                                    TO VIEW PROPERLY YOU MAY NEED TO SET YOUR
                                    BROWSER'S CHARACTER ENCODING TO UNICODE 8
                                    OR 16 AND USE YOUR BACK BUTTON TO RE-LOAD



CRUISE REPORT: ODEN05
(Updated FEB 2010)


A.  HIGHLIGHTS

                        WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

             WOCE section designation  ODEN05
    Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  77DN20050819
        Chief Scientist & affiliation  Anders Karlqvist/SPRS
                                Dates  2005 AUG 20 - 2005 SEP 25
                                 Ship  R/V ODEN
                        Ports of call  Barrow, Alaska to 
                                       Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen
                   Number of Stations  48

                                                    89° 59.2 N
Geographic boundaries of the stations  173° 51.67 W             174° 13.32 E
                                                    71° 23.08 N

         Floats and drifters deployed  0
       Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                     Professor Anders Karlqvist, Director  
                    The Swedish Polar Research Secretariat 
                  PO Box 50003 SE-104 05 Stockholm • Sweden
                  Phone: +46-8-673-9601 • Fax: +46-8-152-057 
                      Email: anders.karlqvist@polar.se






                           Data Submitted by: 

                       Shipboard Technical Support 
                   Scripps Institution of Oceanography 
                        La Jolla, Ca. 92093-0214 

SUMMARY 

A hydrographic survey of the Arctic Ocean was carried out from the 
Swedish IceBreaker Oden between Barrow, Alaska and Longyearbyen, 
Spitsbergen.  The expedition departed Barrow on 20 August 2005, then 
completed a transect of the Canada Basin.  The Oden joined forces with 
the USCGC Healy near the end of that transect, then surveyed the 
Lomonosov Ridge area.  The ships reached the North Pole on September 
12, then continued across the Amundsen Basin to the Gakkel Ridge and 
the Nansen Basin.  The cruise ended in Longyearbyen on 25 September 
2005. 

Full-depth CTD/rosette/LADCP casts and shallowrosette casts were 
completed during the cruise. 

Microstructure casts were also done, and multiple ice stations for 
ancillary programs were occupied during the expedition.  

Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients were analyzed for up to 36 
water samples from each cast of the principal CTD/rosette program.  
Other parameters sampled and analyzed on-board included 
chloroﬂuorocarbons, halocarbons, dissolved inorganic carbon, total 
alkalinity, pH, sulfur hexaﬂuoride and mercury.  Other samples were 
collected for later analysis for Helium/tritium/radiocarbons, several 
other radiochemicals, dissolved organic matter and several biology 
programs. 



INTRODUCTION 

A sea-going science team from multiple oceanographic institutions in 
Europe, Canada and the United States participated in this expedition.  
Several other science programs were supported with no dedicated cruise 
participant. The major programs, plus the on-board science team and 
their responsibilities, are listed below. 


PRINCIPAL PROGRAMS: Principle Programs of AOS-2005
____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Analysis                         Institution                 Principal Investigator 
 -------------------------------  --------------------------  -----------------------------
 CTDO/S/02/Nutrients              UCSD/SIO                    James H. Swift 
 Halocarbons/Biology              Chalmers University         Katarina Abrahamsson 
 CFC                              BIO                         Peter Jones 
 3HE/3H/δ18O/14C                  LDEO                        Peter Schlosser 
 Mercury                          Göteborg University         O. Lindqvist 
 DIC/Talk/pH/SF6                  Göteborg University         Leif Anderson 
 129/                             Univ.Pierre et Marie Curie  Jean-Claude Gascard
 DOM/Triple-O/Haardt Fluorometer  TAMU-Galvenston             Rainer Amon 
 POP/Muir                         NILU                        Henrik Kylin 
 225Ra                            Univ.of Quebec Montreal     Sandrine Solignac 
 Animal Ecology                   Lund University             Thomas Alerstam
 Atmospheric & Bio Optics Eotvos  Univ. Budapest              Gabor Horvath 
 Bird Navigation                  Lund University             Susanne Åkesson 
 Miccrostructur/LADCP/Floats      WHOI                        Peter Winsor 
 XBTs                             IfM-U.Hamburg/WHOI          Detlef Quadfasel/Peter Winsor 
____________________________________________________________________________________________


PERSONNEL: Scientiﬁc Personnel AOS-2005
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Shipboard Duties          Name                  Affiliation               email 
 ------------------------  --------------------  ------------------------  ---------------------------------
 Expedition Leader         Anders Karlqvist      SPRS                      anders.karlqvist@polar.se 
 Logistics                 Ulf Hedman            SPRS                      ulf.hedman@polar.se 
 Medical Doctor            Sigvard Eriksson      SPRS                      sigvard.eriksson@vgregion.se
 Weather/Ice               Bertil Larsson        SPRS                      bertil.larsson@klippan.seths.se 
 Helicopter Mechanic       Pär Berg              SPRS/Helimek              par.berg@helimek.se 
 Helicopter Pilots         Andreas Eriksen       SPRS/Kallaxﬂyg            andreas.eriksen@kallaxﬂyg.se
                           Sven Stenvall         SPRS/Kallaxﬂyg            sven@kallaxﬂyg.se 
 Computer/Telecomm         Johan Eriksson        SPRS/Ericsson             johan.eriksson@ericsson.com 
   Support                 Keith Sherlock        SPRS/Ericsson             keith.sherlock@ericsson.com 
 Ice Pilot                 Valentin Davydyants 
 OceanographyProgram       Göran Björk           Göteborg Univ.            gobj@oce.gu.se 
  Leader
 Microstructure/LADCP      Luc Rainville         WHOI                      lrainville@whoi.edu
 Microstructure/LADCP/     Peter Winsor          WHOI                      pwinsor@whoi.edu
  XBTs 
 XBTs/CTD Watch            Amund E.B.Lindberg    Göteborg Univ             amli@oce.gu.se 
 XBTs/CTD Watch            Detlef Quadfasel      IfM-Univ.Hamburg          quadfasel@ifm.uni-hamburg.de 
 CTD Watch/Data Qual.      Peter Jones           BIO                       jonesp@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca 
 CTD Watch/Data Qual.      Bert Rudels           FIMR                      rudels@ﬁmr.ﬁ 
 CTD Console/Data Qual.    James H. Swift        UCSD/SIO                  jswift@ucsd.edu 
 CTD Data Processing/      Mary C. Johnson       UCSD/SIO/STS              mary@odf.ucsd.edu 
  Bottle Database Mgmt. 
 CFCs/SF6                  Emil Jeansson         Göteborg Univ.            emilj@chem.gu.se 
 CFCs/SF6                  Toste Tanhua          IfM-GEOMAR                ttanhua@ifm-geomar.de
 CFCs                      Frank Zemlyak         BIO                       zemlyakf@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca 
 Halocarbons               Katarina Abrahamsson  Chalmers Univ.            k@chalmers.se 
 Halocarbons               Anders Karlsson       Chalmers Univ.            andersk2@chembio.chalmers.se 
 Halocarbons               Mikael Theorin        Chalmers Univ.            mikaelth@chembio.chalmers.se 
 Halocarbons               Erika Trost           IOW Warnemu¨nde           erika.trost@io-warnemuende.de 
 3He/3H/14C/d18O           Robert Newton         LDEO                      bnewton@ldeo.columbia.edu 
 Dissolved Oxygen          Erik Quiroz           Univ. of So. Miss.        erik.quiroz@usm.edu 
 Mercury                   Maria Andersson       Göteborg Univ.            maria80@chem.gu.se 
 Mercury                   Jonas Sommar          Göteborg Univ.            sommar@chem.gu.se 
 DIC/TAlk/pH               SaraJutterström       Göteborg Univ.            sara.jutterstrom@chem.gu.se 
 DIC/TAlk/pH               Ludger Mintrop        Göteborg Univ.            lmintrop@web.de 
 Nutrients                 Susan Becker          UCSD/SIO/STS              susan@odf.ucsd.edu 
 129I                      Lucas Girard          U. Pierre et Marie Curie  lucas.girard@utbm.fr 
 DOM/Haardt Fluorometer    Rainer Amon           TAMU Galveston            amonr@tamug.edu 
 DOM                       Amanda Rinehart       TAMU Galveston            rinehara@tamug.edu 
 Salts/Electronics/        Robert Palomares      UCSD/SIO/STS              rpalomares@ucsd.edu 
  Rosette Maintc. 
 Biology                   Helene Hodal          Univ. of Tromso           hho002@nfh.uit.no 
 Biology                   Pauli Snoeijs         Uppsala Univ.             pauli.snoeijs@ebc.uu.se 
 Animal Ecology            Håkan Karlsson        Lund Univ.                hlg.karlsson@gmail.com 
 Animal Ecology            Roine Strandberg      Lund Univ.                roine.strandberg@zooekol.lu.se 
 Atmospheric & Bio Optics  Gabor Horvath         Eotvos Univ. Budapest     gh@arago.elte.hu 
 Bird Navigation           Susanne Åkesson       Lund Univ.                susanne.akesson@zooekol.lu.se 
 Bird Navigation           Jannika Boström       Lund Univ.                jannika.bostrom.071@student.lu.se 
 Artist                    Beatrice Uusma                                  bea.uusma.schyffert@telia.com 
                            Schyffert                     
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________



NARRATIVE

                The Healy - Oden Transarctic Expedition (HOTRAX)
           The Baltic Sea Protal http://www.itameriportaali.fi/en_GB/
                     BERT RUDELS AND MAIJU LOIVULA, 5.6.2006

The 19th of August 2005, 2 days behind schedule, the Swedish icebreaker Oden 
anchored off Barrow, Alaska for exchange of crew and scientists before 
starting the third leg of the Beringa - 05 expedition. Oden had already in 
late June left Göteborg, crossed the North Atlantic and passed through the 
Northwest Passage into the Arctic Ocean. Now the fieldwork in the Beringia 
region was completed and the return voyage across the Arctic Ocean could 
start. The waiting scientists, mostly oceanographers but also ice researchers 
and biologists, had flown with a Swedish air force C-130 (Hercules) from 
Stockholm via Longyearbyen and Fairbanks to Barrow and were brought onto the 
ship by helicopter, one Alaskan helicopter and one brought from Sweden inside 
the Hercules. At 6 am on the 20th of August Oden weighed anchor and sailed 
towards the Canada Basin and the first oceanographic station.

The oceanography programme on Oden was a joint effort involving scientists 
from Sweden, Canada, Finland, France, Germany and the United States. Its 
overarching objective was to study the role of the Arctic Ocean in the global 
climate system. An important part of the programme was to determine the 
distribution, circulation and transformation of the different water masses in 
the Arctic Ocean - the Atlantic water advected into the Arctic Ocean via Fram 
Strait and the Barents Sea, the Pacific water entering through Bering Strait, 
as well as the waters formed within the Arctic Ocean: the polar mixed layer, 
the halocline and the different deep waters. One aim was to discover how much 
the waters formed in the Arctic Ocean contribute to the global thermohaline 
circulation. These studies require information about the distribution of 
salinity, temperature and other parameters in the water columns. Salinity and 
temperature are measured throughout the water column by continuously 
recording CTDs (conductivity-salinity-depth), while other parameters demand 
water sampling and analyses onboard and perhaps also in laboratories on land.

The initial plan was that Oden should take the first complete synoptic 
hydrographic section across the 4 major basins of the Arctic Ocean, the 
Canada Basin, the Makarov Basin, the Amundsen Basin and the Nansen Basin. At 
the Alpha-Mendeleyev Ridge between the Canada and Makarov basins a meeting 
was planned with the US coastguard cutter Healy, who was conducting mainly 
geological and geophysical studies of the sea floor. During the rest of the 
cruise the two ship were to work together, completing the HOTRAX transect, 
Oden assisting Healy when she was running seismic, and Healy's side-scan echo 
sounder helping to find the deepest passage across the Lomonosov Ridge, where 
Oden were to study the exchange of deep waters between the Makarov and 
Amundsen basins. Above all, the presence of a second icebreaker instilled a 
sense of security, should the ice conditions become extreme or should an 
engine breakdown occur.

The ice conditions cruise were hard and the progress was slow through most of 
the Canada Basin. After some initial problem with the winch the CTD stations 
and the water sampling could nevertheless proceed according to plan. The 
meeting with the US icebreaker Healy was, however, delayed and the two ships 
met at the Alpha - Mendeleyev Ridge on the 31st of August, two days later 

than expected. Here the ice conditions were somewhat easier and both seismic 
studies and coring from Healy and hydrography casts from Oden could be 
carried out as the two ships proceeded together.'

Due to misunderstandings from the side of the manufacturer of XBTs 
(expendable bathythermographs) _ of the probes to be used to obtain a fine 
scale temperature section across the Arctic Ocean was not delivered in Barrow 
on time. The XBT programme was then changed to mainly cover the Canada Basin. 
After the rendezvous it was found possible to obtain additional XBTs from 
Healy, and a second XBT section across the Nansen Basin and the boundary 
current entering through Fram Strait could be planned.

The ice conditions in the Makarov Basin worsened gradually and the sailing 
was eventually restricted to the directions of the major leads. The ships 
were forced towards the west, around the deeper part of the Makarov Basin. 
Not until near the Lomonosov Ridge did the icebreakers turned northward into 
the deeper part of the Makarov Basin. One short CTD section was then taken 
from the deep basin to the crest of the Lomonosov Ridge.

Oden and Healy continued to a depression, or sub-basin, in the central 
Lomonosov Ridge to study the bathymetric features of the sub-basin and to 
examine if an exchange of deep water from the Amundsen Basin to the Makarov 
Basin took place there. The ice was fairly light and after a side-scan survey 
of the sill of the sub-basin towards the Makarov Basin had been made the two 
ships could work independently. Oden made several CTD casts to study the 
water masses in the sub-basin and at the sill to the Makarov Basin. As the 
ships attempted to leave the Lomonosov Ridge the ice again was heavier and 
they could not enter the Amundsen Basin on a direct course towards the North 
Pole. The ships had to move along the ridge towards Greenland and leave the 
ridge on the Greenland side of the entrance from the Amundsen Basin to the 
sub-basin in the ridge.

The two ships reached the North Pole on the 13th of September, later than any 
previous ship. This was subsequently found to be almost too late in the 
season. Once the sun is gone, winter rules. The ice conditions in the 
Amundsen Basin and over the Gakkel Ridge gradually became more difficult, but 
a reduced number of stations could still be taken. After the Gakkel Ridge the 
ice conditions were much worse and the time schedule could no longer be 
assessed. The two captains then decided to inhibit the station work to avoid 
unrepairable delays. The Nansen Basin was crossed at a speed of 1-2 knots and 
only the second XBT section, extending across the front between recirculating 
Atlantic water in the northern Nansen Basin and the boundary current entering 
through Fram Strait, was taken as the ship fought their way through the ice. 
When Oden and Healy finally got out of the ice, a last CTD station was 
occupied at the continental slope north of Nordaustlandet. The ships parted 
and Oden sailed for Longyearbyen, where the scientists left the ship.

Some preliminary results

The low salinity Polar surface water, originating from the Siberian shelf 
seas and the runoff from the Siberian rivers, which during the years in the 
1990s with strong positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index (the 
difference in sea level pressure between the Azores and Iceland) had been 
forced into the Makarov and Canada Basin had now returned to the Amundsen 
Basin. The low salinity surface water separates the ice cover from the heat 
residing in the sub surface warmer Atlantic layer and its presence protects 
the ice from heat flux from below, which otherwise could affect its 
thickness.

The extended pulse of warm Atlantic water that in the early 1990s was 
observed to enter the Arctic Ocean and spread along the Siberian continental 
slope had now reached the southern Canada Basin. It had also penetrated from 
the Chukchi Cap into the northern Canada Basin, while colder and older, 
Atlantic water from the southern Canada Basin had been displaced northward 
along the American continental slope and entered the northern Canada Basin 
from the American side along the Alpha Ridge. In the Makarov Basin the warm 
pulse had recirculated around the basin, first along the Mendeleyev and Alpha 
ridges to the American slope and then back towards Siberia along the 
Lomonosov Ridge. By contrast the warm Atlantic water had now left the 
Amundsen Basin and been replaced by a colder Atlantic inflow making the 
maximum temperature of the Atlantic water on Amundsen Basin side of the 
Lomonosov Ridge equal to that on the Makarov Basin side. That the water moved 
in different directions on the two sides of the ridge was nevertheless 
evident by the presence in the Amundsen Basin of less saline and colder 
intermediate layer, originating from the Barents Sea inflow branch below the 
Atlantic water. Over the Gakkel Ridge the temperature of the Atlantic water 
again increased, signalling a recirculation of a new pulse of warm Atlantic 
water towards Fram Strait. At the last station, taken at the continental 
slope northeast of Svalbard still warmer and more saline Atlantic water was 
observed, indicating another pulse of warm Atlantic water entering the Arctic 
Ocean through Fram Strait.

The study of the deeper passage in the Lomonosov Ridge showed, not the 
expected inflow of colder Amundsen Basin water into the Makarov Basin, but a 
flow of warmer and more saline Makarov Basin deep (2000m) water into the 
Amundsen Basin. This inflow, not earlier observed, continued along the ridge 
towards Greenland, but it is likely to contribute to the mid-depth (1700m) 
salinity maximum present in most of the Amundsen Basin. Whether an overflow 
of Amundsen Basin water occurs elsewhere or only happens intermittently 
remains so far unknown.

The Oden and Healy expeditions were organised and mainly supported by the 
Swedish Polar Secretariat and by the US National Science Foundation. The 
participation of FIMR was partly supported by the Academy of Finland.



DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 

1. CTD/HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM 

The basic CTD/hydrographic measurements consisted of salinity, dissolved 
oxygen, and nutrient measurements made from water samples taken on CTD/rosette 
casts, plus pressure, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, 
transmissometer, Seapoint ﬂuorometer, and Haardt ﬂuorometer from CTD profiles.  
A total of 48 CTD/rosette casts were made, usually to within 5-10 meters of 
the bottom.  No major problems were encountered during the operation.  The 
distribution of samples is illustrated in figures 1.0 and 1.1. 


1.1.  Water Sampling Package 

LADCP/CTD/rosette casts were performed with a package consisting of a 36-
bottle rosette frame (STS), a 36-place pylon (SBE32), and 36 10-liter 
Bullister bottles (STS).  Underwater electronic components consisted of a 
Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) 9plus CTD (STS #381) with dual pumps, dual 
temperature (SBE3plus), dual conductivity (SBE4C), dissolved oxygen (SBE43), 
transmissometer (Wetlabs 25cm C-Star), and two ﬂuorometers (Seapoint/ 
chlorophyll a and Haardt/CDOM); an SBE35RTDigital Reversing Thermometer; a RDI 
LADCP (Workhorse 150kHz), and an altimeter (Simrad 807 or Benthos 916D). 

The CTD electronics unit, with pressure sensor at the bottom, was mounted 
vertically in an SBE CTD frame attached to the bottom center of the rosette 
frame.  Both pairs of SBE4C conductivity and SBE3plus temperature sensors and 
their respective pumps were mounted vertically as recommended by SBE.  The 
SBE43 dissolved oxygen sensor was attached to the rosette frame and plumbed 
into the primary side between the conductivity sensor and pump.  Pump 
discharges were attached to the outside corners of the CTD cage and plumbed 
to terminate at the same height and orientation as the T/C duct. The entire 
cage assembly was then mounted on the bottom cross-bracing of the rosette 
frame, offset from center to accommodate the LADCP lower head, and also 
secured to frame struts at the top.  The SBE35RT temperature sensor was 
mounted vertically and equidistant between the primary and secondary T/C 
intake ducts.  The altimeter was mounted on the inside of a support strut 
adjacent to the bottom frame ring.  The transmissometer and ﬂuorometers were 
mounted horizontally along the rosette frame adjacent to the CTD.  The LADCP 
lower head was vertically mounted inside the bottle ring on the opposite side 
of the frame from the CTD.  The upper head was mounted above the operating 
height of the bottle.  Physical constraints required the head to be directly 
above the bottles. 

The rosette system was suspended from a purposely built 2-32 P2 XXS 6000m 
two-conductor coaxial 8.15mm cable.  The center 7-strand 20 AWG conductor was 
used for signal and power.  The outer coaxially wrapped 15 AWG conductor was 
used for signal and power return. The double lay armor served only as the 
strength member. 

The IB Oden's bow-mounted Seaproof Solutions winch was used for all Rosette 
casts.  Electrical retermination was done twice between August 21-23 (after 
stations 6 and 7) while troubleshooting intermittent power/signal problems.  
The problem was finally traced to faulty sliprings, when shorting of the 
center conductor to ground remained after cast recovery.  Sliprings were 
replaced with a spare set supplied with the winch.   

Each bottle on the rosette was assigned a unique number, 1-36.  These bottle 
numbers were maintained independently of the bottle position on the rosette 
and were used for sample identiﬁcation.  A unique "BIO" number sticker was 
attached to each bottle before cast deployment.  A number was used exactly 
once, to identify a unique station-cast-bottle combination.  No bottles were 
replaced on this cruise, although various parts on bottles were occasionally 
changed or repaired. 

The deck watch prepared the rosette 10-20 minutes prior to each cast.  For 
this cruise, sample spigots were replaced with 1/4" PVC ball valves to 
facilitate CFC gas sampling requirements.  All valves, vents and lanyards 
were checked for proper orientation.  The bottles were cocked and all 
hardware and connections rechecked.  Once stopped on station, the LADCP was 
turned on.  As directed by the deck watch leader, the CTD was powered-up and 
the data acquisition system started.  Once the bow wash system was turned ON 
and the sea area forward of the bow was clear of ice, the rosette was moved 
into position on the bow beneath the A-frame.  During below freezing 
deployments, warm saltwater was continuously passed over the sensors until 
the package was suspended 1.5m above the deck; then the tubing was removed 
and the package lowered expeditiously into the water.  The winch was remotely 
controlled from the deck while the A-frame operator telescoped the package up 
and over the 1.6m rail, then down 6m to the sea surface. 

The package was lowered to 10-15 meters below the surface until sensors 
equilibrated.  Once the package was in the water, the A-frame telescope was 
retracted to bring the wire closer to the hull for protection against ice.  
The winch operator retired to the control area of the CTD container, by the 
console operator.  When readings stabilized after the pumps turned on, the 
CTD console operator directed the winch operator to bring the package close 
to the surface, pause for typically 10 seconds and begin the descent. 

Each rosette cast was usually lowered to within 5-10 meters of the bottom. 

Recovering the package at the end of the deployment was essentially the 
reverse of launching.  Minor exterior freezing of the sample valve tips and 
dripping water from the frame were observed on casts where air temperature 
was below-6°C.  The rosette was moved into the CTD container for sampling.  
The bottles and rosette were examined before samples were taken, and anything 
unusual was noted on the sample log.  Routine CTD maintenance included 
rinsing the sensors, carousel, and frame with fresh water between casts.  Due 
to the potential for freezing, fresh water was not kept in the sensor lines 
between casts.  Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis.  O-
rings were regularly inspected and changed as necessary, and bottle 
maintenance was performed each day to insure proper closure and sealing.  
Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired as needed.  A few ball valves 
had to be replaced with spigots when they were broken off during rosette 
recoveries. 


1.2.  UNDERWATER ELECTRONICS PACKAGES 

CTD data were collected with an SBE9plus CTD (STS #727).  The instrument 
provided channels with pressure, dual temperature (SBE3plus), dual 
conductivity (SBE4C), dissolved oxygen (SBE43), transmissometer (Wetlabs C-
Star), two ﬂuorometers (Seapoint for chlorophyll a, Haardt for CDOM), and 
altimeter (Simrad 807 or Benthos 916D). The CTD supplied a standard Sea-Bird 
format data stream at a data rate of 24 frames/second (fps). 


TABLE 1.2.0:  AOS-2005 Rosette Underwater Electronics. 
______________________________________________________________________________________

 Sea-Bird SBE32 36-place Carousel Water         Sampler S/N 3213290-0113 
 Sea-Bird SBE35RTDigital Reversing Thermometer  S/N 3528706-0035 
 Sea-Bird SBE9plus CTD                          S/N 09P31807-0727 
 Paroscientiﬁc Digiquartz Pressure Sensor       S/N 90577 
 Sea-Bird SBE3plus Temperature Sensor           S/N 03P-2202 (Primary) 
 Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor             S/N 04-2113 (Primary) 
 Sea-Bird SBE43 DO Sensor                       S/N 43-0244 (stations 1-25) 
 Sea-Bird SBE43 DO Sensor                       S/N 43-0185 (stations 26-) 
 Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor             S/N 04-2818 (Secondary, stations 1-25) 
 Sea-Bird SBE3plus Temperature Sensor           S/N 03P-4308 (Secondary) 
 Haardt Fluorometer                             S/N 12030 (TAMU/Galveston) 
 Sea-Bird SBE4C Conductivity Sensor             S/N 04-1919 (Secondary, stations 26-) 
 Wetlabs C-Star Transmissometer                 S/N CST-479DR 
 Seapoint Fluorometer                           S/N 2749 
 Simrad 807 Altimeter                           S/N 4051 (stations 1-41) 
 Benthos 916D Altimeter                         S/N 850 (stations 42-) 
 RDI Broadband 150khz LADCP                     S/N xxx (stations 1-17) 
 RDI Broadband 150khz LADCP                     S/N xxx (stations 19-) 
 LADCP Battery Pack 
_______________________________________________________________________________________


The CTD was outﬁtted with dual pumps.  Primary temperature, conductivity and 
dissolved oxygen were plumbed on one pump circuit, and secondary temperature 
and conductivity were plumbed on the other circuit.  The CTD and sensors were 
deployed in a vertical orientation.  The primary temperature and conductivity 
sensors (T1 #03P-4213 and C1 #04-2659) were used for reported CT temperatures 
and conductivities on all casts. The secondary temperature and conductivity 
sensors were used for calibration checks. 

The SBE9plus CTD and the SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer were both 
connected to the SBE32 36-place pylon providing for single-conductor sea 
cable operation.  A custom-built 6000m-long 8.15mm cable with two coaxial 
conductors was used to connect the underwater package to the SBE11plus deck 
unit in the CTD container control station.  The center, stranded 20 AWG 
conductor was used for signal and power.  The outer, coaxially wrapped 
conductor was used for signal and power return.  The armor served only as the 
strength member.  Power to the SBE9plus CTD (and sensors), SBE32 pylon, 
SBE35RTand altimeter was provided through the sea cable by the SBE11plus deck 
unit. 


1.3.  NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY DATA ACQUISITION 

Navigation data were acquired by one of the Linux workstations beginning 21 
August 2005 (UTC) from a Gar min GPS-17 unit mounted on top of the rosette 
container.  Date, time, position, speed and course were acquired at 1-second 
intervals. 

Very intermittent bathymetry data were available from the Oden's echosounder 
via the ship's webserver.  The bridge provided approximate charted depths as 
available at cast time; when the Healy was nearby, Seabeam data were used to 
estimate bottom depths. 


1.4.  REAL-TIME CTD DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM 

The CTD data acquisition system consisted of an SBE-11plus deck unit and 
three networked generic PC workstations running Fedora2Linux.  Each PC 
workstation was conﬁgured with a color graphics display, keyboard, trackball, 
120 GB disk, and DVD+RW drives.  Two systems shared a single display, 
keyboard and trackball due to limited space in the cast control room.  One of 
the systems also had 8 additional RS-232 ports via a Rocketport PCI serial 
controller.  The systems were networked through a 100BaseTX ether net switch, 
which was also connected to the ship's network. These systems were available 
for real-time operational and CTD data displays, and provided for CTD and 
hydrographic data management and backup.  Hardcopy capability was provided by 
an HP Ofﬁcejet d155xi network printer. 

One of the workstations was designated the CTD console and was connected to 
the CTD deck unit via RS-232.  The CTD console provided an interface for 
controlling CTD deployments as well as real-time operational displays for CTD 
and rosette trip data, GPS navigation, and bathymetry when available from the 
Oden displays or Healy Seabeam website. 

CTD deployments were initiated by the console watch after the ship stopped on 
station.  The watch maintained a console operations log containing a 
description of each deployment, a record of every attempt to close a bottle 
and any pertinent comments.  The deployment software presented a short dialog 
instructing the operator to turn on the deck unit, to examine the on screen 
raw data display for stable CTD data, and to notify the deck watch that this 
was accomplished.  When the deck watch was ready to put the rosette over the 
side, the console watch was notiﬁed and the CTD data acquisition started.  
The deployment software display changed to indicate that a cast was in 
progress.  A processed data display appeared, as did a rosette bottle trip 
display and control for closing bottles.  Various real-time plots were 
initiated to display the progress of the deployment.  GPS time and position 
were automatically logged at 1 second resolution during the cast.  Both raw 
and processed (2 Hz time-series) CTD data were automatically backed up by one 
of the other workstations via Ethernet. 

Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette, the winch operator immediately 
lowered it to 10-15 meters.  The CTD pumps were conﬁgured with an 8 second 
startup delay, and were on by the time the rosette reached 10 meters.  The 
console operator checked the CTD data for proper sensor operation, then 
instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the surface and descend 
to a target depth (wire-out).  The lowering rate was normally 60-65 
meters/minute for this package. 

The console watch monitored the progress of the deployment and the quality of 
the CTD data through interactive graphics and operational displays.  
Additionally, the watch decided where to trip bottles on the up cast, noting 
this on the console log.  The altimeter channel, CTD depth and wire-out were 
monitored to deter mine the distance of the package from the bottom.  The on-
screen winch and altimeter displays allowed the watch to reﬁne the target 
wire-out relayed to the winch operator and safely approach to within 10 
meters of the bottom. 

Bottles were closed on the upcast by operating a "point and click" graphical 
trip control button.  The data acquisition system responded with trip 
conﬁrmation messages and the corresponding CTD data in a rosette bottle trip 
window on the display.  All tripping attempts were noted on the console log.  
The console watch then directed the winch operator to raise the package up to 
the next bottle trip location.  The console watch was also responsible for 
creating a sample log for the deployment which was used to record the 
correspondence between rosette bottles and analytical samples taken.

After the last bottle was tripped, the console watch directed the deck watch 
to bring the rosette on deck.  Once on deck, the console watch terminated the 
data acquisition, turned off the deck unit and assisted with rosette 
sampling. 


1.5.  CTD DATA PROCESSING 

ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running in a 
Linux/Unix run-time environment.

Raw CTD data are initially converted to engineering units, ﬁltered, response-
corrected, calibrated, and decimated to a more manageable 0.5 second time-
series.  The laboratory calibrations for pressure, temperature and 
conductivity are applied at this time. 

Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard format time-series, they can be 
manipulated in various ways.  Channels can be additionally ﬁltered.  The 
time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to 
form longer time-series.  A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-
series, or into a larger-interval time-series.  Adjustments to pressure, 
temperature and conductivity determined from comparisons to other sensors and 
to check samples are maintained in separate ﬁles and are applied whenever the 
data are accessed. 

The CTD data acquisition software acquired and processed the data in real-
time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and 
reporting during a cast.  The 24 Hz CTD data were ﬁltered, response-corrected 
and decimated to a 2 Hz time-series.  Sensor correction and calibration 
models were applied to pressure, temperature, and conductivity.  Rosette trip 
data were extracted from this time-series in response to trip initiation and 
conﬁrmation signals.  All data were stored on disk and were additionally 
backed up via Ethernet to a second system.  At the end of the cast, various 
consistency and calibration checks were performed and a 2 db pressure-series 
of the down cast was generated and subsequently used for reports and plots. 

CTD data were examined at the completion of deployment for potential 
problems.  Data from the two CTD temperature sensors were examined, compared 
with SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer data and checked for sensor drift.  
CTD conductivity sensors were compared and calibrated by examining 
differences between CTD and check-sample conductivity values.  The CTD 
dissolved oxygen sensor data were calibrated to check-sample data.  
Additionally, deep theta-salinity and theta-O2 comparisons were made between 
down and up casts as well as with adjacent deployments. 

The initial 10-meter yoyo in each deployment, where the package was lowered 
and then raised back to the surface to start the SBE pumps, was omitted 
during the generation of the 2 db pressure-series.

Density inversions can be induced in high-gradient regions by ship-generated 
vertical motion of the rosette.  Detailed examination of the raw data shows 
signiﬁcant mixing can occur in these areas because of "ship-roll".  To 
minimize density inversions, a "ship-roll" ﬁlter, which disallowed pressure 
reversals, was applied during the generation of the 2 db pressure-series down-
cast data. 

The sensors were exposed to below-freezing air temperatures during the last 
few stations.  Water in the pump tubes near the sensors at least partially 
froze before the casts at stations 108 and 109.  The pump tubes were cleared 
with warm water prior to deployment, and none of the sensors appear to have 
been adversely affected. 

Two CTD casts are reported for stations 9, 31, 61 and 93.  The rosette was 
lowered to approximately 250m on the ﬁrst cast at each station to collect 
water for CDOM only.  These shallow casts were not processed beyond the 
initial block-averaging and automated post-cast processing.  The second cast 
reported at each of these stations was the standard deep cast. 


1.6.  CTD LABORATORY CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 

Laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure, temperature and conductivity 
sensors were used to generate Sea-Bird conversion equation coefficients 
applied by the data acquisition software at sea. 

CTD #381 with pressure transducer #58952 was used for P16S-2005.

Pressure calibrations were last performed on CTD #381 at the ODF Calibration 
facility (La Jolla) on 16 November 2004.  The Paroscientiﬁc Digiquartz 
pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled water bath to 
a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gauge Pressure Reference. 

The SBE3plus temperature sensors (primary S/N 03P-4213, secondary S/N 03P-
4226) were calibrated at ODF on 16 November 2004. 

The primary and the secondary SBE4 conductivity sensors (S/N 04-2659 and S/N 
04-2319) were both calibrated on 16 November 2004 at SBE. 

The SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer (S/N 35-0035) was calibrated on 15 
September 2004 at ODF. 


1.7.  CTD SHIPBOARD CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 

CTD #381 was used for all AOS-2005 casts. The CTD was deployed with all 
sensors and pumps aligned vertically, as recommended by SBE.  Secondary 
temperature and secondary conductivity (T2 & C2) sensors served as 
calibration checks for the reported primary temperature and conductivity (T1 
& C1) on all casts.  The SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer (S/N 35-0035) 
served as an independent temperature calibration check.  In-situ salinity 
check samples collected during each CTD cast were used to calibrate the 
conductivity sensors. 

1.7.1.  CTD Pressure 

Pressure sensor conversion equation coefficients derived from the pre-cruise 
pressure calibration for CTD #381 (Pressure S/N 58952) were applied to raw 
pressure data during each cast.  Out-of-water pressure values were running 
1.0-1.2 decibars at cast start, and 0.6-0.7 decibars at cast end.  The 
pressure was offset by -0.7 decibars at the surface, sloping to 0 correction 
at 5000 decibars, for stations 1-57.  After air and sea-surface temperatures 
cooled off, the offset was reduced to -0.5 decibars at the surface (sloping 
to 0 at 5000 decibars) for stations 58-87, and to -0.3 decibars at the 
surface (sloping to 0 at 3000 decibars) for stations 88-111. 

Start and end pressures were tabulated for each cast to check for calibration 
shifts.  The start pressures were between 0 and 0.6 decibars, and the end 
pressures were between 0 and -0.2 decibars.  The post-cruise CTD #381 
pressure calibration results are pending. 

1.7.2.  CTD Temperature 

Temperature sensor conversion equation coefficients were derived from the 
pre-cruise calibrations and applied to raw primary and to raw secondary 
temperature data.  The primary (T1, S/N 03P-4213) and secondary (T2, S/N 03P-
4226) SBE3plus temperature sensors were used the entire cruise without 
replacement.
 
Two independent metrics of calibration accuracy were examined.  The primary 
and secondary temperatures were compared at each rosette trip, and the 
SBE35RT (S/N 35-0035) temperatures were compared to primary and secondary 
temperatures at each rosette trip.

The T1 sensor appeared to have a slow, steady drift with station number, 
relative to the SBE35RT: +0.5 to +1.0 mdegC from stations 1-111.  The T2 
sensor was less stable, starting 1.0 mdeg.C high, drifting to 0, then 
backto0.8 mdeg.C high.  The sensor calibration histories were examined, and 
the SBE35RT was deemed most likely of the 3 to be correct.  Offsets were 
calculated from SBE35RT-T1 differences, using data below 1500 decibars.  The 
offsets, shifting slightly for each station, were applied to T1 data.  There 
did not appear to be any residual pressure effect on the T1 or SBE35 sensors.  
The T2 sensor was not corrected. 


1.7.3.  CTD Conductivity 

Conductivity sensor conversion equation coefficients were derived from the 
pre-cruise calibrations and applied to raw primary and secondary 
conductivities.  

The same primary (C1 - S/N 04-2659) and secondary (C2 - S/N 04-2319) SBE4 
conductivity sensors were used on all of AOS-2005.  C1 was used for all 
reported CTD conductivities; C2 was used as a calibration check on the 
primary sensor. 

Comparisons between the primary and secondary sensors, and between sensors 
and check sample conductivities, were used to derive conductivity sensor 
corrections.  The average C1-C2 differences were about +0.001 mS/cm at the 
start of the cruise, increased to +0.0015 by station 25, then dropped to 
+0.0005 by station 40.  The differences abruptly shifted at station 50, after 
the sensors were cleaned with Triton X (according to SBE specs).  After a few 
more stations, the averages stabilized a bit, varying between +0.001 and 
+0.0015 mS/cm for the rest of the cruise.  Another cleaning with Triton X 
between stations 92 and 93 appeared to have no effect on either C1 or C2 
data.  The bottle-C1 average values were less consistent, and varied more 
than 0.002 mS/cm. 

The differences between sensors and bottles were considered at the same time 
as deep theta-salinity overlays of consecutive stations were examined for 
both T1C1 and T2C2 sensor pairs.  C1 offsets were adjusted by as much as 
±0.0005 mS/cm for a few casts to provide deep theta-salinity consistency, and 
had the effect of "normalizing" some of the differences between sensors and 
bottle data.  A second-order pressure-dependent slope was ﬁt to the adjusted 
bottle-C1 differences, omitting stations 1-20 to eliminate any possibility of 
residual Autosal suppression issues at the shallow end.  The resulting 
correction (on the order of +0.001 mS/cm at 0 decibars, -0.001 mS/cm at 3500 
decibars and -0.0006 mS/cm at 5700 decibars) was applied to all C1 data.  C2 
data were not corrected. 

Shipboard overlays of deep theta-salinity proﬁles were checked for cast-to-
cast consistency after the corrections were applied.  Stations 50-74 (after 
the ﬁrst Triton X cleaning) were adjusted slightly, to better align the 
proﬁles and the bottle-C1 differences.  Most deep proﬁles of adjacent casts 
agreed to within ±0.0001-2 mS/cm. 

Post-cruise calibrations of the conductivity sensors by Sea-Bird are pending.  
These calibrations will not account for any pressure effects on the sensors. 


1.7.4.  CTD Dissolved Oxygen

Two SBE43 dissolved O2 (DO) sensors were used during this cruise: S/N 43-0275 
for stations 1-11 and 43-0185 for stations 12-111.  The sensor was plumbed 
into the P/T1/C1 intake line in a vertical conﬁguration after C1 and before 
P1 (as speciﬁed by SBE). 

The ﬁrst DO sensor (43-0275) offset and cut out repeatedly during station 1.  
The cable between the CTD and sensor was replaced before station 2.  A 
cursory check of data during the next few casts showed that problem to be 
ﬁxed, but the sensor apparently had other major problems.  Its sensitivity 
decreased rapidly for the next few stations, until the raw signal was low and 
shapeless by station 11.  The CTD oxygen data for stations 1 and 11 were 
deemed unusable and are not reported.  For the casts in between, only 
stations 5 and 6 somewhat ﬁt the bottle data from surface to bottom.  Because 
of the poor ﬁts and obvious problems with the sensor, stations 2-10 CTD 
oxygen data are reported, but all coded questionable or bad. 

The second sensor (43-0185) was installed prior to station 12 and performed 
reliably for the rest of the cruise.  Standard and blank values for bottle 
oxygen data were smoothed and applied prior to ﬁtting the CTD oxygen proﬁles.

The DO sensor calibration method used for this cruise was to match down-cast 
CTD O2 data to up-cast bottle trips along isopycnal surfaces, then to 
minimize the residual differences between the in-situ check sample values and 
CTD O2 using a non-linear least-squares ﬁtting procedure.  Since this 
technique only calibrates the down-cast, only the 2 db pressure series down-
cast data contain calibrated CTD O2. 

The coefficients for the deep casts were used for the shallow casts on the 
four 250m "CDOM" casts (9/1, 31/1, 61/2 and 93/1), which had no bottle data; 
the CTD oxygen for those shallow casts are reported as uncalibrated. 

The standard deviations of 0.0574 ml/l for all Oxygens and 0.0142 for deep 
Oxygens are only intended as indicators of how well the up-cast bottle O2 and 
down-cast CTD O2 match.  ODF makes no claims regarding the precision or 
accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data. 

The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation for Clark cells follows 
Brown and Morrison [Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85]. ODF models 
membrane and sensor temperatures with lagged CTD temperatures and a lagged 
thermal gradient.  In-situ pressure and temperature are ﬁltered to match the 
sensor response.  Time-constants for the pressure response τ(p), two 
temperature responses τ(Ts) and τ(f), and thermal gradient response τ(dT) 
are ﬁtting parameters.  The thermal gradient term is derived by low-pass 
ﬁltering the difference between the fast response (T(f))and slow response 
(T(s)) temperatures.  This term is SBE43-speciﬁc and corrects a non-linearity 
introduced by analog thermal compensation in the sensor.  The Oc gradient, 
dO(c)/dt, is approximated by low-pass ﬁltering 1st-order O(c) differences.  
This gradient term attempts to correct for reduction of species other than O2 
at the sensor cathode.  The time-constant for this ﬁlter, τ(og), is a ﬁtting 
parameter.  Dissolved O2 concentration is then calculated: 


O(2ml/l) =                                                     dO(c)
                                (c(3)P(1)+c(4)T(ƒ)+c(5)T(5)c(6)----- +c(7)dT)
  [c(1)O(c)+c(2)]*f(sat)(S,T,P)•e                               dt

where:
 
  O(2ml/l)       = Dissolved O2 concentration in ml/l;
  O(c)           = Sensor current (µamps); 
  F(sat)[S,T,P]  = O2 saturation concentration at S,T,P (ml/l); 
  S              = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs); 
  T              = Temperature at O2 response-time (°C); 
  P              = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars); 
  Pl             = Low-pass ﬁltered pressure (decibars); 
  Tf             = Fast low-pass ﬁltered temperature (°C); 
  Ts             = Slow low-pass ﬁltered temperature (°C); 
  (dO(c))/dt     = Sensor current gradient (µamps/secs);
  dT             = low-pass ﬁltered thermal gradient (Tf -Ts ).


1.8. BOTTLE SAMPLING
 
At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the 
bottles in the following order (not enforced after DIC/TAlk/pH drawn): 

                 • CFCs 
                 • Halocarbons 
                 • SF6
                 • 3He 
                 • O2 
                 • Mercury 
                 • Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)/Total Alkalinity/pH 
                 • Nutrients 
                 • 129I
                 • Dissolved Organic Material (DOM)-small volume
                 • H
                 • δ 18O
                 • Salinity 
                 • Dissolved Organic Material (DOM)-large volume 
                 • POP 
                 • Muir
                 • Triple-O Isotopes 16O/17O/18O 
                 • 14C
                 • Biology
                 • 226RA

The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette 
bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the 
cast.  Additionally, unique BIO numbers assigned to each station-cast-bottle 
combination were recorded, and BIO stickers duplicating those attached to 
Niskin bottles prior to each cast were placed on sampling containers to 
clarify its water source.  The sample log also included any observations and 
comments about the condition of the rosette and bottles.  One member of the 
sampling team was designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to 
maintain this log and insure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing 
order. 

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the air 
vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped.  This 
observation and other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", 
"valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample 
integrity were routinely noted on the sample log.  Drawing oxygen samples 
also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the bottle.  The 
temperature was noted on the sample log and could be useful in determining 
leaking or mis-tripped bottles.

Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were 
distributed for analysis.  Oxygen, nutrient and salinity analyses were 
performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to the 
data processing computer for centralized data management. 


1.9. BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING

Water samples collected and properties analyzed shipboard were managed 
centrally in a relational database (PostgreSQL-7.4.7-3) run on one of the 
Linux workstations.  A web service (OpenACS-5.1.5 and AOL server-4.0.10-1) 
front-end provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample data.  Web-based 
facilities included on-demand arbitrary property-property plots and vertical 
sections as well as secure data uploads and downloads. 

The Sample Log data and any diagnostic comments were entered into the 
database once sampling was completed.  Quality ﬂags associated with sampled 
properties were set to indicate that the property had been sampled, and 
sample container identiﬁcations were noted where applicable (e.g. oxygen ﬂask 
number).  Each Sample Log was also scanned and made available as a JPEG ﬁle 
on the website.

Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various analytical 
groups and incorporated into the database.  These results included a quality 
code associated with each measured value and followed the coding scheme 
developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic 
Programme (WHP) [Joyc94]. 

Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued 
throughout the cruise.  The comments from the Sample Logs and individual data 
point checking are included in the Appendix of this documentation. 


1.10. SALINITY ANALYSIS
 
EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES 

A Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (S/N 48-263) was used for all 
salinity measurements.  It was ﬁrst located in van 14 on top of Oden's main 
lab (stations 1-11), then moved to the main lab clean room for the rest of 
the cruise to attain better room temperature stability.  The salinometer was 
modiﬁed by STS to contain an interface for computer-aided measurement.  The 
water bath temperature was set and maintained at a value near the laboratory 
air temperature: 27°C for stations 1-11, 14-20 and 38-53 analyses, and 30°C 
for stations 12 and 21-37. 

The salinity analyses were performed after samples had equilibrated to 
laboratory temperature: within 70-105 hours after collection for the ﬁrst 15 
stations, and within 9-36 hours for later casts, when room temperature 
stability was not an issue. The salinometer was standardized for each group 
of analyses (usually 1-2 casts, up to ∼38 samples, using one fresh vial of 
standard seawater at the start of each run and another at the end to 
determine salinometer drift. Salinometer measurements were made by computer, 
where the analyst was prompted by software to enter salt and Niskin bottle 
information, change samples and ﬂush. 

SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING 

3699 salinity measurements were made and approximately 70 vials of standard 
seawater (SSW) were used. 

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate 
bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to ﬁlling.  The 
bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene 
screw caps.  This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample 
evaporation.  Prior to sample collection, inserts were inspected for proper 
ﬁt and loose inserts replaced to insure an air tight seal.  The draw time and 
equilibration time were logged for all casts.  Laboratory temperatures were 
logged at the beginning and end of each run, and monitored throughout the 
run. 

PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured 2X 
conductivity ratios. The difference (if any) between the initial vial of 
standard water and the next one run as an unknown was applied as a linear 
function of elapsed run time to the data.  The corrected salinity data were 
then incorporated into the cruise database.  The estimated accuracy of bottle 
salinities run at sea is usually better than ±0.002 PSU relative to the 
particular standard seawater batch used. The 95% conﬁdence limit for residual 
differences between the bottle salinities and calibrated CTD salinity 
relative to SSW batch P-145 was ±0.0055 PSU for all salinities, and ±0.0018 
PSU for salinities deeper than 1000db. 

Three adjustments other than bath temperature changes were made to the 
Autosal.  After station 20 salinity was run, it was discovered that the 
ampliﬁer gain for proper balance between suppression ranges had not been 
adjusted.  This was changed, and stations 1-20 salinities were recalculated.  
A minor adjustment was made to the Autosal before station 47, and maintenance 
was performed on the air pump before station 92 was run. 

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE 

The air temperature in van 14 varied from 23.0 to 30.5°C f or the ﬁrst 11 
stations run.  Within a few casts after moving Autosal operations to the 
clean room, the air temperature range was reduced signiﬁcantly to 
25.5 to 27.2°C ,varying by less than ±0.4°C during most runs. 

STANDARDS 

IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-145 was used to standardize all 
salinity measurements. 


1.11.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS 

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES
 
Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated 
oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption 
of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light.  The titration of the samples and the 
data ogging were controlled by PC software.  Thiosulfate was dispensed by a 
Dosimat 665 buret driver ﬁtted with a 1.0 ml buret.  ODF used a whole-bottle 
modiﬁed-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter [Carp65] with 
modiﬁcations by Culberson et al. [Culb91], but with higher concentrations of 
potassium iodate standard (∼0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (∼55 gm/l).  Pre-
made liquid potassium iodate standards were run once a day approximately 
every 4 stations, unless changes were made to system or reagents.  
Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined every day or more often if a 
change in reagents required it to account for presence of oxidizing or 
reducing agents.  The auto-titrator performed well. 

SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING 

0000 oxygen measurements were made.  Samples were collected for dissolved 
oxygen analyses soon after the rosette was brought on board.  Using a Tygon 
and silicone drawing tube, nominal 125ml volume-calibrated iodine ﬂasks were 
rinsed 3 times with minimal agitation, then ﬁlled and allowed to overﬂow for 
at least 3 ﬂask volumes.  The sample drawing temperatures were measured with 
a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube.  These 
temperatures were used to calculate umol/kg concentrations, and as a 
diagnostic check of bottle integrity.  Reagents were added to ﬁx the oxygen 
before stoppering.  The ﬂasks were shaken twice (10-12 inversions) to assure 
thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after drawing, and 
then again after about 20 minutes. 

The samples were analyzed within 12 hours of collection, and the data 
incorporated into the cruise database.

Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and 
corrected to 20°C. The 20°C normalities and the blanks were plotted versus 
time and were reviewed for possible problems. 

The sample drawing temperature thermometer during this leg was functional and 
calibrated at the beginning of the expedition. 

A noisy endpoint was occasionally acquired during the analyses, usually due 
to small waterbath contaminations.  These endpoints were checked and 
recalculated using STS/ODF designed software. 

The blanks and thiosulfate normalities for each batch of thiosulfate were 
smoothed (linear ﬁts) in three groups during the cruise and the oxygen values 
recalculated.  There were equipment problems with one of the Dosimat units at 
the start of the cruise which led to some high oxygen values for a number of 
samples.  The problem was tracked down and corrected. 

VOLUMETRIC CALIBRATION 

Oxygen ﬂask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized 
water to determine ﬂask volumes at STS/ODF's chemistry laboratory.  This is 
done once before using ﬂasks for the ﬁrst time and periodically thereafter 
when a suspect volume is detected.  The volumetric ﬂasks used in preparing 
standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as was the 10 ml Dosimat 
buret used to dispense standard iodate solution. 

STANDARDS 

Liquid potassium iodate standards were prepared and bottled in sterile glass 
bottles at STS/ODF's chemistry laboratory prior to the expedition.  The 
normality of the liquid standard was determined at ODF by calculation from 
weight.  A single standard batch was used during AOS-2005.  Potassium iodate 
was obtained from Acros Chemical Co. and was reported by the supplier to be 
>99.4% pure.  All other reagents were "reagent grade" and were tested for 
levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use. 


1.12. NUTRIENT ANALYSIS 

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES 

Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed 
on an ODF-modiﬁed 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one 
to two hour after sample collection.  Occasionally samples were refrigerated 
up to 12 hours at ∼4°C.  All samples were brought to room temperature prior to 
analysis. 

The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92.  The analog outputs 
from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and logged 
automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals. 

Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Ar ms67].  An 
acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to 
produce silicomolybdic acid, which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid 
(a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride.  Tartaric acid 
was also added to impede PO4 color development.  The sample was passed 
through a 15mm ﬂowcell and the absorbance measured at 660nm. 

A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Ar ms67] procedure was used for the 
analysis of nitrate and nitrite.  For the nitrate analysis, the seawater 
sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was 
quantitatively reduced to nitrite.  Sulfanilamide was introduced to the 
sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride which 
coupled to form a red azo dye.  The stream was then passed through a 15mm 
ﬂowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm.  The same technique was 
employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and a 
50mm ﬂowcell was used for measurement. 

Phosphate was analyzed using a modiﬁcation of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms 
[Bern67] technique.  An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to 
the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to phosphomolybdous 
acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate.  The 
reaction product was heated to ∼55°C to enhance color development, then passed 
through a 50mm ﬂowcell and the absorbance measured at 820nm. 

SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING 

0000 nutrient samples taken from the rosette were analyzed.  Approximately 80 
additional samples taken at 16 ice stations were analyzed by STS/ODF. 

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped "oak-ridge 
type" centrifuge tubes.  The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed with 
sample 2-3 times before ﬁlling.  Standardizations were performed at the 
beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically one cast, up to 36 
samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient standard prepared 
prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low-nutrient seawater 
matrix.  The secondary standards were prepared aboard ship by dilution from 
primary standard solutions.  Dry standards were pre-weighed at the laboratory 
at ODF, and transported to the vessel for dilution to the primary standard.  
Sets of 7 different standard concentrations were analyzed periodically to 
determine any deviation from linearity as a function of absorbance for each 
nutrient analysis.  A correction for non-linearity was applied to the ﬁnal 
nutrient concentrations when necessary.  A correction for the difference in 
refractive indices of pure distilled water and seawater was periodically 
determined and applied where necessary. The pump tubing was changed once. 

After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data ﬁle was processed to 
produce another ﬁle of response factors, baseline values, and absorbances.  
Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for accuracy against 
values taken from a strip chart recording.  The data were then added to the 
cruise database. 


Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from 
micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm 
pressure (0 db), in situ salinity, and a per-analysis measured laboratory 
temperature. 

STANDARDS 

Primary standards for silicate (Na2SiF6)and nitrite (NaNO2)were obtained from 
Johnson Matthey Chemical Co.; the supplier reported purities of >98% and 97%, 
respectively.  Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3)and phosphate (KH2PO4) 
were obtained from Fisher Chemical Co.; the supplier reported purities of 
99.999% and 99.999%, respectively.  The efficiency of the cadmium column used 
for nitrate was monitored throughout the cruise and ranged from 96-100%. 

No major problems were encountered with the measurements. 


TRANSIENT TRACER MEASUREMENTS:

The chlorofluorocarbons CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113 and the halogenated tracers 
CH3CCl3 and CCl4 were measured on a purge and trap GC/ECD system.  A volume 
of 31 mL water were injected on to the purge and trap unit, where the samples 
were purged for five minutes with nitrogen at a flow rate of 80 mL/min.  The 
components were trapped in an open bore 1/16" trap cooled to low temperatures 
in the headspace immediately over liquid nitrogen.  The analytes were 
thermally desorbed at 100 °C and injected onto a DB624 column (75 m x 0.53 
mm).  The precision for CFC-12 is estimated to 2 %, and the limit of 
detection to 0.02 pmol/kg.

Determination of SF6 was performed by purge and trap coupled to gas 
chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD).  A volume 356 mL of 
seawater was injected into an evacuated strip tower and subsequently purged 
with nitrogen for 5 minutes at 100 mL/min.  The SF6 was trapped in a 1/16", 
large ID Carboxen-1000 cold trap kept at -60 °C.  The sample was thermally 
desorbed and injected onto a MS 5A column (3 m x 1/8") and then refocused on 
a 1/32" Carboxen-1000 packed trap kept at -130 °C, from where it is thermally 
desorbed onto a Porabond Q PLOT column (0.32 mm ID X 30m) kept isothermally 
at 100 °C.  The analytical precision of the method was estimated to 2 % and 
the detection limit is estimated to 0.1 fmol kg-1.  The samples were 
calibrated vs. calibrated air obtained from CMDL/NOAA, Boulder Colorado, and 
are reported on the GMD2000 scale.
 
From Station 26, the supply of Liquid Nitrogen necessary for cooling the 
traps of both analytical instruments was exhausted. The methods was changes 
as described below.

For the CFCs a 30cm long trap was filled with Porapak-N was used at 
temperatures of -26°C using a glycol bath. Only the chlorofluorocarbons: CFC-
12, CFC-11, CFC-113 were successfully recovered by this method.

For SF6, the trap was changed to a single 1/8" trap with carboxen-1000 kept 
at -10°C. The SF6 measurements after station 26 are of lesser quality due to 
peak broadening.



REFERENCES
 
Arms67. 
    Armstrong, F. A.J., Stearns, C.R., and Strickland, J.D.H., "The 
    measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of 
    the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea Research, 
    14, pp.381-389 (1967). 
Bern67. 
    Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low 
    level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer," 
    Technicon Symposia, I, pp.385-389 (1967). 
Brow78. 
    Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity, temperature 
    and depth microproﬁler," Technical Report No. 78-23, Woods Hole 
    Oceanographic Institution (1978). 
Carp65. 
    Carpenter, J.H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
    dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp.141-143 
    (1965). 
Culb91. 
    Culberson, C.H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R.T., and Zemlyak, F., 
    "A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in 
    seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Ofﬁce (Aug 
    1991). 
Gord92. 
    Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J.C., Jr., Ross, A.A., and Krest, J.M., "A 
    suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater 
    Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean 
    Fluxes Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. 
    Chem Oc. (1992). 
Joyc94. 
    Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
    Programme Data Reporting, "Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, 
    pp.52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Ofﬁce, Woods Hole, MA, USA 
    (May1994, Rev. 2). UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. 
Mill82. 
    Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques at 
    WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference and 
    Workshop,p.19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982). 
Owen85. 
    Owens, W.B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
    calibration," Jour n. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p.621 (1985). 
UNES81. 
    UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity 
    Scale,1978,"UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, p.144 
    (1981). 




DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Contact        Data Type  Event/Summary
----------  -------------  ---------  -----------------------------------
2008-04-01  Tanhua, Toste  CFCs/SF6   Submitted; NonPublic 
            P.I. is Leif Anderson, Göteborg
            Data contributor, Toste Tanhua

2009-09-01  Muus, Dave     BTL/CTD    Website Update; Data online 
            ODEN2005 bottle and CTD data notes EXPOCODE 
            77DN20050819 1 Sept 2009 D. Muus
            1. Original bottle taken from STS/ODF aos-2005.hyd and aos-2005.sum 
               received Jan 21, 2006.
               Changed SAMPNO to BIONBR since Tanhua data has no BTLNBR or 
               SAMPNO; just STNNBR and BIONBR.
            2. Updated CFC and SF6 data, Beringia_tracer_20080401.xls, 
               received from Toste Tanhua April 1, 2008.  Some samples have 
               values = NaN but flags = 4 or 3. Changed flags to 5.
            3. Message from Leif Anderson received Sept 30, 2009, saying data 
               public.
            4. Lignin data received from Rainer Amon Apr 23, 2008, not yet 
               included. Need parameter and units mnemonics.
            5. PH not yet converted to new parameter names. Now is PH with 
               units @15DEGC.  Will change to PH_TOT or PH_SWS with PH_TEMP 
               data all 15.00 DEG C when appropriate parameter determined.
            7. DGM, Dissolved Gaseous Mercury, on ODF WOCE format file with 
               units PGRAM/L is not on CCHDO parameter list so is not in 
               exchange bottle file.
            8. CTD data from ODF: STS:/cruise/AOS-2005/Hydro/WHP copied 
               090827/dm 

2009-09-01  Diggs, Steve   BOT/CTD    Website Update; Cruise track plot online 
            Cruise track plots made and online. NetCDF files made from 
            Exchange bottle and CTD files, checked and onlne

2009-09-04  Muus, Dave     PH         Website Update; changed headers 
            Notes on modification of ODEN 2005 bottle data EXPOCODE 
            77DN20050819 Sept 4, 2009 D.Muus
            1. Corrected Toste Tanhua email address in Exchange File header 
               to ttanhua@ifm-geomar.de .
            2. Changed parameter PH to PH_SWS per R. Key message Sept 2, 2009.
            3. Added new column PH_TMP with all values 15 DEG C.
            4. NetCDF bottle file, 77DN20050819_nc_hyd.zip, does not yet have 
               above corrections. 

