

CRUISE REPORT: NS02
(Updated APR 2015)








Highlights


                          Cruise Summary Information

          WOCE Section Designation  NS02
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  316N20020530
                             Alias  NSEAS, 316N166_11, 316N200206, Nordic 02, NS2
                  Chief Scientists  Dr. William M. Smethie, Jr. / LDEO
                             Dates  2002 May 30 - 2002 Jul 1 
                              Ship  R/V Knorr
                     Ports of call  Reykjavik, Iceland - Glasgow, Scotland

                                                  78° 48.48' N
             Geographic Boundaries  18° 31.61' W                20° 2.96' E
                                                  59° 35.91' N

                          Stations  159
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                             Contact Information:

                         Dr. William M. Smethie, Jr.
                       Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
      129 Comer • 61 Route 9W • PO Box 1000 • Palisades NY  10964-8000  US
 Tel: (845) 365-8566 • Fax: (845) 365-8176 • Email: bsmeth@ldeo.columbia.edu

















                                 Nordic Seas
                           R/V Knorr Voyage 166-11
                          30 May 2002 - 1 July 2002
                   Reykjavik, Iceland - Glasgow, Scotland

                 Chief Scientist: Dr. William M. Smethie, Jr.
                       Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
                             Columbia University

                          Nordic Seas Cruise Track

                         ODF Preliminary Cruise Report
                               19 December 2002

                              Data Submitted by:
                         Oceanographic Data Facility
                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                           La Jolla, Ca. 92093-0214





1.  Summary

A hydrographic survey consisting of CTD/rosette sections in the North 
Atlantic was carried out May to July 2002. The R/V Knorr departed Reykjavik, 
Iceland on 30 May 2002. 159 CTD/Rosette stations were occupied from 1-30 
June. 3286 bottles were tripped resulting in 3255 usable bottles. Water 
samples (up to 36) and CTDO data were collected in most cases to within 10 
meters of the bottom. Salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient samples were 
analyzed from every bottle sampled on the rosette. The cruise ended in 
Glasgow, Scotland on 1 July 2002.



2.  Personnel

Table 2.0: Scientific Personnel Nordic Seas

Name                     Affiliation                      Duties
-----------------------  -------------------------------  ---------------------------
Alfimov, Vassili         Ion Physics Div., Uppsala Univ.  I129/SF6
Anderson, George C.      SIO/MPL                          Nutrients/Rosette
Bahr, Frank              WHOI                             LADCP/Rosette
Bellerby, Richard G.J.   *BCCR                            TCO2/PCO2/Alkalinity/pH  
Calderwood, John K.      SIO/STS/SEG                      ET/O2/Rosette
Dachille, Anthony        LDEO                             Helium/Tritium/O18
Ghan, Ryan               LDEO                             CFCs
Gorman, Eugene           LDEO                             CFCs
Gorodetskaia, Irina      LDEO                             CTD Console/LADCP/Sample Cop
Harris, Grant B.         WHOI                             SSSG Technician
Hiller, Scott M.         SIO/STS/SEG                      Watch Leader/ET/Salts
Johnson, Mary Carol      SIO/STS/ODF                      CTD Data Processing
Laird, Robert S.         WHOI                             SSSG Technician
Mathieu, Guy             LDEO/Retired                     CFCs
Mattson, Carl W.         SIO/STS/SEG                      TIC/Watch Leader/ET/Salts
Messias, Marie-Jose      Univ. of East Anglia, UK         SF6
Mignon, Benoit           *BCCR                            TCO2/PCO2/Alkalinity/pH
Muus, David A.           SIO/PORD                         Bottle Data Processing
Nondal, Gisle            Univ. of Bergen                  TCO2/PCO2/Alkalinity/pH
Patrick, Ronald G.       SIO/STS/ODF                      O2/Rosette
Quiroz, Erik W.          Univ. of So. Miss.               Nutrients
Searson, Sarah           LDEO                             CFCs
Sequeira, Sandra         *LODYC                           I129/SF6
Smethie, William M.,Jr.  LDEO                             Chief Scientist
Smith, Helen B.          Univ. of East Anglia, UK         SF6
Swift, James H.          SIO/STS/ODF                      co-Chief Scientist
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    *BCCR:  Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
    *LODYC: Laboratoire d’Oc´eanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie




3.  Scientific Programs

Table 3.0: Principal Programs of Nordic Seas

Analysis                                          Institution  Principal Investigator
------------------------------------------------  -----------  ----------------------
Basic Hydrography (Salinity, O2, Nutrients, CTD)  SIO          J.Swift
CFCs                                              LDEO         W.Smethie
I129/SF6                                          LDEO         W.Smethie
He/Tr/O18                                         LDEO         P.Schlosser
pCO2/TCO2/Alkalinity/PH                           BCCR         R.Bellerby
ADCP and LADCP                                    WHOI         F.Bahr
UW Meteorology                                    WHOI

The SIO ODF hydrographic measurements program is described in detail in this report.



4.  Description of Measurement Techniques

4.1.  Hydrographic Measurements Program

The basic hydrography program consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and 
nutrient (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) measurements made from 
bottles taken on CTD/rosette casts, plus pressure, temperature, salinity and 
dissolved oxygen from CTD profiles. 159 CTD/rosette casts were made, usually 
to within 10 meters of the bottom. The resulting data set met and in many 
cases exceeded WHP specifications. The distribution of samples is illustrated 
in figures 4.1.0-4.1.4.


Figure 4.1.0: Sample distribution, stations 1-39.
Figure 4.1.1: Sample distribution, stations 40-67.
Figure 4.1.2: Sample distribution, stations 68-95.
Figure 4.1.2: Sample distribution, stations 68-95.
Figure 4.1.4: Sample distribution, stations 125-159.


4.2. Water Sampling Package

Hydrographic casts were performed with a rosette system consisting of a 36-
bottle rosette frame (ODF), a 36-place pylon (SBE32) and 36 10-liter PVC 
bottles (ODF). Underwater electronic components consisted of an ODF modified 
NBIS MKIII CTD (ODF #5) with dual conductivity and temperature sensors, Sea-
Bird SBE43 oxygen sensor with pump, RDI LADCP and Simrad altimeter.


Table 4.2.0: Underwater sampling package.

Equipment used on stations 1-159:
  36-bottle rosette frame                  ODF                        s/n RSS1-94
  Bullister 10-liter bottles               ODF                        1-36
  36-place Water Sampler                   Sea-Bird SBE32             s/n 3213290-0113
  Digital Reversing Temperature Sensor     Sea-Bird SBE35             s/n 3516590-0011
  ODF CTD #5                               NBIS MKIIIB                s/n 01-1070
      Pressure                             Paine                      s/n77017
      Temperature#1                        Rosemount 171BJ            s/n 13407
      Temperature#2                        Rosemount 171BJ            s/n 17534
      Conductivity#1                       GO09035-00151              s/n P41
      Conductivity#2                       GO09035-00151              s/n O24
  Oxygen Sensor                            Sea-Bird SBE43             s/n 430072
  Pump for Oxygen Sensor                   Sea-Bird SBE5T             s/n 052146
  Altimeter                                Simrad1007                 s/n 0201074
  Battery Pack for Pump and Altimeter      ODF
  LADCP                                    RDICS-150KHZ BB            s/n 2644
      XTC Firmware                         v2.04
      CPU Firmware                         v5.59
  LADCP Battery Pack                       WHOI

Additional equipment used only on Stations 138-146:
  Data Logger/Controller (for ODF CTD #5)  ODF
  CTD                                      Sea-Bird9plus              s/n 09P19275-0576
      Pressure                             Paroscientific Digiquartz  s/n 75639
      Temperature                          SBE3P                      s/n 4035
      Conductivity                         SBE4C                      s/n 2178



CTD #5 was mounted horizontally along the bottom of the rosette frame, with 
the SBE43 dissolved oxygen and SBE35 PRT sensors deployed next to the CTD. 
The altimeter reported distance-above-bottom. The dissolved oxygen sensor and 
altimeter were interfaced with the CTD, and their data were incorporated into 
the CTD data stream. The LADCP was vertically mounted to the frame inside the 
bottle rings. The rosette system was suspended from a three-conductor 0.322" 
electro-mechanical cable. Power to the CTD and pylon was provided through the 
cable from the ship. The R/V Knorr’s port-side Markey CTD winch was used 
throughout the leg.

The deck watch prepared the rosette approximately 45 minutes prior to each 
cast. All valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation. The 
bottles were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked. Time, 
position and bottom depth were logged by the console operator at arrival on 
station. The rosette was moved into position under a projecting boom from the 
starboard ("forward") hangar using an air-powered cart on tracks. Two 
stabilizing tag lines were threaded through rings on the frame, and CTD 
sensor covers were removed. As directed by the watch leader, the winch 
operator raised the package, extended the boom over the side of the ship and 
quickly lowered the package into the water; then the tag lines were removed.

Each rosette cast was lowered to within 6-20 meters of the bottom. Bottles on 
the rosette were identified with unique serial numbers. These numbers 
corresponded to the pylon tripping sequence 1-36, the first trip closing 
bottle #1. No bottles were changed out during the leg, although parts of 
bottles may have been replaced or repaired.

Averages of CTD data corresponding to the time of bottle closure were 
associated with the bottle data during a cast. Pressure, depth, temperature, 
salinity and density were immediately available to facilitate examination and 
quality control of the bottle data as the sampling and laboratory analyses 
progressed.

Recovering the package at the end of deployment was essentially the reverse 
of launching, with the additional use of air-tuggers for added stabilization. 
The rosette was moved into the starboard hangar for sampling. The bottles and 
rosette were examined before samples were taken, and anything unusual was 
noted on a sample log for each cast.

Routine CTD maintenance included soaking the conductivity and CTD O2 sensors 
in distilled water between casts to maintain sensor stability. The rosette 
was stored in the starboard side hangar between casts to insure the CTD was 
not exposed to direct sunlight or wind, in order to maintain the internal CTD 
temperature near ambient air temperature.

Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings were changed as 
necessary and bottle maintenance was performed each day to insure proper 
closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or replaced 
as needed.


4.3.  Underwater Electronics Packages

CTD data were collected with a modified NBIS MKIII CTD (ODF CTD #5). This 
instrument provided pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved O2 
channels, and additionally measured a second PRT temperature and conductivity 
as a calibration check and backup. Other data channels included elapsed-time, 
altimeter, accelerometer, water-leak detector and several power supply 
voltages. CTD #5 supplied a non-standard 17-byte (NBIS-format + 2 bytes) data 
stream at a data rate of 20 Hz. Modifications to the instrument included a 
revised pressure sensor mounting, a four-channel 14-bit A/D converter, 
implementation of 8-bit and 16-bit multiplexer channels, an elapsed time 
channel, instrument ID in the polarity byte and power supply voltages 
channels. The CTD sensor configuration is provided in Table 4.2.0 in the 
previous section.

The CTD pressure sensor mounting had been modified to reduce the dynamic 
thermal effects on pressure. The sensor was attached to a length of coiled, 
oil-filled stainless-steel tubing threaded into the end-cap pressure port. 
The transducer was also insulated. The NBIS temperature compensation circuit 
on the pressure interface was disabled; all thermal response characteristics 
were modeled and corrected in software.

The secondary CTD temperature and conductivity sensors, mounted in a single 
turret, could have been used to calculate coherent salinities if the primary 
sensors failed. However, they were only used as a secondary temperature 
calibration reference or to occasionally verify unusual T/S structures 
observed in the primary sensors.

An SBE35 laboratory-grade reference PRT was employed as an additional 
temperature calibration check. This is an internally recording device 
triggered by the SBE32 pylon confirmation signal, providing a calibration 
point for each bottle trip. The SBE35 was used on stations 1-136.

An SBE43 dissolved O2 sensor was located near the primary CTD temperature 
sensor. The sensor was pumped using an SBE5T running at ~3000rpm with a flow 
rate of ~25ml/s. The SBE43 signal was interfaced directly to the MKIII CTD 
and digitized using one of the 4 channels of the 14-bit A/D converter.

An SBE32 36-place carousel was the water sampler control unit on the rosette. 
The SBE32 has the advantage of requiring a single sea cable conductor for 
power and signals, and providing for the use of the SBE35 reference PRT.

The CTD system was configured for single-conductor operation by combining 
together the 3 sea cable conductors. An SBE33 deck box located in the Knorr’s 
Main Lab supplied power and telemetry control for the rosette water sampler 
and MKIII CTD. Data from the MKIII CTD were routed to the SBE32 underwater 
unit and sent up the wire to the ship. The SBE33 deck box decoupled the 
signal and sent it to the ODF CTD demodulator unit, which converted it to an 
RS232 9600-baud binary data stream. The binary data were fed into the main 
CTD acquisition computer. Bottle-trip commands were sent from this computer 
to the SBE33 deck box, which transmitted the commands down the cable to the 
SBE32 water sampler unit.

Both SBE33 deck boxes failed after station 137. An ODF data logger unit was 
installed on the rosette so that CTD #5 data could continue to be collected 
for data consistency. The logger internally stored CTD #5 data at the 
full stream data rate during stations 138-146. The Knorr’s SBE9plus CTD was 
also installed on the rosette, then used with an SBE11plus deck unit and a 
Sea-Bird DOS-based acquisition system to control the SBE32 water sampler and 
to allow the operator to select and trip bottles. The altimeter was connected 
to the SBE9plus to allow detection of bottom depth during the cast. The 
digitized CTD #5 data from the ODF data logger were dumped onto the data 
processing computer after each cast and processed as usual. The SBE9plus CTD 
data were retained for bottle trip information only. The SBE33 deck boxes 
were repaired and reinstalled prior to station 147, and CTD operations 
continued as they were for the first 137 stations. The SBE9plus and data 
logger remained on the rosette but were not used after station 146.


4.4.  Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition

P-code navigation data were acquired from the ship’s Trimble Tasman GPS 
receiver via RS-232. Data were logged automatically at 12-second intervals by 
the Linux computer. Underway bathymetry was logged every 2 seconds by the 
ship’s computer system, recording a corrected SeaBeam 2112 center-beam depth. 
Unedited depth data were merged with the navigation data to provide a time-
series of underway position, course, speed and bathymetry data. These data 
were used for all station positions and for cast bottom depths.

 
4.5.  CTD Data Acquisition and Real-Time Control System


The CTD data acquisition and real-time control system consisted of a generic 
PC workstation running RedHat 7.2 Linux, ODF-built CTD and pylon deck units, 
CTD and pylon power supplies, and a VCR recorder for real-time analog backup 
recording of the sea-cable signal. The Linux system consisted of a color 
display with 3-button mouse and keyboard (the CTD console), 4 RS-232 ports, 
40-GB disk and CD-R drive. Two other Linux systems were networked to the data 
acquisition system, as well as to the rest of the networked computers aboard 
the Knorr. These systems were available for real-time CTD data display and 
provided for CTD and hydrographic data management and backup. One HP 1600C 
color inkjet printer and various postscript printers on the Knorr provided 
hardcopy from any of the workstations.

The CTD FSK signal was demodulated and converted to a 9600 baud RS-232C 
binary data stream by the CTD deck unit. This data stream was fed to the CTD 
acquisition computer. The pylon deck unit was connected to the CTD 
acquisition computer through a bi-directional 300 baud serial line, allowing 
bottle trips to be initiated and confirmed by the data acquisition software. 
A bitmapped color display provided interactive graphical display and control 
of the CTD rosette sampling system, including real-time raw and processed CTD 
data, navigation, and rosette trip displays.

The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system was prepared by the 
console watch a few minutes before each deployment. A console operations log 
was maintained for each deployment, containing a record of every attempt to 
trip a bottle as well as any pertinent comments. Most CTD console control 
functions, including starting the data acquisition, were initiated by 
pointing and clicking a mouse cursor on the display at icons representing 
functions to perform. The system then presented the operator with short 
dialog prompts with automatically generated choices that could either be 
accepted as defaults or overridden. The operator was instructed to turn on 
the CTD and pylon power supplies, then to examine a real-time CTD data 
display on the screen for stable voltages from the underwater unit. Once this 
was accomplished, the data acquisition and processing were begun and a time 
and position were automatically logged for the beginning of the cast. A 
backup analog recording of the CTD signal on a VCR tape was started at the 
same time as the data acquisition. A rosette trip display and pylon control 
window popped up, giving visual confirmation that the pylon was initializing 
properly. Various plots and displays were initiated. When all was ready, the 
console operator informed the deck watch by radio.

Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette and informed the console 
operator that the rosette was at the surface (also confirmed by the computer 
displays), the console operator or watch leader provided the winch operator 
with a target depth (wire-out) and maximum lowering rate, normally 60 
meters/minute for this package. The package then began its descent, building 
up to the maximum rate during the first few hundred meters, then optimally 
continuing at a steady rate without any stops during the down cast.

The console operator examined the processed CTD data during descent via 
interactive plot windows on the display, which could also be run at other 
workstations on the network. Additionally, the operator decided where to trip 
bottles on the up cast, noting this on the console log. The altimeter signal 
was also monitored for bottom proximity.

Around 100-200 meters above the bottom, depending on bottom conditions, the 
altimeter typically began signaling a bottom return on the console. The winch 
speed was usually slowed to ~30 meters/minute during the final approach. The 
winch and altimeter displays allowed the watch leader to refine the target 
depth relayed to the winch operator and safely approach to within 10-20 
meters of the bottom.

Bottles were closed on the up cast by pointing the console mouse cursor at a 
graphic firing control and clicking a button. The data acquisition system 
responded with the CTD rosette trip data and a pylon confirmation message in 
a window. All tripping attempts were noted on the console log. The console 
operator then instructed the winch operator to bring the rosette up to the 
next bottle depth. The console operator was also responsible for generating 
the sample log for the cast.

After the last bottle was tripped, the console operator directed the deck 
watch to bring the rosette on deck. Once the rosette was on deck, the console 
operator terminated the data acquisition and turned off the CTD, pylon and 
VCR recording. The VCR tape was filed. Usually the console operator also 
brought the sample log to the rosette room and served as the sample cop.

 
4.6.  CTD Data Processing

ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running under the 
Linux operating system. The initial CTD processing program (ctdba) is used 
either in real-time or with existing raw data sets to:

• Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign the data to 
  logical channels
• Filter various channels according to specified filtering criteria
• Apply sensor- or instrument-specific response-correction models
• Provide periodic averages of the channels corresponding to the output time-
  series interval
• Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format

Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard-format time-series, they can be 
manipulated in various ways. Channels can be additionally filtered. The time-
series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to form 
longer time-series. A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-series, 
or into a larger-interval time-series. The pressure calibration corrections 
are applied during reduction of the data to time-series. Temperature, 
conductivity and oxygen corrections to the series are maintained in separate 
files and are applied whenever the data are accessed.

ODF data acquisition software acquired and processed the CTD data in real-
time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and 
reporting during a cast. The 20 Hz data from the CTD were filtered, 
response corrected and averaged to a 2 Hz (0.5-second) time-series. Sensor 
correction and calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature, 
conductivity and O2. Rosette trip data were extracted from this time-series 
in response to trip initiation and confirmation signals. The calibrated 2 Hz 
time-series data, as well as the 20 Hz raw data, were stored on disk and were 
available in real-time for reporting and graphical display. At the end of the 
cast, various consistency and calibration checks were performed, and a 2-db 
pressure-series of the down cast was generated and subsequently used for 
reports and plots.

CTD plots generated automatically at the completion of deployment were 
checked daily for potential problems. The two PRT temperature sensors were 
inter-calibrated and checked for sensor drift. The CTD conductivity sensor 
was monitored by comparing CTD values to check-sample conductivities, and by 
deep theta-salinity comparisons between down and up casts as well as adjacent 
stations. The CTD O2 sensor was calibrated to check-sample data.

A few casts exhibited conductivity offsets or noise due to biological or 
particulate artifacts. Many casts were subject to noise in the data stream 
caused by sea cable, slip-ring or deck box problems (especially stations 40-
137); or by moisture in interconnect cables between the CTD and external 
sensors (i.e. O2). Intermittent noisy data were filtered out of the 2 Hz data 
using a spike-removal filter. A least-squares polynomial of specified order 
was fit to fixed length segments of data. Points exceeding a specified 
multiple of the residual standard deviation were replaced by the polynomial 
value.

Density inversions can be induced in high-gradient regions by ship-generated 
vertical motion of the rosette. Detailed examination of the raw data shows 
significant mixing occurring in these areas because of "ship roll". In order 
to minimize density inversions, a ship-roll filter was applied to all casts 
during pressure-sequencing to disallow pressure reversals. The first few 
seconds of in-water data were excluded from the pressure-series data, since 
the sensors were still adjusting to the going-in-water transition.

Pressure intervals with no time-series data can optionally be filled by 
double-quadratic interpolation/extrapolation. The only pressure intervals 
missing/filled during this leg were at 0 db, caused by chopping off going-in-
water transition data during pressure-sequencing.

When the down-cast CTD data have excessive noise, gaps or offsets, the up-
cast data are used instead. CTD data from down and up casts are not mixed 
together in the pressure-series data because they do not represent identical 
water columns (due to ship movement, wire angles, etc.). It was not necessary 
to use any up casts for Nordic Seas CTD data.


4.7.  CTD Laboratory Calibration Procedures

Laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure and temperature sensors were used 
to generate tables of corrections applied by the CTD data acquisition and 
processing software at sea.

Pressure and temperature calibrations were last performed on CTD #5 at the 
ODF Calibration Facility (La Jolla) in March 2002, prior to Nordic Seas.

The CTD pressure transducer (Paine 211-35-440-05 8850 psi, s/n #77017) was 
calibrated in a temperature controlled water bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston 
Gauge pressure reference. Calibration curves were measured at 5 temperatures 
from -1.31 to 25.65°C to three maximum loading pressures (1191, 4152 and 6080 
db). Figure 4.7.0 summarizes the laboratory pressure calibration performed in 
March 2002.

 
Figure 4.7.0: Pressure Calibration for ODF CTD #5, March 2002.

 
CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to a NBIS ATB-1250 resistance bridge and 
Rosemount standard PRT. The primary (Rosemount 171BJ, s/n #13407) and 
secondary (Rosemount 171BJ, s/n #17534) CTD temperatures were offset by 1.5°C 
to avoid the 0-point discontinuity inherent in the internal digitizing 
circuitry. Figure 4.7.1 summarizes the laboratory temperature calibration 
performed on the primary PRT March, 2002.


Figure 4.7.1: Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #5, March 2002.

 
These calibration procedures are being repeated post-cruise at ODF.

 
4.8.  CTD Shipboard Calibration Procedures

ODF CTD #5 was used for all Nordic Seas casts. A redundant PRT sensor was 
used on CTD #5 as a calibration check while at sea. An SBE35 laboratory-grade 
reference PRT was deployed on the rosette as an additional check of the 
primary and secondary PRT temperatures at bottle trip levels. CTD 
conductivity and dissolved O2 were calibrated to in-situ check samples 
collected during each rosette cast.

4.8.1.  CTD #5 Pressure

Pre-cruise pressure calibration data were applied to CTD #5 raw pressures 
during each cast. Down-cast surface offsets were automatically adjusted to 0 
as the CTD entered the water; any difference between this value and the 
calibration value was automatically adjusted during the top 50 decibars.

Residual offsets at the end of each up-cast (the difference between the last 
pressure in-water and 0) were monitored during the cruise to check for shifts 
in the pressure calibration. Most residual differences were less than 1.2 
decibar. Preliminary checks of the post-cruise calibrations indicate a 
maximum 0.5 decibar shift at any pressure/temperature combination, indicating 
there was likely no significant shift in pressure calibration during the 
cruise. CTD pressure data will not be considered final until after the post-
cruise laboratory calibrations have been completed and analyzed.


4.8.2.  CTD #5 Temperature

Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations for the CTD #5 primary temperature sensor 
(PRT1) were applied to all shipboard CTD data.

A second Rosemount PRT sensor was deployed as the secondary temperature 
channel and compared with the primary PRT channel on all casts to monitor for 
drift. The response times of the sensors were first matched, then preliminary 
corrected temperatures were compared for a series of standard depths from 
each CTD down-cast.

Comparison of the two CTD #5 PRTs at intermittent down-cast pressures deeper 
than 500 decibars showed the difference increasing by about +0.001°C during 
the cruise. Figure 4.8.2.0 summarizes the shipboard comparison between the 
primary and secondary PRT channels for CTD #5.


Figure 4.8.2.0: Shipboard comparison of CTD #5 dual PRTs, PRT1-PRT2, 
                pressure>500db.

 
The comparison of CTD #5 PRT1 with the SBE35 reference PRT at up-cast bottle 
trips showed the difference decreasing by about -0.001°C at pressures deeper 
than 500 decibars during the cruise. Figure 4.8.2.1 summarizes the comparison 
between the CTD #5 primary PRT and the SBE35 reference PRT temperatures.


Figure 4.8.2.1: Comparison between CTD #5 primary and SBE35 PRTs, PRT1-SBE35, 
                pressure>500db.


A preliminary check of the post-cruise calibration indicates PRT1 shifted up 
to 0.001°C between calibrations at temperature ranges applicable to this 
cruise. CTD temperature data will not be considered final until after the 
post cruise laboratory calibrations have been completed and analyzed.


4.8.3.  CTD #5 Conductivity

Corrected CTD rosette trip pressures and temperatures were used with bottle 
salinities to calculate bottle conductivities. Differences between the bottle 
and CTD conductivities were then used to derive a conductivity correction. 
This correction is normally linear for the 3-cm conductivity cell used in the 
Mark III CTD.

Conductivity differences above and below the thermocline were fit to CTD 
conductivity for stations 1-111 to determine a conductivity slope. A first-
order fit was calculated, with outlying values (4,2 standard deviations) 
rejected. Figure 4.8.3.0 shows the data used to determine the Nordic Seas 
preliminary conductivity slope.


Figure 4.8.3.0: Nordic Seas CTD #5 preliminary conductivity slope, using 
                stations 1-111.


Once the preliminary conductivity slope was applied, residual CTD 
conductivity offset values were calculated for stations 1-111 using bottle 
conductivities deeper than 700 db. Data from all pressure levels were used to 
determine the offsets for stations 46-67, which were all shallower than 700 
db. Figure 4.8.3.1 illustrates the Nordic Seas preliminary conductivity 
offset residual values.


Figure 4.8.3.1: Nordic Seas CTD #5 preliminary conductivity offsets by 
                station number, stations 1-111.


Bottle data from over half of the first 15 casts were eliminated from the 
offset determinations because they were as much as 0.002 PSU low compared to 
nearby casts when the CTD deep theta-S data were consistent. A possible cause 
of this was inadequate equilibration of the extremely cold bottle samples to 
the fairly warm lab and Autosal bath temperatures. The bath temperature was 
lowered by 3°C starting with station 32 samples, and later sample bottles 
were better equilibrated in a tub of room-temperature water prior to 
analysis.

Smoothed offsets were applied to each cast. Some offsets were manually 
adjusted to account for discontinuous shifts in the conductivity transducer 
response or bottle salinities, or to maintain deep theta-salinity consistency 
from cast to cast. The stations 1-111 preliminary slope and stations 68-111 
mean offset were applied through station 159. Cast-by-cast comparisons showed 
intermittent drifts up to 0.007 mS/cm, probably attributable to organic 
fouling of the sensor. These larger drifts were reversed during long transits 
between track lines, when sensors soaked in distilled water for longer 
periods than usual. There was an overall drift of 0.003 mS/cm in the 
conductivity sensor offset and no apparent slope changes over the entire leg.

The final shipboard Nordic Seas conductivity slopes are summarized in Figure 
4.8.3.2. Figure 4.8.3.3 summarizes the final shipboard conductivity offsets.


Figure 4.8.3.2: Nordic Seas CTD #5 conductivity slope corrections by station 
                number.
Figure 4.8.3.3: Nordic Seas CTD #5 conductivity offsets by station number.

 
Summary of Residual Salinity Differences

Figures 4.8.3.4, 4.8.3.5 and 4.8.3.6 summarize the Nordic Seas residual 
differences between bottle and CTD salinities after applying the conductivity 
corrections. Only CTD and bottle salinities with quality code 2 (acceptable) 
were used to generate these figures and statistics. Residual differences 
exceeding ±0.025 PSU are included in the calculations for averages and 
standard deviations, even though they are not plotted.


Figure 4.8.3.4: Salinity residual differences vs. pressure (after 
                correction).
Figure 4.8.3.5: Salinity residual differences vs. station # (after 
                correction).
Figure 4.8.3.6: Deep salinity residual differences vs. station # (after 
                correction).


The CTD conductivity calibration represents a best estimate of the 
conductivity field throughout the water column. 3σ from the mean residual in 
Figures 4.8.3.5 and 4.8.3.6, or ±0.0098 PSU for all salinities and ±0.0022 
PSU for deep salinities, represents the limit of repeatability of the bottle 
salinities (Autosal, rosette, operators and samplers). This limit agrees with 
station overlays of deep theta-salinity. Within most casts (a single 
salinometer run), the precision of bottle salinities appears to be better 
than 0.001 PSU. The precision of the CTD salinities appears to be better than 
0.0005 PSU.

Historical data comparisons and tabulation of temperature and conductivity 
correction coefficients will be included in the final Nordic Seas report, 
after corrections are finalized.


4.8.4.  CTD Dissolved Oxygen

A single pumped SBE43 dissolved O2 sensor was used for the entire cruise. 
This was the first time an SBE43 sensor was used by ODF with the NBIS MKIII. 
There were numerous problems with oxygen pump power during the first 39 
casts. These were resolved by re-wiring one of the 3 conductors in the sea 
cable to use for power to the altimeter and oxygen pump; there were only two 
more casts with oxygen pump problems the rest of the cruise. A free flow/ no-
pump experiment was conducted during station 108, which resulted in unusable 
CTD dissolved O2 data.

There were a number of problems with the response characteristics of the 
typical SensorMedics O2 sensor used with the NBIS MKIII CTD, the major ones 
being a secondary thermal response and a sensitivity to profiling velocity. 
Stopping the rosette for as little as half a minute, or slowing down for a 
bottom approach, could cause shifts in the CTD O2 profile as oxygen became 
depleted in water near the sensor. This apparently was still a problem on 
Nordic Seas, despite using the new Sea-Bird SBE43 pumped sensor.

Preliminary oxygen processing will be conducted post-cruise, and further 
details will be added to this section when available.


4.9.  Bottle Sampling

At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the 
bottles in the following order:

• CFCs
• 3He
• O2
• SF6
• pH
• Total CO2
• Alkalinity
• Tritium
• 18O
• Nutrients
• 129 I
• Salinity

Note that some properties were subsampled by cast or by station, so the 
actual sequence of samples drawn was modified accordingly. Five stations also 
had 3-5 bottles tripped just for noble gas sampling.

The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette 
bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the 
cast. This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted about 
the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was designated the 
sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and insure 
that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order.

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the air 
vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This observation 
together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", 
"valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample 
integrity were routinely noted on the sample log.

Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were 
distributed to their respective laboratories for analysis. Oxygen, nutrients 
and salinity analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical 
equipment networked to the data processing computer for centralized data 
analysis. The analysts for each specific property were responsible for 
insuring that their results were updated into the cruise database.



5.  Bottle Data Processing

Bottle data processing began with sample drawing, and continued until the 
data were considered to be final. One of the most important pieces of 
information, the sample log sheet, was filled out during the drawing of the 
many different samples. It was useful both as a sample inventory and as a 
guide for the technicians in carrying out their analyses. Any problems 
observed with the rosette before or during the sample drawing were noted on 
this form, including indications of bottle leaks, out-of-order drawing, etc. 
Additional clues regarding bottle tripping or leak problems were found by 
individual analysts as the samples were analyzed and the resulting data were 
processed and checked by those personnel.

The next stage of processing was accomplished after the individual parameter 
files were merged into a common station file, along with CTD-derived 
parameters (pressure, temperature, conductivity, etc.). The rosette cast and 
bottle numbers were the primary identification for all ODF-analyzed samples 
taken from the bottle, and were used to merge the analytical results with the 
CTD data associated with the bottle. At this stage, bottle tripping problems 
were usually resolved, sometimes resulting in changes to the pressure, 
temperature and other CTD properties associated with the bottle. All CTD 
information from each bottle trip (confirmed or not) was retained in a file, 
so resolving bottle tripping problems consisted of correlating CTD trip data 
with the rosette bottles.

Diagnostic comments from the sample log, and notes from analysts and/or 
bottle data processors were entered into a computer file associated with each 
station (the "quality" file) as part of the quality control procedure. Sample 
data from bottles suspected of leaking were checked to see if the properties 
were consistent with the profile for the cast, with adjacent stations, and, 
where applicable, with the CTD data. Various property-property plots and 
vertical sections were examined for both consistency within a cast and 
consistency with adjacent stations by data processors, who advised analysts 
of possible errors or irregularities. The analysts reviewed and sometimes 
revised their data as additional calibration or diagnostic results became 
available.

Based on the outcome of investigations of the various comments in the quality 
files, WHP water sample codes were selected to indicate the reliability of 
the individual parameters affected by the comments. WHP bottle codes were 
assigned where evidence showed the entire bottle was affected, as in the case 
of a leak, or a bottle trip at other than the intended depth.

WHP water bottle quality codes were assigned as defined in the WOCE 
Operations Manual [Joyc94] with the following additional interpretations:

2  No problems noted.
3  Leaking. An air leak large enough to produce an observable effect on a 
   sample is identified by a code of 3 on the bottle and a code of 4 on the 
   oxygen. (Small air leaks may have no observable effect, or may only affect 
   gas samples.)
4  Did not trip correctly. Bottles tripped at other than the intended depth 
   were assigned a code of 4. There may be no problems with the associated 
   water sample data.
5  Not reported. No water sample data reported. This is a representative 
   level derived from the CTD data for reporting purposes. The sample number 
   should be in the range of 80-99.
9  The samples were not drawn from this bottle.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned using the following criteria:

1  The sample for this measurement was drawn from the water bottle, but the  
   results of the analysis were not (yet) received.
2  Acceptable measurement.
3  Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the station profile or  
   adjacent station comparisons (or possibly CTD data comparisons). No notes  
   from the analyst indicated a problem. The data could be acceptable, but  
   are open to interpretation.
4  Bad measurement. The data did not fit the station profile, adjacent  
   stations or CTD data. There were analytical notes indicating a problem,  
   but data values were reported. Sampling and analytical errors were also  
   coded as 4.
5  Not reported. There should always be a reason associated with a code of 5,  
   usually that the sample was lost, contaminated or rendered unusable.
9  The sample for this measurement was not drawn.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDSAL (CTD salinity) 
parameter as follows:

2  Acceptable measurement.
3  Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the bottle data, or there  
   was a CTD conductivity calibration shift during the up-cast.
4  Bad measurement. The CTD up-cast data were determined to be unusable for  
   calculating a salinity.
7  Despiked. The CTD data have been filtered to eliminate a spike or offset.

Table 5.0 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of times each WHP 
sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic property. 
Nutrient data are temporarily omitted from this chart until they can be 
incorporated into the ODF bottle data files. CTD Oxygen statistics will also 
be included when preliminary fitting has been completed.


Table 5.0:  Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments for Nordic Seas.

                       Rosette Samples Stations 001-159

                  Reported             WHP Quality Codes
                   Levels     1     2     3     4     5     7     9
                  --------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----
        Bottle      3286      0   3236   17      2    0      0    31
        CTD Salt    3286      0   3145    0      0    0    141     0
        Salinity    3216      0   3168   44      4    0      0    70
        Oxygen      3179      0   2825    6    348    3      0   104


5.1.  Bottle Pressure and Temperature

All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulations on the rosette 
casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at the time 
the bottle was closed on the rosette, then correcting the data based on CTD 
laboratory calibrations.

The temperatures are reported using the International Temperature Scale of 
1990.


5.2.  Salinity Analysis

Equipment and Techniques

A single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (s/n 55-654) was used for 
measuring salinity on all stations. Salinometer 46-992 was the backup 
salinometer and was not used. The salinometers were modified by ODF and 
contained interfaces for computer-aided measurement. The water bath 
temperature was set and maintained at a value near the laboratory air 
temperature. It was set at 24°C for stations 1-31 and stations 109-159, and 
at 21°C for stations 32-108.

The salinity analyses were performed when samples had equilibrated to 
laboratory temperature, usually within 8-30 hours after collection. 
Equilibration time was sometimes accelerated by immersing sample bottles in a 
tub of room temperature water because of the extreme differences between in 
situ sample temperatures and the lab temperature. The salinometer was 
standardized for each group of analyses (usually one or two casts, up to ~50 
samples) using at least one fresh vial of standard seawater per group. Some 
groups included up to 80 samples and 8 casts between standardizations, 
usually for a series of shallow stations. A computer (PC) prompted the 
analyst for control functions such as changing sample, flushing, or switching 
to "read" mode. The salinometer cell was flushed and results were logged by 
the computer until two successive measurements met software criteria for 
consistency. These values were then averaged for a final result.

Sampling and Data Processing

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate 
bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling. The 
bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene 
screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample 
evaporation. Prior to collecting each sample, inserts were inspected for 
proper fit and loose inserts were replaced to insure an airtight seal. The 
draw time and equilibration time were logged for all casts. Laboratory 
temperatures were logged at the beginning and end of each run.

PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured 
conductivity ratios. The difference (if any) between the initial vial of 
standard water and one run at the end as an unknown was applied linearly to 
the data to account for any drift. The data were added to the cruise 
database. 3216 salinity measurements were made and 170 vials of standard 
water were used. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is 
usually better than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular standard seawater 
batch used.

Laboratory Temperature

The temperature in the salinometer laboratory varied from 19 to 25°C during 
the cruise. The air temperature change during a run of samples ranged from 
less than 0.5°C to more than 4°C. The laboratory temperature was 4°C lower to 
3°C higher than the Autosal bath temperature.

Standards

IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-140 was used to standardize the 
salinometer.


5.3.  Oxygen Analysis

Equipment and Techniques

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated 
oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption 
of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the samples and the 
data logging were controlled by PC software. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a 
Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret. ODF used a whole-bottle 
modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter [Carp65] with 
modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb91], but with higher concentrations of 
potassium iodate standard (~0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (~65 gm/l). 
Standard solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were 
run at the beginning of each session of analyses, which typically included 
from 1 to 3 stations. Pre-made ODF liquid potassium iodate standards were 
also used. Several standards were made up during the cruise and compared to 
assure that the results were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of 
a weighing or dilution error. Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined, 
to account for presence of oxidizing or reducing materials. The auto-titrator 
generally performed very well.

Sampling and Data Processing

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette 
sampler was brought on board. Using a Tygon drawing tube, nominal 125ml 
volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed 2-3 times with minimal agitation, 
then filled and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask volumes. Reagents 
were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice 
to assure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after 
drawing, and then again after about 20 minutes.

Drawing oxygen samples usually included taking the sample draw temperature 
from a small platinum-resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. 
However, the thermometers normally used were in a shipment that never 
arrived. Sampling the temperatures with substitute equipment was deemed too 
awkward, and the practice was abandoned after 9 stations.

The samples were analyzed within 1-15 hours of collection, and then the data 
were merged into the cruise database.

Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and 
corrected to 20°C. The 20°C normalities and the blanks were plotted versus 
time and were reviewed for possible problems. New thiosulfate normalities 
will be recalculated after the blanks have been smoothed as a function of 
time, if warranted. These new normalities will then be smoothed, and the 
oxygen data recalculated.

As samples warmed up to room temperature they would often degas which would 
cause an occasional noisy endpoint due to gas bubbles in the light path. 3179 
oxygen measurements were made. In addition, 14 replicate samples were 
analyzed to compare reagent batches, and 57 oxygen samples (3 per rosette 
bottle) were analyzed from noble gas sampling.

Volumetric Calibration

Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized 
water to determine flask volumes at ODF’s chemistry laboratory. This is done 
once before using flasks for the first time and periodically thereafter when 
a suspect bottle volume is detected. The volumetric flasks used in preparing 
standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as was the 10 ml Dosimat 
buret used to dispense standard iodate solution.

Standards

Potassium iodate standards, nominally 0.44 gram, were pre-weighed in ODF’s 
chemistry laboratory to ±0.0001 grams. The exact normality was calculated at 
sea after the volumetric flask volume and dilution temperature were known. 
Liquid potassium iodate standards were also used on the cruise. The normality 
of the liquid standard was determined at ODF by calculation from weight and 
by comparison to other iodate standards. Potassium iodate was obtained from 
GFS Chemical Co. and was reported by the supplier to be >99.4% pure. All 
other reagents were "reagent grade" and were tested for levels of oxidizing 
and reducing impurities prior to use.

One lot number of NaI reagent gave a high negative blank which was not 
measurable with normal methods. It was necessary to use this "bad" reagent 
for stations 40 to 67 since this was the only NaI remaining on board. After 
station 67, the ship ran in north of Tromso, Norway to get shipments of good 
reagents from Swedish and ODF sources, delivered by a pilot boat. Comparisons 
were done between "good" and "bad" reagents to calculate a correction to 
apply to stations run with the "bad" reagents. No other reagent problems 
occurred during the remainder of the cruise.


5.4.  Nutrient Analysis

Equipment and Techniques

Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed 
on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one 
hour after sample collection. Occasionally samples were refrigerated up to 4 
hours at ~4°C. All samples were brought to room temperature prior to 
analysis.

The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92]. The analog outputs 
from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and logged 
automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals.

Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67]. An 
acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to 
produce silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a 
blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric acid was 
also added to impede PO4 color development. The sample was passed through a 
15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660nm.

A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] procedure was used for the 
analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate analysis, the seawater 
sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was 
quantitatively reduced to nitrite. Sulfanilamide was introduced to the sample 
stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride which 
coupled to form a red azo dye. The stream was then passed through a 15mm 
flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm. The same technique was 
employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and a 
50mm flowcell was used for measurement.

Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms 
[Bern67] technique. An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to the 
sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid 
(a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The reaction 
product was heated to ~55°C to enhance color development, then passed through 
a 50mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 820nm.

Sampling and Data Processing

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped "oak-ridge 
type" centrifuge tubes. The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed with 
sample 2-3 times before filling. Standardizations were performed at the 
beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically one cast, up to 36 
samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient standard prepared 
prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low-nutrient seawater 
matrix. The secondary standards were prepared aboard ship by dilution from 
primary standard solutions. Dry standards were pre-weighed at the laboratory 
at ODF, and transported to the vessel for dilution to the primary standard. 
Sets of 6-7 different standard concentrations were analyzed periodically to 
determine any deviation from linearity as a function of concentration for 
each nutrient analysis. A correction for non-linearity was applied to the 
final nutrient concentrations when necessary. In addition, a "deep seawater" 
high nutrient concentration check sample was run with each station as an 
additional check on data quality.

After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data file was processed to 
produce another file of response factors, baseline values, and absorbances. 
Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for accuracy against 
values taken from a strip chart recording. The data were then added to the 
cruise database. Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were 
converted from micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated 
at 1 atm pressure (0 db), in situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory 
temperature of 25°C. 3149 nutrient samples were analyzed. The pump tubing was 
changed 3 times.

Standards

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Aesar Chemical 
Company and was reported by the suppliers to be >98% pure. Primary standards 
for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate (KH2PO4) were obtained 
from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co.; the supplier reported purities of 99.999%, 
97%, and 99.999%, respectively. The efficiency of the cadmium column used for 
nitrate was monitored throughout the cruise and ranged from 99-100%.

No major problems were encountered with the measurements. The temperature of 
the laboratory used for the analyses ranged from 21°C to 28°C, but was 
relatively constant during any one station (±1.5°C).



References

Arms67.
Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., “The 
    measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of 
    the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment,” Deep-Sea Research, 
    14, pp. 381-389 (1967).

Bern67.
Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., “The continuous determination of low level 
    iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer,” 
    Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967).

Carp65.
Carpenter, J. H., “The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
    dissolved oxygen method,” Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 
    (1965).

Culb91.
Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and Zemlyak, F., 
    “A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in 
    seawater,” Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug 
    1991).

Gord92.
Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., “A 
    suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater 
    Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean 
    Fluxes Study,” Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. 
    Chem Oc. (1992).

Joyc94.
Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., “Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
    Programme Data Reporting,” Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, pp. 
    52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, 
    Rev. 2). UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT.

UNES81.
UNESCO, “Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity 
    Scale, 1978,” UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, p. 144 
    (1981). 
















CCHDO Data Processing Notes

Date        Person       Data Type  Action           Summary
----------  -----------  ---------  ---------------  ------------------------
2010-04-19  Dave Muus    BTL        Website Update   Data Onlline 
            Detailed Notes
            Notes on NS02 bottle data. April 19, 2010 D. Muus EXPOCODE 
            316N20020530

            1. Merged CARINA exchange file 
               "316N20020530_hy1.csv"(20081218PRINUNIVRMK) TCARBN, ALKALI and 
                 SF6 into ODF exchange file "ns02_hy1.csv" 
                 (20050729WHPSIOdm).
               CARINA exchange file taken from CARINA project section of 
                 CCHDO website. Originally named "316N20020530.exc.csv".
                 ODF exchange file was prepared for Jim Swift, July, 2005, 
                 from ODF cruise file.

            2. Changed SF6 data format from 8 decimal places to 4 decimal 
               places.

            3. Modified Summary file ns02su.txt (20040311WJPOSIODM):
               Expocode "316N166.11" changed to "316N20020530".
               SECT_ID "NSeas" changed to "NS02".

            4. Made new WOCE format bottle file from new Exchange file 
               (20100406CCHDOSIODM) 

2013-02-01  Jerry Kappa  CrsRpt     Website Update   Final PDF version online
            I've placed 1 new version of the cruise report:
              ns02_316N20020530do.pdf
            into the directory: co2clivar/arctic/ns02/

            It includes summary pages and CCHDO data processing notes as well 
            as a linked Table of Contents and links to figures, tables and 
            appendices.

            It will be available on the cchdo website following the next 
            update script run.

2013-02-01  Jerry Kappa  CrsRpt     Website Update   Final TXT version online
            A TEXT version of the cuise report is now available on the CCHDO
            website.  It includes all the PI-provided reports, figure legends,
            tables and appendicies, as well as these Data Processing Notes.

