preliminary data report
may 23, 1995
A.  Cruise Narrative

A.1.  Highlights

A.1.a	WOCE designation PR6
A.1.b 	WOCE Cruise No. 18DD9201/1
A.1.c	Chief Scientist: Frank Whitney
			 Institue of Ocean Sciences
			 P.O. Box 6000
			 9860 West Saanich RD
			 Sidney, B.C.  v8l-4b2
			 Canada
			 Phone: 604-363-6816
			 Telefax: 604-363-6807
			 Internet: Whitney@ccs.ios.bc.ca
	
A.1.d	Ship: John P. Tully
A.1.e 	ports of call: Patricia Bay, B.C., Canada
A.1.f 	Cruise Dates: February 3 to 14, 1992

A.2. 	Cruise Summary Information

A.2.a 	Cruise track

Line P (PR6) begins at the mouth of Juan de Fuca Strait on the Canadian West 
Coast, and extends westward 1400 km to Station Papa (50 N, 145 W).  The return 
leg, along Line R (900 km), ended off the southern end of the Queen Charlotte 
Islands (51 27.5 N, 132o 24 W).  

A.2.b 	Total number of stations occupied

		Table 1: Stations by Type
------------------------------------------------------------------
Sample type		No. stations		Max. depth (m)
CTD casts		38			1500
Bottle casts		5			4200
Loop samples		45			surface
Vertical Net Tows	4			200
------------------------------------------------------------------

A.2.c. Floats and Drifters deployed

a single deployment of half the daylight period, of an in situ primary 
productivity incubator at Station Papa (P26) was successful.

A.3.  Principal Investigators:

	Table 2: List of Principal Investigators
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Name		Interest/Institution*		Responsiblity
--------------------------------------------------------------------	
C.S. Wong 	Climate Chemistry, IOS		Freons, TCO2
F.A. Whitney	Climate Chemistry, IOS		Nutrients
H.J. Freeland	Ocean Physics, IOS		Climate Studies
R.G. Perkin	Ocean Physics, IOS		CTD measurements
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*See table 3 for list of instituions

	Table 3: List of Institutions
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbreviations			Institution
----------------------------------------------------------------------
IOS				Institute of Ocean Sciences
				9860 West Saanich Road
				Sidney, B.C. Canada
				V8L 4B2

Taiwan				National Sun Yet-sen University
				Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Camosun College			Camosun College
				Victoria, B.C.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

A.4	Scientific Programme and Methods

Our plans to intensify sampling and modify procedures for a WOCE one time 
survey in 1994 are progressing.   The first measurements with a new Feon 
analyzer concentrated on assessing sample replicability and sources of 
contamination.  Neither lab air nor Niskin bottles introduced serious 
contamination into deep ocean samples.   

Warm, saline waters were present along the B.C. coast.  Temperatures were 
elevated by aboout 2 C over long term averages, in the mixed layer between P1 
and P6.  As the mixed layer deepens, the temperature anomaly decreased to 1o C 
in the upper 100 m (station P26).  Only in coastal waters was a decrease in 
NO3 + NO2 observed.  In 1989, February concentrations were about 12 uM, 
whereas 1992 levels were8 uM.  

** 
Warmer than usual surface waters were encountered in the entire region, the 
result of a warm water mass that Howard Freeland has tracked across the North 
Pacific for the past year.  It is not clear if this is a feature of the current
El Nino.
 
Measurements with a new Freon analyzer were made during this cruise, with 
promising results.  Shipboard and Niskin bottle contamination was less of a 
problem than had been anticipated.  


A.5.  	Major Problems and Goals not Achieved

The time allotted to the cruise was not sufficient to complete Line R.  

Our primary CTD was not compatable with data accumulation software, so the 
back-up probe was used.  This meant we could not use a 3 bottle Rosette that 
was interfaced with the main CTD.

A.6.  	Other incidents
  
None.

A.7. 	List of Cruise Participants

		Table 4: List of Cruise Participants
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name			Responsibility			Affiliation
Frank Whitney		Nutrients			IOS
Keith Johnson		Total CO2			IOS
Shu Lun Wang		Total CO2			Taiwan
Wendy Richardson	Freons				IOS
Ron Bellegay		Water sampling			IOS
Bernard Minkley		T, S, O2, depth			IOS
Les Spearing		CTDs				IOS
Clayton Stark		student				Camosun College
Robert Millar		student				Camosun College
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
*See Table 3 for list of Institution


C.  	Description of Measurement Techniques and Calibrations

C.1.  	Water sampling
 
The Tully has a sea water line (sea water Loop) that services its main 
laboratory.  Near the Loop's intake, conductivity and temperature sensors are 
sampled every 2 minutes and data is logged on the ship's SAIL system.  At each 
CTD station, samples were taken for salinity (to calibrate the conductivity 
cell) nutrients, chlorophyll a and total CO2.  This sampling is denoted L4M in 
the .SUM file to indicate a Loop sample nominally from 4 m depth.  
  
Niskin samplers (a combination of 1.7 and 10 L) were used for all hydro casts.
Water samples were collected in the order: Freons (10 L bottles only), O2, 
TCO2, nutrients and salinity.  Freon samples were drawn into 100 mL glass 
syringes and then stored under sea water until samples were analyzed. Oxygen 
samples were immediately pickled with standard reagents (Carpenter, 1965) and 
the temperature of the sample recorded using a Guildline Model 2175A digital 
thermometer.  TCO2 samples were pickled with 200uL saturated HgCl2 solution, 
and stored cool until coulimetrically analyzed onboard.  Salinity samples were 
drawn into borosilicate bottles for analysis onboard ship.  

C.2.  	Hydro cast temperature and depth
  
Reversing thermometers were used to record temperature and provide correct 
depths on all hydro casts.  Protected thermometers were used in pairs, and an 
average value recorded, unless a discrepancy greater than 0.04o C occurred.  
Then thermometers were cross checked with those that were known to be 
consistant.  Unprotected thermometers were used to estimate the bottle depths.

C.3.  	Oxygen 
  
The micro-Winkler procedure of Carpenter (1965) with a starch end-point 
titration was used.  The sulfuric acid concentration was increased to 
420 mL/L (from 320 mL/L) to improve the dissolution of the precipitate.  This 
lowered the pH of titrated samples to 1.78 - 1.95, av = 1.84 (n=4) from a 
recommended pH of 2, which may increase air oxidation of iodide (Carpenter, 
1965).  Standards were prepared as outlined in WOCE Report 73/91.  A probe 
colorimeter was tested for sensitivity to the starch endpoint.  The use of 
10 L Niskins for most of our sampling improved our oxygen results noticeably, 
since we could flush flasks more thoroughly.  Duplicate samples agreed much 
better than in our last cruise (October 1991).

				Cruise 9105		Cruise 9201
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sp = (sum d^2/2k)^0.5		1.09 uM/kg		0.57 uM/kg
k = no. of pairs		21			22
Range				10 to 280 uM/kg		10 to 300 uM/kg
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Sp is the pooled standard deviations of pairs.

Since sample temperatures were not measured at the time of pickling,
CTDTMP (CTD temperature) was used to calculate sample densities.
Sample warming between collection and pickling has subsequently been
measured as less that 2 C (typically 0.2 to 0.5 C) which increases O2
concentrations by less than 0.1 uM kg.

4.  Nutrients

Samples were collected in 16 x 125 mm polystyrene test tubes (duplicate samples
taken from each depth).  With the exception of Loop samples and the first 
hydro cast at P26, all samples were analyzed within 3 h of collection.  Loop 
and P26(1) samples were refrigerated for up to 1 day before analysis (JF1 to 
P41) or were frozen and analyzed within 2 weeks (P32 to J05).  Standard 
solutions are routinely made at concentrations 100 to 250 times higher than 
the lowest standards used and are diluted daily for standardizations.  These 
solutions are checked against commercial CSK Standards (WACO Pure Chemical 
Industries) to verify that no gross contaminations or errors have been made in 
their preparation.  Their molarity is based on the accurate weights taken 
during preparation.  Reagents that have been consistently used for 5 years or 
longer include KNO3 (Primary Standard, Fisher), NaSiF6 (Certified, Fisher) and 
KH2PO4 (Reagent ACS, MCB).  Standards have proven to be stable for upto 6 
months when preserved with 1 mL/L chloroform and stored in the dark.

An aging Technicon Autoanalyzer sampled a single test tube for NO3 & NO2, PO4 
and Si according to Technicon procedures.  

NO3 + NO2 were reduced with Cd/Cu, then complexed with sulfanilamide and 
N-Naphthylethylene-diamine to form an azo dye (Technicon Method No. 158-71W/B).
PO4 produces a molybdenum blue complex in presence of acidic molybdate and 
ascorbic acid (Technicon Method No. 155-71W).  Dissolved Si also forms a 
molybdenum blue complex and oxalic acid removes PO4 interference (Technicon 
Method 186-72W).  Occasional problems with this equipment caused some minor 
loss of data quality.  

Lab temperatures were occasionally checked during each analytical run.

Station		Date		Temperature (C)
-------------------------------------------------------
P04 		Feb. 4 		19.8 to 21.2
P12		Feb. 5		22.8 to 23.5
P16		Feb. 6		23.9 to 24.8
P20		Feb. 7		24.3 to 24.9
P26		Feb. 9		17.2 to 20.6
---------------------------------------------------

C.5.  	Salinity

A Guildline Model 8410 Portosal (SN 58,879) salinometer was used onboard ship 
to analyze all samples.  IAPSO Standard Seawater was used for daily 
calibrations.  Duplicate samples from 2000 to 3800 m, run in sequence, had a 
standard deviation Sp = 0.001 (k=9), confirming that sampling and analyses are 
precise, and that Niskin bottles did not leak  (since a salinity gradient is 
evident in leaking bottles). 

C.6.  	CTD

Guildline Model 8715 CTD (SN 58,483) outfitted with a 3000 db pressure sensor, 
temperature and salinity sensors was used exclusively after the early failure 
of the primary CTD which had been outfitted with 3 temperature channels.  
Profiles routinely reached 1500 m.  
 
Guildline Instruments tested a prototype CTD to 3000 m (the limit of our cable)
with good success. 
  
C.7.  	Freons
 
Since many tests need to be completed before we can supply data of assured 
quality, we do not intend to submit Freon data from this cruise.   However, I 
will outline our procedures in way of providing a progress report.
  
Glass syringes (100 mL) were rinsed then filled from the spigot of 10 L Niskin 
samplers, before other sampling was begun, and always within 1 h of sample 
bottles coming to the surface.  Filled syringes were stored under sea water to 
reduce possible atmospheric contamination. 
  
An analyzer designed after the system described in Bullister and Weiss (1988) 
was tested only briefly before going onboard ship.  Consequently, most analyses
at sea were intended to check the replicability of our sampling and 
contamination from ship's air and water samplers.  Since many new 10 L Niskin 
bottles were being used without cleaning, it was feared that contamination 
would obscure intermediate water concentrations.  However, deep water blanks 
(below 1000 m) proved that Freons from 400 to 600 m were detectable.    


D.	Acknowledgments

E.	References

Bullister, J.L. and Weiss, R.F.  1988.  Determinations of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in 
seawater and air.  Deep-Sea Res. 35: 839-853.

Carpenter, J.H.  1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
dissolved oxygen method.  Limnol. Oceanogr., 10: 141-143.

Macdonald, R.W. and McLaughlin, F.A.  1982.  The effect of storage by freezing 
on dissolved inorganic phosphate, nitrate and reactive silicate for samples 
from coastal and estuarine waters.  Water Res. 1: 95-104.

Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
Marine Science, No. 44.

Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data, 1991. By JPOTS
editorial panel.

F.	WHPO Summary

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the dd9201.sum, 
dd9201.hyd, dd9201.csl and *.wct files.  The dd9201.sum file contains a summary
of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertient
information regarding each hydrographic station.  The dd9201.hyd file contains 
the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  The *.wct 
files are zipped into one file called dd9201.wct.zip. The dd9201.csl file is a 
listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and
calculated values were derived for the dd9201.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure:  These three values were smoothed
from the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels
using the following binomial filter-

	t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not
contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated
to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering.   

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4:
KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale
(PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80)
as described in the Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the
surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the
least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the
center of the interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two
differences between the standard level and the two closest values.
The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the
adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential
temperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco
publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares
slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the
standard level and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortran
routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical
component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e.
pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the bouyancy
frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local
acceleration of gravity. 

Bouyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic
leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff
(1990).  Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco
publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are
calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and 
Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication, Processing of 
Oceanographic station data.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N
(Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.  

G.	Data Quality Evaluation
