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CRUISE REPORT: A10
(Updated SEP 2013)


HIGHLIGHTS

                           CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

          WOCE Section Designation  A10
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  33RO20110926
                  Chief Scientists  Molly Baringer/AOML
                                    Alison Macdonald/WHOI
                             Dates  Mon Sep 26, 2011 - Sat Oct 31, 2011
                              Ship  RONALD H. BROWN
                     Ports of call  Cape Town, South Africa - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

                                                  27° 35.9868' S
             Geographic Boundaries  47° 56.9232' W              14° 56.9514' E
                                                   30° 1.0788' S

                          Stations  120
      Floats and drifters deployed  15 Argo floats, 10 surface drifters
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                           Recent Contact Information:

             Dr. Molly O. BARINGER • Physical Oceanography Division
          NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
                  4301 Rickenbacker Causeway • Miami, FL 33149
    phone: 305-361-4345 • fax: 305-361-4413 • email: Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov

        Alison M Macdonald • Research Specialist • Physical Oceanography
                      Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
            266 Woods Hole Rd. • MS# 21 • Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050
              phone: +1 508 289 3507 • email: amacdonald@whoi.edu




                                CLIVAR/Carbon A10

                              NOAAS Ronald H. Brown
                         28 August 2011 - 31 October 2011
                Cape Town, South Africa - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

                                Chief Scientist:
                           Dr. Molly O'Neil Baringer
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, AOML

                              Co-Chief Scientist:
                             Dr. Alison Macdonald
                      Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

                           Preliminary Cruise Report

                             CTD Data Submitted by:

                             Kristene E. McTaggart
                 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)
             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
                                   Seattle, WA

                      Preliminary Bottle Data Submitted by:

                             Alejandro D. Quintero
            Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic Data Facility
               Scripps Institution of Oceanography/UC San Diego
                                  La Jolla, CA



Introduction

CLIVAR/Carbon A10 in the South Atlantic on NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown was 
completed successfully during the period 28 August 2011-31 October 2011. This 
cruise is part of a decadal series of repeat hydrography sections jointly 
funded by NOAA-OGP and NSF-OCE as part of the U.S. 
CLIVARICO2/hydrography/tracer program (http://ushydro.ucsd.edu). The goal of 
the effort is to occupy a set of hydrographic transects over the global ocean 
with full, high-quality water column measurements to study physical and 
chemical changes over time. The 2011 A10 expedition began in Cape Town, South 
Africa and ended in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Various academic institutions and 
NOAA research laboratories participated on the cruise. The A10 section ran 
nominally A10ng the 30°S from approximately 17°W to 48°W, repeating the section 
previously occupied in 1992 and 2003. A total of 120 full water column 
CTD/02/LADCP/rosette casts were completed A10ng the A10 transect with nominal -
30 nautical mile (nm) spacing, with closer spacing near boundaries. 
Approximately 2,800 water samples were collected on these casts for analyses of 
a variety of parameters, including salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, 
chlorofluorocarbons, (CFCs), SF6, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, 
pH, carbon isotopes (14C), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), density, 
phytoplankton, tritium, 180 and helium.

Underway data collection included upper-ocean current measurements from the 
shipboard ADCP, surface oceanographic (temperature, salinity, PCO2) and 
meteorological parameters from the ship's underway systems, bathymetric data 
and atmospheric measurements of CO2. CFCs, SF6 and ozone.

Data from this cruise are available from CCHDO, under Atlantic Ocean Datasets:

http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/dataaccess/showcmise?ExpoCode=33R020100308









Acknowledgements

The successful completion of the cruise relied on dedicated assistance from 
many individuals both on shore and on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown as well as 
throught CLIVAR. Funded investigators in the project and members of the CLIVAR 
Repeat Hydrography/CO2 program were instrumental in planning and executing the 
cruise. The participants in the cruise showed dedication and camaraderie during 
their 36 days at sea and unusual delay of the start of the cruise. Officers and 
crew of the Ronald H. Brown exhibited a high degree of professionalism and 
assistance to accomplish the mission and to make us feel at home during the 
voyage. Chief Survey Technician Jonathan Shannahoff and Electronics Technician 
Jeff Hill contributed to the success of this cruise through their able deck 
handling, stewardship of shipboard scientific gear and troubleshooting 
experience.

The US Repeat Hydrography I CO2 Program is sponsored by NOAA's Office of 
Climate Observation. In particular, we wish to thank program managers David 
Legler (NOAA), Eric Itsweire (NSF/OCE), for their moral and financial support 
in the effort.

Clearance was requested and granted from the sovereign nations of Namibia and 
Brazil for research conducted in their territorial waters. The collaboration in 
the research effort is greatly appreciated.





Background

The CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program focuses on the need to monitor 
inventories of CO2. tracers, heat and freshwater and their transports in the 
ocean. Earlier programs under WOCE and JGOFS provided a baseline observational 
field for these parameters. The new measurements reveal much about the changing 
patterns on decadal scales. The program serves as a backbone to the assessment 
of changes in the ocean's biogeochemical cycle in response to natural and/or 
man-induced activity. Global changes in the ocean's transport of heat and 
freshwater, that can have significant impact on climate, can be followed 
through these long-term measurements. The CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program 
provides a robust observational framework to monitor these long-term trends. 
These measurements are in support of:

  • Model calibration and testing
  • Carbon system studies
  • Heat and freshwater storage and flux studies
  • Deep and shallow water mass and ventilation studies
  • Calibration of autonomous sensors

This program follows the invasion of anthropogenic CO2 and transient tracers 
into intermediate and deep water on decadal timescales and determines the 
variability of the inorganic carbon system, and its relationship to biological 
and physical processes. More details on the program can be found at the 
website: http://ushydro.ucsd.edu. Specific information about this cruise can be 
found at: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/A10. The informal "blog" that 
recounted some to the cruise highlights can be found at: http://clivar-
A10.blogspot.coml

CLIVAR/Carbon AN Participating Institutions

Abbreviation  Institution
------------  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  AOML        Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory - NOAA
  CPO         Climate Program Office - NOAA
  FSU         Florida State University
  FURG        Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
  LDEO        Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory/Columbia University
  PMEL        Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory - NOAA
  RSMAS       Rosentstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science/University 
              of Miami
  SIO         Scripps Institution of Oceanography/University of California at 
              San Diego
  UCSB        University of California Santa Barbara
  UCI         University of California Irvine
  U Hawaii    University of Hawaii at Manoa
  UW-Madison  University of Wisconsin at Madison
  WHOI        Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution



Principal Programs of CLIVAR/Carbon A10

Analysis                    Inst.      PI               email
--------------------------  ---------  ---------------  -------------------------
CTDO                        NOAA/PMEL  Gregory Johnson  Gregory.CJohnson@noaa.gov
                            NOAA/AOML  Molly Baringer   Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov
ADCP/Lowered ADCP           U Hawaii   Jules Hummon     hummon@hawaii.edu
Salinity                    NOAA/AOML  Molly Baringer   Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov
Total CO2 (DIC)             NOAA/PMEL  Richard Feely    Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov
                            NOAA/AOML  Rik Wanninkhof   Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov
UW & Discrete pCO2          NOAA/AOML  Rik Wanninkhof   Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov
Nutrients                   NOAA/AOML  Jia-Zhong Zhang  Jia-Zhong.Zhang@noaa.gov
                            NOAA/PMEL  Calvin Mordy     Calvin.W.Mordy@noaa.gov
Dissolved O2                NOAA/AOML  Molly Baringer   Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov
                            RSMAS      Chris Langdon    clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu
Total Alkalinity/pH         RSMAS      Frank Millero    fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu
Chlorofluorocarbons         NOAA/PMEL  John Bullister   John.L.Bullister@noaa.gov
  (CFCs)/SF6
3He/Tritium/18O             LDEO       Peter Schlosser  peters@ldeo.columbia.edu
                            WHOI       William Jenkins  wjenkins@whoi.edu
DOC/TDN                     UCSB       Craig Carlson    carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu
14C                         Scripps    Alan Foreman     aforeman@ucsd.edu
                            UCI        Alysha Coppola   acoppola@uci.edu
                            SIO        James Swift      jswift@ucsd.edu
Data Management             SIO        Knstin Sanborn   ksanborn@ucsd.edu
Argo Float & Meteorlogical  NOAA/PMEL  Gregory Johnson  Gregory.CJohnson@noaa.gov
  Sensor deoployments
Drifter Deployment          NOAA/AOML  Shaun Dolk       Shaun.Dolk@noaa.gov
Underway surface ocean,     NOAA       Ship personnel
  meteorological and 
  bathymetry data


Scientific Personnel CLIVAR/Carbon A10

Duties                 Name                     Inst.       email
---------------------  -----------------------  ----------  -----------------------------
Chief Scientist        Molly Baringer           AOML        molly.baringer@noaa.gov
Co-Chief Scientist     Alison Macdonald         WHOI        amacdonald@whoi.edu
Data Management        Alex Quintero            Scripps     alquintero@ucsd.edu
CTD Processing         Kristy McTaggert         PMEL        kristy.mctaggart@hotmail.com
CTD/Salinity/LADCP/ET  Kyle Seaton              AOML/CIMAS  kyle.seaton@noaa.gov
CTD/Salinity/LADCP/ET  Andrew Stefanick         AOML        andrew.stefanick@noaa.gov
CTD Watch              James Hooper             AOML        hooper@ocean.fsu.edu
CTD Watch/ACDP/LADCP   Elizabeth Simons         FSU         egs07d@my.fsu.edu
Dissolved O2           George Berberian         AOML/CIMAS  george.berberian@noaa.gov
Dissolved O2           Chris Langdon            RSMAS       clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu
Nutrients              Peter Proctor            PMEL        peter.proctor@noaa.gov
Nutrients              Charles Fischer          AOML        charles.fischer@noaa.gov
Total CO2 (DIC)        Charles Featherstone     AOML        charles.featherstone@noaa.gov
Total CO2 (DIC)        Robert Castle            AOML        robert.castle@noaa.gov
CFCs/SF6               David Wisegarver         PMEL        david.wisegarver@noaa.gov
CFCs/SF6               Darren Pilcher           UW-Madison  djpilcher@wisc.edu
CFCs/SF6/14C           Alan Foreman             Scripps     aforeman@ucsd.edu
Total Alkalinity/pH    Jen Aicher               RSMAS       jenaicher@gmail.com
Total Alkalinity/pH    Tammy Laberge-MacDonald  RSMAS       tlaberge@rsmas.miami.edu
Total Alkalinity/pH    Carmen Rodriguez         RSMAS       crodriguez@rsmas.miami.edu
Total Alkalinity/pH    Valentina Caccia         RSMAS       valecaccia@yahoo.com
Helium/Tritium/18O     Anthony Dachille         LDEO        dachille@ldeo.columbia.edu
DOC/14C                Alysha Coppola           UCI         acoppola@uci.edu
HPLC/Phytoplankton     Luciano Costa de         FURG        lclazevedo@gmail.com
                         Lacerda Azevedo
Brazilian Observer     Marina Midori            MdB         MdBmarinamidori@smm.mil.br



Measurement Program Summary

After a 29-day delay, NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown departed Cape Town, South 
Africa on 26 September 2011 at approximately 1400 UTC and arrived in Rio de 
Janeiro, Brazil on 31 October 2011.

A total of 120 stations were occupied during the A10 cruise. A total of three 
test casts (Sta. 998, 997 and 996) were occupied on the transit from Cape Town 
to the eastern end of the A10 section, which was run from east to west. Data 
from a total 121 CTD/02/LADCP/rosette casts (including 1 reoccupation at 
station 035) were collected. Fifteen Argo floats and ten surface drifters were 
also deployed. CTD/02 data, LADCP data, and water samples (up to 24) were 
collected on most rosette casts. In most cases each cast came to within 10 
meters of the bottom (see Appendix).

A 24 position, 10-11 liter bottle rosette frame was used on this cruise 
(NOAA/AOML's yellow frame). Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient samples 
were collected and analyzed from essentially all of the water samples 
collected. Water samples were also measured for CFCs, SF6, total CO2 (DIC), 
total alkalinity, and pH on most of the samples. Additional samples were 
collected for 'He, tritium, 14C, Black Carbon, phytoplankton and DOC. The CTD 
rosstte/water sampler collected a total of 2,816 water sample measurements 
during the cruise. The distribution of the bottle samples during the course of 
the cruise can be seen in Figures 1 and 2.


A10 Hydrographic Measurements Program

The distribution of bottle samples is illustrated in Figures 1-2 below.


Figure 1: A10 Sample distribution, stations 1-55.
Figure 2: A10 Sample distribution, stations 55-120.




           CO2/CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program 2011 Reoccupation of
                                WOCE Section A10
                           NOAA ship RONALD H. BROWN
                Cape Town, South Africa - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                        September 26 - October 31, 2011
 
 
Chief Scientist: Molly Baringer, AOML 
Co-Chief Scientist:  Alison MacDonald, WHOI 
Data Manager:  Alex Quintero, Scripps 
CTD Quality Control/Processing: Kristy McTaggart, PMEL 
CTD Watchstanders: Elizabeth Simons, FSU and James Hooper, Scripps  
Sample Salinity Analysts: Kyle Seaton, CIMAS and Andy Stefanick, AOML 
Sample Oxygen Analysts: Chris Langdon, RSMAS and George Berberian, AOML 
LADCP Technician: Elizabeth Simons, FSU for Sarah Eggleston, UH 
Survey Technicians: Jonathan Shannahoff and Laurie Roy  
Ship's Electronics Technician: Jeff Hill 
 
Summary 
 
This cruise was a reoccupation of a longitudinal section nominally along 30S 
(WOCE Section A10, occupied in 2003 and 1993). Operations included 
CTDO/LADCP/rosette casts nominally at half-degree spacing.  Underway data 
collected included upper-ocean currents from the shipboard ADCP, surface 
oceanographic and meteorological parameters from the ship's underway systems, 
and bathymetric data.  Ancillary operations included surface drifter deployments 
and Argo float deployments.  
 
NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown first departed Cape Town, South Africa on August 28, 
2011 at 1000 UTC.  A successful test cast to 462 meters was completed on August 
30.  After three days at sea, the ship returned to Cape Town on August 31 at 
0700 UTC for repairs to the port thruster.  After a 12-day delay, the ship was 
underway again on September 13 at 1200 UTC for sea trials, which were 
unsuccessful, so the ship returned to Cape Town for another 12-day delay.  
Finally, the ship departed on September 26, 2011 at 1000 UTC to begin the cruise 
after successful sea trials and a successful test cast to 400 meters.  The 
cruise ended in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on October 31, 2011. 
 
A total of 120 stations were occupied during A10 and 122 CTDO/LADCP/rosette 
casts were collected, including a designated black carbon cast at station 35 and 
a second cast at station 51 after a winch failure.  Fifteen Argo floats and ten 
surface drifters were deployed.  CTDO data, LADCP data, and water samples (up to 
24) were collected on most casts, in most cases to within 10 meters of the 
bottom. 
 
Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient samples were analyzed for up to 24 
water samples from each cast of the principal CTDO/LADCP/rosette program. Water 
samples were also measured for CFCs, pCO2, Total CO2 (DIC), Total Alkalinity, 
and pH.  Additional samples were collected for 3He, Tritium, 13C/14C, DOC, DON, 
and POC. 
 
CTD Underwater Package 
 
Sea-Bird instrumentation was mounted in a 24-position aluminum frame provided by 
AOML with 24 10- and 11-liter Niskin bottles and AOML 24-position carousel s/n 
nnn.  Sea-Bird sensors initially on the 24-position frame included AOML's 9plus 
CTD s/n 1035 and PMEL's TCO sensors:  primary TCO s/n 03P-4569, 04C-3157, 43-
0313 with 05T-1211; and secondary TCO s/n 03P-4341, 04C-2887, 43-1890 with 05T-
5416.  Also mounted on the underwater package were an RDI Workhorse 150 kHz 
LACDP, Simrad altimeter, Wetlabs FLRTD fluorometer s/n 2125, and Benthos pinger 
s/n 1006.  A few changes were made to the underwater package as the cruise 
progressed, most notably the addition of an internally recording reference 
temperature sensor (SBE35RT s/n 72) prior to station 58 through the end of the 
cruise. 
 
CTD Data Acquisition 
 
The CTD data acquisition system consisted of an SBE-11plus (V2) deck unit s/n 
111660 and a networked Dell Optiplex 755 PC workstation running Windows XP 
Professional. SBE Seasave v.7.21d software was used for data acquisition and to 
close bottles on the rosette.  Real-time digital data were backed up by the Data 
Manager, and post-cast raw data files were archived on a thumb drive as well as 
on Survey and PMEL networked PCs.  No real-time data were lost during this 
cruise. 
 
CTD deployments were initiated by Survey after the Bridge advised that the ship 
was on station. The computer console operator maintained a CTD Cast log 
recording position and depth information at the surface, depth, and end of each 
cast; a record of every attempt to close a bottle, and any pertinent comments. 
 
After the underwater package entered the water, the winch operator would lower 
it to a minimum of 10 meters and hold. The CTD pumps are configured with a 60-
second startup delay, and were usually on by this time. The console operator 
checked the CTD data for reasonable values, waited an additional 60 seconds for 
sensors to stabilize, instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the 
surface, paused for 10 seconds, and descended to a target depth. The profiling 
rate was nominally 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min deeper than 
200 m.  These rates could vary depending on sea cable tension and the sea state. 
 
The console watch monitored the progress of the deployment and quality of the 
CTD data through interactive graphics and operational displays.  Additionally, 
the watch created a sample log for the cast that would later be used to record 
the correspondence between rosette bottles and analytical samples taken.  The 
altimeter channel, CTD pressure, wire-out, and bathymetric depth were all 
monitored to determine the distance of the package from the bottom, usually 
allowing a safe approach to within 10 meters.  The pinger was not turned on for 
the majority of casts owing to interference with the bathymetric depth. 
 
Bottles were closed on the upcast via software, and were tripped 30 seconds 
after stopping at a bottle depth to allow the rosette wake to dissipate and the 
bottles to flush. The winch operator was instructed to proceed to the next 
bottle stop 10-20 seconds after closing bottles to ensure that stable CTD and 
reference temperature data were associated with the trip.   
 
Near the surface, Survey directed the winch to stop the rosette just beneath the 
surface.  After the surface bottle was closed, the package was recovered.  Once 
on deck, the console operator terminated data acquisition, turned off the deck 
unit, and assisted with rosette sampling. 
 
At the end of each cast, primary and secondary CTDO sensors were flushed with a 
solution of dilute Triton-X in de-ionized water using syringes fitted with Tygon 
tubing. The syringes were left attached to the temperature duct between casts, 
with the temperature and conductivity sensors immersed in the rinsing solution, 
to guard against airborne contaminants. 
 
Acquisition Problems 
 
The CTD was initially terminated on the aft .322 three-conductor winch cable.  A 
400-dbar test cast was fully successful.  At station 1, cast 1 was bio-fouled 
during deployment, especially the secondary TCO sensors, and the cast was 
aborted at 170 dbar.  After the sensors were flushed repeatedly, cast 2 was 
acquired successfully.  Single modulo errors started at station 3 and increased 
to a few by station 10.  After a brake failure on the aft winch during station 
10, the package was moved to the forward .322 three-conducting winch cable for 
two stations while it was repaired. 
 
At station 9, cast 1 was bio-fouled at 20 dbar and aborted at 220 dbar.  During 
recovery the package was dropped less than a foot onto the deck/platform.  
During cast 2, the primary conductivity was obviously bad and the secondary 
temperature was very noisy.  The cast was aborted at 600 dbar and these two 
sensors were replaced with s/n 2882 and s/n 4193.  It's possible that the 
secondary conductivity cell was damaged at this time when the TC duct was 
stressed at an angle because during cast 3, the secondary conductivity was very 
noisy.  First, the secondary pump was replaced with s/n 5855 prior to station 
10; and then the secondary conductivity was replaced with s/n 3858 prior to 
station 11 on the forward winch. 
 
Modulo errors increased from 4 to 16 on the aft winch at stations 13-17.  
Processed data had to be edited for spikes and bad data gaps in any one of the 
TCO data channels, including pressure.  While the aft winch was reterminated, 
stations 18-19 were done on the forward winch.  In addition to modulo errors, 
there were also "unsupported modem messages".  The upcast at station 19 was done 
in two parts after cycling power on the deck unit and reinitializing software 
when bottle trips were no longer being confirmed.  Troubleshooting resulted in 
replacing the CTD prior to station 21. 
 
A few modulo errors persisted occasionally on the aft termination but were 
accompanied by spikes and bad data gaps.  The aft winch developed controller 
problems after station 45 and was removed from service at station 51.  The 
forward winch was reterminated prior to station 51 and used for the remainder of 
the cruise in spite of level wind issues.   
 
Prior to station 32, secondary oxygen sensor s/n 1890 was replaced because it 
had drifted too far from its calibration (over 15 umol/kg).  Prior to station 
36, secondary oxygen sensor s/n 664 was replaced because its behavior was 
suspect.  Secondary oxygen data from s/n 2085 went bad for stations 102-103 and 
the sensor was replaced prior to station 104 with s/n 2040. 
 
CTD DATA PROCESSING 
 
The reduction of profile data began with a standard suite of processing modules 
using Sea-Bird Data Processing Version 7.21d software in the following order: 
 
DATCNV converts raw data into engineering units and creates a .ROS bottle file.  
Both down and up casts were processed for scan, elapsed time(s), pressure, t0, 
t1, c0, c1, oxvo1, oxvo2, ox1 and ox2.  Optical sensor data were converted to 
voltages and also carried through the processing stream.  MARKSCAN was used to 
skip over scans acquired on deck and while priming the system under water. 
 
ALIGNCTD aligns temperature, conductivity, and oxygen measurements in time 
relative to pressure to ensure that derived parameters are made using 
measurements from the same parcel of water.  Primary and secondary conductivity 
were automatically advanced in the V2 deck unit by 0.073 seconds.  No further 
alignment was warranted.  It was not necessary to align temperature or oxygen. 
 
BOTTLESUM averages burst data over an 8-second interval (± 4 seconds of the 
confirm bit) and derives both primary and secondary salinity, potential 
temperature, and potential density anomaly.  Primary and secondary oxygen were 
derived in DATCNV and averaged in BOTTLESUM, as recommended recently by Sea-
Bird. 
 
WILDEDIT makes two passes through the data in 100 scan bins.  The first pass 
flags points greater than 2 standard deviations; the second pass removes points 
greater than 20 standard deviations from the mean with the flagged points 
excluded.  Data were kept within 100 standard deviations of the mean (i.e. all 
data). 
 
FILTER applies a low pass filter to pressure with a time constant of 0.15 
seconds.  In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the filter is first run 
forward through the file and then run backwards through the file. 
 
CELLTM uses a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass effects 
from measured conductivity.  In areas with steep temperature gradients the 
thermal mass correction is on the order of 0.005 PSS-78.  In other areas the 
correction is negligible.  Nominal values of 0.03 and 7.0 s were used for the 
thermal anomaly amplitude (α) and the thermal anomaly time constant (β-1), 
respectively, as suggested by Sea-Bird. 
 
LOOPEDIT removes scans associated with pressure slowdowns and reversals.  If the 
CTD velocity is less than 0.25 m s-1 or the pressure is not greater than the 
previous maximum scan, the scan is omitted. 
 
DERIVE uses 1-dbar averaged pressure, temperature, and conductivity to compute 
primary and secondary salinity, as well as more accurate oxygen values. 
 
BINAVG averages the data into 1-dbar bins.  Each bin is centered on an integer 
pressure value, e.g. the 1-dbar bin averages scans where pressure is between 0.5 
dbar and 1.5 dbar.  There is no surface bin.  The number of points averaged in 
each bin is included in the data file. 
 
STRIP removes oxygen that was derived in DATCNV. 
 
TRANS converts the binary data file to ASCII format. 
 
Package slowdowns and reversals owing to ship roll can move mixed water in tow 
to in front of the CTD sensors and create artificial density inversions and 
other artifacts.  In addition to Seasoft module LOOPEDIT, MATLAB program 
deloop.m computes values of density locally referenced between every 1 dbar of 
pressure to compute the square of the buoyancy frequency, N2, and linearly 
interpolates temperature, conductivity, and oxygen voltage over those records 
where N2 is less than or equal to -1 x 10-5 s-2.   Fourteen profiles failed the 
criteria in the top 4-10 dbars.  These data were retained by program 
deloop_post.m and were flagged as questionable in the final WOCE formatted 
files. 
 
Program calctd.m reads the delooped data files and applies preliminary 
calibrations to temperature, conductivity, and oxygen; and computes calibrated 
salinity.     
 
Pressure Calibration 
 
Pressure calibrations for the CTD instruments used during this cruise were pre-
cruise.  No additional adjustments were applied.  On deck pressure readings 
prior to each cast were examined and remained within 1 dbar of calibration.  
Differences between first and last submerged pressures for each cast were also 
examined and the residual pressure offsets were less than 1 dbar.   
 
Temperature Calibration 
 
A viscous heating correction of -0.0006 C was applied at sea as recommended by 
Sea-Bird.  Post-cruise laboratory calibrations showed only slight changes in 
sensor behavior, including the SBE 35 reference temperature sensor.  Therefore 
it was not necessary to apply a drift correction to the data.   
 
Conductivity Calibration 
 
Seasoft module BOTTLESUM creates a sample file for each cast.  These files were 
appended using program sbecal.f.  Program addsal.f matched sample salinities to 
CTD salinities by station/sample number.   
 
Each of the two primary conductivity sensors used were a single calibration 
grouping.  For conductivity sensor s/n 3157, program calcop0.m (a constant 
conductivity offset, a linear pressure-dependent correction to conductivity, and 
a constant conductivity slope produced the best fit to sample data from stations 
1-8 for this primary sensor: 
 
number of points used   143 
total number of points  157 
% of points used in fit  91.08 
fit standard deviation    0.001534 
fit bias                 -0.00043480266 
fit co pressure fudge    -2.2145704e-007 
min fit slope             1.0000712 
max fit slope             1.0000712 
 
For conductivity sensor s/n 2882, program calcos1.m (a constant conductivity 
offset, and a 1st order polynomial conductivity slope as a function of station 
number) produced the best fit to sample data from stations 11-120 for this 
primary sensor: 
 
number of points used   2218 
total number of points  2552 
% of points used in fit   86.91 
fit standard deviation     0.001157 
fit bias                   0.0011332164 
min fit slope              0.99996306 
max fit slope              0.99999932 
 
Conductivity calibrations were applied to profile data using program calctd.m 
and to burst data using calclo.m.  CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted 
against station number (Figure 3) and pressure (Figure 4) allow a visual 
assessment of the success of the fits.   
 

Figure 3: CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against station number
Figure 4: CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against station pressure.


Oxygen Calibration 
 
A hybrid of the Owens-Millard (1985) and Murphy-Larson (revised 2010) oxygen 
sensor modeling equations was used to calibrate the SBE-43 oxygen sensor data 
from this cruise.  The equation has the form 
 
Ox=Soc*(V+Voff+Tau*exp(DI*P+D2*T).*dVdt).*Os.*exp(Tcor*T).*exp(Pcor*P./(273.15+T)); 
 
Where Ox is the CTD oxygen (in µmol/kg), V is the measured oxygen voltage (in 
volts), dVdt is the temporal gradient of the oxygen voltage (in volts/s 
estimated by running linear fits made over 5 seconds), P is the CTD pressure (in 
dbar), T is the CTD temperature (in °C), and Os is the oxygen saturation 
computed from the CTD data following Garcia & Gordon (1992).  Oxygen sensor 
hysteresis was improved by matching upcast bottle oxygen data to downcast CTD 
data by potential density anomalies referenced to the closest 1000-dbar interval 
using program match_sgn.m.  We used the values provided by SBE for each sensor 
for the constants D1 (1.9263e-4) and D2 (-4.6480e-2) to model the pressure and 
temperature dependence of the response time for the sensor. For each group of 
stations fit we determined values of Soc (sometimes station dependent), Voff, 
Tau, Tcor, and Pcor by minimizing the residuals between the bottle oxygen and 
CTD oxygen.  W represents fitting switches.  If the switches are set to 0,0 the 
fit is a regular L2 (least squares) norm for the entire group.  If the switches 
are set to 1,0 the fit is a regular L2 norm for the entire group but with a 
slope that is a linear function of station number.   If the switches are set to 
2,0 the program first fits the entire group, then goes back and fits a slope and 
bias to individual stations, keeping the other parameters at the group values.  
If the switches are set to 0,1 the fit is a regular L2 norma for the entire 
group but it is weighted by the nominal oxygen bottle spacing, thus fitting the 
deep portion of the water column better. 
 
Program addoxy.f matched bottle sample oxygen values to CTD oxygen values by 
station/sample number. Program run_oxygen_cal_ml.m was used to determine 
calibration coefficients for eight station groupings determined by visual 
inspection: 

 Stns     Soc Range      Voff    Tau     Tcor    Pcor   Points Used   StdDev   W 
------  -------------  -------  -----  -------  ------  ------------  ------  ---
  1-15  0.4791-0.4853  -0.4718  7.230   0.0012  0.0398   324   92.3%  1.2012  1,0 
 16-61  0.4913-0.4963  -0.4706  8.395   0.0006  0.0391  1056   91.7%  1.6782  2,0 
    26         0.4769  -0.4588  4.826   0.0019  0.0422    21  100.0%  0.6601  0,0 
    54         0.4806  -0.4530  3.182   0.0019  0.0410    19  100.0%  0.4934  0,0 
 62-73         0.4971  -0.4699  8.730  -0.0001  0.0387   286   92.7%  1.0725  0,1 
 74-89         0.4838  -0.4504  8.698   0.0014  0.0389   377   94.4%  0.6334  0,0 
 90-97  0.4887-0.4850  -0.4583  8.330   0.0012  0.0392   191   99.5%  0.6356  1,0 
98-120         0.4820  -0.4538  7.344   0.0014  0.0392   465   92.7%  0.6447  0,0 
 
Oxygen calibration coefficients were applied to profile data using program 
calctd.m, and to burst data using calclo.m. 
 
Primary sensor CTD - bottle oxygen differences plotted against station number 
(Figure 5) and pressure (Figure 6) allow a visual assessment of the success of 
the fits. 
 
 
Figure 5: Primary sensor CTD - bottle oxygen differences plotted against station 
          number
Figure 6: Primary sensor CTD - bottle oxygen differences plotted against 
          pressure
 

Despiking 
 
Less than 8% of the profiles had to be despiked owing to electrical termination 
problems.  Single point spikes were interpolated by hand.  Salinity and oxygen 
were interpolated over larger ranges using program select_interp_ranges.m and 
apply_interp_sal_ox.m.  Interpolated records are indicated with WOCE quality 
flags of 6. 
 



BOTTLE SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING

Water Sampling

The NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown has two Markey DESH-5 winches. The Aft winch was 
used for stations 13-17, 20-45 and 49-51. The Forward winch was used for all 
other stations, including the second (successful) cast of station 51. Most 
rosette casts were lowered to within 8-20 meters of the bottom, using both the 
altimeter to determine distance. Details of these bottom approaches can be 
found in the Appendix.

Rather than close the bottles at the same (standard) depths at each station, 
sampling plans were designed to stagger the vertical levels in rotation 
throughout the depths on each station throughout A10. The goal was to provide 
better coverage and spatial patterns for later gridding of the various data 
sets.

Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings were changed and 
lanyards repaired as necessary. Bottle maintenance was performed each day to 
insure proper closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired 
or replaced as needed (see Appendix).

The 24-place SBE32 carousel had few problems other than occasional issues with 
releasing individual bottle lanyards, causing mis-tripped bottles on a number 
of casts.


Bottle Sampling

At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the bottles 
in the following order:

  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • 3He
  • O2
  • pH
  • Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)
  • Total Alkalinity (TAlk)
  • 14C, Black Carbon
  • Density
  • Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
  • 18O
  • Tritium
  • Nutrients
  • Salinity
  • Phytophlankton

The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle 
position (1-24) from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log 
for the cast. This log also included any comments or anomA10us conditions noted 
about the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was designated 
the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and insure 
that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order.

Normal sampling practice included opening the spigot and then the air vent on 
the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This observation together 
with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve left 
open") that might later prove useful in determining sample integrity were 
routinely noted on the sample log. Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking 
the draw temperature from the bottle. The temperature was noted on the sample 
log and was sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles.

Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were 
distributed for analysis. On-board analyses were performed on computer-assisted 
(PC) analytical equipment networked to the data processing computer for 
centralized data management.


Bottle Data Processing

Shipboard CTDO data were re-processed automatically at the end of each 
deployment using SIO/ODF CTD processing software v.5.1.5-4. The raw CTDO data 
and bottle trips acquired by SBE SeaSave on the Windows XP workstation were 
copied onto the Linux database and web server system. Pre-cruise calibration 
data were applied to CTD Pressure, Temperature and Conductivity sensor data, 
then the data were processed to a 0.5-second time series. A 2-decibar down-cast 
pressure series was created from the time series; CTDO data from downcasts were 
matched A10ng isopycnals to upcast trips and extracted, then fit to bottle °2 
data at trips. The pressure series data were used by the web service for 
interactive plots, sections and on-board CTDO data distribution; the 0.5 second 
time series data were also available for distribution through the web service.

CTDO data at bottle trips were extracted and added to the bottle database to 
use for CTD Pressure, Temperature and Salinity data in the preliminary bottle 
files. Downcast CTDO data, matched to upcast bottle trips A10ng isopycnals, 
were used for preliminary bottle file CTDO data. When final CTDO data are 
submitted, the NOAA!PMEL final PTSO data will replace the preliminary SIO/ODF 
CTD data in the bottle files.

Water samples collected and properties analyzed shipboard were managed 
centrally in a relational database (PostgreSQL-8.1.1 8-2_el5_4.1) run on a 
Linux system. A web service (OpenACS-5.3.2-3 and AOLServer-4.5.1-1) front-end 
provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample data. Web-based facilities 
included on-demand arbitrary property-property plots and vertical sections as 
well as data uploads and downloads.

The Sample Log information (and any diagnostic comments) were entered into the 
database once sampling was completed. Quality flags associated with sampled 
properties were set to indicate that the property had been sampled, and sample 
container identifications were noted where applicable (e.g., oxygen flask 
number).

Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various analytical 
groups and incorporated into the database. These results included a quality 
code associated with each measured value and followed the coding scheme 
developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic 
Programme (WHP) [Joyc94].

Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued 
throughout the cruise. A summary of Bottle Data Quality Codes and sampling 
comments are included in the Appendix.



1. SALINITY

Equipment and Techniques

A single Guildline Autosal, model 8400B salinometer (SIN 60843), located in 
salinity analysis room, was used for all salinity measurements. The salinometer 
readings were logged on a computer using Ocean Scientific International's 
logging hardware and software. The Autosal's water bath temperature was set to 
24°C, which the Autosal is designed to automatically maintain. The laboratory's 
temperature was also set and maintained to just below 24°C, to help further 
stabilize reading values and improve accuracy. As an additional safeguard, the 
Autosal was powered using the ship's clean power to prevent any electrical 
noise issues.

Salinity analyses were performed after samples had equilibrated to laboratory 
temperature, usually at least 24 hours after collection. The salinometer was 
standardized for each group of samples analyzed (usually 2 casts and up to 50 
samples) using two bottles of standard seawater: one at the beginning and end 
of each set of measurements. The salinometer output was logged to a computer 
file. The software prompted the analyst to flush the instrument's cell and 
change samples when appropriate. For each sample, the salinometer cell was 
initially flushed at least 3 times before a set of conductivity ratio readings 
were taken.


Standards

IAPSO Standard Seawater Batch P-152 was used to standardize all casts.


Sampling and Data Processing

The salinity samples were collected in 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate 
bottles that had been rinsed at least three times with sample water prior to 
filling. The bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and 
Nalgene screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and 
sample evaporation. Prior to sample collection, inserts were inspected for 
proper fit and loose inserts replaced to insure an airtight seal. Laboratory 
temperature was also monitored electronically throughout the cruise. P55-78 
salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity 
ratios. The offset between the initial standard seawater value and its 
reference value was applied to each sample. Then the difference (if any) 
between the initial and final vials of standard seawater was applied to each 
sample as a linear function of elapsed run time. The corrected salinity data 
was then incorporated into the cruise database. When duplicate measurements 
were deemed to have been collected and run properly, they were averaged and 
submitted with a quality flag of 6.

On A10, 2749 salinity measurements were taken and approximately 120 vials of 
standard seawater (SSW) were used. A duplicate sample was drawn from each cast 
to determine total analytical precision.



2. OXYGEN ANALYSIS

Equipment and Techniques

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an automated titrator using 
amperometric end-point detection [Lang 10]. Sample titration , data logging, 
and graphical display were performed with a PC running a Lab View program 
written by Ulises Rivero of AOML. Lab temperature was maintained at 18.5-
22.51C. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a 2 ml Gilmont syringe driven with a 
stepper motor controlled by the titrator. Tests in the lab were performed to 
confirm that the precision and accuracy of the volume dispensed were comparable 
or superior to the Dosimat 665. The whole-bottle titration technique of 
Carpenter [Carp6S], with modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb9 1], was used. 
Four replicate 10 ml iodate standards were run every 3-4 days. The reagent 
blank determined as the difference between V1 and V2. the volumes of 
thiosulfate required to titrate 1 -ml aliquots of the iodate standard, was 
determined five times during the cruise. This method was found during pre-
cruise testing to produce a more reproducible blank value than the value 
determined as the intercept of a standard curve. The temperaturecorrected 
molarity of the thiosulfate titrant was determined as given by C. Langdon [Lang 
10].

Sampling and Data Processing

Dissolved oxygen samples were drawn from Niskin bottles into calibrated 125-150 
ml iodine titration flasks using silicon tubing to avoid contamination of DOC 
and CDOM samples. Latex gloves were worn during sample collection for the same 
reason. Bottles were rinsed three times and filled from the bottom, overflowing 
three volumes while taking care not to entrain any bubbles. The draw 
temperature was taken using a digital thermometer with a flexible thermistor 
probe that was inserted into the flask while the sample was being drawn during 
the overflow period. The draw temperatures were used to calculate umol/kg 
concentrations, and provide a diagnostic check of Niskin bottle integrity. 1 ml 
of MnCl2 and 1 ml of NaOH/NaI were added immediately after drawing the sample 
was concluded using a ThermoScientific REPIPET II. The flasks were then 
stoppered and shaken well. Deionized water (DIW) was added to the neck of each 
flask to create a water seal. 24 samples plus two duplicates were drawn from 
each station. The total number of samples collected from the rosette was 2,730.

The samples were stored in the lab in plastic totes at room temperature for 1.5 
hours before analysis. The data were incorporated into the cruise database 
shortly after analysis.

Thiosulfate normality was calculated at the laboratory temperature for each 
run.


Volumetric Calibration

The dispenser used for the standard solution (SOCOREX Calibrex 520) and the 
burette were calibrated gravimetrically just before the cruise. Oxygen flask 
volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized water at AOML. 
The correction for buoyancy was applied. Flask volumes were corrected to the 
draw temperature.

Duplicate Samples

A total of 232 sets of duplicates were run, two for each station. The average 
standard deviation of all sets was 0.2 umol/kg.

Problems

Eight oxygen flasks were removed and replaced with different flasks during the 
cruise, after it was noted that the stoppers did not fit tightly. The following 
flasks were replaced 6, 7, 9, 14, 47, 49, 54.



3. NUTRIENTS

Sampling

Nutrient samples were collected from the Niskin bottles in acid-washed sample 
bottles after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began 
within 1 hour of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room 
temperature while kept in the dark. Nutrients were analyzed with a continuous 
flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard analysis protocols for the WOCE 
hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. [Gord94]

Analytical Methods

Over the entire A10 transect, 2749 samples were taken at discrete depths and 
analyzed for phosphate (PO3), nitrate (NO), nitrite (NO) and orthosilicic acid 
(H4SiO4). Nitrite was determined by diazotizing the sample with sulfanilamide 
and coupling with N-i naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo 
dye. The color produced was measured at 540 nm. Samples for nitrate analysis 
were passed through a cadmium column, which reduced nitrate to nitrite, and the 
resulting nitrite concentration (i.e. the sum of nitrate + nitrite which is 
signified as N + N) was then determined as described above. Nitrate 
concentrations were determined from the difference of N + N and nitrite. 
Phosphate was determined by reacting the sample with molybdic acid at a 
temperature of 55°C to form phosphomolybdic acid. This complex was subsequently 
reduced with hydrazine, and the absorbance of the resulting phosphomolybdous 
acid was measured at 820 nm. Silicic acid was analyzed by reacting the sample 
with molybdate in an acidic solution to form molybdosilicic acid. The 
molybdosilicic acid was then reduced with SnC12 to form molybdenum blue. The 
absorbance of the molybdenum blue was measured at 820 nm.

A typical analytical run consisted of distilled water blanks, standard blanks, 
working standards, a standard from the previous run, CRM standards, samples, 
replicates, working standards, and standard and distilled water blanks. 
Replicates were usually run for 4-7 Niskin bottles from each cast, at varying 
depths, plus any samples with questionable peaks. The standard deviation of the 
deep replicates was used to estimate the overall precision of the method, which 
was <1% full scale.

Standardization

A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was 
prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and 
Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and 
nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard 
was prepared about every 10 days by dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and 
this standard was stored in the refrigerator. Working standards were freshly 
made at each station by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. 
Mixed standards were verified against commercial standards purchased from Ocean 
Scientific.

Additionally, a standard comparison was done with CRM standards from The 
General Environmental Technos Co. LTD of Osaka, Japan. These were run as part of 
an evaluation of the standards to test their feasibility for use as a universal 
nutrient standard.



Problems

There were no significant problems encountered on this cruise with either the 
equipment, reagents or the ships systems. On a recent CLIVAR cruise, (A13.5) 
problems were encountered with using the ship's water for the preparation of 
the Imidazole buffer. On this cruise, water directly from the ship's 
evaporation system was subsequently run through a Millipore MilliQTM system to 
obtain water of very high purity. This water was used to prepare all primary 
and secondary mixed standards and reagents and no problems were noted.



4. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC) AND SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) MEASUREMENTS 

   PI:       John Bullister
   Analysts: David Wisegarver
             Alan Foreman
             Darren Pilcher
                    

Sampling

A PMEL analytical system (Bullister and Wisegarver, 2008) was used for CFC-11, 
CFC-12 and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) analyses on the CLIVAR A10 expedition.  
Approximately 2300 samples of dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 ('CFC/SF6') were 
analyzed. The system was modified to include analyses of dissolved carbon 
tetrachloride (CCl4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).  The nitrous oxide measurements 
are considered exploratory and are not included in this report.  The carbon 
tetrachloride measurements are also considered exploratory, but are included in 
the data report. Because of analytical problems, all of the reported CCl4 
concentrations are given either WOCE quality flags of '3' (questionable) or '4' 
(bad).

In general, the analytical system for CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 performed well on 
the cruise.  Typical dissolved SF6 concentrations in modern surface water are 
~1-2 fmol kg-1 seawater (1 fmol= femtomole = 10-15 moles), approximately 1000 
times lower than dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations.  The limits of 
detection for SF6 were approximately 0.02 fmol kg-1.  SF6 measurements in 
seawater remain extremely challenging. Improvements in the analytical 
sensitivity to this compound at low concentrations are essential to make these 
measurements more routine on future CLIVAR cruises 
 
Water samples were collected in bottles designed with a modified end-cap to 
minimize the contact of the water sample with the end-cap O-rings after closing.  
Stainless steel springs covered with a nylon powder coat were substituted for 
the internal elastic tubing provided with standard Niskin bottles. When taken, 
water samples collected for dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 analysis were the 
first samples drawn from the bottles. Care was taken to coordinate the sampling 
of CFC/SF6 with other samples to minimize the time between the initial opening 
of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. Samples easily impacted by 
gas exchange (dissolved oxygen, 3He, DIC and pH) were collected within several 
minutes of the initial opening of each bottle. To minimize contact with air, the 
CFC/SF6 samples were drawn directly through the stopcocks of the bottles into 
250 ml precision glass syringes equipped with three-way plastic stopcocks. To 
minimize degassing and possible bubble formation, the syringes were immersed in 
a holding tank of clean surface seawater held at ~10OC until ~20 minutes before 
being analyzed.  At that time, the syringe was place in a bath of surface 
seawater heated to ~30oC.

For atmospheric sampling, a ~75 m length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run from 
the CFC van located on the fantail to the bow of the ship. A flow of air was 
drawn through this line into the main laboratory using an Air Cadet pump. The 
air was compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at ~1.5 atm. 
using a backpressure regulator. A tee allowed a flow of ~100 ml min-1 of the 
compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves of the CFC/SF6 analytical 
systems, while the bulk flow of the air (>7 l min-1) was vented through the 
back-pressure regulator. Air samples were analyzed only when the relative wind 
direction was within 60 degrees of the bow of the ship to reduce the possibility 
of shipboard contamination.  Analysis of bow air was performed at ~10 locations 
along the cruise track. At each location, at least five air measurements were 
made to increase the precision of the measurements


Analysis

Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in air samples, seawater, and gas 
standards were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography (EC-GC) 
using techniques modified from those described by Bullister and Weiss (1988) and 
Bullister and Wisegarver (2008), as outlined below.  For seawater analyses, 
water was transferred from a glass syringe to a glass-sparging chamber (volume 
~200 ml). The dissolved gases in the seawater sample were extracted by passing a 
supply of CFC/SF6 free purge gas through the sparging chamber for a period of 6 
minutes at ~150 ml min-1. Water vapor was removed from the purge gas during 
passage through an 18 cm long, 3/8" diameter glass tube packed with the 
desiccant magnesium perchlorate. The sample gases were concentrated on a cold-
trap consisting of a 1/16" OD stainless steel tube with a 2.5 cm section packed 
tightly with Porapak Q (60-80 mesh), a 15 cm section packed with Carboxen 1000 
and a 2.5 cm section packed with MS5A. A Neslab Cryocool CC-100 was used to cool 
the trap to ~-65°C.  After 6 minutes of purging, the trap was isolated, and it 
was heated electrically to ~175°C. 

Once the trap was hot, the gases were injected onto a series of precolumns and 
columns.  There were three main analytical columns, one for SF6 and CFC-12, one 
for CFC-11 and CCL4 and the last for N2O.  The injection began with all of the 
gases passing through the first precolumn (PC1, ~45 cm of 1/8" O.D. stainless 
steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil B, held at 80°C).  The first 
precolumn (PC1) had several purposes.  The first was to separate N2O, SF6 and 
CFC-12 from CFC-11 so that these gases could pass on to the second precolumn 
(PC2) without any CFC-11.  Secondly, the PC1 separated CFC-11 and CCL4 from 
later peaks, so chromatograms could be kept moderately short.  Once CCL4 had 
passed through the PC1 and onto the analytical column(180 cm 1/8" OD stainless 
steel tubing packed with Porasil B, 80-100 mesh, held at 80°C), PC1 was 
backflushed to remove the unwanted peaks. While CFC-11 and CCL4 were passing 
through PC1, N2O, SF6 and CFC-12 were passing through the PC2 (5 cm of 1/8" O.D. 
stainless steel tubing packed with MS5A, 120°C).  SF6 and CFC-12 pass through 
PC2 relatively quickly leaving N2O which was then diverted to its analytical 
column (2 m , Hayesep B, 120°C, ECD temperature of 330° C) with a flow of Argon-
Methane (95:5).

Subsequent to passing through PC2, SF6 and CFC-12 were separated on an 
analytical column (180 cm 1/8" OD stainless steel tubing packed with MS5A, 60-80 
mesh plus 60 cm of 1/8" OD stainless steel tubing packed with Porasil B, 80-100 
mesh, held at 80°C, ECD temperature at 340°C).

The analytical column for N2O and the second pre-column were held in a Shimadzu 
GC8 gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (ECD) held at 330oC. The 
other two columns and the first precolumn were in another Shimadzu GC8 gas 
chromatograph with ECD (340o C). The outflow from the column for CFC-11 and CCL4 
was directed to a Shimadzu Mini2 gas chromatograph (no column) with the ECD held 
at 250°C.  

The analytical system was calibrated frequently using a standard gas of known 
CFC/SF6 composition. Gas sample loops of known volume were thoroughly flushed 
with standard gas and injected into the system.  The temperature and pressure 
was recorded so that the amount of gas injected could be calculated. The 
procedures used to transfer the standard gas to the trap, pre-column, main 
chromatographic column, and ECD were similar to those used for analyzing water 
samples. Four sizes of gas sample loops were used. Multiple injections of these 
loop volumes could be made to allow the system to be calibrated over a 
relatively wide range of concentrations. Air samples and system blanks 
(injections of loops of CFC/SF6 free gas) were injected and analyzed in a 
similar manner. The typical analysis time for seawater, air, standard or blank 
samples was ~11 minutes.

Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in air were calibrated relative to PMEL 
standard cylinder PMEL-72584. Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in 
seawater were calibrated relative to PMEL standard cylinder PMEL-72611. CFC-11 
and CFC-12 concentrations are reported on the SIO93 scale (Cunnold et al., 2000) 
and SF6 concentrations are reported relative SIO 2005 scale.

Concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction 
CFC in dry gas, and are typically in the parts per trillion (ppt) range. 

The mean air concentrations measured on the A10 cruise were: 

                            CFC-11: 240.0 ppt (+-0.7%)
                            CFC-12: 524.1 ppt (+-1.1%)
                            SF6:      7.2 ppt (+-2.5%)

Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in units of picomoles per kilogram 
seawater (pmol kg-1) and SF6 concentrations in fmol kg-1.  CFC/SF6 
concentrations in air and seawater samples were determined by fitting their 
chromatographic peak areas to multi-point calibration curves, generated by 
injecting multiple sample loops of gas from a working standard (PMEL cylinder 
72611) into the analytical instrument. The response of the detector to the range 
of moles of CFC/SF6 passing through the detector remained relatively constant 
during the cruise. Full-range calibration curves were run at intervals of 4-5 
days during the cruise. Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas at 
one atmosphere were run much more frequently (at intervals of ~90 minutes) to 
monitor short-term changes in detector sensitivity.

The purging efficiency was estimated by re-purging a high-concentration water 
sample and measuring this residual signal.  At a flow rate of 150 cc min-1 for 6 
minutes, the purging efficiency for CFC/SF6 gases was > 98.9%.  The purging 
efficiency for N2O was ~88%.  Reported concentrations are corrected for these 
efficiencies.

On some oceanographic expeditions, estimates of seawater CFC sampling blanks can 
be made by analyzing samples collected in areas thought to be essentially free 
of CFCs at the time of sampling.  None of the deep water along the A10 section 
was thought to be completely free on CFCs in 2011.  Based on the low and 
relatively uniform concentrations of CFC-11 (~0.005 +-0.002 pmol kg-1), CFC-12 
(~0.004 +- 0.002 pmol kg-1) and SF6 (~0 fmol kg-1) measured in seawater samples 
between 2500 m and 3500 m depth along the A10 section east of about 5oE, we 
believe the CFC-11 and CFC-12 sampling blanks to be < 0.002 pmol kg-1 and the 
SF6 sampling blank to be < 0.01 fmol kg-1

No corrections for these low level sampling blanks have been applied to the 
reported CFC-11, CFC-11 and SF6 seawater concentrations.

On this expedition, based on the analysis of more than 150 pairs of duplicate 
samples, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation) of about 0.2% or 0.002 
pmol kg-1 (whichever is greater) for both dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12  
measurements.  The estimated precision for SF6 was 2% or 0.02 fmol kg-1, 
(whichever is greater). Overall accuracy of the measurements (a function of the 
absolute accuracy of the calibration gases, volumetric calibrations of the 
sample gas loops and purge chamber, errors in fits to the calibration curves and 
other factors) is estimated to be about 2% or 0.004 pmol kg-1 for CFC11 and CFC-
12 and 4% or 0.04 fmol kg-1 for SF6).


Analysis Problems

A small number of water samples had anomalously high CFC/SF6 concentrations 
relative to adjacent samples. In most cases*, these samples occurred 
sporadically during the cruise and were not clearly associated with other 
features in the water column (e.g., anomalous dissolved oxygen, salinity, or 
temperature features). This suggests that these samples were probably 
contaminated with CFCs/SF6 during the sampling or analysis processes. 

Measured concentrations for these anomalous samples are included in the data 
file, but are given WOCE quality flag values of either 3 (questionable 
measurement) or 4 (bad measurement.  

The following number of samples were given flags of 3:

                                  CFC-11:    6
                                  CFC-12:    6
                                  SF6:       9
                                  CCl4:   1898

The following number of samples were given flags of 4:

                                  CFC-11:   18
                                  CFC-12:   19
                                  SF6:      15
                                  CCl4:   4446

A quality flag of 5 was assigned to samples which were drawn from the rosette 
but never analyzed due to a variety of reasons (e.g., leaking stopcock, plunger 
jammed in syringe barrel, analytical malfunction, etc.).

* A large number of samples in the deep (>3000 m) Brazil Basin west of ~10oW had 
  anomalously high SF6 concentrations relative to the CFC-11 and CFC-12 
  concentrations.  These high SF6 concentrations are thought to be due to 
  earlier deliberate deep SF6 tracer release experiments in this region (Rye et 
  al., 2012).


References 

Bullister, J.L., and R.F. Weiss, 1988: Determination of  CC13F and CC12F2 in   
    seawater and air. Deep-Sea Res., v. 25,  pp. 839-853.
 
Bullister, J.L., and D.P. Wisegarver (2008): The shipboard analysis of trace 
    levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-
    12 in seawater. Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 1063-1074.

Prinn, R.G., R.F. Weiss, P.J. Fraser, P.G. Simmonds, D.M.  Cunnold, F.N. Alyea, 
    S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B.R.  Miller, J. Huang, R.H.J. Wang, D.E. Hartley, 
    C. Harth,  L.P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P.M. Midgley, and A. McCulloch, 2000: A 
    history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from 
    ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. J. Geophys.  Res., v. 105, pp. 17,751-17,792.

Rye, C.D., Messias, M-J, Ledwell, J.R., Watson, A.J., Brousseau, A., and King, 
    B.A., 2012: Diapycnal diffusivities from a tracer release experiment in the 
    deep sea, integrated over 13 years.  GRL Vol 39, L04603.  
    Doi:10.1029/2011GL050294, 2012.



5. pH

Sampling

Samples were collected in 50m1 borosilicate glass syringes rinsing 2 times and 
equilibriated to 25°C before analysis. Three duplicates were collected from 
each station: one from the bottom, one at the O2 minimum, and one at the 
surface. All data should be considered preliminary.

Analysis

pH (umol/kg H2O) on the seawater scale was measured using a Agilent 8453 
spectrophotometer according to the methods outlined by Clayton and Byrne 
[C1ay93] A RTE17 water bath maintained spectrophotometric cell temperature at 
25.0°C. A 10cm flow through cell was filled automatically using a Kloehn 6v 
syringe pump. The sulfonephthalein indicator m-cresol purple (mCP) was also 
injected automatically by the Kloehn 6v syringe pump into the 
spectrophotometric cells, and the absorbance of light was measured at three 
different wavelengths (434 nm, 578 nm, 730 nm). The ratios of absorbances at the 
different wavelengths were input and used to calculate pH on the total and 
seawater scales, incorporating temperature and salinity into the equations. The 
equations of Dickson and Millero [Dick87] , Dickson and Riley [Dick79] , and 
Dickson [Dick9O] were used to convert pH from total to seawater scales. Salinity 
data were obtained from the conductivity sensor on the CTD and were later 
corroborated by shipboard measurements. Temperature of the samples was measured 
immediately after spectrophotometric measurements using a Guildline 9540 digital 
platinum resistance thermometer.

Reagents

The mCP indicator dye was a concentrated solution of 2.0 mM with an R = 
1.61350.

Standardization

The precision of the data can be accessed from measurements of duplicate 
samples, certified reference material (CRM) Batch 96 and 112 (Dr. Andrew 
Dickson, UCSD) and TRIS buffers. CRMs were measured every odd station and TRIS 
buffers were measured every station. The mean and standard deviation for the 
CRMs was 7.8687 ± 0.0075 (Batch 96; n=18) and 7.8626 ± 0.0104 (Batch 112; 
n=29).

Data Processing

Addition of the indicator affects the pH of the sample, and the degree to which 
pH is affected is a function of the pH difference between the seawater and 
indicator. Therefore, a correction is applied for each batch of dye. To obtain 
this correction factor, all samples throughout the cruise were measured after 
two consecutive additions of mCP. From these two measurements, a change in 
absorbance ratio per mL of mCP indicator is calculated. R was calculated using 
the absorbance ratio (Rm) measured after the initial indicator addition from:

R = Rm + (0.00173 + 0.000382 Rm) Vind (1)

R = Rm + (0.00254 + 0.000571 Rm) Vind (2)

where V is the volume of mCP used. Clayton and Byrne [Clay93] calibrated the 
mCP indicator using TRIS buffers [Rame77] and the equations of Dickson 
[Dick93]. These equations are used to calculate pH, the total scale in units of 
moles per kilogram of solution.

Problems

Communication problems were noticed between the pH instrument and the analysis 
program at station 26. These problems persisted until station 28 when it was 
decided to replace the Kloehn and re-program the pH instrument. Samples were 
not analyzed from stations 28 through 33 for pH while the instrument and 
communications were being repaired. At station 34 the pH instrument 
communication with the analysis program was repaired and pH sampling resumed.



6. TOTAL ALKALINITY

Sampling

The sampling scheme was full casts (24 Niskins) on all stations. When this was 
not possible, half-casts were taken and alkalinity was sampled according to the 
DIC scheme. All casts had 3 duplicate samples drawn; one from the near the 
bottom, the oxygen minimum, and surface Niskin. Samples were drawn from Niskin 
bottles into 500 ml borosilicate flasks using silicone tubing that fit over the 
petcock to avoid contamination of DOC samples. Bottles were rinsed a minimum of 
two times and filled from the bottom, overflowing half of a volume while taking 
care not to entrain any bubbles.

Approximately 15 ml of water was withdrawn from the flask by arresting the 
sample flow and removing the sampling tube, thus creating a small expansion 
volume and reproducible headspace. The sample bottles were sealed at a ground 
glass joint with a glass stopper. The samples were thermostated at 25°C before 
analysis.

Analysis

The total alkalinity of seawater (TAlk) was evaluated from the proton balance 
at the alkalinity equivalence point, pHequiv = 4.5 at 25°C and zero ionic 
strength in one kilogram of sample. The method utilizes a multi-point 
hydrochloric acid titration of seawater according to the definition of total 
alkalinity [Dick81]. The potentiometric titrations of seawater not only give 
values of TAlk but also those of DIC and pH, respectively, from the volume of 
acid added at the first end point and the initial EMF, E0. Two titration 
systems, A and B were used for TAlk analysis. Each of them consists of a 
Metrohm 665 Dosimat titrator, an Orion 720A pH meter and a custom designed 
plexiglass water-jacketed titration cell [Mill93]. Both the seawater sample and 
acid titrant were temperature equilibrated to a constant temperature of 
25±0.1°C with a water bath (Neslab, model RTE-10). The water-jacketed cell is 
similar to the cells used by Bradshaw and Brewer [Brad88] except a larger 
volume (approx. 200 ml) is employed to increase the precision. Each cell has a 
fill and drain valve which increases the reproducibility of the volume of 
sample contained in the cell. A typical titration recorded the EMF after the 
readings became stable (deviation less than 0.09 mV) and then enough acid was 
added to change the voltage a pre-assigned increment (13 mV). A full titration 
(25 points) takes about 15-20 minutes. The electrodes used to measure the EMF 
of the sample during a titration consisted of a ROSS glass pH electrode (Orion, 
model 810100) and a double junction Ag, AgCl reference electrode (Orion, model 
900200).

Reagents

A single 50-1 batch of 0.25 m HCI acid was prepared in 0.45 m NaC1 by dilution 
of concentrated HCl, AR Select, Mallinckrodt, to yield a total ionic strength 
similar to seawater of salinity 35.0 (I = 0.7 M). The acid was standardized by 
a coulometric technique [Mari68] [Tayl59] , and verified with alkalinity 
titrations on seawater of known alkalinity. The calibrated molarity of the acid 
used was 0.24178 ±0.0001 M HCl. The acid was stored in 500-ml glass bottles 
sealed with Apiezon(r) L grease for use at sea.

Standardization

The volumes of the cells used were determined to ±0.03 ml during the initial 
set up by multiple titrations using seawater of known total alkalinity and CRM. 
Calibrations of the burette of the Dosimat with water at 25°C indicate that the 
systems deliver 3.000 ml (the approximate value for a titration of 200 ml of 
seawater) to a precision of ±0.0004 ml, resulting in an error of ±0.3 umol/kg 
in TAlk. The reproducibility and precision of measurements are checked using 
low nutrient surface seawater and Certified Reference Material (Dr. Andrew 
Dickson, Marine Physical Laboratory, La Jolla, California), Batch 96 and 112. 
CRMs were utilized in order to account for instrument drift and to maintain 
measurement precision. Duplicate analyses provide additional quality assurance 
and were taken from the same Niskin bottle. Duplicates were either both 
measured on system A, both on system B, or one each on A and B.

Data Processing

An integrated program controls the titration, data collection, and the 
calculation of the carbonate parameters (TAlk, pH, and DIC). The program is 
patterned after those developed by Dickson [Dick81], Johans son and Wedborg 
[Joha82], and U.S. Department of Energy [DOE94]. The program uses a Levenberg-
Marquardt nonlinear leastsquares algorithm to calculate the TAlk, DIC, and pH 
from the potentiometric titration data.

Problems

No major problems occurred throughout the cruise. During a rough storm that 
occured near station 88, the rocking of the ship caused the lid of cell A to 
come out of alignment. New cell volumes were calibrated for both cells.



7. DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC)

Sampling

Samples were drawn from Niskin bottles into cleaned, precombusted 300-nt Pyrex 
bottles using silicon tubing. Bottles were rinsed once and filled from the 
bottom, overflowing half a volume. Care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. 
The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-mL (2%) headspace, and 
0.122 mL of 50% saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative. The 
sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L 
grease, and were stored in a 20°C water bath for a minimum of 20 minutes to 
bring them to temperature prior to analysis.

On this cruise more than 2300 samples were analyzed for discrete DIC. Full 
profiles were completed at almost every station. Replicate samples were taken 
from the surface, oxygen minimum, and bottom bottles. The replicate samples 
were interspersed throughout the station analysis for quality assurance and 
integrity of the coulometer cell solutions.

Analysis

The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container modified for 
use as a shipboard laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry with two 
analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) used simultaneously on the cruise. Each 
system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA (Single 
Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) inlet system developed by Ken 
Johnson et al. [John8S] [John87] [John92] of Brookhaven National Laboratory 
(BNL). In the coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted 
to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen to the seawater sample. The evolved 
CO2 gas is carried into the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts 
quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate 
hydrogen ions. These are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated 
OH-. CO2 is thus measured by integrating the total charge required to achieve 
this.

The coulometers were each calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 
(99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops [Wilk93]. 
The instruments were calibrated at the beginning of each station with two sets 
of the gas loop injections.

Secondary standards were run throughout the cruise (at least one per station) 
on each analytical system. These standards are Certified Reference Materials 
(CRMs), consisting of poisoned, filtered, and UV irradiated seawater supplied 
by Dr. A. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Their accuracy 
is determined shoreside manometrically. DIC data reported to the database have 
been corrected to the batch 98 CRM value.

Problems

While both systems worked very well during the cruise, they both had unusually 
high blanks. Normally the blank is less than 30, but we were forced to run them 
with blanks in the 40-70 range. The beginning of the cruise was delayed for 4 
weeks because of engine problems that required shipment of parts from the U.S. 
and during this time extensive tests were performed to determine the cause of 
the high blanks. No leaks or sources of CO2 could be found to account for the 
problem. The most likely cause was the use of 2 year old anode solution. By the 
time all other causes were eliminated, there was not enough time to order new 
solution and have it shipped to Cape Town. Since the high blanks were not 
caused by leaks in the system, the values computed should be accurate. 
Comparison of the deep water values (below 2000 meters) with those obtained on 
the 2003 A10 cruise do not show a significant difference, however they will 
require a careful post-cruise quality control check.

Other problems were relatively minor. The water bath failed during the extended 
Cape Town in-port, but the spare worked reliably for the duration of the 
cruise. Communication errors between the instruments and their controlling 
laptop computers occurred several times. Also several solenoid valves failed 
and had to be replaced.

A total of 2393 samples were analyzed for discrete dissolved inorganic carbon. 
The total dissolved inorganic carbon data reported to the database directly 
from the ship are to be considered preliminary until a more thorough quality 
assurance can be completed shore side.



8. DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC)

DOC and TDN samples were taken from every Niskin bottle at approximately every 
other station. 1380 samples were taken from 61 stations in total. Samples from 
depths shallower than 500 m were filtered through GF/F filters using in-line 
filtration. Samples from deeper depths were not filtered. High density 
polyethylene 60 ml sample bottles were 10% HCl cleaned and Mili-Q water rinsed. 
Filters were combusted at 450°C overnight. Filter holders were 10% HCl cleaned 
and Mili-Q water rinsed. Samples were introduced into the sample bottles by a 
pre-cleaned silicone tubing. Bottles were rinsed by sample for 3 times before 
filling. 40-50 ml of water were taken for each sample. Samples were kept frozen 
in the ship's freezer room. Frozen samples were shipped back for laboratory 
analysis.



9. RADIOCARBON 14C

Radiocarbon in DIC

A total of 40 samples were collected in 250 ml air-tight glass bottles. Using 
silicone tubing, the flasks were rinsed well with the water from the Niskin 
bottle. While keeping the tubing near the bottom of the flask, the flask was 
filled and allowed to overflow to flush its full volume. Once the sample was 
taken, a small amount (30 cc) of water was removed to create a headspace and 
0.2ml of 50% saturated mercuric chloride solution was added. This was the same 
supply and volume of mercuric chloride solution used for the DIC samples.

After all samples were collected from a station, the caps are re-tightened as 
they reach room temperature. The filled bottles are stored inside the ship's 
laboratory prior to being loaded into a container and shipped back to the 
United States for analysis.

Radiocarbon in DOC

A total of 43 samples were collected in 1 liter Boston round bottles. Samples 
from depths shallower than 400m were filtered through previously combusted GF/F 
filters. Samples from deeper depths were not filtered. The bottles and caps 
were rinsed 3 times with about 50 ml each of water from the Niskin bottle. The 
bottle was filled to about 85% full and capped using a piece of Teflon sheet 
between bottle top and the cap. The filled bottles were stored inside the PI's 
freezer (-20°C) at an angle. All samples will shipped back to the United States 
for analysis.

Radiocarbon in Black Carbon in DOC

A total of 56 samples were collected in 1 gallon glass bottles. At 73°W and 
35°W, 25 L were collected at the surface and approximately 50L were collected 
at depth. Deep samples at the Mid Atlantic Ridge were also collected. Samples 
from depths shallower than 400 m were filtered through previously combusted 
GF/F filters. Samples from deeper depths were not filtered. The bottles and 
caps were rinsed 3 times with about 100 ml each of water from the Niskin 
bottle. The bottle was filled to about 85% full and capped using a piece of 
Teflon sheet between the bottle top and the cap. The filled bottles were frozen 
at an angle inside the PI's freezer (-20°C). All samples will shipped back to 
the United States for analysis.



10. DENSITY

Density samples were taken at five stations during the cruise, sampling the 
full cast (Stations 17, 43, 61, 81, 105). The samples were drawn into 125 mL 
HDPE bottles rinsing twice before filling. These samples will be analyzed for 
density using an Anton-Parr vibrating densitometer and re-analyzed for salinity 
(to account for any evaporation) back in Miami.



11. TRITIUM, HELIUM and 18O

Helium samples were taken from designated Niskins in 90 cc 316 type stainless 
steel gas tight vessels with valves. The samples were then extracted into 
aluminum silicate glass storage vessels within 24 hours using the at sea gas 
extraction system. The helium samples are to be shipped to the Lamont-Doherty 
Earth Observatory of Columbia University Nobel Gas Lab for mass spectrometric 
measurements. A corresponding one-liter water sample was collected from the 
same Niskin as the helium sample in a preprocessed glass bottle for degassing 
back at the shore based laboratory and subsequent tritum determination by 'He 
in-growth method. 18 samples were collected and shipped to LDEO for analysis.

During A10, 18 stations were sampled, collecting 347 samples for tritium, 424 
samples for helium and 290 samples for 18 analysis. No duplicate samples were 
taken.



12. PHYTOPLANKTON

Phytoplankton pigments by HPLC

On CLIVAR/Carbon A10, at least three water samples were collected on each 
station: one at the surface, one at the chlorphyll maximum (determined by the 
fluorometer profile on the CTD package), and one at the base of this 
fluorescence peak. In order to better characterize fluorometer profiles at the 
top of the water column, samples from 5 depths (0, 50, 100, 150, 200m) were 
collected from approximately every 12th station. The water samples (1.5-3 L) 
were filtered onto Whatman GF/F filters (nominal pore size 0.7 um and 25 mm 
diameter), under vacuum pressure (< 5" Hg). When complete, the filters were 
immediately stored in liquid nitrogen. These frozen samples were then shipped 
to shore for analysis. The phytoplankton pigments will be determined by HPLC 
(High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). This technique allows one to 
distinguish the main pigments that characterize different phytoplankton groups. 
The pigments are identified by comparison between their retention peaks and 
absorption characteristics in the HPLC using known standards.

Radiance/Irradiance Profiler

At every daytime station in which there were favorable weather and sea 
conditions, bio-optical data were measured using a Satlantic 
Radiance/Irradiance Profiler. This system, which was deployed off the stem, is 
equipped with Hyperspectral Ocean Colour Radiometer (HyperOCR) sensors as well 
as auxiliary sensors for measuring pressure, tilt, temperature and condutivity. 
The HyperOCT sensors measure radiance and irradiance profiles on 256 channels 
with wavelength from 350 to 800nm. The data are downloaded in real-time to a 
computer running SatView, Satlantic's data logging and display program. The 
profiler was operated on two different modes: Free-Fall Mode and Surface Mode.

Free-Fall Mode

For the Free-Fall Mode, the profiler was sent about 20 meters away from the 
ship (to avoid the ship's shadow) before being allowed to freely sink down to 
30 meters. During this free fall, profiles were made measuring upwelling 
radiance (Lu) and downwelling irradiance (Ed). The ratio Lu/Ed is used to 
calculate the Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). The Rrs is a measurement used 
to estimate the substances present in the water (e.g. chlorophyll). This 
procedure consisted of two casts, one with the pressure tare done on deck and 
the other with the pressure tare done on the sea surface.

Surface Mode

For the Surface Mode, the system was equipped with a flotation collar and 
inverted such that it becomes an upwelling irradiance sensor. Downwelling 
irradiance (Ed) measurements were made by a separate surface reference sensor, 
which was set on the top of a van on the fantail. In this mode the profiler 
measured the surface upwelling irradiance (Eu) and the upwelling radiance (Lu) 
for 10 minutes. The Irradiance reflectance was calculated by the ratio Eu/Ed 
which is similar to Rts. Those measurements were also used to calculate the Q 
Factor (Eu/Lu) which was then used to calculate the Normalized upwelling 
radiance (Lwn). '.RE



DEPLOYMENTS

SVP Drifter Deployments

A total of ten SVP drifters, provided by the Global Drifter Program, were 
deployed during the cruise. The deployment procedure involved removing the 
start up magnet and then the plastic packaging before deployment. The drifters 
were deployed after the completion of the CTD station closest to the target 
deployment location. Once the ship was re-positioned and began steaming at 
approximately one knot, the drifter was thrown off the fantail of the ship. The 
time and position of each drifter deployment was recorded and transmitted via 
e- mail to the Drifter Center at AOML(Shaun.Dolk@noaa.gov). The following table 
shows the location of each SYP deployment made on CLIVAR/Carbon A10.


                  Deployment #  Latitude  Longitude  Station  
                  ------------  --------  ---------  -------
                       1        -29.75       9.03      13  
                       2        -29.75       5.58      19  
                       3        -29.35       2.83      24  
                       4        -30         -0.03      32  
                       5        -30         -3.36      38  
                       6        -30        -15.19      56  
                       7        -30.0167   -18.24      60  
                       8        -30        -21.27      64  
                       9        -30        -24.29      68  
                      10        -30        -27.73      73  



ARGO FLOAT DEPLOYMENTS

Fifteen ARGO profiling CTD floats were launched during this cruise at the 
request of the WHOI and AOML ARGO groups. These floats are part of the Argo 
array, a global network of over 3000 profiling floats. The floats are designed 
to sink to a depth of about 1000m. They then drift freely at depth for about 
ten days, before sinking to 2000m and then immediately rising to the surface, 
collecting CTD data as they rise. Conductivity (salinity), temperature, and 
pressure are measured and recorded at about 73 levels during each float ascent. 
At the surface, before the next dive begins, the acquired data is transmitted 
to shore via satellite, A10ng with a location estimate taken while the float 
sits at the surface. The typical life time of the floats in the water is about 
four years. All Argo float data is made publicly available on the web in real-
time at http://www.usgodae.org/argo/argo.html.

All floats were checked on the ship and started at least a day before 
deployment, by passing a magnet over the 'reset' area on the float. Each 
float's startup time was logged. When in position, each float was then launched 
by carefully lowering it into the water using a hand-held line strung through 
the supplied deployment straps. Each float was deployed in the protective box 
the float shipped with. Deployments were done after the completion of the CTD 
station nearest to the requested deployment location, immediately after the 
ship had turned, and begun its course to the next station and had reached a 
speed of approximately one knot. All fifteen floats were deployed successfully. 
A sixteenth float was not deployed because it failed on startup. The following 
table shows the location of each Argo Float deployment made on CLIVAR/Carbon 
A10.


                  Deployment #  Latitude  Longitude  Station
                  ------------  --------  ---------  -------
                        1        -29.75      5.58      19
                        2        -29.35      2.83      24
                        3        -30        -0.03      32
                        4        -30        -3.36      38
                        5        -30        -7.38      45
                        6        -30       -10.26      50
                        7        -30       -12.56      54
                        8        -30       -19         61
                        9        -30       -21.27      64
                       10        -30       -24.29      68
                       11        -30       -27.04      72
                       12        -30       -29.82      76
                       13        -30       -33.62      83
                       14        -30       -37.15      90
                       15        -30       -39.83      98
        
  

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Prin00. 
    Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Fraser, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., Cunnold, D. M., 
    Alyea, F. N., O'Doherty, S., Salameh, P., Miller, B. R., Huang, J., Wang, 
    R. H. J., Hartley, D. E., Harth, C., Steele, L. P., Sturrock, G., Midgley, 
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    important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE," J. Geophys. Res., 105, 
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    Ramette, R. W., Culberson, C. H., and Bates, R. G., "Acid-base properties 
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APPENDIX

Cast Bottom Data

For each station/cast the following table shows the following information for 
the bottom of each cast, respectively:

  • Station/Cast Number
  • GMT Date and Time
  • Latitude and Longitude
  • Bathymetric Depth (meters)
  • Distance Above Bottom (via Altimeter reading, meters)
  • Calculated Depht using CTD data (meters)
  • CTD Pressure (decibars)

A '-999' for any of these values indicates an instrument error in which no data 
was given.


Table 12.1 A10 Cast bottom data
                                                        Bathy          CTD     CTD
SSS/CC      Date & Time        Latitute  &  Longitude   Depth    DAB  Depth    Pres
------  -------------------  ------------  ------------ -----   ----  ------  -------
001/02  2011-09-28 06:04:38  28 30.7650 S  14 56.9514 E   174    9.8   170    171.2
002/01  2011-09-28 09:19:41  28 42.9558 S  14 27.9870 E   263    9.8   256.3  258.3
003/01  2011-09-28 11:40:54  28 49.0176 S  14 11.0178 E  -999    8     964    973.2
004/01  2011-09-28 14:35:24  28 55.0140 S  13 58.0488 E  1738   10.5  1727.8  1747.7
005/01  2011-09-28 18:44:03  29 3.9282 S   13 32.9532 E  2175   11.7  2435.8  2468.3
006/01  2011-09-28 23:49:10  29 16.0218 S  13 3.0984 E   3139   14.8  3116.3  3163
007/01  2011-09-29 05:51:58  29 29.9964 S  12 28.4958 E  3640    9.4  3626.9  3685.6
008/01  2011-09-29 11:58:20  29 43.9902 S  11 54.0288 E  3968   10.1  3956.8  4023.7
009/03  2011-09-29 19:42:51  29 45.0858 S  11 19.5390 E  4144    8.8  4137.2  4208.9
010/01  2011-09-30 01:49:48  29 45.0366 S  10 45.0162 E  4371    8.9  4373.3  4451.6
011/01  2011-09-30 13:37:38  29 45.0060 S  10 10.4604 E  4844   10.5  4829.6  4921.4
012/01  2011-09-30 20:07:58  29 44.9832 S   9 35.9934 E  -999   10.1  4906.2  5000.3
013/01  2011-10-01 04:55:30  29 45.0342 S   9 1.5330 E   -999    9.6  4979.9  5076.2
014/01  2011-10-01 11:12:46  29 45.0210 S   8 27.0342 E  5007   11.2  5018.6  5116.1
015/01  2011-10-01 17:22:36  29 45.0492 S   7 52.5138 E  4932   10.6  4947.4  5042.6
016/01  2011-10-01 23:35:55  29 45.0330 S   7 18.0504 E  -999    9.6  5112.1  5212.4
017/01  2011-10-02 05:54:31  29 44.0754 S   6 43.4784 E  -999    7.6  5057.6  5156.3
018/01  2011-10-02 13:29:52  29 45.0030 S   6 9.0030 E   5099   10    5110.4  5210.9
019/01  2011-10-02 21:34:18  29 45.0264 S   5 34.5276 E  5068   10.2  5083.7  5183.3
020/01  2011-10-03 06:43:43  29 44.9670 S   5 0.0348 E   5059   10    5068.2  5167.4
021/01  2011-10-03 13:11:50  29 45.0030 S   4 25.4982 E  4985   10.1  4997.5  5094.3
022/01  2011-10-03 19:32:39  29 38.0760 S   3 51.0522 E  4993   10.9  5005.9  5103
023/01  2011-10-04 01:41:56  29 28.0116 S   3 18.0276 E  4694   10.3  4711    4799.2
024/01  2011-10-04 07:29:21  29 21.2280 S   2 50.3646 E  4256    9.9  4261.8  4337
025/01  2011-10-04 11:44:18  29 23.0334 S   2 41.9958 E  2859   10.9  2877.8  2918.9
026/01  2011-10-04 15:04:45  29 24.0114 S   2 36.9774 E  1795    9.8  1785.6  1806.2
027/01  2011-10-04 18:31:10  29 26.0502 S   2 26.0262 E  -999   10.6  2781    2820.1
028/01  2011-10-04 23:01:17  29 31.9842 S   1 58.0284 E  2425    9.6  2469.3  2502.2
029/01  2011-10-05 03:19:18  29 35.9808 S   1 41.5260 E  3648    9    3640.4  3699.2
030/01  2011-10-05 08:57:42  29 43.9938 S   1 6.9444 E   3695    9.9  3686.3  3746.2
031/01  2011-10-05 14:16:51  29 52.0038 S   0 32.5164 E  2963   12.3  2953.3  2996.1
032/01  2011-10-05 19:44:51  30 0.0270 S    0 1.9674 W   4088   10.7  4103    4173.7
033/01  2011-10-06 01:08:42  30 1.0194 S    0 28.9962 W  4690    9.2  4703.8  4791.5
034/01  2011-10-06 06:56:37  30 1.0260 S    1 3.5268 W   3905    9    4067.9  4137.7
035/01  2011-10-06 12:15:25  29 59.9994 S   1 37.9830 W  4576   1686  2881.6  2922.8
035/02  2011-10-06 16:21:34  29 59.4492 S   1 39.1668 W  4539   10.7  4557.3  4640.8
036/01  2011-10-06 22:40:32  29 59.9814 S   2 12.5220 W  4391   10    4473.7  4554.7
037/01  2011-10-07 04:29:57  30 0.0138 S    2 46.9686 W  4267    9.7  4271.4  4346.7
038/01  2011-10-07 10:23:51  30 0.0204 S    3 21.5154 W  4573    9.8  4582    4666.2
039/01  2011-10-07 16:19:16  29 59.9940 S   3 56.0232 W  4226    9.4  4200.9  4274.2
040/01  2011-10-07 22:14:22  30 0.0534 S    4 30.5358 W  4363   10.7  4372.9  4451
041/01  2011-10-08 04:03:31  29 59.7894 S   5 5.0586 W   4138    9.8  4138.7  4210.2
042/01  2011-10-08 09:57:15  30 0.0150 S    5 39.6066 W  4329   10.3  4337.1  4414.1
043/01  2011-10-08 16:15:55  30 0.1848 S    6 14.6604 W  -999   10.3  4591.4  4675.6
044/01  2011-10-08 22:30:34  30 1.0788 S    6 48.5142 W  4058   10.1  4064    4133.5
045/01  2011-10-09 04:38:22  30 0.1218 S    7 22.8294 W  3916   27    3773.7  3835.7
046/01  2011-10-09 18:35:20  29 59.9718 S   7 57.5028 W  4125    9.6  4069.3  4139.1
047/01  2011-10-10 03:47:21  30 1.0122 S    8 31.8690 W  4071    9.3  4016.2  4084.6
048/01  2011-10-10 12:05:22  30 1.0428 S    9 6.5778 W   3794    9.9  3762.2  3824
049/01  2011-10-10 19:54:43  29 59.9346 S   9 41.0442 W  3905   14    3918.2  3984.1
050/01  2011-10-11 01:45:14  29 59.9970 S  10 15.4554 W  3838    9.4  3787.2  3849.7
051/02  2011-10-12 14:30:54  30 0.0066 S   11 7.0530 W   3577   11    3535.2  3591.4
052/01  2011-10-12 22:26:34  30 0.0120 S   11 57.6804 W  -999   14.7  3593.5  3651.1
053/01  2011-10-13 06:32:05  30 0.0024 S   12 48.8040 W  3295    9.8  3251.7  3301.1
054/01  2011-10-13 14:22:26  30 0.0018 S   13 39.8148 W  2310   20    2281.4  2310.6
055/01  2011-10-13 21:32:41  30 0.0540 S   14 25.5870 W  3060   10.7  3138    3184.8
056/01  2011-10-14 04:59:41  30 0.0252 S   15 11.3028 W  3420   10    3467.7  3522.2
057/01  2011-10-14 13:11:34  29 59.9910 S  15 57.0180 W  4003   10.4  3957.5  4024.4
058/01  2011-10-14 20:14:33  29 59.9574 S  16 42.7566 W  3604   7.8   3530.2  3586.1
059/01  2011-10-15 03:23:24  29 59.9982 S  17 28.4778 W  4190   10    4134.6  4206.1
060/01  2011-10-15 11:10:45  30 1.0080 S   18 14.1786 W  4389    9.6  4333.3  4410.4
061/01  2011-10-15 17:54:45  29 59.9766 S  18 59.9646 W  3918    9.5  3809.6  3872.5
062/01  2011-10-16 01:29:08  30 0.0234 S   19 45.2292 W  4378   10.1  4403.8  4482.8
063/01  2011-10-16 08:31:45  30 0.0546 S   20 30.5838 W  4507   10.4  4570.4  4654.2
064/01  2011-10-16 16:56:47  29 59.9892 S  21 15.8094 W  4752    9.9  4689.3  4776.6
065/01  2011-10-17 01:15:27  29 59.9922 S  22 1.2966 W   4746   12.2  4704.8  4792.5
066/01  2011-10-17 09:02:15  30 0.0054 S   22 46.6740 W  4655    9.8  4584.3  4668.5
067/01  2011-10-17 17:44:07  29 59.9850 S  23 31.9260 W  4945   10.2  4921.3  5015.8
068/01  2011-10-18 01:13:29  30 1.0086 S   24 17.3148 W  -999   10.1  4819.9  4911.2
069/01  2011-10-18 08:54:44  30 1.0170 S   24 58.6452 W  5715    9.5  5638.5  5756.4
070/01  2011-10-18 18:47:03  29 59.9076 S  25 39.6342 W  4843    9.4  4803.3  4894.1
071/01  2011-10-19 02:08:01  29 59.8968 S  26 21.0594 W  4824    9.2  4764.2  4853.9
072/01  2011-10-19 09:26:36  30 0.0762 S   27 2.3418 W   4650    9.6  4670.7  4757.6
073/01  2011-10-19 17:01:58  29 59.9016 S  27 43.7364 W  4423    9.5  4377.7  4456
074/01  2011-10-19 23:31:20  29 59.9868 S  28 25.5096 W  3747   10.7  3718.5  3779.1
075/01  2011-10-20 06:04:35  30 0.2262 S   28 59.1636 W  3188    8.4  3149    3195.9
076/01  2011-10-20 11:54:06  30 0.0036 S   29 29.9406 W  2262   10.5  2235.7  2264
077/01  2011-10-20 16:45:49  30 0.0330 S   29 49.1346 W  3296    9.4  3261.5  3311
078/01  2011-10-20 22:40:04  30 0.0192 S   30 10.1184 W  3838    9.9  3787.3  3849.6
079/01  2011-10-21 04:36:41  29 59.9820 S  30 44.5152 W  4053    9.4  4000    4067.9
080/01  2011-10-21 10:55:18  29 59.9898 S  31 19.0116 W  -999   10.1  4055    4124.4
081/01  2011-10-21 16:37:01  29 59.9952 S  31 53.5050 W  3984   10.1  3930.8  3996.8
082/01  2011-10-21 22:06:42  29 58.9794 S  32 27.9834 W  3764    9.8  3714.1  3774.5
083/01  2011-10-22 03:32:24  30 0.0060 S   33 2.4924 W   3521    9.8  3477.5  3532
084/01  2011-10-22 08:43:35  29 59.9748 S  33 37.0416 W  2953   10.5  2929    2971
085/01  2011-10-22 12:36:46  30 0.0366 S   33 58.0422 W  2205    9.4  2181    2208.2
086/01  2011-10-22 16:05:52  30 0.1362 S   34 20.7492 W  1419   10.6  1401.2  1415.8  
087/01  2011-10-22 20:10:45  30 0.0066 S   34 55.0458 W  1881   10.3  1856.3  1878  
088/01  2011-10-23 00:30:17  30 0.0612 S   35 29.5266 W  2246   11.7  2249.1  2277.6  
089/01  2011-10-23 04:52:18  29 59.1246 S  36 3.9090 W   1700    8.6  1716    1735.4  
090/01  2011-10-23 09:03:26  30 0.1662 S   36 32.0370 W  1858    9.2  1833.2  1854.5  
091/01  2011-10-23 13:57:35  29 59.9886 S  37 8.7252 W   2289    9.4  2274.1  2303  
092/01  2011-10-23 18:58:28  29 59.9994 S  37 28.0194 W  2848   10.2  2824.3  2864.1  
093/01  2011-10-24 00:09:23  30 0.0330 S   37 33.9798 W  3524   10.5  3485.9  3540.7  
094/01  2011-10-24 05:16:13  30 0.0174 S   38 0.9864 W   3916    9.1  3856.8  3920.8  
095/01  2011-10-24 11:21:36  30 0.0114 S   38 29.9958 W  4255   10    4202.7  4276.1  
096/01  2011-10-24 19:29:08  30 1.0104 S   38 54.9912 W  4300    9.7  4232.7  4306.9  
097/01  2011-10-25 00:52:17  30 0.0018 S   39 23.0226 W  4934   10.1  4846    4938.2  
098/01  2011-10-25 06:21:53  30 0.0078 S   39 31.9956 W  4020    9.5  3960    4026.8  
099/01  2011-10-25 11:16:40  30 0.0084 S   39 49.9674 W  3364   12.1  3310.9  3361.6  
100/01  2011-10-25 16:46:54  29 53.0244 S  40 21.8736 W  4268   10.3  4201.4  4274.7  
101/01  2011-10-25 22:42:51  29 47.0082 S  40 39.0774 W  3735   11.3  3681.2  3740.8  
102/01  2011-10-26 04:43:49  29  38.1030 S 41 7.2132  W  3809    9.4  3757.2  3818.7  
103/01  2011-10-26 11:42:58  29 29.2314 S  41 35.4204 W  3774  135.6  3712.6  3773  
104/01  2011-10-26 21:38:18  29 20.7240 S  42 2.8140 W   2539   12.5  3842    3905.7  
105/01  2011-10-27 07:01:17  29 11.3184 S  42 31.9950 W  4068   10.3  3995.8  4063.5  
106/01  2011-10-27 12:32:20  29 2.4216 S   43 0.2424 W   4073    9.6  3999.9  4067.8  
107/01  2011-10-27 18:00:08  28 53.4852 S  43 28.5498 W  -999   11.1  3936.5  4002.7  
108/01  2011-10-27 23:44:03  28 44.6058 S  43 56.7444 W  3834   10.3  3763.7  3825.5  
109/01  2011-10-28 05:07:41  28 35.7000 S  44 24.9912 W  3715    9.2  3649.4  3708.3  
110/01  2011-10-28 10:18:45  28 26.7864 S  44 53.2254 W  3511    9.8  3454.3  3508.5  
111/01  2011-10-28 15:33:17  28 17.8320 S  45 21.4986 W  3135   10.8  3082.4  3127.8  
112/01  2011-10-28 20:18:41  28 8.9094 S   45 49.7262 W  2753   10.7  2710    2747.4  
113/01  2011-10-29 01:02:12  28 0.0042 S   46 18.0162 W  2266   10.3  2223.9  2251.8  
114/01  2011-10-29 05:50:40  27 56.9964 S  46 28.0032 W  -999   10.1  1742.7  1762.3  
115/01  2011-10-29 10:13:41  27 55.0182 S  46 39.0426 W  1307    9.1  1285.6  1298.5  
116/01  2011-10-29 13:38:46  27 52.0098 S  46 50.0628 W  -999    9.6  777.8   784.4  
117/01  2011-10-29 15:58:05  27 48.0360 S  47 5.9814 W    501   10.5  486.6   490.3  
118/01  2011-10-29 18:02:28  27 44.0028 S  47 22.8090 W   177   10.8  174.1   175.2  
119/01  2011-10-29 20:01:51  27 40.1676 S  47 40.1256 W   117   10.7  122.1   122.8  
120/01  2011-10-29 22:03:50  27 35.9868 S  47 56.9232 W    92   10.7  94.1     94.7  
 
 
 



BOTTLE DATA QUALITY CODE SUMMARY AND COMMENTS

This section contains WOCE quality codes [Joyc94] used during this cruise, and 
remarks regarding bottle data.


Table 12.2: A10 Water Sample Quality Code Summary

Property            1     2     3   4     5    6   7  8   9   Total
----------------  ----  ----  ----  --  ----  ---  =  -  ---  -----
Bottle               0  2764    11  13     0    0  0  0   28  2816
blackc              46     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0    46
CFC-11               0  2297     2  10    19    0  0  0    6  2334
CFC-12               0  2296     3  10    19    0  0  0    6  2334
Cd4                  0   775  1525   9    19    0  0  0    6  2334
SF6                  0  2279    14  16    19    0  0  0    6  2334
3He                424     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0   424
Ammonium             0     0     0   0  2749    0  0  0    0  2749
o18o16             290     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0   290
02                   0  2728     0   1     1    0  0  0    0  2730
ph                   0  2420    53  29    81    0  0  0    1  2584
pigments           378     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0   378
DIC                  0  1816    30   8    14  253  0  0  272  2393
Total Alkalinity     0  2364   161  23    52    0  0  0    7  2607
DOC               1380     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0  1380
TDN               1380     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0  1380
Tritium            347     0     0   0     0    0  0  0    0   347
Nitrate              0  2733     0   0    16    0  0  0    0  2749
Nitrite              0  2733     0   0    16    0  0  0    0  2749
Phosphate            0  2733     0   0    16    0  0  0    0  2749
Silicic Acid         0  2733     0   0    16    0  0  0    0  2749
Salinity             0  2558    33   5    37  114  0  0    2  2749





Quality evaluation of data included comparison of bottle salinity and bottle 
oxygen data with CTDO data using plots of differences; and review of various 
property plots and vertical sections of the station profiles and adjoining 
stations. Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of investigations into 
bottle problems and anomA10us sample values are included in this report. Sample 
number in this table is the cast number times 100 plus the bottle position 
number.


Table 12.3: A10 Bottle Quality Codes and Comments

Station  Sample            Quality
 /Cast   Number  Property   Code    Comment
-------  ------  --------  -------  ----------------------------------------
  1/2     205    Bottle       2     Spigot ring snapped. Samples acceptable.
  1/2     205    Salinity     3     Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
  2/1     107    Salinity     3     Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
  2/1     108    Bottle       2     Small leak on 8 at stopcock.
  2/1     108    Salinity     3     Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
  3/1     112    Bottle       2     Niskin 12 slightly dripping at stopcock.
  4/1     112    Bottle       2     Still leaking. Replace seals.
  5/1     108    Bottle       2     Stopcock dripping.
  8/1     108    Bottle       3     Vent valve open.
  8/1     109    Bottle       9     Bumped open niskin on recovery. Skipped.




 Stn/  Samp           Qual
 Cast   #   Property  Code  Comment
-----  ---  --------  ----  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  9/3  312  Bottle      2   Slow leak.
 10/1  101  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  102  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  103  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  104  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  105  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  106  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  107  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  108  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  109  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  110  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  111  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  112  Bottle      2   Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable.
 10/1  113  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  114  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  115  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  116  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  117  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  118  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  119  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  120  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  121  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  122  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  123  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 10/1  124  Bottle      2   Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable.
 11/1  106  Bottle      2   Stop cock on 6 was pushed in.
 11/1  119  Salinity    2   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 11/1  120  Salinity    2   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 12/1  120  Bottle      2   Dripping leak.
 13/1  123  Bottle      2   Leaky bottle.
 15/1  119  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 15/1  120  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 15/1  124  Bottle      3   Lanyard caught in bottom. Serious leak.
 16/1  108  Bottle      2   Niskni dripping slowly.
 16/1  120  Bottle      2   Slight leak.
 17/1  105  Bottle      2   Slight leak after first use.
 17/1  123  Bottle      2   Dripping on recovery.
 18/1  105  Bottle      2   Leaking nozzle.
 18/1  112  Bottle      2   Leaking nozzle.
 19/1  115  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  115  Salinity    4   Likely mistrip. O2 values also consistent with mistrip.
 19/1  116  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  116  Salinity    4   Likely mistrip. O2 values also consistent with mistrip.
 19/1  117  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  118  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  119  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  120  Bottle      2   eaking
 19/1  121  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  122  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 19/1  123  Bottle      2   Valve not closed.
 19/1  124  Bottle      4   Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain.
 20/1  122  Bottle      4   Niskin 22 didn't fire. Skipped and fired 23 instead. 22 and 23 likely have the
                            same water.
 20/1  122  Salinity    3   Same value as 23. Consistent with being tripped with 23.
 20/1  123  Bottle      4   Niskin 22 didn't fire. Skipped and fired 23 instead. 22 and 23 likely have the
                            same water.
 20/1  124  Bottle      4   Closed at 20db instead of at surface.
 21/1  124  Salinity    5   Sample not reported.
 26/1  111  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 26/1  116  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 26/1  117  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 27/1  106  Salinity    5   Sample not reported.
 27/1  124  Salinity    5   Sample not reported.
 28/1  103  Bottle      2   Slightly dripping.
 28/1  105  Bottle      2   Stopcock is loose.
 28/1  113  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 28/1  114  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 28/1  115  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 28/1  119  Bottle      3   Valve is open.
 29/1  109  Bottle      9   Lanyard caught in bottom lid. Major leak. No samples taken.
 30/1  120  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 31/1  118  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 33/1  120  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 35/2  212  Bottle      3   Drip. Serious leaking.
 36/1  112  Bottle      3   ripping
 37/1  112  Bottle      2   ripping
 37/1  123  Bottle      2   ripping
 38/1  110  Bottle      9   Lanyard caught in bottom endcap.
 39/1  111  O2          4   Both 02,Salt values are way off profile.
 39/1  111  Salinity    4   Both O2 ,S alt values are way off profile.
 41/1  121  Salinity    3   Salt high vs CTDS.
 42/1  116  Salinity    3   Samples 16,17 seem to have been interchanged. Switched back.
 42/1  117  Salinity    3   Samples 16,17 seem to have been interchanged. Switched back.
 42/1  122  Bottle      3   Lanyard caught. Leaking.
 42/1  123  Bottle      2   Small drip but stopped.
 43/1  113  Bottle      2   Sea snot.
 43/1  114  Salinity    3   Questionable value.
 43/1  123  Bottle      2   Top vent open slightly.
 44/1  122  Bottle      9   Lanyard caught in bottom endcap.
 45/1  104  Bottle      3   Valve not closed.
 45/1  106  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  107  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  108  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  109  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  110  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  111  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  112  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  113  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  114  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  115  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  116  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  117  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  118  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 45/1  119  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed.
 46/1  123  Bottle      2   Valve not closed.
 48/1  118  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 48/1  119  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 48/1  120  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 48/1  121  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 49/1  103  Bottle      2   arm
 51/2  203  TAlk        4   small bubble in cell
 52/1  116  O2          4   Value looks to be off by half. Analytical or sampling problems are likely
 52/1  118  TAlk        3   cell slow to close
 53/1  118  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 53/1  119  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 53/1  120  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 54/1  122  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.

 55/1  117  Bottle      2   Valve not closed.
 55/1  118  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 55/1  119  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 55/1  120  Salinity    3   Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone.
 55/1  124  Bottle      3   Lanyard caught in bottom cap.
 55/1  124  O2          5   Oxygen not reported.
 56/1  111  Bottle      4   Unusually warm. Suspected leak or mistrip.
 56/1  111  Salinity    4   Likely drawn from niskin 9.
 56/1  112  Bottle      3   Lanyard form Niskin 11 caught in cap.
 56/1  123  Bottle      3   Valve open.
 58/1  121  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 58/1  122  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 58/1  122  TAlk        4   bubble in cell
 60/1  101  TAlk        3   unreliable titrations for station
 60/1  117  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 60/1  118  Salinity    3   Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 61/1  117  Salinity    4   Likely drawn from niskin 18. O2 doesn't have similar error so misdraw likely.
 62/1  121  Bottle      2   Valve not tight.
 69/1  117  Salinity    4   Sample or analysis error likely.
 71/1  115  Salinity    3   Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 71/1  116  Salinity    3   Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 71/1  119  Salinity    3   Samples 19,20 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 71/1  120  Salinity    3   Samples 19,20 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 72/1  115  Salinity    3   Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 72/1  116  Salinity    3   Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 73/1  114  Salinity    3   Samples 14,15 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 73/1  115  Salinity    3   Samples 14,15 seem to have been interchanged. Switched.
 74/1  118  Bottle      9   Lanyard from niskin 17 caught in 18's bottom cap.
 83/1  109  Bottle      3   Vent valve open.
 93/1  103  Bottle      9   Vent valve open.
 93/1  118  Salinity    4   Likely drawn from niskin 19.
 96/1  124  Bottle      3   Lanyard caught in bottom end cap. Removed and reseated cap.
 97/1  123  Bottle      4   Accidentally fired at same depth as Niskin 22.
 99/1  124  Bottle      3   Lanyard from 23 caught in bottom endcap.
101/1  113  Salinity    3   Samples likely interchanged. Switched.
101/1  114  Salinity    3   Samples likely interchanged. Switched.
107/1  115  Bottle      2   Sea snot on nozzle.
108/1  124  Salinity    4   Draw or analysis error likely.
109/1  110  Salinity    3   Likely drawn from Niskin 11. Switched.
109/1  111  Salinity    3   Likely drawn from Niskin 12. Switched.
109/1  112  Salinity    3   Likely drawn from Niskin 10. Switched.
113/1  122  Bottle      2   ripping




References

Joyc94. 
    Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
    Programme Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91 ., pp. 
    52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, 
    Rev. 2).





CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES
      
DATE        PERSON        DATA TYPE  ACTION           SUMMARY 
----------  ------------  ---------  ---------------  ------------------------
2011-09-26  S Diggs       Expocode   Website Updated  Changed due to delayed 
                                                        cruise departure
            Original Expocode changed from 33RO20110827 to 33RO20110926 to 
            reflect new port departure date.

            From the official website:
              "PLEASE NOTE: The Ronald H. Brown will be docked in Cape Town, 
              South Africa in the "Victoria Basin". Due to engine problems, the 
              Ronald H. Brown returned to Cape Town, South Africa for repairs." 

2011-11-02  A Quintero    BTL        Submitted        Preliminary data and 
                                                        documentation 
            Initial submission of data and documentation. 

2011-11-02  C Berys       BTL        Website Updated  PRELIMINARY, available 
                                                        in the 'Updates' section 

2011-11-16  A Quintero    BTL        Submitted        stns 1-120 

2011-11-17  C Berys       BTL        Website Updated  PRELIMINARY, available 
                                                        in the 'Updates' section 
            This file is now online in Updates (replacing previous version)

2011-12-07  C Berys       BTL        Website Updated  Exchange, NetCDF files 
                                                        online - PRELIMINARY 
            SUBMISSION
            a10_hy1.csv submitted by Alex Quintero on 2011-11-16 containing 
            preliminary bottle data formatted and put online.

            The file contains the following parameters (* with flag column):
            CTDPRS
            CTDTMP
            CTDSAL*
            SALNTY*
            SALTREF*
            CTDOXY*
            OXYGEN*
            SILCAT*
            NITRAT*
            NITRIT*
            PHSPHT*
            CFC-11*
            CFC-12*
            CCL4*
            TCARBN*
            ALKALI*
            PCO2*
            PCO2TMP
            PH_TOT*
            PH_TMP
            SF6*
            DOC*
            TDN*
            TRITUM*
            HELIUM*
            DELO18*
            BLACKC*
            PIGMENTS*
            SIG0
            
            The following parameters were removed from the submission file and 
            not included: 
            DEPTH
            SIGMA-1
            SIGMA-2
            SIGMA-3
            SIGMA-4
            
            The following changes were made to the submission file:
            Expocode changed from 33RO20110828 to 33RO20110926
            CTDPRS units changed from "DBARS" to "DBAR"
            PCO2 units changed from "" to "UATM"
            PCO2TMP units changed from "DEG_C" to "DEG C"
            PH_TMP units changed from "DEG_C" to "DEG C"
            SIGMA-THETA changed to SIG0, added units "KG/M^3"
            OXY_18 changed to DELO18, added units "/MILLE"
            NOTE: SALTREF and PIGMENTS added to parameters table
            
            FORMATTED FILE
            
            NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs)
            WOCE bottle not created without accompanying SUM file
            Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems
            
            Working directory:
            /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2011.12.06_odf_cberys


DATE        PERSON        DATA TYPE   ACTION           SUMMARY 
----------  ------------  ----------  ---------------  ------------------------
2012-03-14  A Quintero    CTD         Submitted        PRELIMINARY DATA 

2012-03-18  A Quintero    CTD         Submitted        to go online - resubmission    
                                                        

2012-03-27  C Berys       CTD         Website Updated  Available under 'Files as received'
            File 031412.zip containing CTD data, submitted by Alex
            Quintero on 2012-03-18, available under 'Files as received',
            unprocessed by CCHDO. EDIT: no longer available, awaiting update

2012-04-16  J Kappa       CrsRpt      Website Updated  New PDF version online 
            I just added a new pdf version of the cruise report for a10_2011 to 
            the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory.  It includes 
            the bottle data report submitted by Alex Quintero and the ctd report 
            submitted by Kristene McTaggart, as well as the usual CCHDO 
            summaries and data processing notes.

            This report will appear online following the next update script run. 
            The text version will follow.

2012-04-27  K McTaggart   CTD/BTL/CR  Submitted   Updates to go online 
            - Final CTDO profiles in Exchange format.
            - Calibrated CTDO discrete data and sample salinity flags to 
              overwrite cruise bottle file.
            - Updated documentation file. Figures 1-4 were submitted previously 
              and are not included here. 

2012-05-01  C Berys       CTD/BTL/CR  Website Updated  Available under 'Files as received'
            File a10_all_ct1.zip containing CTDO data, submitted by Kristy 
            McTaggart on 2012-04-27, available under 'Files as 
            received',unprocessed by CCHDO.

            File a10_allo_f.sea containing CTDO discrete data and sample 
            salinity flags, submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27, 
            available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO.

            File a10_report_kem.doc containing cruise documentation, submitted 
            by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27, available under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by CCHDO. 

2012-05-08  J Kappa       CrsRpt      Website Updated  New PDF and Text versions online
            I just added two new files to the 
            co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory:
              a10_33RO20110926_do.pdf
              a10_33RO20110926_do.txt
            Changes include updates submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27.

            The pdf version is already online. The text file will appear online 
            following the next update script run. 


2012-06-15  C Berys       BTL         Website Updated  woce btl file online 
            The WOCE bottle file for A10 33RO20110926 is online now. This is not
            an update or the pending CTDO merge, just added the WOCE format 
            bottle file (but there is still no SUM file). 

2012-06-18  A Quintero    BTL/SUM     Submitted        to go online 

2012-06-22  C Berys       BTL/SUM     Website Updated  Exchange, NetCDF, WOCE files online 
            2012-06-22
            A10 2011 ExpoCode 33RO20110926 merge notes - SUM, CTD parameters
            C Berys

            SUBMISSION - SUM

            a10.sum submitted by Alex Quintero on 2012-06-18

            File passed sumchk and was renamed

            SUBMISSION - BTL

            a10_allo_f.sea submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27 containing
            CTD parameters merged into online file using merge_exchange_bot.rb (J
            Fields)

            The following parameters were updated:
            TIME
            CTDTMP
            CTDPRS
            CTDSAL
            CTDOXY
            SALNTY
            SALNTY_FLAG_W
            OXYGEN

            The following parameters were added:
            CTDRAW
            THETA

            The following parameters were included in the merge but had no changes:
            OXYGEN_FLAG_W
            CTDSAL_FLAG_W
            CTDOXY_FLAG_W

            The following changes were made to the submission file:
            changed to Exchange format

            ORIGINAL
            The following changes were made to the original Exchange Bottle file:
            none

            MERGED FILE
            All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge
            NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs)
            WOCE bottle file created using exchange_to_wocebot.rb (J Fields)
            Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA

            working directory
            /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2012.06.22_CTDO-btl_cberys 

2012-06-27  C Berys       BTL         Website Updated  PH_TOT and PH_TMP corrected 
            2012-06-27
            A10 2011 ExpoCode 33RO20110926 notes - PH_TOT
            C Berys

            PH_TOT and PH_TMP corrected in Exchange bottle file (details below)
            NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs)
            WOCE bottle file created using exchange_to_wocebot.rb (J Fields)
            Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems

            working directory
            /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2012.06.27_ph-fix_cberys

            PH_TOT changed from 999.0000 to -999.0000 and PH_TMP changed from
            999.00 to -999.00
            STNNBR,CASTNO,SAMPNO
            27, 1, 24
            28, 1, 24
            28, 1, 20
            28, 1, 17
            28, 1, 13
            28, 1, 8
            28, 1, 5
            28, 1, 1
            29, 1, 24
            29, 1, 23
            29, 1, 21
            29, 1, 19
            29, 1, 17
            29, 1, 15
            29, 1, 13
            29, 1, 11
            29, 1, 7
            29, 1, 5
            29, 1, 3
            29, 1, 1
            30, 1, 24
            30, 1, 23
            30, 1, 22
            30, 1, 21
            30, 1, 19
            30, 1, 17
            30, 1, 15
            30, 1, 13
            30, 1, 12
            30, 1, 11
            30, 1, 9
            30, 1, 6
            30, 1, 3
            30, 1, 1
            31, 1, 23
            31, 1, 21
            31, 1, 19
            31, 1, 17
            31, 1, 15
            31, 1, 13
            31, 1, 11
            31, 1, 9
            31, 1, 7
            31, 1, 5
            31, 1, 3
            31, 1, 1
            32, 1, 24
            32, 1, 21
            32, 1, 17
            32, 1, 14
            32, 1, 11
            32, 1, 6
            32, 1, 1
            34, 1, 6
            34, 1, 5
            34, 1, 4
            50, 1, 19

2012-08-13  E Wisegarver  NUTs        Submitted        phosphate flagged bad 
            There was some contamination in the phosphate from stations 64-112. All 
            phosphate data points in that range were flagged bad. 

2012-08-23  Staff, CCHDO  NUTS        Website Update   Available under 'Files as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
            A10 Nutrient Data.csv

2012-08-24  J Kappa       CrsRpt      Website update   PI corrected, DPNs updated
            New Text and PDF versions of the cruise report include the following 
            changes:
            • PI for TALK & pH changed from A. Dickson to Frank Millero
            • Data processing notes updated

2013-02-19  C. Carlson    DOC/TDN      Status Update   end of March submission 
            The DOC are complete and DON are still being run.  They should be 
            done by the end of March and will submit both then [to CDIAC].

2013-02-21  A. Kozyr      TCO2/ALK/pH  Submitted       Final data to go online 
            These are the final TCARBN data received at CDIAC from Rik 
            Wanninkhof on 02/21/2013 and the final pH and ALKALI data received 
            from Millero on 02/18/2013. Please, merge these data and let me know 
            when you're done.

2013-02-26  Staff, CCHDO  TCO2/ALK/pH  Website Update  Available under 'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
            a10_33RO20110926_Final_TCARBN_ALKALI_PH_hy1.cs

2013-07-02  A. Kozyr      DOC/TDN      Submitted       final data, to go online 
            The DOC and TDN final data were submitted by Craig Carlson on June 
            21, 2013. Please, merge the data.

2013-07-02  Staff, CCHDO  DOC/TDN      Website Update  Available under 'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
            a10_33RO20110926_hy1_Final_DOC_TDN.csv

2013-07-08  C. Langdon    CTDO2        Submitted       final data, to go online 
            Final Qc'd discrete oxygen data.  Includes data flagged by 
            comparisons to CTD O2 by Kristy McTaggert and more recently by Bob Key.

2013-07-15  A. Quintero   BTL          Submitted       Updates to btl serial #s, depths 
            Changes:
            1) Added bottle serial numbers column.
            2) Changed 'depth' column to be ocean depth at station instead of 
               the depth at which the bottle was tripped.

            NOTE: Any updates from other participants, since the end of A10, 
                  supersedes any data in this file, including any CTD data.

2013-07-19  Staff, CCHDO  OXYGEN       Website Update  Available under 'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              a10_oxy_final_07Jul13.txt

2013-08-21  Staff, CCHDO  BTL          Website Update  Available under 'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              a10_hy1.csv

2013-08-23  J. Bullister  CFCs         Submitted       to go online 
            Attached are revised CFC, carbon tetrachloride and SF6 data from 
            A10_2011, along with a revised CFC data report. Please replace 
            existing data/files at CCHDO with these. 

2013-08-28  Staff, CCHDO  CFC,CCL4,SF6  Website Update  Available under 'Files as received' 
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              a10_2011_cfc_data_sent_to_CCHDO_22aug2013.txt
              a10_2011_CFC_cruise_report_sent_to_CCHDO_22aug2013.doc

2013-09-11  C. Berys      CTD           Website Update  Exchange, netCDF, and WOCE files online 
            =============================
            33RO20110926 processing - CTD
            =============================
            2013-09-11
            C Berys
            .. contents:: :depth: 2
            Submission
            ==========
            =============== ================ ========== ========= ===
            filename        submitted by     date       data type id 
            =============== ================ ========== ========= ===
            a10_all_ct1.zip Kristy McTaggart 2012-04-27 CTD       804
            =============== ================ ========== ========= ===
            Parameters
            ----------
            a10_all_ct1.zip
            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
            - CTDPRS [1]_
            - CTDTMP [1]_
            - CTDSAL [1]_
            - CTDOXY [1]_
            - FLUORM
            .. [1] parameter has quality flag column
            Process
            =======
            Changes
            -------
            a10_all_ct1.zip
            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
            - renamed csv files and zip
            Conversion
            ----------
            =========================== ======================== =======================
            file                        converted from           software               
            =========================== ======================== =======================
            a10_33RO20110926_nc_hyd.zip a10_33RO20110926_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-35-g14712e2
            =========================== ======================== =======================
            All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.
            Directories
            ===========
            :working directory:
              /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2013.09.11_CTD_CBG
            :cruise directory:
              /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926
            Updated Files Manifest
            ======================
            - a10_33RO20110926_nc_ctd.zip
            - a10_33RO20110926_ct1.zip

2013-09-24  J. Kappa      CrsRpt        Website Update  New PDF file online, updated CFC report
            I just added one updated file to the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory: 
              a10_33RO20110926_do.pdf
            Changes include an updated CFC report submitted by John Bullister on 
            2013-08-23 and expanded Data Processing Notes. Previous online pdf 
            doc renamed and moved to "original" dir.

            The online text version of this report will be similarly updated 
            shortly.

2013-09-25  J. Kappa      CrsRpt        Website Update  New TXT file online, updated CFC report
            I just added one updated file to the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory: 
              a10_33RO20110926_do.txt
            Changes include an updated CFC report submitted by John Bullister on 
            2013-08-23 and expanded Data Processing Notes. Previous online txt 
            doc renamed and moved to "original" dir.
