WHP relevant work during METEOR cruise 28, Leg 2
================================================

Status: 24 February, 1998
Compiled by Claudia Schmid
IFM Kiel


0. Preliminary Remark
This report summarizes and updates hydrographic work that has 
been conducted during METEOR cruise 28, leg 2 (M28/2), 
in May/June 1994 within the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE) 
of the World Circulation Experiment (WOCE). It first has been 
described in the official cruise report (Zenk and Mueller, 1995). 
The present summary is designated as accompanying document to the 
WOCE (repeat) hydrographic data of M28/2. It especially 
describes in more detail, both, improved CTD data processing and 
calibration of the CTD sensors. 

Note that WHP A8 data were acquired earlier during M28/1; they  
are not subject of this report.


1. Cruise Narrative

1.1 Highlights

Expedition designation
	
	WOCE-Suedatlantik 1994
	Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), AR15
	METEOR cruise 28/2

Chief Scientist:	M28/2: Walter Zenk, IFM Kiel, Germany
Ship:			FS METEOR, Hamburg, Germany
Leg:			M28/2: Walvis Bay, Namibia - Buenos Aires, Argentina
Data:			May 15 - June 14, 1994

1.2 Cruise Summary

Leg M28/2 was mainly aimed at the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE)
of WOCE.

The mooring array ACM03/12 consisting of 7 moorings was recovered
at 31-34 S, near the Rio Grande Rise and the Hunter Channel.
A bathymetric survey of the Hunter Channel hes been taken with
METEOR's multibeam echosounder HYDROSWEEP (Paetzold et al. 1996).

44 usable CTD profiles were taken, (Stations No. 292-345) with
abundant samples drawn from a rosette for calibration of the
CTD's conductivity (salinity) sensor.
For positions see the *.SUM file which accompanies this document. 

Also 89 XBT's, 20 surface drifters and 29 RAFOS floats were launched.

Two sound sources were moored.


1.3 List of Principal Investigators:

Walter Zenk <wzenk@ifm.uni-kiel.de>
Duesternbrooker Weg 20
24105 KIEL, Germany 
	CTD, oxygen, IFMK moorings

William Emery
University of Colarado
P.O. Box 431
Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

For a complete list of cruise participants see (Zenk and Mueller, 1995)


1.4 Preliminary Results

See references


1.5 Problems



2. Measurement Techniques, Calibration and Processing

2.1 CTD/Rosette

Station numbers are not only related to CTD work; thus they are 
gappy. CTD profiles are counted consecutively, with gaps occuring 
only if profiles have been omitted.

The only CTD in use was a Neil Brown MKIIIB instrument (IFMK 
internal identification NB3). This instrument carried a Pt100 
Rosemount temperature sensor, a (fast) NTC temperature sensor for 
analogue time constant compensation, a strain gauge pressure 
sensor made by Paine Instruments, a standard NBIS 4-electrode 
conductivity sensor, and a polarographic type Beckman oxygen 
sensor. The outputs of both temperature sensors are combined in 
an analogue circuit to a single signal. Pre- and post cruise lab 
calibration are available for the combined temperature signal and 
for the pressure sensor. The calibration of conductivity depends 
on in-situ samples. No oxygen samples are available to calibrate 
the oxygen sensor.

In-situ samples to measure salinity, were drawn from 10 l Niskin 
bottles mounted on a 24 x 10 l General Oceanics rosette sampler. 
Bottles were closed on the way up. Samples were drawn immediately 
after the profile. Salinity samples solely served for CTD 
calibration. 


No samples were drawn from bottles that failed to close properly 
or showed other problems like apparent leaking. These bottles 
therefore are not included in the bottle file. This also means 
that all bottles in the file were flagged as 'no problem' (QF2). 



2.2 Bottle Salinity

Samples to be analyzed for salinity usually were drawn from:
- The deepest point of the profile or 20 m above the bottom, for the
  1500 m and the bottom stations respectively
- The Antarctic Intermediate Water level
- The mixed layer where vertical gradients are small
All samples were filled to German beer bottles 'Flensburger Pils',
a cheap and social method that has been recommended in pre-WOCE days
by Grasshoff et al. (1983) and that keeps samples stable over the 
typical length of a cruise (4 weeks) better than 0.001 psu. 

Batch No P122 of IAPSO standard seawater was used to standardize 
the salinometer. No double samples were considered. The overall 
accuray of bottle salinities for calibration purposes of the CTD 
is estimated by the precision of the overall calibration (0.005 
psu) and the accuracy standard seawater (better 0.001 psu) to 
0.002 psu. 

Bottle salinities that differ more than 2.8 and 3.5 times the 
standard deviation in salinity calibration from the calibrated 
CTD salinity (see below) were flagged as suspicious (QF3) and bad 
(QF4), respectively. The bottles may have closed at wrong 
positions here. However, since no other samples were taken, no 
corrections for wrong bottle depths have been made.



2.3 Bottle Oxygen

No samples drawn, therefore the oxygen values in the data files
have to be regarded as uncalibrated.


2.4 CTD: Data Processing 

The CTD used throughout the cruise was a Neil Brown MKIIIB (IFMK 
identifier NB3). It was mounted below a 24 x 10 l bottle rosette 
made by General Oceanics and lowered at almost constant speed 
(about 1 m/s) from 200 m depth on. Data processing is similiar to 
that described by Millard and Yang (1993). The steps were:

- Visually inspect each profile, especially to identify
  'strange' effects in the pressure record.
- Create a time relative to the start of the profile for each
  record to well resolve the record interval 1/32 s. 
- Check that pressure, temperature and conductivity are in
  reasonable ranges.
- Remove spikes in pressure, temperature and conductivity values.
- Identify the first 'in water' record and associated pressure
  offset from the first reasonable conductivity measuremnet.
- Remove cycles that were taken at a lowering speed less 0.2 m/s.
  Monotonize with respect to increasing pressure. For a lowering
  speed of 1 m/s, the number of remaining cycles then corresponds
  to the resolution of the pressure sensor.
- Correct for different response times of the (combined)
  temperature and conductivity measurements. Visual inspections
  in large gradients suggested a 60 ms time constant for a
  recursive filter to slow down the conductivity response.  
- Apply a moving average over 29 cyles (corresponding to 3 dbar)
- Apply calibrations to pressure, temperature and conductivity
  (see below). 
- Interpolate Lagrangian to 2 dbar.
- Recalculate salinity and potential temperature.
- Identify records as statically unstable if the vertical
  gradient of potential density (reference level increasing at
  500 dbar intervals) over a 2 dbar interval is less 
  -0.001 Kg/m^3. Set salinity flag of such cycles to 3.

For a 2 dbar output interval after removing spikes etc, the 
number of basic measurements is 13 on the average. This was 
transferred as constant to the output files.

A special problem showed up in two profiles: At constant lowering 
rate of the CTD, one expects smooth sensor outputs as a function 
of time at large depths, say from 1400 m on. However, a problem 
showed up with the conductivity signal on station 543/profile 3 
and on station 579/profile 35. When plotted, temperature is 
smoothly decreasing and pressure is linearly increasing as 
expected but conductivity jumps at 1750 dbar at station 543. This 
jump could not be removed, and therefore the deeper part of this 
profile was cut off. At station 579, bad conductivity values 
occurred between 1198 dbar and 1226 dbar. These were interpolated 
using polynomial of 3rd. order and flagged as such. 



2.5 CTD: Sensor Calibration

2.5.1 Temperature
Pre- and post- cruise laboratory calibrations are available from 
July 1992 and April 1993, respectively. They were performed over 
the whole range at 2 K intervals between -1 C and 28 C. As a 
secondary standard served a Rosemount Pt25 resistance in a bridge 
made by SIS, Kiel. The Pt25 was calibrated according to the 
ITS90. Prior to the CTD calibrations, bias and linear coefficient 
of the Pt25 basic calibration were adjusted to meet the triple 
point of water (2 cells independently) and the melting point of 
Gallium. The adjustments were small (less 1 mK). The quadratic 
term is believed not to change. 

A polynomial regression for the CTD's correction to T90 in pre- 
and post-cruise calibrations (Tables A1 and A2) shows standard 
deviation of less than 1 mK with about 10 degrees of freedom. The 
drift of the sensor output was small (1.5 mK/a at 0 C). High 
order polynomials are needed to correct for the MKIIIB typical 
nonlinearity close to 0 C (see Mueller et al., 1995). From these 
results, temperature outputs TCTD were corrected for both 
laboratory calibrations and then interpolated in time to the mean 
cruise date (Tables A1, A2). Figure 2 shows the corrections 
applied to the CTD temperatures in the bottle file. 


2.5.2 Pressure

Two aspects are important with the calibration of the Paine 
strain gauge pressure sensor: (i) nonlinear and temperature 
dependent static responses to pressure changes (including a 
hysteresis during up-profiles) and (ii) dynamic response to fast 
temperature changes. Corrections from, both, the static (PRC) and 
the dynamic responses (PDYN) are superposed linearly to the 
sensor output PCTD. The procedure has been described in more 
detail by Mueller et al. (1994, 1995). 

	PRES = PCTD + PRC + PDYN

Static laboratory calibration is performed on a Budenberg dead-
weight tester in loading mode up to 6000 dbar in 500 dbar 
intervals with the pressure sensor being immersed in a water bath 
of different temperatures, i.e 13 calibration points at fixed 
temperatures. At the same temperatures, unloading calibrations 
are achieved in 500 dbar intervals starting at maximum pressures 
of 2000 dbar, 4000 dbar and 6000 dbar. All calibration points are 
arranged in a single table. For the loading mode, for each 
temperature polynomial correction coefficients are calculated 
(PRC=POLY(PCTD,TEMP). Typical standard deviations in a 3rd to 5th 
order polynomial regression are less than 1 dbar. 

The dynamic response model used is written:

	PDYN = k * (T1l - T2l)

where T1l and T2l are lagged from the CTD temperature sensor at 
record time t(j):

	Tl1(j)=TCTD(j) + (Tl1(j-1)-TCTD(j))*exp(-(t(j)-t(j-1))/tau1)
	Tl2(j)=Tl1(j)  + (Tl2(j-1)-Tl1(j)) *exp(-(t(j)-t(j-1))/tau2)

The three coefficients tau1, tau2 and k are the two time 
constants representing the temperature response time at the outer 
(tau1) and the inner (tau2) part of the pressure sensor, 
respectively, and an amplitude that typically amounts to 0.2 
dbar/K. These coefficients are calculated from a laboratory dunck 
test with the pressure sensor being duncked from a warm (20 C) 
water pool into a cold (0.5 C) water pool. The sensor is kept 
there until full response is achieved and duncked back to the 
warm water pool again. With the dynamic correction applied, the 
error in the pressure sensor output can be reduced to less than 
30% of its amplitude.

To process the pressure record in CTD profiles of M28/2, it was 
assumed that the CTD was in temperature equilibrium before the 
profile started. Then, for the lowering part pressure 
measurements were corrected with the polynomial regressions that 
are valid for the two temperatures that bracket the in-situ 
temperature with the bias being replaced by the 'in water' 
offset. The two resulting corrections are linearly interpolated 
with respect to temperature. If the in-situ temperature was 
outside a calibration interval the correction was constantly set 
forth. Finally, the dynamic correction was added.

On the way up, hysteresis plays a role, and simple regressions 
are not possible. Therefore, CTD pressure measurements in the 
rosette file were corrected by linear interpolation within the 
calibration table with the offset being replaced by the 'in 
water' offset. Dynamic correction started with the assumption 
that the CTD was lowered at a mean speed of 1 m/s to its maximum 
pressure. 

For M28/2, laboratory calibrations are available for static 
effects from July 1992 (pre-cruise, Table A3), for static effects 
at from April 1993 (post- cruise, Table A4) and for the dynamic 
response to temperature changes from July 1992 (Table A5). They 
were applied as described above. The accuracy of corrected 
pressure values is estimated to be better than 3 dbar at full 
range (6000 dbar). Figure 3 shows the corrections as applied to 
the CTD pressure sensor records in the bottle file.





2.5.3 Conductivity and Salinity

In the bottle file, bottle salinity and calibrated CTD 
temperature and pressure are used to calculate in-situ reference 
conductivity. Then, the CTD cell's output is corrected for a 
nonlinearity for values CCTD<=32.768 (Mueller et al., 1995)

		CN = CCTD -0.002 mS/cm.

Next, the cell's output CCTD is compensated to temperature and 
pressure effects (Millard and Yang, 1993). 

		CC = CN*(1+ alpha*(TEMP-T0) + beta*(PRES-P0))
		where	alpha =-6.5e-06, T0=2.8
			beta  = 1.5e-08, P0=3000

In-situ calibration coefficients are then estimated for the 
compensated conductivity measurements applying a linear least 
square method for a five coefficient correction CRC that includes 
a drift correction by profile number PROF, i.e. time (Tables A6). 

	COND = CC+CRC where
	CRC = a1 + (a2+a3*CC)*CC + (a4+a5*PROF )*PROF

It was found that the calibration could be done over the whole 
data set (Table A6, fig. 4).



Let a conservative estimate of the number of degrees of freedom 
in the calibration be either the number of profiles from which 
samples are used or half of all individual samples (2 samples 
maximum for each profile), whatever is the minimum. From the 
statistics below, the precision in CTD salinity then is estimated 
to 0.001 psu. For stations where bottle salinities were measured, 
accuracy is the maximum of CTD salinity precision and bottle 
salinity accuracy, i.e. 0.002 psu.



2.5.4 Oxygen
As no oxygen samples were drawn, the CTD oxygen sensor has not 
been calibrated. The oxygen sensor's current and temperature 
output are kept as raw data. 

References

Grasshoff, K, M. Ehrhardt and K. Kremling (editors, 1983): 
Methods of Seawater Analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.

Millard, R.C. and K. Yang (1993): CTD calibration and processing 
methods used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Techn. Rep. 
WHOI-93-44, 96 pp.

Mueller, T.J., J. Holfort, F. Delahoyde and R. Williams (1994): 
Improving NBIS MK IIIB Measurements. In: WOCE Operations Manual, 
Vol. 3, Sect. 3.1, Part 3.13. WHP Operations and Methods (T.M. 
Joyce, editor), Rev. 1. November 1994. Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A.

Mueller, T.J., J. Holfort, F. Delahoyde and R. Williams (1995): 
MKIIIB-CTD: Improving ist system output. Deep-Sea Res. 42, 2113-
2126.

Paetzold, J., K. Heidland, W. Zenk and G. Siedler (1996): On the 
Bathymetry of the Hunter Channel. In: Wefer, G., W.H. Berger, G. 
Siedler and D. Webb: The South Atlantic: Present and Past 
Circulation. Springer Verlag.

W. Zenk and T.J. Mueller (1995): WOCE Studies in the South Atlantic.
Cruise No. 28, 29 March - 14 June 1994. METEOR-Berichte No. 95-1,
Institut fuer Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, 193 pp.

WOCE (1991): WOCE Operation Manual, Vol. 3, Sect. 3.1, Part 
3.1.3. WHP Operations and Methods. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1. 
Woods Hole, MA, USA, 1991.


Table A1: M28/2 pre-cruise temperature calibration of MKIIIB 
CTD, IFMK NB3, NOV 1993. TCTD and T90 are the CTD's temperature 
signal and the reference temperature (secondary standard), 
respectively. Polynomial correction of TCTD with coefficients c 
(values below) gives TEMP. TDIF=T90-TLAB is the residuum.
TEMP = c(0) + (1 + c(1))*TCTD + c(2)*TCTD^2 + c(3)*TCTD^3 + ...

Temperature calibration in ITS90 with CALTRC.M.
IFMK NB3 NOV93
        TCTD         T90        TLAB         TDIF

     28.0179     28.0011     28.0012     -0.0001
     28.0196     28.0030     28.0029      0.0001
     24.9891     24.9738     24.9738     -0.0000
     22.0175     22.0037     22.0038     -0.0001
     19.0068     18.9951     18.9950      0.0001
     15.9622     15.9529     15.9529      0.0000
     13.0607     13.0545     13.0545      0.0000
     10.0078     10.0049     10.0052     -0.0003
      7.0033      7.0050      7.0046      0.0004
      3.9376      3.9425      3.9427     -0.0002
      1.0039      1.0122      1.0121      0.0001
      0.0476      0.0565      0.0565     -0.0000
      0.0464      0.0553      0.0553     -0.0000
Coefficients for correction, TEMP=TCTD+Pol(TCTD)

 Polynomial degree    is M=4
 Number of data pairs is N=13
 Coefficients, starting at lowest order:
 co(0)=  8.952095e-03
 co(1)= -6.829018e-04
 co(2)= -8.990337e-05
 co(3)=  5.035169e-06
 co(4)= -7.576727e-08

Statistics:                          
Range: minimum        is   5.530000e-02
       maximum        is   2.800300e+01
Number of data points is             13
Degree of fit         is              4
Degree of freedoms    is              8
Test sigq=rms/(N-M)   is   1.882761e-05
Mean error            is  -9.140658e-18
66 perc error, rms    is   1.694485e-04
95 perc error, 2*rms  is   3.388970e-04
99 perc error, 3*rms  is   5.083455e-04
Minimum of error      is  -3.302666e-04
Maximum of error      is   3.826571e-04


Table A2: M28/2 post-cruise temperature calibration of MKIIIB 
CTD, IFMK NB3, AUG 1994. Definitions as in table A1.
TEMP = c(0) + (1 + c(1))*TCTD + c(2)*TCTD^2 + c(3)*TCTD^3 + +


Temperature calibration in ITS90 with CALTRC.M.
IFMK NB3 AUG94
        TCTD         T90        TLAB         TDIF

     28.0488     28.0310     28.0316     -0.0006
     27.9538     27.9372     27.9366      0.0006
     22.8360     22.8208     22.8207      0.0001
     17.8765     17.8648     17.8650     -0.0002
     12.9220     12.9155     12.9155     -0.0000
      8.2546      8.2547      8.2542      0.0005
      3.0401      3.0452      3.0464     -0.0012
      0.0006      0.0094      0.0086      0.0008
      0.0006      0.0094      0.0086      0.0008
      0.0006      0.0094      0.0086      0.0008
     -0.8378     -0.8306     -0.8299     -0.0007
     -0.8367     -0.8292     -0.8288     -0.0004
     -0.8367     -0.8292     -0.8288     -0.0004
Coefficients for correction, TEMP=TCTD+Pol(TCTD)

 Polynomial degree    is M=5
 Number of data pairs is N=13
 Coefficients, starting at lowest order:
 co(0)=  8.073036e-03
 co(1)= -1.781593e-05
 co(2)= -2.260227e-04
 co(3)=  1.646537e-05
 co(4)= -5.129529e-07
 co(5)=  6.174792e-09

Statistics:                          
Range: minimum        is  -8.306000e-01
       maximum        is   2.803100e+01
Number of data points is             13
Degree of fit         is              5
Degree of freedoms    is              7
Test sigq=rms/(N-M)   is   7.990552e-05
Mean error            is  -2.328533e-17
66 perc error, rms    is   6.392442e-04
95 perc error, 2*rms  is   1.278488e-03
99 perc error, 3*rms  is   1.917733e-03
Minimum of error      is  -1.200394e-03
Maximum of error      is   7.569741e-04


Table A3: M28/2 pre-cruise laboratory pressure sensor 
calibration of MKIIIB CTD, IFMK NB3, NOV 1993. Calibration with 
the sensor immersed into a bath at two temperatures (1 C and 10 
C). Unloading modes starting at different maximum pressures.

Pressure calibration with CALPRC.M.
IFMK NB3 NOV93
Input data with PCTD at reference pressure and temperatures:


N O T E : If spikes were removed do not use the last table in the output
Repeat calculation then with spikes removed from start on


TEMP           0.6      0.7      0.6      0.6      9.8     10.4     10.2     10.0     25.1     24.9     24.9     25.0
PRES    
      0.0      1.6      1.8      1.8      1.6      0.9      1.3      1.3      1.2     -0.3      0.5      0.5      0.5
    500.0    501.5    505.2    505.7    505.5    500.6    503.7    505.0    505.1    499.5    504.3    504.6    504.3
   1000.0   1002.5   1005.8   1006.4   1006.4   1001.5   1005.6   1006.0   1006.0   1000.6   1004.1   1005.5   1005.1
   1500.0   1502.6   1504.2   1506.0   1505.2   1501.9   1504.0   1505.4   1504.7   1500.7   1502.9   1504.5   1504.1
   2000.0   2001.6   2001.8   2003.9   2003.3   2000.9   2001.3   2003.2   2003.0   2000.0   2000.5   2002.5   2002.0
   2500.0   2500.2  -9999.0   2501.7   2501.3   2499.6  -9999.0   2500.9   2500.6   2498.5  -9999.0   2500.1   2499.9
   3000.0   2998.3  -9999.0   2999.4   2999.0   2997.7  -9999.0   2998.8   2998.3   2996.7  -9999.0   2998.0   2997.4
   3500.0   3496.8  -9999.0   3497.3   3497.1   3495.6  -9999.0   3496.8   3496.7   3495.3  -9999.0   3496.0   3495.7
   4000.0   3995.9  -9999.0   3995.2   3995.6   3994.9  -9999.0   3995.1   3995.3   3994.3  -9999.0   3994.3   3994.1
   4500.0   4494.6  -9999.0  -9999.0   4494.2   4494.2  -9999.0  -9999.0   4493.5   4492.7  -9999.0  -9999.0   4493.2
   5000.0   4993.4  -9999.0  -9999.0   4993.7   4993.4  -9999.0  -9999.0   4993.1   4992.3  -9999.0  -9999.0   4992.0
   5500.0   5493.8  -9999.0  -9999.0   5493.6   5493.2  -9999.0  -9999.0   5492.9   5492.3  -9999.0  -9999.0   5491.8
   6000.0   5993.7  -9999.0  -9999.0   5993.7   5993.3  -9999.0  -9999.0   5993.0   5992.4  -9999.0  -9999.0   5992.3


Loading curve at temperature T0= 0.6

      PCTD     PREF     PPOL      PDIF

      1.6      0.0      0.4     -0.4
    501.5    500.0    499.2      0.8
   1002.5   1000.0    999.9      0.1
   1502.6   1500.0   1500.4     -0.4
   2001.6   2000.0   2000.3     -0.3
   2500.2   2500.0   2500.1     -0.1
   2998.3   3000.0   2999.7      0.3
   3496.8   3500.0   3499.7      0.3
   3995.9   4000.0   4000.2     -0.2
   4494.6   4500.0   4500.1     -0.1
   4993.4   5000.0   4999.7      0.3
   5493.8   5500.0   5500.4     -0.4
   5993.7   6000.0   5999.9      0.1

Coefficients for static correction at temperature T0
PRES(T0)=PCTD(T0)+Pol(PCTD(T0))

 Polynomial degree    is M=3
 Number of data pairs is N=13
 Coefficients, starting at lowest order:
 co(0)= -1.182046e+00
 co(1)= -3.105522e-03
 co(2)=  1.919172e-06
 co(3)= -1.996728e-10

Statistics:                          
Range: minimum        is   0.000000e+00
       maximum        is   6.000000e+03
Number of data points is             13
Degree of fit         is              3
Degree of freedoms    is              9
Test sigq=rms/(N-M)   is   3.602675e-02
Mean error            is   3.484392e-15
66 perc error, rms    is   3.602675e-01
95 perc error, 2*rms  is   7.205351e-01
99 perc error, 3*rms  is   1.080803e+00
Minimum of error      is  -4.129902e-01
Maximum of error      is   7.819733e-01







Table A4: M28/2 post-cruise laboratory pressure sensor 
calibration of MKIIIB CTD, IFMK NB3, AUG 1994. Notation as in 
Table A3.

Pressure calibration with CALPRC.M.
'IFMK NB3 AUG94'
Input data with PCTD at reference pressure and temperatures:


N O T E : If spikes were removed do not use the last table in the output
Repeat calculation then with spikes removed from start on


TEMP           1.8      1.8      1.8      1.8     10.0     10.0      9.9     10.0     25.1     25.0     25.0     25.0
PRES    
      0.0      0.9      1.2      1.1      1.3      1.4      1.4      1.5      1.4      0.8      1.1      1.2      1.1
    500.0    500.7    504.8    505.2    505.1    501.0    505.0    505.4    505.2    500.6    504.7    505.0    504.4
   1000.0   1002.0   1005.3   1006.4   1006.0   1002.1   1005.7   1006.3   1006.1   1001.7   1005.2   1006.2   1005.6
   1500.0   1502.0   1503.7   1505.2   1504.8   1501.9   1503.9   1505.4   1504.8   1501.9   1503.7   1505.0   1504.4
   2000.0   2001.1   2001.1   2003.2   2002.7   2000.6   2001.1   2003.6   2002.9   2000.8   2000.7   2002.8   2002.4
   2500.0   2499.5  -9999.0   2501.2   2500.5   2499.5  -9999.0   2501.1   2500.6   2499.3  -9999.0   2500.4   2500.2
   3000.0   2998.0  -9999.0   2998.6   2998.4   2997.9  -9999.0   2999.3   2998.4   2997.7  -9999.0   2998.3   2998.0
   3500.0   3496.2  -9999.0   3497.0   3496.6   3496.1  -9999.0   3497.1   3496.3   3496.2  -9999.0   3495.9   3496.0
   4000.0   3994.6  -9999.0   3994.7   3994.7   3994.8  -9999.0   3994.8   3994.7   3994.4  -9999.0   3994.4   3994.4
   4500.0   4494.2  -9999.0  -9999.0   4493.3   4493.6  -9999.0  -9999.0   4493.7   4493.5  -9999.0  -9999.0   4493.6
   5000.0   4993.4  -9999.0  -9999.0   4992.3   4991.9  -9999.0  -9999.0   4992.0   4992.9  -9999.0  -9999.0   4992.6
   5500.0   5492.9  -9999.0  -9999.0   5492.4   5490.9  -9999.0  -9999.0   5492.6   5492.4  -9999.0  -9999.0   5492.2
   6000.0   5992.1  -9999.0  -9999.0   5993.0   5992.2  -9999.0  -9999.0   5991.6   5991.9  -9999.0  -9999.0   5992.8

Loading curve at temperature T0= 1.8
      PCTD     PREF     PPOL      PDIF

      0.9      0.0      0.3     -0.3
    500.7    500.0    499.1      0.9
   1002.0   1000.0   1000.1     -0.1
   1502.0   1500.0   1500.5     -0.5
   2001.1   2000.0   2000.4     -0.4
   2499.5   2500.0   2500.0      0.0
   2998.0   3000.0   2999.9      0.1
   3496.2   3500.0   3499.6      0.4
   3994.6   4000.0   3999.4      0.6
   4494.2   4500.0   4500.3     -0.3
   4993.4   5000.0   5000.4     -0.4
   5492.9   5500.0   5500.4     -0.4
   5992.1   6000.0   5999.6      0.4

Coefficients for static correction at temperature T0
PRES(T0)=PCTD(T0)+Pol(PCTD(T0))

 Polynomial degree    is M=3
 Number of data pairs is N=13
 Coefficients, starting at lowest order:
 co(0)= -5.485625e-01
 co(1)= -2.914603e-03
 co(2)=  1.775858e-06
 co(3)= -1.779409e-10

Statistics:                          
Range: minimum        is   0.000000e+00
       maximum        is   6.000000e+03
Number of data points is             13
Degree of fit         is              3
Degree of freedoms    is              9
Test sigq=rms/(N-M)   is   4.565122e-02
Mean error            is   9.052588e-16
66 perc error, rms    is   4.565122e-01
95 perc error, 2*rms  is   9.130244e-01
99 perc error, 3*rms  is   1.369537e+00
Minimum of error      is  -4.770903e-01
Maximum of error      is   8.850320e-01





Table A5: M28/2, MKIIIB CTD, IFMK NB3, APR 1993, pressure senor's
dynamic response to temperature changes. Coefficients are outer
and inner sensor time constants tau1 and tau2 and the amplitude k
(Mueller et al., 1995; see text).

 Coefficients for dynamic pressure correction
   tau1/s   tau2/s    ishift/s   k/(dbar/K)
    83.5033  5178.8681   499.2000     0.1787



Table A6: M28/2, MKIIIB CTD, IFMK NB3: Calibration of 
conductivity cell. 

CRC=a1 + (a2+a3*CC)*CC + (a4+a5*PROF )*PROF
Coefficients:
   1  -6.5160e-04
   2   3.4858e-04
   3            0
   4  -4.5671e-04
   5   9.9464e-06

Final statistics ofresiduals:
Number of cycles    N=93
 
          Cond.        Salinity
          mS/cm         psu
Min     -2.6278e-03   -3.1749e-03
Max      2.8445e-03    3.4172e-03
Mean     7.9014e-05    9.3414e-05
Median   7.6402e-17   -9.1954e-06
Std.     1.3942e-03    1.5415e-03

