Preliminary data Report (1992.05.04) and Last PI update (1993.03.18) merged on 
1999.11.03


A.	Cruise Narrative

A.1	Highlights

A.1.a	WOCE designation:	AR04E/AR04W/AR15

A.1.b	EXPOCODE		06mt22/2

A.1.c	Chief Scientist:	Dr. Monika Rhein
				Institut Fuer Meereskunde
				Universitat Kiel
				Dusternbrooker Weg 20
				24105 Kiel Germany
				Phone:  49-431-597-3820
				Telefax: 49-431-597-3821

A.1.d	Ship name:  	R/V METEOR  

A.1.e	Ports of call: 	Recife, Brazil - Recife, Brazil

A.1.f	Cruise Dates:   	23 Oct - 15 Nov 1992

A.2	Cruise Summary

A.2.a	Geographic Boundaries

A.2.b	Total number of stations Occupied

Total number of CTD stations: 65

Sampling equipment: small volume sampling: one 24-place rosette with 10-liter 
bottles
	CTD system:			NBIS Mark III CTD, with O2 sensor and pinger
	Salinometer:		2 Guildline Autosal
	ADCP:				153 kHz ADCP manufactured by RDI, USA
	Pegasus:			Benthos-Pegasus
	Chlorofluorocarbons:	GC, Integrator: Shimadzu
	Oxygen:			Winkler titration
	XBT:				Sippican Deep Blue probes


Sampling: Water sampling on the cruise included measurements of salinity, both 
by CTD and water bottle samples, CTD and bottle sample oxygen determinations, 
CTD temperature. Tracer analysis were made for CFC-11 and CF-12.


A.2.c	Floats and drifters deployed
A.2.d	Moorings deployed or recovered

A.3	List of Principal Investigators

Table 1: List of Principal Investigators		

Parameter/Instrument Measurements	Sampling group	Responsible investigator

CTD / Rosette				IfM Kiel		Stramma
Chlorofluorocarbons			IfM Kiel		Monika Rhein
ADCP						IfM Kiel		Jurgen Fischer
Pegasus					IfM Kiel		Uwe Send
Salinity					IfM Kiel		Jurgen Langhof
Oxygen					IfM Kiel		Joanna Waniek
XBTs						IfM Kiel		Gerhard Kroll


IfM Kiel
Institut Fuer Meereskunde
Universitat Kiel
Dusternbrooker Weg 20
24105 Kiel Germany


A.4	Scientific Programme and Methods

During M22/2, the circulation and water mass exchange in the tropical western 
Atlantic were studied as part of the German WOCE program. The western boundary 
current is an important part of the thermohaline circulation, not only for 
inter-hemispheric water mass transfer, but also for the meridional heat 
transport. In order to determine the mean transports of the various water masses 
and their variability, three current meter moorings were deployed in the 
boundary current at 44W. Shipboard direct velocity measurements were carried out 
with two acoustic systems, the ADCP (both lowered with the CTD, and 
vesselmounted) and the Pegasus profiling system. The CTD measurements were 
completed by oxygen and Freon measurements to determine water mass boundaries 
and the spreading pattern of the various water masses and their variability. 
Additionally, XBTs were dropped to improve the spatial resolution.

The METEOR left the harbour of Recife at 23 October, 10:00 a.m., heading 
north.  The measurement systems worked well except for the new broad band ADCP 
(BBADCP), delivered to the METEOR on 23 October, and designated to measure 
velocities in the deep ocean only yielded useful velocity profile data in the 
upper 1500 m, due to small signal to noise ratio at depth where scatterer 
concentration was low.

After reaching the 44ƒW section, the transport of the North Brazil Current (NBC) 
on the Brazilian shelf was surveyed with the shipboard ADCP on 26 October from 1 
00'S, 44 24'W to 0 01'N, 44 24'W. On 27 and 28 October, the three moorings were 
deployed off the Brazilian coast (mooring K359: 0 14.6'N, 44 18.6'W; K360: 0 
37'N, 44 10'W; K361: 1 11.2'N, 44 02.7'W). Each mooring is equipped with upward-
looking ADCP which measures the currents in the upper 300m, and with 7-9 
conventional Aanderaa current meters.

The CTD and Pegasus profiling along the 44W section was continued till 31 
October, when we reached our northernmost position at 6 40'N. Two CTD stations 
were placed north of the CEARA Rise (5 42.4'N and 60 4.6'N) to estimate a likely 
flow of lower North Atlantic Deep Water along this northern path.

The 35W section was reached on 12 November and began with 4 CTD stations to 2500 
m depth. South of 1S, the CTD was again lowered to the bottom. At the southern 
end of the 35W section four bottom transponders (at each location two) were 
deployed at 3 59'S, 34 57'W (S14) and at 4 30'S, 35 05'W (S15) on 6-7 November. 
The CTD/ADCP work on that section continued till 7 November, 19:00 when we 
reached the shelf at 5 01'S, 35 00'W.

After proceeding to the 5S section the work began with a shallow CTD cast. On 9 
November, the ADCP connected to the rosette failed due to intrusion of water. It 
could not be fully replaced by the BBADCP, as this instrument was only capable 
to cover the upper 1500 m. To complement the current measurements of the 5S 
section, two additional Pegasus stations at 5 15'S, 32 00'W (S16) and 5 10'S, 31 
30'W (S17) were installed on 10 November. On this section, also tritium and 
helium samples were taken from the 10 1 Niskin bottles. They will be analyzed at 
the Institute fur Umweltphysik, Heidelberg. The easternmost CTD station was done 
at 5S, 30 0'W, and on 11 November the METEOR headed southwest to 10S, 32 30'W.

The 10S section began on 13 November, 13:00, with CTD stations to the bottom and 
the BBADCP attached. The BBADCP profiles there were only useful for the upper 
1000 m. Altogether, 10 CTD stations were carried out on that section, which 
ended on 14 November, 23:00. The ship headed north towards Recife, where we 
arrived at 15 November, 11:00.

A.5	Major Problems and Goals not Achieved
A.6	Other Incidents of Note
A.7	List of Cruise Participants


B.	Underway Measurements

B.1	Navigation and bathymetry
B.2	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)
B.3	Thermosalinograph 
B.4	XBT and XCTD
B.5	Meteorological observations
B.6	Atmospheric chemistry
  
                    
C.	Hydrographic Measurements

D.	Acknowledgments

E.	References

Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
Marine Science, No. 44.

Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data, 1991. By JPOTS editorial 
panel.


F.	WHPO Summary

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the metr22l2.sum,  
metr22l2.hyd, metr22l2.csl and *.wct files.  The metr22l2.sum file contains a 
summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent 
information regarding each hydrographic station.  The metr22l2.hyd file contains 
the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  The *.wct  
files are zipped into one file called metr22l2wct.zip. The metr22l2.csl file is 
a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels. 

The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values 
were derived for the metr22l2.csl file: 

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure:  These three values were smoothed from the 
individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing  pressure levels using the 
following binomial filter- 

	t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1 

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained 
within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level 
after applying the binomial filtering.    

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): 
These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the 
international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the Unesco 
publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for 
Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4. 

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least 
squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the 
interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the 
standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined using 
CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the 
gradient potential temperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
Unesco publication 44. 

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope 
between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level 
and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
Unesco publication 44. 

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component 
ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the 
coriolius parameter, N is the bouyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), 
and g is the local acceleration of gravity.  

Bouyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, 
Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990).  Equations and Fortran 
routines are described in Unesco publication 44. 

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated 
by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and  Fortran routines 
are described in Unesco publication, Processing of  Oceanographic station data. 

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett 
and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.   


G. Data Quality Evaluation



Cruise Plan

Line  AR4E     35°W - 2°N to Brazil

Logistical requirements:
Length (nm): 420
Small Volume Stations:   15
Repeats/Yr: 4x        No. of Yrs: 1
Program constraints: Once each season with 30 nm station spacing.


Operator: GERMANY
     Chief scientist: Rhein/IfMK
     Ship: METEOR (POST-7/64)      Cruise/leg: 06MT22/2
     Cruise date: Oct. 23-Nov. 15 1992
     Cruise plan received:
     Cruise report received: March 93
     ADCP: Fischer/IfMK
     CTD: Stramma/IfMK
     Chlorofluorocarbons-all types: Rhein/IfMK
     Moorings - any type: Unknown
     Oxygen: Waniek/IfMK
     Pegasus instrument: Send/IfMK
     Salinity: Langhof/IfMK
     XBT: Kroll/IfMK
     Notes: Broad band ADCP and lowered ADCP on rosette used for most of
            cruise.
