Preliminary data Report
May 4, 1992

A.	Cruise Narrative

A.1	Highlights

A.1.a	WOCE designation: AR4E/AR4W/AR15

A.1.b	EXPOCODE	06mt14/2

A.1.c	Chief Scientist:	Dr. Fritz Schott				
	Institut Fuer Meereskunde				
	Universitat Kiel				
	Dusternbrooker Weg 20				
	24105 Kiel Germany

A.1.d	Ship name:  R/V METEOR  

A.1.e	Ports of call : Mindelo (Cape Verde Islands) - Recife (Brazil)

A.1.f	Cruise Dates:   Oct. 1 - Oct. 27, 1990

A.2	Cruise Summary

A.2.a	Georgraphic Boundaries

A.2.b	Total number of stations Occupied

A.2.c	Floats and drifters deployed

A.2.d	Moorings deployed or recovered

A.3	List of Principal Investigators

A.4	Scientific Programme and Methods

Leg 2 of METEOR cruise 14 focused on the investigation of the circulation and 
the water mass exchange in the western tropical Atlantic.  


METEOR headed towards the North Brazilian coast. During this transit the 
instruments were set up and prepared.  On October 4 a first CTDtest-station was 
done.  The same day the XBT-program started.  TheCTD-measurement program began 
on October 6, at 7 30'N, 42 25'W.  From thislocation a hydrographic section with 
CTDs, XBTs and Pegasus-drops along 44W was done until October 8, when the 200-
mile zone of Brazil was reached.One mooring (K329) just outside the 200-mile 
zone was recovered. From herethe ship sailed to the Brazilian coast near 
Salinopolis, where the officialBrazilian observer, who was not able to reach the 
ship on the Cape VerdeIsland in time, joined the cruise.  

From Salinopolis the ship sailed to 0 05'N, 44 23'W to continue themeasurements 
along 44 W.  Two more moorings along this section (K327, K328)were recovered and 
three new moorings (K339 - K341) were deployed.  Thework along 44 W was finished 
on October 13 at about 2 N.  From here theship sailed to 35 W, 2 30'N with XBT-
drops as the only measurements. Asecond hydrographic section with CTD, Pegasus 
and XBT- measurements wasdone along 35 W from 2 30'N to 5 S with deployment of 7 
surface driftersbetween l 25'S and 4 S.  This section was completed on October 
11.  Anothershort hydrographic section was done along 5 30'S from the Brazilian 
shelfto 32 30'W, reaching the endpoint of the section on October 25.  The 
shipthen sailed southward to 9 43'S, 33 40'W and then west to 9 05'S, 34 53'W.  
During this time only XBTs were dropped and 13 drifting buoys were put intothe 
water.  The location at 9 05'S was reached in the evening of October 27and the 
last station on which measurements were carried out.  From here theship sailed 
to Recife, where the cruise terminated.

A.5	Major Problems and Goals not Achived
A.6	Other Incidents of NoteA.7	List of Cruise Participants

B.	Underway Measurements

B.1	Navigation and bathymetry
B.2	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)
B.3	Thermosalinograph 
B.4	XBT and XCTD
B.5	Meteorological observations
B.6	Atmospheric chemistry                      

C.	Hydrographic Measurements

D.	Acknowledgments

E.	References

Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
Marine Science, No. 44.

Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data, 1991. By JPOTSeditorial 
panel.

F.	WHPO Summary

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the metr14l2.sum, 
metr14l2.hyd, metr14l2.csl and *.wct files.  The metr14l2.sum file contains a 
summary ofthe location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other 
pertientinformation regarding each hydrographic station.  The metr14l2.hyd file 
contains thebottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  The 
*.wct files are zipped into one file called metr14l2wct.zip. The metr14l2.csl 
file is a listingof ctd and calculated values at standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels andcalculated values 
were derived for the metr14l2.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure:  These three values were smoothedfrom the 
individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasingpressure levels using the 
following binomial filter-

	t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is notcontained 
within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolatedto the desired level 
after applying the binomial filtering.   

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4:KG/M3): 
These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale(PSS-78) and the 
international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80)as described in the Unesco 
publication 44 at reference pressures of thesurface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for 
Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as theleast 
squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is thecenter of the 
interval.  The interval being the smallest of the twodifferences between the 
standard level and the two closest values.The slope is first determined using 
CTD temperature and then theadiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the 
gradient potentialtemperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
Unescopublication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squaresslope 
between two levels, where the standard level is the center of thestandard level 
and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortranroutines are described in 
Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the verticalcomponent 
ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e.pv=fN2/g, where f is the 
coriolius parameter, N is the bouyancyfrequency (data expressed as radius/sec), 
and g is the localacceleration of gravity. 

Bouyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabaticleveling method, 
Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff(1990).  Equations and Fortran 
routines are described in Unescopublication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) arecalculated 
by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and fortran routines 
are described in Unesco publication, Processing of 

Oceanographic station data.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N(Jackett 
and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.  

G.	Data Quality Evaulation

Hydro ( Affonso Mascarenhas)

The data, I was asked for to evaluate, comprise CTD and bottle data(salinity and 
oxygen) collected on two cruises from AR15/ar4.  Thefirst one, leg 2 of Meteor 
cruise 14, was from Cape Verde Island toSalinopolis and Recife, Brazil.  No CTD 
oxygen was reported for thiscrise due to problems with the tittration of 
dissolved oxygen and hecalibration of the CTD oxygen sensors, accordin gto an 
additional noteot the cruise report.

A figure showed the histogram for the differences (Bottle-CTD)salinity, for leg 
2 Meteor cruise 14.  The standard deviation is0.0024, that is the expected 
acccuracy attained with altosalsalinometers, in spite of the WOCE requirement of 
0.001.  Also 66percent of the differences are within this range definign the 
sample asa reasonable data set since the didstribution is no Gaussian.  
Manyplots were performed in order to evaluate their quality and in all ofthen 
the distribution of the points indicate the data set as a goodquality one.  As 
an example a figure showed (bottle-CTD) salinityversus station number and  a 
figured showed (bottle-CTD) salinity verussalinity.  Another figured showed an 
intriguin distrbution of points inthe trace, that was also observedc in others 
stations.  I checked thedata set and reploted the TS on difference scale range, 
and iit is hardto affirm if they are real or caused by shed wakes, pressure 
reversalsor ship heave.

The only data flaged as questionable in this set were:

Station	sample	bottle	pressure	salinity630	10	17	698	
	34.5490632	11	16	21		36.0320

The second data set was from leg 3 of Meteor cruise 16 from Belem,Brazil to Las 
Palmas, Canary Island.  In this case we have CTD andbottle salinities and 
oxygen, being both parameters not observed insome depths as indicated in files 
*.hy2.  A figure shows the histogramfrom the differences (bottle-CTD) salinity, 
the distribution has apositive sknewness and a standard deviation of 0.0019 tht 
is theaccuracy of Autosal salinometers, even though as stated before anaccuracy 
of 0.001 could be attained.

On the other hand, 56 percent of the differences are within this range,meaning 
that statistically there is apoor agreeement between the set ofdifferences with 
their mean.  In spite of this, both salinities fitsvery well as well as with the 
TS relationships of the area.

Other figures display a cluster of dta between +/- 0.005 which is aguaranteee of 
the goodness of the data set.  The additional informationto the data rreport 
refers to an offset that wuld result by using theupcast bottle data for the 
calibrations of the meteor 14 and 16salinity profiles.  The salinity data set 
could be considered good evenwith the offset caused by the used of the upcast 
bottle data.

A histogram for the differnces (Bottle-CTD) Oxygen was done.  Thecomparison of 
the Oxygen Bottles and CTD is impressive.  The standarddeviation of the 
differences is 16.39, and most of the data fell withinit (80%).  In the 
dissolved oxygen data set the differences shows abias being the titration values 
less than the CTDOX values most of thetimes.  The Oxygen values agree with the 
historical values of theregion the sistematic low values (below the mean for the 
region )between 200 and 350 m in the station 339 to 343 seems to be real ( 
Iprobably need a better oxygen data bank for the region).  How the CTDOXvalues 
should be calibrated it is left to WHP Office.

Notes by T.J Joyce

The water sample -CTD differnces are expectecd to exceed WHPspecifications as 
both quantities have error.  One expects deep valuesto show little difference.  
However, there is a persistent differencesfor pressures greater than 1500 dbar 
for groups of stations on bothcrusies (289-297 and 307-316 Meteor 16 and 627-634 
on Meteor 14)  Thatsuggests that the CTD data could be better 'calibrated '.


This is the extent of the electronic documentation about hydrographic sampling 
on the the Meteor cruises 14L2, and 16L3 by Schott. This will have to be 
expanded once we obtain more complete information, such as a scanned version of 
the cruise report. (TMJ)

Problems occured with the titration of dissolved oxygen and the calibration of 
the CTD oxygen sensor on Meteor 14-2 and the oxygen values from the CTD are not 
usable. On Meteor 16-3, CTDOXY data is reported but profiles are flagged 
questionable. It is not known how well calibrated these data are compared with 
the water samples prior to sending them off for the DQE process; presumably we 
will learn AFTER the report (TMJ) (All of the stations were given as falling in 
AR15, however, they mostly fall along AR4E and AR4W as shown in the corrected 
06MT14.SUM file -CEC) 

Kiel, June 11, 1993




Information on the bottle files of M E T E O R cruise 14-2 and 16-3:

The file CAL14.SEA and  CAL16.SEA [now renamed .hy2, TMJ] contain the corrected 
files for the bottle data including Freon and oxygen values in the WOCE-format. 
They replace the ones send earlier. An error was made in the old version as the 
CTD-salinity was computed with the uncorrected pressure. Note that the 
calibration is done with the conductivity of the downcast profiles while in 
CAL14.SEA and CAL16.SEA the upcast bottle data are used which leads to a small 
offset [how small of an offset???, TMJ] in salinity between CTDSAL and SALINITY, 
which is not present in the downcast values. Also not all salinity data shown 
here were used for the calibration, as salinity from the layer below the surface 
mixed layer and about 1500 m was no used.

-- Lothar Stramma



Cruise Plan

Line  AR4E     35ƒW - 2ƒN to Brazil
Cruise/leg: 06MT14/2

Logistical requirements:
Length (nm): 420
Small Volume Stations:   15
Repeats/Yr: 4x        No. of Yrs: 1
Program constraints: Once each season with 30 nm station spacing.

     Operator: GERMANY
     Chief scientist: Schott/IfMK
     Ship: METEOR (POST-7/64)      
     Cruise date: Oct. 1-Oct. 27 1990
     Cruise plan received:
     Cruise report received: April 91
     ADCP: Unknown
     CTD: Schroeder
     Chlorofluorocarbons-all types: Unknown
     Drifters of any type: Unknown
     Moorings - any type: Unknown
     Oxygen: Unknown
     Pegasus instrument: Send/IfMK
     Salinity: Unknown
     XBT: Schroeder/AWI
     Notes: Divided into E and W and relocated at CP1-4.
