A.   CRUISE NARRATIVE: AR18 
     (NORDIC WOCE - OVERFLOW THROUGH THE DENMARK STRAIT)

A.1. HIGHLIGHTS
                         WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

                 WOCE section designation  AR18
        Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  Leg 1: 34AR10_1
                                           Leg 2: 34AR10_2
 Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation  Jouko Launiainen/FIMR*
                                    Dates  Leg 1: 1993.AUG.16 to 1993.SEP.10 
                                           Leg 2: 1993.SEP.11 to 1993.OCT.05
                                     Ship  R/V ARANDA
                            Ports of call  Leg 1: Gothenburg, Sweden to 
                                                  Reykjavik, Iceland to
                                                  Isafjoudur Island
                                           Leg 2: Isafjoudur Island to 
                                                  Reykjavik, Iceland to 
                                                  Helsinki, Finland
                       Number of stations  99
                                                      67° 23.16 N
    Geographic boundaries of the stations  29° 47.53 W          22° 52.02 W
                                                      65° 22.08 N
             Floats and drifters deployed  two Argos drifters
           Moorings deployed or recovered  0
                    Contributing Authors:  Jouko Launiainen

                         *Chief Scientist  Jouko Launiainen  
                                           Finnish Institute of Marine Research
                                           3 Lyypekinkukja
                                           P.O. Box 33    
                                           FIN-00931 Helsinki, Finland  
                                   Phone:  +358-0-331-044
                                     FAX:  +358-0-331-376
                                   Telex:  125731 imr sf
                                   Email:  jouko.launi@fimr.fi


A.2. CRUISE SUMMARY

Exchange of water and heat between the Atlantic Ocean and the polar seas is one 
of the key problems in the oceanographic, climatological and environmental 
change.  As a contribution to the WOCE,  the Nordic Countries study the 
question,  especially the exchange of water, heat and salt through the Denmark 
Strait and the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge as the NORDIC WOCE. After a Norwegian pilot 
expedition in 1992, the Icelandic research vessel Bjarni Saemundsson  and the 
Finnish R/V Aranda (of ice class 1A Super) started in autumn 1993 a set of 
NORDIC WOCE expeditions. R/V Aranda  made in the Denmark Strait Area a CTD and 
ADCP survey, took samples for tracer studies (freons), released Argos drifters, 
monitored flow- through surface salinity and fluorescence and, made marine 
meteorological studies and balloon soundings. 

The ice conditions in the Denmark Strait were during the late summer and autumn 
1993 quite difficult and exceptional. Opposite to the normal situation in this 
time of the year time, when approximately a fourth of the strait should be 
covered by ice on the Greenland side, during late August and September on might 
meet sea ice, growlers and ice bergs on the Icelandic side of the  Strait, up 
to 25 to 30 nautical miles from the coast. During the R/V Aranda expedition 
some 100 to 150 growlers and ice bergs were seen in the area (Fig.1) and as a 
top curiosity one might report that 30 nautical miles from north-western 
Iceland a grounded (at 66o 444 N, 29o 244 W) iceberg was seen the over water 
part of which was 95 to 100 m high! The thermal front between the Polar and 
Atlantic water was shifted eastwards as well.

In spite of rather difficult navigation and measuring conditions, fog and 
currents and high winds during the later expedition, in addition to the ice 
difficulties,  a successful CTD- network of 99 station was implemented in the 
Denmark Strait. Seven transversal sections were taken,  four of which were 
repeated three times during the four weeks (Fig. 1). The data is of high 
quality and meets the "WOCE" standards. In Fig. 2 is given the density and 
salinity structure and its time history for one section, the overall structure 
indicating the northward flow of warm Atlantic water on the eastern side and 
polar outflow in the west. In each of the sections, both a ship mounted and a 
CTD mounted acoustic doppler current profiler, ADCP, was used. Although 
especially the latter techniques turned out to be rather demanding and suffered 
technical faults, the measurements offer an interesting situation for a 
methodological comparison study, in addition to getting more insight to the
onsite oceanographic processes. Additionally, two Argos drifters were deployed
on 28 August 1993. The one, having a sail in the depth of 75 m, was 
deployed on the eastern warm Atlantic water side of the front. The other, 
having the sail in 10 m, was deployed on the western cold polar water side, 20 
nautical miles from the eastern one. The drifters are still active (15 Nov. 
1993) and their trajectories showed the front later to have been shifted back 
towards the Greenland. Generally, the drift was rather irregular having e.g. 
tidal and inertial scales of motions. During the first and a half month the 
eastern buoy showed a net drift of 3 to 4 cm/s northwards in the Irminger 
Current. The western one drifted a slightly longer distance towards south-
southwest, in the East Greenland current, towards which also the eastern 
drifter turned, finally.

For tracer studies, samples for four fluorocarbons (CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CCl2FCClF2) 
were taken both from water and air samples during the first three weeks of the 
cruise. Water samples were taken from rosette mounted 10 l Niskin bottles and 
analysed using a purge-and-trap sample work-up technique based on gas 
chromatographic separation and very sensitive electron capture detection. A 
total of 672 water samples from the CTD casts were analysed. Additionally, a 
continuos flow-trough monitoring of surface salinity and fluorescence was 
implemented. Especially in the thermal frontal areas, intensive marine 
meteorological near surface measurements were made from the research vessel for 
studies of air-sea interaction. These were completed by over 40 aerological 
balloon soundings (by Vaisala DigiCora). Those give data e.g. for estimating 
the aerial atmospheric forcing as well as for studies of air - sea exchange 
during the exceptional ice conditions prevailed.
          

RESEARCH GROUP

The institutions involved in the expedition, co-ordinated and financially 
supported by the NORDIC WOCE read:

FIMR    Finnish Institute of Marine Research
HU      University of Helsinki, Department of Geophysics, Finland  
GU/OI   University of Gothenburg, Oceanographic Institute, Sweden  
GU/CUT  Univ. of Gothenburg and Chalmers Univ. of Technol., Department of Anal. 
        and Mar. Chem., Sweden


RESPONSIBLE INVESTIGATORS:

             Name/Institution      Parameter
             --------------------  -------------------
             P. Lundberg/GU/OI     CTD
             J. Vainio/FIMR        CTD
             R. Hietala/FIMR       ADCP - ship mounted
             B. Liljeblad/GU/OI    ADCP - CTD mounted
             J. Launiainen/FIMR    Drifters
             T. Vihma/HU           Drifters
             E. Fogelqvist/GU/CUT  Chem. tracers
             J. Launiainen/FIMR    Air-sea
             T. Vihma/HU           Air-sea
             


EXPEDITION PARTICIPANTS:

             Name              Institution               Leg(s)
             --------------------------------------------------
             Launiainen, Jouko     FIMR  Chief scientist  I  
             Grönvall, Hannu       FIMR  Chief scientist     II
             Hietala, Riikka       FIMR                   I       
             Kalliosaari, Simo     FIMR                   I  II
             Purokoski, Tero       FIMR                   I  II
             Söderman, Henry       FIMR                   I  II
             Vainio, Jouni         FIMR                   I
             Vuori,  Hannu         FIMR                   I  II
             Vihma, Timo           HU                     I
             
             Lundberg, Peter       GU/OI                  I  II 
             Fristedt, Tim         GU/OI                     II
             Liljeblad, Bengt      GU/OI                  I
             Lindblad, Klas        GU/OI                  I  II

             Fogelqvist, Elisabet  GU/CUT                 I
             Krysell, Mikael       GU/CUT                 I
             Tanhua, Toste         GU/CUT                 I
             Bastürk, Özden        GU/CUT/Turkey          I



CTD MEASUREMENTS

EQUIPMENT AND CALIBRATIONS

The CTD equipment used on R/V Aranda's cruise was the property of FIMR. The 
following equipment was deployed on the CTD/multisampler underwater frame:

1.  Neil Brown Mk-III CTD, Serial No. 22-1007.
2.  General Oceanics 24 bottle rosette, model 1015, with 24 12 liter Niskin-
    bottles. 
3.  RD Instruments 600kHz ADCP. Property of University of Gothenburg.

The shipboard equipment consisted of system for collecting, displaying and 
post-prosessing the CTD data as well as controlling the rosette multisampler. 
The system included the following units:

1.  EG&G deck-unit. Model 1401.
2.  386PC system connecting to network for archiving data to DAT-tape.
3.  General Oceanics' rosette firing module.

Calibration of the Mk-III CTD temperature and pressure sensors and conductivity 
cell was carried out at the IOS calibration facility.


CTD          | IOSDL  | 13 July | Temperature was calibrated in the ITS90 scale 
temperature  | CT0001 | 1993    | at five temperatures ranging from -2°C to 
calibration  |        |         | 32°C with uncertainly better than *3m°C.
-------------|--------|---------|----------------------------------------------
CTD          | IOSDL  | 09 July | Pressure was calibrated at five pressures 
pressure     | CP0001 | 1993    | ranging from 0 to 5000 dbar with uncertainly
calibration  |        |         | better than *3dbar.
-------------|--------|---------|----------------------------------------------
CTD          | IOSDL  | 15 July | Conductivity was calibrated at five points
conductivity | 90233  | 1993    | ranging from 10 to 40 in salinity.
Calibration  |        |         |


No post-cruise laboratory calibration is available due to bottom-contact of the 
equipment during return-cruise in the Baltic Sea.



SAMPLE SALINITY MEASUREMENTS

On R/V Aranda cruise 10/1993 (NordicWOCE cruise) the salinity analysis of 
collected samples was carried out after cruise in University of Gothenburg, 
Sweden. 


TABLE 1

    Idx  Station name     Date       UTC   Latitude  Longitude  Depth
    ---  ------------  -----------  -----  --------  ---------  -----
    287  WOCE-E2       24-AUG-1993  12:49  66:03:25  -28:40:20   373
    288  WOCE-E3       24-AUG-1993  16:03  65:54:48  -28:27:39   494
    289  WOCE-E4       24-AUG-1993  19:57  65:46:22  -28:15:14   796
    290  WOCE-E3A      24-AUG-1993  22:22  65:50:46  -28:21:43   583
    291  WOCE-L1       25-AUG-1993  06:11  66:01:00  -26:48:01   438
    292  WOCE-L2       25-AUG-1993  08:11  66:03:02  -26:55:07   571
    293  WOCE-L3       25-AUG-1993  10:04  66:05:02  -27:03:11   645
    294  WOCE-L4       25-AUG-1993  12:34  66:06:58  -27:09:18   604
    295  WOCE-L5A      25-AUG-1993  14:41  66:09:23  -27:13:08   523
    296  WOCE-L6A      25-AUG-1993  16:31  66:11:06  -27:17:45   481
    297  WOCE-S7       25-AUG-1993  21:15  66:42:06  -27:00:10   445
    298  WOCE-S6       26-AUG-1993  05:29  66:37:02  -26:38:04   541
    299  WOCE-S5       26-AUG-1993  09:14  66:30:53  -26:15:31   634
    300  WOCE-S4       26-AUG-1993  11:20  66:28:00  -26:04:16   652
    301  WOCE-S3       26-AUG-1993  13:39  66:25:55  -25:53:15   626
    302  WOCE-S2       26-AUG-1993  15:43  66:23:00  -25:42:04   441
    303  WOCE-R1       26-AUG-1993  22:50  67:08:08  -26:02:58   753
    304  WOCE-R2       27-AUG-1993  02:54  67:03:05  -25:45:04   866
    305  WOCE-H4       28-AUG-1993  03:32  67:13:42  -24:05:30   647
    306  WOCE-H3       28-AUG-1993  05:57  67:10:29  -23:55:36   457
    307  WOCE-H2       28-AUG-1993  08:05  67:07:14  -23:46:22   290
    308  WOCE-BENGT    28-AUG-1993  14:03  67:09:01  -22:52:02   256
    309  WOCE-BENGT    28-AUG-1993  14:41  67:09:00  -22:52:02   256
    310  WOCE-BENGT    28-AUG-1993  16:25  67:09:00  -22:52:05   256
    311  WOCE-L1       30-AUG-1993  09:10  66:00:59  -26:48:05   440
    312  WOCE-L2       30-AUG-1993  11:15  66:02:57  -26:55:25   571
    313  WOCE-L3       30-AUG-1993  13:06  66:05:00  -27:02:53   642
    314  WOCE-L4       30-AUG-1993  15:03  66:06:52  -27:09:08   607
    315  WOCE-L5       30-AUG-1993  16:58  66:08:04  -27:15:02   526
    316  WOCE-L6       30-AUG-1993  18:44  66:11:01  -27:21:09   481
    317  WOCE-L8       30-AUG-1993  21:17  66:14:58  -27:32:40   483
    318  WOCE-S2       31-AUG-1993  08:25  66:22:58  -25:42:18   447
    319  WOCE-S3       31-AUG-1993  10:10  66:25:59  -25:53:30   635
    320  WOCE-S5A      31-AUG-1993  14:17  66:33:27  -26:24:41   557
    321  WOCE-S6       31-AUG-1993  16:57  66:37:04  -26:38:05   541
    322  WOCE-S7A      31-AUG-1993  20:02  66:41:31  -27:01:52   442
    323  WOCE-S8       31-AUG-1993  22:20  66:48:05  -27:21:46   365
    324  WOCE-R1       01-SEP-1993  13:43  67:08:43  -26:05:56   732
    325  WOCE-R2       01-SEP-1993  17:01  67:03:02  -25:44:59   864
    326  WOCE-R3       01-SEP-1993  19:33  66:57:12  -25:24:40  1032
    327  WOCE-R4       01-SEP-1993  22:15  66:54:16  -25:14:16   969
    328  WOCE-H6A      02-SEP-1993  09:27  67:22:32  -24:32:06  1135
    329  WOCE-H5A      02-SEP-1993  12:34  67:18:37  -24:20:21   941
    330  WOCE-H4A      02-SEP-1993  17:25  67:10:01  -24:09:31   634
    331  WOCE-H3       02-SEP-1993  20:55  67:10:37  -23:55:38   462
    332  WOCE-H2A      02-SEP-1993  22:40  67:07:50  -23:47:19   317
    333  WOCE-R6       03-SEP-1993  09:14  66:48:09  -24:53:20   575
    334  WOCE-R5       03-SEP-1993  12:25  66:50:59  -25:02:40   808
    335  WOCE-H2A      07-SEP-1993  08:58  67:07:40  -23:47:32   320
    336  WOCE-H3       07-SEP-1993  12:06  67:10:31  -23:55:35   459

    Idx  Station name     Date       UTC   Latitude  Longitude  Depth
    ---  ------------  -----------  -----  --------  ---------  -----
    337  WOCE-H4A      07-SEP-1993  16:01  67:13:05  -24:06:37   654
    338  WOCE-H5A      07-SEP-1993  19:42  67:15:13  -24:11:55   776
    339  WOCE-H6B      08-SEP-1993  12:07  67:21:25  -24:29:01  1077
    340  WOCE-R6       09-SEP-1993  09:05  66:48:19  -24:53:50   585
    341  WOCE-R5       09-SEP-1993  10:58  66:51:16  -25:04:11   832
    342  WOCE-R4       09-SEP-1993  13:07  66:54:11  -25:13:38   965
    343  WOCE-R3       09-SEP-1993  15:53  66:57:10  -25:23:35  1038
    344  WOCE-S6A      10-SEP-1993  04:33  66:36:41  -26:39:40   540
    345  WOCE-S7       10-SEP-1993  07:28  66:42:05  -27:00:07   445
    346  WOCE-S5       10-SEP-1993  11:08  66:30:52  -26:15:17   636
    347  WOCE-S4       10-SEP-1993  13:36  66:28:05  -26:04:54   659
    348  WOCE-S3       10-SEP-1993  16:37  66:26:02  -25:53:07   636
    349  WOCE-S2       10-SEP-1993  18:28  66:22:57  -25:42:04   440
    350  WOCE-R6       13-SEP-1993  17:32  66:48:34  -24:53:02   581
    351  WOCE-R5       13-SEP-1993  20:09  66:51:19  -25:03:51   830
    352  WOCE-R4A      13-SEP-1993  22:54  66:53:56  -25:13:02   956
    353  WOCE-R3B      14-SEP-1993  06:07  66:58:10  -25:27:35  1015
    354  WOCE-R2A      14-SEP-1993  09:48  67:02:37  -25:43:12   886
    355  WOCE-R1       14-SEP-1993  13:39  67:08:53  -26:05:59   732
    356  WOCE-S8A      14-SEP-1993  21:53  66:46:40  -27:15:39   371
    357  WOCE-S7       15-SEP-1993  00:07  66:42:07  -27:00:33   446
    358  WOCE-S6       15-SEP-1993  02:50  66:37:07  -26:38:40   538
    359  WOCE-S5A      15-SEP-1993  05:47  66:31:38  -26:18:01   622
    360  WOCE-S4       15-SEP-1993  11:00  66:27:58  -26:04:02   658
    361  WOCE-S3B      15-SEP-1993  14:21  66:25:02  -25:50:13   601
    362  WOCE-S2       15-SEP-1993  15:51  66:23:03  -25:42:32   455
    363  WOCE-L2A      16-SEP-1993  11:18  66:05:08  -26:59:30   637
    364  WOCE-L3       16-SEP-1993  13:08  66:05:00  -27:03:02   651
    365  WOCE-L4       16-SEP-1993  14:45  66:07:02  -27:09:18   605
    366  WOCE-L5       16-SEP-1993  16:16  66:08:58  -27:15:07   520
    367  WOCE-L6       16-SEP-1993  17:34  66:11:02  -27:21:07   484
    368  WOCE-L7       16-SEP-1993  18:39  66:13:00  -27:26:26   486
    369  WOCE-L8       16-SEP-1993  19:47  66:15:05  -27:32:43   486
    370  WOCE-E4       17-SEP-1993  04:58  65:46:14  -28:15:01   802
    371  WOCE-E3A      17-SEP-1993  07:02  65:50:41  -28:22:05   615
    372  WOCE-E3       17-SEP-1993  08:30  65:54:57  -28:28:10   493
    373  WOCE-E2A      17-SEP-1993  09:46  65:59:00  -28:32:33   444
    374  WOCE-E4A      17-SEP-1993  12:53  65:41:59  -28:08:56   882
    375  WOCE-E5       17-SEP-1993  14:59  65:37:40  -28:02:36   805
    376  WOCE-F7       17-SEP-1993  18:34  65:22:12  -28:40:10  1244
    377  WOCE-F6       17-SEP-1993  20:56  65:26:21  -28:45:14  1222
    378  WOCE-F5       17-SEP-1993  23:59  65:30:20  -28:50:40  1181
    379  WOCE-F4       18-SEP-1993  03:33  65:34:33  -28:56:11  1088
    380  WOCE-F3       18-SEP-1993  05:52  65:38:37  -29:01:18   931
    381  WOCE-F2       18-SEP-1993  08:40  65:42:52  -29:06:50   733
    382  WOCE-F1       18-SEP-1993  10:37  65:47:01  -29:12:06   441
    383  WOCE-G1       18-SEP-1993  14:23  65:31:59  -29:47:14   414
    384  WOCE-G2       18-SEP-1993  16:00  65:27:20  -29:44:04   834
    385  WOCE-G3       18-SEP-1993  17:48  65:22:30  -29:40:52  1147



Fig.1.     NORDIC WOCE / R/V Aranda research sections and ice conditions during 
           30. August to 3. September 1993 in the Denmark Strait.

Fig. 2.a.  Density structure in the section S during four consecutive weeks 
           during 23. August to 15. September 1993.

Fig. 2.b.  Salinity structure in the section S during four consecutive weeks 
           during 23. August to 15. September 1993.

Fig. 3.    Drift trajectories of the Argos buoys during 29 August to 20 October 
           1993. Six hour positions. W = buoy deployed in the cold polar water 
           side of the NE-SW directional thermal front. E = trajectory of the 
           buoy deployed in the warm water Atlantic side of the front.



DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type    Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  -----------  --------------------------------------------
09/24/99  Buck        CTD/SUM/DOC  Website Updated  Files added to website  
          
09/30/99  Bartolacci  SUM          Update Needed  SUM file errors listed below: 
          This sumfile AR18 34AR10_1 had the following errors from sumchk:
          
           .SUM header was missing: 
              BOTTOMHT WHEEL_MT
            sumun1: hour or minute bad=  0  91
              main: warning on rec=  53
            sumun1: hour or minute bad=  0  83
              main: warning on rec=  175
            sumun1: hour or minute bad=  0  84
              main: warning on rec=  193
          
10/01/99  Anderson    SUM          Data Reformatted
          I reformatted the AR18 .sum file to conform with the  "standard" 
          WHP format and put it in my ftp area in the  subdir AR18.  
          
          Error in the time:
            Sta. 311  the BE was input as 0091.  Since this was a 400+ meter 
            cast and the EN time was 0954 I assumed the BE should have been 
            0910.
          
          Sta. 372  the BE was input as 0083 and the EN was 0859. Since this 
            was a shallow cast I assumed the BE should have been 0830. 
          
          Sta. 381  the BE was input as 0084 and the EN was 0922. Since this 
            was a shallow cast I assumed the BE should have been 0840.  
          
          If possible these should be checked with the originator.  I would 
          guess that the last digit in the minutes should not always be 0.
          
          Sta. 331  the EN had 462 for UNC DEPTH, 446 for COR DEPTH and 4440 
            for WIRE OUT.  I changed the WIRE OUT to 444 which is much more 
            reasonable.
          
10/04/99  Launiainen  SUM          Data Update  Corrections OK'd  
          
12/11/00  Uribe       DOC          Submitted    
          File contained here is a CRUISE SUMMARY and NOT sumfile. 
          Documentation is online.
          
          Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
          directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper 
          cruise. All of them are sum files.
          Received 1997 August 15th.
          
03/26/01  Uribe       CTD          Website (Expocodes) Updated  
          Expocodes in all ctd files have been editted to match the 
          underscored expocode in the sum file. New files were zipped and 
          replaced existing ctd files online. Old files were moved to 
          original directory. 
          
05/01/02  Bartolacci  CTD/BTL      Update Needed
          BOT still with PI CTD needs WOCE frmttng. CTD is NONPUB still. 
            Cruise not linking to table. Email PI for BOT and PUB status. Find 
            out why cruise isn't linking! 
          
07/15/02  Kappa       DOC          Doc Update: pdf, txt versions compiled
          Added sections on CTD measurements, Salinity measurements, this
          List of Data Processing Updates, and cruise participants list.  
          Also added a pdf version of this cruise report which includes 
          everything in the text document as well as figures and links between 
          the table of contents, figures and tables and relevant text passages.


