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CRUISE REPORT: SR03
(Updated MAR 2009)




HIGHLIGHTS

                           CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

               Section designation  SR03
Expedition designation (Exp°Codes)  09AR9407_1
                  Chief Scientists  Bronte Tilbrook/CSIRO
                                    Nathan Bindoff/Antarctic CRC
                             Dates  1994 JAN 01 - 1994 MAR 01
                              Ship  RSV Aurora Australis
                     Ports of call  Mawson - Law Base - Davis - 
                                    Casey - Dumont D'Urville

                                                 43° 59.93' S
             Geographic boundaries  70° 59.07' E              146° 19.18' E
                                                 66° 27.51' S

                          Stations  102
      Floats and drifters deployed  Several meteorological buoys deployed (NFI)
    Moorings deployed or recovered  4 deployed, 1 recovered

                               Chief Scientists:
      Bronte Tilbrook • CSIRO Division of Oceanography Marine Laboratories
    G.P.O. Box 1538• Castray Esplanade • Hobart, Tasmania • 7001 • AUSTRALIA
     Tel: 61-02-206273• Fax: 61-02-240530 • Email: bronte.tilbrook@csiro.au

Nathan Bindoff • Antarctic CRC Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies
               G.P.O. Box 252 C • Hobart, Tasmania • 7001 • AUSTRALIA
   Tel: 61-02-202986 • Fax: 61-02-202973 • Email: n.bindoff@antcrc.utas.edu.au



                  Aurora Australis Marine Science Cruise AU9407
                  Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis





                                 MARK ROSENBERG
                 Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

                                  RUTH ERIKSEN
                 Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

                                   STEVE BELL
                 Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

                                 NATHAN BINDOFF
                 Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

                                 STEVE RINTOUL
                 Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia;
                CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart, Australia


Antarctic CRC Research Report No. 6
ISBN: 1 875796 01 0
ISSN: 1320-730X
July 1995
Hobart, Australia





ABSTRACT

Oceanographic measurements were conducted in January 1994 along WOCE Southern 
Ocean meridional section SR3 between Tasmania and Antarctica, and along a 
northward section lying between 82 and 86°E and crossing the Princess Elizabeth 
Trough. Additional measurements were made at mooring locations, and at a time 
series station. A total of 102 CTD vertical profile stations were taken, most to 
near bottom. Over 2000 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the 
measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic and 
organic carbon, carbon 13, dimethyl sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate, 
iodate/iodide, and biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. 
Measurement and data processing techniques are described, and a summary of the 
data is presented in graphical and tabular form.


1  INTRODUCTION

Marine science cruise AU9407 of the Cooperative Research Centre for the 
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment (Antarctic CRC) was conducted aboard 
the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV Aurora Australis from January to 
March 1994. The first major constituent of the cruise was the collection of 
oceanographic data relevant to the Australian Southern Ocean WOCE Hydrographic 
Program, along WOCE section SR3 (Figure 1). The primary scientific objectives of 
this program are:

1. to estimate the interbasin exchange of heat, freshwater and other properties 
   south of Australia, and the seasonal and interannual variability of this 
   exchange;

2. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the formation of deep and 
   intermediate water masses in the Southern Ocean, and to identify the 
   ventilation pathways that newly formed water masses follow into the ocean 
   interior;

3. in conjunction with current meter data, to determine the importance of eddy 
   heat and momentum fluxes in the dynamics and thermodynamics of the Antarctic 
   Circumpolar Current south of Australia.

Section SR3 was occupied twice previously, in the spring of 1991 (Rintoul and 
Bullister, in prep.), and in the autumn of 1993 (Rosenberg et al., 1995).

The second major constituent of the cruise was oceanographic measurements along 
the Princess Elizabeth Trough section (PET). This is a short hydrographic 
section from the West Ice Shelf, at approximately 85°E, across the trough and 
along the ridge of the Kerguelen Plateau, connecting the earlier hydrographic 
section of Speer and Forbes (1994) to the Antarctic continent, and passing over 
an array of five current meter moorings deployed by MAFF (Dickson, 1993) (Figure 
1). The primary aims of the PET measurements are:

1. to estimate the interbasin transport through the Princess Elizabeth Trough 
   and the effect of the Kerguelen Plateau on the Circumpolar Current;

2. to investigate the distribution and properties of Antarctic Bottom waters;

3. in conjunction with other sections, provide additional constraints on the 
   transport of heat and freshwater.

Additional measurements were made at two upward looking sonar mooring sites, a 
single bottom pressure recorder mooring location, and at a time series station. 
This latter station is to be occupied several times per year in collaboration 
with French and Japanese scientists (P. Treguer, D. Mackey, H. Marchant, pers. 
comms).

The cruise discussed in this report is the second in a series of Southern Ocean 
marine science cruises, the first being described in Rosenberg et al. (1995). 
The report describes the collection of oceanographic data from the two 
transects, and the chemical analysis and data processing methods employed. Brief 
comparisons are also made with existing historical data. All information 
required for use of the data set is presented in tabular and graphical form.


2  CRUISE ITINERARY

The cruise commenced with a north to south traverse of section SR3. A bottom 
pressure recorder mooring (Table 4) was recovered along the way, at the northern 
end of the section, and replaced by a new instrument. An attempt to recover two 
bottom pressure recorders at the southern end of the section was unsuccessful; 
an additional recorder was deployed in the vicinity. Following completion of 
SR3, the ship steamed west to deploy two upward looking sonar moorings, then 
continued west to the Princess Elizabeth Trough; the PET section was traversed 
from south to north. Following occupation of the time series station at the end 
of January, the major planned oceanographic component of the cruise was 
completed. Through most of February, personel transfers and cargo operations 
were conducted at the Australian Antarctic bases (Table 1). The ship returned 
east to Dumont D'Urville in late February to collect trawl gear, delivered by 
the French supply ship L'Astrolabe from Hobart to the French base. The old 
bottom pressure recorders at the southern end of the SR3 section were relocated, 
and several unsuccessful attempts were made to trawl for the moorings. The ship 
then returned to Hobart. 


3  CRUISE SUMMARY


3.1  CTD casts

In the course of the cruise, 102 CTD casts were completed at 83 different sites 
along the SR3 and PET sections (Figure 1) (Table 2), plus additional locations, 
at a typical spacing of 30 nautical miles between sites along the sections, and 
with most casts reaching to within 15 m of the sea floor (Table 2). Sea ice and 
weather conditions did not restrict the southern extent of SR3, and the section 
was successfully closed off on the Antarctic continental shelf. The section was 
continued into the D'Urville Trough on the continental shelf, where three 
additional casts were taken to trace possible formation sites for Antarctic 
bottom water. Of the 58 different locations along SR3 where casts were taken, a 
shallow and deep cast pair were taken at 13 of the locations, both to increase 
the vertical resolution of Niskin bottle sample data, and to ensure a sufficient 
volume of water was obtained for the biology programs. 

Prior to starting the PET section, a bathymetric survey was taken up the 
Antarctic continental slope onto the shelf, in order to determine the best 
locations of casts over the shelf and slope on the northward transect. CTD casts 
were taken at 21 different locations along the PET transect, commencing 
approximately 19 nautical miles north of the West Ice Shelf. Shallow/deep cast 
pairs were performed at 3 of the locations.

Additional CTD casts were performed at the two upward looking sonar mooring 
sites midway between SR3 and PET, and at the unretrieved bottom pressure 
recorder site at the southern end of SR3 (Figure 1). A shallow/deep CTD cast 
pair was taken at the time series station at approximately 63°S 71°E (Figure 1).


Table 1:  Summary of cruise itinerary.


Expedition Designation  Cruise AU9407 (cruise acronym SHAM), encompassing WOCE 
                        section SR3 and Princess Elizabeth Trough section (PET)
Chief Scientists:       Bronte Tilbrook, CSIRO
                        Nathan Bindoff, Antarctic CRC
Ship:                   RSV Aurora Australis
Ports of Call           Mawson
                        Law Base
                        Davis
                        Casey
                        Dumont D'Urville
Cruise Dates:           January 1 to March 1, 1994



Figure 1: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9407 along 
          WOCE transect SR3, and along the PET transect. Additional CTD sites 
          are shown at the time series station (TS), at the 2 upward looking 
          sonar mooring locations (ULS), and at the unretrieved bottom pressure 
          recorder site (BPR).


3.2  Water samples from CTD casts

Over 2000 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of 
salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, 13C, dimethyl 
sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate, dissolved organic carbon, iodate/iodide, 
and biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. Test samples at a 
few stations were drawn for the analysis of 18O, and alkalinity. Table 3 
provides a summary of samples drawn at each station. Principal investigators for 
the various water sampling programmes are listed in Table 6a. For all stations, 
the different samples were drawn in a fixed sequence, as discussed in section 
4.1.3. The methods for drawing the salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient 
samples are discussed in section 4.1.4.

Salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients:  Samples were drawn from most stations 
for salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient analyses. Salinity and dissolved 
oxygen hydrology data was further used for the calibration of CTD salinity and 
dissolved oxygen data; nutrient samples were analysed for concentration of 
orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and reactive silicate.

Dissolved inorganic carbon:  Samples were drawn for total dissolved inorganic 
carbon analysis approximately every second station. In general, salinity and 
oxygen properties determined the Niskin sampling strategy, thus the sampling 
depths were not always best suited to the resolution of dissolved inorganic 
carbon gradients in the top 300 m of the water column. Results from these 
analyses are reported elsewhere (Tilbrook, pers. comm.), and are not discussed 
further in this report.

13C and 18O, and alkalinity:  Samples were drawn for 13C analysis from multiple 
depths on the SR3 transect and at the time series station; surface 13C samples 
were taken on both SR3 and PET. Samples for 18O analysis were drawn on the PET 
transect only; alkalinity samples were taken only on PET and at the time series 
station. These sample sets are not discussed further in this report.

Dimethyl sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate (i.e. DMS and DMSP):  These 
samples were drawn on the SR3 transect only. The data is not discussed further 
in this report.

Dissolved organic carbon:  Six SR3 locations, plus the time series station, were 
sampled for dissolved organic carbon. Additional surface samples were taken at 
several of the PET stations.

Iodate/iodide:  These samples were drawn on both the SR3 and PET transects; 
results are not discussed in this report.

Primary productivity:  For casts taken during daylight hours on the SR3 transect 
(and at the time series station), samples were drawn for analysis of primary 
productivity and suspended particle size. These samples were taken from the 
shallowest four Niskin bottles. At most primary productivity sites, a Seabird 
"Seacat" CTD was deployed to obtain vertical profiles of photosynthetically 
active radiation (p.a.r.) and fluorescence from the top part of the water 
column. These data are not discussed further in this report.

Biological sampling:  Several different analyses were performed on the 
biological water samples, as follows:

(i)    pigments (using high performance liquid chromatography)
(ii)   algal counts (lugols iodine fixed)
(iii)  cyanobacteria counts
(iv)   total algal counts
(v)    osmicated samples, for looking at ultrastructure of algae by electron 
       microscopy
(vi)   cultured samples, growing various flagellates
(vii)  coccolith counts
(viii) parmales cultures
(ix)   flavobacteria

Biological samples were usually drawn from the shallowest four or five Niskin 
bottles, except for flavobacteria (up to 40 litres collected from a single 
depth). These data are not discussed further in this report.


Table 2 (following 3 pages): Summary of station information for RSV Aurora 
        Australis cruise AU9407. The information shown includes time, date, 
        position and ocean depth for the start of the cast, at the bottom of the 
        cast, and for the end of the cast. The maximum pressure reached for each 
        cast, and the altimeter reading at the bottom of each cast (i.e. 
        elevation above the bed) are also included. Missing ocean depth values 
        are due to noise from the ship's bow thrusters, as discussed in Appendix 
        2, section A2.3. For casts which do not reach to within 100 m of the bed 
        (i.e. the altimeter range), there is no altimeter value. For station 
        names, TEST is a test cast, ULS is an upward looking sonar mooring site, 
        TS is the time series station, and BPR is a bottom pressure recorder 
        mooring location. Note that all times are UTC (i.e. GMT). CTD unit 6 
        (serial no. 2568) was used for all stations.



station                         START                maxP            BOTTOM                                          END   
number   time    date    latitude  longitude  depth (dbar) time latitude  longitude  depth altimeter time latitude  longitude depth(m)
                                               (m)                                    (m)     (m)                                  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 TEST 1954  1-JAN-94  44:07.13S 146:12.68E   994  1002  2030 44:07.33S 146:12.97E  1034   35.0    2114 44:07.65S 146:13.17E  1066
  2 TEST 0229  2-JAN-94  44:07.44S 146:12.94E  1041   906  0312 44:07.59S 146:12.76E  1040   36.5    0406 44:07.76S 146:12.34E  1060
  3 SR3  0733  2-JAN-94  43:59.97S 146:19.04E   248   212  0745 43:59.93S 146:19.18E   218   10.0    0814 43:59.82S 146:19.48E   188
  4 SR3  1020  2-JAN-94  44:07.03S 146:13.35E  1015  1038  1100 44:07.14S 146:13.71E  1045    6.9    1222 44:06.61S 146:13.95E  1026
  5 SR3  1437  2-JAN-94  44:22.85S 146:10.57E  2351  2346  1553 44:22.45S 146:09.88E    -    16.0    1712 44:22.00S 146:09.80E    - 
  6 SR3  1952  2-JAN-94  44:43.08S 146:02.64E  3211  3254  2105 44:43.30S 146:02.70E  3232    4.9    2230 44:43.43S 146:02.76E  3237
  7 SR3  0144  3-JAN-94  45:12.92S 145:51.27E  2859   206  0156 45:12.96S 145:51.21E    -      -     0218 45:12.91S 145:51.17E    - 
  8 SR3  0312  3-JAN-94  45:12.82S 145:51.28E  2859  2888  0434 45:12.76S 145:51.06E  2879   15.0    0551 45:12.45S 145:50.88E    - 
  9 SR3  0901  3-JAN-94  45:41.87S 145:39.65E  2020  2006  0956 45:42.08S 145:40.20E  2020   15.0    1109 45:42.31S 145:41.01E  2040
 10 SR3  1424  3-JAN-94  46:10.33S 145:27.67E  2776  2752  1546 46:10.28S 145:27.83E  2745   15.0    1712 46:10.36S 145:27.96E  2745
 11 SR3  2030  3-JAN-94  46:39.16S 145:15.38E  3366   206  2039 46:39.15S 145:15.40E    -      -     2054 46:39.18S 145:15.35E    - 
 12 SR3  2138  3-JAN-94  46:39.07S 145:15.16E  3366  3388  2247 46:38.88S 145:15.08E    -    18.1    0021 46:38.84S 145:15.03E  3366
 13 SR3  0324  4-JAN-94  47:08.67S 145:03.06E  4610  4526  0515 47:08.38S 145:02.19E    -    22.0    0718 47:08.20S 145:01.76E    - 
 14 SR3  1123  4-JAN-94  47:28.15S 144:54.28E  4413  4438  1258 47:28.17S 144:55.08E    -    13.5    1458 47:28.03S 144:55.68E  4330
 15 SR3  1727  4-JAN-94  47:48.25S 144:44.48E  3957  3972  1857 47:48.12S 144:46.07E  3915   16.0    2038 47:47.81S 144:46.68E  3853
 16 SR3  0008  5-JAN-94  48:18.83S 144:32.14E  4092   206  0025 48:18.70S 144:32.25E    -      -     0051 48:18.41S 144:32.34E  4092
 17 SR3  0206  5-JAN-94  48:18.90S 144:31.73E  4143  4132  0358 48:18.27S 144:32.50E  4143   15.0    0530 48:17.77S 144:32.95E  4206
 18 SR3  0835  5-JAN-94  48:46.93S 144:19.11E  4164   156  0840 48:46.84S 144:18.99E    -      -     0852 48:46.75S 144:18.82E  4164
 19 SR3  0912  5-JAN-94  48:46.53S 144:18.73E  4174  4150  1044 48:45.68S 144:18.40E  4192   17.0    1221 48:44.79S 144:18.15E  4040
 20 SR3  1549  5-JAN-94  49:16.17S 144:05.64E  4237  4278  1715 49:15.97S 144:04.98E  4216   11.0    1850 49:15.61S 144:04.65E  4226
 21 SR3  2203  5-JAN-94  49:45.09S 143:52.10E  3553   158  2213 49:45.02S 143:52.09E    -      -     2225 49:44.90S 143:52.14E  3553
 22 SR3  2313  5-JAN-94  49:43.88S 143:52.41E  3553  3676  0020 49:43.80S 143:52.12E    -    17.0    0152 49:43.53S 143:51.80E    - 
 23 SR3  1811  6-JAN-94  50:14.06S 143:38.95E  3729  3802  1922 50:14.25S 143:39.48E  3729   13.4    2048 50:14.12S 143:40.30E  3729
 24 SR3  0043  7-JAN-94  50:45.75S 143:24.88E  3853  4054  0215 50:46.03S 143:26.38E    -    15.0    0348 50:46.23S 143:27.58E    - 
 25 SR3  0604  7-JAN-94  51:01.99S 143:14.29E  3729  3842  0724 51:02.53S 143:15.04E  3833   17.6    0900 51:03.09S 143:15.73E  3755
 26 SR3  1142  7-JAN-94  51:25.88S 143:02.40E  3729  3772  1322 51:26.28S 143:03.33E  3781   15.1    1457 51:26.55S 143:04.09E    - 
 27 SR3  1724  7-JAN-94  51:50.62S 142:49.69E  3159    56  1727 51:50.62S 142:49.69E    -      -     1731 51:50.68S 142:49.68E  3159
 28 SR3  1752  7-JAN-94  51:51.07S 142:49.83E  3729  3648  1915 51:51.65S 142:49.95E  3605   17.0    2046 51:51.93S 142:50.12E  3688
 29 SR3  2338  7-JAN-94  52:15.46S 142:37.53E  3470  3458  0112 52:15.86S 142:37.21E    -    15.0    0246 52:15.72S 142:37.38E    - 
 30 SR3  0509  8-JAN-94  52:38.34S 142:23.24E  3522   154  0515 52:38.41S 142:23.24E    -      -     0532 52:38.68S 142:23.08E    - 
 31 SR3  0614  8-JAN-94  52:39.41S 142:22.88E  3522  3456  0727 52:40.25S 142:22.35E    -    14.7    0853 52:40.68S 142:22.08E    - 
 32 SR3  1129  8-JAN-94  53:07.54S 142:07.94E  3170  3126  1308 53:08.97S 142:06.30E  3107   18.0    1440 53:10.02S 142:05.43E  3159
 33 SR3  1708  8-JAN-94  53:34.86S 141:51.95E  2382  2516  1805 53:34.91S 141:52.01E  2538   13.0    1923 53:34.83S 141:52.36E  2486
 34 SR3  2240  8-JAN-94  54:03.85S 141:35.79E  2693  2754  0002 54:03.39S 141:35.46E  2693   17.7    0117 54:03.15S 141:35.25E  2693
 35 SR3  0424  9-JAN-94  54:31.99S 141:19.39E  2848   104  0428 54:31.95S 141:19.45E    -      -     0431 54:31.92S 141:19.42E  2848
 36 SR3  0447  9-JAN-94  54:31.79S 141:19.31E  2797  2822  0549 54:31.18S 141:19.19E  2859   17.3    0711 54:30.40S 141:18.92E  2745
 37 SR3  1030  9-JAN-94  55:01.16S 141:00.58E  3263  3284  1149 55:00.73S 141:00.27E  3315   17.0    1309 55:00.54S 141:00.33E  3366
 38 SR3  1611  9-JAN-94  55:29.83S 140:43.65E  3988  4112  1727 55:29.23S 140:43.33E  4092   18.6    1918 55:28.42S 140:42.33E  4195
 39 SR3  0118 10-JAN-94  55:55.72S 140:24.42E  3729   154  0122 55:55.72S 140:24.40E    -      -     0138 55:55.72S 140:24.40E    - 
 40 SR3  0231 10-JAN-94  55:55.90S 140:24.06E  3729  3602  0352 55:56.05S 140:23.79E  3729    9.0    0524 55:56.08S 140:23.55E  3729
 41 SR3  0821 10-JAN-94  56:26.28S 140:06.01E  4143  4166  1002 56:26.38S 140:05.84E    -    15.8    1154 56:27.00S 140:06.61E  4143
 42 SR3  1514 10-JAN-94  56:55.46S 139:50.94E  4143  4188  1639 56:55.82S 139:52.16E    -    12.1    1820 56:55.92S 139:53.11E    - 
 43 SR3  2055 10-JAN-94  57:23.02S 139:50.86E  4143   206  2105 57:23.04S 139:50.87E    -      -     2120 57:23.05S 139:50.84E    - 
 44 SR3  2213 10-JAN-94  57:22.42S 139:51.08E  4143  4038  2345 57:22.02S 139:50.38E    -    17.9    0125 57:21.76S 139:49.29E    - 
 45 SR3  0411 11-JAN-94  57:51.52S 139:51.40E  4040  4172  0555 57:51.76S 139:51.84E    -    14.3    0730 57:52.24S 139:51.96E  4143
 46 SR3  1029 11-JAN-94  58:20.61S 139:51.16E  3988  4030  1204 58:21.13S 139:52.02E    -    15.8    1344 58:21.49S 139:53.37E  3936
 47 SR3  1901 11-JAN-94  58:51.28S 139:50.58E  3936  3998  2040 58:52.02S 139:50.35E    -    13.9    2227 58:52.88S 139:49.48E  3853
 48 SR3  0107 12-JAN-94  59:20.87S 139:50.81E  4221  4216  0256 59:21.58S 139:50.16E  4169    7.1    0420 59:22.11S 139:50.65E  4169
 49 SR3  0701 12-JAN-94  59:51.58S 139:51.28E  4485   204  0709 59:51.64S 139:51.43E  4485     -     0730 59:51.89S 139:51.85E  4485
 50 SR3  0827 12-JAN-94  59:51.45S 139:50.90E  4485  4532  1009 59:51.71S 139:51.72E  4485   16.0    1156 59:52.35S 139:52.05E  4485
 51 SR3  1459 12-JAN-94  60:21.36S 139:50.59E  4433  4492  1653 60:22.35S 139:49.60E  4444   15.7    1849 60:22.63S 139:48.03E    - 
 52 SR3  2141 12-JAN-94  60:51.05S 139:50.83E  4408   154  2150 60:51.10S 139:50.75E  4408     -     2206 60:51.10S 139:50.63E  4408
 53 SR3  2243 12-JAN-94  60:51.14S 139:50.63E  4408  4450  0030 60:51.37S 139:50.61E  4402   16.8    0221 60:51.43S 139:51.13E  4408
 54 SR3  0514 13-JAN-94  61:20.99S 139:50.92E  4351  4392  0714 61:20.89S 139:49.66E  4371   15.1    0909 61:21.28S 139:47.59E  4371
 55 SR3  1250 13-JAN-94  61:51.11S 139:50.95E  4309  4342  1424 61:51.25S 139:50.85E    -    12.2    1550 61:51.26S 139:51.41E  4299
 56 SR3  1930 13-JAN-94  62:21.22S 139:50.83E  3967  3988  2112 62:20.80S 139:50.68E    -    14.9    2301 62:20.37S 139:51.82E  3967
 57 SR3  0311 14-JAN-94  62:50.94S 139:50.80E  3211   106  0314 62:50.92S 139:50.73E    -      -     0320 62:50.86S 139:50.63E    - 
 58 SR3  0340 14-JAN-94  62:50.69S 139:50.24E  3211  3230  0451 62:50.18S 139:49.29E  3211   12.9    0628 62:49.66S 139:47.82E  3211
 59 SR3  0937 14-JAN-94  63:21.10S 139:50.70E  3812  3838  1059 63:21.07S 139:49.94E  3812    8.9    1224 63:20.83S 139:49.32E  3812
 60 SR3  1541 14-JAN-94  63:52.03S 139:51.10E  3739  3756  1730 63:51.98S 139:50.29E  3739   13.9    1904 63:51.88S 139:50.21E  3739
 61 SR3  2139 14-JAN-94  64:16.89S 139:52.08E  3470  3478  2310 64:17.14S 139:53.26E  3470   13.9    0042 64:17.00S 139:55.22E  3470
 62 SR3  0414 15-JAN-94  64:49.26S 139:50.65E  2610   154  0418 64:49.26S 139:50.64E  2610     -     0424 64:49.24S 139:50.62E  2610
 63 SR3  0444 15-JAN-94  64:49.16S 139:50.61E  2610  2586  0540 64:49.07S 139:50.99E  2610    8.4    0654 64:49.01S 139:51.63E  2620
 64 SR3  0849 15-JAN-94  65:04.98S 139:50.91E  2766  2766  1001 65:04.65S 139:50.93E  2693    8.8    1114 65:04.39S 139:50.99E  2558
 65 SR3  1354 15-JAN-94  65:24.14S 139:50.91E  2455  2438  1456 65:24.05S 139:51.15E    -    11.0    1558 65:24.01S 139:51.20E  2455
 66 SR3  1711 15-JAN-94  65:26.00S 139:51.07E  1854  1936  1811 65:25.98S 139:51.21E  1823    7.5    1914 65:25.86S 139:51.54E  1792
 67 SR3  0151 16-JAN-94  65:31.84S 139:51.13E  1274  1264  0229 65:31.74S 139:50.97E  1280    9.0    0319 65:31.66S 139:50.62E  1305
 68 SR3  0443 16-JAN-94  65:34.09S 139:50.66E   866   880  0510 65:34.05S 139:50.76E   889    6.9    0549 65:34.05S 139:50.86E   892
 69 SR3  0731 16-JAN-94  65:42.49S 139:51.13E   307   294  0744 65:42.42S 139:50.88E   309    8.0    0812 65:42.15S 139:50.55E   320
 70 SR3  0916 16-JAN-94  65:48.39S 139:51.04E   220   206  0927 65:48.35S 139:51.02E   221    8.6    0950 65:48.24S 139:50.86E   221
 71 SR3  1705 16-JAN-94  66:27.27S 140:12.29E  1082   998  1745 66:27.51S 140:11.81E   994   10.8    1816 66:27.64S 140:11.61E  1004
 72 SR3  1953 16-JAN-94  66:22.91S 140:21.73E   824   734  2025 66:22.72S 140:21.53E   761   11.1    2051 66:22.60S 140:21.66E   751
 73 SR3  2350 16-JAN-94  66:19.70S 140:28.18E   398   364  0003 66:19.77S 140:28.15E   393   16.1    0024 66:19.87S 140:28.08E   398
 74 ULS  1418 21-JAN-94  65:07.37S 107:46.15E   542   518  1439 65:07.36S 107:45.96E   543   13.9    1508 65:07.37S 107:45.73E   543
 75 ULS  0000 23-JAN-94  63:18.23S 107:49.63E  3304  3304  0111 63:17.84S 107:49.37E  3304   13.0    0229 63:17.84S 107:49.43E  3304
 76 PET  0438 26-JAN-94  66:19.31S  84:43.02E   569   550  0506 66:19.33S  84:42.93E   569    9.0    0532 66:19.44S  84:42.86E   574
 77 PET  0802 26-JAN-94  66:08.85S  85:00.54E   563   540  0827 66:08.85S  85:00.41E   564    9.3    0854 66:08.97S  85:00.63E   564
 78 PET  1107 26-JAN-94  65:59.22S  85:25.88E   258   242  1115 65:59.25S  85:25.91E   258    7.1    1138 65:59.34S  85:26.07E   258
 79 PET  1247 26-JAN-94  65:53.61S  85:24.69E  1253  1284  1330 65:53.85S  85:24.98E  1305    5.8    1420 65:54.04S  85:25.31E    - 
 80 PET  1520 26-JAN-94  65:49.41S  85:25.37E  1735  1912  1619 65:49.25S  85:26.24E  1787    9.2    1718 65:49.32S  85:26.73E    - 
 81 PET  1819 26-JAN-94  65:44.83S  85:24.48E  2517  2522  1929 65:44.22S  85:23.72E  2539    9.5    2038 65:43.63S  85:22.98E  2517
 82 PET  2207 26-JAN-94  65:32.95S  85:24.67E  2942  2932  2321 65:32.71S  85:24.51E  2947   10.8    0030 65:32.59S  85:24.34E  2900
 83 PET  0316 27-JAN-94  65:05.55S  85:18.81E  3107   306  0336 65:05.61S  85:19.15E    -      -     0402 65:05.79S  85:19.52E  3128
 84 PET  0452 27-JAN-94  65:05.70S  85:18.87E  3107  3112  0603 65:05.77S  85:19.17E  3123    7.2    0722 65:05.79S  85:19.86E  3159
 85 PET  1028 27-JAN-94  64:37.05S  84:59.92E  3612  3624  1154 64:37.49S  85:00.16E  3625    5.1    1309 64:37.96S  84:59.77E  3615
 86 PET  1628 27-JAN-94  64:09.81S  84:35.62E  3688   206  1645 64:09.92S  84:35.70E  3688     -     1702 64:10.02S  84:35.65E  3781
 87 PET  1748 27-JAN-94  64:10.21S  84:36.00E  3688  3710  1915 64:10.18S  84:37.80E  3693   10.8    2043 64:10.42S  84:38.46E  3693
 88 PET  2350 27-JAN-94  63:43.22S  84:08.56E  3729  3736  0116 63:43.19S  84:09.42E  3721   13.1    0244 63:43.09S  84:10.35E  3723
 89 PET  0530 28-JAN-94  63:17.42S  83:44.76E  2786   256  0536 63:17.42S  83:44.83E  2797     -     0602 63:17.29S  83:45.34E  2797
 90 PET  0646 28-JAN-94  63:17.20S  83:45.12E  2776  2770  0748 63:16.60S  83:45.61E  2766    8.5    0853 63:16.15S  83:46.23E  2745
 91 PET  1153 28-JAN-94  62:44.89S  83:28.59E  2507  2496  1303 62:44.63S  83:28.45E  2507    8.7    1414 62:44.43S  83:28.47E  2507
 92 PET  1734 28-JAN-94  62:09.89S  83:16.70E  2672  2666  1842 62:10.00S  83:16.93E  2672   16.9    1951 62:10.10S  83:17.20E  2683
 93 PET  2209 28-JAN-94  61:48.12S  83:07.39E  2310  2298  2306 61:48.06S  83:07.41E  2320   10.0    0001 61:47.75S  83:07.54E  2320
 94 PET  0208 29-JAN-94  61:26.43S  82:58.29E  1833  1850  0314 61:26.68S  82:58.18E  1875   10.0    0412 61:26.70S  82:58.21E  1885
 95 PET  0704 29-JAN-94  60:56.51S  82:46.17E  2517  2478  0807 60:56.12S  82:45.80E  2486    9.2    0916 60:55.84S  82:45.87E  2465
 96 PET  1200 29-JAN-94  60:26.79S  82:34.45E  1673  1644  1243 60:26.71S  82:34.63E  1662    7.4    1335 60:26.70S  82:35.23E  1709
 97 PET  1622 29-JAN-94  59:58.36S  82:22.28E  1647  1624  1715 59:58.27S  82:22.78E  1647   15.8    1754 59:58.14S  82:22.89E  1647
 98 PET  2117 29-JAN-94  59:27.43S  82:12.33E  1657  1630  2204 59:27.24S  82:12.73E  1657   10.4    2250 59:27.14S  82:12.88E  1657
 99 PET  0143 30-JAN-94  58:57.72S  82:01.64E  1310  1290  0225 58:57.54S  82:02.07E  1315   11.5    0309 58:57.38S  82:02.20E  1315
100  TS  1431 31-JAN-94  63:00.06S  70:59.71E  4014   306  1453 63:00.13S  70:59.07E  4014     -     1522 63:00.21S  70:58.36E  4014
101  TS  1632 31-JAN-94  63:00.01S  70:59.79E  4014  4044  1805 63:00.18S  70:59.66E  4014    1.0    1943 63:00.15S  70:59.79E  4014
102 BPR  1538 23-FEB-94  65:26.04S 139:11.02E   890   952  1630 65:25.68S 139:10.84E   963   15.0    1717 65:25.42S 139:10.05E  1061



Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station, including 
         salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do), nutrients (nut), dissolved 
         inorganic carbon (dic), 13C, 18O, alkalinity (alk), dissolved organic 
         carbon (doc), iodate/iodide (ii), dimethyl sulphide/dimethyl 
         sulphoniopropionate (dms), primary productivity (pp), "Seacat" casts 
         (cat), and the following biological samples: pigments (pig), lugols 
         iodine fixed algal counts (lug), cyanobacteria counts (cya), total algal 
         counts (alg), osmicated samples (os), flagellate cultures (fc), 
         coccolith counts (coc), parmales cultures (pc), flavobacteria (flv). 
         Note that 1=sample taken, 0=no sample taken, 2=surface sample only (i.e. 
         from shallowest Niskin bottle).


                                                        ---------------biology----------
 station  sal do nut dic 13C 18O alk doc ii dms pp cat  pig lug cya alg os fc coc pc flv
  1  TEST  1  1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
  2  TEST  1  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0 
  3  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  1   1  0    1   1   1   1   0  1  0  0  1
  4  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
  5  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
  6  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   1   1  0   1  0    1   0   1   0   0  0  0  0  0 
  7  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   1   0   0  0  0  0  1 
  8  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
  9  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
 10  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   1  1  0  0  0 
 11  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   1  0    1   1   1   1   0  1  0  0  1 
 12  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 13  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
 14  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
 15  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   1   1  0   1  1    1   0   1   0   0  0  0  0  0
 16  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   1   1   1   1  1  1  0  1
 17  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 18  SR3   0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 19  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   1   1   1  1  0  0  0
 20  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  1   1  0    1   0   1   0   0  0  0  0  0
 21  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   1  0    1   1   1   1   0  0  1  0  1
 22  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 23  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  0   1  1    1   0   1   1   0  0  0  0  0
 24  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   1  1    1   1   1   1   0  0  0  0  0
 25  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  0  0  0  0
 26  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   1   1   1   0  0  0  0  0
 27  SR3   0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 28  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   1   1  0   1  1    1   0   1   0   0  0  0  0  0
 29  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 30  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   1   1   1   0  1  1  0  1
 31  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 32  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
 33  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  0   1  1    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
 34  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   1  1    1   1   1   1   1  1  0  0  0
 35  SR3   0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 36  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  0
 37  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   1  1  1  0  0
 38  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  1   1  1    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 39  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   1  1    1   0   1   1   0  0  1  0  1
 40  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 41  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   1   1   0  1  0  0  1
 42  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 43  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  0   1  1    1   0   1   1   0  1  1  0  1
 44  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  1   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 45  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   1   0  0   1  1    1   1   1   1   0  1  0  0  1
 46  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  1  0  0  0
 47  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  1  0  0
 48  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  0   1  1    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 49  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  1   1  1    1   0   0   1   1  1  0  1  1
 50  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 51  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   0   0   0  0  1  0  0
 52  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  0   1  1    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  1  1
 53  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 54  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   1  1    1   0   0   1   0  0  1  0  0
 55  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 56  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   1   0  1   1  1    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 57  SR3   0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 58  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 59  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  1  0  0
 60  SR3   1  1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  1   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 61  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   1  1    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 62  SR3   0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 63  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  1   1  1    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 64  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  1  0
 65  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 66  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   0   0   1   1  0  0  1  0
 67  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   1   1  0   1  1    1   0   0   1   0  1  0  1  0
 68  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 69  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1  1   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  1
 70  SR3   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  1  0
 71  SR3   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  1  0  0  0
 72  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   1  1    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  1  0
 73  SR3   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  1   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 74  ULS   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 75  ULS   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 76  PET   1  1   1   1   2   1   1   2   1  0   0  0    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  1  1
 77  PET   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   0   0  0  0  1  0
 78  PET   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 79  PET   1  1   1   1   2   1   0   2   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 80  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  1  0
 81  PET   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   2   1  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 82  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  1  0
 83  PET   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   2   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  1  0
 84  PET   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 85  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 86  PET   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   2   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  1  1  0
 87  PET   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 88  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 89  PET   1  1   1   1   2   0   0   2   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  0  1
 90  PET   1  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 91  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  1  0  0
 92  PET   1  1   1   1   2   1   0   2   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   0   0  0  1  1  0
 93  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 94  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   0   0  0  1  1  0
 95  PET   1  1   1   1   2   0   1   2   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
 96  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 97  PET   1  1   1   1   0   1   0   0   1  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 98  PET   1  1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    1   1   0   1   0  0  0  0  0
 99  PET   1  1   1   1   2   1   0   2   1  0   0  0    1   0   0   1   0  0  0  0  1
100  TS    1  1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0  0   1  1    1   1   0   1   0  0  1  0  0
101  TS    1  1   1   1   1   0   1   1   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0
102  BPR   1  1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0    0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0


3.3  Additional drifters and moorings deployed/recovered

Two bottom pressure recorders (principal investigators Tom Whitworth, University 
of Texas, A&M, and Dale Pillsbury, Oregon State University) were deployed near 
either end of the SR3 section, and a single recorder was recovered from the 
northern end. An additional two bottom pressure recorders near the southern end 
of SR3 could not be recovered (Table 4). Two upward looking sonar moorings 
(Bush, 1994), including current meters, were deployed in the vicinity of Casey 
(Table 5). Several meteorological buoys were also deployed throughout the cruise 
- these are not discussed further.


3.4   XBT/XCTD deployments

A total of 16 model T-7 Sippican XBT deployments were made along both the SR3 
and PET transects. The data were processed further by CSIRO Division of 
Oceanography (R. Bailey, pers. comm.). Results are not reported here.


3.5   Principal investigators

The principal investigators for the CTD and water sample measurements are listed 
in Table 6a. Cruise participants are listed in Table 6b.



Table 4:  Bottom pressure recorder moorings. Note that for the instruments not 
          recovered, positions given are where the moorings were located at the 
          indicated time. Recovery attempts were made on 17/01/94, and in late Feb.

deployment     deployment/recovery                                 CTD
  number           time (UTC)        latitude      longitude    station no.
------------  --------------------  -----------   ------------  ------------
instruments deployed
Hobart94       02:07, 02/01/94      44° 07.18'S   146° 13.13'E     4 SR3
Dumont94       03:45, 16/01/94      65° 33.68'S   139° 51.15'E    68 SR3

instruments recovered
Hobart91a      23:21, 01/01/94      44° 06.70'S   146° 13.08'E     4 SR3

unsuccessful   recovery attempts
Dumont92a      21:00, 15/01/94      65° 25.95'S   139° 11.63'E   102 SR3
Dumont92b      21:00, 15/01/94      65° 25.97'S   139° 11.63'E   102 SR3
Dumont92a & b  24/02/94-25/02/94    7 bottom trawls around site  102 SR3


Table 5:  Upward looking sonar (ULS) moorings deployed (including current meters [CM]).

 site     deployment      bottom                                 instrument     CTD
 name     time (UTC)     depth (m)    latitude      longitude    depths (m)  station no.
------  ------ --------  ---------  ------------  -------------  ----------  -----------
SONEAR  16:45, 21/01/94     520     65° 07.350'S  107° 46.130'E  170 (ULS)       74
                                                                 220 (CM)
                                                                 420 (CM)
 
SOFAR   04:36, 23/01/94    3260     63° 17.746'S  107° 49.429'E  150 (ULS)       75
                                                                 200 (CM)


Table 6a:  Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling 
           programmes.

measurement                    name             affiliation
----------------------------  ----------------  ----------------------
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients   Steve Rintoul    CSIRO
D.I.C., 13C, 18O, alkalinity  *Bronte Tilbrook  CSIRO
primary productivity           John Parslow     CSIRO
biological sampling            Harvey Marchant  Antarctic Division
iodate/iodide                  Ed Butler        CSIRO
D.M.S.                         Graham Jones     James Cook University
D.O.C.                         Tom Trull        Antarctic CRC
flavobacteria                 *Sue Dobson       University of Tasmania


Table 6b:  Scientific personnel (cruise participants).

name              measurement                   affiliation
----------------  ----------------------------  ---------------------------------------
Nathan Bindoff    CTD                           Antarctic CRC
Jeremy Harris     CTD                           Antarctic CRC
Ian Knott         CTD, electronics              Antarctic CRC
Dennis Root       BPR's, CTD                    Oregon State University
Mark Rosenberg    CTD                           Antarctic CRC
Steve Bell        salinity, oxygen, nutrients   Antarctic CRC
Ruth Eriksen      salinity, oxygen, nutrients   Antarctic CRC
Anna Brandao      iodate/iodide, D.I.C.         Antarctic CRC
Roger Dargaville  D.I.C., isotopes, alkalinity  Melbourne University
Mark Pretty       D.I.C., isotopes, alkalinity  CSIRO
Bronte Tilbrook   D.I.C., isotopes, alkalinity  CSIRO
Andrew Broadbent  D.M.S.                        James Cook University

Don McKenzie      primary productivity,         CTD  CSIRO

Sue Dobson        flavobacteria                 University of Tasmania
Naomi Parker      biological sampling           Antarctic CRC
Alison Turnbull   biological sampling           Antarctic Division

David James       ornithology                   Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
Paul Scofield     ornithology                   Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union

Clive Rapier      radiometry                    Antarctic CRC

Pia Geijsel       krill biology                 Antarctic Division
Rob King          krill biology                 Antarctic Division

Greg Bush         ULS moorings                  Curtin University
Wayne Galbraith   ULS moorings                  Curtin University

Gordon Bain       deputy voyage leader, CTD     Antarctic Division
Pamela Brodie     computing                     Antarctic Division
Jo Jacka          voyage leader                 Antarctic Division
Michael Sexton    doctor                        Antarctic Division
Tim Stevenson     computing                     Antarctic Division
*Andrew Tabor     gear officer                  Antarctic Division
Mark Underwood    electronics                   Antarctic Division

* retrieved with trawl gear from Dumont D'Urville




4  FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS


4.1  CTD and hydrology measurements

In this section, CTD and hydrology data collection methods are discussed. CTD 
data processing techniques are referred to in Appendix 2, while hydrology 
laboratory analysis methods are described in Appendix 3. Preliminary results of 
the CTD data calibration, along with data quality information, are presented in 
Section 6.


4.1.1  CTD Instrumentation

A General Oceanics (formerly E.G.&G.) Mark IIIC (i.e. WOCE upgraded) CTD unit, 
together with a model 1401 deck unit, were used for CTD measurements (Table 7). 
The raw data stream was logged by two separate IBM compatible PC's, using the 
General Oceanics data aquisition software CTDACQ. The duplication of the data 
logging PC's allowed data to be viewed simultaneously (in real time) as column 
formatted numbers on one screen, and in graphical format on the other; the 
second PC also provided a backup log of the data.



Table 7:  CTD manufacturer specifications.

parameter      sensor                                       accuracy       resolution
-------------  -------------------------------------------  -------------------------
Pressure       Paine Model 211-36-390-02 1500 ohm           +1.2 dbar      0.1 dbar
               bonded titanium strain gauge bridge, 
               tube type

Temperature    Rosemount Model 171 BJ platinum thermometer  +0.003 °C      0.0005°C
 
Conductivity   Neil Brown Instruments 4 electrode cell      +0.0003 mS/cm  0.0001 mS/cm
               (0.4cm x 0.4cm x 3.0 cm long)

Oxygen         Sensormedics polarographic oxygen sensor          -            -

Altimeter      Benthos Model 2110                           +5%            0.1 m

Fluorometer    Sea Tech                                          -            -

P.A.R. sensor  Li-Cor model LI-192SA underwater quantum     +/-5% in air      -
               sensor



The same CTD unit (serial no. 2568) was used throughout the entire cruise. For 
the electronic and data stream configuration of the instrument, see Table 8. Two 
different General Oceanics 24-bottle model 1015 rosette pylons were used during 
the cruise, together with 10 litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles; several 
CSIRO manufactured 10 litre Niskin bottles were also used for some casts.

Deep sea reversing thermometers (Gohla-Precision) were used to keep track of CTD 
temperature sensor performance. In general, two protected thermometers were 
mounted on the shallowest Niskin bottle, while three thermometers (two protected 
and one unprotected) were mounted on the second deepest bottle. The manufacturer 
specified accuracy of the protected thermometers is to within (0.01°C for the 
main thermometer, and (0.1°C for the auxiliary. Readings can be resolved to the 
third decimal place for the main on the protected thermometers, and to the 
second decimal place for auxiliary and unprotected readings.


Table 8: CTD electronic and data stream configuration, and data processing 
         parameters. Note that all parameters are assigned 2 bytes in the raw 
         data stream. For the CTD upcast burst data, the first nstart and the 
         last nend data scans are ignored for calculation of burst statistics; 
         the first jfilt data scans are ignored each time the data lagging 
         recursive filter is restarted. τT is the time constant of the 
         temperature sensor. jmin is the minimum number of values required in a 
         2 dbar pressure bin. All the above constants and calculations are 
         described in detail in Appendix 2.


         CTD unit  serial     scanning     bytes per  bytes per                        τT   
          number   number  frequency (Hz)   record      scan     nstart  nend  jfilt   (s)  jmin
         --------  ------  --------------  ---------  ---------  ------  ----  -----  ----- ----
            6       2568      25.00          129        25         7      4     13    0.205  10

                   
Scan byte layout: synch. byte, pressure, temperature, conductivity, fast 
temperature, utility byte, altimeter, pressure temperature, oxygen current, 
oxygen temperature, fluorescence, photosynthetically active radiation (P.A.R.), 
end bytes



4.1.2  CTD instrument calibrations

Complete calibration information for the CTD pressure, platinum temperature and 
pressure temperature sensors are presented in Appendix 1. Formulae used for 
parameter calculations are presented in Appendix 2. Pre and post cruise 
calibrations were available for the pressure sensor, the former supplied by the 
manufacturer, the latter done at the CSIRO Division of Oceanography Calibration 
Facility. The post cruise CSIRO pressure sensor calibration was used for the 
cruise data. This calibration was performed using a Budenberg Deadweight Tester 
(accurate to (0.05% of the pressure being measured) over the range 0 to 6203 
dbar. The titanium strain gauge pressure sensors used in the Mark IIIC CTD's 
display reduced hysteresis effect compared to the older stainless steel type 
pressure sensors (Millard et al., 1993). Calibration points from the increasing 
pressure only were used to produce a single third order fit for pressure 
(Appendix 1).

Pre and post cruise calibrations were also available for the platinum 
temperature sensor, as for the pressure sensor. However, a significant change 
was noted between the two temperature calibrations. In particular, a shift of -
0.407°C was noted in the post cruise temperature offset relative to pre cruise 
value. Comparison of cruise CTD temperature data with reversing thermometer 
readings (Figure 2a) confirmed that the pre cruise calibration (supplied by the 
manufacturer) was applicable to the entire cruise. Later testing of the 
instrument indicated that the post cruise temperature calibration was faulty, 
thus the pre cruise calibration was used.

A pre cruise manufacturer supplied calibration of the pressure temperature 
sensor was used for the cruise data. Note that readings from this sensor are 
applied in a correction formula to pressure data (Appendix 2).

CTD conductivity measurements were calibrated from the in situ salinity samples 
collected at each station. As a rule, this enables CTD salinity values to be 
calculated to a much higher accuracy than by the bulk application of a single 
set of laboratory determined calibration coefficients. Thus there are no 
laboratory calibrations for the conductivity sensor. Checks were made prior to 
the cruise to ensure the conductivity sensor was functioning correctly. 
Similarly, CTD dissolved oxygen measurements were calibrated from the in situ 
dissolved oxygen samples. The complete conductivity and oxygen in situ 
calibrations are presented in a later section.

Manufacturer supplied calibrations were applied to the fluorescence and p.a.r. 
data (Appendix 1). These calibrations are not expected to be correct - correct 
scaling of fluorescence and p.a.r. data awaits linkage with primary productivity 
and Seacat (section 3.2) data.


4.1.3   CTD and hydrology data collection techniques

When on deck, the rosette package was housed in a closed laboratory space. Thus 
all samples were drawn "indoors". The package was deployed through an outward 
opening hatch, which doubles as a gantry, and was lowered/raised at the 
following speeds:

                          0 to  500 m depth  -  20 m/min 
                        500 to 1000 m depth  -  40 m/min
                        below  1000 m depth  -  60 m/min

Winch speeds were maintained by constantly adjusting the winch wire tension, and 
thus are approximate average values only. The altimeter output was used to guide 
the instrument to within 20 m (in most cases) of the bed.

CTD data was logged continuously for the entire down and upcast, while Niskin 
bottles were fired on the upcast only. At each station, the firing depths for 
the Niskin bottles were decided on using the graphical output of the CTD 
downcast data. Typically, the deepest bottle was fired at the bottom of the 
cast. The rosette package was stopped at each level prior to firing; bottles 
with reversing thermometers were allowed to equilibrate for 5 min before firing.

A fixed sequence was followed for the drawing of water samples on deck, as 
follows:

first sample: dissolved oxygen
              d.i.c.
              13C
              18O
              alkalinity
              productivity
              d.o.c.
              salinity
              nutrients
              d.m.s.
              iodate/iodide
last sample:  biology

(see Table 3 for a summary of which samples were drawn at each station). 
Reversing thermometers were read after the sampling was complete (or nearing 
completion), typically within one hour of the raising of the rosette package 
onto the deck. In between stations, the Niskin bottles were only emptied when 
resetting the bottles for the next station. This helped prevent the 
crystallization of salt in o-ring seats and spiggots.


4.1.4  Water sampling methods

The methods used for drawing the various water samples from the Niskin bottles 
are described here. Laboratory analysis techniques are described in later 
sections.

Dissolved oxygen:  sample bottle volume = 300 ml

Bottles are washed and dried before use. As dissolved oxygen samples are drawn 
first, the Niskin is first tested for obvious leakage by opening the spiggot 
before opening the air valve. Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the 
Niskin spiggot for sample drawing. Pickling reagent 1 is 3 M MnCl2 (2.0 ml 
used); reagent 2 is 8 N NaOH/4 M NaI (2.0 ml used); reagent 3 is 10 N H2SO4 (2.0 
ml used).

• start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles 
  remain in tube
• pinch off flow in tube, and insert into bottom of sample bottle
• let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing by releasing 
  tubing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the sample and that turbulence 
  is kept to a minimum
• fill bottle, overflow by at least one full volume
• pinch off tube and slowly remove so that bottle remains full to the brim, then 
  rinse glass stopper 
• immediately pickle with reagents 1 then 2, inserting reagent dispenser at 
  least 1 cm below water surface
• insert glass stopper, ensuring no bubbles are trapped in sample
• thoroughly shake sample (at least 30 vigorous inversions)
• store samples in the dark until analysis
• acidify samples with reagent 3 immediately prior to analysis

Dissolved inorganic carbon:  sample bottle volume = 250 ml

Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample 
drawing. Samples are poisoned with 100 µl of a saturated solution of HgCl2.

• drain remaining old sample from the bottle
• start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles 
  remain in tube
• insert tube into bottom of inverted sample bottle, allowing water to flush 
  bottle for several seconds
• pinch off flow in tube, and invert sample bottle to upright position, keeping 
  tube in bottom of bottle
• let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing, at all times 
  ensuring no bubbles enter the sample
• fill bottle, overflow by one full volume, and rinse cap
• shake a small amount of water from top, so that water level is between threads 
  and bottle shoulder 
• insert tip of poison dispenser just into sample, and poison
• screw on cap, and invert bottle several times to allow poison to disperse 
  through sample

Salinity:  sample bottle volume = 300 ml

• drain remaining old sample from the bottle (bottles are always stored 
  approximately 1/3 full with water between stations)
• rinse bottle and cap 3 times with 100 ml of sample (shaking thoroughly each 
  time); on each rinse, contents of sample bottle are poured over the Niskin 
  bottle spiggot
• fill bottle with sample, to bottle shoulder, and screw cap on firmly
  At all filling stages, care is taken not to let the Niskin bottle spiggot 
  touch the sample bottle.

Nutrients:  sample tube volume = 12 ml
Two nutrient sample tubes are filled simultaneously at each Niskin bottle.

• rinse tubes and caps 3 times
• fill tubes
• shake out water from tubes so that water level is at or below marking line 2 
  cm below top of tubes (10 ml mark), and screw on caps firmly
  After sampling, one set of tubes are refrigerated for analysis within 12 
  hours; the duplicate set of tubes are placed in a freezer until required.

Carbon Isotopes:  These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as 
dissolved inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml glass stoppered vacuum flasks are 
used, and vacuum grease is placed around the stopper before inserting.

Iodate:  same as for nutrients

Iodide:  same as for nutrients, except 100 ml plastic bottle used.

DMS and DMSP:  Sample containers are quickly rinsed, then filled. For shallow 
samples only, a 750 ml amber glass bottle are used. For full profile sampling, 
250 ml polyethylene screwcap jars are used. Subsamples (acidified with 1 ml of 
concentrated HCl) are taken in the laboratory for DMS and DMSP analysis.
Dissolved organic carbon:  Sample jar volume = 250 ml (jars baked for 12 hours 
at 550°C)

During d.o.c. sampling, polyethylene gloves were worn by the sampler. The gloves 
were changed every second  sample. 

• clean spiggot with lint free tissue sprayed with acetone
• rinse spiggot copiously with sample water
• rinse sample jar twice
• fill jar with ~200 ml and screw cap on tightly

After sampling, the jars are stored in the dark in a freezer at -18°C.

Alkalinity:  same as for d.i.c. samples, except 500 ml bottle used.

18O:  Sample bottle volume = 20 ml
Sample bottles given 3 quick rinses, then filled.


4.2  Underway measurements

Throughout the cruise, the ship's data logging system continuously recorded 
bottom depth, ship's position and motion, surface water properties and 
meteorological information. All measurements were quality controlled during the 
cruise, to remove bad data (Ryan, 1995). 

After quality controlling of the automatically logged GPS data set, gaps (due to 
missing data and data flagged as bad) are automatically filled by dead-reckoned 
positions (using the ship's speed and heading). Positions used for CTD stations 
are derived from this final GPS data set. Bottom depth is measured by a Simrad 
EA200 12 kHz echo sounder. A sound speed of 1498 ms-1 is used for all depth 
calculations, and the ship's draught of 7.3 m has been accounted for in final 
depth values (i.e. depths are values from the surface).

Seawater is pumped on board via an inlet at 7 m below the surface. A portion of 
this water is diverted to the thermosalinograph (Aplied Microsystems Ltd, model 
STD-12), and to the fluorometer (Turner Design, peak sensitivity for 
chlorophyll-a). Sea surface temperatures are measured by a sensor next to the 
seawater inlet at 7 m depth.

The underway measurements for the cruise are contained in column formatted ascii 
files (Appendix 4). The two file types are as follows (see Appendix 4 for a 
complete description):

(i)  10 second digitised underway measurement data, including time, latitude, 
     longitude, depth and sea surface temperature;

(ii) 15 minute averaged data, including time, latitude and longitude, air 
     pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, quantum 
     radiation, ship speed and heading, roll and pitch, sea surface salinity and 
     temperature, average fluorescence, and seawater flow. 


5  MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The most serious problem on the cruise was failure to recover either of the two 
bottom pressure recorder moorings near the southern end of the SR3 section 
(Table 4). The site was visited initially on 15th January 1994 - no recovery 
attempt was made at this time due to the 70% sea ice cover. The ship returned to 
the site on 17th January. Distance ranges were easily obtained from the acoustic 
releases on each of the two moorings; however, neither mooring would release 
from the bottom. A final recovery attempt was made when the ship returned to the 
site in late February with bottom trawling gear. Seven unsuccessful trawl 
attempts were made, then the ship returned to Hobart.

Problems with some of the CTD and laboratory equipment resulted in some data 
loss and/or compromise to data quality. The most significant of these problems 
was failure of all three YeoKal Mk IV salinometers used for the analysis of 
salinity samples.The first salinometer developed a large drift and was difficult 
to standardise. The replacement salinometers proved faulty, and were unusable. A 
significant number of salinity samples were analysed before the problem was 
fully appreciated, and as a result, the bottle salinity data for stations 69 to 
86 are considered unusable. All salinity samples following station 86 were 
retained for analysis back in port.

The two CTD logging PC's crashed on numerous occasions. In most cases, this 
occurred while the instruments were still on deck, thus no data was lost. On one 
occasion however (station 2), the PC's crashed during the upcast, resulting in 
loss of the entire downcast CTD data, and half of the upcast CTD burst data.

The Antarctic CRC-owned rosette pylon developed problems early in the cruise, 
misfiring on many occasions, resulting in missed bottles. The unit was replaced 
with the spare pylon following station 15. The original pylon was refurbished 
and reinstalled for station 75 onwards, and performed well for the remainder of 
the cruise.

Comparison of CTD temperature data with reversing thermometer measurements 
(Figure 2a) revealed a problem with the CTD temperature sensor calibration for 
sub-zero water temperatures, most noticeable for stations 61 to 82. Sensor 
output appears to deviate significantly from a linear response at these lower 
temperatures, resulting in temperature offsets of the order 0.02°C from the 
expected calibrated values. This is discussed further in section 6.


6  RESULTS

This section details information relevant to the creation and the quality of the 
final CTD and hydrology data set. For actual use of the data, the following is 
important:

CTD data  -  Tables 16, 17 and 18, and section 6.1.2;

hydrology data  -  Tables 21 and 22.

Historical data comparisons are made in Appendix 6.


6.1  CTD measurements


6.1.1  Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data

Information relevant to the creation of the calibrated CTD 2 dbar-averaged and 
upcast burst data is tabulated, as follows:

• Surface pressure offsets calculated for each station (Appendix 2, section 
  A2.6.1) are listed in Table 11.

• Missing 2 dbar data averages are listed in Table 12.

• CTD conductivity calibration coefficients, including the station groupings 
  used for the conductivity calibration, are listed in Tables 13 and 14.

• CTD raw data scans flagged for special treatment (Appendix 2, section 
  A2.11.1) are listed in Table 15.

• Suspect 2 dbar averages are listed in Tables 16 and 17. Table 18 lists 2 dbar 
  averages which are linear interpolations of the surrounding 2 dbar averages.

• CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients are listed in Table 19. The 
  starting values used for the coefficients prior to iteration, and the 
  coefficients varied during the iteration, are listed in Table 20.

• Upcast CTD burst data automatically flagged with the code -1 (rejected for 
  conductivity calibration) or 0 (questionable value, but still used for 
  conductivity calibration) (see Appendix 2, section A2.7.4) are listed in 
  Appendix 5, Table A5.1.

• Stations containing fluorescence and photosynthetically active radiation data 
  are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.3.

• The different protected and unprotected thermometers used for the stations 
  are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.4.


6.1.2  CTD data quality

The final calibration results for conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen, 
along with the performance check for temperature, are plotted in Figures 2 to 5. 
For temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, the respective residuals (Ttherm 
- Tcal), (sbtl - scal) and (obtl - ocal) are plotted. For conductivity, the 
ratio cbtl/ccal is plotted. Ttherm and Tcal are respectively the protected 
thermometer and calibrated upcast CTD burst temperature values; sbtl, scal, 
obtl, ocal, cbtl and ccal , and the mean and standard deviation values in 
Figures 2 to 5, are as defined in Appendix 2. 

CTD data quality cautions for the various parameters are discussed below. Table 
9 contains a summary of these cautions.


Pressure

The titanium strain gauge pressure sensors used in the Mark IIIC CTD's display a 
higher noise level than the older stainless steel strain gauge models, with an 
rms of ~(0.2 dbar (Millard et al., 1993). A small error is therefore introduced 
to the surface pressure offset values, noting that the offsets are derived by 
taking spot values from the pressure record (Appendix 2, section A2.6.1). For 
stations 95 and 96 in particular, offset values fell on small pressure spikes, 
thus the final surface pressure offsets were estimated from a manual inspection 
of the pressure data. Note that any noise in the pressure signal is ultimately 
removed by the 2 dbar-averaging.

The surface pressure offset values for stations 2, 7, 9, 10, 70 and 88 were 
estimated from the surrounding stations (Table 11). Any resulting additional 
error in the CTD pressure data is judged to be small (no more than 0.2 dbar).

For the additional digital channels (including pressure temperature, oxygen 
current, oxygen temperature, fluorescence and photosynthetically active 
radiation) on the Mark III CTD's, a problem with one digital channel generally 
transfers to the other digital channels. Thus for stations 6, 8, 9 and 10, 
flooding of the dissolved oxygen sensor with seawater resulted in bad oxygen 
current data, which in turn resulted in bad data (Table 12) for the other 
digital channels, including pressure temperature. To allow accurate calculation 
of pressure in dbar (Appendix 2), pressure temperature data from station 12 were 
used in pressure calculations for stations 6, 8, 9 and 10, as follows:

station  6: station 12 pressure temperature data used for entire downcast, and 
            for upcast burst data;
station  8: station 12 pressure temperature data used for 25(p(65 and p>1355 for 
            downcast, and for all upcast burst data (where pressure p and all 
            numerical values are in dbar);
station  9: station 12 pressure temperature data used for entire downcast and 
            for upcast burst data;
station 10: station 12 pressure temperature data used for entire downcast and 
            for upcast burst data.

Note that the pressure temperature profile for station 12 provides the closest 
match to the assumed pressure temperature profiles for stations 6, 8, 9 and 10. 
From Millard et al. (1993), a pressure temperature error of 0.1°C produces a 
maximum pressure error of less than 0.05 dbar. Thus any resulting error in 
pressure data for these stations is judged to be small (<0.3 dbar).


Salinity

The conductivity ratios for all bottle samples are plotted in Figure 3, while 
the salinity residuals are plotted in Figure 4. The final standard deviation 
values for the salinity residuals (Figure 4) indicate the CTD salinity data is 
accurate to within (0.002 psu, except for stations 69 to 86 and station 1 (as 
discussed below).

Station 1 was a test cast, with all bottles fired at a single depth. The 
calibration of station 1 conductivity uses salinity samples from this single 
depth only, thus CTD salinity for this station can only be considered accurate 
to ~0.01 psu.

No bottle samples were taken for the shallow casts at stations 18, 27, 35, 57 
and 62. These stations are grouped with surrounding stations for conductivity 
calibration (Table 13).

No salinity bottle data was available for stations 69 to 86 due to salinometer 
problems, as discussed in section 5. For calibration of CTD conductivity from 
salinity bottle data (Appendix 2), stations 69 to 73 were grouped with the 
calibration of stations 64 to 68, while stations 74 to 86 were grouped with the 
calibration of stations 87 to 88 (Table 13). An appreciable variation in 
conductivity cell response is likely to have occurred over such a large span of 
stations. Therefore as no in situ conductivity calibrations were possible for 
stations 69 to 86, CTD salinity data for these stations can only be regarded as 
accurate to, at best, 0.005 psu.

For station 64, analysis results were bad for salinity samples from rosette 
positions 15 to 22. These bottles were rejected for the conductivity 
calibration.

For station 101, the conductivity sensor was fouled for the entire upcast. All 
upcast burst data was rejected for the conductivity calibration, and the station 
was grouped with the calibrations applied to stations 100 and 102 (Table 13).


Temperature

The temperature residuals are shown in Figure 2a, along with the mean offset and 
standard deviation of the residuals. The thermometer value used in each case is 
the mean of the two protected thermometer readings (protected thermometers used 
are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.4). Note that in the figures, the "dubious" 
and "rejected" categories refer to corresponding bottle samples and upcast CTD 
bursts in the conductivity calibration.

As discussed in section 5, a temperature calibration problem exists for sub-zero 
water temperatures, most significant for stations 61 to 82 (Figure 2b). For 
these stations, accuracy of the CTD temperature data is diminished to 0.02°C.


Dissolved Oxygen

The dissolved oxygen residuals are plotted in Figure 5. The final standard 
deviation values are within 1% of full scale values (where full scale is 
approximately equal to 250 µmol/l for pressure > 750 dbar, and 350 µmol/l for 
pressure < 750 dbar).
 
In general, good calibrations of the CTD dissolved oxygen data were obtained 
using the in situ bottle data, however some atypical values were found for the 
calibration coefficients (Tables 19 and 20) (see Appendix 2 for full details of 
calibration formulae). For most stations, the best calibration was achieved 
using large values of the order 6.0 for the coefficient K1 (i.e. oxygen current 
slope), and large negative values of the order -0.7 for the coefficient K3 (i.e. 
oxygen current bias). This, however, is not considered relevant to actual data 
quality. The approximate magnitude of K1 and K3 values is sensitive to the 
oxygen current and oxygen temperature values as determined by eqns A2.9 and 
A2.10 (Appendix 2): these initial oxygen current and oxygen temperature values 
are in approximate engineering units only, as there is typically no laboratory 
calibration of individual oxygen sensors. 

In addition, the following unusual coefficient values were found (for typical 
values, see Millard and Yang, 1993, and Millard, 1991):

              station  7:  K6 < 0 (usually expect a positive value);
              station 11:  K5 > 1 (usually expect 0<K5<1);
              station 12:  K5 > 1 (usually expect 0<K5<1);
              station 39:  K5 > 1 (usually expect 0<K5<1);
              station 49:  K6 < 0 (usually expect a positive value);
              station 50:  K5 > 1 (usually expect 0<K5<1);
              station 69:  K4 > 0 (usually expect a negative value);
              station 76:  K5 > 1 (usually expect 0<K5<1).

Despite some atypical calibration coefficient values, all dissolved oxygen 
calibrations are considered valid.

CTD dissolved oxygen data from station 1 was unusable due to a defective sensor. 
Following replacement, oil drainage from the new sensor resulted in unusable 
dissolved oxygen data for stations 6, 8, 9 and 10.

No bottle samples were collected for stations 18, 27, 35, 57 and 62. No attempt 
was made to calibrate the dissolved oxygen data for these stations.

No bottles were available to calibrate the CTD dissolved oxygen data for station 
89, due to uncertainty as to which Niskin bottles the dissolved oxygen samples 
were drawn from.

For locations where both a shallow and deep cast were taken (Table 2), in most 
cases the dissolved oxygen data calibration was not improved by grouping 
shallow/deep station pairs in the calibration procedure (Appendix 2). Thus 
stations were calibrated individually for dissolved oxygen data, with the 
exception of the station 86-87 grouping (Tables 19 and 20).


Fluorescence and P.A.R. Data

As discussed in section 4 above, fluorescence and p.a.r. are effectively 
uncalibrated. These data should not be used quantitatively other than for 
linkage with primary productivity data.


6.2  Hydrology data

Hydrology analytical methods are detailed in Appendix 3.


6.2.1  Hydrology data quality

Quality control information relevant to the hydrology data is tabulated, as 
follows:

• Questionable dissolved oxygen and nutrient Niskin bottle sample values are 
  listed in Tables 21 and 22 respectively. Note that questionable values are 
  included in the hydrology data file, whereas bad values have been removed.
• Laboratory temperatures at the times of nutrient analyses are listed in Table 23.
• Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged with the code -9 (rejected for 
  CTD dissolved oxygen calibration) (see Appendix 2, section A2.13.3) are listed 
  in Appendix 5, Table A5.2.



Table 9:  Summary of cautions to CTD data quality.

station   CTD                  
no.       parameter            caution
--------  -------------------  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 1        salinity             test cast - all bottles fired at same depth; salinity accuracy reduced
 2        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
 6        pressure             station 12 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
 7        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
 8        pressure             station 12 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
                               for 25(p(65 and p>1355 for downcast, and for all upcast burst data
 9        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
 9        pressure             station 12 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
10        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
10        pressure             station 12 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation
18        salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
27        salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
35        salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
57        salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
61 to 82  temperature          temperature accuracy diminished
62        salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
64        salinity             bottles 15 to 22 not used in CTD conductivity calibration
69 to 86  salinity             no salinity bottle samples - CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles 
                               from stations 64 to 68 and 87 to 88; salinity accuracy reduced
70        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
88        pressure             surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
101       salinity             CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations
1 to 102  fluorescence/p.a.r.  fluorescence and p.a.r. sensors (where active) are uncalibrated



Nutrients

For the phosphate analyses, it was found that the autoanalyser peak height of a 
sample which was run immediately after a series of wash solution vials (low 
nutrient sea water) was suppressed by, on average, 2%. It is suspected that this 
was due to sorption of the phosphomolybdate complex produced by the presence of 
phosphate in the sample onto the walls of the instrument tubing, after having 
been exposed to the cleaning action of the low nutrient sea water wash. This 
effect is best illustrated by running a series of replicate samples: 
autoanalyser peak heights gradually increase and stabilise to a constant value 
as successive replicate samples are analysed. The same effect has also been 
observed for phosphate analyses using Technicon Autoanalysers (D. Terhell, pers. 
comm.).

Flushing with sodium hydroxide reduced the severity of the effect, but did not 
eliminate it. The effect was most noticeable for phosphate analyses from 
stations 25 onwards. Phosphate samples thus effected (in most cases from rosette 
positions 12 and 24) were deleted from the hydrology data set. No substantial 
error was noted for stations 1 to 24, so no phosphate samples were deleted from 
these stations.

The same suppressed peak height effect was noted for data from the previous 
cruise (Rosenberg et al., 1995). For future cruises, additional "dummy" samples 
drawn from the Niskin bottles will be inserted in autoanalyser runs immediatley 
following wash solution vials to artificially mask the suppression effect on 
subsequent samples. It is expected that the resulting vertical phosphate 
profiles will appear "neater"; however the method used for phosphate analysis 
needs to be scrutinised for a more permanent solution to the problem. Note that 
an alternative phosphate chemistry using hydrazine instead of ascorbic acid as 
the reductant has been trialed (Gordon et al., 1993), with no apparent 
improvement.

For all near-surface silicate samples (i.e. above ~200 dbar), the autoanalyser 
silicate peaks were spiked, causing problems in the automatic peak integration 
performed by the software DAPA (see Appendix 3). The peaks in question were 
measured manually using an interactive graphics option within the DAPA software. 
The cause of the spikes is unknown - the samples coincided with high levels of 
diatoms (A. Turnbull, pers. comm.), however filtering of the samples produced no 
change.

The following notes also apply to the nutrient data:

• For stations 1 and 2 (test casts), and for station 102, no nutrient samples 
  were collected.
• For the following stations, nutrient concentrations were derived from manual 
  measurements of autoanalyser peak heights, using the strip chart recordings:

                          station 67 - nitrate+nitrite data
                          station 71 - silicate data
                          station 74 - all nutrient data
                          station 75 - all nutrient data


6.2.2  Hydrology sample replicates

The accuracy and precision of bottle data are considered relative to the full 
scale deflection of measurement for nutrients, and relative to the maximum data 
value for dissolved oxygen (Table 10). 



Table 10: Maximum values for dissolved oxygen analyses, and full scale 
          deflection values for nutrient analyses.

            dissolved oxygen:  ~350   µmol/l for pressure < 750 dbar
                               ~250   µmol/l for pressure > 750 dbar
            phosphate:            3.0 µmol/l
            nitrate+nitrite:     35.0 µmol/l
            silicate:           140   µmol/l


In general, no organised sample replication was carried out, thus the replicate 
data set discussed here is small. Most replicate data were obtained 
opportunistically, from multiple fired Niskin bottles taken during bottle test 
casts, or from depths sampled in both casts of shallow/deep cast pairs. Three 
types of replicate data were obtained from the hydrology data set, as follows.


Replicate samples drawn from the same Niskin bottle

A series of repeat dissolved oxygen samples were drawn from 4 different Niskin 
bottles at station 102 (Figure 6a). A standard deviation about the mean of 0.218 
µmol/l was found for the sample set of 15 values, representing a precision level 
of better than 0.1% of full scale. No other data were available for this class 
of replicates.


Replicate samples drawn from different Niskin bottles tripped at same depth

At several stations, multiple Niskin bottles were fired at a single depth. 
Salinity samples were drawn from all multiple fired Niskins, while dissolved 
oxygen samples were drawn from only some. No nutrient samples were drawn for 
this class of replicates. For each set of Niskin bottles tripped at a single 
depth, a mean value mx was calculated for the sample set and the differences x-
mx formed, where x is the salinity or dissolved oxygen bottle value; the 
standard deviation of all x-mx values for the replicate data was calculated. 
Note that 10 samples were rejected from the analysis, as they were drawn from 
leaking Niskin bottles. Absolute values of the differences x-mx are shown in 
Figure 6b. The results are summarised as follows:

                         standard deviation  number of    number of
       parameter              of x-mx         samples   sample groups
       ----------------  ------------------  ---------  -------------
       salinity             0.0012 psu           51          13  
       dissolved oxygen     0.199 µmol/l         24          11    

It is assumed that these precision values would be further reduced if sample 
groups were drawn from the same Niskin bottle.


Replicate samples drawn from equivalent positions at different stations

For some shallow/deep cast pairs i.e. consecutive shallow and deep stations 
taken at approximately the same location (Table 2), certain depths were sampled 
for both casts (in most cases, the shallowest depth only). For all such double 
sampled positions, sample pairs were formed for each parameter measured. For 
each sample pair, the quantity 0.5(x1-x2) was calculated, where x1 and x2 are 
the two parameter values from the pair; the 0.5 factor is included so that the 
data are comparable to the other classes of replicate data, where a standard 
deviation about depth mean values was calculated. A quality control element was 
introduced by rejecting pairs for which the difference of upcast CTD burst 
temperatures was (0.1°C (i.e. 0.5 times the difference (0.05°C). One additional 
sample pair was rejected due to a leaking Niskin bottle; two salinity sample 
pairs were also rejected as the samples were analysed during the time of 
salinometer malfunction (see section 5). The results (Figure 6c) are summarised 
as follows:

                                standard deviation  number of  
              parameter           of 0.5(x1-x2)      samples  
              ----------------  ------------------  ---------
              salinity            0.0029  psu           18      
              dissolved oxygen    1.966  µmol/l         22      
              phosphate           0.0098 µmol/l         14    
              nitrate+nitrite     0.3854 µmol/l         26    
              silicate            1.5740 µmol/l         24    
       
       
The larger precision values found for this class of replicates is an expected 
result - significant additional error has been introduced by comparing data from 
different casts. The locations for cast pairs are often separated by several 
hundred meters (Table 2), while the common depths sampled for cast pairs are not 
identical. These factors are increasingly important in regions of significant 
horizontal gradients in parameter values. In addition, some of the precision 
values (dissolved oxygen, nitrate+nitrite and silicate) would be significantly 
improved by the rejection of only one or two outliers (Figure 6c).



Figure 2a: Temperature residual (Ttherm - Tcal) versus station number for cruise 
           au9407. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken 
           lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in 
           Appendix 2, section A2.14). Note that the "dubious" and "rejected" 
           categories refer to the conductivity calibration.

Figure 2b: Water temperature at top Niskin bottle from CTD upcast burst 
           data.

Figure 3:  Conductivity ratio cbtl/ccal versus station number for cruise au9407. 
           The solid line follows the mean of the residuals for each station; the 
           broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each 
           station (as defined in Appendix 2, section A2.14).
 
Figure 4:  Salinity residual (sbtl - scal) versus station number for cruise 
           au9407. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken 
           lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in 
           Appendix 2, section A2.14).

Figure 5:  Dissolved oxygen residual (obtl - ocal) versus station number for 
           cruise au9407. The solid line follows the mean residual for each 
           station; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the 
           residuals for each station (as defined in Appendix 2, section A2.14). 

Figure 6:  Absolute value of parameter differences for replicate samples, for 
           replicates drawn from (a) the same Niskin bottle, (b) different 
           Niskins tripped at the same depth, and (c) Niskins fired at equivalent 
           positions during different stations. For (a) and (b), differences are 
           between parameter values and depth mean; differences are between 
           sample pairs times 0.5 for (c).


Table 11: Surface pressure offsets (as defined in Appendix 2, section A2.6). ** 
          indicates that value is estimated from surrounding stations, or else 
          determined from manual inspection of pressure data.

station  surface p      station    surface p    station    surface p    station    surface p         
number  offset (dbar)   number   offset (dbar)  number   offset (dbar)  number   offset (dbar)     
----------------------  ----------------------  ----------------------  ----------------------
 1 TEST    -1.62         27 SR3     -2.82        53 SR3      -3.55       79 PET     -4.28
 2 TEST    -1.62**       28 SR3     -3.23        54 SR3      -3.53       80 PET     -3.50
 3 SR3     -1.18         29 SR3     -2.93        55 SR3      -3.63       81 PET     -3.67
 4 SR3     -1.34         30 SR3     -2.60        56 SR3      -2.78       82 PET     -3.40
 5 SR3     -1.13         31 SR3     -2.81        57 SR3      -3.91       83 PET     -3.27
 6 SR3     -1.41         32 SR3     -3.27        58 SR3      -4.57       84 PET     -3.86
 7 SR3     -1.41**       33 SR3     -3.03        59 SR3      -3.61       85 PET     -3.78
 8 SR3     -1.72         34 SR3     -3.35        60 SR3      -3.71       86 PET     -3.61
 9 SR3     -1.73**       35 SR3     -3.14        61 SR3      -4.07       87 PET     -3.63
10 SR3     -1.73**       36 SR3     -3.49        62 SR3      -3.88       88 PET     -3.63**
11 SR3     -1.73         37 SR3     -3.45        63 SR3      -5.02       89 PET     -3.05 
12 SR3     -2.44         38 SR3     -3.28        64 SR3      -4.01       90 PET     -3.48 
13 SR3     -1.89         39 SR3     -3.26        65 SR3      -3.64       91 PET     -3.17
14 SR3     -1.89         40 SR3     -2.96        66 SR3      -3.94       92 PET     -3.81
15 SR3     -1.92         41 SR3     -2.85        67 SR3      -4.62       93 PET     -3.55
16 SR3     -1.65         42 SR3     -2.66        68 SR3      -3.63       94 PET     -3.71
17 SR3     -1.90         43 SR3     -3.14        69 SR3      -3.66       95 PET     -3.60**
18 SR3     -1.64         44 SR3     -3.12        70 SR3      -3.80**     96 PET     -3.80**
19 SR3     -2.18         45 SR3     -2.89        71 SR3      -3.78       97 PET     -3.68
20 SR3     -1.90         46 SR3     -2.62        72 SR3      -4.27       98 PET     -3.41
21 SR3     -1.91         47 SR3     -3.00        73 SR3      -3.87       99 PET     -3.06
22 SR3     -2.29         48 SR3     -3.30        74 ULS      -3.27       100 TS     -3.66
23 SR3     -2.29         49 SR3     -2.96        75 ULS      -3.38       101 TS     -3.62
24 SR3     -2.68         50 SR3     -3.20        76 PET      -3.76       102 BPR    -2.50
25 SR3     -2.37         51 SR3     -3.31        77 PET      -3.86         
26 SR3     -2.53         52 SR3     -3.08        78 PET      -3.81      



Table 12: Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files (i.e. *.all files). "1" 
          indicates missing data for the indicated parameters (T=temperature; 
          S=salinity, (T , specific volume anomaly and geopotential anomaly; 
          O=dissolved oxygen; PAR=photosynthetically active radiation; 
          F/PAR=fluorescence and photosynthetically active radiation). Note that 
          jmin is the minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to 
          form the 2 dbar average (Table 8).

stn  pressures (dbar)                      
nbr  where data missing     T S O PAR PAR  F/  reason        
---  ---------------------- - - - --- ---  --------------------------------------
  1  entire profile             1          bad oxygen sensor
  1  62-70, 96-104, 216-218            1   bad digital channel data
  1  232-236, 424-426                  1   bad digital channel data
  1  10, 12, 16                 1          bad digital channel data
  2  entire profile         1 1 1   1      downcast data lost
  3  188 to 212                 1          bad oxygen temperature data
  6  entire profile             1   1      oil drained from oxygen sensor
  8  entire profile             1   1      oil drained from oxygen sensor
  9  entire profile             1   1      oil drained from oxygen sensor
 10  entire profile             1   1      oil drained from oxygen sensor
 18  entire profile             1          no oxygen bottle data for calibration
 20  2-56                       1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 27  entire profile             1          no oxygen bottle data for calibration
 35  entire profile             1          no oxygen bottle data for calibration
 37  186-202                    1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 48  134-164                    1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 49  154                        1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 49  156                    1 1 1          no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
 51  62-200                     1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 54  1402-1434              1 1 1   1      fouling of conductivity cell
 55  274-360                    1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 56  2, 12                      1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 57  entire profile             1          no oxygen bottle data for calibration
 60  54-70                      1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 62  entire profile             1          no oxygen bottle data for calibration
 65  228-256, 298-320           1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 71  42-72                      1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 77  32-76                      1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 81  2-24                       1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 82  2-30                       1          bad oxygen data (deleted)
 82  72-112                 1 1 1   1      fouling of conductivity cell
 89  entire profile             1          no oxygen bottle data for calibration
102  2-12                   1 1 1          bad data (deleted 2-10)
 


Table 13: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. F1 , F2 and F3 are 
          respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction 
          calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration 
          in each station grouping; σ is the standard deviation of the conduc-
          tivity residual for the n samples in the station grouping (eqn A2.19).

   station
   grouping             F1              F2               F3          n    sigma
----------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------------  ---  ---------
001 to 002 SR3     0.36218645E-02  0.96061420E-03  -0.26311155E-06   27  0.000586
003 to 004 SR3    -0.79432793E-02  0.96056305E-03  -0.25317777E-07   26  0.001233
005 to 006 SR3    -0.22839899E-01  0.96087041E-03  -0.71206286E-08   38  0.001247
007 to 009 SR3    -0.26490370E-01  0.96077609E-03   0.21866512E-07   42  0.001213
010 to 014 SR3    -0.25781659E-01  0.96079196E-03   0.10695138E-07   84  0.001266
015 to 016 SR3    -0.29190034E-01  0.96018556E-03   0.63939699E-07   27  0.001195
017 to 019 SR3    -0.33231401E-01  0.96240143E-03  -0.64696331E-07   40  0.001025
020 to 023 SR3    -0.27351840E-01  0.96051767E-03   0.25721478E-07   74  0.001974
024 to 025 SR3    -0.30299213E-01  0.96067744E-03   0.18476654E-07   42  0.001161
026 to 028 SR3    -0.42514665E-01  0.96120679E-03   0.12865039E-07   45  0.001309
029 to 031 SR3    -0.50353096E-01  0.96279223E-03  -0.31623779E-07   49  0.001088
032 to 033 SR3    -0.45130955E-01  0.95878717E-03   0.87353864E-07   43  0.001058
034 to 038 SR3    -0.26467805E-01  0.96070695E-03   0.10383061E-07   93  0.001443
039 to 043 SR3    -0.40217876E-01  0.96192558E-03  -0.93443880E-08   76  0.001547
044 to 048 SR3    -0.25328764E-01  0.96000326E-03   0.21846514E-07  112  0.001417
049 to 051 SR3     0.59190565E-02  0.96019179E-03  -0.28442240E-08   48  0.001926
052 to 054 SR3     0.26730532E-02  0.95881628E-03   0.25804226E-07   51  0.001744
055 to 056 SR3    -0.69062123E-02  0.95954156E-03   0.17440878E-07   42  0.001954
057 to 059 SR3    -0.11119307      0.96722355E-03  -0.58908391E-07   43  0.001861
060 to 063 SR3    -0.66439878E-02  0.95750857E-03   0.49025023E-07   65  0.001911
064 to 073 SR3     0.21312741E-01  0.95976433E-03  -0.20776732E-08   79  0.001890
074 to 088 PET     0.77402498E-01  0.95470654E-03   0.36176548E-07   43  0.001747
089 to 090 PET    -0.80990196E-02  0.95899591E-03   0.17099928E-07   30  0.000962
091 to 095 PET     0.42051964E-01  0.95938559E-03  -0.45634442E-08  100  0.001398
096 to 099 PET     0.53432623E-01  0.95899046E-03  -0.35852866E-08   60  0.001041
100 to 102TS/BPR  -0.48512144E-02  0.95829965E-03   0.21607866E-07   25  0.000738



Table 14: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N), for 
          station number N, and F2 and F3 the conductivity slope and station-
          dependent correction calibration terms respectively.
             
station                   station                  station  
number   (F2 + F3 . N)    number   (F2 + F3 . N)   number   (F2 + F3 . N)
-----------------------   ----------------------   ----------------------
 1 TEST  0.96035109E-03   35 SR3  0.96107036E-03   69 SR3  0.95962097E-03
 2 TEST  0.96008798E-03   36 SR3  0.96108075E-03   70 SR3  0.95961890E-03
 3 SR3   0.96048709E-03   37 SR3  0.96109113E-03   71 SR3  0.95961682E-03
 4 SR3   0.96046177E-03   38 SR3  0.96110151E-03   72 SR3  0.95961474E-03
 5 SR3   0.96083481E-03   39 SR3  0.96156115E-03   73 SR3  0.95961266E-03
 6 SR3   0.96082769E-03   40 SR3  0.96155181E-03   74 ULS  0.95738360E-03
 7 SR3   0.96092915E-03   41 SR3  0.96154246E-03   75 ULS  0.95741978E-03
 8 SR3   0.96095102E-03   42 SR3  0.96153312E-03   76 PET  0.95745596E-03
 9 SR3   0.96097289E-03   43 SR3  0.96152377E-03   77 PET  0.95749213E-03
10 SR3   0.96089892E-03   44 SR3  0.96096450E-03   78 PET  0.95752831E-03
11 SR3   0.96090961E-03   45 SR3  0.96098635E-03   79 PET  0.95756449E-03
12 SR3   0.96092031E-03   46 SR3  0.96100820E-03   80 PET  0.95760066E-03
13 SR3   0.96093100E-03   47 SR3  0.96103004E-03   81 PET  0.95763684E-03
14 SR3   0.96094170E-03   48 SR3  0.96105189E-03   82 PET  0.95767302E-03
15 SR3   0.96114466E-03   49 SR3  0.96005242E-03   83 PET  0.95770919E-03
16 SR3   0.96120860E-03   50 SR3  0.96004958E-03   84 PET  0.95774537E-03
17 SR3   0.96130159E-03   51 SR3  0.96004673E-03   85 PET  0.95778155E-03
18 SR3   0.96123689E-03   52 SR3  0.96015810E-03   86 PET  0.95781772E-03
19 SR3   0.96117220E-03   53 SR3  0.96018391E-03   87 PET  0.95785390E-03
20 SR3   0.96103210E-03   54 SR3  0.96020971E-03   88 PET  0.95789008E-03
21 SR3   0.96105782E-03   55 SR3  0.96050081E-03   89 PET  0.96051780E-03
22 SR3   0.96108354E-03   56 SR3  0.96051825E-03   90 PET  0.96053490E-03
23 SR3   0.96110926E-03   57 SR3  0.96386578E-03   91 PET  0.95897032E-03
24 SR3   0.96112088E-03   58 SR3  0.96380687E-03   92 PET  0.95896576E-03
25 SR3   0.96113935E-03   59 SR3  0.96374796E-03   93 PET  0.95896119E-03
26 SR3   0.96154128E-03   60 SR3  0.96045007E-03   94 PET  0.95895663E-03
27 SR3   0.96155415E-03   61 SR3  0.96049909E-03   95 PET  0.95895207E-03
28 SR3   0.96156701E-03   62 SR3  0.96054812E-03   96 PET  0.95864627E-03
29 SR3   0.96187514E-03   63 SR3  0.96059714E-03   97 PET  0.95864269E-03
30 SR3   0.96184352E-03   64 SR3  0.95963136E-03   98 PET  0.95863910E-03
31 SR3   0.96181190E-03   65 SR3  0.95962928E-03   99 PET  0.95863551E-03
32 SR3   0.96158250E-03   66 SR3  0.95962721E-03  100 TS   0.96046044E-03
33 SR3   0.96166985E-03   67 SR3  0.95962513E-03  101 TS   0.96048204E-03
34 SR3   0.96105998E-03   68 SR3  0.95962305E-03  102 BPR  0.96050365E-03



Table 15:  CTD raw data scans, mostly in the vicinity of artificial density 
           inversions, flagged for special treatment. Note that the pressure 
           listed is approximate only; possible actions taken are either to 
           ignore the raw data scans for all further calculations, or to apply 
           a linear interpolation over the region of the bad data scans. Causes
           of bad data, listed in the last column, are detailed in Appendix 2 
           (section A2.11.1). For the raw scan number ranges, the lowest and 
           highest scans numbers are not included in the ignore or interpolate 
           actions.

         approximate         
station  pressure    raw scan                             action  
number   (dbar)      numbers                              taken          reason
-------  ----------  -----------------------------------  ------  ---------------------
 1 TEST  16; 54; 54  6675-6688; 9873-9898; 9951-9958      ignore  bad press. temp. data 
 1 TEST  54; 62; 68  10791-10798;11889-11896;11967-11974  ignore  bad press. temp. data
 1 TEST  95;102;206  13059-13090;13329-13372;18657-18688  ignore  bad press. temp. data
 1 TEST  209;214;215 18849-18874;19263-19270;19287-19318  ignore  bad press. temp. data
 1 TEST  233; 424    20385-20452; 27864-27931             ignore  bad press. temp. data
 7  SR3  0; 1        1225-1250; 1261-1382                 ignore  bad press. temp. data
 8  SR3  1164        65925-66036                          ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 26 SR3  812         61152-61281                          ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 39 SR3  16          2154-2159                            ignore  wake effect
 49 SR3  155         9707-9884                            ignore  wake effect
 50 SR3  29          2415-2633                            ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 54 SR3  1397-1433   73257-74347                          ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 56 SR3  63          13483-13639                          ignore  wake effect
 56 SR3  731         50347-50470                          ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 59 SR3  65; 73      7065-7073; 7425-7431                 ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 70 SR3  0           1-5000                               ignore  seawater in sensor cap
 76 PET  72; 93; 97  5789-5791; 7548-7550; 7780-7783      ignore  suspect pressure value
 82 PET  70-113      4552-7156                            ignore  fouling of cond. cell
 87 PET  61          3845-3847                            ignore  suspect pressure value
102 BPR  0-50        1838-15394                           ignore  preliminary dip to 50 dbar



Table 16: Suspect 2 dbar averages.

station   suspect 2 dbar values (dbar)    
number       bad       questionable     reason
--------  ----------------------------  --------------------------------------------------
Suspect salinity values
30 SR3        -        76               salinity spike in steep local gradient
30 SR3        78       -                salinity spike in steep local gradient
31 SR3        -        80               salinity spike in steep local gradient
32 SR3        -        58-62            salinity spike in steep local gradient
33 SR3        -        44-50; 72-74     salinity spike in steep local gradient
34 SR3        -        36               salinity spike in steep local gradient
39 SR3        -        16-20            salinity spike in steep local gradient
40 SR3        -        8; 18-20         salinity spike in steep local gradient
41 SR3        -        14; 104          salinity spike in steep local gradient
42 SR3        -        16               salinity spike in steep local gradient
43 SR3        -        34-40            salinity spike in steep local gradient
44 SR3        -        18               salinity spike in steep local gradient
45 SR3        -        30-34            salinity spike in steep local gradient
56 SR3        -        60               salinity spike in steep local gradient
56 SR3        62       -                salinity spike in steep local gradient
94 PET        -        36               salinity spike in steep local gradient  

Suspect dissolved oxygen values
31 SR3        -        76-282           no nearby oxygen bottles to confirm values



Table 17a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to all 
           parameters other than dissolved oxygen, except where noted). Note 
           that for station 102, suspect near surface values have been deleted 
           from the data.

        suspect 2 dbar                                 suspect 2 dbar
station   values (dbar)                      station     values (dbar)
number  bad  questionable  comment           number     bad  questionable  comment 
-----------------------------------------    --------------------------------------------
 6 SR3   -       2-20      temperature ok     71 SR3     -       2-4       temperature ok
11 SR3   -       2                            73 SR3     -       2-4       temperature ok
23 SR3   -       2                            74 ULS     -       2-4       temperature ok
26 SR3   -       2                            76 PET     2-20      
30 SR3   -       2-4       temperature ok     77 PET     -       2         temperature ok
48 SR3   -       2         temperature ok     78 PET     -       2         temperature ok
49 SR3   -       2                            80 PET     -       2         temperature ok
52 SR3   -       2         temperature ok     82 PET     -       2-4       temperature ok
54 SR3   -       2         temperature ok     83 PET     -       2         temperature ok
60 SR3   -       2-4       temperature ok     86 PET     -       2         temperature ok
61 SR3   -       2-4       temperature ok     87 PET     -       2         temperature ok
63 SR3   -       2         temperature ok     91 PET     -       2         temperature ok
64 SR3   -       2-4       temperature ok     98 PET     -       2         temperature ok
66 SR3   -       2         temperature ok     99 PET     -       2         temperature ok
68 SR3   -       2         temperature ok    102 BPR     2-10(deleted)  



Table 17b:  Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface.

         suspect dissolved oxygen            suspect dissolved oxygen
station    2 dbar values (dbar)      station    2 dbar values (dbar)
number   bad         questionable    number   bad         questionable
---------------------------------    ---------------------------------
 3 SR3    -             2-10         50 SR3    -             2-14
 5 SR3    -             2-6          54 SR3    -             2-6
14 SR3    -             2-12         56 SR3    -             4
15 SR3    -             2-10         66 SR3    -             2     
17 SR3    -             2-10         67 SR3    -             2
19 SR3    -             2            71 SR3    -             2
21 SR3    -             2-10         72 SR3    -             2
22 SR3    -             2-10         73 SR3    -             2-12
24 SR3    -             2-18         77 PET    -             2-12
26 SR3    -             2-6          86 PET    -             2-12
33 SR3    -             2-6          94 PET    -             2-10
40 SR3    -             2-6          99 PET    -             2-14
41 SR3    -             2-12        100 TS     -             2-18
44 SR3    -             2-10        102 BPR    2-10(deleted) 14-16
     
     



Table 18: 2 dbar averages interpolated from surrounding 2 dbar values, for the 
          indicated parameters (T=temperature; S=salinity, (T , specific volume 
          anomaly and geopotential anomaly; O=dissolved oxygen; PAR=
          photosynthetically active radiation; F=fluorescence).

station  interpolated 2 dbar  parameters     station  interpolated 2 dbar  parameters  
number      values (dbar)     interpolated   number      values (dbar)     interpolated  
------------------------------------------   ------------------------------------------ 
 1 TEST  102;216;234          T,S,O,PAR,F            
 8 SR3   1164-1168            S              60 SR3   3486                 T,S,O,PAR  
14 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR            
23 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR      65 SR3   56-58    O
25 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR            
26 SR3   812-814              T,S,O,PAR      66 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR
28 SR3   3486                 T,S,O,PAR            
29 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR      71 SR3   288                  T,S,O,PAR
31 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR            
34 SR3   2158                 T,S,O,PAR            
47 SR3   1726                 T,S,O,PAR            
48 SR3   3486                 T,S,O,PAR            
49 SR3   156                  PAR            85 PET   3486                 T,S,O,PAR
50 SR3   1126-1130;1134       T,S,O,PAR      87 PET   1726;3266;3486       T,S,O,PAR
51 SR3   2380;3486            T,S,O,PAR      88 PET   1726                 T,S,O,PAR
53 SR3   1726;3486;4370       T,S,O,PAR      90 PET   1726                 T,S,O,PAR
                                             92 PET   474                  T,S,O,PAR
54 SR3   3486                 T,S,O,PAR      93 PET   454-456              T,S,O,PAR
55 SR3   2270                 T,S,O,PAR      94 PET   1726                 T,S,O,PAR
                                            101 PET   3222;3486;3838       T,S,O,PAR
56 SR3   732                  T,S,O,PAR           
                                            102 BPR   12                   PAR
59 SR3   3486                 T,S,O,PAR  



Table 19: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 and 
          K6 are respectively oxygen current slope, oxygen sensor time constant, 
          oxygen current bias, temperature correction term, weighting factor, 
          and pressure correction term. dox is equal to 2.8σ (for σ defined as 
          in eqn A2.24, Appendix 2); n is the number of samples retained for 
          calibration in each station or station grouping.

station   
number    K1      K2       K3        K4          K5        K6          dox    n
------  ------  ------  ------  ------------  -------  ------------  -------  --
  1       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
  2       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
  3     4.6380  6.0000  -0.499  -0.35246E-01  0.85692   0.19557E-03  0.09458  15
  4     5.7430  6.0000  -0.694  -0.45441E-01  0.63331   0.49313E-04  0.19995  17
  5     5.2373  7.0000  -0.662  -0.42852E-01  0.98652   0.16922E-03  0.17248  19
  6       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
  7     4.1457  8.5000   0.089  -0.44330E-01  0.52732  -0.40804E-03  0.18887   4
  8       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
  9       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 10       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 11     2.3532  8.0000   0.189  -0.33572E-01  1.80280   0.24611E-03  0.13388   6
 12     6.1765  9.0000  -0.732  -0.63687E-01  1.07130   0.13644E-03  0.19449  20
 13     6.0734  7.0000  -0.754  -0.31820E-01  0.65404   0.14486E-03  0.17334  18
 14     5.9180  7.0000  -0.726  -0.28478E-01  0.74514   0.14197E-03  0.13436  21
 15     6.5298  7.0000  -0.839  -0.48408E-01  0.85422   0.16013E-03  0.16797  20
 16     2.7427  6.0000   0.172  -0.10445E-01  0.82533   0.22646E-05  0.22420   6
 17     6.9610  6.0000  -0.903  -0.40488E-01  0.35658   0.14081E-03  0.14863  23
 18       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 19     6.5143  7.0000  -0.816  -0.40945E-01  0.66320   0.14422E-03  0.17335  21
 20     6.0785  8.0000  -0.734  -0.41127E-01  0.99372   0.14462E-03  0.21642  22
 21     3.6227  7.0000   0.074  -0.35112E-01  0.53569   0.45722E-03  0.25442   5
 22     6.3627  6.0000  -0.800  -0.37144E-01  0.74879   0.15083E-03  0.18242  24
 23     4.5865  7.0000  -0.489  -0.20154E-01  0.85461   0.12940E-03  0.20779  21
 24     6.7039  6.0000  -0.925  -0.32788E-01  0.10467   0.16169E-03  0.16233  20
 25     6.3919  7.0000  -0.843  -0.33998E-01  0.09458   0.14892E-03  0.17711  24
 26     6.5035  7.0000  -0.825  -0.43069E-01  0.05608   0.12397E-03  0.22038  23
 27       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 28     5.3339  8.0000  -0.605  -0.22513E-01  0.96866   0.12891E-03  0.13132  24
 29     6.6119  7.0000  -0.824  -0.57820E-01  0.91699   0.13465E-03  0.15826  23
 30     3.4514  8.0000   0.015  -0.31230E-01  0.98815   0.11837E-03  0.01867   4
 31     6.6362  7.0000  -0.840  -0.41346E-01  0.09029   0.11522E-03  0.17252  23
 32     6.3479  7.0000  -0.800  -0.51777E-01  0.79205   0.15087E-03  0.15665  24
 33     6.4601  7.0000  -0.787  -0.54719E-01  0.63788   0.11984E-03  0.14759  20
 34     6.3667  8.0000  -0.800  -0.46579E-01  0.75000   0.14241E-03  0.14771  24
 35       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 36     6.4085  8.0000  -0.797  -0.49059E-01  0.68932   0.12963E-03  0.15741  24
 37     6.3854  7.0000  -0.794  -0.52244E-01  0.65159   0.13701E-03  0.14836  23
 38     6.0999  8.0000  -0.800  -0.14073E-01  0.48763   0.16022E-03  0.21646  24
 39     4.5162  8.0000  -0.300  -0.36802E-01  1.85790   0.77629E-03  0.18002   5
 40     6.8948  6.0000  -0.848  -0.79608E-01  0.66005   0.11927E-03  0.15073  23
 41     6.1060  7.0000  -0.731  -0.39274E-01  0.62488   0.12322E-03  0.19740  24
 42     6.1393  8.0000  -0.733  -0.59422E-01  0.20872   0.11615E-03  0.22714  19
 43     5.8006  6.0000  -0.689  -0.39875E-01  0.99597   0.51551E-03  0.01830   6
 44     6.1588  7.0000  -0.752  -0.35296E-01  0.09952   0.11839E-03  0.13997  23
 45     6.3478  7.0000  -0.764  -0.66340E-01  0.33186   0.11850E-03  0.19849  22
 46     5.9345  7.0000  -0.669  -0.59129E-01  0.48042   0.10859E-03  0.21122  20
 47     5.9509  7.0000  -0.699  -0.39938E-01  0.18616   0.11603E-03  0.14874  23
 48     6.2069  9.0000  -0.718  -0.86073E-01  0.38118   0.11437E-03  0.21979  23
 49     5.1940  7.0000  -0.445  -0.51910E-01  0.22550  -0.35579E-03  0.07725   6
 50     6.2883  7.0000  -0.763  -0.44615E-01  1.42890   0.14517E-03  0.10690  24
 51     6.2979  8.0000  -0.716  -0.10704E+00  0.35117   0.10695E-03  0.23228  20
 52     5.9395  8.0000  -0.681  -0.37050E-01  0.91636   0.50784E-03  0.06294   6
 53     6.1534  7.0000  -0.759  -0.29688E-01  0.67398   0.13619E-03  0.16369  24
 54     4.8639  7.0000  -0.400  -0.10146E+00  0.23846   0.73753E-04  0.24248  21
 55     6.3252  8.0000  -0.800  -0.32462E-01  0.61883   0.13900E-03  0.18171  23
 56     6.1977  8.0000  -0.800  -0.12419E-01  0.83712   0.15614E-03  0.13539  24
 57       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 58     6.2700  9.0000  -0.750  -0.49034E-01  0.99695   0.13949E-03  0.21450  23
 59     6.4541  7.0000  -0.806  -0.32198E-01  0.64776   0.13141E-03  0.17712  24
 60     6.7973  7.0000  -0.898  -0.24175E-01  0.81216   0.15090E-03  0.18743  23
 61     6.6318  8.0000  -0.778  -0.77340E-01  0.72495   0.11865E-03  0.20031  24
 62       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 63     6.3574  7.0000  -0.694  -0.80017E-01  0.73133   0.10015E-03  0.19322  23
 64     7.2582  7.0000  -0.832  -0.13165E+00  0.75470   0.10743E-03  0.22842  23
 65     6.9347  7.0000  -0.807  -0.11184E+00  0.74299   0.12646E-03  0.28536  21
 66     6.4475  8.0000  -0.699  -0.11351E+00  0.57400   0.10346E-03  0.17570  19
 67     6.2322  7.0000  -0.526  -0.15564E+00  0.73666   0.92372E-04  0.20346  18
 68     4.3597  8.0000  -0.271  -0.59517E-01  0.11228   0.49944E-04  0.18126  10
 69     5.0115  8.0000  -0.542   0.16156E+00  0.53560   0.29590E-03  0.33524   9
 70     5.2768  8.0000  -0.370  -0.11754E+00  0.76528   0.31268E-03  0.24593   5
 71     7.0209  8.0000  -0.748  -0.11598E+00  0.71450   0.11669E-03  0.18306  11
 72     6.2069  7.0000  -0.688  -0.10458E+00  0.32446   0.11254E-03  0.21289  12
 73     6.7986  8.0000  -0.778  -0.33701E-01  0.98052   0.19701E-03  0.09915   7
 74     5.4635  6.0000  -0.389  -0.62671E-01  0.90499   0.30995E-04  0.16128  10
 75     6.4537  8.0000  -0.756  -0.35922E-01  0.19910   0.12203E-03  0.19733  22
 76     7.1131  8.0000  -0.719  -0.38633E-01  1.44620   0.14820E-03  0.18317  11
 77     3.9327  8.0000  -0.138  -0.14997E+00  0.37492   0.75369E-04  0.20512  10
 78     5.7709  8.0000  -0.495  -0.75655E-01  0.70279   0.32271E-03  0.21500   9
 79     7.2419  7.0000  -0.714  -0.14947E+00  0.73222   0.52000E-04  0.16924  15
 80     6.7614  8.0000  -0.712  -0.97309E-01  0.57134   0.73130E-04  0.17648  20
 81     8.2262  7.0000  -0.951  -0.14529E+00  0.78983   0.10095E-03  0.24020  22
 82     2.5566  8.0000   0.162  -0.12975E+00  0.22082   0.19988E-04  0.30134  23
 83     6.4409  7.0000  -0.669  -0.28786E-01  0.76568   0.20110E-03  0.12518  10
 84     7.6570  7.0000  -0.846  -0.13857E+00  0.74234   0.10002E-03  0.19037  23
 85     6.7930  9.0000  -0.712  -0.92281E-01  0.78289   0.96905E-04  0.22427  22
86-87   6.3847  7.0000  -0.715  -0.51692E-01  0.76584   0.12598E-03  0.13637  32
 88     6.6636  8.0000  -0.798  -0.34515E-01  0.04419   0.11580E-03  0.19381  24
 89       -       -        -         -           -          -           -     -
 90     7.0042  8.0000  -0.871  -0.37846E-01  0.07843   0.12325E-03  0.07300  24
 91     6.1781  8.0000  -0.627  -0.91690E-01  0.06101   0.75328E-04  0.24590  23
 92     6.9241  7.0000  -0.855  -0.34158E-01  0.29276   0.13071E-03  0.15088  24
 93     6.2057  7.0000  -0.707  -0.35806E-01  0.13871   0.11699E-03  0.15338  24
 94     7.5742  6.0000  -0.993  -0.35650E-01  0.54185   0.14447E-03  0.17418  18
 95     7.0757  6.0000  -0.893  -0.32040E-01  0.80723   0.14461E-03  0.17630  23
 96     6.8257  7.0000  -0.831  -0.33619E-01  0.90412   0.12997E-03  0.22452  24
 97     6.2544  6.0000  -0.707  -0.38825E-01  0.07702   0.11080E-03  0.20367  17
 98     6.2725  6.0000  -0.712  -0.36046E-01  0.34643   0.11232E-03  0.17540  17
 99     7.6084  9.0000  -0.972  -0.46474E-01  0.99575   0.14924E-03  0.21023  16
100     6.3074  8.0000  -0.747  -0.44495E-01  0.29023   0.14280E-03  0.24388  10
101     6.8670  8.0000  -0.872  -0.26029E-01  0.87188   0.14902E-03  0.13024  21
102     6.0076  5.0000  -0.548  -0.10098E-01  0.89303   0.30454E-05  0.35115  22



Table 20: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients 
          prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration (sections 
          A2.12.1 and A2.12.3). Note that coefficients not varied during 
          iteration are held constant at the starting value.

Station                                                           coefficients
number     K1      K2      K3       K4        K5      K6             varied
------  ------  ------  ------  ----------  -----  ----------   -----------------
  1        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
  2        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
  3     4.6000  6.0000  -0.500  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
  4     5.7000  6.0000  -0.700  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
  5     5.0500  7.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.900  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
  6        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
  7     4.2500  8.5000   0.020  -0.360E-01  0.700  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
  8        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
  9        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 10        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 11     2.3000  8.0000   0.190  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 12     6.1000  9.0000  -0.750  -0.750E-01  0.900  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 13     6.5000  7.0000  -0.600  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 14     5.9000  7.0000  -0.710  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 15     6.2000  7.0000  -0.850  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 16     2.6000  6.0000   0.180  -0.110E-01  0.650  0.80000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 17     6.9000  6.0000  -0.900  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 18        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 19     6.5000  7.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 20     5.9000  8.0000  -0.760  -0.500E-01  0.650  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 21     3.3300  7.0000   0.000  -0.370E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 22     6.3000  6.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 23     4.5000  7.0000  -0.500  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 24     6.8000  6.0000  -0.920  -0.300E-01  0.900  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 25     6.2000  7.0000  -0.880  -0.420E-01  0.700  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 26     6.4000  7.0000  -0.820  -0.360E-01  0.800  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 27        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 28     5.2000  8.0000  -0.630  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 29     6.5000  7.0000  -0.810  -0.500E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 30     3.4000  8.0000   0.000  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 31     6.5900  7.0000  -0.810  -0.420E-01  0.950  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 32     2.2800  7.0000  -0.800  -0.480E-01  0.800  0.15000E-03   K1     K4 K5 K6
 33     6.4000  7.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 34     6.3000  8.0000  -0.800  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1     K4    K6
 35        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 36     6.3300  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 37     6.3000  7.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.740  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 38     6.1500  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 39     4.3200  8.0000  -0.400  -0.360E-01  0.950  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 40     6.8000  6.0000  -0.880  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 41     5.9000  7.0000  -0.710  -0.370E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 42     5.9500  8.0000  -0.720  -0.360E-01  0.200  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 43     5.8000  6.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 44     6.1000  7.0000  -0.750  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 45     6.1500  7.0000  -0.800  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 46     5.8000  7.0000  -0.700  -0.400E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 47     5.8200  7.0000  -0.700  -0.380E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 48     6.3000  9.0000  -0.780  -0.700E-01  0.600  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 49     5.1000  7.0000  -0.450  -0.500E-01  0.350  0.10000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 50     6.2000  7.0000  -0.790  -0.500E-01  0.900  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 51     6.6000  8.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 52     5.9000  8.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 53     6.1000  7.0000  -0.750  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6    
 54     4.1000  7.0000  -0.400  -0.360E-01  0.600  0.15000E-03   K1     K4 K5 K6
 55     6.4000  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1     K4 K5 K6
 56     6.5000  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1     K4 K5 K6
 57        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 58     6.7000  9.0000  -0.750  -0.110E+00  0.900  0.15000E-03   K1     K4 K5 K6
 59     6.4000  7.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 60     6.9500  7.0000  -0.850  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 61     6.5500  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 62        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 63     6.1500  7.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 64     7.2000  7.0000  -0.890  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 65     6.9000  7.0000  -0.860  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 66     5.9700  8.0000  -0.750  -0.420E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 67     6.0300  7.0000  -0.580  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6  
 68     4.1300  8.0000  -0.300  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 69     4.7400  8.0000  -0.600  -0.360E-01  0.740  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 70     5.3800  8.0000  -0.400  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 71     6.7400  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 72     5.9600  7.0000  -0.850  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 73     6.7000  8.0000  -0.820  -0.360E-01  0.660  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 74     5.5000  6.0000  -0.350  -0.500E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 75     6.3900  8.0000  -0.740  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 76     7.2000  8.0000  -0.700  -0.350E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 77     4.0700  8.0000  -0.350  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 78     5.3600  8.0000  -0.660  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 79     6.3100  7.0000  -0.750  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 80     5.7700  8.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 81     6.4800  7.0000  -0.900  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 82     5.8400  8.0000  -0.790  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 83     6.4000  7.0000  -0.650  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 84     7.4000  7.0000  -0.880  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 85     6.7000  9.0000  -0.750  -0.360E-01  0.770  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
86-87   6.4000  7.0000  -0.730  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 88     6.6500  8.0000  -0.800  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 89        -       -       -        -         -        -               -
 90     6.9000  8.0000  -0.900  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 91     6.5000  8.0000  -0.550  -0.400E-01  0.700  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 92     7.4000  7.0000  -0.730  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 93     6.3000  7.0000  -0.680  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 94     7.7000  6.0000  -0.910  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 95     7.0000  6.0000  -0.900  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 96     6.7000  7.0000  -0.870  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 97     6.6000  6.0000  -0.600  -0.360E-01  0.850  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 98     6.3000  6.0000  -0.700  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
 99     7.7000  9.0000  -0.920  -0.450E-01  0.800  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
100     6.2000  8.0000  -0.630  -0.400E-01  0.650  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
101     7.3000  8.0000  -0.750  -0.360E-01  0.750  0.15000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6
102     5.8000  5.0000  -0.450  -0.750E-01  0.900  0.20000E-03   K1  K3 K4 K5 K6



Table 21: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not deleted 
          from hydrology data file).  

                              station  rosette    
                              number   position    
                              -------  --------    
                                 6       16    


Table 22: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file).    

               PHOSPHATE            NITRATE              SILICATE
           station   rosette    station   rosette    station   rosette    
           number    position   number    position   number    position     
           ------------------   ------------------   ------------------
             4         23
                                                        5        2
             6          2  
                                                        8        8
                                                       10        4
            14          8         14      8,9
                                                       22        3,8
            24          8         24        8          24        4,8
                                                       25        2
            31         10         31       10          31        10
                                                       32        4
                                                       37        3
                                                       38        5
            41         10         41       10
                                                       42        3
                                                       46        1
                                                       54        5,7
                                  55        9
                                                       60        7
                                                       61        4,7
                                  66       19          66        12,14
                                  67        6          67        6
                                  68        5          68        5
                                  73        3
            75          4         75        4
                                  87        4
  


Table 23: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses, used for 
          conversion to gravimetric units for WOCE format data (Appendix 7). The 
          lower temperatures for stations 6 to 11, and station 16, were due to 
          malfunction of the laboratory air-conditioning system.

            stn    Tl   stn     Tl   stn     Tl   stn     Tl  stn     Tl         
            no.  (°C)   no.   (°C)   no.    (°C)   no.   (°C)  no.   (°C)       
          -----------  -----------  -----------  ----------- ------------

           1 TEST  -   22 SR3 22.5  43 SR3 22.5  64 SR3 22.0  85 PET 23.0    
           2 TEST  -   23 SR3 22.5  44 SR3 23.5  65 SR3 22.0  86 PET 22.0    
           3 SR3 22.0  24 SR3 21.5  45 SR3 21.0  66 SR3 22.0  87 PET 22.0    
           4 SR3 22.0  25 SR3 22.5  46 SR3 24.5  67 SR3 22.0  88 PET 22.0    
           5 SR3 22.0  26 SR3 22.5  47 SR3 22.0  68 SR3 22.0  89 PET 22.0    
           6 SR3 20.0  27 SR3    -  48 SR3 22.5  69 SR3 22.5  90 PET 22.0    
           7 SR3 20.0  28 SR3 22.5  49 SR3 23.0  70 SR3 22.5  91 PET 23.0    
           8 SR3 20.0  29 SR3 22.5  50 SR3 23.0  71 SR3 22.3  92 PET 20.5  
           9 SR3 18.0  30 SR3 22.5  51 SR3 23.0  72 SR3 22.3  93 PET 22.0  
          10 SR3 18.0  31 SR3 22.5  52 SR3 23.0  73 SR3 22.3  94 PET 23.5  
          11 SR3 20.0  32 SR3 22.5  53 SR3 23.0  74 ULS 23.5  95 PET 23.0  
          12 SR3 22.5  33 SR3 23.5  54 SR3 23.0  75 ULS 23.5  96 PET 23.0  
          13 SR3 22.5  34 SR3 23.5  55 SR3 23.0  76 PET 20.5  97 PET 23.0  
          14 SR3 22.5  35 SR3    -  56 SR3 23.0  77 PET 20.5  98 PET 23.0  
          15 SR3 23.0  36 SR3 24.5  57 SR3    -  78 PET 20.5  99 PET 23.0  
          16 SR3 20.0  37 SR3 22.5  58 SR3 22.5  79 PET 21.0  100 TS 23.0  
          17 SR3 24.0  38 SR3 22.0  59 SR3 23.0  80 PET 22.0  101 TS 23.5  
          18 SR3    -  39 SR3 22.5  60 SR3 23.5  81 PET 22.0  102 BPR  -
          19 SR3 24.0  40 SR3 20.5  61 SR3 22.5  82 PET 22.0  
          20 SR3 23.5  41 SR3 22.5  62 SR3    -  83 PET 22.0  
          21 SR3 22.5  42 SR3 23.0  63 SR3 22.5  84 PET 23.0  
 



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to the 
crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. The work was supported by the Department of 
Environment, Sport and Territories through the CSIRO Climate Change Research 
Program, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, and the Australian Antarctic 
Division.


REFERENCES

Bush, G., 1994. Deployment of upward looking sonar buoys. Centre for Marine Science 
    and Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, Report No. 
    C94-4 (unpublished).

Dickson, B.R., 1993. RRS Discovery Cruise 200: the Deployment Phase of the Antarctic 
    Deep Outflow Experiment (ADOX-I). In Sigma, the UK WOCE Newsletter, Issue No. 
    10, July 1993 (David Cotton and Louise Fuger editors), James Rennell Centre, Southampton.

Gordon, L.I., Jennings, J.C. Jr., Ross, A.A., and Krest, J.M., 1993. A Suggested 
    Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients (Phosphate, 
    Nitrate, Nitrite and Silicic Acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the 
    Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. Oregon State University College of Oceanic and
    Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon. Technical Report No. 93-1. 51 pp.

Millard, R.C., 1991. CTD Oxygen Calibration Procedure - in WOCE Operations Manual, 1991. 
    WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, WOCE Report No. 68/91, Woods Hole, Mass., USA.

Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods used at Woods
    Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical 
    Report No. 93-44. 96 pp.

Millard, R., Bond, G. and Toole, J., 1993. Implementation of a titanium strain gauge
    pressure transducer for CTD applications. Deep-Sea Research I, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp1009-1021.

Rintoul, S.R. and Bullister, J.L. (in preparation). A late winter section between 
    Tasmania and Antarctica: Circulation, transport and water mass formation.

Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R. and Rintoul, S., 1995. Aurora Australis marine science 
    cruise AU9309/AU9391 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis. Antarctic
    Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 2, March 1995. 103 pp.

Ryan, T., 1995. Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation aboard the RSV
    Aurora Australis.. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished manuscript, second 
    edition, April 1995.

Speer, K.G. and Forbes, A., 1994. A deep western boundary current in the South Indian
    Basin. Deep-Sea Research I, Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 1289-1303. 



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 1  CTD Instrument Calibrations



Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients and calibration dates for CTD serial 
            number 2568 (unit no. 6) used during RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9407. Note 
            that an additional pressure bias term due to the station dependent surface 
            pressure offset exists for each station (eqn A2.1, Appendix 2). Also note that 
            platinum temperature calibrations are for the ITS-90 scale.


  coefficient  value of coefficient

pressure calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqn A2.1, Appendix 2)
CSIRO Calibration Facility - 13/09/1994
  pcal0    -3.825752e+01  
  pcal1     1.075168e-01  
  pcal2    -9.623422e-10  
  pcal3     1.921987e-14  


platinum temperature calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqn A2.4, Appendix 2)
General Oceanics - July 1993
  Tcal0     2.146878e-01  
  Tcal1     5.011125e-04  
  Tcal2    -1.881981e-12


pressure temperature calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqn A2.3, Appendix 2)
General Oceanics - July 1993
  Tpcal0     6.059389e+01
  Tpcal1    -1.703108e-03
  Tpcal2    -3.010541e-09
  Tpcal3     0.000000


coefficients for temperature correction to pressure (after terminology of eqn A2.2, Appendix 2)
General Oceanics - July 1993
  T0     21.65 (laboratory temperature for CSIRO pressure sensor 
calibration)
  S1    -3.5198e-06
  S2    -2.3380e-01


preliminary polynomial coefficients applied to fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically 
active radiation (par) raw digitiser counts (supplied by manufacturer)
  f0    -2.699918e+01
  f1     8.239746e-04
  f2    -2.071294e-24

  par0    -4.499860e+02
  par1     1.373000e-02
  par2    -3.452000e-21



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 2  CTD and Hydrology Data Processing and Calibration Techniques



ABSTRACT

Complete details are presented of the calibration and data processing techniques 
used to generate calibrated and quality controlled CTD 2 dbar-averaged data, and 
hydrology data. Attention is given to the order in which the various 
calculations and corrections are applied, as any variation will affect the final 
data values produced.


A2.1  INTRODUCTION

This Appendix details the data processing and calibration techniques employed in 
the production of the final CTD data set on shore. Logging of the data at sea is 
discussed in the main text. The different sections in this Appendix, and the 
description within each section, are ordered to match the steps in the data 
processing flow. Most of the data processing software is written in FORTRAN.

Data sets for different cruises may vary in the specifications of the CTD 
(Tables 7 and 8 in the main text), and in the parameters generated. The 
generality of this description is retained so that it will be applicable to 
future data sets. Thus, the processing of a CTD raw data stream which includes 
pressure, temperature, conductivity, pressure temperature, oxygen current, 
oxygen temperature, and additional digitiser channels (e.g. fluorescence, 
photosynthetically active radiation, etc.) (Table 8) is detailed here. For 
future cruise data sets, any variation in the processing and calibration 
techniques described here will be detailed in the data report attached to the 
data set.


Changes to calibration techniques from previous cruise

Note that this Appendix is for the most part reproduced from Rosenberg et al. 
(1995). Several changes to the calibration techniques from the previous cruise 
have however occurred, and these changes are incorporated into the text and 
equations of this Appendix. The changes are summarised as follows:

1.  Two pressure bias terms are applied in the pressure calibration (eqn A2.1) - 
    the surface pressure offset term poff , which varies for each station; and 
    the pressure offset calibration coefficient pcal0, derived from calibration 
    of the pressure sensor (Appendix 1), which applies to the entire cruise 
    (these two terms were previously incorporated into a single station varying 
    coefficient). Calibrated pressure values (including application of the 
    pressure temperature correction) are used in the determination of poff values 
    (section A2.6.1) (uncalibrated pressures were used previously).

2.  The same set of pressure calibration coefficients (eqn A2.1) now apply to 
    both downcast and upcast data (section A2.6.2). These coefficients are 
    applied to the pressure in raw digitiser counts.

3.  The pressure sensor calibration (eqn A2.1) is no longer to the fifth order 
    (third order only for this cruise).
 
4.  A new correction is made to pressure data for the temperature at the pressure 
    sensor (eqns A2.2 and A2.3).
 
5.  The temperature calibration is now second order (eqn A2.4), and the 
    calibration coefficients are applied to the temperature in raw digitiser 
    counts.
 
6.  In the conductivity cell deformation correction (eqn A2.7), the standard 
    temperature and pressure values subtracted from T and p respectively have new 
    values.

7.  The temperature sensor time constant tauT used in sensor lagging corrections 
    (section A2.7.2) has a value of 0.205 (was set to 0.175 previously).
 
8.  Problems with one of the additional digital channels (e.g. oxygen current) 
    can result in bad pressure temperature data, which in turn yield bad pressure 
    values (section A2.11.1). In such cases, pressure data must be reconstructed 
    using pressure temperature profiles from other stations.

9.  In determining an approximate time base for calculation of the oxygen current 
    derivative with respect to time, the denominators in eqn A2.23 have new 
    values (they are set according to the data recording frequency of the CTD).
    
10. When calculating the variance of the dissolved oxygen residuals (obtl - 
    ocal) in eqn A2.24, the denominator is now (n-1) (was previously n) - this 
    follows the strict definition of a variance.
    

A2.2  DATA FILE TYPES

The various data files used throughout the data calibration procedure on shore 
(and produced by it) are outlined below. A complete description of final 
calibrated data files is given in Appendix 4.


A2.2.1  CTD data files

Throughout this report, three types of CTD file are referred to: 

(i)   raw CTD files, which contain the complete CTD data prior to removal of 
      pressure reversals, and prior to averaging; note that a data scan refers 
      to one complete data line containing all the logged parameters - thus the 
      raw data is logged at N data scans per second, where N is the scanning 
      frequency (Table 8);

(ii)  intermediate CTD files prior to 2 dbar averaging, despiked and with sensor 
      lags applied, and with pressure reversals removed for downcast data;

(iii) 2 dbar-averaged CTD files, which contain the CTD data averaged over 2 dbar 
      bins. 

The CTD filenames are of the form vyyccusss.xxx:n (e.g. a94076046.raw:1) where

    v = vessel (e.g. "a" for Aurora Australis)
   yy = year (e.g. 94)
   cc = cruise number (e.g. 07)
    u = CTD unit number (i.e. instrument number) (e.g. 6)
  sss = station number (e.g. 046)
  xxx = file type (e.g. "raw" for raw data file) 
    n = dip number (i.e. 1 for downcast data, 2 for upcast burst data) (does 
        not apply to 2 dbar-averaged files)

The various file suffixes (xxx in the above naming convention) are

  raw = raw data file
  cda = intermediate data file, which is the raw data file despiked and with 
        pressure reversal removed, and with appropriate data lagging applied 
        between parameters
  unc = uncalibrated 2 dbar-averaged file
  ave = calibrated (except for dissolved oxygen) 2 dbar-averaged file
  oxy = same as ave, but including the oxygen current derivative with respect to 
        time (for the calibration of dissolved oxygen)
  all = final calibrated 2 dbar-averaged file (with or without dissolved 
        oxygens)


A2.2.2  Hydrology data files

The final hydrology data file produced on shore contains the Niskin bottle data, 
output from the hydrology data processing program "HYDRO" (Appendix 3), merged 
with averages calculated from upcast CTD burst data. The file is named vyycc.bot 
(e.g. a9407.bot), where v, yy and cc are as above in the CTD file naming 
convention. During the CTD calibration procedure, intermediate hydrology data 
files are produced, named calib.dat:nn (e.g. 01), where "nn" is the version 
number. In general, the later version numbers are for more advanced stages in 
the quality control of Niskin bottle data.


A2.2.3  Station information file

This file contains station information, including position, time, depth etc. The 
file is named vyycc.sta (e.g. a9407.sta), where v, yy and cc are as above.


A2.3  STATION HEADER INFORMATION

Position:     All station position information is derived from the quality 
              controlled GPS underway measurement data set (section 4.2, and 
              Appendix 4).
Bottom depth: On the Aurora Australis, bow thrusters are used to maintain 
              station. Unfortunately, the turbulence caused by the thrusters 
              interferes with the echo sounder readings, so that the digital 
              output from the sounder is unusable while thrusters are engaged on 
              station. Depths while on station (Table 2) are obtained by reading 
              the echo sounder printout, and are entered manually to the CTD 
              data logging PC at sea. The automaticallylogged underway depth 
              measurements immediately before and after station (i.e. when the 
              bow thrusters are not in operation) are later used to check the 
              plausibility of the manually entered values.  
Times:        All start and end times recorded in the header information are 
              stamped automatically by the CTD data acquisition program at the 
              start and end of CTD data logging. Times are derived from the 
              internal clock on the logging PC; this clock is independent of the 
              ship's main time log, but is checked prior to each station. Bottom 
              times (i.e. time at the bottom of the CTD cast) are as recorded 
              manually at the bottom of each cast during data logging.


A2.4  CONVERTING SHIP-LOGGED RAW DATA FILES FOR SHORE-DATA PROCESSING

For the CTD instruments used on the Aurora Australis, the raw binary data files 
(as logged by the PC system on board the ship) are binary files consisting of 
data scans with length n bytes, where the value of n is fixed for each CTD 
instrument (Table 8). All further CTD data processing on shore is carried out on 
a Unix system.

For each station, the raw binary data is split into two binary files:

vyyccusss.raw:1 (also known as the "dip 1" file)  e.g. a94076046.raw:1
vyyccusss.raw:2 (also known as the "dip 2" file)  e.g. a94076046.raw:2

The dip 1 file contains the CTD data (uncalibrated), where only the downcast 
data has been preserved (down to the maximum pressure value recorded by the 
pressure sensor prior to the first Niskin bottle firing.) The dip 2 file 
contains CTD data bursts extracted from the upcast portion of the data at times 
corresponding to Niskin bottle firings. At each bottle firing, the 5 seconds of 
CTD data previous to the firing is stored in the dip 2 file.


A2.5  PRODUCING THE DATA PROCESSING MASTER FILE

A master file named "ctdmaster.sho" is created as a template from CTD header 
information. This file stores all data processing and calibration information, 
including station header details (e.g. positions, times, maximum pressure etc.), 
calibration coefficients, calibration status, and digitiser channel information. 
The master file is automatically updated by the data processing and calibration 
programs at all stages of the calibration procedure.


A2.6  CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS

The CTD pressure (including pressure temperature) and temperature sensor 
calibration coefficients (Appendix 1) are written to the master file - pressure 
and temperature data used at all further stages of the data processing are 
calibrated values. The conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors are calibrated 
entirely from cruise Niskin bottle data, thus final conductivity and dissolved 
oxygen calibration coefficients are not included till a later stage in the 
processing. Note that for pressure, temperature, conductivity, salinity and 
parameters for additional digitiser channels, calculations (including 
application of calibration coefficients) are performed on the raw data prior to 
averaging into 2 dbar intervals. The calibration of dissolved oxygen data is 
performed on the 2 dbar averaged data only.


A2.6.1  Surface pressure offset

The point at which the CTD enters the water is found by identifying the first 
conductivity value greater than 10 mS/cm. The second data scan after this is 
then nominated as the first "in water" value. The value of the pressure for this 
scan is usually slightly greater than or less than zero, due both to atmospheric 
pressure variation, and to small calibration drift in the pressure sensor. The 
surface pressure offset value poff, equal to -1 times the pressure reading when 
the CTD enters the water, is retained for each station (Table 11), and each 
offset is added to all pressure values for the station. Note that calibrated 
pressures, including the pressure temperature correction (section A2.6.2), are 
used when finding poff values.


A2.6.2  Pressure calculation

As discussed in the main text, hysteresis displayed by the new titanium strain 
gauge pressure sensors is greatly reduced compared to the older stainless steel 
type pressure sensors. Calibration points from the increasing pressure 
calibration run only were used to produce a single third order fit for pressure 
(Appendix 1), applicable to both increasing and decreasing pressure (note that 
the difference between increasing and decreasing pressure calibrations due to 
hysteresis was, at greatest, 1 dbar). A further correction is made for the 
temperature at the pressure sensor (Millard et al., 1993), as measured by the 
pressure temperature sensor. Final calibrated pressure p is given by

p = (pcal0 + poff)  + pcal1.praw + pcal2.praw2 + pcal3.praw3  + pcorr (eqn A2.1)

where pcal0 to pcal3 are the pressure sensor calibration coefficients, and praw 
is the raw pressure output by the CTD in digitiser counts. pcorr is the pressure 
temperature correction term, given by

                       pcorr  =  (S2 + S1.praw) . (Tp - T0)           (eqn A2.2)

(Millard et al., 1993). S1 and S2 (supplied by the manufacturer) are pressure 
temperature correction slope and bias terms respectively, while T0 is the room 
temperature at which the pressure sensor calibration was obtained (i.e. where 
pcal0 to pcal3 were obtained) (Appendix 1). The calibrated pressure temperature 
Tp is given by

      Tp  =  Tpcal0 + Tpcal1.Tpraw + Tpcal2.Tpraw2 + Tpcal3.Tpraw3    (eqn A2.3)

where Tpcal0 to Tpcal3 are the pressure temperature sensor calibration 
coefficients (Appendix 1), and Tpraw is the raw pressure temperature output by 
the CTD in digitiser counts.

The CTD pressure was calibrated over the range 0 to 6203 dbar (Appendix 1). No 
greater pressures were reached during the cruise.


A2.6.3  Temperature calculation

CTD temperature values are in terms of the International Temperature Scale of 
1990 (ITS-90). A quadratic fit is used for calibration of the temperature data, 
as follows:

                      T  =  Tcal0 + Tcal1.Traw + Tcal2.Traw2          (eqn A2.4)

where T is the calibrated temperature, Tcal0, Tcal1 and Tcal2 are temperature 
calibration coefficients (Appendix 1), and Traw is the raw temperature output by 
the CTD in digitiser counts. When conversion of temperature as ITS-90 to 
temperature expressed on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 
(IPTS-68) is required (e.g. for salinity PSS-78 calculation), the following 
conversion factors are used (Saunders, 1990):

                                T68 = 1.00024 T90                     (eqn A2.5)
                                T90 = 0.99976 T68                     (eqn A2.6)


A2.6.4  Conductivity cell deformation correction

Conductivity cell geometry is effected by temperature and pressure. The 
correction applied for this cell deformation is

             c = gctd . [1 - 6.5e-6 (T - 2.8) + 1.5e-8 (p - 3000)]    (eqn A2.7)

for conductivity c, calibrated temperature and pressure T and p respectively, 
and where gctd is the raw conductance graw as measured by the CTD and converted 
to approximate engineering units by

                               gctd = graw / 1000                     (eqn A2.8)


A2.6.5  Salinity calculation

Salinity is calculated from the conductivity, temperature and pressure using the 
practical salinity scale of 1978 (PSS-78), via the algorithm SAL78 (Fofonoff and 
Millard, 1983). Note that temperatures expressed on the ITS-90 scale must first 
be converted to IPTS-68 temperatures (eqn A2.5) for input into the salinity PSS-
78 routine.


A2.6.6  Oxygen current and oxygen temperature conversion

The raw oxygen current and oxygen temperature, ocraw and otraw respectively as 
measured by the CTD, are converted to occtd and otctd in approximate engineering 
units by

                              occtd = ocraw / 80000                  (eqn A2.9)
                              otctd = otraw / 6000                   (eqn A2.10)

Calibration of the dissolved oxygen using these parameters is performed on 2 
dbar averages only.


A2.6.7  Additional digitiser channel parameters

Manufacturer supplied polynomial fit coefficients are applied to digitiser 
channel parameters (Appendix 1). No further calibration is applied to these 
values.


A2.7  CREATION OF INTERMEDIATE CTD FILES, AND AUTOMATIC QUALITY FLAGGING OF CTD 
      BURST DATA

Several processing steps take place when the intermediate CTD files are produced 
(section A2.7.5). Briefly, the parameters are despiked, sensor lagging 
corrections are applied, and pressure reversals are removed. For the upcast CTD 
burst data, individual bursts are automatically assigned a quality code.


A2.7.1  Despiking

Spurious data points are replaced by the previous data point. This preserves the 
equal time spacing between data points, required for the sensor lagging 
corrections discussed below. The criteria used to reject data values are shown 
in Table A2.1. Note that these criteria are unchanged over the entire water 
column.

For pressure, temperature, conductivity and salinity, if any one of these 
parameters falls outside the criteria for acceptable data (Table A2.1), then the 
entire data scan is replaced by the previous data scan (i.e. all parameters are 
replaced by the previous value), and the scan replacement counter nrep is 
incremented by 1. If more than 3 consecutive data scans require replacement by 
the previous scan (i.e. nrep > 3), then all parameters are reset to their 
current value (i.e. the scan is not replaced by the previous scan) and nrep is 
reset to 0.


Table A2.1: Criteria used to determine spurious data values. The low and high 
            limits are respectively the minimum and maximum allowable values for 
            the parameter. The maximum allowable step is the maximum difference 
            permitted between consecutive values.

    parameter           units    low limit  high limit  maximum allowable step
    ------------------  -------  ---------  ----------  ----------------------
    pressure            dbar         0         6203              1.0 
    temperature         °C          -5           32              1.0
    conductivity        mS.cm-1      5           80              1.0
    salinity            psu         10           50              0.25
    oxygen current      µA           0            2              0.25
    oxygen temperature  °C          -5           32              1.0



For oxygen current oc and oxygen temperature ot, if either of these parameters 
falls outside the criteria in Table A2.1, then the current oc and ot values are 
replaced by null data points; the other parameters are unaffected, and nrep is 
not incremented. Note that when oc and ot are replaced by null values, then the 
maximum allowable step criterion (Table A2.1) is not applied to the next oc and 
ot values; however the low and high limit tests (Table A2.1) are still applied. 

For any parameters from the additional digitiser channels, no automatic check is 
made for spurious data values.


A2.7.2  Sensor lagging corrections

Lag corrections are required to compensate for the different response times of 
the sensors. Data from the faster sensors (pressure and conductivity) are slowed 
down to match the slowest sensor (temperature). A recursive filter (Millard, 
1982) is used to lag the pressure and conductivity data, of the form

                     y(t) = y(t - dt) . W0 + x(t) . W1               (eqn A2.11)

where

  y(t) = output lagged conductivity or pressure at time t
    dt = recording interval of the instrument
  x(t) = input conductivity or pressure prior to lagging
    W0 = exp(-dt/tau)
    W1 = 1 - W0 

The time constant tau is obtained as follows. The response of the pressure sensor 
is assumed to be instantaneous; the response time of the conductivity cell is 
taken as 0.03 seconds, which is equal to the flushing time of the 3 cm 
conductivity cell at a lowering rate of 1 m.s-1. Thus for tauT equal to the 
response time of the temperature sensor, we have

  tau = tauT         when pressure is being lagged, and
  tau = tauT - 0.03  when conductivity is being lagged.

tau T is obtained by performing a cross-correlation between the temperature and 
conductivity data to determine the response difference between the two sensors. 
Typically, a value of 0.205 s is used for tauT (Table 8).

The same recursive filter (eqn A2.11) is applied to the oxygen current and 
oxygen temperature, as well as to data in the additional digitiser channels. For 
all these parameters, the value tau = tauT is used for the time constant. 


A2.7.3  Pressure reversals

After despiking and application of the lagging correction, for downcast data all 
pressure reversals are removed. Stepping through the data scans, the maximum 
pressure value is updated each time the pressure increases, and the scan is 
written to the intermediate CTD file (including the case where pressure does not 
change); data scans with a pressure value less than the current maximum pressure 
value are not written to the intermediate file. Thus for downcast data, the 
intermediate CTD file contains data for non-decreasing pressure. For upcast 
burst data, pressure reversals are not removed.


A2.7.4  Upcast CTD burst data

A burst of CTD data is associated with each firing of a Niskin bottle, each 
burst consisting of the 5 seconds of CTD data prior to the bottle firing. For 
each burst, the mean and standard deviation of the parameters are calculated: 
for these calculations, the first nstart and last nend data scans (Table 8) in 
each burst are ignored. The range of the parameters in each burst is also found 
(equal to the difference of the maximum and minimum values). The mean values 
from the burst data are used for comparison with the salinity and dissolved 
oxygen bottle samples, for the subsequent calibration of the conductivity and 
dissolved oxygen sensors.


Table A2.2: Criteria for automatic flagging of upcast CTD burst data. The 
            subscripts std and range refer respectively to the standard 
            deviation and range of the parameter over the data burst. The data 
            quality code iqual has the following values:
              iqual=1   acceptable value, used for conductivity calibration
              iqual=0   questionable value, but still used for conductivity 
                        calibration
              iqual=-1  bad value, not used for conductivity calibration
            Note that setting iqual to -1 takes precedence over setting iqual=0, 
            which in turn takes precedence over setting iqual=1.

       STANDARD DEVIATION CRITERIA                    RANGE CRITERIA
---------------------------------------    ------------------------------------------ 
set iqual = -1 for  set iqual = 0 for      set iqual = -1 for  set iqual = 0 for  
following cases     following cases        following cases     following cases  

   4.00  < pstd    2.00  < pstd    4.00                        (Trange)/(crange) < 0.5
   0.04  < Tstd    0.02  < Tstd    0.04                        (Trange)/(crange) > 2.0
   0.04  < cstd    0.02  < cstd    0.04                         crange = 0
   0.01  < sstd    0.005 < sstd    0.01     0.02 < srange      0.01 < srange  0.02
   0.40  < ocstd   0.20  < ocstd   0.40
   0.40  < otstd   0.20  < otstd   0.40
   1998  < adstd    999  < adstd   1998



The standard deviations and ranges of the burst data are used to assign a 
quality code to each burst (Table A2.2). Note that there is only one quality 
code assigned to each data burst and associated Niskin bottle sample in the 
hydrology data file: this code refers to values used in the calibration of the 
CTD conductivity. For the criteria in Table A2.2, setting of the quality code to 
-1 takes precedence over setting to 0. If none of the criteria are met, the 
quality code is set to 1 i.e. value accepted for calibration of the 
conductivity.

The standard deviation xstd of parameters x in each data burst is calculated 
from

                 n-nend  _
       x(std) = {[∑(xi - x)2]/[n - (nstart+nend+1)]}^(1/2)1          (eqn A2.12)
                 i=nstart     

where n is the total number of data points xi in the burst, and the mean value x 
for each burst is given by

           _    n-nend
           x = ( ∑  xi  ) / (n-nstart-nend)                          (eqn A2.13)
                i=nstart    


A2.7.5  Processing flow

Stepping through the raw data scans one scan at a time, the parameters in the 
scan first have the calculations and corrections applied, as described in 
section A2.6. The data is then despiked (section A2.7.1); spurious values are 
replaced by the previous data scan, up to a maximum of 3 consecutive scans, 
after which time the scan is reset to the current value. The sensor lagging 
correction is then applied via the recursive filter (section A2.7.2). When the 
filter is started, the first jfilt scans (Table 8) are ignored. Note that 
whenever nrep > 3 (section A2.7.1), the filter is restarted, and the first jfilt 
scans are again ignored. Salinity is recalculated for each data scan, after all 
lagging corrections have been applied. Data is then written to the intermediate 
CTD file, removing pressure reversals for the case of downcast data (section 
A2.7.3). For upcast burst data, statistical calculations are performed and a 
quality code assigned for each burst (section A2.7.4). The mean values and 
quality codes for the bursts are written to a template intermediate hydrology 
data file.


A2.8  CREATION OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED FILES

Data scans from the intermediate CTD files are sorted into 2 dbar pressure bins, 
with each bin centered on the even integral pressure value, starting at 2 dbar, 
as follows. A data scan is placed into the ith 2 dbar pressure bin if

                           pmidi - 1 < p ≤ pmid(i) + 1               (eqn A2.14)

where pmidi is the ith 2 dbar pressure bin centre, and p is the pressure value 
for the data scan.

After sorting, the temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature 
and additional digitiser channel values in each 2 dbar bin are averaged and 
written to the 2 dbar-averaged file. There is no pressure centering of these 
parameters i.e. for the ith 2 dbar pressure bin, the parameters are assigned to 
the even integral pressure value at the centre of the bin. Note that if the 
number of points in a bin is less than jmin (Table 8), no averages are 
calculated for that bin.

The salinity sav for each 2 dbar bin is calculated from Tav, cav and pmid, where 
Tav and cav are respectively the temperature and conductivity averages for the 
bin. Note that Tav is first converted from the ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale 
using eqn A2.5 (this also applies to the calculations below for σT, δ and ∆Φ).

The following quantities are also calculated for each 2 dbar bin, and are 
written to the 2 dbar-averaged file:

σ(T) :      sigma-T is equal to (rho - 1000), where the density rho is 
            calculated at the surface, and at the in situ temperature and 
            salinity Tav and sav respectively, using the 1980 equation of state 
            for seawater (Millero et al., 1980; Millero and Poisson, 1981).

δ :         specific volume anomaly (units x108 m3.kg-1), calculated with Tav, 
            sav and pmid, using the 1980 equation of state for seawater (Millero 
            et al., 1980; Millero and Poisson, 1981).

∆Φ :        theta: geopotential anomaly (units J.kg-1), calculated relative to       
            the sea surface (p=0), from

                                      p=pmid
                                ∆Φ =  ∫   δ . dp                     (eqn A2.15)
                                     p=0

nbin :      number of points in the 2 dbar bin

Tbin(std) : standard deviation of all temperature values in the bin

cbin(std) : standard deviation of all conductivity values in the bin

When 2 dbar averages are calculated for oxygen current and oxygen temperature, 
an additional test is made to exclude suspect oxygen data, as follows. For a 2 
dbar bin, if we have either 

standard deviation of binned o(c)  >  0.1 

or 

standard deviation of binned o(t)  >  0.5

then the following 2 conditions must be met for a scan to be included in the 
averaging of oc and ot for the bin:

                            0   <   o(c)   ≤   2.047                 (eqn A2.16)
                            | o(t) - T |   ≤   5                     (eqn A2.17)

After this test has been made, if the number of scans in the bin has been 
reduced by more than half, then no oc or ot data is included for the bin.


A2.9  HYDROLOGY DATA FILE PROCESSING

An intermediate hydrology data file is formed by merging the results from the 
salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient laboratory analyses with the averages 
calculated from the upcast CTD burst data (section A2.7.4). Prior to calibration 
of the CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen data, the Niskin bottle data 
undergo preliminary quality control. Salinity bottle data which are obviously 
bad are given the quality code -1 (i.e. bottle not used for calibration of CTD 
conductivity) in the intermediate hydrology data file. Reasons for rejecting 
salinity bottle data at this stage include bad samples due to leaking or 
incorrectly tripped Niskin bottles, mixed up samples due to misfiring rosette 
pylon, samples drawn out of sequence from Niskin bottles, etc. 

Dissolved oxygen bottle data pass through an initial quality control similar to 
salinity bottle data, except that bad dissolved oxygen bottle values are deleted 
from the hydrology data file. Questionable dissolved oxygen bottle values (not 
deleted) are noted (Table 21). Suspect reversing thermometer readings are also 
deleted at this stage. Nutrient data are quality controlled at a later stage, 
following calibration of all the CTD data.


A2.10  CALIBRATION OF CTD CONDUCTIVITY

For the CTD conductivity data, calibrations are carried out by comparing the 
upcast CTD burst data with the hydrology data, then applying the resulting 
calibrations to the downcast CTD data. The conductivity calibration follows the 
method of Millard and Yang (1993). For groups of consecutive stations, a 
conductivity slope and bias term are found to fit the CTD conductivity from the 
upcast burst data to the hydrology data; a linear station-dependent slope 
correction (Millard and Yang, 1993) is applied to account for calibration drift 
of the CTD conductivity cell. Note that data from the entire water column are 
used in the conductivity calibration. Also note that no correction is made for 
the vertical separation of the Niskin bottles and the CTD sensors (of the order 
1 m). 


A2.10.1  Determination of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients

The following definitions apply for the conductivity calibration:

cctd  =  uncalibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
ccal  =  calibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
cbtl  =  'in situ' Niskin bottle conductivity, found by using CTD pressure and 
         temperature from theburst data in the conversion of Niskin bottle 
         salinity to conductivity
F1    =  conductivity bias term
F2    =  conductivity slope term
F3    =  station-dependent conductivity slope correction
N     =  station number

CTD conductivities are calibrated by the equation

                   ccal = (1000 cctd) . (F2 + F3 . N)  +  F1         (eqn A2.18)

Niskin bottle salinity data are first converted to 'in situ' conductivities 
cbtl. The ratio cbtl/ccal for all bottle samples is then plotted against station 
number, along with the mean and standard deviation of the ratio for each station 
(Figure 3 is the version of this plot for the final calibrated data). Groups of 
consecutive stations are selected to follow approximately linear trends in the 
drift of the station-mean cbtl/ccal (Table 13). For each of these groups, the 
three calibration coefficients F1, F2 and F3 are found by a least squares fit: 
F1, F2 and F3 in eqn A2.18 are all varied to minimize the variance sigma2 of the 
conductivity residual (cbtl-ccal), where sigma2 is defined by

                          σ2 = Σ(cbtl - ccal)2 / (n - 1)             (eqn A2.19)

for n equal to the total number of bottle samples in the station grouping.

Note that samples with a previously assigned quality code of -1 (sections 
A2.7.4. and A2.9) are excluded from the above calculations. In addition, samples 
for which
                            | (cbtl - ccal) | > 2.8 σ                (eqn A2.20)

are also flagged with the quality code -1, and excluded from the final 
calculation of the conductivity calibration coefficients F1, F2 and F3. Samples 
rejected at this stage often include those collected in  steep vertical 
temperature and salinity gradients, and not already rejected.


A2.10.2  Application of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients

The set of coefficients F1, F2 and F3 found for each station (Tables 13 and 14) 
are first used to calibrate the upcast CTD conductivity burst data in the 
hydrology data file. The conductivity calibration is applied to the mean value 
for each burst only (as opposed to each raw data scan in the burst). Similarly, 
upcast CTD salinity burst values are recalculated from the calibrated CTD burst 
mean values of conductivity, temperature and pressure.

Next, the intermediate CTD files are reproduced (as per section A2.7) for the 
downcast data only. Note that on this occasion, following application of the 
conductivity cell deformation correction (eqn A2.7), the coefficients F1, F2 and 
F3 are used to calibrate the raw conductivity data scans. The 2 dbar-averaged 
CTD downcast data are then recalculated, as in section A2.8.


A2.10.3  Processing flow

The intermediate hydrology file data, containing upcast CTD burst data means and 
Niskin bottle data, are used to determine the conductivity calibration 
coefficients F1, F2 and F3. Station groupings are determined from the bias drift 
of the conductivity cell with time (section A2.10.1). For each station group, 
the following occurs:

1. 3 iterations are made of the least squares fitting procedure (section 
   A2.10.1) to calculate F1, F2 and F3, each iteration beginning with the latest 
   value for the coefficients; 
2. bottles are rejected according to the criterion of eqn A2.20;
3. steps 1 and 2 are repeated until no further bottle rejection occurs.

For each station group, there is a single value for each of the 3 coefficients 
F1, F2 and F3 (Table 13); following the station-dependent correction, an 
individual corrected slope term (F2 + F3.N) (as in eqn A2.18) applies to each 
station (Table 14). When final values of the coefficients have been obtained, 
the conductivity calibration is applied to both the upcast CTD burst data and 
the downcast CTD data (section A2.10.2). Finally, plots are made of both the 
ratio cbtl/ccal and the residual (sbtl - scal) versus station number (Figures 3 
and 4), where sbtl is the Niskin bottle salinity and scal is the calibrated CTD 
salinity from the upcast burst data (section A2.10.2). 

Following calibration of the CTD conductivity, the mean of the salinity 
residuals (sbtl - scal) for the entire data set is equal to 0. The standard 
deviation about 0 of the salinity residual (section A2.14) provides an indicator 
for the quality of the data set. To meet WOCE specifications, this standard 
deviation should be less than or equal to 0.002 psu (Joyce et al., 1991). 


A2.11  QUALITY CONTROL OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA

Two levels of quality control are undertaken for the 2 dbar-averaged data. 
Suspicious raw data scans, indicated by suspicious 2 dbar averages, are flagged 
for later action (Table 15); and remaining suspect 2 dbar averages are noted 
(Tables 16 and 17) (suspect 2 dbar averages are rarely removed directly). 


A2.11.1  Investigation of density inversions

The calibrated 2 dbar-averaged data are searched automatically for density 
inversions i.e. for instances where the in situ density (calculated from in situ 
pressure, temperature and salinity) decreases with depth. Raw CTD data in the 
vicinity of the density inversions are then examined for anything which might 
artificially cause the inversions. The most commonly encountered problems are

(a) water from the wake of the moving instrument package catching up to the CTD 
    sensors during rolls induced by surface waves;
(b) fouling of the CTD sensors;
(c) salinity spikes caused by mismatching of the temperature and conductivity 
    data in very steep vertical gradients, where the sensor lagging corrections 
    (section A2.7.2) are not adequate;
(d) bad pressure temperature data caused by a malfunctioning dissolved oxygen 
    sensor, as described in section 6.1.2 of the main text (note that in this 
    case, density inversions do not always result).

If these or any other problems are identified in the raw CTD data, one of two 
possible actions follow:

(i)  the relevant data scans are ignored for all further calculations - a 
     counter preserves the constant scanning frequency required for application 
     of the sensor lagging corrections; note that for cases where the ignoring 
     of raw data scans results in missing 2 dbar averages, a linear interpola-
     tion is applied between surrounding 2 dbar averages to fill any data gaps 
     (Table 18);
(ii) a linear interpolation is applied over the region of bad data, in which 
     case the interpolation is applied to the raw CTD data scans prior to any 
     calibration calculations. 

The status of data scans flagged for special treatment (Table 15) is updated in 
the data processing master file (section A2.5).

For the case of bad pressure temperature data, pressure temperature profiles 
from other stations (see section 6.1.2 in the main text for an example) may be 
used to allow calculation of the pressure from eqns A2.1 to A2.3.


A2.11.2  Manual inspection of data

Data plots of the 2 dbar-averaged data are inspected to identify any additional 
suspicious data. Suspect values remaining are most commonly due to the 
following:

(a) large salinity spikes (as in section A2.11.1) in very steep gradients in the 
    thermocline - for these large salinity spikes, 2 dbar averages are flagged 
    instead of raw data scans (Table 16);
(b) suspect data near the surface due to transient effects of the sensors 
    entering the water (e.g. bubbles trapped on sensors, or fouling) (Table 17).
     
2 dbar-averaged data regarded as suspicious for these or any other reasons are 
flagged accordingly.


A2.12  CALIBRATION OF CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN

For the CTD dissolved oxygen data, the calibration procedure is carried out 
using the downcast uncalibrated CTD data. Downcast CTD data is matched with the 
Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen samples on equivalent pressures. The calibration 
is based on the method of Owens and Millard (1985). 


A2.12.1  Determination of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients

The following definitions apply for the dissolved oxygen calibration:

  ocal  =  calibrated CTD dissolved oxygen
    oc  =  CTD oxygen current
    ot  =  CTD oxygen temperature
     T  =  CTD temperature
     s  =  CTD salinity
     p  =  CTD pressure
6°c/6t  =  oxygen current derivative with respect to time
    K1  =  oxygen current slope
    K2  =  oxygen sensor time constant
    K3  =  oxygen current bias
    K4  =  temperature correction term
    K5  =  weighting factor of ot relative to T
    K6  =  pressure correction term
  obtl  =  Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen value

All the above CTD parameters are 2 dbar-averaged data. CTD dissolved oxygen is 
calibrated using the sensor model of Owens and Millard (1985), as follows:

ocal = [K1 . (oc + K2 . ∂oc/(t + K3)] . oxsat(T,s) . exp{K4 . [T + K5 . (ot - T) ] + K6 . p }  
                                                                     (eqn A2.21) 

where the oxygen saturation value oxsat is calculated at T and s using the 
formula of Weiss (1970):

oxsat(T,s) = exp{A1 + A2.(100/TK) + A3.ln(TK/100) + A4.(TK/100) + s.[B1 + B2.(TK/100) + B3.(TK/100)2] }
                                                                     (eqn A2.22)

for TK equal to the CTD temperature in degrees Kelvin (=T+273.16), and the 
additional coefficients having the values (Weiss, 1970):

                           A1 = -173.4292    B1 = -0.033096
                           A2 =  249.6339    B2 =  0.014259
                           A3 =  143.3483    B3 = -0.0017
                           A4 =  -21.8492

Note that the CTD temperature T in equations A2.21 and A2.22 is first converted 
from the ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale using eqn A2.5.

∂oc/∂t in eqn A2.21 is calculated as follows. A time base is first estimated 
from the 2 dbar averaged data by assigning the time tk in seconds at the kth 
2dbar value equal to

                             k-1
                       tk = [ ∑ (nbinj / 25 ] + (nbink / 50)         (eqn A2.23)
                             i=1     

where nbink is the number of data scans in the kth 2 dbar bin (for bins with no 
data points, nbin is set to 25). Note that this time base is an approximation 
only, as nbin does not include data scans in pressure reversals (sections A2.7.3 
and A2.8), and in addition, a constant lowering rate of the instrument package 
is being assumed. ∂oc/∂t is then calculated at the kth 2 dbar value by applying 
a linear regression over a 16 dbar interval centered on the kth 2dbar value: 
(oc/(t is the slope of the linear best fit line of the oxygen currents 

           (ock-4, ock-3, ock-2, ock-1, ock, ock+1, ock+2, ock+3, ock+4)

to the times 

              (tk-4, tk-3, tk-2, tk-1, tk, tk+1, tk+2, tk+3, tk+4).

If there is no data for either of ock or otk (section A2.8), a null value is 
assigned to (∂oc/∂t)k .  

In most cases, CTD dissolved oxygen is calibrated for individual stations; 
station groupings (as in the CTD conductivity calibration) may be formed to 
cover casts with few Niskin samples, or else for deep/shallow cast pairs at a 
single location. For each individual station, or each station grouping, the 
calibration coefficients K1 to K6 in eqn A2.21 are found by varying some or all 
of the 6 coefficients in order to minimize the variance sigma2 of the dissolved 
oxygen residual obtl - ocal, where sigma2 is defined by

                          σ2 = Σ (obtl - ocal)2 / (n-1)              (eqn A2.24)

for n equal to the total number of bottle samples at the station (or in the 
station grouping). A non-linear least squares fitting routine, utilising the 
subroutines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, COVSRT and GAUSSJ in Press et al. (1986), is applied 
to find K1 to K6. In application of the routine, convergence is judged to have 
occurred when

                        Σ (obtl - ocal)2 / (0.6)2 < 0.96 n           (eqn A2.25)

or else after a maximum of 5 iterations. Note that when calculating sigma2 for each 

Niskin bottle sample, the pressure from the upcast CTD burst data (i.e. the 
pressure assigned to the bottle sample) is used in eqn A2.21, while all other 
parameters are from the downcast data (at the nearest equivalent 2 dbar pressure 
value). Downcast CTD pressure is used in eqn A2.21 when the resulting 
calibration is being applied to finalise the entire 2 dbar dissolved oxygen 
data. Also note that there is no automatic rejection of dissolved oxygen bottle 
data analogous to eqn A2.20 in the conductivity calibration.


A2.12.2  Application of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients

The set of coefficients K1 to K6 found for each station or station grouping 
(Table 19) are used in eqn A2.21 to calculate CTD dissolved oxygen 2 dbar data 
from the existing 2 dbar pressure, temperature, salinity, oxygen current and 
oxygen temperature data.


A2.12.3  Processing flow

• The .oxy files (section A2.2.1), which include values of ∂oc/∂t (calculated 
  as in section A2.12.1) as well as all the other downcast 2 dbar data, are 
  first created from the existing calibrated 2 dbar-averaged files. 
• For each station, the upcast CTD burst pressure values from the hydrology 
  data file (sections A2.7.4 and A2.7.5) are matched to the closest 2 dbar 
  pressure values in the .oxy file; then for each Niskin bottle sample, the 
  following data are written to the file oxydwn.dat: 

  p (upcast CTD burst value)
  T, s, oc, ot, ∂oc/∂t (all 2 dbar downcast values)
  obtl
  obtl quality code

  The -1 bottle quality code (sections A2.7.4 and A2.9) is not relevant to the 
  dissolved oxygen calibration. Instead, a code of -9 in the oxydwn.dat file 
  indicates that the bottle is not used for the dissolved oxygen calibration 
  calculations.

• All calibration calculations are performed on dissolved oxygen (i.e. Niskin 
  bottle and CTD dissolved oxygen values, and oxygen saturation values) in units 
  of ml/l; all values are reported in units of µmol/l. The conversion factor 
  used is
                           (µmol/l) = 44.6596 . (ml/l)               (eqn A2.26)

• The fitting routine is applied to find values of the coefficients K1 to K6 
  (section A2.12.1), using the data in the oxydwn.dat file. The number of 
  coefficients varied may be chosen, as well as the starting values for the 
  coefficients prior to iteration (Table 20). Starting values are typically 
  close to the following:

                         K1  =  2.50         K4  =  -0.036
                         K2  =  8.0          K5  =   0.75 
                         K3  =  0.0          K6  =   0.00015  

  With successive attempts at fitting the CTD data to the Niskin bottle data, 
  bottles which are suspect are flagged manually with the quality code -9 in 
  oxydwn.dat, and are rejected for further calibration attempts (Appendix 5, 
  Table A5.2). The number of coefficients chosen to vary, and the coefficient 
  starting values, are varied to achieve the best fit of the CTD to the bottle 
  data. In general, the fit for a station (or group of stations) is not 
  considered satisfactory until 2.8σ < 0.3 (for σ defined as in eqn A2.24)  
  (Table 19).

• Following calibration of the CTD dissolved oxygen, the residuals (obtl - 
  ocal) are plotted against station number (Figure 5). The mean of the residuals 
  for the entire data set is very close to 0. The standard deviation about the 
  mean of the residuals (section A2.14) provides an indicator for the quality of 
  the data set. To meet WOCE specifications (Joyce et al., 1991), this standard 
  deviation should be less than 1% of the maximum data value i.e. approximately < 
  2.5 µmol/l below 750 dbar, and approximately < 3.5 µmol/l above 750 dbar, for 
  the data set presented in this report.
  

A2.13  QUALITY CONTROL OF NUTRIENT DATA

Nutrient data which are obviously bad are removed from the hydrology data file. 
Causes of bad samples include leaking or incorrectly tripped Niskin bottles, and 
errors occurring during sampling or analysis. On occasion, autoanalyser errors 
may necessitate the flagging of an entire station as suspect. The data are 
checked by overlaying vertical profiles of groups of consecutive stations, 
looking at bulk plots (e.g. nitrate versus phosphate) of large numbers of 
stations, and by comparing values to any available historical data. Questionable 
nutrient data (not obviously bad, and therefore not deleted from the hydrology 
data file) are noted (Table 22).


A2.14  FINAL CTD DATA RESIDUALS/RATIOS

The final residuals (Ttherm - Tcal), (sbtl - scal) and (obtl - ocal) are plotted 
(Figures 2, 4 and 5) for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (Ttherm and 
Tcal are respectively the protected thermometer and calibrated upcast CTD burst 
temperature values); for conductivity, the ratio cbtl/ccal is plotted (Figure 
3). The plots include mean and standard deviation values, as follows:

temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen:  
  The standard deviations of the 
  residuals for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are calculated from

                        n           
              xstd = {[ ∑ (xi - xmean)2] / (n - 1)}1/2               (eqn A2.27)
                       i=1   

where xstd is the standard deviation of x (for x equal to the temperature, 
salinity or dissolved oxygen residual). For both temperature and salinity, the 
summation in eqn A2.27 does not include points rejected for the CTD conductivity 
calibration. Similarly for dissolved oxygen, the summation does not include 
points rejected for the CTD dissolved oxygen calibration. Thus n is equal to the 
total number of data points xi not rejected for the relevant calibration, with 
mean value xmean of the xi values (xmean is the mean for all the stations in the 
plot).

conductivity:  
  The standard deviation of the conductivity ratio is calculated as 
  in eqn A2.27, except that in the summation, for each point xi the value xmean is 
  the mean for the particular station to which xi belongs. x in eqn A2.27 is equal 
  to the conductivity ratio. The summation in eqn A2.27 does not include points 
  rejected for the CTD conductivity calibration.
  

A2.15  CONCLUSIONS

A complete description is presented of the CTD data calibration methods. 
Sufficient details are supplied to minimize the need for cross-referencing, and 
to provide a useful reference for comparison with the calibration methods used 
by other institutions. Any variation in the techniques employed at each stage of 
the processing, and the order in which the various techniques are applied, 
ultimately affect the final data values produced. As such, all CTD data sets 
need to be considered in conjunction with the calibration details.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks go to Neil White and Dave Vaudrey at CSIRO Division of Oceanography, 
who created the bulk of the CTD calibration software, and familiarised me with 
the contents.


REFERENCES

Fofonoff, N.P. and Millard, R.C., Jr., 1983. Algorithms for computation of 
    fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, 
    No. 44. 53 pp.

Joyce, T., Corry, C. and Stalcup, M., 1991. Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
    Programme Data Reporting. WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, Revision 1, WOCE Report 
    No. 67/91, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 71 pp.

Millard, R.C., Jr., 1982. CTD calibration and data processing techniques at WHOI 
    using the 1978 Practical Salinity Scale. Proceedings of the International STD 
    Conference and Workshop.

Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods used at 
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 
    Technical Report No. 93-44. 96 pp.

Millard, R., Bond, G. and Toole, J., 1993. Implementation of a titanium strain 
    gauge pressure transducer for CTD applications. Deep-Sea Research I, Vol. 40, 
    No. 5, pp1009-1021.

Millero, F.J., Chen, C.-T., Bradshaw, A. and Schleicher,K., 1980. A new high-
    pressure equation of state for seawater. Deep-Sea Research. 27a: 255-264.
    
Millero, F.J. and Poisson, A., 1981. International one-atmosphere equation of 
    state of seawater. Deep-Sea Research. 28a: 625-629.
    
Owens, W.B. and Millard, R.C., Jr., 1985. A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
    calibration. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 15: 621-631.
    
Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. and Vetterling, W.T., 1986. 
    Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press. 
    818 pp.

Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R. and Rintoul, S., 1995. Aurora Australis marine 
    science cruise AU9309/AU9391 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis. 
    Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 2, March 1995. 103 pp.

Saunders, P.M., 1990. The International Temperature Scale of 1990. ITS-90. WOCE 
    Newsletter, 10, IOS, Wormley, UK.
    
Weiss, R.F., 1970. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and 
    seawater. Deep-Sea Research. 17: 721-735.



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 3  Hydrology Analytical Methods



This Appendix covers the analytical techniques and data processing routines 
employed in the Hydrographic Laboratory onboard the RSV Aurora Australis for 
cruise AU9407, January 1 to March 1, 1994. All analysis results are merged with 
station details in the program "HYDRO" (CSIRO Division of Oceanography). Output 
from HYDRO is ultimately used for merging with CTD data.

A limited replicate sample set was obtained from several stations. Estimates of 
nutrient, dissolved oxygen and salinity precision derived from these data are 
discussed in section 6.2.2 of the main text.

All methods are fully documented in a hydrology manual (Eriksen, in 
preparation).


A3.1  NUTRIENT ANALYSES


A3.1.1  Equipment and technique

Nutrient analyses were performed by two analysts from the Antarctic CRC. An 
Alpkem "Flow Solution" Autoanalyser was used for the simultaneous analysis of 
reactive silicate, nitrate plus nitrite, and orthophosphate in seawater. All 
analyses were carried out in the Segmented Flow Analysis (SFA) mode, although 
the instrument can be configured for Flow Injection Analysis. Data output from 
the autoanalyser was processed by the commercial software package "DAPA" (Data 
Acquisition Processing Analysis Scientific Version 1.43, Curtin University, Box 
58 Kalamunda Western Australia 6070).

The 510 Monochromator Detectors in the Alpkem instrumentation were mounted on 
foam pads 8 cm thick, to insulate them from the constant vibration caused by the 
ship's engines, ice breaking etc. Previous voyages had shown that the 510 
detectors are very susceptible to air bubbles lodging in the flow cell when the 
unit is subjected to high frequency vibration (Rosenberg et al., 1995). In 
addition, the waste lines on all three channels were increased in length from 30 
to 50 cm, using 1.0 mm ID tubing. The additional tubing prevents bubbles from 
passing into the flow cell, by maintaining slight back pressure on the system.

A new air-conditioning system was installed in the laboratory for this cruise, 
to provide a more constant temperature environment for chemical analyses. For 
most of the time, laboratory temperature was maintained at 22 ± 2°C (see Table 
23 in the main text), a significant improvement on previous cruises.


A3.1.1.1  Silicate

Reactive silicate was analysed in accordance with the method provided for 
seawater analysis in the Alpkem Manual (Alpkem Corp, 1992). The silica in 
solution as silicic acid or silicate reacts with a molybdate reagent in acid 
media to form -molybdo silicic acid. The complex is then reduced to a highly 
coloured molybdenum blue following mixing with ascorbic acid. Interference from 
phosphate is suppressed by the addition of oxalic acid. Absorbance is measured 
at 660 nm.

Two modifications to the Alpkem methodology were introduced. Firstly, the 
reaction cartridge was thermostated to 37°C, to avoid the effects of any ambient 
temperature fluctuations on the sensitivity of the chemistry (Smythe-Wright et 
al., 1992, report that there may be up to 3% deviation in peak height with a 1°C 
change in temperature when using this chemistry). Secondly, the EVA tubing 
carrying the reaction product from the cartridge to the detector was fed between 
two layers of TygonTM tubing, effectively forming an insulation jacket around 
the line.

A3.1.1.2  Nitrate plus nitrite

Nitrate plus nitrite was analysed using an Imidazole buffer chemistry in place 
of the Alpkem methodology. A 12" Open Tubular Cadmium Reactor (OTCR) supplied by 
Alpkem is used for quantitative reduction of nitrate to nitrite. The nitrite due 
to nitrate, plus the nitrite originally present in the sample, then undergoes 
diazotization with sulphanilamide and subsequent coupling with N-1-
napthylethylene-diamine dihydrochloride. The azo dye is detected at 540 nm. A 
standard nitrite solution is used frequently to check the reduction efficiency 
of the column. Efficiencies over 95% are commonly achieved. The columns are re-
activated with a 2% copper sulphate solution after every second analysis run. 
Details of the chemistry and procedures for nitrate plus nitrite analysis 
follow.


Methodology for nitrate plus nitrite analysis in seawater

All reagents are analytical grade (AR), unless otherwise specified. All 
volumetric glassware for reagent preparation is A grade dedicated glassware, and 
cleaned with acid prior to each voyage.  Glassware is stored full of deionised 
water when not in use.  


Reagent chemistry

Start-up solution:  Add 0.5 ml of  30% w/v Brij-35 to 200 ml of deionised water. 
Mix thoroughly. This reagent is refreshed daily.

Imidazole buffer pH 7.8:  Dissolve 4.25 g of Imidazole buffer in 800 ml of 
deionised water. Add 11.25 ml of 10% HCl to adjust the final pH to 7.8. Make up 
to a litre and mix well. Add 1 ml of 30% w/v Brij-35 after decanting liquid to 
reagent container. Store at 4°C when not in use. Replenish every 2 to 3 days.

N-1 napthylethylene-diamine dihydrochloric acid (NEDD):  Dissolve 0.31 g of NEDD 
in 1 L of deionised water. Add 1 ml of 30% w/v Brij-35 after decanting to 
reagent container. Store at 4°C when not in use.

Sulphanilamide:  Dissolve 3.12 g of sulphanilamide in 800 ml of deionised water 
in a 1 L volumetric flask. Add 31 ml of concentrated HCl carefully, and make up 
to the mark.


Pump configuration

           Reagent           Pump tube      Flow rate at 50% pump speed
           ----------------  -------------  ---------------------------
           NEDD              Orange/yellow  0.18 ml/ min
           Sulphanilamide    Orange/yellow  0.18 ml/min
           Imidazole Buffer  Black/black    0.32 ml/min
           Nitrogen          Orange/white   0.25 ml/min
           Sample            Black/black    0.32 ml/min


Activation of the OTCR

The activation and installation of the OTCR is performed in accordance with the 
method in the Alpkem Manual (Alpkem Corp, 1992). A separate batch of Imidazole 
buffer, that does not contain Brij-35, is used for the activation of the OTCR. 
When not in use, OTCR's are stored filled with deionised water, or high purity 
nitrogen.


Figure A3.1:  Cartridge configuration for nitrate + nitrite analysis.


A3.1.1.3  Phosphate

Phosphate analysis was carried out using  the methodology supplied by Alpkem 
(Alpkem Corp, 1992). The chemistry involves reaction with an acidified molybdate 
reagent and potassium antimonyl tatrate. The compound produced is then reduced 
by ascorbic acid to a highly coloured molybdenum blue complex. The chemistry 
uses a single colour reagent, which has a shelf life of 8 hours and must be 
renewed accordingly. The pump tubing was optimised to reduce the effect of 
carryover on samples. The monochromator detector was modified to increase the 
upper wavelength selection limit from 800 to 900 nm. It was found that using 880 
nm as the detection wavelength, instead of 660 nm as recommended by Alpkem,  
increased the sensitivity of the method by 30%.


Pump configuration

           Reagent               Pump tube     Flow rate at 50% pump speed
           --------------------  ------------  ---------------------------
           Dowfax                Red/red       0.71 ml/ min
           Air                   Black/black   0.32 ml/min
           Sample                Red/red       0.71 ml/min
           Mixed colour reagent  Orange/green  0.10 ml/min
           

A3.1.2  Sampling procedure

Nutrients were sampled after dissolved gases and salinity samples had been 
drawn. Typically, 30 to 45 minutes lapsed between the arrival of the CTD on deck 
and sampling for nutrients. Duplicate samples were collected in 12 ml 
polypropylene screw cap tubes with a 10 ml mark to prevent overfilling. Tubes 
and caps were rinsed three times with approximately half the volume of the tube 
before drawing the final sample (see section 4.1.4 in the main text).

For the SR3 transect, pairs of tubes were placed into polystyrene trays, and 
snap frozen without any chemical preservation. When required, samples were 
thawed, mixed thoroughly and placed directly into the autosampler, so that no 
sample transfers were necessary. The racks of the autosampler had been specially 
modified by Alpkem to take the 12 ml sample tubes. Experiments conducted at 
CSIRO Division of Oceanography (R. Plaschke, unpublished notes) have shown that 
with careful thawing procedures, silicate samples processed within one week of 
freezing undergo no significant loss of silicate by polymerisation.

On the PET transect, conditions were such that samples could be analysed 
directly, without freezing. Samples were left capped until equilibrated to room 
temperature, and were mixed thoroughly before analysis. If a delay was 
experienced, the samples were refrigerated until required. The duplicate was 
frozen as an emergency backup. All frozen duplicate samples were returned to 
Hobart and retained until data processing was completed.

It is intended that immediate analysis will become a routine part of the 
analysis procedure on future cruises, to overcome any potential problems 
encountered with freezing and thawing of seawater samples. 


A3.1.3  Calibration and standards

Standard ranges used for nutrient analyses are shown in Table A3.1. Combined 
standards were prepared daily using an Eppendorf Multipette and dedicated A 
grade volumetric glassware, using artificial seawater made from high purity 
reagents as a diluent. For the northernmost shallow stations of the SR3 
transect, where silicate levels are depleted, a low range of silicate standards 
was used to increase the precision of the determinations. The calibration 
standards were run prior to analysing each station, in order to check the 
linearity of detector response, and to calculate the calibration factor required 
to convert peak height of an unknown sample to a concentration in mol/l.

Stock standards were prepared from analytical grade reagents prior to departure 
of the cruise. The new batch of stock standard nutrient solutions were compared 
to the previous batch of stock standards as a QC check.



Table A3.1: Range of calibration standards and concentration of QC standards 
            used for  analysis of nutrients on SR3 and PET transects.

                                            Range of standards used    QC standard 
Nutrient                                            (µmol/l)            (µmol/l)
-----------------------------------------  --------------------------  -----------
Reactive silicate (high range) as Na2SiF6  0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140        140
Reactive silicate (low range) as Na2SiF6   0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35            35
Orthophosphate as KH2PO4                   0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0       3
Nitrate plus nitrite as KNO3               0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35            35


A3.1.4  Low Nutrient Sea Water (LNSW)

LNSW is prepared from high purity NaCl, and used as a diluent for standard 
solutions and as the wash solution in the analytical manifold. If pure water 
were used as a wash solution, each peak on the phosphate and nitrate channels 
would be accompanied by a significant spike as the interface between pure water 
and seawater alternately refracts and focuses light on the photodiode. The data 
processing software DAPA cannot be programmed to ignore the refractive index 
spike, and so erroneous concentrations would be reported. By using artificial 
seawater, of similar salinity to the samples, the refractive index disturbance 
that occurs when a pure water baseline is used is eliminated. Even the highest 
purity NaCl, however, can be significantly contaminated with respect to 
phosphate. A background colour reagent is used to correct for traces of 
phosphate present in the wash solution and also in the analytical reagents.

A3.1.5  Temperature effects and corrections

During the previous cruise (Rosenberg et al., 1995) there was no temperature 
regulation in the hydrographic laboratory, resulting in fluctuations in 
sensitivity of the silicate channel of up to 20% in one day. It was not possible 
to maintain a stable environment, so the worst analysis runs were rejected and 
repeated. Those stations still showing a drift in silicate sensitivity were 
corrected for drift by applying a linear gain adjustment available in the data 
processing software DAPA. During the course of an analytical run, quality 
control standards are interspersed at regular intervals. These QC standards are 
equivalent in concentration to the top standard for each nutrient, and are used 
to check for drift, carryover etc. Adjacent pairs of QC standards were measured 
and compared, and the heights of sample peaks that fell between them were 
corrected by linear interpolation. (The concentration of calibration and QC 
standards are shown in Table A3.1.)

During this cruise, there was still some evidence of fluctuating sensitivity of 
the silicate channel. The frequency and scale of the resulting drift was 
dramatically reduced relative to the previous cruise, however a correction was 
still required for some stations. The drift correction was applied to silicate 
data for all stations, rather than arbitrarily selecting the worse runs for 
reprocessing. In addition, a drift correction was applied to the nitrate+nitrite 
data for station 61. On future cruises, all nutrient data will be automatically 
corrected for any gain or loss of sensitivity during the course of the 
analytical run.

When data processing in DAPA is completed, the data is imported into the program 
HYDRO where it is merged with the relevant cruise and station data. 


A3.2  DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS


A3.2.1  Equipment and technique

The methodology for dissolved oxygen analysis used by the Antarctic CRC was 
reviewed after the previous cruise (AU9309/AU9391), and found to be in need of 
significant improvement. As a result, an automated dissolved oxygen system was 
commissioned to replace the manual titration method that had been used for 
previous cruises. The new methodology is based on the automated system developed 
by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) (Knapp et al., 1990).

The new method has the following advantages over the manual system:

• It utilises the Carpenter (1965) reagent chemistry specified by WOCE (WOCE 
  Operations Manual, 1991).
• It requires the measurement of a reagent blank, to correct for reducing 
  impurities.
• There is a significant improvement in precision and accuracy.
• The system only requires standardisation every second day, instead of daily.
• The standardisation method is such that any loss of volatile iodine incurred 
  in the process of collecting an aliquot of sample is taken into account.
• There is a reduction in operator error, as the whole titration process is 
  controlled by computer.
• Data is directly acquired by computer, reducing the data processing time.
• The system is extremely seaworthy and can be used reliably in rough weather, 
  when manual titrations can be exceptionally difficult.
• The method is used by a number of organisations participating in the WOCE 
  program.

The new system was trialled at sea and on shore before being adopted for routine 
analysis. The results of these trials, and the equations used for the 
calculation of dissolved oxygen concentration, are detailed in Eriksen and 
Terhell (in prep.)

There were several ammendments made to the Knapp et al. (1990) automated method, 
to accomodate the equipment available at the Antarctic CRC. 300 ml sample 
bottles were used in place of the recommended 150 ml bottles. As a result, 2.0 
ml of each of the pickling reagents was added at the time of sampling, and 2.0 
ml of 10N H2SO4 was used to acidify samples prior to analysis. The calulation 
value for total amount of oxygen added with reagents was then 0.034 ml, as 
opposed to 0.017 ml in the Knapp et al. (1990) method. Table A3.2 summarises the 
details of the automated dissolved oxygen method. Note that duplicate titrations 
were performed every 6 samples as a check on the reproducibility of titrations.



Table A3.2:  Summary of details of WHOI automated oxygen method (Knapp et al., 
             1990). Modifications to the WHOI automated method include:
              (a) 300 ml sample bottles are used rather than 150 ml (note a in 
                  the table), and subsequently 
              (b) 2 ml of reagents are added to the sample bottle rather than 1 
                  ml (note b in the table).

             Endpoint:                        Amperometric
             Bottle volume:                   300 ml (note a)
             Aliquot volumes:                 50 ml
             Size of burette:                 10 ml
             Smallest measurable volume
               increment (l):                 1
             Standard solution:               0.01N KH(IO3)2
             Standard preparation:            Vacuum dried
             Standard volume:                 15 ml
             Blank determined:                Yes
             Blank tests for:                 Redox species in reagents plus 
                                              bias in measured endpoint 
             Blank result used
               in calculations:               Yes
             Scope for negative blank:        Yes
             Mn reagent in standards:         Yes
             Standardise daily:               No
             Thiosulphate normality:          0.01 N
             Reagent chemistry:               3 M MnCl2 (2 ml) (note b)
                                              8 N NaOH/4 M NaI (2 ml) (note b)
                                              10 N H2SO4 (2 ml) (note b)
             Reagent filtering:               All double filtered
             Final sample pH:                 2
             Specified reaction time:         2-4 hours
             Correction for DO in reagents:   Yes
             Standard and sample handling
               procedures the same:           Yes
             Average sample processing time:  1.5-2 minutes  




A3.2.2  Sampling procedure

Samples were drawn in accordance with the protocols documented in section 4.1.4 
of the main text.




A3.3  SALINITY ANALYSIS


A3.3.1  Equipment and technique

Salinity analysis was conducted using a YeoKal Mark 4 Inductively Coupled 
Salinometer (Yeokal Electronics, Sydney Australia). The manufacturer claims that 
with sufficient care, and in a constant temperature environment, an experienced 
operator should be able to attain an  accuracy of 0.003 psu. 

The  salinometer was standardised daily using IAPSO P-series salinity standards, 
in accordance with WOCE guidelines. Immediately after the standardisation 
procedure was completed, the conductivity ratio of a bulk seawater "substandard" 
was measured. The substandard was then measured in triplicate every 10 samples, 
to monitor the electronic drift of the instrument. If the drift exceeded 0.00005 
conductivity units, then another vial of IAPSO International seawater was used 
to check the calibration of the instrument. Samples were left for 12 to 24 hours 
to equilibrate to room temperature before analysing. The station to be analysed 
next was always positioned beside the substandard and international standard, to 
ensure that all three fell within the same temperature compensation bandwidth. 
The YeoKal salinometers do not have a thermostated bath around the conductivity 
cell, thus the temperature at which conductivity ratios are determined is also 
measured, and must be confined to a narrow range. 


A3.3.2  Sampling procedure

Samples were collected in accordance with the protocol detailed in section 4.1.4 
of the main text.


A3.3.3  Data processing

Conductivity ratios were entered manually into the HYDRO program, which 
calculates salinity (PSS-78) from the conductivity and calibration data acquired 
on the salinometer. The program also calculates and corrects for any instrument 
drift by linear interpolation between pairs of substandard observations.


REFERENCES

Alpkem Corporation, 1992. "The Flow Solution" Operation Manual. Alpkem 
    Corporation 9445 SW Ridder Rd Wilsonville, OR 97070 USA.

Carpenter, J.H., 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
    Dissolved Oxygen method. Limnology and Oceanography. 10: 141-143.

Eriksen, R. (in prep.). A Practical Manual for the Determination of Salinity, 
    Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients in Seawater. Antarctic CRC Technical Report, 
    Hobart.

Eriksen, R. and Terhell, D., (in prep.). A Comparison of  Manual and Automated 
    Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. Antarctic CRC 
    Technical Report, Hobart.

Knapp, G.P., Stalcup, M.C., and Stanley, R.J., 1990. Automated Oxygen Titration 
    and Salinity Determination. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical 
    Report WHOI-90-35.

Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R. and Rintoul, S., 1995. Aurora Australis marine 
    science cruise AU9309/AU9391 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis. 
    Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 2, March 1995. 103 pp.

Smythe-Wright, D., Paylor, R. and Holley, S., 1992. Chemical tracer studies as 
    IOSDL-3. The measurement of silicate, nitrate and phosphate in seawater. 
    Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory, Report No. 302, 1992. 73 pp.

WOCE Operations Manual, 1991. WHP Office Report WHPO  91-1, WOCE Report No. 
    68/91, Woods Hole, Mass., USA.



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 4  Data File Types



A4.1  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS

The underway measurements for the cruise, as logged automatically by the ship's 
data logging system, and quality controlled by human operator (Ryan, 1995), are 
contained in column formatted ascii files. The two file types contain 10 sec 
digitised data, and 15 min averaged data. In both cases, missing data or data 
flagged as bad are replaced by the null value -999. The files are padded out to 
commence on the first digitising interval of the first day in the file, and 
ending at the last digitising interval on the last day in the file.


A4.1.1  10 second digitised underway measurement data

Data at the minimum digitised interval of 10 sec. are contained in files named 
*.alf (Table A4.1), where the data filename prefix corresponds to the cruise 
acronym ("sham"). A two line header is followed by the data as follows:

column  parameter
------  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1     decimal time (0.0=midnight on December 31st, therefore, for example, 
        1.5=midday on January 2nd)
  2     day
  3     month
  4     year
  5     hour
  6     minute
  7     second
  8     latitude (decimal degrees, +ve=north, -ve=south)
  9     longitude (decimal degrees, +ve=east, -ve=west)
 10     depth (m)
 11     sea surface temperature (°C) (measured at the seawater inlet at 7 m depth)

Note that all times are UTC.



Table A4.1:  Example 10 sec digitised underway measurement file (*.alf file).

Aurora Australis data - GPS pos. (deg), depth (m), sea surface temp (deg C)

decimaltime  day mn  yr   hr m  s    lat        lon     depth   SST 
-----------  --- - ----   -- - -- ---------  --------- ------ -------
70.00000004  12  3 1993   0  0  0 -999.0000  -999.0000 -999.0 -999.00
70.00011578  12  3 1993   0  0 10 -999.0000  -999.0000 -999.0 -999.00
70.00023148  12  3 1993   0  0 20  -44.0044   146.3534  284.6   15.20
70.00034722  12  3 1993   0  0 30  -44.0044   146.3529 -999.0   15.20
70.00046296  12  3 1993   0  0 40  -44.0044   146.3530  283.5   15.20
70.00057870  12  3 1993   0  0 50  -44.0044   146.3523  287.4   15.20
70.00069444  12  3 1993   0  1  0  -44.0043   146.3519  282.2   15.20
70.00081019  12  3 1993   0  1 10  -44.0044   146.3515  282.4   15.20
70.00092593  12  3 1993   0  1 20  -44.0044   146.3511  283.3   15.20
70.00104167  12  3 1993   0  1 30  -44.0044   146.3507  286.0   15.20
70.00115741  12  3 1993   0  1 40  -44.0044   146.3507  286.3   15.20
70.00127315  12  3 1993   0  1 50  -44.0044   146.3502  286.8   15.20
70.00138889  12  3 1993   0  2  0  -44.0043   146.3498  287.4   15.20
70.00150463  12  3 1993   0  2 10  -44.0043   146.3493  291.0   15.20

A4.1.2  15 minute averaged underway measurement data

15 minute averaged data are contained in files named *.exp (Table A4.2), where 
the data filename prefix corresponds to the cruise acronym ("sham"). Note that 
wind direction and ship's heading are instantaneous values. All times represent 
the centre of the averaging interval. A two line header is followed by the data 
as follows:

column  parameter
------  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1     decimal time (as for 10 sec digitised files)
  2     latitude (as for 10 sec digitised files)
  3     longitude (as for 10 sec digitised files)
  4     air pressure (hecto Pascals)
  5     wind speed (knots)
  6     wind direction (deg. true)
  7     port air temperature (°C)
  8     starboard air temperature (°C)
  9     port relative humidity (%)
 10     starboard relative humidity (%)
 11     quantum radiation (µmol/s/m2)
 12     ship speed (knots) (speed through the water)
 13     ship heading (deg. true)
 14     ship roll (deg.)
 15     ship pitch (deg.)
 16     sea surface salinity (parts per thousand) (from seawater inlet at 7 m depth)
 17     sea surface temperature (°C) (at seawater inlet, 7 m depth)
 18     average fluorescence (arbitrary units) (from seawater inlet at 7 m depth)
 19     seawater flow (l/min) (flow rate at seawater inlet)

Note that all times are UTC.



Table A4.2:  Example 15 min averaged underway measurement file (*.exp file).

Aurora Australis DLS data: dumped by EXPORT. Column units: days,°,°,hPa,knots,°True,°C,°C,°,°,umol/s/m2,knots,°True,°,°,ppt,°C,-,l/min

decimaltime     lat      long   airP   windsp windd poairT stairT pohum sthum qrad shipspd shiphdg   roll    pitch   ssSAL  ssT    avfluo  seaflow 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70.00520833 -44.00310 146.33583 1022.2  19.6  293   14.2   14.2     93    88  -999  6.56    235.5  1.185341 0.486591 35.175 15.20 -999.000  9.95
70.01562500 -44.00076 146.31305 1022.3  22.1  290   14.2   14.3     92    87  -999  1.15    235.5  1.295333 0.346111 35.165 15.10 -999.000  9.97
70.02604167 -44.00056 146.31239 1022.3  20.6  305   14.0   14.0     94    89  -999  0.00    235.5  2.568000 0.287667 35.159 15.10 -999.000  9.98
70.03645833 -44.00036 146.31232 1022.2  20.6  298   14.1   14.0     94    89  -999  0.00    235.5  1.303000 0.274444 35.165 15.10 -999.000  9.99
70.04687500 -44.00000 146.31136 1022.2  20.1  298   14.0   14.0     95    90  -999  0.00    234.5  1.380111 0.433667 35.166 15.10 -999.000  9.99
70.05729167 -43.99958 146.31143 1022.2  20.7  288   14.1   14.1     94    89   222  0.00    234.5  1.801667 0.464667 35.165 15.10 -999.000  9.97
70.06770833 -43.99918 146.31229 1022.3  18.5  295   13.8   14.1     96    90   170  0.00    234.5  1.619333 0.398334 35.164 15.20 -999.000  9.99




A4.2  2 DBAR AVERAGED CTD DATA FILES

The final format in which CTD data is distributed is as 2 dbar averaged data, 
contained in column formatted ascii files, named *.all (Table A4.3) (the 
filename prefix is discussed in Appendix 2). Averaging bins are centered on even 
pressure values, starting at 2 dbar. A 15 line header is followed by the data, 
as follows:

column  parameter
------  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1     pressure (dbar)
  2     temperature (°C) (ITS-90)
  3     salinity (psu)
  4     sigmaT = density-1000 (kg.m-3) 
  5     specific volume anomaly x 108(m3.kg-1)
  6     geopotential anomaly (J.kg-1)
  7     dissolved oxygen (µmol.l-1)
  8     number of data points used in the 2 dbar averaging bin
  9     standard deviation of temperature values in the 2 dbar bin
 10     standard deviation of conductivity values in the 2 dbar bin
 11     fluorescence (mg.m-3) (uncalibrated)
 12     photosynthetically active radiation (µmol.s-1.m2) (uncalibrated)

All files start at the 2 dbar pressure level, incrementing by 2 dbar for each 
new data line. Missing data are filled by blank characters (this most often 
applies to dissolved oxygen data).



Table A4.3:  Example 2 dbar averaged CTD data file (*.all file).

SHIP               R.V. Aurora Australis   
-----------------  ---------------------------
 STATION NUMBER    4
 DATE              02-JAN-1994  (DAY NUMBER 2)
 START TIME        1020 UTC = Z
 BOTTOM TIME       1100 UTC = Z
 FINISH TIME       1222 UTC = Z
 CRUISE            Au94/07
 START POSITION    44:07.03S 146:13.35E
 BOTTOM POSITION   44:07.14S 146:13.71E
 FINISH POSITION   44:06.61S 146:13.95E
 MAXIMUM PRESSURE  1038 DECIBARS
 BOTTOM DEPTH      1015 METRES

PRESS TEMP   
   (T-90)    SAL  SIGMA-T S.V.A. G.A.  D.O.         fluorescence            p.a.r.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2.0 11.899 34.773 26.432 158.69 0.032 277.6  30 0.001 0.007 0.95569E+01 -0.49498E+00
 4.0 11.899 34.778 26.436 158.41 0.063 280.3  30 0.001 0.001 0.10817E+02 -0.63459E+00
 6.0 11.903 34.779 26.436 158.46 0.095 281.1  45 0.001 0.002 0.90911E+01 -0.60488E+00
 8.0 11.903 34.778 26.435 158.55 0.127 278.0  41 0.000 0.000 0.80700E+01 -0.58265E+00
10.0 11.903 34.778 26.435 158.60 0.159 278.6  32 0.001 0.001 0.75122E+01 -0.66496E+00
12.0 11.904 34.778 26.435 158.66 0.190 280.2  32 0.001 0.001 0.72758E+01 -0.55944E+00
14.0 11.905 34.778 26.435 158.72 0.222 281.5  40 0.000 0.000 0.73697E+01 -0.62194E+00
16.0 11.907 34.779 26.435 158.76 0.254 277.5  34 0.002 0.002 0.69932E+01 -0.56719E+00
18.0 11.908 34.780 26.435 158.77 0.286 275.7  25 0.002 0.002 0.68356E+01 -0.63807E+00
20.0 11.909 34.779 26.435 158.90 0.317 276.0  30 0.002 0.002 0.69607E+01 -0.54045E+00
22.0 11.911 34.780 26.435 158.93 0.349 275.3  63 0.003 0.003 0.69971E+01 -0.59554E+00
24.0 11.917 34.781 26.435 158.95 0.381 265.2  47 0.004 0.006 0.69678E+01 -0.58176E+00
26.0 11.923 34.783 26.435 159.01 0.413 268.1  31 0.002 0.003 0.70108E+01 -0.63026E+00
28.0 11.909 34.779 26.434 159.11 0.444 272.3  26 0.002 0.002 0.68240E+01 -0.57804E+00


A4.3  HYDROLOGY DATA FILES

Files named *.bot (where the filename prefix is the the cruise code e.g. a9407) 
are column formatted ascii files containing the hydrology data, together with 
CTD upcast burst data (Table A4.4). The columns contain the following values:

column  parameter
------  --------------------------------------------------
  1     station number
  2     CTD pressure (dbar)
  3     CTD temperature (°C)
  4     reversing thermometer temperature (°C)
  5     CTD conductivity (mS.cm-1)
  6     CTD salinity (psu)
  7     bottle salinity (psu)
  8     ortho phosphate concentration (µmol.l-1)
  9     nitrate + nitrite concentration (µmol.l-1)
 10     reactive silicate concentration (µmol.l-1)
 11     bottle dissolved oxygen concentration (µmol.l-1)
 12     bottle quality flag (-1=rejected, 0=suspect, 1=good)
 13     niskin bottle number


Missing data values are filled by a decimal point (surrounded by blank 
characters). Parameters 2,3,5 and 6 are mean values from the upcast CTD burst 
data at the time of bottle firing, where each burst contains the data 5 sec 
previous to the time of bottle firing. Parameters 7 to 11 are laboratory values 
for the hydrology analyses. Parameter 12, the bottle quality flag, is relevant 
to the calibration of CTD salinities - bottles flagged 1 and 0 are used for 
calibration, while those flagged -1 are rejected. Criteria for flagging of the 
bottle data are discussed elsewhere (Appendix 2). Parameter 13, the niskin 
bottle number, is a unique identifier for each bottle. Note that the bottle 
number does not always correspond with rosette position.



Table A4.4:  Example hydrology data file (*.bot file).

2    8.556  15.155 15.154 43.109  35.032  35.031  0.29   8.80  7.7   247.10  1  11
2   25.593  15.111   .    43.076  35.034  35.035  0.28   0.20  3.7   248.50  1   9
2   50.992  15.105   .    43.085  35.038  35.038  0.27   0.30  2.2   249.10  1   8
2   73.718  14.188   .    42.227  35.068  35.077  0.48   4.40  2.8   228.70 -1   7
2   98.376  12.840   .    40.910  35.055  35.051  0.66   7.70  2.5   227.60 -1   6
2  123.524  12.490   .    40.618  35.089  35.081  0.76   9.60  3.0   223.10 -1   5
2  148.516  11.904   .    40.025  35.052  35.067  0.85  11.10  3.4   223.30 -1   4
2  200.278  11.085   .    39.174  34.963  34.965  0.90  13.30  4.0   226.40 -1   3
2  247.807  10.678 10.691 38.758  34.914  34.914  1.02  13.90  4.1   230.40  0   2
2  289.188   9.625   .    37.640  34.769  34.794  1.13  15.80  4.8   232.40 -1   1
3    8.609  15.984 15.958 44.199  35.274  35.275   .     0.20  1.6   270.80  1  16
3   21.504  15.975   .    44.198  35.276  35.275  0.25   0.20  1.5   266.60  1  15
3   48.210  15.935   .    44.171  35.277  35.276  0.25   0.40  0.7   264.60  1  14
3   73.795  15.897   .    44.140  35.273  35.270  0.27   0.80  1.6   238.30 -1  13
3   98.905  14.011   .    42.238  35.229  35.236  0.63   7.50  2.3      .   -1  12
3  148.674  12.557   .    40.763  35.155  35.155  0.81  10.90  4.1   216.00  0  11
3  197.813  11.432   .    39.575  35.033  35.033  0.92  12.80  3.9   227.30  1  10
3  298.658  10.110   .    38.158  34.828  34.831  1.10  15.40  4.6   230.70  1   9
3  396.295   9.214   .    37.238  34.702  34.703  1.28  18.70  6.0   226.20 -1   8
3  496.675   8.371   .    36.405  34.604  34.603  1.52  22.50  9.3   210.60  1   7
3  597.207   7.385   .    35.469  34.524  34.524  1.71  25.90  14.6  199.30  1   6
3  697.115   6.587   .    34.751  34.487  34.486  1.90  28.30  20.6  195.30  1   5
3  778.707   5.739   .    33.995  34.458  34.458  2.05  30.50  27.8     .    1   4
3  900.509   4.315   .    32.710  34.381  34.382  2.20  32.70  33.6  198.50  1   3
3 1000.091   4.027  4.029 32.574  34.471  34.471  2.34  34.30  49.6  171.00  1   2
3 1113.395   3.403   .    32.110  34.517  34.522  2.42  35.40  61.3  169.90 -1   1
4   23.926  15.341   .    43.397  35.121  35.120  0.26   0.10  0.6   230.60  1  23
4   49.736  15.198   .    43.231  35.088  35.087  0.26   0.30  0.6   229.10  1  22
4   99.651  13.388   .    41.599  35.202  35.200  0.77   9.00  2.6   200.60  1  21
4  148.952  12.164   .    40.341  35.114  35.122  0.86  12.90  3.8   221.80 -1  20
4  196.847  11.114   .    39.222  34.985  34.980  0.95  11.40  3.6   233.30 -1  19
4  298.033   9.997   .    38.028  34.804  34.803  1.02  13.80   .    254.10 -1  18
4  384.198   9.235   .    37.228  34.676  34.677   .      .     .    256.20 -1  17
4  495.853   8.452   .    36.455  34.578  34.577  1.43  20.70  8.1   232.70 -1  16
      
      
      
A4.4  STATION INFORMATION FILES
     
Station information files, named *.sta (Table A4.5) (where the filename prefix 
is the cruise code), contain position, time, bottom depth and maximum pressure 
of cast for CTD stations. The CTD instrument number is specified in the file 
header. Position and time (UTC) are specified at the start, bottom and end of 
the cast, while the bottom depth is for the start of the cast. Note that small 
inconsistencies may exist between bottom depth and maximum pressure, due to 
drift of the vessel between the start and bottom of the cast. In addition, a 
single value is assumed for the sound velocity in seawater for echo sounder 
calculations (1498 m.s-1), which may cause small errors in water depth values. 



Table A4.5:  Example CTD station information file (*.sta file).

=====================================================================
RSV Aurora Australis  Cruise: Au93/09  CTD station list  (CTD unit 4)
=====================================================================
                                      bottom|
sta|                     start         depth|max P |           bottom        |            end
no.|time   date    latitude  longitude  (m) |(dbar)|time latitude  longitude |time latitude  longitude
---|----------------------------------------|------|-------------------------|-------------------------
 1 |2032 11-MAR-93 44:06.73S 146:14.35E 1000|  956 |2118 44:06.37S 146:14.35E|2154 44:06.19S 146:14.60E
 2 |0027 12-MAR-93 44:00.06S 146:18.61E  300|  289 |0042 44:00.03S 146:18.77E|0115 43:59.97S 146:18.64E
 3 |0513 12-MAR-93 44:07.51S 146:14.89E 1100| 1115 |0549 44:07.48S 146:15.06E|0632 44:07.39S 146:15.23E
 4 |0854 12-MAR-93 44:27.89S 146:07.94E 2340| 2335 |0938 44:27.52S 146:07.30E|1028 44:27.32S 146:07.51E
 5 |1437 12-MAR-93 44:56.71S 145:56.67E 3380| 3465 |1606 44:56.10S 145:56.52E|1727 44:55.56S 145:56.36E


REFERENCES

Ryan, T., 1995.  Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation aboard 
    the RSV Aurora Australis.. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished 
    manuscript, second edition, April 1995.



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 5  Data Processing Information


Table A5.1: Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation of 
            intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2).

station    rosette position              station        rosette position     
number  flag=-1         flag=0           number  flag=-1               flag=0    
--------------------------------------   -----------------------------------------------------
 1 SR3                  19,22,24         56 SR3                        23
 2 SR3  14              15,17,22         57 SR3  21                    22,24
 3 SR3  1,2,9,11,12     5,8,10,13        58 SR3  21,22                 20,23,24
 4 SR3  1,19,20         3,7,8,15,17      59 SR3                        22,24  
 5 SR3                  11,14,15,17,19   60 SR3                        21,23  
 6 SR3  20,21           11,12,13         61 SR3  22                    4,5,7,13,14,16,17,18,23
 7 SR3  4                                63 SR3  20,23                 22
 8 SR3  12,14,21,22     15,16,17,20      64 SR3  19                    22,23
 9 SR3  22              15,20,21         65 SR3  19                    6,16,17,18,20
10 SR3  21              19,20            66 SR3                        5,6,10,12,23
11 SR3  16              14               67 SR3  11,12,17,21,24        2,9,10,14,16,20
12 SR3                  13,22            68 SR3  6,17                  11,13,14,20
13 SR3  19,20           10,11,17,18      69 SR3  13,14                 3,4,5
14 SR3  13,20                            70 SR3  13                    4,5,7
15 SR3  20              12,13,14         71 SR3                        9
16 SR3                  13,14            72 SR3  14                    13,15
17 SR3  20              17,18            73 SR3                        8
19 SR3  18,19,22        13,15,17         74 ULS  3,11                  4,17,21
20 SR3  14                               75 ULS  19,23      
21 SR3                  18               76 PET  19,21                 15,17,20
22 SR3                  18               77 PET  19,21
23 SR3                  14,21            78 PET  10                    12,14,15,18,19,21
24 SR3  14              11,12,15,21      79 PET  16                    9,14,21,22,23
25 SR3  17,22            3,21            80 PET  19                    12,20,22,23,24
26 SR3  14,23           17,19            81 PET  22,23                 14,15
30 SR3  15              16,17,18,19,20   82 PET  15,18,19,23    
32 SR3  18,21,23        22               83 PET  17,19,21              15,18,20,22
33 SR3  19,22           18,21            84 PET  22                    21,24
34 SR3                  21               85 PET  19,21,22,23,24
35 SR3                  20,21            86 PET  9,11,12,13,15         3,5,6,7,10,16,20
36 SR3  24              19,20,21,22,23   87 PET  22                    15
37 SR3                  19,20,21,24      88 PET  21,22                 19,23
39 SR3  15,21,23,24     10,16,17,18      89 PET  5,7,9,11,13,14        10,12
40 SR3  24                               91 PET  21,22      
41 SR3  24              20,22            92 PET  21                    22,23
42 SR3  18,20           22,23            93 PET  22
43 SR3  11,13,17,19,22  14,15,21         94 PET                        3
44 SR3                  20               95 PET  21                    20,22,23,24
45 SR3  21              20               96 PET  18,19                 17,21,22
46 SR3  20                               97 PET  16,17,21,23           14,15,19,20,24
48 SR3  20              21,23            98 PET  14,15,17    
49 SR3  11,12,23        14,18,19,20,22   99 PET  15,16,17,19           13,20
51 SR3                  21,22           100 TS   11,12,13,15,16,17,18  5,14,19
52 SR3  8,10            9               101 TS   6,7,23    
53 SR3                  23,24           102 BPR  13,14                 15,20
54 SR3  21,24           
55 SR3  21,22           20      


Table A5.2: Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for dissolved 
            oxygen calibration. Note that this does not necessarily indicate a 
            bad bottle sample - in many cases, flagging is due to bad CTD 
            dissolved oxygen data.

            station  rosette       station  rosette          station  rosette
            number   position      number   position         number   position
            -----------------      --------------------      -----------------
             3       1             42       17,18,19,20       71      11
             4       19            45       20,21             74      3
             5       16,21         46       18,19,20          75      19
             7       2             47       21                76      20
            13       14            48       21                77      17,19
            15       12,17         51       21,22             79      8,13
            17       22            54       21                81      14,24
            19       15,16,17      55       19                83      8,18
            20       23,24         58       21                84      22
            23       16            60       22                86      18
            24       15,21,24      63       20                91      21
            26       18            64       21                98      16
            30       16            65       18,19             99      14,20
            33       18,19,20      68       11,15,17         100      12,18
            39       18            69       13,15            102      13,14
            40       23            70       11              
     
     
 
Table A5.3: Stations containing fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically active 
            radiation (par) 2 dbar-averaged data.
 
            stations with fl data                 stations with par data
            ------------------------------------  ----------------------
            1                                     1
            3,4,5                                 3,4,5
            7                                     7
            11                                    11 to 102
            16           
            21           
            39           
            43           
            76,77,78 ,79,80,81      
            83          
            86          
            89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100  
            
            
            
Table A5.4: Protected and unprotected reversing thermometers used for cruise 
            AU9407 (serial numbers are listed).

            protected thermometers
            
            station   rosette position  rosette position  rosette position
            numbers   24 thermometers   2 thermometers    18 thermometers
            --------  ----------------  ----------------  ----------------
            1 to 101  12095,12096       12094,11973              -
            102       12095,12096       12094,11973         12120,12119
            
            unprotected thermometers
            
            station   rosette position  rosette position  rosette position
            numbers   24 thermometers   2 thermometers    18 thermometers
            --------  ----------------  ----------------  ----------------
            1 to 101                       11992                 -
            102                            11992               11993



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 6  Historical Data Comparisons



A6.1  INTRODUCTION

In this Appendix, a brief comparison is made between the au9407 cruise data, and 
data from the previous cruise au9309; data from the SR3 transect only is 
discussed. The SR3 transect was occupied during the autumn of 1993, and summer 
of 1993/94, for cruises au9309 and au9407 respectively. For data prior to 1993, 
see Appendix 6 in Rosenberg et al. (1995). 

The following terminology is used for the discussion in this Appendix (taken 
from Patterson and Whitworth, 1990):

Subantarctic Zone - lying between the Subtropical and Subantarctic Fronts;

Subantarctic Front - as defined by Gordon et al. (1977); marked by a rapid 
southward decrease in surface temperature and salinity;

Polar Frontal Zone - transition zone between the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts;

Polar Front - as defined by Emery (1977); marked by the northern terminus of the 
well defined subsurface temperature minimum layer;

Antarctic Zone - south of the Polar Front;

TS curves and vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from a series 
of locations along the SR3 transect are compared for the two cruises (Figure 
A6.1). Although some nomenclature differences exist in the literature when 
discussing the Southern Ocean, particularly for meridional transitions in water 
characteristics, the above definitions are used as convenient references for 
selecting representative stations for the inter-cruise comparison. Positions for 
all stations referred to in Figure A6.1 are listed in Table A6.1. Note that the 
stations selected for graphing in Figure A6.1 display most, but not all, of the 
general trends discussed below: it is difficult to simultaneously display all 
these trends without graphing the entire data set.



Table A6.1:  Positions for all stations referred to in Figure A6.1.

                            au9309                     au9407              
                    -----------------------    -----------------------
                    stn  lat. S   long. E      stn  lat. S   long. E     

Subantarctic Zone   12   48:18.91 144:32.00    17   48:18.90 144:31.73   
Subantarctic Zone   14   49:16.18 144:05.26    20   49:16.17 144:05.64   
Polar Frontal Zone  21   52:15.27 142:37.50    29   52:15.46 142:37.53   
Polar Frontal Zone  22   52:38.18 142:23.56    31   52:39.41 142:22.88   
Antarctic Zone      27   55:01.15 141:00.75    37   55:01.16 141:00.58
Antarctic Zone      30   56:26.22 140:06.15    41   56:26.28 140:06.01
Antarctic Zone      42   60:21.22 139:50.86    51   60:21.36 139:50.59
Antarctic Zone      43   60:21.34 139:50.91          
Antarctic Zone      48   61:50.76 139:51.22    55   61:51.11 139:50.95
Antarctic Zone      49   61:51.06 139:51.58          
Antarctic Zone      56   63:50.89 139:51.75    60   63:52.03 139:51.10
Antarctic Zone      57   63:47.35 139:54.20          
Antarctic Zone      62   65:05.06 139:51.08    64   65:04.98 139:50.91
Antarctic Zone      63   65:04.89 139:51.27          


A6.2  RESULTS


A6.2.1  CTD temperature and salinity

Comparison of TS diagrams for the two cruises (Figure A6.1a to e) reveals a 
relative decrease in salinities for au9407 data over most of the water column. 
This unexpected result is particularly surprising for the Circumpolar Deep 
Water. Comparison of meridional variation of the salinity maximum for the two 
cruises i.e. for Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (as defined by Gordon, 1967) 
(Figure A6.2) reveals a large consistent relative decrease in salinity for 
au9407 data, of the order 0.006 psu. Note that in Figure A6.2, property 
differences are only formed between station pairs (i.e. corresponding au9309 and 
au9407 stations) which are separated by less than 1.5 nautical miles of 
latitude; north of ~47.5° south, station locations for the two cruises do not 
correspond spatially. 

On initial inspection, the consistent deep water salinity difference between the 
two cruises suggests some systematic error in the salinity data. In particluar, 
temperature and pressure differences at the salinity maxima are randomly 
scattered about zero (Figure A6.2), suggesting that there is a biasing of the 
salinity measurements for one of the cruises (no biasing exists for either the 
temperature or pressure data). However, at the time of writing, comparison of 
au9309 data with the latest salinity data from the SR3 transect in January 1995 
(unpublished) reveals a comparable decrease in salinity at many locations i.e. 
agreement between au9407 and the January 1995 data. Comparison of the au9309 
data with earlier data from cruise au9101 (Figure A6.3) shows a possible 
salinity increase for au9309 south of ~49° south. This increase is however not 
comparable to the large salinity difference between cruises au9309 and au9407. 

The International Standard Seawater (ISS) batches used for salinity analyses 
during the different cruises are listed in Table A6.2. Note that the same batch 
was used for au9309 and for part of au9404. In particular, degradation of ISS 
batches with time would result in salinity increase of the ISS, in turn yielding 
a positive salinity bias for salinometer analyses. This is not consistent with 
the observed decrease in salinities from au9309 to au9407 and au9404. Thus the 
ISS is unlikely to account for the large salinity differences. 

The only other possible source of a systematic salinity error is the 
salinometers. Different YeoKal Mk IV salinometers were indeed used for cruises 
au9309 and au9407 (Table A6.2). In addition, temperature control of the 
hydrology laboratory was only introduced just prior to cruise au9407. As a 
result, for cruise au9407 and later, salinity analyses were conducted at 
laboratory temperatures of ~22 to 23°C ±2°C; whereas for cruise au9309, the 
average laboratory temperature was ~19 to 20°C (see Figure 2 in Rosenberg et 
al., 1995), and much larger fluctuations in temperature were experienced (up to 
~±10°C). Some as yet unknown inconsistency of salinometer behaviour, either a 
function of the instrument used or else the ambient temperature at which 
analyses occur, may indeed contribute to the observed salinity differences 
between cruises. Whether the entire difference can be attributed to systematic 
instrument error is, at this stage, inconclusive.



Table A6.2: International Standard Seawater (ISS) batches and salinometers used 
            for different cruises.

                             ISS      
cruise  station nos.        batch #  date of ISS     salinometer no.
------  ------------------  -------  --------------  -----------------------
au9309  1-63 (SR3)           P121    8th Sept. 1992  601003 (stations 1-63)

au9407  1-79 (SR3 and PET)   P123    10th June 1993  601855 (stations 1-86)
au9407  80-102 (PET)         P121    8th Sept. 1992  601003 (stations 87-102)

au9404  1-85 (S4 and SR3)    P123    10th June 1993  601855 (stations 1-107)
au9404  86-107 (SR3)         P121    8th Sept. 1992


For the Polar Frontal Zone and more northerly parts of the Antarctic Zone 
(Figures A6.1b to d), surface waters for the au9309 data are fresher as a result 
of relatively higher precipitation during the autumn months. Further south 
(Figure A6.1e), surface waters are saltier for the au9309 data, due to removal 
of fresh water by the formation of sea ice.

Also worth noting is the temperature difference in the sub surface temperature 
minimum layer south of the Polar Front (Figures A6.1c to e). For cruise au9407, 
the minimum temperature in this layer is lower by up to ~1°C, attributable to 
seasonal variablility.


A6.2.2  Dissolved oxygen

Au9407 dissolved oxygen concentrations, measured using the WHOI automated method 
(see Appendix 3), are consistently higher than au9309 values, measured using the 
CSIRO manual method (Appendix 3 in Rosenberg et al., 1995), over the entire 
water column (Figures A6.1a to e). This observation is consistent with results 
found by Eriksen and Terhell (in prep.) when comparing the automated and manual 
analysis methods: concentrations analysed using the manual method are 
consistently lower by approximately 1%. 


A6.2.3  Nutrients

Phosphate and nitrate+nitrite concentrations are in general consistent for the 
au9407 and au9309 data, revealed by comparison of the nitrate+nitrite to 
phosphate ratio (Figure A6.4). For more northerly stations (in the Subantarctic 
Zone), nitrate+nitrite concentrations are typically higher for au9309 data. 
These data can be seen (Figure A6.4) as a cluster of higher au9309 
nitrate+nitrite values at the high concentration end of the scale. For phosphate 
data, au9309 concentrations are frequently lower in the more northerly parts of 
the Antarctic Zone, contributing to the clustering of au9309 data to the left of 
the best fit line at the higher concentration end of the scale in Figure A6.4. 
At latitudes other than those just mentioned, there is no consistent offset 
between phosphate and nitrate+nitrite data for the two cruises, with the 
exception of surface waters subject to high seasonal variability.

For stations south of ~49° south, silicate concentrations are more often higher 
for the au9309 data by, on average, ~3 to 5 µmol/l. Exceptions to this pattern 
are for surface waters, where silicate values are usually lower for the au9309 
data; and for data near the bottom in the Antarctic Zone, where no consistent 
silicate concentration offset between the two cruises is evident.


REFERENCES

Emery, W.J., 1977. Antarctic Polar Front Zone from Australia to the Drake 
      Passage. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 9: 456-468.

Eriksen, R. and Terhell, D., (in prep.). A Comparison of  Manual and Automated 
      Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. Antarctic CRC 
      Technical Report, Hobart.

Gordon, A.L., 1967. Structure of Antarctic waters between 20°W and 170°W. 
      Antarctic Map Folio Series, Folio 6, Bushnell, V. (ed.). American Geophysical 
      Society, New York.

Gordon, A.L., Taylor, H.W. and Georgi, D.T., 1977. Antarctic oceanography 
      zonation. In Polar Oceans, Dunbar, M.J. (ed.). Proceedings of the Polar Ocean 
      Conference, McGill University, Montreal. Arctic Institute of North America, 
      Calgary.

Patterson, S.L. and Whitworth, T., 1990. Chapter 3  Physical Oceanography in 
      Antarctic Sector of the Pacific (G.P. Glasby editor). Elsevier Oceanography 
      Series, 51. 

Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R. and Rintoul, S., 1995. Aurora Australis marine 
      science cruise AU9309/AU9391 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis. 
      Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 2, March 1995. 103 pp.




Figure A6.1a: TS diagrams, and dissolved oxygen and nutrient vertical profile 
              data, for comparison of au9407 and au9309 data: stations north of the 
              Subantarctic Front. Note that all dissolved oxygen data is CTD 2 dbar-averaged 
              data.


Figure A6.1b: TS diagrams, and dissolved oxygen and nutrient vertical profile 
              data, for comparison of au9407 and au9309 data: stations between the 
              Subantarctic and Polar Fronts. Note that all dissolved oxygen data is CTD 2 
              dbar-averaged data.


Figure A6.1c: TS diagrams, and dissolved oxygen and nutrient vertical profile 
              data, for comparison of au9407 and au9309 data: stations south of the Polar 
              Front. Note that all dissolved oxygen data is CTD 2 dbar-averaged data.


Figure A6.1d: TS diagrams, and dissolved oxygen and nutrient vertical profile 
              data, for comparison of au9407 and au9309 data: stations south of the Polar 
              Front. Note that dissolved oxygen data is CTD 2 dbar-averaged data for au9407, 
              and Niskin bottle data for au9309.


Figure A6.1e: TS diagrams, and dissolved oxygen and nutrient vertical profile 
              data, for comparison of au9407 and au9309 data: stations south of the Polar 
              Front. Note that dissolved oxygen data is CTD 2 dbar-averaged data for au9407, 
              and Niskin bottle data for au9309.


Figure A6.2:  Variation with latitude south along the SR3 transect of properties 
              at the deep salinity maximum (marking the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water): 
              property differences are between cruise au9309 and cruise au9407 i.e. au9309 
              value minus au9407 value. Note that differences are formed only between stations 
              from the two cruises which are separated by no more than 1.5 nautical miles of 
              latitude.


Figure A6.3:  Variation with latitude south along the SR3 transect of properties 
              at the deep salinity maximum (marking the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water): 
              property differences are between cruise au9309 and cruise au9101 i.e. au9309 
              value minus au9101 value. Note that au9309 values are obtained by linearly 
              interpolating between au9309 station latitudes to correspond with au9101 station 
              latitudes.


Figure A6.4:  Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9309 and 
              au9407 data along the SR3 transect, together with linear best fit lines.



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



APPENDIX 7:  WOCE Data Format Addendum



A7.1  INTRODUCTION

This Appendix is relevant only to data submitted to the WHP Office. For WOCE 
format data, file format descriptions as detailed earlier in this report should 
be ignored. Data files submitted to the WHP Office are in the standard WOCE 
format as specified in Joyce et al. (1991).


A7.2  CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES

• CTD 2 dbar-averaged file format is as per Table 3.12 of Joyce et al. (1991), 
  except that measurements are centered on even pressure bins (with first value at 2 dbar).
• CTD temperature and salinity are reported to the third decimal place only. 
• Files are named as in Appendix 2, section A2.2.1, except that for WOCE format 
  data the suffix ".all" is replaced with ".ctd". 
• The quality flags for CTD data are defined in Table A7.1. Data quality 
  information is detailed in earlier sections of this report. 


A7.3  HYDROLOGY DATA FILES

• Hydrology data file format is as per Table 3.7 of Joyce et al. (1991), with 
  quality flags defined in Tables A7.2 and A7.3. 
• Files are named as in Appendix 2, section A2.2.2, except that for WOCE format 
  data the suffix ".bot" is replaced by ".sea". 
• The total value of nitrate+nitrite only is listed. 
• Silicate and nitrate+nitrite are reported to the first decimal place only. 
• CTD temperature (including theta), CTD salinity and bottle salinity are all 
  reported to the third decimal place only. 
• CTD temperature (including theta), CTD pressure and CTD salinity are all 
  derived from upcast CTD burst data; CTD dissolved oxygen is derived from 
  downcast 2 dbar-averaged data (see Appendix 2).
• Raw CTD pressure values are not reported.
• SAMPNO is equal to the rosette position of the Niskin bottle.


A7.4  CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS


A7.4.1  Dissolved oxygen


Niskin bottle data

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen concentration 
values have been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units 
µmol/kg, as follows. Concentration Ck in µmol/kg is given by

                 Ck = 1000 Cl / ρ(θ,s,0)                             (eqn A7.1)

where Cl is the concentration in µmol/l, 1000 is a conversion factor, and 
ρ(θ,s,0) is the potential density at zero pressure and at the potential 
temperature θ, where potential temperature is given by

                 θ = θ(T,s,p)                                        (eqn A7.2)

for the in situ temperature T, salinity s and pressure p values at which the 
Niskin bottle was fired. Note that T, s and p are upcast CTD burst data averages 
(see Appendix 2, section A2.7.4).


CTD data

In the WOCE format files, CTD dissolved oxygen data are converted to µmol/kg by 
the same method as above, except that T, s and p in eqns A7.1 and A7.2 are CTD 2 
dbar-averaged data.


A7.4.2  Nutrients

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle nutrient concentration values have 
been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units µmol/kg using

                 Ck  =  1000 Cl / ρ(Tl,s,0)                          (eqn A7.3)

where 1000 is a conversion factor, and ρ(Tl,s,0) is the water density in the 
hydrology laboratory at the laboratory temperature Tl and at zero pressure. Tl 
values used for each station are listed in Table 23 of the main text. Upcast CTD 
burst data averages are used for s.



Table A7.1:  Definition of quality flags for CTD data (after Table 3.11 in Joyce 
             et al., 1991). These flags apply both to CTD data in the 2 dbar-
             averaged *.ctd files, and to upcast CTD burst data in the *.sea 
             files.

                       flag  definition
                       ----  ---------------------------------
                        1    not calibrated with water samples
                        2    acceptable measurement
                        3    questionable measurement
                        4    bad measurement
                        5    measurement not reported
                        6    interpolated value
                       7,8   these flags are not used
                        9    parameter not sampled



Table A7.2:  Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles (i.e. parameter 
             BTLNBR in *.sea files) (after Table 3.8 in Joyce et al., 1991).

                       flag  definition
                       ----  -------------------------------------------
                        1    this flag is not used
                        2    no problems noted
                        3    bottle leaking, as noted when rosette 
                             package returned on deck
                        4    bottle did not trip correctly
                        5    bottle leaking, as noted from data analysis
                        6    bottle not fired at correct depth, due to 
                             misfiring of rosette pylon
                       7,8   these flags are not usedinterpolated value
                        9    samples not drawn from this bottle




Table A7.3:  Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files (after 
             Table 3.9 in Joyce et al., 1991).

                       flag  definition
                       ----  ------------------------
                        1    this flag is not used
                        2    acceptable measurement
                        3    questionable measurement
                        4    bad measurement
                        5    measurement not reported
                       6,8   these flags are not used
                        9    parameter not sampled
                       


A7.5  STATION INFORMATION FILES

• File format is as per section 2.2.2 of Joyce et al. (1991), and files are 
  named as in Appendix 2, section A2.2.3, except that for WOCE format data the 
  suffix ".sta" is replaced by ".sum".
• All depths are calculated using a uniform speed of sound through the water 
  column of 1498 ms-1. Reported depths are as measured from the water surface. 
  Missing depths are due to interference of the ship's bow thrusters with the 
  echo sounder signal, as described in Appendix 2, section A2.3.
• An altimeter attached to the base of the rosette frame (approximately at the 
  same vertical position as the CTD sensors) measures the elevation (or height 
  above the bottom) in metres. The elevation value at each station is recorded 
  manually from the CTD data stream display at the bottom of each CTD downcast. 
  Motion of the ship due to waves can cause an error in these manually recorded 
  values of up to (3 m.
• Lineout (i.e. meter wheel readings of the CTD winch) were unavailable.


REFERENCES

Joyce, T., Corry, C. and Stalcup, M., 1991. Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
      Programme Data Reporting. WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, Revision 1, WOCE Report 
      No. 67/91, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 71 pp.



__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________



WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type      Action Summary
--------  ----------  -------------  -------------------------------------------
09/30/98  Diggs       CTD            Data Online 

03/23/99  Diggs       BTL*/SUM/DOC   BTL S/O, NUTs 

09/14/99  Rosenberg   NO2+NO3        Submitted
          For P11A (09AR9391_2), there's no separate nitrite data, only total 
          nitrate+nitrite. In fact the same applies to all our Aurora Australis 
          WOCE cruises. 

04/03/00  Thompson    Cruise ID      Changed Line from PR12 to SR03
          At DIU meeting it was decided to change all PR12 line designations to 
          SR03. 

05/06/00  Rintoul     CTD/BTL        Data are public
          I would like all of the SR3 repeats to be publicly available. In 
          particular, in reference to your message, please make the following 
          data public:
            Line Expocode Parameter
            SR03 09AR9101_1 BTL
            SR03 09AR9101_1 CFCs
            SR03 09AR9407_1 BTL
            SR03 09AR9407_1 CTD

05/09/00  Bartolacci  BTL/SUM/CTD    Data made public, all tables updated
          As per Mark Rosenberg, these data were made public and all 
          tables/files updated.

05/10/00  Bartolacci   CTD/BTL       files added to website 

01/02/02  Tilbrook     C14           Samples contaminated
          I am listed for 14C on the SR3 repeats for 09AR9309_1 and 09AR9407_1. 
          These samples were all contaminated by biologists and there is no 
          point listing them as even being collected

05/17/02  Tibbetts    Cruise Report  pdf, txt versions online
          New PDF and text docs online. 

07/22/02  Buck        SUM            Zeroes edited in SUM to match CTD
          Edited preceding zeroes in SUMFILE to match those in CTDFILE. Edited 
          expocode in CTD file to match that in SUM and DOC. 

07/22/02  Buck        CTD            Expocode edited to match SUM and DOC
          Edited preceding zeroes in SUMFILE to match those in CTDFILE. Edited 
          expocode in CTD file to match that in SUM and DOC.


