      A.  Cruise NARRATIVE:  A16C
          Updated 2004.AUG.04
      
      A.1.  HIGHLIGHTS
      
                           WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
      
                   WOCE section designation  A16C
          Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  318HYDROS_4
            Chief Scientist and affiliation  LYNNE TALLEY/SIO
                       Co- Chief Scientists  MIZUKI TSUCHIYA/SIO
                                             JAMES ORR/PRINCETON
      
                                      Dates  1989.MAR.13 - 1989.APR.19
                                       Ship  R/V MELVILLE
                              Ports of call  Montevideo, Uruguay to 
                                                 Bridgetown, Barbados
      
                         Number of stations  71 CTD/rosette stations; 
                                              7 Large Volume station
      
                                                      0°00.10'N
            Stations' Geographic boundaries  52°00.90'W       24°57.20'W
                                                      35°13.30'S
      
               Floats and drifters deployed  0
             Moorings deployed or recovered  0
      
                         Chief Scientist Contact Information
          ------------------------------------------------------------------
               Dr. Lynne Talley • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                        University of California, San Diego
            9500 Gilman Drive • La Jolla, CA • 92093-0230 • UNITED STATES
          Phone: 619-534-6610 • FAX: 619-534-9820 • EMAIL: ltalley@ucsd.edu
      
      
      
      
      
      

      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


















                      SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
                   THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SAN DIEGO
      
                                    HYDROS
                                    Leg  4
      
                       Physical, Chemical, and CTD Data
                                 R/V MELVILLE
                           13 March - 19 April 1989
      
                            S.I.O. Reference 92-12
                                  April 1992
      
      











































                                    HYDROS
                                    Leg  4
      
      
                       Physical, Chemical, and CTD Data
                           13 March - 19 April 1989
                                 R/V MELVILLE
      
                           Principal  Investigators:
                             Michael S. McCartney
                     Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
      
                                Lynne D. Talley
                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
      
                                Mizuki Tsuchiya
                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
      
                           Data Report Prepared by:
      
                         Oceanographic Data Facility
                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                      University of California, San Diego
                                  April 1992 
      
                            S.I.O. Reference 92-12
      
      
                                 Sponsored by:
      National Science Foundation 
      Grant OCE-86 14378ODF                                Publication No. 233
      
                               Table of Contents
      
            1.  Overview
            2.  Niskin Bottle Data Collection, Analyses, and Processing
            3.  CTD Data Collection, Analyses, and Processing
            4.  Data Tables and Plots
            5.  Acknowledgments
            6.  References
                Appendix A - HYDROS Leg 4 CTD Processing Notes
                Appendix B - Bottle Data Processing Notes
                Cruise Track
                Table 1: Station and Cast Descriptions - see .sum file
                Table 2: HYDROS-4 XBT station positions
                Table 3: Scientific Programs
                List of Participants
                CTD and Bottle Data Plots (see SIO Pub 92-12)
                Vertical Sections
                CCHDO/WHPO Data Processing Notes
      
      
      




                                    HYDROS
                                    Leg  4
                                 R/V MELVILLE
                         13 March 1989 - 19 April 1989
                  Montevideo, Uruguay to Bridgetown, Barbados
      
                               Chief Scientists
                              Dr Lynne D. Talley
                                      and
                              Dr Mizuki Tsuchiya
                     Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                                 La Jolla, CA
                                      and
             Dr. James Orr • Princeton University • Princeton, NJ
      
      
      
      1.  CHIEF SCIENTIST'S OVERVIEW 
      
      On March 13, 1989 the R/V Melville, under the command of Captain Robert 
      Haines, left Montevideo, Uruguay to undertake hydrographic work first in 
      the territorial waters of Uruguay and then along longitude 25°W from 
      32°S to 0°40'N, with a final short section across the equator at 36°30'W 
      (see Cruise Track). The ship arrived in Bridgetown, Barbados on April 
      19, 1989, having completed the entire program with almost no 
      difficulties. Seventy-one CTD/rosette stations were occupied; at 7 
      sites, large-volume Gerard samples were also collected. The first 
      station number was 309, reflecting the integration of this cruise leg 
      with the South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment (SAVE); Hydros 4 was the 
      sixth and final leg of SAVE and was the fourth and final leg of the 25°W 
      section of McCartney, Talley and Tsuchiya.
      
      Rosette and Gerard station positions are listed in Table 1. For the most 
      part, stations were spaced every 35 nautical miles (na. mi.) with the 
      exception of closer spacing over topography at the western boundary and 
      20 na. mi. spacing across the equator. Table 1 also lists all properties 
      which were determined from discrete samples collected at each station.
      
      In addition to standard and large-volume hydrographic stations, T-7 
      XBT's were dropped at 20 na. mi. intervals along the cruise track 
      between stations 313 and 314; surface samples were collected at most 
      locations. Other than along this portion of the cruise track, 1 XBT was 
      dropped each day for regular reporting, as described below. XBT and 
      underway sampling stations are listed in Table 2.
      
      The scientists in charge of CTD/rosette sampling were L. Talley and M. 
      Tsuchiya; J. Orr was responsible for the large volume component.
      
      1.1.  CTD/ROSETTE SAMPLING
      
      The CTD work and basic water sampling were carried out by Scripps 
      Institution of Oceanography's Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic 
      Data Facility (STS/ODF) with help from other members of the science 
      party. D. Muus and J. Boaz were team leaders for the two twelve-hour 
      watches. Rosette handling was optimal with four people on deck and one 
      at the CTD console. Rosette water sampling team sizes varied depending 
      on the number of properties being sampled; the minimum size was 2 
      (oxygen, salinity and nutrients) and the maximum size was 6 (adding 
      CFCs, helium, tritium, and CO2).


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      Sampling at each station included a CTD/O2 cast with a rosette carrying 36 
      ten- liter bottles. A single Neil Brown Mark-3 CTD was used throughout the 
      cruise. Also mounted on the rosette frame and connected to the CTD were a 
      transmissometer and a Benthos altimeter. A Benthos pinger with a self- 
      contained battery pack was mounted separately on the rosette frame; its 
      signal was displayed on the precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's 
      laboratory.  The rosette/CTD was suspended from a three- conductor wire 
      which provided power to the CTD and relayed the CTD signal to the 
      laboratory. 

      Each CTD cast extended to within 10m of the bottom unless the bottom 
      returns from both the pinger and the altimeter were extremely poor. All 36 
      bottles were used on stations exceeding 3500m depth. Water samples were 
      collected from the ten-liter bottles for salinity, oxygen, nutrients 
      (silicate, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11 
      and CFC-12), total and partial CO2, helium-3, and tritium. All but the 
      helium and tritium analyses were done at sea.

      CTD data was relayed at 25 Hz, acquired with an ODF deck unit, and 
      partially processed in real time on ODF's Integrated Solutions, Inc. (ISI) 
      computers.  Analog data was recorded simultaneously on VCR tapes as a 
      backup. Real-time processing included 0.5 second block-averaging with a 
      filter to remove bad samples; preliminary corrections were applied in real 
      time to the data which were then continuously updated on up to 4 plots 
      displayed on the computer monitor. Immediately after each station, the 
      data were pressure-sequenced and desired plots were produced. During the 
      course of the cruise, M. Johnson of ODF continued the calibration 
      procedures using discrete salinity and oxygen samples collected from the 
      rosette. The CTD temperature calibration was monitored with one rack of 
      reversing thermometers mounted on the second bottle from the bottom; at 
      station 367 a second rack near the bottom was added in order to monitor a 
      drift in temperature difference between the thermometers and the CTD.

      Salinity samples were analyzed on two Guildline Autosals by F. Mansir and 
      C. Hallman; oxygen samples were titrated by D. Muus, A. Hester, and M. 
      Tsuchiya; nutrient analyses on a modified Technicon autoanalyzer were 
      performed by D. Masten. L. Cartwright reread all of the nutrient charts as 
      part of the usual ODF quality control. D. Muus processed the discrete 
      salinity, oxygen, and nutrient measurements. During the cruise, summaries 
      and plots of all data were available for quality control and 
      interpretation within a day of collection. D. Muus and M. Tsuchiya 
      carefully checked all of the data as it became available. Vertical 
      sections of all parameters were available throughout the cruise. All ODF 
      data were available on the ISI computers for further dynamic computations 
      and mapping throughout the cruise.
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      The total station time (actual CTD time plus extra time when the 
      Melville was stopped on station during which the CTD was not in the 
      water) on each station was commonly 2 to 4 hours depending on the water 
      depth. The extra time was generally 0.3 to 0.4 hours per station, even 
      in excellent weather which we enjoyed throughout the cruise, because of 
      the relative difficulty of handling the large double rosette package 
      with an 800 lb. weight.
      
      CFC samples were collected at a subset of the stations and were analyzed 
      at sea on two separate systems - for Ray Weiss of SIO and Bill Smethie 
      of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO). P. Salameh and M. 
      Trunnell operated the SIO system and J. Raznewski the LDGO system.  
      After some initial cross-checking of methods on the two systems, results 
      produced by the two systems on duplicate samples were in good agreement. 
      Plots of all data were available at sea; vertical sections were produced 
      at the conclusion of the cruise using an interface to the ODF system.
      
      Throughout the cruise, air and surface water samples were analyzed every 
      half hour for CH4, N2O, and CO2 by P. Salameh for Ray Weiss.
      
      SIGMA-CO2 and pCO2 were made at a subset of the stations for Taro 
      Takahashi (LDGO) by M. Noonan and K. Bosley. Station data plotting was 
      available on the Melville's VAX 730; vertical sections were plotted on 
      the ODF system. At approximately every fourth station, duplicate samples 
      at a pair of surface bottles (4 m) were collected for comparison of the 
      at-sea LDGO measurements with later analysis by C. Keeling at SIO. Four 
      standards prepared in Keeling's laboratory were run during the cruise. 
      At two stations, 15 samples were collected and analyzed for alkalinity.  
      At three stations, air samples were collected for later pCO2 analysis at 
      LDGO.
      
      Samples for later analysis of helium-3 and low-level tritium were 
      collected at approximately every fourth station by S. Doney for the 
      Jenkins group at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).
      
      Surface samples for radium analysis were collected near the location of 
      every CTD/rosette station and at approximately 2° longitude intervals 
      along the steam from the last station to Barbados by J. Orr.

      1.2.  Gerard Sampling
      
      As with SAVE Legs 1-5, large volume samples were collected by Gerard 
      barrel (250-liter) hydrocasts. These samples were often processed 
      sequentially for Krypton- 85 (or Argon-39), Carbon-14, and Radium-228. 
      However, for many samples, this complete suite of analyses was not 
      performed because of the different region of interest for each species 
      within water column. Also, each species must be processed and the extract 
      sent to its shore-based analytical facility; different samples quotas are 
      mandated by the different facilities.

      Ancillary measurements (on small volumes) for each Gerard cast included 
      salinity (both on Gerards and their attached 5-liter Niskins), temperature 
      (from the reversing thermometer on the 5-liter Niskin), total CO2 (on each 
      Gerard where C-14 was analyzed), and chlorofluorocarbons (from the five-
      liter Niskin only for all samples of Kr and from the top and bottom 
      samples of the 6 Gerards tripped for one Ar sample). Unfortunately, no 
      Barium samples were collected from the attached five-liter Niskins because 
      analytical supplies were exhausted during the previous SAVE Leg 5.



                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      Typically, two 9-barrel Gerard casts were taken per station and were 
      separated by one rosette cast.  Four people were required on deck for 
      the Gerard barrel handling. Upon arrival on station, first in the water 
      was the deep Gerard cast. For the deep cast, any depths specifically 
      targeted for sampling were selected using the CTD/O2 profile from the 
      immediately preceding station (usually within 35 na. mi.). Subsequent to 
      the deep Gerard cast, the rosette was deployed and results from its 
      CTD/O2 trace were used similarly to target depths for the subsequent 
      shallow Gerard cast. Selection criteria included samples from the 
      surface mixed layer, in and around the thermocline at predetermined 
      sigma-theta surfaces (25.6, 26.2, 26.5, 26.8, 27.1, and 27.4), the 
      salinity minimum associated with the Antarctic Intermediate Water 
      (AAIW), the salinity maximum-oxygen maximum associated with the North 
      Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) (1700-3000 m), sigma-2 = 36.85, and sigma-4 = 
      46.85. Near bottom samples were collected at approximately 20, 150, and 
      500 m above the bottom. Remaining Gerard barrels were used to "fill-in" 
      gaps, leaving spaces no larger than 400 m between samples; some stations 
      required up to 500 m spacing to adequately cover the water column.
      
      In total, seven large volume stations were taken. The first two were 
      taken while steaming off the Uruguayan slope en route to longitude 25°W. 
      At the first station, 310 in 1091 m of water, one cast of 9 Gerard 
      barrels adequately covered the water column. The second station, station 
      313 (3066 m), consisted of 3 casts because the more typical 9-barrel 
      surface cast was split into 2 casts of 5 and 4 barrels. This split was 
      initiated to facilitate more processing time for the new Kr-Ar analyst 
      while simultaneously eliminating idle wire time while sitting on this 
      station.
      
      Subsequent large volume sampling occurred only after steaming to 25°W 
      where the ship turned and headed due north. Station 316 (previously 
      referred to as LV1) and station 332 (LV2) were sampled in typical 
      fashion employing shallow and deep casts. Further north along 25°W, 
      station 340 was sampled again with 2 Gerard casts; however, this special 
      station was planned to augment the limited sampling (shallower) feasible 
      during SAVE Leg 2 at the same position; on that leg, only two Gerards 
      were available per cast. Thus station 340, previously referred to as SR1 
      (SAVE Repeat 1), was sampled with one deep Gerard cast and an additional 
      cast collected near the bottom for Argon-39. Unlike all other stations, 
      station 349 (LV3) necessitated 3 Gerard casts: (1) deep, (2) shallow, 
      and (3) a cast specifically targeted at sampling Argon-39 within the 
      NADW. Finally, station 376 (LV4) was also sampled with the usual 2-cast 
      sampling strategy; however, its original position at the equator along 
      25°W was shifted to 36°30'W. This shift allowed for sampling of the 
      Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) by moving from relatively shallow waters 
      overlying the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (between the Romanche and St. Paul 
      Fracture Zones) to the deeper water column above the Ceara Abyssal 
      Plain. The bottom water at 25°W lies at a depth of approximately 3200 db 
      and 2.5°C, while that at the altered position exhibits the presence of 
      AABW with 0.5°C water at its 4500 db bottom.

      During Hydros 4, 3 samples were collected for Ar-39 (6 Gerards/sample), 32 
      samples for Kr-85, 108 for C-14, and 194 for Ra-228 (85 of these were 
      taken from surface soaks, i.e., not via Gerard sampling).
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      1.3.  XBT AND UNDERWAY SAMPLING
      
      Except during the initial Uruguayan section, at least one XBT was 
      dropped every afternoon for reporting to the National Oceanic and 
      Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). During the transit from station 313 
      to 314, an XBT was dropped every 2 hours, for a total of 78 stations at 
      approximately 20 na. mi. spacing. In all cases, T-7 probes were used, 
      extending to a nominal depth of 760 m. Data were acquired by an MK-9 
      system on the Melville's VAX 730 computer. Plots, isotherm depths, and 
      inflection points were available immediately after each drop. Inflection 
      point data were relayed from the VAX 730 to NOAA each day. M. Moore of 
      STS also produced a separate file of isotherm depths for the closely-
      spaced section; these were transferred to ODF's system where vertical 
      sections were produced by M. Johnson.
      
      At XBT stations 33 to 74, surface samples were drawn and analyzed for 
      salinity, sigma-CO2 and pCO2.
      
      1.4.  BOTTOM DEPTH
      
      An Edo Western precision depth recorder (PDR) was operated continuously 
      during the cruise, except in Brazilian territorial waters surrounding 
      St. Peter and Paul Rocks. The PDR operation was overseen by J. Boaz. An 
      underway watch was maintained to log data every 5 minutes; data were 
      entered on the VAX 730 and merged with navigation for later transfer to 
      the Geological Data Center at SIO. M. Moore also produced Carter-
      corrected depths for use in plotting the vertical sections.  The PDR 
      functioned well in shallow depths and regions of sedimentation. However, 
      along 25°W, the bottom topography was highly irregular and probably 
      rocky; the trace was generally very difficult to follow, despite 
      repeated maintenance.
      
      
      1.5.  PRELIMINARY RESULTS
      
      During the cruise, vertical sections, vertical profiles, printed output 
      and all files on the ODF computers permitted a preliminary look at the 
      data and its implications. In addition, dynamic heights and geostrophic 
      velocities were computed; isopycnal maps of various properties were 
      constructed using all of the SAVE data and several other cruises which 
      had been included in the computer data files. Because it is impossible 
      in this space to describe all of the data or to anticipate all of the 
      uses to which it will be put, only a few selected items are discussed, 
      highlighting what we think are some major new features exposed by the 
      Hydro 4 transect of the Brazil Basin. Isopycnal maps of salinity (at 
      27.1 sigma-theta) and oxygen (at 37.02 sigma-theta) constructed from the 
      SAVE, Hydros, AJAX, and 11°S stations illustrate some of these points.
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      A.  Brazil Current (Hydros 4 stations 309-313 and Hydros 3 stations 305-308).
      
      The surface expression of the Brazil Current (upper 1000 dbar) is 
      confined to stations 309 to 312, that is, within 60km of the 200m 
      isobath. (The strong southward current in this region resulted in an 
      arced station "line"). In the upper 1000m immediately offshore of the 
      Brazil Current was a cold/fresh "eddy"; offshore of the cold feature is 
      another warm/saline feature. Thus the circulation in the upper 1000m 
      reflects the meandering and intermingling of the Brazil and Malvinas 
      Currents.
      
      The low salinity AAIW, at about 800 dbar, is cleary split by the strong 
      offshore northward flow: since the AAIW in both the Brazil Current and 
      the offshore cold eddy is much saltier than the AAIW at station 305 and 
      east, it appears that the AAIW in the cold eddy originated in the Brazil 
      Current rather than farther to the south.
      
      Between 1000 and 2000m lies the Upper Circumpolar Water, evidenced by a 
      strong oxygen minimum and NO3/PO4/SiO3 maxima. It is best "developed", 
      with greatest extrema, offshore. It is separated vertically from the 
      Lower Circumpolar Water (LCW) by the unmistakable NADW. The LCW, 
      centered at 3520 dbar, is also an oxygen minimum and is also best 
      developed offshore.
      
      The NADW, between 2000 and 3000 dbar, is an obvious salinity and oxygen 
      maximum. The extrema are highest right at the continental rise, 
      indicating southward flow there.
      
      Just above the bottom, where potential temperature is negative, is a 
      slight but significant salinity minimum, which is also an oxygen 
      maximum. Displaced slightly inshore (at stations 306-308) is a high 
      silicate and nitrate feature, right at the bottom. Its source (direction 
      of flow) is not clear at present, although it is of Antarctic origin.
      
      Geostrophic velocities were computed for the section. An initial 
      reference level at the bottom was used. The initial velocities were 
      compared with the water mass features from which the direction of flow 
      could be deducted. With a reference level at the bottom (deepest common 
      level for a station pair), the velocity profiles matched the deduced 
      water mass flow directions quite nicely.  The only questionable flow 
      feature is the direction of the bottom water: placement of a level of no 
      motion at the 0°C isotherm was also tried; this produced weak northward 
      bottom flow with almost no change in velocities through the rest of the 
      column and little change in transport.
      
      Preliminary isopycnal maps, constructed from all SAVE data, at 27.1 
      sigma- theta (AAIW), 36.95 sigma-2 (Middle NADW), 37.02 sigma-2 (O2 
      minimum), 45.88 sigma-4 (Lower NADW), 46 0 sigma-4 (transition), 46.02 
      sigma-4 (AABW), and 46.08 sigma-4 (Argentine Basin bottom), confirm that 
      the flow directions acquired from a bottom reference level of no motion 
      are qualitatively correct.  The map at 46.08 sigma-4 shows no convincing 
      direction of flow; hence the statement in the previous paragraph that 
      the flow direction in this layer is as yet unknown.
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      Transports were calculated across the short section. Maximum northward 
      transport was 23 Sverdrups between stations 313 and 308; maximum 
      southward transport was 37 Sverdrups between stations 307 and 306. 
      Integrated from the coast to offshore, the maximum southward transport 
      was 45 Sverdrups. Since it is difficult to determine exactly what should 
      constitute the Brazil Current, two definitions are used:
      
       (1) between stations 309 and 312, covering the most intense coastal 
           southward flow, yielding a total of 11 Sverdrups to the bottom, and
      
       (2) maximum southward transport integrated offshore, yielding 45 Sverdrups 
           relative to the bottom or 42 Sverdrups relative to the 0°C isotherm. 
           The maximum southward-integrated transport occurs at station 306. 
           This definition of the Brazil Current therefore includes the 
           southward-flowing NADW and the strong southward surface flow east of 
           the cold intrusion. The northward flow between stations 312 and 308 
           is included in this total since it is presumed that in this extremely 
           variable region, a large portion of the northward flow is merely 
           returned to the south.
      
      B.  Equatorial Region
      
      Of primary consideration here is the section at 25°W. Very obvious in 
      the water mass structure in the equatorial region are: the thermostat of 
      the 13°C water, which extends to 5°S, and 8.5°C "water mass" centered at 
      the equator, the AAIW, the Upper, Middle and Lower NADW, an oxygen 
      minimum separating the MNADW and LNADW, and the AABW.
      
      The 13° water is remarkably well defined on CTD casts, with very abrupt 
      transitions above and below the nearly uniform layer. The "8.5° water" 
      is also fairly well defined and centered at the equator. Both of these 
      water masses may be more a consequence of the local dynamics rather than 
      an indication of a particular formation process. On the other hand, 
      double diffusion may be of some importance in this region in the 
      thermocline, as evidenced by frequent observations of stair- steps at 
      the tropical stations.
      
      An obvious natural feature which affects the equatorial flow at 25°W is 
      the mid-Atlantic Ridge, which rises from the abyssal plain (about 4500m 
      deep) to 3200m at the equator. The rise occurs at about 1°30'S, well 
      within the range of equatorial flow. Since the ridge continues 
      irregularly to the north at this longitude, equatorial flow is forced 
      around the ridge to the south. The most dramatic effect in the vertical 
      sections is the displacement of the high- oxygen core of the Lower North 
      Atlantic Deep Water (LNADW) to the south where it hugs the ridge. It is 
      most strongly developed between 1.7°S and 4°S. The cores of low 
      nutrients associated with the high-oxygen core also show southward 
      displacements from the equator. The effect of the bottom topography also 
      extends to AAIW at much shallower depths, well above the ridge depth.  
      The oxygen and nutrient sections show weakly developed cores of high 
      concentration slightly south of the equator. Oxygen and salinity maps at 
      27.1 sigma-theta show that AAIW flows up the western boundary and 
      spreads eastward at the equator. At 25°W, the core is displaced to the 
      south by the topography.
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      The UNADW is marked by a salinity and CFC maximum. The most extreme 
      values of each are clearly located south and north of the equator, as if 
      the eastward equatorial flow splits around the topographic barrier. The 
      August, 1988, section at 25°W which extended across the equator to 3°S 
      also showed the cores displaced somewhat to the south, although at that 
      time salinity higher than 34.98psu was found at the equator, with no 
      separate core north of the equator.
      
      The MNADW, marked by an oxygen maximum and nutrient minima at about 
      2000 dbar (saturation maximum at 1800 dbar), is clearly displaced south of 
      the equator at 25°W.
      
      Another effect of the ridge is to produce a well-mixed layer at the 
      bottom centered at the equator. The layer is about 300m thick and is 
      composed of water from shallower depths, being therefore anomalously 
      warm, saline, light, and oxygenated relative to waters to the north and 
      south at the same depth.  This mixed layer is most evident in the CTD 
      oxygen profiles.
      
      The oxygen minimum separating the MNADW and LNADW is well developed only 
      south of the equator. Two factors may be relevant, based on isopycnal 
      maps: (1) eastward flow at this level, carrying high O2 is directly at 
      the equator and continuous with a core farther west, and (2) the water 
      column is well-mixed at the bottom at the equator, as remarked above, 
      specifically in the part of the column usually occupied by the oxygen 
      minimum.
      
      Finally, an equatorial geostrophic calculation has not yet been made, 
      but the vertical sections of potential density suggest that there might 
      be at least five identifiable layers in the equatorial region (within 4° 
      of the equator).  Two additional layers are found south of the ridge, 
      within the equatorial zone (the LNADW and the Antarctic Bottom Water, 
      which have strong density signatures).
      
      C.  North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
      
      The well known split of NADW into Upper (salinity maximum), Middle 
      (upper oxygen maximum), and Lower (lower oxygen maximum) was recognized 
      and named by Wust (1935). This split is well defined on the short 
      36°30'W-equatorial section and on the 25°W section from the mid-Atlantic 
      ridge (1.7°S) to about 16°S. The oxygen minimum that separates the MNADW 
      and the LNADW is associated with a slight minimum or weak vertical 
      gradient of salinity and with clearly defined maxima of SiO3, PO4, and 
      NO3. Salinity and oxygen decrease nearly monotonically at all depths in 
      the NADW from the equator southward to 16°S.  In what is perhaps the 
      most memorable feature of the new 25°W data, a strong NADW core 
      reappears at about 18°S, with highest salinity, oxygen and 
      chlorofluorocarbons in a plug between 18 and 25°S. Sections of nutrients 
      also show a core of low concentration in the NADW in these latitudes. 
      The NADW in this region is not clearly differentiated into its three 
      "parts", although the highest salinity is located slightly above the 
      oxygen maximum. It is hypothesized that this strong core is flowing 
      eastward, with its source at the western boundary. This is totally 
      supported by isopycnal maps at intersecting densities, which show a 
      tongue of high oxygen extending southward, from the North Atlantic, 
      along the western boundary to this latitude and then stretching eastward 
      across the Brazil Basin.
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      Of the isopycnals considered (listed above), the strongest signature of 
      this boundary current and eastward flow is at 37.02 sigma-2, which is 
      actually the density of the oxygen minimum splitting the MNADW and 
      LNADW. The isopycnal maps show that the low oxygen north of 16°S 
      originates in the southeastern South Atlantic and is brought northward 
      and westward in broad anticyclonic flow; the high oxygen tongue centered 
      at 22°S is the eastward limb of that flow.
      
      A final remarkable feature of the 25°W section is the extremely sharp 
      transition between the LNADW and AABW in the equatorial region. This 
      undoubtedly results from the proximity to the North Atlantic and the 
      nearly unaltered character of the LNADW.
      
      D.  Dynamic Heights and Circulation
      
      Dynamic heights were computed at sea from the CTD data; because the 
      quality of the CTD data is extremely high and because the calibration of 
      the particular CTD used was quite stable throughout the cruise, the 
      final, calibrated results will be similar. Dynamic heights and 
      geostrophic velocities were calculated for all stations along 25°W, 
      including those from Hydros 3 (SAVE 5) between 32°S and 54°S.
      
      Dynamic height at all levels in the upper 1000 dbar relative to any 
      deeper reference level is maximum at 28°S; this then is the center of 
      the subtropical gyre. As is known and is the case in all other ocean 
      basins, the most dramatic fronts, with largest changes in dynamic 
      height, occurs pole-ward of the subtropical gyre center, and are in the 
      eastward flow. The identifiable thermal fronts on this section Hydros 3 
      along 25°W are: the subtropical front at 28-30°S, the Brazil Current at 
      42°S, the Subantarctic Front at 45-47°S, and the Antarctic Polar Front 
      at 49-51°S. Even though the strongest fronts occur in the eastward flow, 
      a regular but gentler undulation surface dynamic heights also occurs 
      north of 28°S. The dominant length scale of undulations/frontal spacing 
      from 54°S to the equator is about 4°of latitude (400km) and appears to 
      be independent of latitude. (A similar phenomenon has been observed on a 
      well-resolved meridional section in the eastern North Pacific.)
      
      Because of the undulation in dynamic topography, geostrophic velocities 
      are noisy, reversing constantly along the section. However, the dynamic 
      topography indicates that the predominant large-scale flow north of 28°S 
      is westward, all the way to the equator.
      
      Further work with the velocities has not yet been completed, as this 
      report is being written at the conclusion of the cruise. Because of the 
      noise in the station-to-station velocities, it has not yet been possible 
      to match them with the large-scale intermediate and deep circulations as 
      deduced from the isopycnal maps; in particular the apparent eastward 
      flow of NADW between 19 and 25°S has not emerged. Further work will be 
      forthcoming and results presented in published form.
      

      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      2.  BOTTLE DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES AND PROCESSING 
      
      ODF CTD/rosette casts were carried out with a 36-bottle rosette sampler 
      of ODF manufacture using a General Oceanics pylon. An ODF-modified NBIS 
      Mark 3 CTD, a Benthos altimeter and a SeaTech transmissometer provided 
      by Texas A&M University (TAMU) were mounted on the rosette frame. 
      Seawater samples were collected in 10-liter PVC Niskin bottles mounted 
      on the rosette frame. A Benthos pinger with a self-contained battery 
      pack was mounted separately on the rosette frame; its signal was 
      displayed on the precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's 
      laboratory. The rosette/CTD was suspended from a three-conductor wire 
      which provided power to the CTD and relayed the CTD signal to the 
      laboratory.  Each CTD cast extended to within 10 meters of the bottom 
      unless the bottom returns from both the pinger and the altimeter were 
      extremely poor. The bottles were numbered 1 through 36. If one of these 
      36 bottles needed servicing and repairs could not be accomplished by the 
      next cast, the replacement bottle was numbered 71-78. Added CTD levels, 
      no water samples, were assigned bottle numbers 95-99. Subsets of CTD 
      data taken at the time of water sample collection (a 10 second average) 
      were transmitted to the bottle data files immediately after each cast to 
      provide pressure and temperature at the sampling depth, and to 
      facilitate the examination and quality control of the bottle data as the 
      laboratory analyses were completed.
      
      After each rosette cast was brought on board, water samples were drawn 
      in the following order: Freon (CFC-11 and CFC-12), Helium-3, Oxygen, 
      Oxygen-18, pCO2, SIGMA-CO2, Tritium, Nutrients (silicate, phosphate, 
      nitrate and nitrite), Salinity and Suspended Particulate Matter. Table 3 
      is a tabulation of samples collected during all six legs [SAVE Legs 1 
      through 5 (STS/ODF, 1992) and HYDROS Leg 4 (STS/ODF, 1992)] unless 
      otherwise noted and includes the Principal Investigators and their 
      institutions. Other ancillary program samples were drawn after the core 
      samples. The samples and the Niskin sampler they were drawn from were 
      recorded on the Sample Log sheet. Comments regarding validity of the 
      water sample (valve open, lanyard caught in lid, etc.) were also noted 
      on the Sample Log sheets.
      
      Gerard casts were carried out with ~270 liter stainless steel Gerard 
      barrels on which were mounted 2-liter Niskin bottles with reversing 
      thermometers. Samples for salinity, 14C, 228Ra, 39Ar, and 85K were 
      obtained from the Gerard barrels. The Gerard barrels were numbered 81 
      through 91 and the piggy-back Niskin were numbered 41 through 70. 
      Surface samples taken from the ship's underway pump line were assigned a 
      bottle number of 98 through 99. Salinity check samples were always drawn 
      from the Niskin bottles for comparison with the Gerard barrel salinities 
      to verify the integrity of the Gerard sample. Occasionally, barium and 
      some of the samples normally taken from the rosette were also drawn from 
      the Gerard-mounted Niskin bottle. These were also recorded on a Sample 
      Log sheet.
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      The discrete hydrographic data were entered into the shipboard data 
      system and processed as the analyses were completed. The bottle data 
      were brought to a useable, though perhaps not final, state at sea. ODF 
      data checking procedures included verification that the sample was 
      assigned to the correct level. This was accomplished by checking the raw 
      data sheets, which included the raw data value and the water sample 
      bottle, versus the sample log sheets. Any comments regarding the water 
      samples were investigated. The raw data computer files were also checked 
      for entry errors. Investigation of data included comparison of bottle 
      salinity and oxygen with CTD data, and review of data plots of the 
      station profile alone and compared to nearby stations.
      
      If a data value did not either agree satisfactorily with the CTD or with 
      other nearby data, then analyst and sampling notes, plots, and nearby 
      data were reviewed. If any problem was indicated the data value was 
      flagged or deleted. (However, ODF preserves in its archives all bottle 
      data values). Appendix B, the Bottle Data Processing Notes, includes 
      comments regarding deletion of samples.
      
      If it was determined that an entire 10 liter water sample was 
      contaminated by leakage or other bottle or rosette malfunction, the 
      level was reported with just the CTD data (pressure, temperature and 
      salinity). This has been done to preserve the profile and accommodate 
      investigators who prefer using bottle data files exclusively.
      
      2.1.  PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURES
      
      All pressures and temperatures for the Niskin bottle data tabulations on 
      the rosette casts were extracted from the processed CTD data, usually 
      those from the corrected 10-second average bottle trip files collected 
      during the up cast (see CTD DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES, AND PROCESSING).
      
      Gerard pressures and temperatures were calculated from Deep-Sea 
      Reversing Thermometer (DSRT) readings. Each DSRT rack normally held 2 
      protected (temperature) thermometers and 1 unprotected (pressure) 
      thermometer. Thermometers were read by two people, each attempting to 
      read a precision equal to one tenth of the thermometer etching interval. 
      Thus, a thermometer etched at 0.05 degree intervals would be read to the 
      nearest 0.005 degrees. Each temperature value is therefore calculated 
      from the average of four readings.
      
         IT SHOULD BE CLEARLY NOTED THAT THE TEMPERATURES PRODUCED AND 
         PUBLISHED BY ODF IN THIS REPORT ARE BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL 
         PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1968, RATHER THAN THE CURRENTLY 
         USED INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990. 
              (The expedition took place before 1 January 1990, the 
                          starting date for ITS-90).
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

      2.2.  SALINITY
      
      Salinity samples were drawn into ODF citrate salinity bottles which were 
      rinsed three times before filling. Salinity was determined after sample 
      equilibration to laboratory temperature, usually within about 8-36 hours 
      of collection. Salinity has been calculated according to the equations 
      of the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (UNESCO, 1981) from the 
      conductivity ratio determined from bottle samples analyzed (minimum of 
      two recorded analyses per sample bottle after flushing) with a Guildline 
      Autosal Model 8400A salinometer standardized against Wormley P-108 
      standard seawater, with at least one fresh vial opened per cast, or from 
      the corrected CTD conductivity, temperature, and pressure.
      
      Accuracy estimates of bottle salinities run at sea are usually better 
      than 0.002 psu relative to the specified batch of standard. Although 
      laboratory precision of the Autosal can be as small as 0.0002 psu when 
      running replicate samples under ideal conditions, at sea the expected 
      precision is about 0.001 psu under normal conditions, with a stable lab 
      temperature. Still, because a small droplet of fresh water, or the 
      residue from a small evaporated droplet of seawater, can affect a bottle 
      salinity in the third decimal place, and because the Autosal salinometer 
      is sensitive to environmental fluctuations, salinities from bottle 
      samples have a lower true precision under field conditions than in the 
      laboratory. ODF typically deleted the Niskin bottle salinity from this 
      report and substituted the corrected CTD salinity whenever there was any 
      question regarding its validity (see BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES).
      
      2.3.  OXYGEN
      
      Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the 
      rosette sampler was brought on board and after CFC and Helium were 
      drawn. Nominal 100 ml volume iodine flasks were rinsed carefully with 
      minimal agitation, then filled via a drawing tube, and allowed to 
      overflow for at least 2 flask volumes. Reagents were added to fix the 
      oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice; immediately, and 
      after 20 minutes, to assure thorough dispersion of the Mn(OH)2 
      precipitate. The samples were analyzed within 4-36 hours.
      
      Dissolved oxygen samples were titrated in the volume-calibrated iodine 
      flasks with a 1 ml microburet, using the whole-bottle Winkler titration 
      following the technique of Carpenter (1965). Standardizations were 
      performed with 0.01N potassium iodate solutions prepared from preweighed 
      potassium iodate crystals. Standards were run at the beginning of each 
      session of analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations. 
      Several standards were made up and compared to assure that the results 
      were reproducible, and to preclude basing the entire cruise on one 
      standard, with the possibility of a weighing error. A correction (-0.014 
      ml/l) was made for the amount of oxygen added with the reagents. 
      Combined reagent/seawater blanks were determined to account for 
      oxidizing or reducing materials in the reagents, and for a nominal level 
      of natural iodate (Brewer and Wong, 1974) or other oxidizers/reducers in 
      the seawater.
      
      The quality of the KIO3 is the ultimate limitation on the accuracy of 
      this methodology. The assay of the finest quality KIO3 available to ODF 
      is 100%, ±0.05%. The true limit in the quality of the bottle oxygen data 
      probably lies in the practical limitations of the present sampling and 
      analytical methodology, from the time the rosette bottle is closed 
      through the calculation of oxygen concentration from titration data. 
      Overall precision within a group of samples has been determined from 
      replicates on numerous occasions, and for the system as employed on this 
      expedition one may expect ±0.1 to 0.2%. The overall accuracy of the data 
      is estimated to be ±0.5%.
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      2.4.  NUTRIENTS
      
      Nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) analyses, reported 
      in micromoles/liter, were performed on a Technicon AutoAnalyzer(r) The 
      procedures used are described in Hager et al. (1972) and Atlas et al. 
      (1971). Standardizations were performed with solutions prepared aboard 
      ship from preweighed standards; these solutions were used as working 
      standards before and after each cast (approximately 36 samples) to 
      correct for instrumental drift during analyses. Sets of 4-6 different 
      concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to 
      determine the linearity of colorimeter response and the resulting 
      correction factors. Phosphate was analyzed using hydrazine reduction of 
      phosphomolybdic acid as described by Bernhardt & Wilhelms (1967). 
      Silicate was analyzed using stannous chloride reduction of 
      silicomolybdic acid. Nitrite was analyzed using diazotization and 
      coupling to form dye; nitrate was reduced by copperized cadmium and then 
      analyzed as nitrite. These three analyses use the methods of Armstrong 
      et al. (1967).  Sampling for nutrients followed that for the tracer 
      gases, CFC's, He, Tritium, and dissolved oxygen. Samples were drawn into 
      ~45 cc high density polyethylene, narrow mouth, screw-capped bottles 
      which were rinsed twice before filling. The samples may have been 
      refrigerated at 2 to 6°C for a maximum of 15 hours. 
      
      
      3.  CTD DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES AND PROCESSING 
      
      Hydros-4 was processed with Year-2 of SAVE (Legs 4 and 5), therefore 
      there may be references made to the SAVE Expedition.
      
      71 CTD casts were completed using a 36-bottle rosette sampling system 
      and STS/ODF CTD #1, a modified NBIS Mark III-B instrument. The CTD data 
      were initially processed into a filtered, half-second average time-
      series during the data acquisition. The pressure and PRT temperature 
      channels were corrected using laboratory calibrations. The 
      conductivity/salinity channels were calibrated to salinity check samples 
      acquired on each cast. The CTD time-series data were then pressure-
      sequenced into 2-decibar pressure intervals, and the pressure-series 
      oxygen channel was corrected to match oxygen check samples acquired on 
      each upcast.
      
      3.1.  CTD Laboratory Calibrations
      
      3.1.1.  PRESSURE TRANSDUCER CALIBRATION
      
      Each CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled 
      bath by comparison with pressures generated by a Ruska Model 2400 piston 
      gage. The mechanical hysteresis loading and unloading curves were 
      measured both pre- and post-cruise at cold temperature (-1 to 0.5°C 
      bath) to a maximum of 8830 psi, and at warm temperature (28-30°C bath) 
      to a maximum of 2030 psi.
      
      3.1.2.  PRT TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION
      
      The CTD-1 PRT temperature sensor was calibrated in a temperature-
      controlled bath by comparison with temperatures calculated from the 
      resistance of a Rosemount Model 162CE standard platinum thermometer, 
      measured by a NBIS model ATB 1250 resistance bridge. The Rosemount 
      standard PRT was checked periodically in water and diphenyl ether 
      triple-point cells. Seven or more calibration temperatures, spaced 
      across the range of 0 to 30°C, were measured both pre- and post-cruise.
      

      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      3.2.  CTD DATA PROCESSING
      
      3.2.1.  CTD DATA ACQUISITION
      
      Seven data channels (pressure, temperature, conductivity, dissolved 
      oxygen, transmissometer, altimeter and elapsed time) were acquired by 
      CTD-1 at a data rate of 25 Hz.  The FSK CTD signal was demodulated by an 
      STS/ODF-designed deck unit and output to an RS-232 bus interface. An 
      Integrated Solutions, Inc. (ISI) Optimum V computer served as the real-
      time data acquisition processor. .KE
      
      Data acquisition consisted of storing all raw binary data on hard disk, 
      then on magnetic cartridge tape, and generating a corrected and filtered 
      half-second average time-series. Data calculated from this time series 
      were reported and plotted during the cast. A 10-second average of the 
      time-series data was calculated for each water sample collected during 
      the data acquisition.
      
      Generating the half-second time-series data set involved applying 
      single-frame absolute value and gradient filters, then performing a two-
      pass 4,2 standard-deviation data rejection to all channels. During the 
      acquisition, the pre-cruise laboratory calibration data were applied to 
      pressure and temperature. Pressure, conductivity and oxygen were matched 
      to the thermal response of the PRT temperature transducer. This lag time 
      was determined using raw CTD data from the cruise. The conductivity and 
      oxygen channels were corrected for thermal and pressure effects.
      
      3.2.2.  PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND CONDUCTIVITY/SALINITY CORRECTIONS
      
      A maximum of 36 salinity and oxygen check samples, plus 4 thermometric 
      pressure and temperature measurements, were collected during each CTD 
      cast. A 10-second average of the CTD time-series data was calculated for 
      each trip time sample. The resulting data were then used to verify the 
      pre- and post-cruise pressure and temperature calibrations, and to 
      derive CTD conductivity/salinity and oxygen corrections.
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      3.2.2.1.  CTD PRESSURE CORRECTIONS
      
      3.2.2.1.1.  CTD #1
      The laboratory calibration for CTD-1 at the end of Hydros-4 disclosed a 
      pressure problem affecting all three Hydros (SAVE/Year-2) legs:
      
      a. Although pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations matched (to 
         within 0.2 decibars) below 1190 decibars, the 0-decibar calibration 
         point differed by 2.5 decibars (loading) and 3 decibars (unloading) 
         between pre- and post-cruise.
      b. There was a sudden 6-decibar jump in pressure response between the 
         1050- and 1190-decibar calibration points on the loading curve during 
         the post-cruise calibration.
      c. The jump does not appear in the unloading curve, but shallower than 
         the 1400-decibar point, the post-cruise begins to deviate from the pre-
         cruise calibration to a maximum of 3 decibars at the 0-decibar 
         calibration point.
      d. The post-cruise pressure calibration was repeated, giving similar 
         results.
      
      The pre-cruise calibrations were re-checked, and a smaller/shallower 
      indication of the same problem could be seen on the cold loading curve 
      at 365 decibars. CTD-1 downcasts from all three legs of the cruise were 
      checked for sudden pressure shifts between 800 and 1600 decibars.
      
      The CTD-1 half-second time-series downcasts were checked for a ratio of 
      pressure difference to time difference ("r") greater than 2.5 
      (equivalent to a winch speed of 150 m/min). For each station with a 
      sudden pressure shift visible on Pressure vs Time plots, there was 
      exactly one area where r was between 4 and 13. All but six of the jumps 
      occurred between 1000 and 1550 decibars, where the temperature ranged 
      from about 2.5 to 4°C. The other six jumps, between 900 and 1000 
      decibars, occurred during casts at the beginning of SAVE-4 and at the 
      end of Hydros-4. All detectable rapid changes in pressure occurred in 
      0.6 to 1.5 seconds and were 1.5 to 10.2 decibars in magnitude.
      
      95 out of 192 CTD-1 casts were affected by a pressure jump as described 
      above. There were problems on many sequential casts, then no detectable 
      problem for many more casts in a row. The pressure at which the jump 
      occurred, and the magnitude of the jump, seemed to be random: there was 
      no apparent correlation to water temperature or elapsed time from the 
      cruise start.
      
      A "baseline" pressure correction curve was generated by averaging the 
      pre- and post-cruise calibration curves for each of the shallow/warm and 
      deep/cold data sets, then removing the 500- to 1500-decibar distortion 
      of the post-cruise calibrations by using the shape of the more typical 
      pre-cruise curve. This averaged out the surface differences and 
      maintained the deep consistency in the calibrations. This average 
      correction curve was used for all casts in which no pressure problem was 
      detected.
      
      Customized pressure corrections were generated for problem casts, as 
      identified by areas of r greater than 3.5. The "baseline" curve 
      described in the previous paragraph was used as the starting point for 
      each cast. The "average" curve was used from the surface to 365 decibars 
      and from the post-"jump" pressure to the bottom. The correction for the 
      beginning pressure of the jump was the post-jump correction value plus 
      the jump size, minus the real pressure change occurring in that time. A 
      straight-line correction was used between 365 decibars down and the 
      beginning pressure of the jump on the cold curve.
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      The average upcast calibration curves were retained for each cast unless 
      the last corrected in-water surface pressure of an upcast was less than 
      -0.6 decibars. In these cases, the upcast correction curve was adjusted 
      by 0 at 365 decibars to a maximum of +1.5 decibars at the surface, which 
      allowed the curve to resemble the shape of the pre-cruise curve in cases 
      where the end-pressure warranted it.
      
      The corrections applied were intended to correct the distorted pressures 
      to within 2 decibars to maintain the WOCE CTD salinity standards. It 
      should be noted that other problems may still exist, but are not 
      detectable at this time. CTD-1 pressure data above 1600 decibars should 
      not be considered accurate to better than 2 decibars, while deeper data 
      should be within more typical error ranges.
      
      Thermometric pressures collected during the casts were compared with 
      CTD-1 corrected pressure data. Any differences between the two sets of 
      pressures appeared to be rack-dependent.
      
      3.2.2.2.  CTD Temperature Corrections
      
      3.2.2.2.1.  CTD #1
      CTD-1 had a single temperature sensor and was used for stations 186 
      through 379, except stations 210 and 218. A comparison of the pre- and 
      post-cruise laboratory CTD-1 PRT temperature transducer calibrations 
      showed a shift varying from -.001°C at cold temperatures to -.0017°C 
      at warm temperatures. An average of the two laboratory calibrations was 
      applied to the CTD-1 temperature data.
      
      Thermometric temperature data from the cruise were compared to the 
      calibrated CTD-1 temperature data. Any offsets in the differences tended 
      to correlate with thermometer rack number; no shifts in CTD-1 
      temperature data could be detected over the course of the cruise.
      
      3.2.2.3.  CTD CONDUCTIVITY CORRECTIONS
      
      3.2.2.3.1.  CTD #1
      Check-sample conductivities were calculated from the bottle salinities 
      using CTD pressures and temperatures. The differences between sample and 
      CTD-1 conductivities at all pressures were fit to CTD conductivity using 
      a linear least-squares fit. Values greater than 2 standard deviations 
      from the fit were rejected. The resulting conductivity correction slope 
      was applied to each CTD-1 cast.
      
      Conductivity differences were calculated for each cast after applying 
      the preliminary conductivity slope correction. Residual conductivity 
      offsets were then computed for each cast and fit to station number. 
      Smoothed offsets were determined in three groups: stations 186-189 
      (first-order fit), stations 190-202 (0-order/same offset for all casts) 
      and stations 203-379 (0-order/same offset for all casts). The resulting 
      smoothed offsets were then applied to the data, then conductivity slope 
      as a function of conductivity was re-checked - no change was warranted. 
      Some offsets were manually adjusted to account for discontinuous shifts 
      in the conductivity transducer response, or to insure a consistent deep 
      T-S relationship from station to station.
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      It was noted that stations 190-202 had numerous casts of inconsistent 
      bottle data values caused by a scum buildup in the Autosal cell. Adding 
      to this problem were CTD-1 conductivity offsetting problems caused by 
      sensor fouling on stations 192 and 202. The Autosal was thoroughly 
      cleaned and checked before station 200 deep salts were run, and the CTD 
      conductivity sensor was thoroughly cleaned both before and after station 
      202. No effect on conductivity values was noted after opening up CTD-1 
      two separate times to repair the non-functioning multiplexer channel 
      (after stations 192 and 255).
      
      3.2.2.3.2.  BOTTLE VS. CTD CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICAL SUMMARY
      The Hydros (SAVE/Year-2) calibrated bottle-minus-CTD conductivity 
      differences yield the following statistical results:
      
 
      Cruise    Pressure range  mean conductivity difference  standard   #values      
      leg          (dbars)          (bottle-CTD mmho/cm)      deviation  in mean
      --------  --------------  ----------------------------  ---------  -------
      SAVE-4    all pressures             -.00076              .00578     1944
                allp (4,2rej)*            -.00039              .00227     1805
                press < 1500              -.00113              .00769      991
                press > 1500              -.00034              .00238      952 
                                                      
      SAVE-5    all pressures             -.00011              .00400     2311
                allp (4,2rej)*            -.00012              .00137     2176
                press < 1500              -.00002              .00552     1174
                press > 1500              -.00021              .00104     1137 
                                                      
      Hydros-4  all pressures             -.00047              .00958     2414
                allp (4,2rej)*            -.00003              .00239     2260
                press < 1500              -.00095              .01354     1200
                press > 1500              +.00002              .00097     1208

                "4,2rej" means a 4,2 standard-deviation rejection filter was 
                         applied to the differences before generating the results.
      
      
      3.2.3.  CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN DATA
      
      3.2.3.1.  CTD OXYGEN CORRECTIONS
      
      Dissolved oxygen data were acquired using a Sensormedics dissolved 
      oxygen sensor. The CTD #1 oxygen sensor was used for throughout the 
      expedition.
      
      CTD raw oxygen currents were extracted from the downcast pressure-series 
      data at isopycnals corresponding to the upcast check-samples. The 
      differences between CTD and check-sample dissolved oxygens were used to 
      generate coefficients for the sensor model on a station-by-station 
      basis. Bottle oxygen values were weighted as needed to optimize the 
      fitting of CTD oxygen to discrete bottle samples.
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      3.2.3.2.  BOTTLE VS. CTD OXYGEN STATISTICAL SUMMARY
      
      After the CTD oxygen fitting was completed, the upcast bottle values 
      were compared to the corrected CTD oxygen values. The bottle-minus-CTD 
      oxygen differences resulted in the statistics below:
      
                                          
      Cruise    Pressure range    mean oxygen difference      standard   #values      
      leg          (dbars)           (bottle-CTD ml/l)        deviation  in mean
      --------  --------------  ----------------------------  ---------  -------
      Hydros-4  all pressures             +.0004               .0900      2412
                allp (4,2rej)*            -.0005               .0388      2254
                press < 1500              +.0036               .1239      1198
                press > 1500              -.0028               .0306      1215
      
      
      3.2.4.  ADDITIONAL PROCESSING
      
      A software filter was used on a third of the casts to remove larger 
      conductivity or temperature spiking problems. Additionally, oxygen 
      spikes were filtered out of nearly half of the casts. Pressure did not 
      require filtering. 0.35% of the time-series data were affected by the 
      filter. After filtering, the downcast portion of each time-series was 
      pressure-sequenced into 2-decibar pressure intervals. A ship-roll filter 
      was applied to each cast to disallow pressure reversals.
      
      The remaining density inversions in high-gradient regions cannot be 
      accounted for by a mis-match of pressure, temperature and conductivity 
      sensor response. Detailed examination of the raw data shows significant 
      mixing occurring in these areas because of ship roll. The ship-roll 
      filter resulted in a reduction in the amount and size of density 
      inversions.
      
      
      3.3.  GENERAL COMMENTS/PROBLEMS
      
      There were 212 CTD rosette casts: three of these (station 178 casts 2 
      and 3, plus station 328 cast 1) were aborted because of various computer 
      problems, but another CTD cast was done immediately afterward at the 
      same locations. There is one pressure-sequenced CTD data set, to near 
      the ocean floor, for each of 209 stations. The data reported is all from 
      downcasts.
      
      The 0-decibar level of some casts was extrapolated using a quadratic fit 
      through the next three deeper levels. Recorded surface values were 
      rejected only when it appeared that the drift was caused by sensors 
      adjusting to the in-water transition; if there were any question that 
      the that the surface values might be real, the original data was 
      reported.
      
      Several shipboard time-series data sets had areas of missing or noisy 
      data. These casts were recovered by re-digitizing the raw signal from 
      analog tape. A total of 9 data levels were interpolated in 8 casts. The 
      pressures for these interpolated data frames are listed in Appendix A, 
      CTD Processing Notes, along with other shipboard or processing comments 
      regarding individual casts.
      

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      During conductivity data calibrations it was noticed that there was an 
      apparent +.002 conductivity offset in the deep data for some stations. 
      This apparent offset appeared in both the downcasts and upcasts for the 
      affected stations. A similar phenomenon has been noticed before in this 
      and other CTDs where the raw conductivity value crosses from 32.768 to 
      32.767. On some stations, a -.002 shift back appears yet deeper, where 
      the raw conductivity value crosses back over to 32.767 from the other 
      direction. This is a problem specific to certain instruments, and 
      currently there is no correction. It is most noticeable in Atlantic 
      Ocean data because this particular conductivity "crossover" value 
      typically occurs in deep water, where salinity is stable over many 
      hundreds of meters.
      
      The CTD oxygen sensor often requires several seconds in the water before 
      being wet enough to respond properly; this is manifested as low or high 
      CTD oxygen values at the start of some casts. Flow-dependence problems 
      occur when the lowering rate varies, or when the CTD is stopped, as at 
      the cast bottom or bottle trips, where depletion of oxygen at the sensor 
      causes lower oxygen readings. CTD downcast oxygen data are usually 
      smoother than upcast data because of the more constant lowering rate. 
      Any delays or stops during the downcasts that may have similarly 
      affected the CTD oxygen data are documented in Appendix A (CTD 
      Processing Notes).
      
      There were various winch, wire or rosette problems throughout the 
      cruise. These resulted in occasional stops, pauses or yoyos during 
      casts. Only those problems that may have affected the data continuity 
      have been noted. As mentioned above, these changes in the lowering rate 
      can affect oxygen in particular.
      
                        
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


      4.  DATA TABLES AND PLOTS
      
      4.1.  TABULAR DATA, CTD, ROSETTE AND GERARD
      
      Station numbers are consecutive from the beginning to end of the cruise, 
      without interruption. Cast numbers are consecutive at each station, 
      including aborted casts.  Meteorological data were collected by the 
      ship's officers and were copied from the Melville's Bridge Log. If more 
      than one CTD cast was done on a station, the deepest cast was reported.
      
      The headings in both the CTD data and ROSETTE and GERARD bottle data have 
      been abbreviated to PRESS, TEMP, and 02 for pressure (decibars), 
      temperature (degrees Celsius), and oxygen (milliliters per liter). In the 
      CTD data listings, specific volume anomaly (centiliters/ton) was 
      abbreviated SVA and calculated according to Millero et al. (1980) and 
      Fofonoff et al. (1983), Sound Velocity (meters per second) to SVEL, (Chen 
      and Millero, 1977), Dynamic Height (dynamic meters) to DYN HT, (Sverdrup 
      et al., 1942), Vaisala. Frequency (cycles per hour) to VAIS FREQ which 
      uses a subroutine by Bob Millard modified by Lynne Talley to incorporate 
      Gaussian weighting after the formulation of Breck Owens and N. P. 
      Fofonoff. In the bottle data listings, the headings have been abbreviated 
      to SAW NUM and SALT for Sample Number and Salinity (Practical Salinity 
      Units), AOU, P04, N03, SI03, and N02 for apparent oxygen utilization, 
      phosphate, nitrate, silicate, and nitrite (micromoles/kilogram), 
      respectively. Density anomalies in sigma-notation follow the usual 
      practice; e.g. sigma-theta (or sigma-0) is the potential density in kg/m3 
      referenced to pressure=O, from winch 1000 has been subtracted. Potential 
      temperature, sigma, (degrees Celsius) has been calculated according to 
      Fofonoff (1977) and Bryden (1973) and depth (meters) by Saunders (198 1) 
      and Mantyla (1982-1983).
      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      The Gerard data table reports the piggy-back Niskin bottle data and 
      associated Gerard barrel as the sample number with separate columns for 
      the salinity from the two samplers.
      
      Throughout the bottle data report alphabetic characters may be found in 
      the tabular data. These characters have the following meaning:
      
      D  A salinity value, normally from a bottle sample, has been taken 
         from CTD records.
      G  Data value appears to be high or low as compared with the station 
         profile, however as compared with CTD trace the sample appears good.
      H  A pressure or temperature value, normally from CTD records, has 
         been taken from reversing thermometers. 
      L  The sample bottle appears to have leaked. This usually refers to 
         Gerard barrels or the piggy-back Niskin and indicates that the samples 
         may be contaminated.
      P  The sampler either pre- or post-tripped. This usually refers to 
         Gerard barrels and indicates that the samples may be contaminated.
      U  A data value is suspect, although no obvious reason has been found.
      
      Comments and investigation of these values are reported in the Bottle 
      Data Processing Notes section (Appendix B).
      
      4.2.  STATION PLOTS (see SIO Pub 92-12)
      
      The hydrographic station plots provide a visualization of the data that 
      is not possible from listings. For each station, the upper plots are CTD 
      data and the lower two plots are bottle data.


      5.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
      
      Our thanks are extended to every member of the scientific and ship's 
      crew for their hard work and dedication in producing this highest 
      quality, excellently- resolved data set. From ship operations, deck-
      handling, winch operations, station-keeping, and water sampling to 
      sample analysis and CTD calibration, every member of the party 
      contributed their careful, thorough and efficient skills towards the 
      fully successful results. This data set was acquired under National 
      Science Foundation, Ocean Sciences Division, through grants OCE 86- 
      14486 to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (McCartney, Talley and 
      Tsuchiya), OCE 86-13330 to Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (South 
      Atlantic Ventilation Experiment) and OCE 86-14378 to Scripps Institution 
      of Oceanography (Oceanographic Data Facility). The assistance provided 
      by Dr.  Neil Anderson and Dr. Thomas Spence is gratefully acknowledged.

      


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

      6.  REFERENCES 
      
      Armstrong, F.A.J., C.R. Stearns, and J.D.H. Strickland, 1967. The 
          measurement  of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means 
          of the Technicon  Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea 
          Research 14, 381-389.
      Atlas, E.L., S.W. Hager, L.I. Gordon and P.K. Park, 1971. A Practical 
          Manual  for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer in Seawater Nutrient 
          Analyses;  Revised. Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22. Oregon 
          State University,  Department of Oceanography. 49 pp.
      Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, 1967. The continuous determination of low 
          level  iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the 
          AutoAnalyzer,  Technicon Symposia, Volume 1, 385-389.
      Brewer, P.G. and G.T. E Wong, 1974. The determination and distribution 
          of  iodate in South Atlantic waters. Journal of Marine Research, 
          32,1:25-36.
      Bryden, H.L. 1973. New Polynomials for Thermal Expansion, Adiabatic  
          Temperature Gradient, Deep-Sea Research 20, 401-408.
      Carpenter, J.H., 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the 
          Winkler  dissolved oxygen method, Limnology and Oceanography 10, 141-
          143.
      Carter, D.J.T., 1980 (Third Edition). Echo-Sounding Correction Tables,  
          Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton Somerset.
      Chen, C.-T. and E J. Millero, 1977. Speed of sound in seawater at high  
          pressures. Journal Acoustical Society of America, Volume 62, No. 5, 
          1129- 1135.
      Fofonoff, N.P., 1977. Computation of Potential Temperature of Seawater 
          for an  Arbitrary Reference Pressure. Deep-Sea Research 24, 489-491.
      Fofonoff, N.P. and R.C. Millard, 1983. Algorithms for Computation of  
          Fundamental Properties of Seawater. UNESCO Report No. 44, 15-24.
      Hager, S.W., E.L. Atlas, L.D. Gordon, A.W. Mantyla, and P.K. Park, 1972. 
          A  comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate,  
          nitrate, and silicate. Limnology and Oceanography 17, 931-937.
      Lewis, E.L., 1980. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and Its 
          Antecedents. IEEE  Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-5, 3-8.
      Mantyla, A.W., 1982-1983. Private correspondence.
      Millero, E J., C.-T. Chen, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, 1980. A New 
          High  Pressure Equation of State for Seawater. Deep-Sea Research 27A, 
          255-264.
      Roemmich, D.R., 1983. Optimal estimation of hydrographic station data 
          and  derived fields. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1544-1549.
      Saunders, P.M., 1981. Practical Conversion of Pressure to Depth. Journal 
          of  Physical Oceanography 11,573-574.
      Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming, 1942. The Oceans, Their  
          Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood  
          Cliff, NJ.
      STS/ODF, 1992. South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment (SAVE) Chemical, 
          Physical  and CTD Data Report, Legs 1, 2 and 3. SIO Reference #92-9.
      STS/ODF, 1992. South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment (SAVE) Chemical, 
          Physical  and CTD Data Report, Legs 4 and 5. SIO Reference #92-10.
      UNESCO, 1981. Background papers and supporting data on the Practical 
          Salinity  Scale, 1978. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 
          37, 144 p.

      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

      
      APPENDIX A:  HYDROS LEG 4 CTD PROCESSING NOTES
      
      Station  Cast  Remarks
      -------  ----  -----------------------------------------------------------
      309      1     ODF-CTD #1 w/TAMU transmissometer #100-D; new end 
                             termination before leg started
      310      1     CTD#1
      311      1     CTD#1
      312      1     CTD#1
      313      2     CTD#1
      314      1     CTD#1; 5-day run prior to cast; conductivity sensor soaked 
                            in salt water 1 hr prior to station
      315      1     CTD#1; 1274-dbar data level interpolated
      316      2     CTD#1
      317      1     CTD#1
      318      1     CTD#1; 1340-dbar data level interpolated
      319      1     CTD#1
      320      1     CTD#1
      321      1     CTD#1
      322      1     CTD#1
      323      1     CTD#1
      324      1     CTD#1
      325      1     CTD#1; slip-rings repaired after cast: replaced 2 screws
      326      1     CTD#1
      327      1     CTD#1
      328      2     CTD#1
      329      1     CTD#1; 1242-dbar data level interpolated
      330      1     CTD#1; winch slowed significantly near cast bottom
      331      1     CTD#1
      332      2     CTD#1
      333      1     CTD#1; inner rosette dropped in rosette room during setup 
                            prior to cast
      334      1     CTD#1; 1404-dbar data level interpolated
      335      1     CTD#1
      336      1     CTD#1
      337      1     CTD#1
      338      1     CTD#1
      339      1     CTD#1
      340      2     CTD#1
      341      1     CTD#1


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

      
      APPENDIX A:  HYDROS LEG 4 CTD PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      
      Station  Cast  Remarks
      -------  ----  -----------------------------------------------------------      
      342      1     CTD#1
      343      1     CTD#1
      344      1     CTD#1
      345      1     CTD#1
      346      1     CTD#1; delay cast 10 minutes at 5453 dbars down
      347      1     CTD#1
      348      1     CTD#1
      349      2     CTD#1
      350      1     CTD#1
      351      1     CTD#1
      352      1     CTD#1
      353      1     CTD#1
      354      1     CTD#1
      355      1     CTD#1
      356      1     CTD#1
      357      1     CTD#1
      358      1     CTD#1; last cast with TAMU transmissometer #100-D
      359      1     CTD#1; first cast with TAMU transmissometer #102-D
      360      1     CTD#1
      361      1     CTD#1
      362      1     CTD#1
      363      1     CTD#1
      364      1     CTD#1; new cable installed between CTD and transmissometer 
                            prior to cast
      365      1     CTD#1; back to TAMU transmissometer #100-D
      366      1     CTD#1
      367      1     CTD#1
      368      1     CTD#1
      369      1     CTD#1; winch slowed significantly near cast bottom
      370      1     CTD#1
      371      1     CTD#1
      372      1     CTD#1
      373      1     CTD#1
      374      1     CTD#1; 3-day run prior to cast; conductivity sensor soaked        
                            in salt water 1/2-hour, then 45-min delay until 
                            cast time; 374-dbar data level interpolated
      375      1     CTD#1
      376      2     CTD#1
      377      1     CTD#1
      378      1     CTD#1
      379      1     CTD#1
      

            
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville            


      APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES
      
      
      Remarks for deleted or missing samples and footnoted data from HYDROS 
      Leg 4. Uncertainty of data (footnoted data) results in values that may 
      not fit the station profile, but are within the accuracy of the 
      measurement. Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle 
      salinity and oxygen with CTD data, comparison of Niskin/Gerard salinity, 
      review of data plots of station profile and adjoining stations, 
      rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients). CTD data is reported instead of 
      bottle salinity when comments refer to deleted salinity samples or 
      missing for various reasons. Oxygen and nutrient values are referred to 
      in ml/l and µm/l, respectively. On Gerard casts, if there is a comment 
      regarding the Niskin bottle the corresponding Gerard barrel number 
      follows the Niskin number (i.e., 153/183 is Niskin 53 and Gerard 83).
      
      
      Station 310

      260/290 No temperature @30db, off scale, Niskins put on in wrong 
              order. Sample log: Bad Air Leak  Niskin-Gerard S -.003 @30db. Gerard 
              sample looks good.
      259/282 No temperature @197db, off scale, Niskins put on in wrong 
              order.
      251     Sample log: No trip. Reason unknown. No salt or Hydro T & P 
              @1081db. Gerard salt ok.
              

      STATION 313

      156/186 Sample log: Empty. No temperature or salinity @2510db. "No 
              trip" per temp sheet. No reason given. Sample log: Air leak, big. 
              Niskin-Gerard S .009 at 11db. Calc ok. No temp. Niskin bottles put on in 
              wrong order again. 
      459/489 No temperature, Niskin bottles put on in wrong order again. 
              

      STATION 314

      113     Hydro O2 .3 high at 697db compared to CTDO. Calc ok. Probably 
              titration or drawing error.  Delete bottle oxygen (5.49)
      128     delta-S .011 low at 2803db. Calc ok. Possible dupe draw from Niskin 27.  
              Delete bottle salinity (34.882).
              

      STATION 315

      101     Sample log: Spigot broken-no water; not discovered until end. No 
              water samples @6db, but there is a duplicate level.  
      129     Hydro O2 .05 high at 3201db vs. CTDO. Calc ok. Assume bad titration 
              or draw. Delete bottle oxygen (5.79).
              


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville
            

              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 316

      188     Sample log: Came up without valve cap (open) (gone). No C-14 or 
              TCO2 drawn from Gerard 88 @4304db. 
      359     Sample log: Leaked with valve closed. Niskin-Gerard S .001 @1161db. 
              Assume air leak. Gerard sample ok, freon taken from Niskin 59, but no O2.


      STATION 318

      171     Sample log: Lost spigot when being pulled apart. No water samples 
              @109db. 
      113     Sample log: No sample for salt. No reason given, salt bottle# 
              logged @824db
      124     NO3 about 1.0 low @2991db. AA NO3 data erratic. Shallower samples 
              were rerun and appear correct per adjacent stations. Deeper samples not 
              rerun.  Delete nitrate value (21.4).
      127     NO3  3 low @3613db. See 124. Delete nitrate value (21.4).
      129     NO3  1 low @4030db. See 124. Delete nitrate value (25.4).
      130     NO3  2 low @4237db. See 124. Delete nitrate value (26.1).
      131     NO3  2 low @4445db. See 124. Delete nitrate value (27.1).
      132     NO3  1 low @4654db. See 124. Delete nitrate value (27.9). delta-S .005 
              high at 4653. Calc ok. CTD S gradient normal. Possible dupe draw from 
              Niskin 31.  Delete bottle salinity value (34.760).
      133     NO3   3 low @4863db. See 124. Delete nitrate value (27.1).
      134     PO4 & Silcate low. Calc ok & peak fair. Rechecked per Miki Tsuchiya 
              Feb 25, 1991 note. Peaks definitely decrease on lowest 3 samples; shapes 
              not perfect but are as good as other PO4 & Siclate peaks this station. 
              Can't guarantee they are "real", may have been some sampling or or 
              analysis problem not noted on data sheets. Suggest footnote "U".  
      135     PO4 & Silcate low. Calc ok & peak fair. Rechecked per M. Tsuchiya 
              Feb 25, 1991 note. See 134. Suggest footnote "U". 
      136     PO4 & Silcate low. Calc ok & peak fair. Rechecked per M. Tsuchiya 
              Feb 25, 1991 note. See 134. Suggest footnote "U". 
              

      STATION 319

      102     Keeling sample @5db, no salinity or oxygen.
      116     Sample log: Empty-- bottom lanyard of #36 caught in end cap. No 
              water samples @1196db. 
      131     PO4 about 1.5 low @4199db. AA problem, rerun agrees with original. 
              31 thru 36 low with no reruns.  Delete phosphate value (1.82).
      132     PO4 @4648db same as 131.  Delete phosphate value (1.88).
      133     PO4 @4855db same as 131.  Delete phosphate value (1.92).
      134     No nutrients @4795db. Sample tube empty per nutrient data sheet, ok 
              per sample log.
      135     PO4 @5270db same as 131.  Delete phosphate value (1.96).
      136     PO4 @5423db same as 131.  Delete phosphate value (2.00).
              


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

            
              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 320

      133     NO3 & PO4 slightly low. Calc ok. NO3 peak ok, PO4 peak fair.  
              Rechecked per Miki Tsuchiya 25 Feb 91 note. Lowest 4 peaks have uniform 
              height. May have been unknown sampling or analysis problem not noted on 
              data sheets. Suggest footnote "U".
      134     NO3 & PO4 slightly low. Calc ok. NO3 peak ok, PO4 peak fair.  
              Rechecked per M. Tsuchiya 25 Feb 91 note. See 133. Suggest footnote "U". 
      135     NO3 & PO4 slightly low. Calc ok. NO3 peak ok, PO4 peak fair.  
              Rechecked per M. Tsuchiya 25 Feb 91 note. See 133. Suggest footnote "U". 
      136     NO3 & PO4 slightly low. Calc ok. NO3 peak ok, PO4 peak fair.  
              Rechecked per M. Tsuchiya 25 Feb 91 note. See 133. Suggest footnote "U". 
              

      STATION 321

      117     delta-S .014 high at 1542db. Calc ok. Gradient normal. Delete bottle 
              salinity (34.685).
      122     PO4 .05 low at 159db. Calc ok. Peak poor.  Delete phosphate (1.44).
      125     delta-S .004 high at 3196db. Calc ok. CTD S gradient normal. Delete 
              bottle salinity (34.906).
              

      STATION 323

      101     Keeling sample @4db, no oxygen or nutrients drawn. 
      132     Salt analyst: loose top, possible evaporation. delta-S .008 high at 
              4202db. Calc ok. Delete bottle salinity (34.796). 
              

      STATION 324

      114     delta-S .099 high at 925db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Suspect bad draw 
              or run.  Delete bottle salinity (34.454). O2 about .05 low compared to 
              CTDO down but CTDO up trace differs from down. Calc ok.  Silcate about 
              8.0 high, calc & peak ok. PO4 & NO3 have normal gradient. 
      115     delta-S .024 low at 1027db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Suspect bad draw 
              or run.  Delete bottle salinity (34.381). O2 about .09 high compared to 
              CTDO but CTDO up trace differs from down. Calc ok.  Silcate, PO4 & NO3 
              have normal gradient. 
      129     delta-S .027 low at 3595db. Calc ok. Same value as Niskin #30, probable 
              dupe draw.  Delete bottle salinity (34.843).
      130     Oxy analyst: "value may be wrong-operator distraction" O2 .25 high 
              @3810db.  Delete bottle oxygen (5.87).
              

      STATION 325
  
      118     delta-S .012 high at 1436db. Calc ok. This salinity bottle also gave 
              bad values on Stations 333 and 337. Delete bottle salinity (34.702). 
              

      STATION 326

      129     Sample log: No water-lanyard hung up on top. No water samples 
              @4000db.
      135     O2 .64 low at 5203db. Calc ok. Assume bad draw, titration or 
              recording error.  Delete bottle oxygen (4.55).
              

      STATION 327

      101     Oxy analyst: no sample Keeling sample @3db, no O2 or nutrients 
              drawn. 
              

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville
            

              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 329

      1all    Salt analyst: "high end warm, possible temp rise in room" delta-Ss 
              about .003 lower than adjacent stations for samples 113 thru 136. 
              Possible sample temperature problem plus air temp too high for this 
              Autosal (#4760) which had apparent cooling problem.  Delete bottle 
              salinities 113 thru 136.
      113     Sample log: Still leaking through end cap when vent is open. delta-S 
              .004 low at 927db. Other water samples also ok. O2 minimum. Delete 
              bottle salinity @ 927db (34.425).
      114     Delete bottle salinity @1029db (34.460).
      115     Delete bottle salinity @1132db (34.517).
      116     Delete bottle salinity @1234db (34.584).
      117     Delete bottle salinity @1337db (34.661).
      118     Delete bottle salinity @1440db (34.731).
      119     Delete bottle salinity @1645db (34.824).
      120     Delete bottle salinity @1852db (34.892).
      121     Delete bottle salinity @2059db (34.930).
      122     Delete bottle salinity @2265db (34.934).
      123     Delete bottle salinity @2471db (34.930).
      124     Delete bottle salinity @2679db (34.924).
      125     Delete bottle salinity @2886db (34.918).
      126     Delete bottle salinity @3093db (34.913).
      127     Delete bottle salinity @3301db (34.904).
      128     Delete bottle salinity @3509db (34.886).
      129     Delete bottle salinity @3717db (34.854).
      130     Delete bottle salinity @3925db (34.824).
      131     Delete bottle salinity @4133db (34.797).
      132     Delete bottle salinity @4342db (34.775).
      133     Delete bottle salinity @4550db (34.753).
      134     Delete bottle salinity @4758db (34.732).
      135     Delete bottle salinity @4967db (34.716).
      136     Delete bottle salinity @5134db (34.712).
 

      STATION 331

      101     Keeling sample @10db, no O2 drawn.  
      125     delta-S .010 high at 3296db. Calc ok. Other water samples ok. Similar 
              value to Niskin 24 salt (.002 higher). Possible dupe draw.  Delete 
              bottle salinity (34.917).
              

      STATION 332

      160     Sample log: No water-- not fastened in rack properly. Leaked out 
              bottom end cap. Gerard (190) salt looks ok @5417db.  
      210     delta-S .043 high at 620db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Value is .015 
              higher than value last time this salt bottle was used. Possibly no 
              sample drawn from Niskin 10 and salt bottle reanalyzed. Delete bottle 
              salinity (34.514).
      356     Sample log: Vent open unknown time before freon drawn. Note written 
              by freon tech. Niskin-Gerard S .011 at 445db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. 
              Probably poor flush. Leave for now. 
              

      STATION 333

      118     delta-S .043 high at 1337db. Calc ok. Assume bad salt bottle. See 
              Station 325-118 comments. Delete bottle salinity (34.794).
              

      STATION 335

      101     Keeling sample @4db, no O2 or nutrients.  
      110     Sample log: Empty, no water--probable lanyard hangup on altimeter.  
              No water samples @415db.
              

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

            
              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 336

      116     delta-S .077 high at 1029db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. No notes. Assume 
              bad draw or run. Delete bottle salinity (34.595).
              

      STATION 337

      131     delta-S .007 high at 4546db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Bad salt bottle. 
              See Station 325 comments, sample 118. Delete bottle salinity (34.764).
              

      STATION 338

      112     Sample log: Not prepped/no water collected. Air valve & spigot left 
              open @824db. 
              

      STATION 339

      101     Keeling sample @5db, no O2 or nutrients drawn. 
              

      STATION 340

      156     Salt analyst: only 1/3 bottle sample Niskin-Gerard S -.024 at 
              2780db. Normal gradient. No note on Sample Log. Gerard value good 
              agreement with CTD S. Possibly salt bottle logged but sample not drawn 
              and this was rerun of last use. Delete bottle salinity (34.873).
      160     Niskin salt .04 high at 4628db. Calc ok. Possibly recorded wrong. 
              Delete Niskin bottle salinity (34.778).
      229     Sample log: PCO2 bottle lid broken. Note by PCO2 tech. No bottle 
              salinity @4336db.  
      360     Rack pre-tripped, no temperature @5857db. 
              

      STATION 343

      102     Keeling sample @9db, no O2 or nutrients.  
              

      STATION 344

      132     delta-S .006 high at 4857db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Assume bad draw 
              or run.  Delete bottle salinity (34.729).
              

      STATION 346

      106     Special sample for helium and tritium. No oxygen or nutrients drawn 
              @213db. 
      110     Sample log: Did not trip - lanyard caught on wing nut. No water 
              samples @519db.  
      112     Sample log: No salt? Line drawn thru salt box on sample log, no 
              reason given. Possibly no water left since 2 freons + full sampling 
              done. NO3 & PO4 slightly low at 723db or 113 NO3 & PO4 slightly high. 
              Calc & peaks ok.
      116     Hydro O2 .6 low at 1449db compared to CTDO. Calc ok. .02 lower than 
              Niskin 15 O2. Possibly drawn from Niskin 15 by mistake or bad titration. 
              Delete bottle oxygen (4.25).
      136     Salt analyst: "loose lid" Calc ok. Probable evaporation.  Delete 
              bottle salinity @5721db (34.717). 
              

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville
            

              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 347

      101     Keeling sample @4db, no O2 or nutrients.  
      107     Hydro O2 @212db .9 high compared to CTDO. Calc ok. .04 higher than 
              106 O2, possibly drawing error. Delete bottle oxygen (3.94).
              

      STATION 349

      181     Sample log: Suspiciously low salt which places it hundreds of 
              meters shallower (leaky Gerards?). Niskin-Gerard S .084 at 1812db. Rerun 
              confirms low Gerard salt value. No notes re problems with Gerard, and 
              this barrel worked well on preceding and subsequent stations. Niskin 
              salt agrees well with rosette values. Possibly sampling problem. No way 
              of knowing from available data if barrel leaked making argon sample bad 
              or if salt is only problem. Suggest leave low Gerard salt value in 
              report to indicate possible bad sample.  
      188     Sample log: No salt--insurance barrel/not sampled. No salinity 
              sample @1859db.
      192     Sample log: Suspiciously low salt which places it hundreds of 
              meters shallower (leaky Gerards?). Niskin-Gerard S .126 at 1802db. Rerun 
              confirms low Gerard salt value. See sample 181 comments.
      212     delta-S 1.104 high at 723db. Calc ok. Other water samples also indicate 
              bottle closed at about 200db. Possibly bottom end cap hung up on CTD 
              clamp.  Delete all water samples. (S=35.546, O2=3.77, PO4=1.26, 
              NO2=0.01, NO3=16.7, SIO3=11.4)
      220     delta-S .030 low at 2161db. Calc ok. Suspect drawing error. Delete 
              bottle salinity (34.907).
      357     Sample log: Not tripped due to lid not high enough. No Gerard (88) 
              check water samples @5259db.
      360     Calc ok. No other samples drawn from Niskin. This barrel about 
              200db deeper than deepest rosette sample. Hydro T @5737db is the  
              same as the barrel above indicating the Niskin salt is wrong since 
              it gives a high density value with the high S.  Delete Niskin 
              bottle salinity  (34.719).
      490     Sample log: Bad air leak. Niskin-Gerard S -.004 at 913db. High 
              gradient. High Gerard value could be from poor flush or leaking Gerard 
              barrel. C-14, salt & Total C02 drawn from this barrel.
              


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

            
              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 350

      123     O2 about .15 high @3040db. Calc ok. No notes. Assume bad draw or 
              titration. Flask factor higher but buret reading about the same as same 
              above. Possibly mis-recorded.  Delete bottle oxygen (5.94).
      124     O2 @3040db about .10 high. Calc ok. No notes. Assume bad draw or 
              titration.  Flask factor higher but buret reading about the same as same 
              above. Possibly mis-recorded. Delete bottle oxygen (5.98).
              

      STATION 351

      101     Keeling sample @11db, no O2 or nutrients. 
              

      STATION 355

      101     Keeling sample @11db, no O2 drawn. Sample log also indicates no 
              nutrients, but AA data sheet has reasonable values for tube #1.
              

      STATION 356

      125     delta-S .016 low at 3505db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Value similar to 
              Niskin 26, probable dupe draw. Other water samples ok. Delete bottle 
              salinity (34.890). 
              

      STATION 358

      101     Sample log: Water is colder than #2, pylon trigger points at 
              correct slot (#1). delta-S 1.708 low at 0db. All water have same values as 
              Niskin #12 at 722db. Probably rigging problem allowing Niskin #1 to 
              close with Niskin #12. Freon, helium, tritium, PCO2 & TCO2 also drawn 
              and appropriate people notified of problem prior end of leg. Delete all 
              water samples. (S=34.482, O2=3.17, PO4=2.48, NO2=0.00 NO3=37.2, 
              SIO3=31.5).
              

      STATION 359

      101     Keeling sample @3db, no O2 or nutrients drawn. 
              

      STATION 361

      125     NO3 about .5 low at 3083db. Calc ok but poor peak, no rerun.  
              Delete nitrate (20.3).
              

      STATION 362

      171     Sample log: Air leak. delta-S .007 high at 90db. High gradient. O2 
              about 1.0 high compared to CTDO. Calc ok.  Nutrients ok, NO2 max. Assume 
              O2 bad draw or titration. Delete bottle oxygen (5.01).
      128     Hydro O2 .07 high at 3608db. Calc ok. Assume bad draw or titration. 
              Delete bottle oxygen (6.08).
              

      STATION 363

      101     Keeling sample @4db, no O2 or nutrients drawn. 
      110     Sample log: No water-- electrical cable caught in lower lid.  No 
              water samples @439db.
      111     delta-S .395 high at 566db. Calc ok. Normal gradient. Similar value to 
              Niskin #9 salt. Probable dupe draw.  Delete bottle salinity (34.949).
              


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

            
              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 364

      110     Sample log: Vent open. delta-S .010 low at 426db. Calc ok. High 
              gradient. O2 ok compared to CTDO. (O2 minimum). No nutrients. Ok per 
              sample log but AA data sheet says upright & empty. Suspect sampling 
              error.
      111     No nutrients @568db. Ok per sample log but AA data sheet says 
              upright & empty.  Suspect sampling error.
      112     No nutrients @649db. Ok per sample log but AA data sheet says 
              upright & empty.  Suspect sampling error.
      127     Sample log: O2 685 broken--noticed at 2nd shake. No hydro O2 
              @3503db.  
              Station 365
      126     Sample log: Redo O2 (within 5-10 minutes) salt, nut sampled before. 
              O2 compares well with CTDO & adjacent stas. delta-S .020 high at 3089db. 
              Calc ok. Normal, nearly vertical, gradient. Assume bad draw or run. Same 
              value as Niskin 23 salt.  Delete bottle salinity (34.931).
              

      STATION 368

      101     Keeling sample @3db, no O2 drawn. Sample log indicates no nutrient 
              drawn but nutrient data sheet shows tube #1 run. Data looks ok. 
              

      STATION 371

      128     delta-S .006 high at 1744db. Calc ok. CTD a little bumpy but both down 
              & up S traces show S max close to Niskin 29 at 1847db. Assume bad draw 
              or run.  Delete bottle salinity (34.985).
              

      STATION 372

      108     Hydro O2 about 1.5 high at 91 db. Calc ok. CTDO shows no inversion 
              this area.  Delete bottle oxygen (4.53).
      123     Hydro O2 .2 high at 1434db. Calc ok. Other water samples show 
              normal gradient. delta-S .000. Assume bad draw or titration, or possibly 
              buret reading mis-recorded. Delete bottle oxygen (5.34).
      129     Hydro O2 .07 low at 2255db. Calc ok. CTDO down & up, and other 
              water samples show smooth gradient. O2%sat low & AOU high. Assume 
              drawing or titration error or possibly buret misread. Delete bottle 
              oxygen (5.71).
              

      STATION 373

      171     delta-S .076 low at 3db. Calc ok. High gradient.  Keeling sample @4db, 
              no O2 drawn. Sample log says no nutrient but nutrient data sheet has 
              reasonable value for tube #1.  
              

                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

            
              APPENDIX  B:  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING NOTES (continued)
      

      STATION 375

      1all    Sample log: Raining hard. This may have contributed to some of the 
              problems described below.  
      123     Sample log: Oxygen flask 682-bubbles. Hydro O2 appears about .05 
              high at 1951db. Calc ok. O2 data sheet note "B/B", means "big bubble"?.  
              Delete bottle oxygen (5.99).
      126     delta-S .005 low at 2571db. Calc ok. Slight CTD S feature but not 
              enough to explain .005 low. Possibly dupe draw from Niskin 27 or rain 
              contamination. Delete bottle salinity (34.935).


      STATION 376

      154     Niskin-Gerard S .021 at 2795db. Calc ok. Gerard S agrees with 
              rosette salts. Niskin 54 salt may have been drawn from Niskin 53. No 
              other samples drawn from Niskin 54.  Delete Niskin bottle salinity 
              (34.954).
      160     Niskin-Gerard S .009 at 4555db. Calc ok. Possibly sampling error, 
              dupe draw. No other samples drawn. Delete Niskin bottle salinity 
              (34.751).
      222     Salt analyst: very little water- 1/2 delta-S .011 high at 1746db. 
              Normal gradient.  Delete bottle salinity (35.000).
      352     Sample log: "Niskin came up with petcock open and draining." 
              Niskin-Gerard S .09 at 94db. Calc ok. High gradient.  Delete bottle 
              salinity (36.096).
              

      STATION 377

      118     delta-S .006 high at 1387db. Calc ok. CTD S feature, but also same 
              value as Niskin 19 salt indicating possible dupe draw. Delete bottle 
              salinity (34.966).
      133     delta-S .003 high at 4023db. Calc ok. CTD S & T break. Calc ok. 
              Nutrients ok. Hydro O2 .25 high compared to CTDO. Delete bottle oxygen 
              (6.34).
      
      

      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville

      TABLE 1: STATION AND CAST DESCRIPTIONS (see .sum file)


      TABLE 2: HYDROS-4 XBT station positions
      
      Time   Date      Latitude    Longitude    XBT#    Comment
      -----  --------  ----------  -----------  ------  -------------
      2245z  03/15/89  35°12.40'S  050°42.10'W  XBT#1   DR CHC
      0118z  03/16/89  35°09.00'S  050°12.30'W  XBT#2   FAILED DR CHC
      0125z  03/16/89  35°08.74'S  050°11.27'W  XBT#3   DR CHC
      0300z  03/16/89  35°07.84'S  049°52.27'W  XBT#4   DR DBM
      0500z  03/16/89  35°03.84'S  049°27.11'W  XBT#5   SAT DBM
      0700z  03/16/89  35°00.50'S  049°02.50'W  XBT#6   DR ECB
      0900z  03/16/89  34°56.60'S  048°38.50'W  XBT#7   DR ECB
      1057z  03/16/89  34°53.67'S  048°13.66'W  XBT#8   DR CHC
      1255z  03/16/89  34°50.49'S  047°53.36'W  XBT#9   DR CHC
      1500z  03/16/89  34°48.54'S  047°31.91'W  XBT#10  DR DBM
      1700z  03/16/89  34°46.96'S  047°10.73'W  XBT#11  DR DBM
      1900z  03/16/89  34°46.56'S  046°48.06'W  XBT#12  SAT ECB
      2100z  03/16/89  34°44.25'S  046°22.90'W  XBT#13  DR ECB
      2303z  03/16/89  34°40.72'S  046°00.19'W  XBT#14  (dud) DR CHC 
      2315z  03/16/89  34°39.50'S  045°57.00'W  XBT#15  DR CHC
      0100z  03/17/89  34°36.94'S  045°36.28'W  XBT#16  (dud) DR CHC
      0115z  03/17/89  34°36.00'S  045°32.50'W  XBT#17  DR CHC
      0254z  03/17/89  34°34.63'S  045°12.08'W  XBT#18  DR DBM
      0501z  03/17/89  34°35.26'S  044°45.75'W  XBT#19  DR DBM
      0701z  03/17/89  34°35.05'S  044°21.07'W  XBT#20  (dud) DR ECB
      0721z  03/17/89  34°34.97'S  044°17.09'W  XBT#21  DR ECB
      0856z  03/17/89  34°33.09'S  043°57.33'W  XBT#22  DR ECB
      1100z  03/17/89  34°28.07'S  043°32.53'W  XBT#23  FAILED DR CHC
      1108z  03/17/89  34°28.00'S  043°30.95'W  XBT#24  DR CHC
      1300z  03/17/89  34°23.38'S  043°07.00'W  XBT#25  FAILED DR CHC
      1315z  03/17/89  34°22.77'S  043°03.87'W  XBT#2?  FAILED DR CHC
      1332z  03/17/89  34°22.07'S  043°00.32'W  XBT#26  DR CHC
      1459z  03/17/89  34°18.26'S  042°41.86'W  XBT#27  DR DBM
      1700z  03/17/89  34°13.74'S  042°15.62'W  XBT#28  DR DBM
      1853z  03/17/89  34°09.41'S  041°52.20'W  XBT#29  DR ECB
      2051z  03/17/89  34°06.78'S  041°26.51'W  XBT#30  DR ECB
      2301z  03/17/89  34°03.33'S  040°58.37'W  XBT#31  DR CHC
      0104z  03/18/89  33°59.56'S  040°29.92'W  XBT#32  DR CHC
      0257z  03/18/89  33°56.56'S  040°07.28'W  XBT#33  DR DBM
      0456z  03/18/89  33°53.47'S  039°42.86'W  XBT#34  DR DBM
      0656z  03/18/89  33°50.60'S  039°17.80'W  XBT#35  DR ECB
      0854z  03/18/89  33°47.08'S  038°53.20'W  XBT#36  DR ECB
      1056z  03/18/89  33°43.28'S  038°27.39'W  XBT#37  DR CHC
      1257z  03/18/89  33°40.62'S  038°00.19'W  XBT#38  DR CHC
      1505z  03/18/89  33°37.48'S  037°33.12'W  XBT#39  DR DBM
      1700z  03/18/89  33°36.64'S  037°06.68'W  XBT#40  DR DBM
      1858z  03/18/89  33°23.50'S  036°52.91'W  XBT#41  DR ECB
      2100z  03/18/89  33°20.18'S  036°29.82'W  XBT#42  no good DR ECB
      2107z  03/18/89  33°19.94'S  036°28.71'W  XBT#43  DR ECB
      2304z  03/18/89  33°15.64'S  036°05.57'W  XBT#44  DR CHC
      0059z  03/19/89  33°04.01'S  035°50.29'W  XBT#45  DR CHC
      0256z  03/19/89  33°01.36'S  035°24.73'W  XBT#46  DR DBM


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville


      Time   Date      Latitude    Longitude    XBT#    Comment
      -----  --------  ----------  -----------  ------  -------------
      0455z  03/19/89  32°58.63'S  034°59.96'W  XBT#47  DR DBM
      0659z  03/19/89  32°55.12'S  034°31.90'W  XBT#48  DR ECB
      0855z  03/19/89  32°52.51'S  034°06.53'W  XBT#49  DR ECB
      1056z  03/19/89  32°50.07'S  033°41.43'W  XBT#50  SAT CHC
      1257z  03/19/89  32°48.49'S  033°17.18'W  XBT#51  DR CHC
      1505z  03/19/89  32°46.89'S  032°49.27'W  XBT#52  DR DBM
      1705z  03/19/89  32°44.21'S  032°23.99'W  XBT#53  DR DBM
      1855z  03/19/89  32°31.47'S  032°08.49'W  XBT#54  DR ECB
      2058z  03/19/89  32°27.24'S  031°46.22'W  XBT#55  DR ECB
      2309z  03/19/89  32°21.48'S  031°23.68'W  XBT#56  DR CHC
      0101z  03/20/89  32°11.92'S  031°05.22'W  XBT#57  DR CHC
      0258z  03/20/89  32°11.85'S  030°38.69'W  XBT#58  DR DBM
      0457z  03/20/89  32°11.41'S  030°09.51'W  XBT#59  DR DBM
      0656z  03/20/89  32°10.82'S  029°39.62'W  XBT#60  DR ECB
      0857z  03/20/89  32°09.01'S  029°10.69'W  XBT#61  (no good) DR ECB
      0910z  03/20/89  32°08.89'S  029°07.77'W  XBT#62  (no good) DR ECB
      0920z  03/20/89  32°08.76'S  029°05.65'W  XBT#63  DR ECB
      1054z  03/20/89  32°07.38'S  028°42.76'W  XBT#64  DR CHC
      1255z  03/20/89  32°06.39'S  028°14.02'W  XBT#65  DR CHC
      1501z  03/20/89  32°06.16'S  027°46.64'W  XBT#66  DR DBM
      1702z  03/20/89  32°06.41'S  027°23.22'W  XBT#67  SAT DBM
      1855z  03/20/89  32°03.95'S  026°57.95'W  XBT#68  DR ECB
      2057z  03/20/89  32°01.27'S  026°32.79'W  XBT#69  DR ECB
      2300z  03/20/89  31°58.16'S  026°07.72'W  XBT#70  DUD DR CHC
      2305z  03/20/89  31°58.22'S  026°06.78'W  XBT#71  DUD DR CHC
      2331z  03/20/89  31°58.50'S  026°01.84'W  XBT#72  DR CHC
      0100z  03/21/89  31°58.77'S  025°42.87'W  XBT#73  DR CHC
      0257z  03/21/89  31°58.50'S  025°20.16'W  XBT#74  DR DBM
      0426z  03/21/89  31°57.78'S  025°02.04'W  XBT#75  DR DBM
      1954z  03/23/89  27°44.62'S  025°03.33'W  XBT#76  DR ECB
      1629z  03/24/89  26°03.90'S  025°01.86'W  XBT#77  DR DBM
      1405z  03/25/89  24°13.22'S  025°01.70'W  XBT#78  DUD DR DBM
      1415z  03/25/89  24°11.45'S  025°01.55'W  XBT#79  DR DBM
      1710z  03/26/89  21°59.03'S  025°01.36'W  XBT#80  DR DBM
      1539z  03/27/89  20°50.18'S  025°00.48'W  XBT#81  DR DBM
      1352z  03/28/89  18°52.23'S  025°01.05'W  XBT#82  DUD DR DBM
      1403z  03/28/89  18°50.26'S  025°00.91'W  XBT#83  DR DBM
      1721z  03/30/89  15°37.26'S  025°00.02'W  XBT#84  DR DBM
      1406z  03/31/89  13°49.22'S  025°00.28'W  XBT#85  DR DBM
      1348z  04/02/89  10°56.64'S  024°59.19'W  XBT#86  DR DBM
      1845z  04/03/89  08°25.50'S  024°58.80'W  XBT#87  Deployed DR ECB
      1507z  04/04/89  06°52.25'S  024°59.06'W  XBT#88  DR DBM
      1423z  04/05/89  04°40.99'S  024°59.84'W  XBT#89  DR DBM
      1346z  04/06/89  02°56.81'S  024°59.19'W  XBT#90  DR DBM
      1402z  04/07/89  00°59.40'S  024°59.32'W  XBT#91  DR DBM
      1432z  04/08/89  00°38.08'N  025°13.98'W  XBT#92  DR DBM
      1725z  04/09/89  00°49.38'N  029°52.05'W  XBT#93  DR DBM
      1435z  04/10/89  00°02.59'S  033°24.07'W  XBT#94  SAT DBM
      1757z  04/11/89  00°17.34'S  036°31.48'W  XBT#95  Deployed DR ECB
      

      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville 

      
      TABLE 3:  SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
      
      Participating | Principal                   | Scientific
      Institutions  | Investigators               | Programs
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      STS/ODF       | Mr. David Wirth             | Salinity, Oxygen
                    |                             | Nutrients-Nitrate, 
                    |                             | Nitrite, 
                    |                             | Phosphate, Silicate
                    |                             | CTD Profiles
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      LDGO          | Dr. Wallace S. Broecker     | Carbon-14  
      MIAMI         | Dr. H. Gote Ostlund         | 
      MIAMI         | Dr. Zafer Top               | 
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      WHOI          | Dr. William J. Jenkins      | Helium-3, Tritium
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      PRINCE        | Dr. Jorge L. Sarmiento      | Radium-228
      PRINCE        | Dr. Robert M. Key           | Radium-226
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      SIO           | Dr. Ray F. Weiss            | Freon-11 
      LDGO          | Dr. William M. Smethie, Jr. | Freon-12
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      LDGO          | Dr. William M. Smethie, Jr. | Krypton-85
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      BERN          | Dr. Heinz Loosli            | Argon-39 
      LDGO          | Dr. William M. Smethie, Jr. |         
      BERN          | Dr. J. H. Oeschger          |        
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      LDGO          | Dr. Taro Takahashi          | Total CO2 pCO2
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      LDGO          | Dr. Arnold Gordon           | XBT Profiles
      LDGO          | Mr. Stanley Jacobs          |            
      
      
      ANCILLARY PROGRAMS
      
      TAMU          | Dr. Wilford Gardner         | Suspended Particulate
                    |                             | Matter Transmissometer
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      SIO           | Dr. Charles D. Keeling      | Total CO2     
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      SIO/GDC       | Mr. Stuart M. Smith         | Bathymetry   
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      LDGO          | Dr. James K. B. Bishop      | Barium      
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
      SIO           | Dr. Ray F. Weiss            | Underway pN2O, pCO2, pCH4
      --------------|-----------------------------|--------------
                    |                             | Underway Surface 
                    |                             | Measurements
      
      Institution Codes: 
      ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      BERN:      Physics Institute of Bern, Switzerland
      LDGO:      Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University
      MIAMI:     University of Miami
      PRINCETON: Princeton University
      SIO:       Scripps Institution of Oceanography
      SIO/GDC:   Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Geological Data Center
      STS/ODF:   Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic Data Facility
      TAMU:      Texas A & M
      WHOI:      Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
      
      
      LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 
      
                                     SHIP'S CAPTAIN
                     Robert Haines • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
      
                                     CHIEF SCIENTIST
                   Lynne D. Talley • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
      
                                     CO-CHIEF SCIENTISTS
                   Mizuki Tsuchiya • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                      James C. Orr • Princeton University
      
      SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY/ODF   SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
        Craig M. Hallman                          Peter Salameh
        Arthur W. Hester                          John T. Boaz
        Mary Carol Johnson                        Martha Denham
        Forrest K. Mansir                         Mike Moore
        Douglas M. Masten                         Xiaojun Yuan
        David A. Muus  
      
      LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY     WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION
        Kathryn T. Bosley                         Scott C. Doney
        Maureen K. Noonan                       UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
        Jan Razniewski                            Matthew T. Trunnell
       
           NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE, MONTEVIDEO - OBSERVER
                            Lieutenant Ignacio Barreira-Carrau
      
                               VOLUNTEER:  Larry Cartwright


      ___________________________________________________________________________________________
      ___________________________________________________________________________________________


                                                 A16C • 1989 • Talley/Tsuchiya/Orr • RV Melville            


      CCHDO-WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE    DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -----------  --------------------------------------
      02/27/98  Unknown      CTD/BTL/SUM  May be original submission
                Parameters Submitted:
                  STNNBR  CASTNO  SAMPNO  CTDPRS  CTDTMP  CTDSAL
                  THETA   SALNTY  OXYGEN  SILCAT  NITRAT
                  NITRIT  PHSPHT  QUALT1
                Also Subitted:
                  Nav. File
                  Prelim. Cruise Report dated 6/16/92
                  Station Plot
                    
      04/16/99  Jenkins      He/Tr        Projected Submission Date: 1999.09.15 
                (disk crash; must reprocess)
                    
      08/26/99  Delahoyd     CTD/BTL/SUM  Data collected pre-WOCE
                Data collected before WOCE guidelines existed.  This cruise 
                was done before we had developed any WHP software. It was 
                done with much older sensor calibration models, so we can't 
                assess the accuracy of the data the way we do now. It goes 
                without saying that there are no quality codes. We have the 
                data available in their original ascii format 
                (whpo:/whpo/3/a16ctd.tar.gz). This distribution includes the 
                original documentation describing the data formats.
                    
      08/31/99  Swift        CTD/BTL/SUM  Data acceptable as is
                Frank - Thanks.  Yes, no problem with "pre-WOCE".  We - 
                well, Sarilee - can make these files into quasi-WOCE CTD 
                format, and Jerry can integrate the documentation as needed.  
                There were ODF South Atlantic A16 (25W) segments done for 
                both Talley and Smethie.  These are from the general 
                "SAVE/HYDROS" era, I think.  Thanks for getting us the CTD 
                data in whatever form you have.  We're happy to take it from 
                there.
                    
      03/07/00  Talley       CTD/BTL      Data are Public
                ctd data should be on website
                    
      03/14/00  Weiss        CFCs         Data are Public
                These data were PUBLISHED in 1993 (Weiss et al., SIO 
                Reference Series 93-49)
                    
      05/31/00  Huynh        DOC          PDF & TXT cruise reports online
                    
      06/16/00  Talley       CTD          Submitted; not woce formatted 
                HYDROS Leg 4 (SAVE-6, aka A16C) Corrected Pressure-Series CTD 
                Data (Pressure, Temperature, Conductivity/Salinity, Theta, Oxy
                
                               Tape Format Description Document
                                         May 3, 1991
                                      STS/ODF CTD Group
                                 Oceanographic Data Facility
                             Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                                 UC San Diego, Mail Code 0214
                                      9500 Gilman Drive
                                   La Jolla, CA  92093-0214
                                    phone: (619) 534-1906
                                     fax: (619) 534-7383
                                  e-mail: odf@odf0.ucsd.edu
                1. MANIFEST
                   This distribution is contained on one 1200-foot, 1600 
                     bpi, 9-track magnetic tape.   All files consist of fixed-
                     length, blocked ASCII records, with no embedded control 
                     characters.  The tape is organized as follows:
                   HYDROS Leg 4 Corrected Pressure-Series CTD Data Distribution

                          File  Contents        Record Length  Block Size
                          ----  --------------- -------------  ----------
                          1     This Document         80         4000
                          2     File Index            80         4000
                          3     Cast Description      80         4000
                          4-74  CTD Data (HYDROS-4)   80         4000
                
                2. PROCESSING NOTES
                   The CTD data on this tape have been calibrated/corrected.  
                     Complete CTD data handling and processing information is 
                     detailed on separate documentation that accompanies this 
                     tape. Interpolated/extrapolated data records are identified 
                     by a count of "1" in the "number of raw frames..." reported 
                     with each record. Any blank data values are reported as "-9" 
                     on the tape.
                   Transmissometer data collected with the CTD data are not 
                     included on this tape.  Wilf Gardner at Texas A&M 
                     University should be contacted regarding the status of 
                     these data.
                   Hydrographic data are not included on this tape: they 
                     will be distributed separately when finalized. The station-
                     cast information on this CTD tape con- tains bottom depths 
                     in corrected meters. Various missing values (positions or 
                     depths) have been replaced by "-9" on this tape. Some 
                     positions and depths may yet be updated during finalization 
                     of hydrographic data.
                
                3. FILE FORMATS
                   File 2 of this tape contains an index of all the files on 
                          this tape.  It can be used to create a command file to 
                          load and name the data sets.
                
                                  Index File Record Format
                                 Parameter   FORTRAN Format
                
                                       (First Record)
                                 Comment Line           a80
                
                                    (Subsequent Records)
                                 File number          i3,1x
                                 Data set name           a9
                
                   File 3, the Cast Description file, consists of one title 
                           record, followed by one record for each cast from the 
                           cruise. Non-CTD cast descriptions are also included 
                           in this file for convenient reference. The records 
                           have the following formats:
                
                               Cast Description Record Format
                           Parameter                  FORTRAN Format
                
                                     (First Record)
                           Cruise Name                      a25
                           Ship Name                        a25
                           Cruise Dates                     a25
                
                                 (Subsequent Records)
                           Leg                              3x,i2
                           Station                          2x,i3
                           Cast                             3x,i2
                           Day                              i2
                           Month                            i2
                           Year                             i2
                           Cast Type                        2x,a3
                           Latitude Degrees                 i2
                           Latitude Minutes                 f4.1
                           Hemisphere (N or S)              a1
                           Longitude Degrees                i3
                           Longitude Minutes                f4.1
                           Hemisphere (E or W)              a1
                           GMT Time (hhmm)                  i4
                           PDR Bottom Depth (meters)        i5
                           Remarks (CTD#, distance          a30
                              above bottom, misc. info.)
                
                The CTD data on files 4-74 consist of one two-decibar 
                pressure-series  data set  for  each  cast.   Each  data  
                set  consists of one cast description header record, 
                followed by one fixed-length data record per 2-decibar  
                pressure  interval.  The record formats are as follows:
                
                                     CTD Data Record Format
                        Parameter                          FORTRAN Format

                                         (First Record)
                        Cast Description Record       (see file 3 format)
                
                                      (Subsequent Records)
                        Pressure (decibars)                   f6.1
                        Temperature (degrees C, IPTS-68)      1x,f7.4
                        Conductivity (milli-mhos/cm)          1x,f7.4
                        Salinity (PSU, PSS-78)                1x,f7.4
                        Potential Temp. (degrees C, IPTS-68)  1x,f7.4
                        Dissolved Oxygen (ml/l)               1x,f5.2
                        Number of Raw Frames in Average       1x,i4
                        Blanks to pad to 80 characters        31x
                
                SAMPLE DATA FILE:
                (50% of file 4, first tape block:  HYDROS-4, station 309 cast 1)

                4  309    1140389  ROS3443.7S 52 0.9W1747  261CTD#1, 12 btls  dab=8
                        0.0 25.0643 53.8995 35.5697 25.0643  5.67   12
                        2.0 25.0664 53.9827 35.6292 25.0659  5.48  164
                        4.0 25.0632 54.0019 35.6454 25.0623  4.85  169
                        6.0 25.0657 54.0066 35.6463 25.0644  4.84   91
                        8.0 25.0635 54.0083 35.6485 25.0618  4.84   81
                       10.0 25.0642 54.0117 35.6498 25.0621  4.96   90
                       12.0 25.0724 54.0175 35.6471 25.0697  4.95   99
                       14.0 25.0520 54.0125 35.6588 25.0490  4.93   60
                       16.0 25.0230 54.0164 35.6840 25.0196  5.02  155
                       18.0 24.9990 54.0592 35.7342 24.9950  4.91   62
                       20.0 25.0047 54.1984 35.8326 25.0004  5.04   94
                       22.0 24.9954 54.4737 36.0446 24.9906  4.95  107
                       24.0 24.9165 54.6012 36.2023 24.9113  4.91   52
                       26.0 24.9233 54.7246 36.2883 24.9177  5.04  155
                       28.0 24.9055 54.8928 36.4278 24.8995  4.94   57
                       30.0 24.9408 55.0781 36.5372 24.9343  5.07  135
                       32.0 24.9914 55.1964 36.5840 24.9844  4.83   60
                       34.0 25.0149 55.2660 36.6163 25.0075  4.99  108
                       36.0 25.0381 55.3314 36.6456 25.0302  5.00   95
                       38.0 25.0362 55.3315 36.6467 25.0279  5.02  112
                       40.0 25.0344 55.3313 36.6473 25.0256  4.99   76
                       42.0 25.0352 55.3355 36.6491 25.0260  5.06   95
                       44.0 25.0944 55.4542 36.6889 25.0848  5.02  125
                       46.0 25.1173 55.5068 36.7090 25.1072  4.79   74
                     


      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE    DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -----------  --------------------------------------
      07/05/00  Diggs        CTD          Data Reformatted
                currently ODF format, must be WOCE format  CTD files in ODF 
                format (close to WOCE format) were re-submitted by K. 
                Sanborn of ODF/SIO. Need to be reformatted into strict WHP-
                CTD format.
                
                    
      07/06/00  Anderson     CTD/SUM      Data Reformatted
                now WOCE format  Reformatted .sum file.
                Reformatted CTD files, added correct headers. Used 2 for all 
                QUALT codes. 
                CTD files had day as 10 for stas. 374 and 375.  
                .sum file had 11 for the day.  I changed the ctd files to 
                agree with the .sum file.  
                    
      07/10/00  Huynh        DOC          Website Updated; New cruise reports 
                online  Both pdf and text docs have been updated and are 
                online.
                
      07/10/00  Bartolacci   CTD/SUM      Website Updated; new files online
                Replaced newly reformatted CTD and SUM files (reformatted by S. 
                Anderson). All entries and tables have been updated.
                    
      10/11/00  Uribe        SUM          Submitted
                Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. 
                This directory was zipped, files were separated and placed 
                under proper cruise. All of them are sumfiles.
                Received 1997 August 15th.
                    
      11/08/00  Uribe        CTD          File split into a16c and a16s files
                Directory a16ctd.tar was moved from ftp-incoming.2000.10.23/
                Was decompressed into two sub-directories A16C and A16S.
                Data contained in both directories is CTD.
                Directory was received June 16th, 2000. 
                Website indicates data are public.
                    
      04/03/01  Diggs        CFCs         Submitted
                CFC data submitted by Peter Salameh @ SIO.  Placed files in 
                data/onetime/ atlantic/a16/onetime
                    
      04/16/01  Muus         CFCs/SUM     Data Merged
                CFC data merged into BTL file, new SUM file genereated, see 
                note:  Notes file for A16C modification and final CFC merging. 
                SAVE Leg6/HYDROS Leg 4 R/V MELVILLE April 16, 2001 D. Muus 
                
                1. Generated new SUMMARY file from final SIO/ODF data. Now 
                   has Uncorrected as well as Corrected Bottom Depths, 
                   corrected EVENT CODEs, NAV, Height ABOVE BOTTOM, WIRE OUT, 
                   MAX PRESS, NO. OF BOTTLES, complete parameter numbers from 
                   Sample Log Sheets and COMMENTS from ODF Station and Cast 
                   Description. Particulates were not included since the Sample 
                   Logs are incomplete and do not say whether they were 
                   parameter number 40 or 41 (or both). 
                
                2. Generated new SEA file from final SIO/ODF data. Now has 
                   BTLNBRs, complete CTDSAL and more decimal places in data. 
                   ODF did not include CTDOXY with bottle data in pre-woce 
                   cruises so it is not available for this report. Oxygen is 
                   included with the CTD data. 
                
                3. Merged final CFC data received from Peter Salameh April 3, 2001: 
                   /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/atlantic/a16/original/ 
                     A16_SAVE_CFC/save6.txt 
                   into the new SEA file, replacing the shipboard CFCs in the 
                     ODF data. 


      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE    DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -----------  --------------------------------------
       4/16/01  Muus         CFCs         Reformatted by WHPO
                The modified a16c and a16s data are in ~dave/SDIGGS/A16. I was 
                  wrong in my April 3rd message assuming the .SEA files were 
                  from ODF. They look more like they were generated from .sd2 
                  files. I redid everything from the final ODF data: .SUM files, 
                  .SEA files for rosette and .SEA files for large volume 
                  samplers. Freons were collected from the piggyback Niskins on 
                  many of the Large Volume casts. Many of the CFCs have quality 
                  codes of 6 meaning they are averages of replicate samples. The 
                  WOCE instructions say the details on the replicates should be 
                  in the documentation. I haven't seen any such documentation, 
                  could it be in the original CFC data directory in 
                  "a16_save_cfc.mail"? The read permission is 'owner only'.
                We do not have any of the the actual large volume data (c14, 
                  argon-39, krypton, radium 228 & 226). The new files included 
                  them in the .SUM parameters but do not have any headers in the 
                  .SEA files.
                Successfully ran sumchk and wocecvt.
                    
      06/20/01  Uribe        BTL          Website Updated; CSV File Added
                Bottle file in exchange format has been linked to website.
                    
      06/21/01  Uribe        CTD/BTL      Website Updated; CTD CSV File Added
                BTL CSV file modified  The exchange bottle file name in 
                directory and index file was modified to lower case.
                CTD exchange files were put online.
                    
      08/02/01  Key          DELC14       Website Updated; PI names corrected
                The PIs for C14 during SAVE/HYDROS were Broecker/Ostlund. 
                  The summary table shows No Data for A16C or A16S. I can 
                  provide copies of the LV files for all of SAVE/HYDROS if you 
                  do not have. I do not have Jenkin's (not Smethie) H3/He3 
                  data for these cruises. 
                I should be listed as PI for A20 C14. These samples should 
                  get measured this year.
                    
      08/27/01  Swift        He/Tr        Data Request  
                HE/TR data requested by J SwiftWHPO records indicate he/tr data 
                not yet submitted.  Request for earliest possible submission 
                sent to Bill Jenkins.
                    
      09/16/01  Diggs        BTL/SUM      Website Updated  CSV files online
                New and files online  Replaced both the SUM and BOTTLE 
                files online with the ones with CFC values (Muus 20010416). 
                Also placed LVS file online, produced EXCHANGE file and 
                placed on website. EXCHANGE file veried w/ JOA v3.0.
                    
      11/12/01  Key          BTL/SUM      Submitted Large Volume Data 
                I uploaded the SAVE+HYDROS LV files today using your form. 
                  Note that a bottle number of "99" is a surface sample 
                  obtained  without using a Gerard barrel. The file I sent 
                  does NOT have the piggyback niskin bottles. The only way I 
                  have that information is in a merged ascii file with 
                  "everything". This merged file does not have flags and is 
                  closer to the original files sent out by ODF + merged data I 
                  recieved from individual investigators. I have attached a 
                  copy of this file "just in case". The attached file is in an 
                  shortened format, but your guys won't have any trouble doing 
                  a reformat.
                The file:  SAVE.dat - 209411 bytes has been saved as:  
                  20011112.075818_KEY_SAVE 1_5; HYDROS_4_SAVE.dat in the 
                  directory:  20011112.075818_KEY_SAVE 1_5; HYDROS_4
                The data disposition is: Public
                The bottle file has the following parameters: 
                  CTDPRS, REVTMP, SALNTY, OXYGEN, SILCAT, NITRAT, NITRIT, 
                  PHSPHT, C14, C14ERR, TCARBN, ALKALI
                The file format is: Comma Separated Values
                The archive type is: NONE - Individual File
                The data type(s) is:
                  Summary (navigation)
                  Bottle Data (hyd)
                The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                  Cast Number (CASTNO)
                  Station Number (STATNO)
                  Bottle Number (BTLNBR)
                KEY, ROBERT would like the following action taken on the data: 
                  Place Data Online
                Any additional notes are: WOCE flags have been assigned and are 
                  included, however, the QC was NOT thorough, especially with 
                  respect to routine hydro data.
                    

      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE    DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -----------  --------------------------------------
      12/20/01  Hajrasuliha  CTD          Data check done
                *check.txt created for this Cruise. Could not Create .ps 
                files for this cruise.
                
      12/20/01  Uribe        CTD          Website Updated; CSV File Added
                CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and 
                put online.
                    
      04/12/02  Buck         BTL          Data includes a16s data
                ctdprs, salnty, oxygen, silcat, nitrat, nitrit, phspht, 
                  revtmp, delc14, tcarbn, alkali, c14err
                Copied this directory from /usr/export/html-
                  public/cgi/SUBMIT/INCOMING/20011112.075818_KEY_SAVE\2401_5;\
                  240HYDROS_4. 
                Had to rename the two files to take care of strange characters 
                  in the name. The data contains of a readme file from the data 
                  submission website and a CSV bottle file. 
                This data is the same as that which was copied into the same 
                  directory name in A16S/original.
                    
      08/21/02  Anderson     PCO2         Website Updated
                Data merged into online file  Merged the TCARBN, PCO2, and 
                  PCO2TMP into online file. Made new exchange file. 
                Merge notes on a16c:
                  Retrieved the carbon data for a16c from the CDIAC website re 
                  Kozyr's Aug. 14, 2002 e-mail.
                Merged the TCARBN, PCO2, and PCO2TMP into the online file.
                
      09/02/04  Kappa        DOC          Cruise report updated
                • added Section 3:  CTD Data Collection, Analyses and Processing
                • added APPENDIX A: HYDROS Leg 4 CTD Processing Notes (table)
                • added APPENDIX B: Bottle Data Processing Notes
                • added Table 2:    HYDROS-4 XBT station positions
                • added Vertical Section Plots:
                  Potential temperature (°C)
                  Salinity
                  Sigma-Theta
                  Sigma-4
                  Oxygen (ml/l)
                  Phosphate (µm/l)
                  Nitrate (µm/l)
                  Silicate (µm/l)
                  Vertical sections of CTD data from Brazil Current portion of          
                    Hydros 3 and 4 (Potential Temperature, Salinity, sigma-theta 
                    and sigma-4. The objective maping routine causes the 
                    fallacious extrema at the boundary.
                  Vertical sections of Niskin data from the Brazil Current 
                    portion of Hydros 3 and 4 (Oxygen, silcate, nitrate, 
                    phosphate.)
                  Vertical sections of CTD data along 35°W from Hydros  4
                  Vertical sections of Niskin data along 35°W from Hydros 4
                • added CCHDO-WHPO-generated station track
                • added these Data Processing Notes

      
      


