.06	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5590m WT 5627m	W 03	11°20.0S	01°19.9E
			 13.23	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	01°20.0E
			 13.31	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°19.9S	01°20.0E
Station # 251
			 19.20	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 5621m	W 02	11°20.0S	02°00.0E
			 20.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	02°00.0E
			 20.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5589m WT 5574m	W 03	11°20.0S	02°00.0E
			 23.48	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	02°00.0W
			 23.57	MSN		z/W		SL 525m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	02°00.0E
		28.04.94 00.51	MSN		a/D						11°18.2S	02°02.0E
			 00.01	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	02°00.0E
			 00.31	NEUSS		a/D						11°18.8S	02°01.4E
Station # 252
			 04.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 5570m	W 02	11°20.0S	02°40.0E
			 05.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	02°40.0E
			 06.01	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5585m WT 5572m	W 03	11°20.0S	02°40.0E
			 09.17	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	02°40.0E
			 09.24	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°20.0S	02°40.0E
Station # 253
			 13.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5558m	W 02	11°20.0S	03°20.0E
			 14.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	03°20.0E
			 14.32	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5588m WT 5566m	W 03	11°20.0S	03°20.0E
			 18.08	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	03°20.0E
			 18.13	MSN		z/W		SL 512m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	03°20.2E
			 19.08	MSN		a/D						11°18.6S	03°22.5E
			 18.16	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	03°20.3E
			 18.46	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.0S	03°21.5E
Station # 254
			 23.03	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1094m WT 5554m	W 02	11°20.0S	04°00.0E
			 UTC+1						
		29.04.94 01.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	04°00.0E
			 01.05	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5573m WT 5556m	W 03	11°20.0S	04°00.0E
			 04.52	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	04°00.0E
			 05.00	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°20.2S	04°00.1E
Station # 255
			 09.01	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5596m	W 02	11°20.0S	04°40.0E
			 09.56	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	04°40.0E
			 10.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5560m WT 5590m	W 03	11°20.0S	04°40.0E
			 13.17	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	04°39.9E
			 13.22	MSN		z/W		SL 470m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.1S	04°40.1E
			 14.13	MSN		a/D						11°19.4S	04°42.5E
			 13.26	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.0S	04°40.3E
			 13.57	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.6S	04°41.8E
Wetter: S 4 See 2 c 1013.2hPa L 24.1ø W 25.5ø
Station # 256
			 18.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5452m	W 02	11°20.0S	05°20.0E
			 19.02	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	05°20.0E
			 19.08	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5403m WT 5452m	W 03	11°20.0S	05°20.0E
			 22.10	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	05°20.0E
			 22.17	Drifter m.Segel z/W						11°20.1S	05°20.1E
Station # 257
			 02.15	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5190m	W 03	11°20.0S	06°00.0E
			 03.11	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	06°00.0E
			 03.14	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5137m WT 5185m	W 02	11°20.0S	06°00.0E
			 06.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	06°00.0E
			 06.31	MSN		z/W		SL 469m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.1S	06°00.1E
			 07.20	MSN		a/D						11°20.0S	06°02.6E
			 06.35	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.0S	06°00.3E
			 07.06	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.0S	06°01.9E
Station # 258
			 10.55	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5228m WT 5256m	W 03	11°20.0S	06°40.0E
			 14.08	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	06°40.0E
			 14.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1014m WT 5256m	W 02	11°20.0S	06°40.0E
			 15.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	06°40.0E
			 15.19	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5217m WT 5259m	W 03	11°20.0S	06°40.0E
			 18.34	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	06°40.0E
Station # 259
			 22.33	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 5060m	W 02	11°20.0S	07°20.0E
			 23.32	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	07°20.0E
			 23.36	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 5029m WT 5055m	W 03	11°20.0S	07°19.9E
		01.05.94 02.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	07°20.0E
			 02.43	MSN		z/W		SL 499m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	07°20.0E
			 03.35	MSN		a/D						11°20.7S	07°22.9E
			 02.46	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.0S	07°20.3E
			 03.18	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.5S	07°22.0E
Station # 260
			 07.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4864m	W 02	11°20.0S	08°00.0E
			 08.10	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	08°00.0E
			 08.13	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4834m WT 4860m	W 03	11°20.0S	08°00.0E
			 11.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	08°00.0E
Wetter: SSE 3 See 1 c 1013.8hPa L 23.9ø W 26.8ø
Station # 261
			 14.30	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4787m	W 02	11°20.0S	08°30.0E
			 15.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	08°30.0E
			 15.31	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4775m WT 4786m	W 03	11°20.0S	08°30.0E
			 18.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	08°30.0E
			 18.37	MSN		z/W		SL 525m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.0S	08°30.0E
			 19.32	MSN		a/D						11°20.6S	08°32.8E
			 18.41	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.0S	08°30.3E
			 19.14	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.4S	08°31.9E
Station # 262
			 22.06	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 4589m	W 02	11°20.0S	09°00.0E
			 22.56	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	08°59.9E
			 23.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4578m WT 4586m	W 03	11°20.0S	09°00.0E
		02.05.94 01.41	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	09°00.0E
Station # 263
			 04.35	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 4406m	W 02	11°20.0S	09°30.0E
			 05.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	09°30.0E
			 05.47	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4380m WT 4408m	W 03	11°20.0S	09°30.0E
			 08.30	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	09°30.0E
			 08.39	MSN		z/W		SL 588m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.0S	09°30.2E
			 09.40	MSN		a/D						11°20.0S	09°33.8E
			 08.41	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.0S	09°30.0E
			 09.13	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.0S	09°32.1E
Station # 264
			 12.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCO	z/W		SL 1007m WT 4153m	W 02	11°20.0S	10°00.0E
			 12.57	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	10°00.0E
			 12.59	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4141m WT 4150m	W 03	11°20.0S	10°00.0E
			 15.37	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	10°00.0E
			 15.44	MSN		z/W		SL 551m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.1S	09°59.9E
			 16.46	MSN		a/D						11°22.4S	10°02.6E
			 15.47	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.2S	09°59.9E
			 16.20	NEUSS		a/D						11°21.5S	10°01.6E
Station # 265
			 18.48	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 999m	 WT 4069m	W 02	11°20.0S	10°25.0E
			 19.54	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	10°25.0E
			 20.00	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 4039m WT 4063m	W 03	11°20.0S	10°25.0E
			 22.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	10°25.0E
Station # 266
		03.05.94 00.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 996m	 WT 3861m	W 02	11°20.0S	10°50.0E
			 01.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	10°50.0E
			 01.48	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3844m WT 3865m	W 03	11°20.0S	10°50.0E
			 04.25	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	10°50.0E
Station # 267
			 06.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 3666m	W 02	11°20.0S	11°15.0E
			 07.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	11°15.0E
			 07.50	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3678m WT 3665m	W 03	11°20.0S	11°15.0E
			 10.15	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	11°15.0E
Station # 268
			 12.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1007m WT 3345m	W 02	11°20.0S	11°40.0E
			 13.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	11°40.0E
			 13.39	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 3324m WT 3335m	W 03	11°20.0S	11°40.0E
			 16.00	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.1S	11°40.0E
Station # 269
			 17.55	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 2654m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°00.0E
			 18.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°00.0E
			 18.51	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2638m WT 2654m	W 03	11°20.0S	12°00.0E
			 20.41	CTD/Ro/Ws	a/D						11°20.0S	12°00.0E
Station # 270
			 22.44	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 2303m WT 2334m	W 03	11°20.1S	12°20.0E
		04.05.94 00.28	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°19.9E
			 00.42	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1286m WT 2335m	W 02	11°20.1S	12°20.0E
			 01.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°20.0E
Station # 271
			 02.46	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1001m WT 1728m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°30.0E
			 03.26	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°30.0E
			 03.30	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1701m WT 1739m	W 03	11°20.0S	12°30.0E
			 05.02	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°30.0E
Station # 272
			 06.08	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 1616m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°40.0E
			 07.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°40.0E
			 07.03	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1589m WT 1613m	W 03	11°20.0S	12°40.0E
			 08.23	CTD/Ro/WS							11°20.0S	12°40.0E
Station # 273
			 09.37	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 1004m WT 1519m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°50.0E
			 10.21	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°50.0E
			 10.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1491m WT 1520m	W 03	11°20.0S	12°50.0E
			 11.42	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°50.0E
Wetter: Umlfd. 1 See 0 c 1014.2hPa L 26.9ø W 28.0ø
Station # 274
			 12.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 1277m	W 02	11°20.0S	12°57.0E
			 13.19	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	12°57.0E
			 13.22	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1249m WT 1276m	W 03	11°20.0S	12°57.0E
			 14.27	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	12°57.0E
Station # 275
			 16.36	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 1375m	W 03	11°00.0S	12°50.0E
			 17.36	CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP	a/D						11°00.0S	12°50.0E
Station # 276
			 19.31	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 997m	 WT 1552m	W 03	11°00.0S	12°30.0E
			 20.25	CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP	a/D						11°00.0S	12°30.0E
Station # 277
			 23.25	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 2476m	W 03	11°00.0S	12°00.0E
		05.05.94 00.10	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°00.1S	12°00.0E
Station # 278
			 03.14	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 3401m	W 03	11°00.0S	11°30.0E
			 04.00	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°00.0S	11°30.0E
Station # 279
			 06.54	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3855m	W 03	11°00.0S	11°00.0E
			 07.45	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°00.0S	11°00.0E
Station # 280
			 10.47	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 4057m	W 03	11°00.0S	10°30.1E
			 11.33	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°00.0S	10°30.1E
Station # 281
			 15.39	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3558m	W 03	11°40.0S	00°30.0E
			 16.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°40.0S	10°30.0E
Station # 282
			 19.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 3690m	W 03	11°40.0S	11°00.0E
			 20.34	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°40.0S	11°59.9E
			 20.46	MSN		z/W		SL 599m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°40.2S	10°59.9E
			 21.42	MSN		a/D						11°42.7S	11°01.7E
			 20.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°40.3S	11°00.0E
			 21.20	NEUSS		a/D						11°41.8S	11°09.0E
Station # 283
		06.05.94 00.23	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 994m	 WT 3520m	W 03	11°40.0S	11°30.0E
			 01.05	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°40.0S	11°30.0E
			 01.09	MSN		z/W		SL 564m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°40.1S	11°30.1E
			 02.00	MSN		a/D						11°42.1S	11°31.5E
			 01.12	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°40.2S	11°30.1E
			 01.45	NEUSS		a/D						11°41.5S	11°31.0E
Station # 284
			 04.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 993m	 WT 2171m	W 03	11°40.0S	12°00.0E
			 05.38	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°40.1S	12°00.0E
			 05.46	MSN		z/W		SL 521m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°40.3S	12°00.2E
			 06.43	MSN		a/D						11°41.7S	12°02.7E
			 05.49	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°40.4S	12°00.2E
			 06.21	NEUSS		a/D						11°41.2S	12°01.7E
Station # 285
			 09.12	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 1996m	W 03	11°40.0S	12°30.0E
			 09.57	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°40.2S	12°29.9E
			 10.04	MSN		z/W		SL 480m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°40.3S	12°29.9E
			 10.57	MSN		a/D						11°42.6S	12°31.1E
			 10.06	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°40.5S	12°30.0E
			 10.37	NEUSS		a/D						11°41.8S	12°30.7E
Station # 286
			 12.58	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 995m	 WT 1738m	W 03	11°40.0S	12°50.0E
			 13.43	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°40.0S	12°50.0E
			 13.47	MSN		z/W		SL 499m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°40.1S	12°50.1E
			 14.39	MSN		a/D						11°42.4S	12°49.1E
			 13.50	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°40.2S	12°49.9E
			 14.22	NEUSS		a/D						11°41.6S	12°49.4E
Station # 287
			 17.40	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 924m	 WT 1038m	W 02	11°20.0S	13°05.0E
			 18.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	13°05.0E
			 18.34	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 1007m WT 1030m	W 03	11°20.0S	13°05.0E
			 19.45	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	13°05.0E
			 19.50	MSN		z/W		SL 516m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.1S	13°05.0E
			 20.51	MSN		a/D						11°22.6S	13°05.7E
			 19.53	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.2S	13°05.1E
			 20.25	NEUSS		a/D						11°21.6S	13°05.4E
Station # 288
			 21.53	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 800m	 WT 880m	W 02	11°20.0S	13°15.0E
			 22.28	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	13°15.0E
			 22.31	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 862m	 WT 881m	W 03	11°20.0S	13°15.0E
			 23.31	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	13°15.0E
			 23.37	MSN		z/W		SL 467m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.1S	13°15.1E
			 00.29	MSN		a/D						11°21.6S	13°16.6E
		07.05.94 23.39	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.1S	13°15.2E
			 00.10	NEUSS		a/D						11°21.1S	13°16.1E
Station # 289
			 02.50	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 578m	 WT 605m	W 02	11°20.0S	13°25.0E
			 03.22	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	13°25.0E
			 03.25	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 572m	 WT 601m	W 03	11°20.0S	13°25.0E
			 04.08	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	13°25.0E
			 04.25	MSN		z/W		SL 522m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°20.4S	13°25.4E
			 05.20	MSN		a/D						11°20.7S	13°28.2E
			 04.28	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°20.4S	13°25.5E
			 04.58	NEUSS		a/D						11°20.6S	13°27.0E
Station # 290
			 05.49	CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP	z/W		SL 148m	 WT 156m	W 02	11°20.0S	13°32.4E
			 06.03	CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP	a/D						11°20.0S	13°32.4E
			 06.05	CTD/Ro/WS	z/W		SL 138m	 WT 159m	W 03	11°20.0S	13°32.4E
			 06.32	CTD/Ro/WS	a/D						11°20.0S	13°32.4E
			 06.58	MSN		z/W		SL 485m	 V=2.3 Kn	W 09	11°19.9S	13°30.0E
			 07.50	MSN		a/D						11°19.3S	13°32.5E
			 07.01	NEUSS		z/W			 V=2.3 Kn		11°19.8S	13°30.1E
			 07.34	NEUSS		a/D						11°19.4S	13°31.8E

Abbreviations:

z/W	device into the water
a/D	device onto the deck
SL 	length of wire

7.1.2 	LIST OF XBT DROPS

XBT 	Date	Time		Latitude	Longitude
No.					
--------------------------------------------------------
	31.03.94 22.28	XBT	11°14.1S	34°08.3W
		 23.57	XBT	11°08.0S	34°16.5W
	01.04.94 00.47	XBT	11°02.5S	34°24.1W
		 01.44	XBT	10°57.0S	34°31.8W
		 02.35	XBT	10°51.5S	34°39.3W
		 03.29	XBT	10°46.0S	34°46.8W
		 04.25	XBT	10°40.0S	34°55.1W
		 05.25	XBT	10°34.0S	35°03.3W
		 05.58	XCP	10°31.0S	35°07.5W
		 06.50	XBT	10°28.0S	35°11.6W
		 07.22	XCP	10°26.0S	35°14.4W
		 07.58	XBT	10°24.0S	35°17.1W
		 08.32	XCP	10°22.0S	35°19.9W
		 09.09	XBT	10°20.0S	35°22.6W
		 09.44	XCP	10°08.0S	35°25.4W
		 10.24	XBT	10°16.0S	35°29.1W
		 10.50	XCP	10°14.5S	35°30.3W
		 11.20	XBT	10°13.0S	35°32.3W
		 11.45	XCP	10°11.5S	35°34.3W
		 12.17	XBT	10°10.0S	35°36.4W
		 12.41	XCP	10°08.5S	35°38.4W
		 13.09	XBT	10°07.0S	35°40.5W
		 13.34	XCP	10°05.5S	35°42.6W
		 14.01	XBT	10°04.0S	35°44.6W
	06.04.94 16.50	XBT	11°20.0S	31°00.0W
		 16.52	XBT	11°20.0S	30°59.6W
	07.04.94 02.05	XBT	11°20.0S	30°20.0W
		 11.37	XBT	11°20.0S	29°40.0W
		 21.08	XBT	11°20.0S	29°00.0W
		 21.14	XBT	11°20.0S	28°59.3W
	08.04.94 07.25	XBT	11°20.0S	28°19.0W
		 15.21	XBT	11°20.0S	27°40.0W
	09.04.94 03.40	XBT	11°10.0S	27°00.0W
		 12.54	XBT	11°20.0S	26°20.0W
		 23.19	XBT	11°20.0S	25°40.0W
		 23.21	XBT	11°20.0S	25°39.7W
		 23.23	XBT	11°20.0S	25°39.5W
		 23.27	XBT	11°20.0S	25°39.2W
	10.04.94 08.35	XBT	11°10.0s	25°00.0W
		 17.13	XBT	11°20.0S	24°20.0W
	11.04.94 03.11	XBT	11°20.0S	23°40.0W
		 13.18	XBT	11°20.0S	23°00.0W
		 22.37	XBT	11°20.0S	22°20.0W
	12.04.94 08.29	XBT	11°10.0S	21°31.6W
		 14.29	XBT	11°17.7S	21°29.5W
		 22.40	XBT	11°19.9S	20°59.9W
	13.04.94 10.51	XBT	11°19.9S	20°01.6W
		 10.54	XBT	11°20.0S	20°01.0W
		 18.30	XBT	11°19.8S	19°59.6W
	14.04.94 05.23	XBT	11°19.9S	19°01.6W
	26.04.94 22.40	XBT	11°20.0S	00°20.0E
	27.04.94 07.01	XBT	11°20.0S	01°00.0E
		 08.42	XBT	11°20.0S	01°18.2E
		 13.35	XBT	11°20.0S	01°20.0E
		 15.36	XBT	11°20.0S	01°40.0E
		 19.06	XBT	11°20.0S	01°58.2E
	28.04.94 02.38	XBT	11°20.0S	02°20.0E
		 04.24	XBT	11°20.0S	02°38.3E
		 11.20	XBT	11°20.0S	03°00.0E
		 20.55	XBT	11°20.0S	03°40.0E
	29.04.94 06.55	XBT	11°20.0S	04°20.0E
		 08.40	XBT	11°20.0S	04°38.3E
		 16.00	XBT	11°20.0S	05°00.0E
	30.04.94 00.12	XBT	11°20.0S	05°40.0E
		 08.59	XBT	11°20.0S	06°20.0E
		 20.27	XBT	11°20.0S	07°00.0E
	01.05.94 05.13	XBT	11°20.0S	07°40.0E

7.1.3 	LIST OF DRIFTER LAUNCHES

Date	Time	Drifter			Latitude	Longitude
1994					
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.04.	18.25	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°19.8S	19°59.7W
14.04.	09.54	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°20.1S	18°59.8W
15.04.	07.08	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°20.0S	17°29.8W
16.04.	10.54	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°17.2S	15°43.1W
27.04.	13.31	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°19.9S	01°20.0E
28.04.	09.24	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°20.0S	02°40.0E
29.04.	05.00	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°20.2S	04°00.1E
29.04.	22.17	Drifter m.Segel  z/W	11°20.1S	05°20.1E

7.2	LEG M 28/2

7.2.1	CTD STATIONS

STATION	DATE		TIME	PHI		LAMBDA		DEPTH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
292/1	20-MAY-1994	 8:15	21° 0.06'S	10°34.44'W	 5.0 4300.0
295/2	21-MAY-1994	17:11	21° 0.08'S	15° 1.05'W	15.0 4000.0
296/3	22-RAY-1994	 4:49	22° 0.02'S	16° 9.01'W	 5.0 1565.0
297/4	22-MAY-1994	14:35	22°59.99'S	17°17.04'W	 5.0 4310.0
298/5	23-MAY-1994	 2:42	23°59.99'S	18°36.03'W	 5.0 1495.0
299/6	23-MAY-1994	12: 4	24°59.98'S	19°44.02'W	 5.0 4075.0
300/7	23-MAY-1994	23: 6	25°59.99'S	20°56.05'W	 5.0 1495.0
301/8	24-MAY-1994	 8:33	27° 0.06'S	22°10.05'W	 5.0 4405.0
302/9	24-MAY-1994	20:21	28° 0.06'S	23°24.89'W	 5.0 1515.0
303/10	25-MAY-1994	 6: 2	29° 0.03'S	24°42.04'W	 5.0 1505.0
304/11	25-MAY-1994	15:40	30° 0.03'S	25°58.63'W	 5.0 4440.0
305/12	26-MAY-1994	 2:50	30°49.07'S	27°23.04'W	 5.0 1505.0
306/13	26-MAY-1994	14:10	31°37.47'S	28°49.09'W	 5.0 3780.0
307/14	26-MAY-1994	21:55	32°29.94'S	28°47.98'W	 5.0 1495.0
308/15	27-MAY-1994	 4: 0	33°22.59'S	28°48.79'W	 5.0 1500.0
309/16	27-MAY-1994	13: 6	34°15.52'S	28°52.46'W	 5.0 4115.0
310/17	27-MAY-1994	18:30	34°18.91'S	28°29.49'W	 5.0 4090.0
313/18	28-MAY-1994	15:45	34°25.15'S	27°52.08'W	 5.0 4390.0
316/19	29-MAY-1994	17:55	34°35.19'S	27° 3.40'W	 5.0 4235.0
318/20	20-MAY-1994	18:41	34°30.82'S	27°19.21'W	 5.0 4370.0
320/21	31-MAY-1994	21: 0	35°24.34'S	28°27.39'W	 5.0 4855.0
323/22	3-JUN-1994	 0:46	34°24.48'S	26°20.05'W	 5.0 3935.0
324/23	3-JUN-1994	 5:29	34° 7.48'S	26°23.05'W	 5.0 3800.0
325/24	3-JUN-1994	 9:45	33°49.83'S	26°25.97'W	 5.0 4530.0
326/25	3-JUN-1994	14:42	33°32.50'S	26°28.95'W	 5.0 4290.0
327/26	3-JUN-1994	22:14	33°15.21'S	26°31.66'W	 5.0 4665.0
328/27	4-JUN-1994	 2:27	33°10.04'S	26°44.85'W	 5.0 4570.0
329/28	4-JUN-1994	 6:45	33° 4.82'S	26°57.85'W	 5.0 4505.0
330/29	4-JUN-1994	12: 4	32°59.59'S	27°10.43'W	 5.0 3550.0
331130	4-JUN-1994	16:24	32°54.64'S	27°23.58'W	 5.0 3825.0
332/31	4-JUN-1994	21:45	32°51.79'S	27°46.94'W	 5.0 3195.0
333/32	5-JUN-1994	22:16	35°47.91'S	30°39.96'W	 5.0 4130.0
334/33	6-JUN-1994	 8: 7	36°42.31'S	31°30.66'W	 5.0 1500.0
335/34	6-JUN-1994	15:30	37°36.54'S	32°22.06'W	 5.0 4525.0
336/35	7-JUN-1994	 0:43	38°31.01'S	33°13.87'W	 5.0 1495.0
337/36	7-JUN-1994	 8:30	39°25.43'S	34° 6.50'W	 5.0 1505.0
338137	7-JUN-1994	15:37	39°54.19'S	34°34.79'W	 5.0 4865.0
339/38	8-JUN-1994	 3:15	38°36.65'S	34°59.05'W	 5.0 1495.0
340/39	8-JUN-1994	12:56	37°42.58'S	36°15.65'W	 5.0 4985.0
341/40	9-JUN-1994	 0: 6	36°48.39'S	37°31.28'W	 5.0 1495.0
342/41	9-JUN-1994	 9: 4	35°54.14'S	38°46.08'W	 5.0 4950.0
343/42	9-JUN-1994	20: 5	34°59.97'S	40° 0.02'W	 5.0 1505.0
344/43	10-JUN-1994	 4:50	34° 5.93'S	41°13.16'W	20.0 1510.0
345/44	11-JUN-1994	17: 3	34°57.52'S	48°38.97'W	 5.0 4540.0

7.2.2 	LIST OF XBT DROPS

STATION	DATE		TIME	PHI		LAMBDA		DEPTH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1	20-MAY-1994	 0: 0	21° 4.90'S	 8°55.20'W	5.0 895.0
2	20-MAY-1994	 1: 0	21° 3.90'S	 9° 8.00'W	5.0 870.0
3	20-MAY-1994	 2: 0	21° 3.00'S	 9°20.60'W	5.0 895.0
4	20-MAY-1994	 3: 0	21° 2.60'S	 9°33.30'W	5.0 870.0
5	20-MAY-1994	 4: 0	21° 1.10'S	 9°46.10'W	5.0 895.0
6	20-MAY-1994	 5: 0	21° 0.10'S	 9°58.60'W	5.0 885.0
7	20-MAY-1994	 6: 0	21° 0.00'S	10° 7.20'W	5.0 880.0
8	20-MAY-1994	 7: 0	20°60.00'S	10°19.90'W	5.0 905.0
9	20-MAY-1994	 8: 0	21° 0.10'S	10°32.80'W	5.0 875.0
10	20-MAY-1994	20: 1	20°59.90'S	10°45.50'W	5.0 905.0
11	20-MAY-1994	21: 0	20°60.00'S	10°57.70'W	5.0 895.0
12	20-MAY-1994	22: 0	21° 0.00'S	10°10.30'W	5.0 915.0
13	20-MAY-1994	23: 0	20°60.00'S	11°22.60'W	5.0 910.0
14	21-MAY-1994	 0: 0	21° 0.00'S	11°34.90'W	5.0 890.0
15	21-MAY-1994	 1: 0	21° 0.00'S	11°47.00'W	5.0 890.0
16	21-MAY-1994	 3: 0	21° 0.00'S	12°19.40'W	5.0 865.0
17	21-MAY-1994	 5: 0	21° 0.00'S	12°32.30'W	5.0 880.0
18	21-MAY-1994	 6: 0	21° 0.00'S	12°44.40'W	5.0 885.0
19	21-MAY-1994	 7: 3	21° 0.00'S	12°57.40'W	5.0 880.0
20	21-MAY-1994	 8: 0	21° 0.00'S	13° 9.30'W	5.0 905.0
21	21-MAY-1994	 9: 0	21° 0.10'S	13°20.90'W	5.0 900.0
22	21-MAY-1994	10: 0	21° 0.20'S	13°31.60'W	5.0 905.0
23	21-MAY-1994	11: 0	21° 0.00'S	13°44.10'W	5.0 880.0
24	21-MAY-1994	12: 0	21° 0.00'S	13°56.80'W	5.0 885.0
25	21-MAY-1994	13: 0	21° 0.20'S	14° 9.40'W	5.0 855.0
26	21-MAY-1994	14: 0	21° 0.10'S	14°22.40'W	5.0 895.0
27	21-MAY-1994	15: 0	21° 0.10'S	14°35.30'W	5.0 925.0
28	21-MAY-1994	16: 0	21° 0.10'S	14°48.00'W	5.0 900.0
29	21-MAY-1994	17: 0	20°59.80'S	15° 0.50'W	5.0 865.0
30	21-MAY-1994	22: 0	21° 6.10'S	15° 8.30'W	5.0 870.0
31	21-MAY-1994	23: 0	21°14.20'S	15°17.00'W	5.0 890.0
32	22-MAY-1994	 0: 0	21°22.00'S	15°25.90'W	5.0 890.0
33	22-MAY-1994	 1: 0	21°30.20'S	15°35.20'W	5.0 900.0
34	22-MAY-1994	 2: 0	21°38.80'S	15°44.80'W	5.0 885.0
35	22-MAY-1994	 3: 0	21°45.80'S	15°52.10'W	5.0 885.0
36	22-MAY-1994	 4: 0	21°54.00'S	16° 2.20'W	5.0 890.0
37	22-MAY-1994	 8: 0	22° 7.30'S	16°17.30'W	5.0 905.0
38	22-MAY-1994	 9: 0	22°15.80'S	16°26.80'W	5.0 875.0
39	22-MAY-1994	10: 0	22°24.10'S	16°36.20'W	5.0 885.0
40	22-MAY-1994	11: 0	22°32.20'S	16°45.40'W	5.0 910.0
41	22-MAY-1994	12: 0	22°40.30'S	16°54.60'W	5.0 885.0
42	22-MAY-1994	13: 0	22°48.40'S	17° 3.80'W	5.0 885.0
43	22-MAY-1994	14: 0	22°55.80'S	17°12.40'W	5.0 900.0
44	22-MAY-1994	19: 0	23° 1.40'S	17°19.30'W	5.0 905.0
45	22-MAY-1994	20: 0	23° 8.70'S	17°28.60'W	5.0 895.0
46	22-MAY-1994	21: 0	23°16.70'S	17°38.90'W	5.0 900.0
47	22-MAY-1994	22: 0	23°24.90'S	17°49.70'W	5.0 890.0
48	22-MAY-1994	23: 0	23°32.70'S	17°59.90'W	5.0 865.0
49	23-MAY-1994	 0: 0	23°40.50'S	18°10.20'W	5.0 900.0
50	23-MAY-1994	 1: 0	23°48.20'S	18°20.40'W	5.0 910.0
51	23-MAY-1994	 2: 0	23°55.90'S	18°30.60'W	5.0 900.0
52	23-MAY-1994	 5: 0	24° 4.90'S	18°41.50'W	5.0 885.0
53	23-MAY-1994	 6: 0	24°12.40'S	18°49.90'W	5.0 890.0
54	23-MAY-1994	 7: 0	24°21.00'S	18°59.70'W	5.0 890.0
55	23-MAY-1994	 8: 0	24°29.00'S	19° 9.00'W	5.0 875.0
56	23-MAY-1994	 8:58	24°36.50'S	19°17.30'W	5.0 890.0
57	23-MAY-1994	10: 0	24°44.80'S	19°26.80'W	5.0 875.0
58	23-MAY-1994	11: 0	24°53.00'S	19°35.90'W	5.0 885.0
59	23-MAY-1994	17: 0	25°11.30'S	19°57.40'W	5.0 880.0
60	23-MAY-1994	18: 0	25°19.90'S	20° 7.90'W	5.0 895.0
61	23-MAY-1994	19: 1	25°28.10'S	20°17.70'W	5.0 895.0
62	23-MAY-1994	20: 3	25°36.70'S	20°27.90'W	5.0 900.0
63	23-MAY-1994	20:58	25°44.00'S	20°36.70'W	5.0 900.0
64	23-MAY-1994	22: 0	25°52.20'S	20°46.70'W	5.0 895.0
65	24-MAY-1994	 1:56	26° 8.50'S	21° 6.40'W	5.0 895.0
66	24-MAY-1994	 3: 0	26°16.50'S	21°16.40'W	5.0 895.0
67	24-MAY-1994	 4: 0	26°24.50'S	21°26.10'W	5.0 880.0
68	24-MAY-1994	 4:48	26°32.90'S	21°36.60'W	5.0 905.0
69	24-MAY-1994	 5:59	26°41.00'S	21°46.50'W	5.0 900.0
70	24-MAY-1994	 6:59	26°49.10'S	21°56.40'W	5.0 910.0
71	24-MAY-1994	 8: 2	26°57.20'S	22° 6.50'W	5.0 900.0
72	24-MAY-1994	13: 0	27° 3.80'S	22°14.80'W	5.0 890.0
73	24-MAY-1994	14: 0	27°11.50'S	22°24.50'W	5.0 900.0
74	24-MAY-1994	15: 0	27°19.40'S	22°34.40'W	5.0 890.0
75	24-MAY-1994	16: 0	27°27.20'S	22°44.00'W	5.0 900.0
76	24-MAY-1994	16:58	27°35.10'S	22°53.80'W	5.0 875.0
77	24-MAY-1994	17:58	27°43.00'S	23° 3.80'W	5.0 895.0
78	24-MAY-1994	18:58	27°50.80'S	23°13.60'W	5.0 890.0
79	24-MAY-1994	20: 3	27°59.10'S	23°24.00'W	5.0 895.0
80	24-MAY-1994	23: 0	28° 7.60'S	23°34.60'W	5.0 895.0
81	25-MAY-1994	 0: 0	28°15.10'S	23°44.10'W	5.0 880.0
82	25-MAY-1994	 0:58	28°22.20'S	23°53.40'W	5.0 895.0
83	25-MAY-1994	 2: 0	28°30.30'S	24° 3.50'W	5.0 905.0
84	25-MAY-1994	 3: 0	28°37.80'S	24°13.00'W	5.0 900.0
85	25-MAY-1994	 4: 0	28°45.40'S	24°23.00'W	5.0 900.0
86	25-MAY-1994	 5: 0	28°53.00'S	24°33.00'W	5.0 890.0
87	25-MAY-1994	 8:59	29° 8.60'S	24°53.90'W	5.0 885.0
88	25-MAY-1994	10: 0	29°16.90'S	25° 3.30'W	5.0 895.0
89	25-MAY-1994	11: 0	29°25.00'S	25°13.40'W	5.0 870.0

7.2.3	LIST OF DRIFTER LAUNCHES

Sta.	Drifter	Date	Time	Latitude  Longitude	Temp	Drogue	Remarks
No.	(ARGOS)	1994	UTC	South	  West		(°C)	(m)	
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
291	00652	20/5	5:20	21°00.0	  10°00.1	23.6	100	Drift Sta. only
292	00665	20/5	19:00	20°59.9	  10°34.5	23.8	100	Test Sta.
293	00671	21/5	2:15	20°59.8	  12°00.0	24.0	100	Drift Sta. only
294	00650	21/5	9:50	21°00.1	  13°30.1	24.3	100	Drift Sta. only
295	00626	21/5	21:04	20°59.1	  15°01.1	24.5	100	w2 Float Depl.
297	00670	22/5	18:34	22°59.9	  17°17.0	24.2	100	w Float Depl.
299	00630	23/5	15:23	25°00.0	  19°43.9	24.1	100	w Float Depl.
301	00654	24/5	12:22	26°59.2	  22°09.9	22.2	100	w Float Depl.
303	00639	25/5	7:49	28°59.9	  24°42.0	21.2	100	w Float Depl.
305	00668	26/5	4:26	30°48.8	  27°22.9	21.4	100	w Float Depl.
307	00672	26/5	22:40	32°29.9	  28°48.0	20.6	100	w Float Depl.
309	00673	27/5	21:48	34°19.2	  28°29.8	19.2	100	H1 w Fl Dep.
313	00653	28/5	19:07	34°25.4	  27°52.4	17.4	100	H2° Hunter Ch.
321	00669	1/6	13:59	35°29.8	  28°21.4	17.7	100	search for K0
327	00628	3/6	00:46	33°15.4	  26°31.9	18.6	100	Hunter Ch East
334	00663	6/6	5:05	36°42.3	  31°30.6	16.7	100	SR im Subtr. Gyre
336	00624	7/6	1:46	38°31.0	  33°14.0	16.2	100	SR im Subtr. Gyre
338	00647	7/6	19:17	39°54.2	  34°34.8	11.5	100	Subtropr. Front
341	00649	8/6	1:20	36°48.1	  37°31.3	17.0	100	towards Vema Ch.
343	00635	9/6	21:16	35°00.2	  40°00.1	18.9	100	outer Vema Ch.

7.2.4 	MOORING ACTIVITIES

Sta.	Ext	Int	Date		Latitude  Longitude	Depth	Instrum.  Remarks
No.	No.	No.	dd/mm/yy	South	  West		(m)	Type	
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Meter Moorings
*612	R	363	16/12/92	31°37.1	  28°48.6	3719	2ACM	  DWBC at Rio 
										  G Rise
306			26/05/94					CB	  100% recvd
*602	H1	353	11/12/92	34°15.5	  28°52.3	4112	6ACM,CB	  Hunter West
309			27/5/94						IMAFOS	  100% recvd
*605	H3	355	12-14/12/92	approximately	1	(4436)	5ACM	  launch interrup,
					34°23.5	  27°42.7			  dual release, 
										  no CB
312			29/5/94							  100% recvd
*604	H2	354	12/12/92	34°25.5	  27°51.6	4292	2ACM, CB  Hunter Cent
313			29/5/92							  100% recvd
*609	H6	358	15/12/92	34°32.6	  26°58.5	4303	ADCP, CB  Hunter East
									5ACM,	  WD(#5506)
315			29/5/94							  dual rel
										  100% recvd
*607	H5	357	14/12/92	34°35.1	  27°03.4	(4836)	2ACM	  Hunter Ch
									200m	  CB lost
									ThCh	
316			29/5/94							  98% recovd
*606	H4	356	14/12/92	34°30.8	  27°19.2	4336	2ACM,	  Hunter Ch
									CB	  200mThCh
			30/5/94							  100% recovd
Sound Source Moorings
*603	K0	352	11/12/92	34°18.9	  28°30.0	4054	SoSo71	  Window
										  1:30UTC
										  WD alarm on
										  14-15/01/94
310			27/5/94							  no resp. at
										  mooring site
NB: SoSo71 was located at ~35°20	28°30 on ?/5/94, however it was inaccessible for METEOR
322	K02	3522	2/6/94		34°13.36  28°38.37	4335	SoSo86	  Window
										  1:35UTC
									MAFOS	  WD 9243
										  launched
338	K4	365	7/6/94		39°51.61  34°32.93	4707	SoSo89	  Window
										  1:00UTC
									MAFOS	  WD 5513
										  launched

ADCP	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
ACM	Aanderaa Current Meter
CB	Bouy Radio Transmitter (CB Radio)
ThCh	Thermistor Chain
WD	Watch Dog (ARGOS Bouy Transmitter with dimmer)
SoSo	Sound Source, Part of RAFOS System
	Station occupied during METEOR Cruise No.22, for details see G. Siedler et al. (1993)


7.2.5 	LIST OF RAFOS FLOAT LAUNCHES AND MAFOS DEPLOYMENTS

Sta.	Float	Date	Time	Latitude  Longitude	ARGOS  Duration	Remarks
No.	IfM	1994	UTC	South	  West		(DecNr) (month)	
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RAFOS FLOATS
295	37	21/5	20:56	20°59.5	  15°01.1	4986	11	with #43 DBE
295	43	21/5	21:03	20°59.5	  15°01.1	5462	18	with #37 DBE
296	47	22/5	 6:55	21°59.9	  16°09.0	5466	15	W Mid. Ad. RDBE
297	51	22/5	18:33	23°00.0	  17°17.0	7462	10	Braz Bas DBE
298	57	23/5	 4:16	24°00.0	  18°36.0	5479	11	Braz Bas DBE
299	58	23/5	15:10	25°00.0	  19°44.0	5480	13	Braz Bas DBE
300	62	24/5	00:49	26°00.0	  20°56.1	12622	10	Braz Bas DBE
301	78	24/5	12:20	27°00.0	  22°09.9	12612	11	Braz Bas DBE
302	85	24/5	21:52	28°00.0	  23°24.9	7469	18	Braz Bas DBE
303	95	25/5	 7:45	28°59.8	  24°41.9	4984	10	Braz Bas DBE
304	96	25/5	19:08	29°59.9	  25°59.1	12624	11	Braz Bas DBE
305	97	26/5	 4:26	30°48.9	  27°23.0	12613	15	Rio G Rise N
306	99	26/5	17:14	31°37.4	  28°49.2	7467	10	R, RioGRise
307	103	26/5	23:00	32°30.1	  28°48.1	7468	11	outer HunterCh
308	69	27/5	 5:24	33°22.5	  28°48.8	6843	13	outer HunterCh
310	100!	27/5	21:47	34°19.1	  28°29.7	12616	10	K0, Hunter Ch.
320	98	1/6	 2:14	35°25.2	  28°27.1	5466	11	South of HCh
333	101	6/6	 1:41	35°47.0	  30°39.5	12617	18	South of HCh
334	102	6/6	 9:00	36°42.2	  31°30.5	12618	10	NE Arg Basin
335	104S	6/6	18:27	37°36.6	  32°22.0	7466	11	NE Arg Basin
336	105	7/6	 1:44	38°31.0	  33°14.0	5461	15	NE Arg Basin
337	107	7/6	 9:39	39°25.9	  34°06.6	6835	10	NE Arg Basin
338	106	7/6	19:15	39°54.2	  34°34.8	7465	11	southern comer
339	108	8/6	 4:17	38°36.6	  34°58.7			
340	109	8/6	15:52	37°42.8	  36°15.5			
341	30	9/6	 1:18	36°48.4	  37°31.3	5463	11	towards Vema
342	110	9/6	12:37	35°54.3	  38°46.1	5487	15	towards Vema
343	111	9/6	21:16	35°00.2	  40°00.1	5488	10	towards Vema
344	112	10/6	 5:53	34°05.7	  41°13.3	5489	13	outer Vema Ch

MAFOS MONITORS
[K02]	M5	1/6*	21:30*	34°13.7	  28°38.4	N/A	21	SoSo86,4335m
[K4]	M7	6/6*	16:44*	39°51.6	  34°32.9	N/A	22	SoSo89,4707m

DBE - Deep Basin Experiment
  # - Float
    * Start Date/Time


7.2.6 	LIST OF PLANKTON STATIONS DURING M 28 AND RESPECTIVE HAUL NUMBERS

Station	NEU	MCN-OK	Date		Latitude	Longitude	Light	Sorted
#	#	#	YYYYMMDD				
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
165	1		19940330	8°16.2'S	33°27.3'W	N	NEU o
166	2		19940330	8°19.2'S	32°29.8'W	T	NEU o
167	3	1 *	19940331	9°13.3'S	32°59.8'W	N	NEU o
168	4	2 *	19940331	10°14.7'S	33°29.3'W	T	NEU o
169	5	3 +	19940401	10°03.2'S	35°44.8'W	T	NEU o, MCN
170	6	4 *	19940401	10°04.7'S	35°41.8'W	N	NEU o, MCN
171	7	5 +	19940401	10°12.7'S	35°38.2'W	N	NEU o
172	8	6 *	19940402	10°15.4'S	35°33.4'W	N	NEU o, MCN
173	9	7 +	19940402	10°19.5'S	35°27.0'W	T	NEU o
174	10	8 +	19940402	10°24.2'S	35°21.5'W	T	NEU o, MCN
175	11		19940403	10°26.5'S	35°11.7'W	N	NEU o
176	12		19940403	10°33.1'S	35°03.5'W	T	NEU o
177	13	9 -	19940403	10°38.5'S	34°55.9'W	T	NEU o
178	14	10 *	19940403	10°46.1'S	34°44.9'W	N	NEU o, MCN
179	15	11 *	19940404	10°55.5'S	34°30.5'W	N	NEU o
180	16	12 *	19940404	11°06.2'S	34°10.8'W	T	NEU o, MCN
181	17	13 -	19940404	11°18.4'S	34°00.1'W	T	NEU o
182	18	14 *	19940405	11°19.5'S	33°29.7'W	T	NEU o
183	19	15 *	19940405	11°19.5'S	33°00.0'W	T	NEU o, MCN
184	20	16 *	19940405	11°18.7'S	32°30.2'W	N	NEU o
185	21	17 *	19940406	11°19.8'S	31°59.5'W	DT	NEU o, MCN
186	22	18 *	19940406	11°18.9'S	31°19.9'W	T	NEU o
187	23	19 +	19940406	11°19.7'S	30°39.8'W	N	NEU o, MCN
188	24	20 *	19940407	11°19.6'S	30°00.0'W	T	NEU o
189	25	21 *	19940407	11°19.5'S	29°19.7'W	N	NEU o, MCN
190	26	22 *	19940408	11°19.6'S	28°39.7'W	N	
192	27	23 *	19940409	11°19.7'S	27°20.0'W	N	
194	28	24 *	19940409	11°19.7'S	25°59.5'W	N	
197	29	25 *	19940411	11°19.5'S	23°59.8'W	N	
198	30	26 *	19940411	11°19.7'S	23°19.8'W	T	
201	31	27 *	19940412	11°19.9'S	21°30.0'W	T	
203	32	28 *	19940413	11°19.9's	20°29.8'W	T	
205	33	29 *	19940414	11°19.7'S	19°29.9'W	N	
208	34	30 -	19940414	11°19.8'S	17°57.3'W	N	
210	35	31 -	19940415	11°19.6'S	16°59.7'W	T	
211		32 *	19940415	11°19.8'S	16°34.9'W	N	
213	36	33 *	19940416	11°19.7'S	15°44.8'W	T	
215	37	34 *	19940416	11°19.7'S	14°54.8'W	N	
218	38	35 *	19940417	11°19.8'S	13°39.7'W	T	
221	39	36 *	19940418	11°19.9'S	12°24.9'W	T	
224	40	37 *	19940419	11°19.7'S	10°59.8'W	T	
227	41	38 *	19940420	11°19.7'S	9°29.7'W	DT	
230	42	39 *	19940421	11°19.6'S	7°59.6'W	T	
232	43	40 -	19940421	11°19.6'S	6°59.8'W	N	
235	44	41 *	19940422	11°19.7'S	5°29.6'W	N	
238	45	42 *	19940423	11°19.8'S	3°59.9'W	N	
240	46	43 *	19940424	11°19.9'S	2°59.6'W	T	
242	47	44 *	19940425	11°19.8'S	1°59.5'W	N	
245	48	4S *	19940426	11°20.0'S	0°44.5'W	N	
246	49	46 *	19940426	11°19.8'S	0°29.6'W	T	
247	so	47 *	19940426	11°20.1'S	0°14.7'W	T	
249	S1	48 *	19940427	11°19.9'S	0°40.3'E	N	
251	52	49 *	19940428	11°19.8'S	2°00.2'E	N	
253	53	so *	19940428	11°19.8'S	3°20.3'E	N	
255	54	51 *	19940429	11°20.0'S	4°40.4'E	T	
257	55	52 *	19940430	11°20.0'S	6°00.4'E	DT	
259	56	53 *	19940501	11°20.0'S	7°20.2'E	N	
261	57	54 *	19940501	11°20.0'S	8°30.2'E	DN	
263	58	55 *	19940502	11°20.0'S	9°30.3'W	T	
264	59	56 *	19940502	11°20.2'S	10°00.0'E	T	
282	60	57 *	19940505	11°40.2'S	10°59.9'E	N	
283	61	58 *	19940506	11°40.2'S	11°30.1'E	N	
284	62	59 *	19940506	11°40.3'S	12°00.1'E	DT	
285	63	60 *	19940506	11°40.4'S	12°30.0'E	T	
286	64	61 *	19940506	11°40.2'S	12°50.0'E	T	
287	65	62 *	19940506	11°20.2'S	13°05.1'E	N	
288	66	63 *	19940506	11°20.1'S	13°15.1'E	N	
289	67	64 *	19940507	11°20.4'S	13°25.4'E	N	
290	68	65 *	19940507	11°19.8'S	13°30.1'E	T	

Explanation of symbols:
OK: * haul OK; + depth failure of individual net; - no quantitative catch.
Light: T Tag (daylight), D Dämmerung (dusk & dawn), N Nacht (night).


7.2.7	SAMPLE LIST OF SEDIMENT- AND WATER SAMPLES FOR GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

GeoB	METEOR	Date	Equip	Bottom	Latitude  Longitude	Water	Core	Remarks
No.	No.	1994	ment	contact				depth	recovery	
				(UTC)				(m)	(cm)	(sample depths in dbar)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANGOLA BASIN (near MARTIN VAZ FRACTURE ZONE)
										TEST LOKATION
2601-1	292	20.05.	MIC	9:54	21°00,1'S  10°34,4'W	4220	7	core recovery 1/4, 
										3 tubes washed out,
										1 sample damaged
2601-2		20.05.	ROS+CTD		21°00,1'S  10°34,4'W	4276		sample depths 
										(4276, 4196,3593,3001,
										2496, 2001,1801,
2602-1	295	21.05.	MIC	18:38	21°00,1'S  15°01,1'W	3978	3	core recovery 2/4, 
										foraminifere ooze,
										light yellowish brown
2602-2		21.05.	ROS+CTD		21'00,1'S  15°01,1'W	3986		sample depths 
										(3986,3909,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,750,600,500,400,
BRASIL BASIN
2603-1	296	22.05.	ROS+CTD		22°00,0'S  16°09,0'W	4908		CTD-profile up to 1500 m, 
										sample depths (1500,)
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,710,600,500,400,
										200,150,100,80,70, 50, 
										30, 20, surface (10)
2604-1	297	22.05.	MIC	16:00	23°00,0'S  17°17,1'W	4333	15	core recovery 3/4, 
										foraminifere ooze,
										light yellowish brown
2604-2		22.05.	ROS+CTD		23°00,0'S  17°17,1'W			sample depths)
										(4295,4196,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,782,600,500,400,
										200 100,50,30,surface (10)
2605-1	299	23-05.	MIC	13:24	24°59,9'S  19°44,0'W	4047	-	core recovery 0/4, 
										MIC damaged
2605-2		23.05.	ROS+CTD		24°59,9'S  19°44,0'W			sample depths 
										(4061,3949,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000, 
										850,750,600,500,400, 
										200,100,50,30)
2606-1	301	24.05.	MIC	10:00	27°00,0'S  22°10,1'W	4374	-	core recovery 0/4, 
										MIC damaged
										TEST LOKATION
2606-2		24.05.	ROS+CTD		27°00,0'S  22'10,1'W			sample depths; 
										(4377,4277,4200,3600, 
										3000,2500,2000,1800, 
										1500,1300,1200,1100, 
										1000,900,830,600,500,
										400,200,100,50,30,10), 
										He- and Tritium-samples
2607-1	304	25.05.	MIC	18:38	29°59,9'S  25°58,0'W	4372	19	core recovery 3/4, 
										pelagic clay, light brown
2607-2		25.05.	ROS+CTD		29°59,9'S  25°58,0'W			sample depths 
										(4413,4200,3600,3000, 
										2500,2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000, 
										980,900,800,600,500, 
										400,200,100,50,30,10)
HUNTER CHANNEL
2608-1	306	26.05.	MIC	15:30	31°37,5'S  28°49,1'W	3750	-	core recovery 0/4,
2608-2		26.05.	ROS+CTD		31°37,5'S  28°49,1'W			sample depths (3751, 
										3650,3000,2500,2000, 
										1800,1500,1300,1200, 
										1100,1000,980,900, 
										800,600,500,400,200, 
										100,50, 50,30,10)
2609-1	310	27.05.	MIC	18:30	34°12,1'S  28°29,46'W	4057	19	core recovery 3/4, 
										pelagic clay,pale brown
2609-2		27.05.	ROS+CTD		34°12,1'S  28°29,46'W			Sample depths (4059,
										3600,3000,2500,2000,
										1800,1500,1300,1200,
										1100,960,900,800,
										600,500,400,200,100,
										50,30,10)
2610-1	313	28.05.	MIC	17:04	34°25,2'S  27°52,2'W	4357	21	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay, grayish brown
2610-2		28.05.	ROS+CTD		34°25,2'S  27°52,2'W			sample depths (4374,
										4200,3600,3000,2500,
										2000,1800,1500, 
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										880,800,600,500,400, 
										200,100,50,30,10)
2611-1	316	29.05.	MIC	19:08	34°35,1'S  27°03,4'W	4177	-	core recovery 0/4
2612-1	318	30.05.	MIC	19:48	34°30,8'S  27°19,2'W	4332	27	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay, brown
2613-1	320	31.05.	MIC	20:23	35°24,5'S  28°27,3'W	4770	28	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay, olive brown
										TEST LOKATION
2613-2		31.05.	ROS+CTD		35°24,5'S  28°27,3'W			sample depths (4812,
										4699,4200,3600,3000,
										2500,2000,1800,1500,
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										875,800,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10),He- 
										and Tritium-samples
2614-1	323	03.06.	MIC	2:07	34°24,6'S  26°19,9'W	3881	11	core recovery 2/4, 
										foram-rich fine-sandy 
										silt, light grey 
										(10YR7/2)
2614-2		03.06.	ROS+CTD		34°24,6'S  26°19,9'W			sample depths (3911, 
										3820,3599,2998,2501,
										2000,1800,1498,1300,
										1199,1099,1000,900,
										800,600,499,399,200,
										95,48,29,10)
2615-1	324	03.06.	MIC	6:31	34°07,1'S  26°23,0'W	3795	10	core recovery 1/4, 
										foram-rich fine-sandy 
										silt, light grey 
										(10YR7/2)
2616-1	325	03.06.	MIC	10:58	33°49,9'S  26°25,9'W	4454	10	core recovery 2/4, 
										pelagic clay, brown-
										very pale brown 
										(10YR513-10YR7/4)
2616-2		03.06.	ROS+CTD		33°49,9'S  26°25,91W			sample depths (4488, 
										4400,4200,3600,3000,
										2500,2000,1800,1500,
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										875,800,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10)
2617-1	326	03.06.	MIC	16:09	33°32,6'S  26°28,9'W	4216	24	core recovery 4/4, 
										pelagic clay with forams, 
										brown(10YR5/3), 
										pale brown (10YR6/3), 
										light grey(10YR7/2)
2618-1	332	04.06.	MIC	22:47	32°51,8'S  27°46,9'W	3170	-	core recovery 0/4
ARGENTINE BASIN
2619-1	333	05.06.	MIC	23:31	35°47,9'S  30°39,9'W	4157	18	core recovery 3/4, 
										pelagic clay, brown, 
										1 tube lost
										TEST LOKATION
2619-2		05.06.	ROS+CTD		35°47,9'S  30°39,9'W			sample depths (4076, 
										4000,3600,3000,2500,
										2000,1800,1500,1300,
										1200,1100,1000,900, 
										800,600,500, 400, 
										200, 50, 30, 10)
2620-1	335	06.06.	MIC	16:45	37°36,5'S  32°22,0'W	4480	22	
2620-2		06.06.	ROS+CTD		37°36,5'S  32°22,0'W			sample depths (4500, 
										4399,4200,3600,3000,
										2500,2000,1800,1500
										1300,1200,1100,998, 
										900,800,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10)
2621-1	338	07.06.	MIC	17:02	39°54,1'S  34°34,8'W	4808	25	
2621-2		07.06.	ROS+CTD		39°54,1'S  34°34,8'W			sample depths (4839, 
										4699,4200,3600,3000,
										2560,2000,1800,1500,
										1300,1200,1100,1000,
										900,700,600,500,400,
										200,50,30,10) He- 
										and Tritium-samples
2622-1	340	08.06.	MIC	14:21	37°42,6'S  36°15,7'W	4906		
2623-1	342	09.06.	MIC	10:26	39°54,2'S  38°46,1'W	4873		
2623-2		09.06.	ROS+CTD		39°54,2'S  38°46,1'W			

7.2.8	LIST OF SURFACE SEAWATER SAMPLES (SAMPLED ON XAD-2)

Sample	Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	(UTC)				[l]
-----------------------------------------------------------
M28RW1	05/16	09:00	22°25'S	 08°48'E	500
		19:00	22°15'S	 06°44'E	
M28RW2	05/17	08:33	22°02'S	 03°45'W	500
		18:20	21°55'S	 01°57'E	
M28RW3	05/18	08:33	21°42'S	 00°43'W	300
		22:45	21°29'S	 03°37'W	
M28RW4	05/19	10:07	21°18'S	 06°00'W	555
	05/20	00:45	21°04'S	 09°05'W	
M28RW5	05/21	09:10	21°00'S	 13°22'W	550
		10:30	22°28'S	 16°40'W	
M28RW6	05/23	09:30	24°40'S	 19°22'W	500
	05/24	19:15	27°53'S	 23°16'W	
M28RW7	05/25	09:25	29°11'S	 24°57'W	316
	05/26	00:45	30°37'S	 27°02'W	
M28RW8	05/26	17:30	31°39'S	 28°49'W	404
	05/27	17:30	34°18'S	 28°28'W	
M28RW9	06/05	10:30	34°01'S	 28°54'W	387
		22:35	35°35'S	 30°27'W	
M28RW10	06/07	18:20	39°54'S	 34°35'W	400
	06/08	15:20	37°40'S	 36°18'W	
M28RW11	06/09	13:20	35°49'S	 38°46'W	458
	06/10	11:45	34°15'S	 42°53'W	
M28RW12	06/11	11:30	34°49'S	 46°48'W	400
		18:00	34°57'S	 48°40'W	


7.2.9	LIST OF SURFACE SEAWATER SAMPLES (SAMPLED ON Y.AD-7)

Sample	Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	(bord				(l)
		time)
--------------------------------------------------------------
WP1	05/16	 10:46	22°26'S	 09°15'E	250
		 21:00	22°04'S	 04°17'E	
WP2	05/17	 10:00	22°04'S	 04°17'E	350
		 20:00	21°53'S	 01°50'E	
WP3	05/18-19 08:30	21°42'S	 00°37'W	518
		 08:10	21°19'S	 05°36'W	
WP4	05/19	 08:40	21°19'S	 05°44'W	450
		 22:15	21°06'S	 08°34'W	
WP5	05/22	 08:45	22°17'S	 16°28'W	757
	05/23	 20:10	25°45'S	 20°38'W	
WP6	05/24	 12:50	27°05'S	 22°17'W	635
	05/25	 11:20	29°34'S	 25°26'W	
WP7	05/26	 18:50	31°58'S	 28°48'W	500
	05/28	 08:00	34°34'S	 26°42'W	
WP8	06/05	 09:15	34°19'S	 29°12'W	530
	06/06	 12:00	37°39'S	 32°24'W	
WP9	06/09	 12:40	35°34'S	 39°12'W	460
	06/10	 08:00	34°14'S	 42°21'W	
WP10	06/11	 08:15	34°48'S	 47°17'W	280
	06/12	 10:00	35°05'S	 52°02'W	


7.2.10	LIST OF MICRO LAYER SAMPLES

Sample	Date	Station	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	No.				[l]
----------------------------------------------------------------
M28MF1	05/20	292	21°00'S	 10°34'W	2 x 4
M28MF2	05/21	295	21°00'S	 15°01'W	2 x 4
M28MF3	05/22	297	23°00'S	 17°17'W	2 x 4
M28MF4	05/23	299	25°00'S	 19°44'W	2 x 4
M28MF5	05/24	301	27°00'S	 22°10'W	2 x 4
M28MF6	05/25	304	30°00'S	 25°58'W	2 x 4
M28MF7	05/26	306	31°37'S	 28°49'W	2 x 4
M28MF8	05/28	313	34°25'S	 27°52'W	2 x 4
M28MF9	06/02	322	34°10'S	 28°36'W	2 x 4
M28MF10	06/06	335	37°37'S	 32°23'W	2 x 4
M28MF11	06/06	342	35°54'S	 38°46'W	2 x 4


7.2.11	LIST OF HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLES

Sample	 Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	 1994	(UTC)				[m-3]
---------------------------------------------------------------
M28RL2P	 05/16	07:50	22°26'S	 09°14'E	1010
	 05/17	07:00	22°04'S	 04°28'E	
M28RL3P	 05/17	07:40	22°04'S	 04°20'E	1075
	 05/18	07:00	21°43'S	 00°22'W	
M28RL4P	 05/18	09:40	21°38'S	 00°56'W	1034
	 05/19	08:00	21°20'S	 05°33'W	
M28RL5P	 05/19	09:25	21°18'S	 05°52'W	1000
	 05/20	06:45	21°00'S	 10°17'W	
M28RL6P	 05/20	07:15	21°00'S	 10°23'W	1320
	 05/21	11:00	21°00'S	 13°43'W	
M28RL7P	 05/21	12:15	21°00'S	 14°13'W	2520
	 05/23	16:40	25°09'S	 19°55'W	
M28RL8P	 05/23	17:13	25°13'S	 20°00'W	1012
	 05/24	17:35	27°40'S	 23°00'W	
M28RL9P	 05/24	18:10	27°44'S	 23°05'W	1008
	 05/25	19:00	29°60'S	 25°60'W	
M28RL10P 05/26	09:20	31°20'S	 28°18'W	420
	 05/27	09:30	34°00'S	 28°50'W	
M28RL11P 05/27	09:45	34°08'S	 28°52'W	952
	 05/28	09:05	34°20'S	 27°56'W	
M28RL12P 05/28	15820	34°25'S	 27°52'W	1012
	 05/29	12300	34°32'S	 26°59'W	
M28RL13P 05/29	13:35	43°32'S	 26°59'W	799
	 05/30	09:05	34°25'S	 27°18'W	
M28RL14P 05/31	12:25	35°19'S	 28°26'W	1007
	 06/01	11:50	35°31'S	 28°19'W	
M28RI15P 06/01	15:00	35°22'S	 28°30'W	1210
	 06/02	24:00	34°32'S	 26°20'W	
M28RL16P 06/03	00:30	34°25'S	 26°20'W	1257
	 06/04	10:00	33°04'S	 26°57'W	
M28RL17P 06/05	10:45	34°19'S	 29°12'W	1050
	 06/06	10:30	37°07'S	 31°54'W	
M28RL18P 06/06	11:35	37°14'S	 32°00'W	1022
	 06/07	17:30	39°54'S	 34°35'W	
M28RL19P 06/08	11:10	37°53'S	 36°01'W	1015
	 06/09	15:00	35°37'S	 39°09'W	
M28RL20P 06/09	15:55	35°30'S	 39°19'W	970
	 06/10	15:40	34°20'S	 43°17'W	
M28RL21	 06/10	16:10	34°21'S	 43°23'W	1010
	 06/11	18:00	34°57'S	 48°40'W	
Lp1	 03/15	14:35	22°26'S	 13°03'E	267
		19:50	22°26'S	 11°20'E	
Lp2	 05/16	09:00	22°26'S	 09°15'E	975
	 05/17	09:00	22°04'S	 04°17'E	
Lp3	 05/17	09:00	22°04'S	 04°17'E	325
		18:30	21°55'S	 02°21'E	
Lp4	 05/18	09:00	22°04'S	 01°05'W	1082
	 05/19	18:30	21°55'S	 05°48'W	
Lp5	 05/19	10:20	06°00'W	 07°41'W	307
	 	-18:00
			21°10'S	 21°10'S	 
Lp6	 05/20	08:40	21°00'S	 10°34'W	1447
	 05/21	08:40	20°59'S	 13°29'W	
Lp7	 05/21	11:15	21°00'S	 13°59'W	324
		18:15	20°59'S	 15°01'W	
Lp8	 05/22	09:30	22°26'S	 16°39'W	886
	 05/23	09:05	24°44'S	 19°26'W	
Lp9	 05/23	12:50	25°00'S	 19°44'W	134
		16:45	25°17'S	 20°05'W	
Lp10	 05/24	09:35	27°00'S	 22°10'W	915
	 05/25	08:20	29°11'S	 24°56'W	
Lp11A	 05/25	10:00	29°18'S	 25°05'W	77
		12:00	29°40'S	 25°33'W	
Lp11B	 05/25	12:20	29°42'S	 25°35'W	70
		14:15	29°58'S	 25°56'W	
Lp11C	 05/25	14:35	29°59'S	 25°57'W	76
		17:00	29°59'S	 25°58'W	
Lp12	 05/26	09:20	31°24'S	 28°26'W	1054
	 05/27	10:40	34°15'S	 28°51'W	
Lp13	 05/28	11:00	34°22'S	 27°42'W	298
		19:40	34°30'S	 27°54'W	
Lp14	 05/29	10:15	34°32'S	 26°58'W	886
	 05/30	08:10	34°25'S	 27°18'W	
Lp15	 05/31	08:40	35°23'S	 28°39'W	315
		19:00	35°24'S	 28°27'W	
Lp16	 06/01	09:15	35°24'S	 28°23'W	842
	 06/02	10:00	34°17'S	 27°48'W	
Lp17A	 06/03	08:30	33°49'S	 26°25'W	73
		11:00	33°47'S	 26°26'W	
Lp17B	 06/03	11:15	33°47'S	 26°26'W	77
		14:40	33°32'S	 26°28'W	
Lp17C	 06/03	14:50	33°32'S	 26°28'W	141
		19:30	33°18'S	 26°31'W	
Lp18	 06/05	08:20	34°13'S	 29°06'W	931
	 06/06	08:30	37°17'S	 32°04'W	
Lp19	 06/06	10:20	37°17'S	 32°04'W	304
		18:05	37°58'S	 32°43'W	
Lp20	 06/07	08:40	39°42'S	 34°23'W	855
	 06/08	09:00	37°49'S	 36°06'W	
Lp21	 06/08	09:15	37°47'S	 36°08'W	305
		18:15	37°47'S	 37°03'W	
Lp22	 06/09	09:50	35°54'S	 38°46'W	869
	 06/10	08:45	34°14'S	 42°26'W	
Lp23	 06/10	09:05	34°14'S	 42°28'W	521
		23:20	34°35'S	 45°30'W	
Lp24	 06/11	09:30	34°50'S	 47°35'W	108
		12:30	34°54'S	 48°16'W	

7.2.12	LIST OF LOW VOLUME AIR SAMPLES

Sample	Date	Time	Latitude Longitude	Volume
Code	1994	(bord				(l)
		time)
--------------------------------------------------------------
LOW1	05/16	13:35	22°21'S	 08°17'E	37
		18:40	22°18'S	 07°28'E	
LOW2	05/17	08:00	22°04'S	 04°28'E	40
		13:50	21°59'S	 03°17'E	
LOW3	05/17	14:00	21°59'S	 03°17'E	35
		21:00	21°53'S	 01°50'E	
LOW4	05/18	10:15	21°38'S	 00°50'W	40
		18:20	21°32'S	 02°43'W	
Blind 4	05/18	18:30	21°38'S	 00°50'W	0
		18:40	21°32'S	 02°43'W	
LOW5	05/19	10:30	21°17'S	 06°04'W	65,8
		20:50	21°18'S	 07°25'W	
LOW6	05/20	08:20	21°00'S	 10°34'W	47
		15:45	21°00'S	 10°34'W	
LOW7	05/21	12:35	21°00'S	 14°16'W	31,5
		18:35	20°59'S	 15°00'W	
LOW8	05/23	09:00	24°44'S	 19°26'W	40
		16:00	25°07'S	 20°04'W	
LOW9	05/24	09:20	26°59'S	 22°10'W	121
	05/25	08:50	29°10'S	 24°55'W	
LOW10	05/25	11:10	29°33'S	 25°24'W	35
		18:10	30°00'S	 25°59'W	
LOW11	05/26	09:35	31°27'S	 28°31'W	34,5
		16:05	31°37'S	 28°49'W	
LOW12	05/29	09:55	34°22'S	 26°58'W	49,9
		18:20	34°35'S	 27003'W	
LOW13	05/31	08:50	35°23'S	 28°39'W	37,5
		18:50	35°24'S	 28°27'W	
LOW14	06/01	09:00	35°24'S	 28°23'W	47,9
		18:50	34°35'S	 27°54'W	
LOW15	06/03	08:45	33°49'S	 26°25'W	52,2
		19:30	33°18'S	 26°31'W	
LOW16	06/05	08:35	34°16'S	 29°09'W	48,7
		19:15	35°40'S	 30°32'W	
BLIND16	06/05.	8:40	34°16'S	 29°09'W	0
LOW17	06/06	10:10	37°16'S	 32°03'W	44,8
		18:05	37°58'S	 32°43'W	
LOW18	06/08	09:20	37°45'S	 36°11'W	42,4
		18:30	37°06'S	 37°05'W	
LOW19	06/10	08:40	34°14'S	 42°23'W	20
		23:30	34°35'S	 45°30'W	
LOW20	06/11	09:55	34°50'S	 47°41'W	70
		19:55	34°58'S	 49°16'W	
LOW21	06/12	09:10	35°13'S	 52°02'W	36,5
		16:30	35°15'S	 55°23'W	


8	CONCLUDING REMARKS

Foremost we thank the captains and the crew of RV METEOR for their skilled work.  
Special thanks go to Mrs. S. Drews.  She run the coordinator's office in Kiel with 
great competence and patience.  We all appreciate the professional travel services 
provided by Mrs. I. Weigert of Contiways Reisen, Hamburg.  Not forgotten are the 
excellent co-operations with the staff of the German diplomatic representatives in 
Brasilia, Luanda, Walfish Bay, and Buenos Aires.

Financial support for the cruise and the scientific data analysis come from the 
'Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft' (DFG) (Ze 145/7-1) and the 'Bundesministerium Bir 
Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie' (BMBF) (FKZ 03F0121A).


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ANDRES, H.G., H.-Ch. JOHN and C. ZELCK (1992): Biologische Ozeanographie und marine 
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FINAL TRITIUM HELIUM ISOTOPE DATA 
(Wolfgang Roether)


1. Most samples were taken in the usual manner with pinched- off copper tubes.  
   After the gas extraction in Bremen  they were measured in the Laboratory with 
   a dedicated Helium - Neon Isotope Mass Spectrometer.

2. Another set was sampled into glass-pipettes and extracted at sea.  The glass 
   ampoules with the extracted gas were then transported back to Bremen for 
   measurement.

All samples were calibrated using an air standard (regular air) in the Bremen 
laboratory. The Copper tube samples are now corrected for tritium decay during 
storage time! Because of the very low tritium concentrations in the South 
Atlantic the tritium correction was very small. For samples from the upper 
layer, the maximum reduction in delta 3He of about 0.24% and on average 0.05%. 
The samples which had been extracted at sea did not need a correction for delhe3 
because their storage time was zero.

Tritium data:
Tritium was sampled in 1l glass bottles which were analyzed after the cruise in 
the laboratory at bremen. Tritium was measured through in-growth of helium3 from 
radioactive decay. For this procedure the water samples are degassed and 
transferred into special glass containers which are sealed off and placed into 
freezers. After a storage time of 6 month to about a year to allow for 
sufficient in-growth of helium3 the samples are measured with a special noble 
gas spectrometer.

Tritium concentrations are scaled to 1 April 1994 and individual errors have 
been assigned. The quality flags follow WOCE standard.


The data was aquired by

 Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Roether ~ Tracer-Ozeanographie ~ FB1 ~ Universitaet Bremen
 PO Box 330 440 ~ 28334 Bremen ~ Tel: 0421-218-3511/4221 ~ Fax: 0421/218-7018
                      email: wroether@physik.uni.bremen.de


For questions about measurement and data processing please contact

    Birgit Klein ~ Tel: 0421/210-2931 ~ email: bklein@physik.uni-bremen.de




CFCs:

CFC11, CFC12, CFC113 and CCL4 have been measured on the cruise. A capillary
column (mega bore) has been used. CFC measurements  have been calibrated
against the SIO93 scale. CFC measurements have been assigned individual
errors. Error flags follow Woce standards. The overall performance is
decribed below:

REPRODUCIBILITY:
    F-11:  0.3 %   or    0.004 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
    F-12:  0.7 %   or    0.003 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)
    F-113: 7.4 %   or    0.006 pmol/KG (whichever is greater)
    CCl4:  0.8 %   or    0.006 pmol/kg (whichever is greater)

PRECISION:
    F11:   0.004 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.3% relative error
    F12:   0.003 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.3% relative error
    F-113: 0.004 pmol/kg corresponding to 3% relative error
    CCl4:  0.002 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.1% relative error

MEAN WATER BLANK, DETECTION LIMIT:
    F-11:  0.004 pmol/kg +/- 0.004
    F-12:  0.004 pmol/kg +/- 0.004
    F-113: 0.005 pmol/kg +/- 0.004
    CCl4:  0.004 pmol/kg +/- 0.004


AIR MEASUREMENTS:
  ALE/GAGE values for 1994 (southern hemisphere) (SIO-1993 Scale):
    F-11   F-12  F-113  CCl4
    261.0   511  81.0   100   
    
MEAN OF AIR MEASUREMENTS (SIO93) performed during the cruise:
    F-11   F-12  F-113  CCl4
    pptV   pptv  pptv   ptpv
-------------------------------------------------------------
    259.0(+/-2.0)  501.(+/-4.5)  80.8(+/-13.5)  108.0(+/-4.5)





A08 DATA QUALITY EVALUATION 
(Robert Millard)
22 Jun 2000


CTD AND BOTTLE SALINITY

The WOCE A08 section was collected South in the South Atlantic along 
latitude 11 degrees 30 minutes on METEOR Cruise 28, Leg 1 during April 
and May of 1994 and consists of stations numbers 165 to 290.  A map of 
beginning station position, created from data in the summary file, is 
displayed in the upper panel of figure 1 with a plot of bottom depth 
versus station number shown in the lower panel.  The rise in topography 
ending at station 219 is associated with the mid-Atlantic ridge and has 
a minimum bottom depth of less than 3000 meters which blocks (except for 
flow through deep channels) most of the AABW from reaching the Eastern 
Basin.  The CTD data of A08 has no oxygen and only roughly one quarter 
of the observations in the bottle file have either water sample salinity 
or oxygen observations.  The water sample salinity data comparisons are 
sparse compared to most WOCE cruises previously examined but the lack of 
bottle salinities does not appear to limiting the CTD salinity 
(conductivity) calibration.

A salinity versus potential temperature plot (figure 2) shows all water 
sample file salinities (Water sample and CTD up cast) along with the 2 
decibar down-profile CTD data from section A08.  The salinities are well 
matched to the bottle salinities at the scales resolved by the plot.  
There are a number of stations with fresh surface salinities compare to 
most of the surface layer (one stations surface salinity (270) is less 
than 28 psu while most mixed layer salts of the station are over 35.0 
psu).  Attention is called to stations with fresh surface salinities 
later.  As indicated in the lower part of figure 1, below 3000 meters 
the mid-Atlantic ridge separates the deep waters into two basins with 
different water mass characteristics as indicated by comparing salinity 
versus potential temperature at depth for the Western part of the 11 
South section in figure 3 (stations 165 to 219) with the Eastern part 
shown in figure 4 containing stations 220 through 290.  At least one 
station in the western basin of figure 3 appears to be slightly salty 
compared to neighboring profiles.  The deep water range of salinity is 
much narrower in the Eastern Basin shown in figure 4 since most of the 
cold and fresh Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is cut off by the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.  The expanded salinity scale of figure 4 reveals that 
the down-profile 2-dbar CTD salinities appear to be fresher than 
corresponding water sample salinities (o).  This discrepancy is examined 
further.  Another odd feature seen in figure 4 is the salinity freshing 
of roughly 0.003 psu at the bottom of each profile as can be seen by 
examining salinities around 1.9 C and 34.88 psu.  Each profile shows a 
tailing off of salinity towards fresher values by 0.003 psu at the 
bottom for every cast examined.  This ubiquitous salinity anomaly at the 
bottom of each cast seems an artifact of either the instrument or the 
data processing methodology.

A comparison of the up-profile CTD and water sample salinity data in the 
water sample file (A08.hyd) is shown in figure 5.  The up-cast CTD 
salinities are very well matched to the water sample salinities both 
overall (upper panel) and below 1000 dbars (center panel) with a 
standard deviation for the salt differences of 0.00178 psu.  No 
variation in the vertical can be seen in the plot of differences versus 
pressure in the bottom panel of figure 5.

The down-profile CTD salinity interpolated at the pressure of the up-
profile water sample bottle positions (figure 6 a, b, & c), on the other 
hand, shows systematic differences between the CTD salinity and water 
sample salinity values at all depths including the bottom of the cast.  
The CTD salinity is underestimated with a mean difference (CTD-WS) of -
0.003 psu for all depths.  The differences below 2000 dbars (center 
figure 6) middle panel) show a fairly uniform deep salinity offset 
across all deep stations while the salinity differences versus pressure 
(bottom figure 6) indicates that the differences with depth are larger 
near the surface.  The deepest values of the down-profile CTD salinity 
are fresh compared to the up profile which seems odd since the down and 
up cast should match at the bottom but as noted before the salinity of 
the lowest 15 meters of the down profile tails off towards lower values 
of salinity.  Figure 7 is histograms of interpolated down-profile CTD 
salinity minus bottle salt broken up into 1500 dbar pressure intervals 
below 1500 dbars and 500 dbar intervals above 1500 dbars.  Below 1500 
dbars, this summary shows a reasonably small scatter of from 0.002 to 
0.0033 psu but a mean differences that progressively increases from -
0.0018 to -0.0046 psu between the bottom and 1500 dbars.  In the 
interval between 500 and 1500, the mean salt differences have grown to -
0.0084 psu.

Some surface salinities of the CTD 2 decibar down profiles look suspect 
as they are fresh by .5 to 8 psu compared with the salinity at 2 
decibars or subsequent depths in an otherwise nearly homogeneous upper 
layers down to 30 to 70 meters.  Some of these anomalous surface 
salinities may be the result of CTD stations taken during a rainy 
intervals or coastal stations near rivers but others are probably 
associated with surface observations that have conductivity values 
biased low due to air trapped in conductivity cell in the first pressure 
interval.  It would be useful to identify those stations with a fresh 
upper layer from rain or river discharge.  The following 20 stations 
have surface salinities where the salinity of the first interval is 
greater than 0.25 psu/dbars with the first interval salinity gradient 
also ten times that of the third pressure interval.  The vertical 
profiles of stations 179, 187*, 189, 190, 194, 197*, and 203 are shown 
in figure 8.  Stations with an (*) also have an a surface salinity less 
than 34.9 psu.  Other than the near surface fresh layer, the salinity 
profiles are nearly homogeneous to 50 dbars or deeper.  The vertical 
profiles of stations 212*, 221, 233, 249*, 252, 255, and 263 are given 
in figure 9.  Again except for upper few meter, the salinity is well 
mixed down to nearly 50 dbars except for 263.  The vertical profiles of 
stations 265, 266, 267, 269*, 270*, and 290* are plotted in figure 108.  
Some of the West African coastal stations may see river discharge.

As noted earlier in figure 4, the lowest portion of every profile 
examined shows anomalous low salinities.  They run lower by about -0.002 
to -0.003 psu than salinity values immediately above.  The extent of 
this data artifact is between 14 to 16 decibars from the bottom of the 
profile as can be seen in the near bottom vertical profiles of salinity 
shown in figures 11 for stations 194 to 202 and figure 12 for stations 
247 to 254.

WOCE line A15 intersects A08 at 19°30 W and 11°30 S.  A potential 
temperature versus salinity plot in figure 13 shows station 68 of A15 
(black line with squares) along with stations 205 to 207 from A08.  
There is good agreement between stations 205 & 206 and A15 station 68 at 
the 0.002 psu level but station 207 appears to be +0.004 psu saltier 
than neighboring stations.  Another salinity versus potential 
temperature plot (Figure 14) shows station 204 to have a high salinity 
similar to station 207.  The high deep water salinity for both of these 
stations is noted in the earlier salinity versus potential temperature 
plot of figure 3 for data West of the mid-Atlantic ridge.

STABILITY

The stability of the CTD data is checked by looking at the first 
differences of the potential density anomaly values of the 2 decibar 
data within a station.  Unstable density anomaly differences (i.e. 
denser above lighter) that exceed -0.0075 kg/dbar and a more stringent -
0.005 kg/dbar are plotted in figure 15.  The table below indicating 
stations with observations failing the -0.0075 kg/dbar criteria with 
additional values failing -0.005 kg/dbars following.  All of the density 
unstable observations are in the upper 4 decibars except for one 10 
meter observation.  Most seem to be associated with slightly colder 
temperatures (perhaps associated with a temperature lag from readings on 
deck ???).  A salinity versus potential temperature plot (see figure 16) 
of the upper waters shows the surface value colder (which produces salty 
for a given conductivity) for stations 272 and 273 but not found in the 
up cast CTD and water sample salinities.

Station	 Dsg/dp	  Pres.	Salt	  Dt/dp	  dsg/dp < -0.0075 kg/dbar
170	-0.03629  2.0	37.0360	  0.12320
171	-0.02821  2.0	37.0730	  0.05430
171	-0.00893  4.0	37.0628	  0.01540
172	-0.05794  2.0	37.0655	  0.19270
172	-0.01649  4.0	37.0689	  0.05320
174	-0.01208  2.0	36.9688	  0.02605
177	-0.03260  2.0	37.1166	  0.08810
177	-0.00985  4.0	37.1142	  0.02695
180	-0.07184  2.0	37.1375	  0.10445
180	-0.02533  4.0	37.1028	  0.03695
184	-0.01956  2.0	37.0712	  0.13935
184	-0.00803  4.0	37.0906	  0.04565
195	-0.02482  2.0	36.9019	  0.05975
198	-0.04874  2.0	36.9977	  0.14355
202	-0.25224  2.0	36.8708	  0.39230
202	-0.03987  4.0	36.8189	  0.06255
206	-0.07383  2.0	36.7953	  0.46225
206	-0.03339  4.0	36.8793	  0.20250
208	-0.12524  2.0	36.7671	  0.26340
208	-0.02346  4.0	36.7489	  0.05140
209	-0.05500  2.0	36.7277	  0.16895
209	-0.00866  4.0	36.7296	  0.02915
210	-0.03844  2.0	36.7094	  0.11920
210	-0.00996  4.0	36.7090	  0.03065
216	-0.01100  2.0	36.8047	  0.08445
217	-0.05139  2.0	36.7909	  0.12430
217	-0.01413  4.0	36.7809	  0.03255
226	-0.17850  2.0	36.7325	  0.25360
226	-0.04088  4.0	36.6737	  0.05905
239	-0.02082  2.0	36.4632	  0.21400
239	-0.00772  4.0	36.4974	  0.06580
240	-0.07849  2.0	36.4817	  0.11485
240	-0.01570  4.0	36.4594	  0.02325
241	-0.03716  2.0	36.5250	  0.09210
241	-0.00805  4.0	36.5193	  0.01880
243	-0.20325  2.0	36.6036	  0.34510
243	-0.05331  4.0	36.5428	  0.09700
246	-0.30014  2.0	36.8635	  0.50015
246	-0.08295  4.0	36.7579	  0.13830
247	-0.17031  2.0	36.7966	  0.31570
247	-0.04303  4.0	36.7492	  0.08065
253	-0.01081  2.0	36.4233	  0.02170
254	-0.01719  2.0	36.4392	  0.18220
254	-0.01117  4.0	36.5115	  0.12425
257	-0.13990  2.0	36.7304	  0.36680
257	-0.03223  4.0	36.7132	  0.08400
258	-0.00920  2.0	36.7128	  0.02050
261	-0.01449  2.0	35.7359	  0.05175
262	-0.04595  2.0	35.7187	  0.11445
262	-0.01129  4.0	35.7088	  0.02390
272	-0.29981  2.0	36.0977	  0.55450
272	-0.06197  4.0	36.0367	  0.12040
273	-0.26208  2.0	35.9994	  0.38260
273	-0.05137  4.0	35.9276	  0.07470

Station	 Dsg/dp	  Pres.	Salt	  Dt/dp	  observations in additional to above. with dsg/dp< -0.005
170	-0.00720  4.0	37.0373	  0.02310
212	-0.00553  8.0	36.7923	  0.00100
212	-0.00742 10.0	36.7725	  0.00010
219	-0.00548  2.0	36.7635	  0.05165


Examination of th water sample salinities turned up a mismarking of duplicate 
level water sample salinities plus a series of salinities with "-9.0" values but 
labelled as good "2" in  QUALT1.

Water sample salinities are quality controlled by comparing them to up cast CTD 
salinities.  In the deep water two water sample salinity values were found to be 
mismarked in the Qual1, both at the same depth of 3762 dbars in station 209.  
Scans in the water sample data file with Qualt1 and modified Qualt2 flags are 
listed below.



STN CAST SAMP  BTL   CTD
NBR   NO   NO  NBR   RAW  CTDPRS   CTDTMP   CTDSAL    THETA   SALNTY  OXYGEN  SILCAT NO2+NO3  CFC-11  CFC-12  CFC113    CCL4  HELIUM  HELIER DELHE3 DELHER    NEON  NEONER       QUALT1        QUALT2
                            DBAR   ITS-90   PSS-78   ITS-90   PSS-78 UMOL/KG UMOL/KG UMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG NMOL/KG NMOL/KG PERCNT PERCNT NMOL/KG NMOL/KG
               ***                         *******           ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* *******        *******                *******                            
209   2  2233  301  3759  3762.5   1.9124  34.8410   1.6070  35.1667    -9.0  17.70   21.42  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2229229999999 2249229999999
209   2  2235  302  3759  3762.5   1.9119  34.8415   1.6065  34.8406    -9.0  58.14   22.79  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2249229999999 2229229999999


The following 30 water sample salinities observations have  -9 data values
indicating missing data but the bottle quality flag QUALT1 is set ='2'.  The
QUALT2 data flag is changed to ='9'.

EXPOCODE   06MT28_1    WHP-ID A08 DATES  03/29/94 - 05/12/94    20000313WHPOSIODMN

STN CAST SAMP  BTL  CTD
NBR   NO   NO  NBR  RAW   CTDPRS   CTDTMP   CTDSAL    THETA   SALNTY  OXYGEN  SILCAT NO2+NO3  CFC-11  CFC-12  CFC113    CCL4  HELIUM  HELIER DELHE3 DELHER    NEON  NEONER       QUALT1        QUALT2
                            DBAR   ITS-90   PSS-78   ITS-90   PSS-78 UMOL/KG UMOL/KG UMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG NMOL/KG NMOL/KG PERCNT PERCNT NMOL/KG NMOL/KG
               ***                         *******           ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* *******        *******                *******                            
174   4   360  302  3310  3312.6   2.4941  34.9070   2.2219  -9.0000  246.1   31.56   18.73   0.018   0.012   0.012   0.177  1.8210  0.0070    3.55  0.24  7.944    0.025 2222222222222 2292222222222
175   2   385  301  3703  3706.2   1.9565  34.8503   1.6560  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222999999999 2292999999999
176   1   382  221     9    10.6  28.6973  36.9762  28.6947  -9.0000  190.7    0.77    0.00   1.401   0.882   0.172   1.635 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222222242999 2292222242999
181   4   635  220    10    11.0  28.8284  37.1699  28.8257  -9.0000  190.6   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
181   4   686  209   600   600.4   5.8574  34.5013   5.8052  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222999999999 2292999999999
184   1   834  220    10    11.0  28.7890  37.0700  28.7863  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999
188   1  1063  223    10    11.1  28.3398  36.9102  28.3372  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999
189   1  1149  222    10    10.6  28.2832  36.9548  28.2807  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999
193   2  1363  223    10    11.1  27.9284  37.0076  27.9258  -9.0000  193.9    0.67    0.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999
205   2  2035  323   599   596.2   5.9908  34.5221   5.9383  -9.0000  118.0   19.87   32.29  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
208   2  2165  322   650   647.6   5.3354  34.4802   5.2815  -9.0000  135.4   24.83   33.04  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
211   2  2317  323    12    16.3  26.9478  36.7285  26.9440  -9.0000  192.5    0.96    0.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2229999999999 2299999999999
211   2  2360  317  1300  1297.8   4.0397  34.7934   3.9376  -9.0000  181.8   26.65   26.18  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
213   2  2415  314  1199  1195.0   4.0098  34.7277   3.9171  -9.0000  172.1   29.24   27.81  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
214   1  2499  212  1001  1000.2   4.0244  34.5642   3.9485  -9.0000  155.6   33.46   31.56   0.005   0.002   0.006   0.065  1.8030  0.0070    1.76  0.25  7.828    0.026 2222222222666 2292222222666
217   1  2589  208    69    68.7  23.9479  36.7077  23.9333  -9.0000  212.7    0.86    0.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999
218   1  2686  213     8     8.0  26.8101  36.8619  26.8083  -9.0000  192.8   -9.00   -9.00   1.574   0.901   0.087   1.779 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222222242999 2292222242999
219   1  2706  207    59    59.3  23.1982  36.6394  23.1860  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999
221   1  2778  208    99    99.8  20.2712  36.2921  20.2525  -9.0000  196.0    1.29    1.63  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999
222   1  2847  208   250   250.1  11.3156  35.0824  11.2841  -9.0000   76.3   10.53   27.14   0.625   0.344   0.019   0.971 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222222224999 2292222224999
222   2  2873  303  3614  3618.4   2.4908  34.8895   2.1858  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
223   1  2929  209    99    99.4  19.4608  36.2041  19.4427  -9.0000  181.7    1.82    4.31  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999
224   2  2999  303  3811  3815.2   2.4362  34.8875   2.1107  -9.0000  219.2   45.24   21.42   0.003   0.001  -0.001   0.012 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222222222999 2292222222999
248   1   788  207  1000   998.7   4.1558  34.5758   4.0790  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
250   1   935  207  1100  1098.8   4.0501  34.6434   3.9655  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
261   1  2254  208   750   749.6   5.0944  34.5137   5.0327  -9.0000   91.3   29.54   38.23  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999
262   2  2408  323   651   647.5   5.7099  34.5432   5.6541  -9.0000   68.0   25.98   40.02   0.005   0.002  -0.001   0.032 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222222242999 2292222242999
268   2  2937  324     2     5.4  27.7854  35.8506  27.7842  -9.0000  198.3    0.48    0.10   1.523   0.923   0.114   1.708 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2222222222999 2292222222999
282   1  3498  211  1001   999.7   4.1895  34.5943   4.1123  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000  -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2229999999999 2299999999999
287   2  3601  318    10    11.5  27.7035  35.7232  27.7008  -9.0000   -9.0   -9.00   -9.00   1.505   0.933   0.101   1.411 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000   -9.000 2239992222999 2299992222999



Figure number with file names (_.jpg) and figure caption (figures shown in pdf)

Fig.1  CTD DQE Plot of annotated beginning station positions with bottom 
       topography plotted versus station number in lower panel.

Fig.2  CTD DQE Overall plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature for all 
       down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file 
       water sample (o) and CTD (x).

Fig.3  CTD DQE Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature West 
       of the mid-Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD 
       salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x).

Fig.4  CTD DQE Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature East 
       of the mid-Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD 
       salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x).

Fig.5  CTD DQE 3 Plot panels of up cast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu 
       versus station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) 
       versus pressure.

Fig.6  CTD DQE 3 Plot panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu 
       versus station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) 
       versus pressure.

Fig.7  CTD DQE 6 histogram panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) 
       psu for various pressure intervals as labeled.

Fig.8  CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 179, 187, 189, 
       190, 194, 197, & 203 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt 
       at surface.

Fig.9  CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 212, 221, 233, 
       249, 252, 255, & 263 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt 
       at surface.

Fig.10 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 265, 266 267, 
       269, 270 & 290 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at 
       surface.

Fig.11 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure near the bottom for stations 
       194 to 202 showing odd low salinity characteristic in lower 15 dbars.

Fig.12 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure near the bottom for stations 
       247 to 254 showing odd low salinity characteristic in lower 15 dbars.

Fig.13 CTD DQE A comparison of salinity on potential temperature at 11.3S 
       and 19W of A15 stations 68 versus WOCE line A8 stations 205 to 207. 
       Salinity of A8 is approximately 0.002 psu saltier than A15. Station 
       207 is 0.004 psu saltier than other neighboring A08 deep stations.

Fig.14 CTD DQE salinity versus potential temperature shows station 204 to be 
       saltier than neighboring stations by 0.004 psu as is station 207.

Fig.15 CTD DQE A plot of pressure versus station indicating unstable values 
       of density change with pressure: b) x exceeding -0.005 kg/M3/dbar a) * 
       exceeding - 0.0075 kg/M3/dbar

Fig.16 CTD DQE 

          


A08 DATA QUALITY EVALUATION

Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen
(Joe C. Jennings, Jr. and Louis I. Gordon)
17 Nov 2000


The WOCE A08 section is a South Atlantic transect along the nominal latitude of 
11°30' South. The data was collected in April/May 1994 during METEOR Cruise 28, 
Leg 1, and consists of stations numbered 169 - 290. There is no nutrient or 
oxygen data for stations 165 - 168 or stations 271 - 290. Dissolved oxygen, 
silicate, and nitrate plus nitrite were reported, but phosphate, nitrite and CTD 
oxygen were not reported.

Overall, the data quality appears to be very high. There is a number of obvious 
bottle and/or sampling problems, particularly with the dissolved oxygen; and a 
number of what are probably typographic errors (typos). These latter are all 
oxygen concentrations reported as < 5 µM/Kg when the water column should be ca 
200 µM/Kg. Many of these should be correctable by the data originator.

At several stations, a number of the oxygen values appear to have been assigned 
to incorrect pressures. These series of oxygen concentrations appear either too 
high or too low as reported, but would fit well if they were shifted by one 
bottle. The data originator may be able to check and possibly correct these 
stations. Comments on specific stations are listed below and a complete list of 
questionable data points is appended.


STATION  172:  Sample 257 @ 1700.4 db looks like a double trip with sample 258 
         except for the salinity. Possible sampling error?
STATION  175:  The oxygen values from 1089.2 db to 1698.8 db all look high. 
         These may have been assigned to the wrong depths.
STATION  176:  Sample 382 @ 10.6 db appears to be out of order in the data file. 
         It is listed between samples 430 and 431 rather than between samples 
         381 and 383.
STATION  183:  Sample 843 @ 3838.7 db looks like a double trip with sample 842.
STATION  186:  Sample 995 @ 1598 db looks like a possible double trip with 
         sample 996 @ 1394.9 db.
STATION  192:  Nutrient and oxygen values for samples 1375 (3858.2 db) and 1374 
         (4107.8 db) look as though they've been reversed.
STATION  200-106:  There is a substantial decrease in deep-water oxygen 
         concentrations between station 202 and 203. These stations are close 
         to the western rise of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the changes are 
         probably real. Several high oxygen values at station 203-206 have not 
         been flagged because they lie within the oxygen/theta envelope of 
         stations 200-202.
STATION  212:  Samples 2380 (2599 db) and 2381 (2599.1 db) are very poor 
         replicates and I expect that the pressure of one of these samples has 
         been incorrectly assigned. Sample 2380 also has an oxygen value so low 
         it must be a typo. The value of 2.30 should probably be ca. 223 uM/Kg.
STATION  214:  Sample 2450 (130.3 db) has oxygen so low that it may be a typo. 
         The value of 1.80 should probably be 180 uM/Kg.
STATION  218:  Oxygen values for samples 2675 (49 db) and 2714 (2951 db) are 
         both so low that they are probably typos.
STATION  220:  Oxygen values for samples 2808 (1296.3 db) and 2800 (2850.4 db) 
         are both so low they are probably typos.
STATION  242:  Silicate values for samples 268 (3101 db) and 269 (2856.3 db) may 
         have been reversed. As assigned, 268 looks low and 269 looks high.
STATION  256:  Sample 1624 (1598 db) has an oxygen value of -0.7. This must be a 
         typo.
STATION  262:  Oxygen values from 921 db to 2098.3 db (samples 2398, 2400 - 
         2405) all look as though they have been mis-assigned pressures by one 
         bottle. If shifted up, they would fit well.
STATION  263:  Oxygen values from 496.8 db to 996 db all look low. If shifted up 
         by one bottle they would fit well. Could be a sampling error or a data 
         entry error.


Cruise A08
METEOR Cruise 28 / Leg 1 							Comments
Sta.	Samp.	Press.	O2	O2	Si	Si	N+N	N+N	No Phosphate or nitrite data
				Flag		Flag		Flag	
172	257	1700.4	Low	y	High	y	High	y	Looks like double trip 
									except for salt.
	253	2480	High	y					
175	384	3707.5	V Low	y					
	342	1089.2	High	y					
	335	1298	High	y					
	397	1497.3	High	y					
	398	1698.8	High	y					
176	382	10.6							Looks like surface sample 
									but doesn't fit tripping 
									sequence.
	434	452.9	High	y					
178	490	397.6	High	y					
179	575/576	650.8		y					Poor replicates of O2, 
									flagged both
									
180	650	2351.6	Low	y					
	599/600	650.8	High	y	Low	y	Low	y	Poor replicate.
181	676	199.6	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
	675	2249.5	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
	685	600.4	Low	y					Poor replicate of O2
182	711	696.7	High	y					
	712	698.6	Low	y					Compare with 711, poor 
									replicates.
	766	1997.7	High	y					752-766: O2 looks high vs 
									Z and theta.
	765	2250	High	y					O2 looks high vs Z and 
									theta.
	764	2500.2	High	y					" " " " " "
	763	2749.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	762	3001.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	761	3252.6	High	y					" " " " " "
	760	3550.2	High	y					" " " " " "
	759	3754.6	High	y					" " " " " "
	758	4005.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	757	4254.2	High	y					" " " " " "
	756	4504.8	High	y					" " " " " "
	755	4754.5	High	y					" " " " " "
	754	4936	High	y					" " " " " "
	753	5005.9	High	y					" " " " " "
	752	5038.6	High	y					
183	843	3838.7	Low	y	High	y	High	y	Looks like double trip with 
									sample 842, except for 
									salinity.
184	875	2600.7	Low	y					
185	905	1997.7	Low	y					
186	991	2499.1			High	y			
	995	1598	Low	y		y	High	y	Looks like dbl-trip with 996 
									@1394.9, except for salinity.
188	1099	3101.6	Low	y					No nutrient shift
	1106	1496.7	High	y					
	1110	924.1	Low	y					
	1157	4605.9	Low	y					No nutrient shift
189	1140	398.5	High	y	Ok	y	Low	y	Sil flagged due to O2 & N+N
190	1227	500.7					Low	y	
	1225	699	High	y					
	1224	847.7	High	y					
	1222	1003.8	High	y					
192	1375	3858.2			High	y	High	y	Looks like nutrients 
									reversed
	1374	4107.8			Low	y	Low	y	Looks like nutrients 
									reversed
195	1545	4606.6	Low	y					
196	1561	4607.2	High	y					
198	1674	1003.6	Low	y					
202	1871	600	High	y					Offset between Stns 200-202 
									and 203-205.
203	1930	2603	Low	y					
205	2027	1997.5	Low	y					Could be real.
	2024	2247.9	Low	y					
206	2101	3754.3	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
209	2233	3762.5			Low	y	Low	y	
	2245	1797.2					High	y	
211	2361	1698.4	Low	y			High	y	
212	2380	2599	Low	y	High	y	Low	y	Poor Duplicate.
	2381	2599.1			Low	y	Low	y	Poor Duplicate.
213	2462	3371.4	High	y					
214	2450	130.3	Low	y					
216	2611	920.5	High	y					
218	2675	49	Low	y					Typo?
	2714	2951	Low	y					Typo?
220	2808	1296.3	Low	y					Probably decimal place errors
	2800	2850.4	Low	y					
224	2956	497.1			Low	y			More obvious vs theta than z
	2959	201.1	High	y					
	2960	199	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
231	3346	40.5	Low	y	High	y	High	y	Salt too low. Looks like a 
									pre-trip
232	3417	400.4	Low	y					
235	3594	696	High	y					Differs from replicate by 15 
									µM/Kg
237	3657	2599.6	Low	y					
	3656	2850.5	High	y					
238	3678	349.5	High	y					
	3707	2349.3	High	y					
239	3713	2500.9	High	y					
240	3807	2500.3	High	y					
242	269	2856.3			High	y			Possibly reversed with 268
	268	3101			Low	y			Possibly reversed with 269
244	481	995.8	High	y					Possibly reversed with 478
	478	1196.2	Low	y					Possibly reversed with 481
251	1091	4756.1	Low	y					
255	1493	1002	Low	y	Low	y	Low	y	
256	1624	1598	Low	y					Typo?
	1628	1000.5	Low	y	Low	y	High	y	Poor replicate of 1629.
261	2326	3102.1	High	y					
262	2405	921	Low	y					2512 - 2516 all look one 
									depth too low.
	2404	1095.6	Low	y					If shifted up by one depth 
									they look good.
	2403	1296.1	Low	y					
	2402	1496.2	Low	y					
	2401	1697.8	Low	y					
	2400	1899.1	Low	y					
	2398	2098.3	Low	y					
263	2468	397.5	High	y					
	2516	496.8	Low	y					12512 - 2516 all look one 
									depth too low.
	2515	597.2	Low	y					If shifted up by one depth 
									they look good.
	2514	696.5	Low	y					
	2513	846.1	Low	y					
	2512	996	Low	y					
	2506	1997.8	High	y					
	2557	2248.7	Low	y					
	2542	3252.6	High	y					
	2549	3753	High	y					
269	3051	1095.2	Low	y	High	y	High	y	
	3060	248.1	High	y					




WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
10/02/96  Mueller      TSO/NUTs/CFCs   Submitted for DQE
          1. General remarks
          ------------------
              The bottle data file has STNNBR, CASTNO, SAMPNO, BTLNBR, CTDRAW, 
              CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL, THETA0, SALNTY, OXYGEN SILCAT, NITRAT, 
              CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113, CCL4. Units are as requested by the WHP 
              (dbar, ITS90, ISS78 and mass units.
              *****************
              The CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113 and CCL4 still need qualification by 
              the PI (A. Putzka, Bremen) and are not public.
              *****************
              The carbonate system data are still with the PI's (K. Johnson & D. 
              Wallace, BNL).
              
              The -SUM file is pending. W. Erasmi <werasmi@ifm.uni-kiel.de> has 
              been asked to prepare it for the WHP-O soon; Jane is aware of 
              this.
              
              The CTD-files are pending. The calibration coefficients are ready. 
              W. Erasmi will be asked to prepare the files.
              
              See also the blue cover cruise report: METEOR-Berichte 95-1, 1995.
          
          2. The bottle data
          ------------------
          2.1 Non WHP stations included in bottle file:
              Stat. 164 - 168: Test stations
              165, 166 : multiple bottle closing at large depths
              245, 247 : extra CTD's for biological measurements; no bottles
              275 - 286 : CTD/LADCP only; no bottles; waiting for clearance for 
              Angola
          2.2 About STNNBR, CASTNO, SAMPNO, BTLNBR
              The data cycles are organized to increasing STNNBR. CASTNO's are 
                counted consecutively (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...) regardless which CTD 
                was used; one station may have several casts (mostly two). 
                BTLNBR's are within 301 and 324 for the rosette with the main 
                (deep) CTD NB3, and within 201 and 224 for the shallow CTD NB2.
              Within a STNNBR, cycles are organized to increasing CTDPRS. 
                Therefore, the CASTNO needs not to be a monotonically increasing 
                function in the file.
              The SAMPNO is counted with time for each CTD separately (with an 
                offset which makes them unique).
          2.3 Oxygen
              Conversion from Umol/l to Umol/Kg using potential temperature at 
                depth where bottles were closed.
          2.4 Nutrients
              Phosphate not measured due to problems with standardization (see 
                report above).Conversion of units from Umol/l to Umol/Kg with 
                mean laboratory temperature (20šC) to calculate density.
              T.J. Mueller
              


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
09/24/97  Klein        He/Tr           Submitted for DQE
              
02/19/98  Mueller      CTD/OXY/NUTs    Preliminary until DQE'd
          The CTD, oxygen and nutrient data are 'public' and 'preliminary until 
            evaluation of the WHPO'.
          As with A10, please ask Wolfgang Roether and Doug Wallace for public 
            availability of tracers and CO2, respectively.
              
03/06/98  Holfort      HELIUM          Website Updated
              
07/21/98  Mueller      DOC  Cruise Plan Requested
              
08/07/98  Mueller      CTD/O/NUTs      Website Updated  Status changed to Public
          * CTD, O2, nutrient data:  responsible PI: T.J. Mueller, IfM Kiel 
            (R. Onken is no longer at Kiel and has handed this to me). 
            Free access to these data for everybody (public data); data should 
            be flagged however 'preliminary' as long as they are not through the 
            DQE process of the WHPO.
          * Tracer data: PI's are Wolfgang Roether & Alfred Putzka, both 
            Bremen.Access to these data only with permission by them (if not yet 
            given).
          * CO2 data: PI is Doug Wallace, BNL (now at Kiel)=20Access to these 
            data only with his permission (if not yet given).
              
02/11/99  Kozyr        TCARBN/fCO2     Data Update
              
02/12/99  Diggs        SUM             Reformatted by WHPO

02/12/99  Anderson     CTD/BTL/SUM     Data Update needed
          will check files for formatting errors
              
02/19/99  Diggs        HELIUM/NEON     Data Merged into OnLine File; encrypted
          A08 (Mueller: 06MT28_1) now has Helium and Neon (and associated 
          parameters)in the bottle data file. Since we have no word on (public 
          status) these data, they are masked out of the on-line file pending 
          approval from the Chief Scientist.
    
03/11/99  Klein        CFCs            Data are Public
          I have submitted CFC data at 1999/03/11 and declared them public. 
          Helium data have been submitted at 1997/09/24 and are also public. 
          I assume that the CFC data are in the state of being merged because 
          the columns contain only -9.000. I have tritium data for this cruise 
          which I will submit soon.



Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
03/11/99  Diggs        He/Tr           Website Updated  Status changed to Public
          Helium and Neon for A08 (06MT28_1) are now public per Birgit Klein in
          Bremen.  All table and file have been updated.
              
03/17/99  Klein        CFCs            Submitted  
          I have another data set ready for you. This time it is the CFC 
            measurements (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4) for Meteor cruise M28 
            (A8). The data Þle is called M28_1.woc, the corresponding 
            documentation is in Þle m28doc.txt. 
          Helium and neon measurements from this cruise have been submitted 
            earlier and have been declared public. Our lab has also been 
            responsible for the tritium measurements from the cruise. The 
            measurements have been Þnished, but the tritium data still need a 
            Þnal qulaity controll. I will send the tritium data to you as soon 
            as possible. CFC data for the cruise can be public.
              
05/11/99  Anderson     SUM             Reformatted by WHPO  
          CASTNOs in hyd file now conform to CASTNOs in sum file
            a08hy_merged_all_values.19990219.txt    
          
          Changed the cast numbers from consecutive throughout the file
          to conform with the cast numbers in the .sum file and reordered
          the file into station and cast order.  Used information given
          by the PI in the .doc file.  (See 10/02/96  Müller) above.
          
          Ran over wocecvt with no errors, but I don't guarantee that 
          there are no errors.
              
05/13/99  Diggs        BTL             Reformatted BTL file now online
          I have replaced the A08 bottle file with a new one from Sarilee.  I 
          have updated all tables and related files and include the notes from 
          Sarilee (above).
              
06/04/99  Kappa        DOC             PDF DOC Dir. Assembled
              
06/25/99  Klein        He/Tr           Final Data Submitted
              


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
08/17/99  Anderson     SUM/HYD         Data Check
          I have checked the .sum and .sea/.hyd files for linesA08, A12, 
            I08S/I09S, and P14S.   
          The files on the web page for A08 and I08S/I09S adhere  to the WHP 
            format specifications, and I have run them over the programs wocecvt 
            and sumchk without any errors. 
              
12/13/99  Mueller      CTD/SUM         Update Needed: Numbering problems
          I received the below msg of Robert Key while I'm working in Brazil for 
          a week. It concerns with a problem that arose earlier with A9, and may 
          arise with A8, too. The problem maybe identified as Robert Key 
          suspected:

          On all 3 sections A9, A10 and A8, the Kiel CTD group on-board counted 
          casts increasingly, starting with 1 and ending with some high number. 
          All other groups on-board were asked to keep these cast numbers for 
          identification. To my knowledge, and J. Holfort may confirm this, the 
          cast numbers as created on-board have been used in the CTD and SUM 
          files we sent to the WHPO. Later (I do not exactly remember when) I 
          got to know that someone at the WHPO changed the cast numbers in the 
          SUM and CTD files to start with 1 for each station (as it is usual for 
          the rest of the world). However, changing the cast numbers in the CTD 
          and SUM files will cause problems with the rosette file as it will be 
          completed with additional data flowing in. It seems to me that this is 
          the problem the WHPO now is facing. The way out of it would be as 
          recommended by Robert Key: 

          DO NOT CHANGE CAST NUMBERS BUT KEEP THEM KEEP THEM AS THEY ARE SENT IN 
          BY THE PIs (besides obvious mistakes). To solve the problem, you may 
          have to reconstruct the original cast numbers from the original SUM 
          and CTD files as they were sent in by the PIs. 

          Juergen Holfort who has sent the CTD, SUM and part of the HYD files 
          for A8, A9 and A10, and myself will assist if neccessary.           
              
12/28/99  Millard      CTD             DQE Begun
              


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
02/14/00  Kozyr        TCARBN/FCO2     Final Data Submitted; DQE Complete
          I've just put a total of 13 files [carbon data measured in 
          Indian (6 files) and Atlantic (7 files) oceans] to the WHPO ftp 
          area. Please let me know if you get data okay.
          
          I have put the Þnal CO2-related data Þle for the Atlantic Ocean 
          WOCE Section A8 (R/V Meteor Cruise 28) to the WHPO ftp INCOMING 
          area. There are two CO2 parameters: Total CO2 and fCO2 with 
          quality þags. Please note that all fCO2 measurements are given at 
          20 deg. C. It is very important to have this in WHPO Þle header as 
          it is in carbon Þle.
              
03/08/00  Huynh        DOC             Website Updated  pdf, txt docs online
              
03/13/00  Newton       CFCs            Data Merged  
          Notes on merging CFC11, CFC12, CFC113+ CCL4  to A08    06MT28_1
            filename a08_cfc_1999.03.17.data
            system timestamps:    Feb 12  1999 a08su.txt
                                  May 12  1999 a08hy.txt
 
              a08hy.txt had these exact duplicate samples.
               stn=202 cast=1 btlnbr=207  sampno=1869    deleted 1 dupe.
               stn=211 cast=2 btlnbr=309  sampno=2354 + sampno=2353   left asis.
               stn=216 cast=1 btlnbr=207  sampno=2609    deleted 1 dupe.
               stn=226 cast=2 btlnbr=323  sampno=3077    deleted 1 dupe.
              corrected this error in a08hy.txt
               stn=268 cast=1, two records have btlnbr=208.
                   the one with sampno=2986 and press=70.  should be btlnbr=209.
                   corrected.
 
              couldn't merge in new data from stn=264, btlnbr=221 at 69.8 dbars.
              this probably should be btlnbr=321 at 71dbars.
 
              couldn't merge in new data from stn=270, btlnbr=223 at 39.4 dbar.
              this should probably be btlnbr=323 at 41 dbar.
 
              couldn't merge in new data from stn=274 btlnbr=220 at 11.2 dbar.
              this should probably be btlnbr=320 at 12dbar.

              resolution of 3 probs directly above:
               using originators labels and numbers.
               stnnbr=264 cast=2 btlnbr=21  changed to cast 3.
               stnnbr=270 cast=2 btlnbr=23  changed to cast 3.
               stnnbr=274 cast=2 btlnbr=20  changed to cast 3.
 
          Cast and bottle number and sample number were incompatible between 
          the existing .hyd file and the originators new cfc file. So I had to 
          use the following proceedure. Multiply originators CASTNO by 100 and 
          add to originators BTLNBR. This sum can be matched with the .hyd 
          file's BTLNBR.  Temporarily swap the SAMPNO and BTLNBR column labels 
          in the .hyd file. Use mrgsea program to merge keying on STNNBR and 
          SAMPNO. Swap back column labels after all merging done. 
          David Newton  13 March 2000
              


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
03/14/00  Muus         CTD             Data Reformatted/OnLine
              
03/15/00  Bartolacci   CTD/CFCs        added to website

03/15/00  Muus         CTD  Data Reformatted
          EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 (WHP-ID A08) CTD data files were reformatted March 
            11 - 14, 2000:
          
          1) Cast numbers in CTD data files were changed to match cast 
             numbers in SUMMARY file.
          2) The six header lines were reformatted to match the WHPO manual 
             format.  An WHPOSIO version-stamp was added.
          3) A "NUMBER OBS." column was added with "-9.0"s.
          4) CTD data file names were changed from M28sss.WHP to 
             a08_0sss.wct where sss is Station Number.
          5) EXPOCODE in data file was changed from 06MT28/1 to 06MT28_1.
          6) TEMP label changed from "DEC C" to "ITS-90" based on 
             description of calibration in CTD documentation.
    
03/20/00  Muus         CTD             Data Update  errors corrected
          Additional changes March 20, 2000  /D. Muus
          1) Ran wctcvt on March 14th files. Made following corrections:
               a) a08_0165.wct: Line 4 "CTDPRES" changed to "CTDPRS"
               b) a08_0167.wct: Line 2 "2917" changed to "2017"
               c) a08_0187.wct     Dates do not match SUMMARY file dates.
                   a08_0192.wct     In most cases .wct file used BE date
                   a08_0197.wct     rather than BO date.  Changed all dates
                   a08_0198.wct     to match SUMMARY file.
                   a08_0259.wct  
          2) Ran wctcvt again. no errors.
              
03/28/00  Bartolacci   CTD             Corrected files online
              
04/14/00  Millard      CTD/Sal         DQE Begun
              


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
05/09/00  Mueller      CTD/BTL/TRACER  Status on website changed to Public
          Again, I would like to declare all CTD and all bottle data including 
            the tracer-data of the WHP one-time cruises A9/M15-3, A10/M22-5 and 
            A8/M28-1 as ,public'. 
          Also please note, all CTD-data from repeat hydrography cruises / 
            mooring cruises with chief scientists / PIs  T.J. Mueller, W. 
            Zenk, and / or  O. Boebel / C. Schmid are ,public'.

          Viel Glueck
          Thomas J. Muller (speaking also for G. Siedler/M15-3; R. Onken/M22-5 
            and W. Roether/Tracers)
              
06/22/00  Millard      CTD             DQE Report Submitted
           I've finished a report on A08 CTD data with some jpeg figure files.
             - Bob
           S. Diggs asked Millard to resubmit figs.
              
06/29/00  Huynh        DOC             CTD dqe report added to pdf & txt docs
              
06/30/00  Newton       He/Tr           Data merged into btl file, online
          Notes on merging A08 06MT28_1   DELHE3 TRITUM DELHER TRITER
            New file: Jun 25  1999 Whpa8tri.dat
            in directory  a08/original/1999.06.25_A08_TRIT_KLEIN
            Merged into a08hy.txt  with this datestamp: 20000313WHPOSIODMN
            Changed delhe missing values from -9 to -999 with this command: 
              sed 's/  -9.00 /-999.00 /' *.dat > tt
            Had to use same bizarre scheme for merging as I did with CFC's 
              for this cruise.
            Couldn't merge in stn=264 btlnbr=221 at 69.8 dbar.  left as is.
            Rearranged cols into 90-1 order.
            New a08hy.txt datestamp is: 20000630WHPOSIODMN
          David Newton 30 June 2000
              
07/05/00  Millard      SALNTY          DQE Report Submitted
          Examination of the water sample salinities turned up a mismarking of 
          duplicate level water sample salinities plus a series of salinities 
          with "-9.0" values but labelled as good "2" in  QUALT1.
          
          Water sample salinities are quality controlled by comparing them 
          to up cast CTD salinities.  In the deep water two water sample 
          salinity values were found to be mismarked in the Qual1, both at 
          the same depth of 3762 dbars in station 209.  Scans in the water 
          sample data file with Qualt1 and modified Qualt2 flags are listed 
          below.
    


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
07/07/00  Bartolacci   He/Tr           newly merged data file online
          Bottle: (tritum, delhe3, triter, delher, qualt1, qualt2)
          Replaced current A8 bottle file with new merged file from D. Newton 
          File contains new values for delhe3/ tr and associated errors. All 
          table entries have been updated.
              
09/14/00  Huynh        DOC             Website Updated
          ctd dqe report added to pdf, txt versions online
              
06/20/01  Uribe        BTL             Website Updated  EXCHANGE File Added
          Bottle file in exchange format has been linked to website.
              
06/21/01  Uribe        CTD/BTL         Website Updated
          CTD EXCHANGE File Added, BTL EXCHANGE file modified.  The exchange 
          bottle file name in directory and index file was modified to lower 
          case.  CTD exchange files were put online.
              
12/18/01  Uribe        CTD             Website Updated  EXCHANGE File Updated
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put online
              
12/19/01  Hajrasuliha  CTD             Internal DQE completed
          *check.txt created for this cruise.   No sal and oxy .ps files created 
          for this cruise.
              
08/19/02  Diggs        BTL             Netcdf and inventory needed
 


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
08/19/02  Bartolacci  TCARBN           Data merged into online file
          Total carbon (TCARBN) and FCO2 were merged into online bottle file. 
          Previous file was renamed and moved to original directory. Exchange 
          file was created.
          
          Merging CO2 parameters into A08 bottle file:
          
          CO2 bottle file obtained from: 
              A08/original/2002_CO2_CFC_KOZYR_KLEIN_DATA/CARBON/a08.dat
          WOCE bottle file obtained from parent A08 directory a08hy.txt
          Copied a08.dat to current directory and renamed a08_cpy.dat edited 
              out text at top of file.
          Used mrgsea program to merge TCARBN and FCO2.  Two measurements 
              for FCO2 were taken (FCO2@EQTMP and FCO2@20C).  FCO2@EQTMP was 
              used because it had corresponding flag whereas FCO2@20C did not.
          Mrgsea did not change the carbon files missing values from -999.9 
              to -9.0 as indicated it would, so these missing values were edited 
              to correspond to WOCE standards.
          Added date/name stamp.
          Ran wocecvt on file with no errors (pressures are inverted though).
          Final output file (output3_edt.txt) was renamed a08hy.txt and 
              copied to parent directory.  Previous online file was renamed and 
              moved to original directory.
          Exchange file was subsequently created.  Program forced FCO2 to be 
              renamed PCO2.  Because FCO2 was a separate measurement from PCO2 
              in the carbon data file, this header was changed back to FCO2 in 
              the exchange file.  Units were unchanged and remain the same 
              (PPM@EQ).
          Also exchange code did not include parameter EQTMP which was 
              included in merge of WOCE bottle file.
          All actions were RCS'd.
              


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
03/19/03  Anderson     BTL             Website Updated, QUALT2 flags Updated 
          Made some changes to the QUALT2 flags. See notes 
          file for full details. Made new exchange file. 
          
          Notes on a08  06MT28_1 changes.   March 13, 2003
          
          While checking the Data History I noted an entry by Millard about 
          salinity quality code changes.  I found a file with his notes, 
          A08WSDQE.TXT in ...original/2000.07.05_A08_DQE_HYD.
          
          I checked the online file and these corrections had not been made. 
          While making the salinity changes I noted that there were also a 
          lot of incorrect quality flags for oxygen.
          
          The problem was not just that values for salinity and oxygen of -
          9.0 had quality flags of 2, but also that there were legitimate 
          values for these parameters that had quality flags of 9.
          
          On the stations where these problems occurred there was always a -
          9.0 value with a Q flag of 2 (or 4) and a legitimate value with a 
          Q flag of 9 at approximately the same pressure.  So I used the Q 
          flag for the -9.0 value for the Q flag for the legitimate value.
          
          I made lists of these inconsistencies, copied the QUALT1 flags to 
          the QUALT2 flags and CHANGED ONLY the QUALT2 flags.
          

          SALINITY PROBLEMS:                         | OXYGEN PROBLEMS:
                                                     |
          EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 WHP-ID A08               | EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 WHP-ID A08
                               CTDPRS   SALNTY       |                      CTDPRS   OXYGEN 
          STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO   DBAR   PSS-78  Q  Q | STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO   DBAR  UMOL/KG  Q  Q
          ------ ------ ------ ------  -------  -  - | ------ ------ ------ ------  -------  -  -
          174      4    359    3312.1  34.9089  9  9 | 175      2    385    3706.2     -9.0  2  2
          174      4    360    3312.6  -9.0000  2  2 | 175      2    386    3706.7    235.8  9  9
          175      2    385    3706.2  -9.0000  2  2 | 180      1    601     649.0     -9.0  2  2
          175      2    386    3706.7  34.8510  9  9 | 180      2    599     647.5    164.4  9  9
          176      1    382      10.6  -9.0000  2  2 | 181      4    686     600.4     -9.0  2  2
          176      2    383      13.8  37.0066  9  9 | 181      1    684     598.8    130.7  9  9
          181      4    635      11.0  -9.0000  2  2 | 184      1    834      11.0     -9.0  2  2
          181      4    634      11.0  37.1807  9  9 | 184      1    835      13.8    193.7  9  9
          181      4    686     600.4  -9.0000  2  2 | 187      1   1025     923.8     -9.0  2  2
          181      4    685     600.4  34.4980  9  9 | 187      2   1024     922.2    171.1  9  9
          184      1    834      11.0  -9.0000  2  2 | 188      1   1063      11.1     -9.0  2  2
          184      1    835      13.8  37.0776  9  9 | 188      2   1064      14.0    194.1  9  9
          188      1   1063      11.1  -9.0000  2  2 | 189      1   1149      10.6     -9.0  2  2
          188      2   1064      14.0  36.9146  9  9 | 189      2   1150      13.8    195.6  9  9
          189      1   1149      10.6  -9.0000  2  2 | 205      1   2037     599.2    125.2  9  9
          189      2   1150      13.8  36.9535  9  9 | 205      1   2036     599.4     -9.0  2  2
          193      2   1363      11.1  -9.0000  2  2 | 206      1   2061     500.4    112.7  9  9
          193      1   1364      12.6  36.9925  9  9 | 206      1   2060     500.5     -9.0  2  2
          205      1   2037     599.2  34.5257  9  9 | 209      1   2203      10.5    191.0  9  9
          205      2   2035     596.2  -9.0000  2  2 | 209      2   2204      13.3     -9.0  2  2
          208      1   2166     650.6  34.4860  9  9 | 211      1   2306     550.7     -9.0  2  2
          208      2   2165     647.6  -9.0000  2  2 | 211      1   2307     550.8    120.1  9  9
          211      2   2317      16.3  -9.0000  2  2 | 211      2   2317      16.3    192.5  9  9
          211      2   2318      16.3  36.7309  9  9 | 211      2   2318      16.3     -9.0  2  2
          211      2   2360    1297.8  -9.0000  2  2 | 214      1   2501    1000.2     -9.0  2  2
          211      2   2293    1297.9  34.7990  9  9 | 214      1   2498    1000.3    156.3  9  9
          213      2   2415    1195.0  -9.0000  2  2 | 217      1   2578      69.3     -9.0  2  2
          213      2   2416    1195.1  34.7279  9  9 | 217      2   2590      71.8    211.8  9  9
          214      1   2499    1000.2  -9.0000  2  2 | 218      1   2677       8.4     -9.0  2  2
          214      1   2498    1000.3  34.5621  9  9 | 218      1   2688       9.1    192.8  9  9
          217      1   2589      68.7  -9.0000  4  4 | 219      1   2706      59.3     -9.0  2  2
          217      2   2590      71.8  36.7486  9  9 | 219      2   2707      62.5    217.7  9  9
          218      1   2686       8.0  -9.0000  2  2 | 220      1   2810     999.7     -9.0  2  2
          218      1   2687       9.0  36.8609  9  9 | 220      1   2811     999.7    148.0  9  9
          219      1   2706      59.3  -9.0000  4  4 | 222      2   2871    3618.3    219.5  9  9
          219      2   2707      62.5  36.6580  9  9 | 222      2   2873    3618.4     -9.0  2  2
          221      1   2778      99.8  -9.0000  4  4 | 226      2   3077     448.9     79.6  9  9
          221      2   2790     100.0  36.2776  9  9 | 226      1   3078     450.3     -9.0  2  2
          222      1   2847     250.1  -9.0000  2  2 | 227      1   3116       9.8    194.3  9  9
          222      2   2848     250.3  35.0424  9  9 | 227      2   3117      12.3     -9.0  2  2
          222      2   2871    3618.3  34.8845  9  9 | 228      1   3203     400.4     -9.0  2  2
          222      2   2873    3618.4  -9.0000  2  2 | 228      2   3202     399.3     76.3  9  9
          223      1   2929      99.4  -9.0000  4  4 | 229      1   3225     824.0    131.3  9  9
          223      2   2930     101.1  36.3031  9  9 | 229      1   3211     824.0     -9.0  2  2
          224      2   2997    3815.2  34.8892  9  9 | 248      1    734     998.6    138.0  9  9
          224      2   2999    3815.2  -9.0000  2  2 | 248      1    788     998.7     -9.0  2  2
          248      1    734     998.6  34.5755  9  9 | 250      1    936    1098.6    147.2  9  9
          248      1    788     998.7  -9.0000  2  2 | 250      1    935    1098.8     -9.0  2  2
          250      1    936    1098.6  34.6421  9  9 | 256      1   1627    1000.5     -9.0  2  2
          250      1    935    1098.8  -9.0000  2  2 | 256      1   1628    1000.7    120.2  9  9
          261      1   2254     749.6  -9.0000  2  2 | 257      1   1691      10.5     -9.0  2  2
          261      2   2302     747.5  34.5195  9  9 | 257      2   1693      13.1    201.3  9  9
          262      1   2410     650.2  34.5478  9  9 | 259      1   2045     700.7     -9.0  2  2
          262      2   2408     647.5  -9.0000  2  2 | 259      1   2046     700.7     76.9  9  9
          268      1   2936       2.7  35.8405  9  9 | 262      1   2410     650.2     65.7  9  9
          268      2   2937       5.4  -9.0000  2  2 | 262      1   2409     650.3     -9.0  2  2
          282      1   3498     999.7  -9.0000  2  2 | 264      1   2582      49.7     -9.0  2  2
          282      1   3499     999.7  34.5935  9  9 | 264      1   2618     200.2     -9.0  2  2
          287      1   3599      10.5  35.7279  9  9 | 264      2   2583      50.1     50.7  9  9
          287      2   3601      11.5  -9.0000  3  3 | 264      2   2617     200.1     42.0  9  9
                                                     | 266      1   2769      10.2     -9.0  2  2
                                                     | 266      2   2768      12.6    199.2  9  9
          Sarilee Anderson
 


Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  --------------  ----------------------------------------
04/22/03  Kappa        DOC             Cruise reports updated
          PDF Version
            Added these Data Processing Notes
            Reformatted text
            Updated figs and tables
            Linked figs and tables to related text
          Text (ASCI) Version
            Added these Data Processing Notes
            Minor reformatting
            

