CRUISE REPORT: ISSS-08
(Updated JUN 2015)



Highlights

                             Cruise Summary Information

               Section Designation  ISSS-08 (EPOCA)
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  90JS20080815
                  Chief Scientists  Igor Semiletov / IARC, Univ. Alaska 
Fairbanks
                                    Örjan Gustafsson / Stockholm Univ. 
                             Dates  2008 AUG 15 - 2008 SEP 26
                              Ship  R/V Yacov Smirnitsky 
                     Ports of call  unk.

                                              77° 10' N
             Geographic Boundaries  64° 38' E           173° 36' W
                                              69° 45' N

                          Stations  131
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  1 sediment trap mooring deployed

                                Contact Information:

                                   Igor Semiletov
    International Arctic Research Center • PO Box 757340 • University of Alaska 
                     Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7340 USA
    207 C Akasofu Building • phone: 907-474-6286 • Email: igorsm@iarc.uaf.edu



                               Cruise report

             International Siberian Shelf Study 2008 (ISSS-08)


Table of contents

1. Introduction                                                        3
   1.1 Participants                                                    3
   1.2 Objectives and Summary                                          4

2. Methods: Sampling and at-sea analyses                               5
   2.1 Seawater intake (S WI) system sampling and at-sea analyses      5
   2.2 CTD and Niskin-bottle water sampling and at-sea analyses       14
   2.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)                       20
   2.4 Hydrosonde vertical profiling                                  23
   2.5 Plankton net sampling                                          23
   2.6 Micrometeorology air-methane and CO2 and CH4 fluxes            23
   2.7 Hi-vol aerosol and vapor-phase sampling                        25
   2.8 Geophysical - seismic surveying                                27
   2.9 Water pumping for molecular-isotope biogeochemistry            30
       2.10 Water sampling for trace element and isotopes             40
       2.11 Sediment sampling                                         43
       2.12 Sedimentology                                             45

3. Results: Generated data and collected samples                      47
   3.1 Geophysics/seismic                                             48
   3.2 Methane program                                                49
   3.3 Physical Oceanography                                          49
   3.4 Marine Chemistry                                               55
   3.5 Biogeochemistry                                                56
   3.6 Trace elements and isotopes                                    81
   3.7 Benthic infauna                                                84
   3.8 Sedimentology                                                  84
   3.9 Possible contribution from previous SSS expeditions            88

4. Brief overview of sub-expedition to Lena River - E. Laptev Sea     90

5. References                                                         94

Appendix A. Station file                                              97
Appendix B. Wet deck sheet                                           102





1.  INTRODUCTION AND FRAMEWORK

1.1  Participants

Russian participants

  DUDAREV OLEG             dudarev@poi.dvo.ru
  SALYUK ANATOLY           san@poi.dvo.ru
  BELCHEVA NINA            belcheva@poi.dvo.ru
  MORDUKHOVICH VLADIMIR    vvmora@mail.ru
  MOISEEVSKIY GENNADY      genamsvsk@mail.ru
  VORONIN ALEXANDER        aavoron@poi.dvo.ru
  PIPKO IRINA              irina@poi.dvo.ru
  PUGACH SVETLANA          pugach@poi.dvo.ru
  KARNAUKH VICTOR          karnaukh@poi.dvo.ru
  SEMILETOV IGOR           igorsm@iarc.uaf.edu
  KOSAREV GEORGY
  POLYAK LEONID            polyak.1@osu.edu
  CHARKIN ALEXANDER        charkin@poi.dvo.ru
  KOSMACH DENIS            den-kosmach@mail.ru

And onshore:
  SHAKHOVA NATALIA         nshakhov@iarc.uaf.edu



Swedish participants

  Orjan Gustafsson      orian.gustafsson@itm.su.se       Stockholm Univ
  Jorien Vonk           Iorien.vonk@itm.su.se            Stockholm Univ
  Vanja Ailing          vania.alling@itm.su.se           Stockholm Univ
  Bart van Dongen       bart.vandongen@manchester.ac.uk  Manchester Univ
  Laura Sanchez-Garcia  laura.sanchez@itm.su.˚se         Stockholm Univ
  Martin Krus5          martin.krusa@itm.su.se           Stockholm Univ
  Per Andersson         per.andersson@nrm.se             Swe Museum Nat Hist
  Johan Gelting         iohan.gelting-nystrom@ltu.se     Lulea Tech Univ
  Fredrik Nordblad      fredrik.nordblad@ltu.se          Lulea Tech Univ
  Don Porcelli          don.porcelli@earth.ox.ac.uk      Oxford Univ
  Göran Björk           gobj@oce.gu.se                   Göteborg Univ
  Caroline Edsgren      carolineedsgren@hotmail.com      Göteborg Univ
  Sofia Hjalmarsson     sofia@chem.gu.se                 Göteborg Univ
  Sara Jutterström      sara.jutterstrom@chem.gu.se      Göteborg Univ
  Anders Olsson         andols@chem.gu.se                Göteborg Univ
  Irene W5hlström       irene.wohlstrom@chem.gu.se       Göteborg Univ

and additionally, onshore:
  Leif Anderson         leifand@chem.gu.se               Göteborg Univ
  Johan Ingri           iohan.ingri@ltu.se               Lulea Tech Univ
  Christoph Humborg     Christoph.humborg@itm.su.se      Stockholm Univ
  Magnus Mörth          magnus.morth@geo.su.se           Stockholm Univ



1.2  Objectives and Summary

The objective of this cruise report is to serve as a memory support for 
everyone involved in the ISSS-08 program. It focuses on details of how sampling 
and any at-sea analysis was actually performed on the Smirnitskyi. It also 
documents who to contact for even further details and future request for data 
in the many collaborative constellations that are foreseen to result from this 
complex marine expedition.

The ISSS-08 field phase has been overall a tremendous success. Participants are 
now in a good position to put together substantial contributions toward an 
improved understanding of the functioning of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf 
Seas. Below, is a brief summary of the expedition drafted with the intent of 
publication in EOS (Transactions of the American Geophysical Union) together 
with the an edited version of the cruise track and activity map shown below in 
section 1.3.





EOS draft article:

Title: International Siberian Shelf Study 2008 (ISSS-08): The major IPY 
       ship-based program along the entire Eurasian-Arctic continental 
       shelf with combined biogeochemical and geophysical observations

The motivation for ISSS-08 was to alleviate the scarcity of observational data 
on transport and processing of water, sediment and carbon on the East Siberian 
Arctic Shelves (ESAS). The ESAS, composed of Laptev, East Siberian and Russian 
part of Chukchi Sea, is the world's largest continental shelf and at the same 
time the most understudied part of the Arctic Ocean. It is characterized by 
tundra discharge through the Lena, Indigirka and Kolyma rivers, coastal 
erosion, methane seeps from subseapermafrost reservoirs and shelf-feeding of 
the Arctic halocline. The region is of particular interest from the perspective 
of carbon-climate couplings as it has witnessed a 4°C springtime positive 
temperature anomaly for 2000-2005 compared with preceding decades.

A complex sampling program was accomplished during the 50-days ISSS-08 cruise 
August - September 2008 using two vessels by participants from 12 organizations 
in Russia, Sweden, UK and USA (see Figure). The main vessel H/V Yacob 
Smirnitskyi traveled the entire length of the Siberian coast from Kirkenes, 
Norway to Herald Canyon, Chukchi Sea and back along the outer shelf. A second 
ship sampled the Lena River and the southeastern Laptev Sea.

Significant at-sea findings included new methane seeps and bubble plume fields 
in both the Laptev and East Siberian Sea, several associated with geophysical 
gas-chimney structures. We also studied Pacific inflow through Herald Canyon 
and remnants of salty and cold bottom waters on the shelf break.

Planned analyses of collected air, seawater, eroding soil and sediment material 
include molecular and isotopic biomarker composition as well as trace element 
and isotope characterizations (GEOTRACE protocol) to elucidate provenance, 
remobilization of "old" terrestrial matter, the relative importance of river 
versus erosion sources, degradation of organic matter in seawater and sediments 
and variations in these processes with dynamic climate forcing.

This IPY program provides a benchmarking for future expeditions to the vast and 
enigmatic ESAS. The ISSS-08 is supported by the Swedish Knut and Alice 
Wallenberg Foundation, the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of 
Sciences, the Swedish Research Council, the Russian Foundation for Basic 
Research, NOAA, and the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat.





2.  METHODS: SAMPLING AND AT-SEA ANALYSES

2.1  Seawater intake (SWI) system

2.1.1  Kingston connections, pumps, tubings and barrel (Martin)

Materials (see Fig. 2.1.1.1)

Pumps: Two parallel-coupled impeller type pumps (Aquaria Self-priming pump, 
  Model ASS-80, Omax 46L/min). 
Pipes: All pipes below deck in the machine room are of steel. 
Hoses: On deck the hose leading to the T-piece (TC coupling) and from the 
  T-piece to the barrel is of silicone. 
Valves and T-piece: The T-piece and the valves are of stainless steel. 
  Seals in the connections between T-piece and valves are of silicone. 
Barrel: The barrel is of hard-plastic and from Aquatech. The original 
  volume is of 500 liters but the actual filling volume was reduced to   
  around 300 liters by ballasting with carbuoys.


Figure 2.1.1.1: Schematic overview of sea water intake system from Kingston 
                to barrel.


Description (See figure 2.1.1-1) At 4 m depth under the ship's hull there is an 
opening where sea water is taken in. The water pipe is led into the machine 
room where it is split into several pipes, (see picture 2.1.1.1). The water 
pipes containing cold arctic sea water are used to cool the machines of the 
ship. After being passed around the machinery the water pipes are joined into 
one single pipe. This pipe is passed to the upper floor of the machine room and 
ends in the Kingston (sea chest). A steel tube was retrofitted for ISSS-08 on 
top of the sea chest and immersed to bottom of the sea chest. Two new impeller 
pumps delivered water aft-portside deck ending in a stainless barbed hose 
connector (picture 2.1.1.3). A silicon hose leads to a T-piece with a valve at 
each out-flow, (picture 2.1.1.4). One out-flow leads to a hose going to water 
sampling systems on fore deck (see section 2.1.3.6). That valve is normally 
closed. The other out-flow from the T-piece is to a hose leading to a 300L 
barrel, (picture 2.1.1.5). The barrel is filled from below at a rate of around 
30L/min, giving a turnover of ca 10 minutes. Water is overflowing over the 
edges of the barrel (picture 2.1.1.5). Sensors were immersed in barrel (section 
2.1.2).


Picture 2.1.1.1: Lower floor of machine room 

Picture 2.1.1.2: Impeller pumps, Kingston in background.

Picture 2.1.1.3: SWI delivery on deck.

Picture 2.1.1.4: 1-piece splitter.

Picture 2.1.1.5: Ballasted barrel with sensors.


2.1.2  Sensors in barrel - data acquisition programs

2.1.2.1  Sea bird-CTD, CDOM, Turbidity 
         (Igor, Anatoly, Irma)

Temperature, salinity/conductivity, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), 
and dissolved oxygen in the surface water will be measured along the ship route 
each minute using bunch of sensors installed on the CTD Seabird 19+ deployed in 
the 500 liters barrel with flowing sea water (pumped with rates about 40-50 
liters per minute). All these parameters will be validated at oceanographic 
stations. Surface dissolved methane was sampled each hour and measured in 1-2 
hours, while the pCO2 value was measured each 15 minutes using autonomous SAW 
CO2 sensor deployed in the same barrel with the CTD. This approach was 
successfully used in the joint USA-Russia SSS cruises since the summer of 2003 
(Semiletov and Pipko, 2007; Semiletov, 2005).


2.1.2.2  Hydrosonde 
         (Johan, Fredrik)

From August 18 until September 23, a Hydrolab Minisonde 5 (M55) water quality 
mulitprobe was installed in the seawater intake barrel. This device is referred 
to as the hydrosonde. This hydrosonde was also deployed in the sea at most of 
the stations during the expedition for depth profiling (activity lead by 
Genna).

Parameters measured by the hydrosonde were temperature, conductivity, salinity, 
pH, oxygen reduction potential, depth, oxygen concentration and chlorophyll a.


pH: 

pH was calibrated at the start, and checked for drift during operation. 
Fluctuations of the pH levels were from time to time much higher than expected, 
but during depth profiling, values were more stabile. The reason for these 
unstable pH measurements from the barrel was never clarified, but time 
intervals where suspicious measurements occur will be marked in the final data 
sheet.

Salinity/conductivity: 

As for pH, conductivity was calibrated at the start, and checked for drift 
during operation. Salinity measurements are closely related to the conductivity 
of the sample. Due to differences in salinity during this the expedition, it 
was difficult to make an accurate calibration for the conductivity. Therefore, 
the salinity measurements from the barrel should be taken from the Seabird 
instrument. From depth profiling, CTD data should be used preferentially.

Oxygen: 

To obtain oxygen data, the hydrosonde is equipped with the Hach LDO sensor, 
which is a luminescent dissolved oxygen sensor, an in-situ optical probe. 
Factory calibration was kept during the expedition. Data is to be calibrated to 
Winkler titrations performed by the Marine Chemistry group onboard.

Chlorophyll: 

A fluorescence sensor in the hydrosonde was used for determining chlorophyll a. 
Factory calibration was kept during the expedition. The data obtained by this 
sensor is to be compared/calibrated to offline measurements onboard by the BGC 
group according to standard chlorophyll determination protocol.


2.1.2.3  SAMI-pCO2 sensors 
         (Irma, Igor)

The autonomous SAM I-CO2 device described in www.sunburstsensors.com (De 
Grandpre et al., 1999) was used for in situ pCO2 measurement (each 15 minutes). 
This instrument was deployed in 500 liters plastic barrel (SWI) in parallel 
with Seabird-19+ conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) meter.



2.1.3  SWI sampling and at-sea analysis programs

2.1.3.1  Methane (and non-methane hydrocarbons) dissolved in water        
         (Igor-Nina)

Water sampling was carried out at all bottle horizons (see "bottle" protocol) 
each station (in total =131) with Niskin bottles. The samples were processed in 
the ship's laboratory within 2-3 hours after collection. Water samples were 
analyzed for CH4 with a MicroTech-8160 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame 
ionization detector. The headspace technique for equilibrating between the 
dissolved and gaseous phases was applied (Semiletov et al., 1996; Shakhova et 
al., 2005, 2007). The concentration of dissolved CH4 in the water samples was 
calculated with the Bunsen adsorption coefficient for CH4(Wiesenburg and 
Guinasso, 1979) at the appropriate equilibration temperature. In total, 1047 
CH4 samples were taken.


2.1.3.2  BGC-core parameters 
         (Laura, Vanja)

Sea water samples from both Sea Water Intake (SWI) and Niskin bottles (YS-
stations) were collected for analysis of POC, DOC, TOC, Optical parameters and 
Pigments. The SWI samples were sampled from a hose, receiving water from 4m 
depth. Niskin bottle samples were drawn from four different depths, aiming for 
the middle mixing layer (2-4 m), the pycnocline (4-10 m), middle bottom layer 
and bottom.

At the first CTD station, YS-1, a seawater intake sampling (SWI-7) was also 
conducted in order to check the reliability of the samples collected from the 
SWI-barrel. In both cases samples were collected in triplicates and at 4m 
depth.


Total, Particulate, and Dissolved Organic Carbon (TOC/POC/DOC) 
(Laura, Vanja)

The organic carbon components were size-defined as follows a) the larger 
organic particles (POC, filter-defined as > 0.7µm), b) the dissolved fraction 
(DOC, filter defined as <0.7), and c) the total fraction of organic C (TOC).

Between 1 and 3 L of sea water was collected in clear polycarbonate bottles and 
vacuum filtered on board with 25mm diameter glass fiber filters (GF/F) held in 
an all-glass filtrations system. Once dry, the filters were stored frozen until 
elemental analysis. From each POC filtrate (1L), two 60mL Nalgene HDPE bottles 
were collected for DOC measurements. One was frozen as a back-up, and one was 
stored cold and measured onboard. Similarly, two 60mL Nalgene HDPE bottles were 
used to collect seawater intake samples for TOC measurements. Again, one was 
frozen as a back-up and brought home, and one was stored cold and measured 
onboard.

DOC and TOC were determined on board by means of catalytic carbon combustion 
(SHIMADZU TOCVCPH). Inorganic carbon was removed with acid and the samples were 
sparged before analysis of the total carbon content (NPOC method). Before each 
run, Consensus Reference Materials (CRM) of low carbon content (1-2µm C) and 
deep sea water reference water (41-44µm C) were analysed to ensure the 
reliability of the data. Batches of CRM ampoules have been tested for DOC 
concentrations by the laboratories of Drs. Craig Carlson, Jonathan Sharp, 
Wenhao Chen/Dennis Hansell, and Hiroshi Ogawa. In each run, every tenth sample 
were a duplicate of an own control sample (Yenesey DOC ca 450µm C, kept cold 
during the cruise in a 25L carboy on deck) to monitor drift or interruptions 
during a run. New calibrations were made when the results of the international 
reference material or/and the Yenesey control sample differed from known 
concentrations with more than 5%. The POC content will be analyzed once in 
Stockholm, by elemental analysis (EA) of the C content.


OPTICAL parameters 
(Laura)

l00mL brown glass bottles were used to collect water sample and preserve them 
of light degradation. The samples were kept cool and dark until direct analysis 
of the following optical parameters.

Molar absorptivity: Molar absorptivity at 280nm (c280) gives an estimation of 
the degree of aromaticity of the organic matter in a sample. In order to 
calculate E280, the absorbance at 280nm (A280) is measured by UV-VIS 
Spectrophotometry (Hitachi UV) and results normalized to TOC:

                  ε   = A   /(1 * TOC)         (Equation 1)
                   280   280 

The analysis was conducted on quartz cuvets against distilled water (milli-Q), 
and the samples were measured in triplicates, rinsing the cuvette with milli-Q 
water every sample. Blanks of milli-Q water were run every ca. 10 samples, in 
order to check stability of measurement.


Humic Substances (HS)

The content of HS was estimated by Fluorescence Spectrometry (Hitachi F-7000 
Fluorescence Spectrophotometer), measuring the emission of the samples at 450 
nm (bandwidth 10 nm) under excitation at 350 nm (bandwidth 2.5 nm). Since 
quinine sulphate (QS) is considered to be a good reference material because of 
its HS-like structure, QS standard was employed for calibration of the 
measurements. A concentrated QS stock solution was prepared in 0.05M H2504 and 
a 9-point standard curve was constructed (Fig. 1). Each sample was analyzed in 
triplicates, rinsing with milli-Q water between different samples.


Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM)

The content of CDOM in seawater was estimated by Fluorescence Spectrometry 
(Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer) by measuring the fluorescence 
emission around 445 nm (2.5 nm bandwidth), under excitation at 355 nm (2.5 nm 
bandwidth), in relation to the Raman peak of H2O at about 405 nm. The 
fluorescence results of the samples were referenced to those of distillated 
water, H2SO4 solution (0.5M) and a QS standard solution (10ug/L). Our approach 
largely followed the method of Hoge et al. (1993).

The method calls for using the maximum intensity of the full emission spectrum. 
To make it possible to perform all analyses during the expedition we explored 
the possibility to instead of scanning making measurements at set wavelengths. 
Hence, the variability in wavelength of the emission maxima for excitation at 
355 nm was tested with a subset of samples selected as representative of the 
different regimes involved in our studies (rivers n=5; erosion sites n=5; 
offshore locations n=6). Despite the heterogeneity in fluorescence intensity of 
the samples, the wavelength of the maxima obtained were quite similar for the 
three different regimes (rivers: 444 nm, erosion sites: 443 nm, offshore sites: 
442 nm).

Thus, we agreed to use a unique maximum peak (44 3nm for CDOM, 407 nm for Raman 
peak of H2O) for all the samples, regardless which regime they belong to.

Fig. 1: HS calibration curve. HS concentration is calculated in 
        QS-equivalent units


Once the emission maximum was set at 443nm, the fluorescence of the samples was 
measured in photometry mode (excitation at 355nm, emission at 407 and 443nm). 
All samples were analyzed in triplicates and the cuvette was rinsed with milli-
Q water between different samples. To calculate the CDOM content of the 
samples, the emission values of distillated water, 0.5M H2SO4 and 10ug/L QS 
solution were also needed, so suites of the three standards were periodically 
run every 10-15 water samples. Thus, the calculation of CDOM, expressed as 
double-normalized fluorescence units (N.Fl.U.) at excitation wavelength 355nm, 
was developed according to the following equation:


F(355) N.Fl.U.=10*[(I       -I          /I          /[(I       -I           /I                 (equation 2)
                     (SW)max  (dest)max)  (SW)Raman]    (QS)max  (H2SO4)max)  (QS)Raman]

                                                                                 

    I          : intensity of water sample at 443nm
     (SW)max

    I          : intensity of distillated water at 443nm
     (dest)max 

    I          : intensity of water sample at Raman peak at 407nm
     (SW)Raman 

    I          : intensity of 10ug/1 QS solution at 443nm
     (QS)max 

    I          : intensity of 0.5M H2SO4 at 443nm
     (H2S04)max 

    I          : intensity of 10ug/l QS at Raman peak at 407nm
     (QS)Raman



Pigments

The pigment composition of the sea water samples was determined by Visible 
Spectrophotometry techniques (Hitachi U-2010 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer). Our 
method largely follows US EPA Method 446 and Parsons et al (1984). 
Approximately 4 L samples were vacuum filtered with 47mm GF/F filters, adding 
some drops of MgCO3 in those cases of samples collected nearby river influence 
(buildup of low pH on filter may rupture cells). The filters were stored frozen 
and in darkness in l5mL Falcon tubes until extraction, to avoid the degradation 
of the pigments. After 10-20 days, the filters were brought back to room 
temperature and were extracted with ca. l4mL of 90% acetone. They were 
thoroughly shaked during 2-3mm and then allowed to steep for some hours (min. 2 
h, no more than 24h). The samples were then centrifuged (5-10 mm) to get rid of 
the filter remains and, once clean, the extract was subjected to UV-VIS 
analysis to quantify chlorophyll and phaeophytin.

For the estimation of chlorophylls a (chlo-a), b (chlo-b) and c (chlo-c) 
absorbance at 750, 664, 647 and 630 nm was measured by UV-VIS, whereas 
wavelengths 750, 664 and 665 nm were employed for pheophytin (phaeo-a). Since 
chlo-a and phaeo-a signals overlap around 664nm, the degradation of chlo-a by 
acidification (200 ul of HCl: l0mL/l00mL water) and re-measurement at 664-665nm 
were necessary to correct the chlo-a values. Then, the amount of pigments in 
the extract solution (14mL) was calculated by inserting the 750nm-corrected 
wavelengths (i.e. each wavelength minus 750 nm, to remove the turbidity) in the 
following equations:


Phaeo-corrected Chlo-a = 26.7 (Abs 664                    - Abs 665                   )        (equation 4)
                                      before acidification         after acidification


Chlo-b = 21.03 (Abs 647) - 5.43 (Abs 664) - 2.66 (Abs 630)                                     (equation 5)


Chlo-c (c1+c2) = 24.52 (Abs 630) - 7.60 (Abs 647) - 1.67 (Abs 664)                             (equation 6)
                                                                                  


Phaeo-a = 26.7 [1.7*(Abs 665                   - Abs 664                    )]                 (equation 7)
                            after acidification         before acidification

                                                                            

Finally, to calculate the concentration of pigment in the whole water sample 
the following generalized equation was employed:


Concentration of pigment (mg/L) = [CE * extract volume (L)] / [sample volume 
(L) * cell length (cm)]

Where: CE                        = concentration of pigments in the extract 
                                   solution (phaeo-corrected chlo-a, chlo-b, 
                                   chlo-c, phaeo-a); 
       extract volume            = normally l4mL, 
       sample volume (filtrated) = normally 4L; and 
       cell length               = 1cm





2.1.3.3  Samples for biogenic silica, δ13C-DIC and photolysis 
         (Vanja)

BSi: 

Sampling for biogenic silica was made through the SWI, the submersible pump 
(unfiltered water) or in one case, the niskin bottles. Up to 1L per sample was 
filtered through a polycarbonate filter until clogging and put in a petri dish. 
The filterholder, pump and filtrate container was all made in silica free 
plastic. All filters are in duplicates.

δ13C-DIC: 

The samples for δ13C-DIC were taken from the TOC bottles and transferred into 
vials. The vials had prior to the cruise carefully been flushed with argon to 
remove all CO2-containing air. The septa on the vials are air tight. l00µL of 
concentrated H3PO4 and the samples were added with syringes to avoid air 
contamination. For the Lena transect, duplicates were taken for all stations, 
and from the other areas, every 8th sample had a duplicate. The vials were kept 
in fridge.

Photochemical degradation: 10 L GFF filtered water from the submersible pump 
(see 2.1.3.6) was filled in prewashed containers and stored on deck in 
aluminium boxes (cold and dark). The samples were sent to collaborators at 
Univ. Oslo for further analysis of photodegradation rates.


2.1.3.4  Carbonate system and nutrients GU method 
         (Sofia, Sara, Irma, Iréne)

Samples were taken from the seawater inlet system for dissolved inorganic 
carbon, total alkalinity, pH and nutrients. The samples for nutrients were 
unfiltered and were analysed for nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. The 
analytical methods for all parameters are described below (Section 2.2.5.2).


2.1.3.5  Carbonate system parameters ("POI" technique). 
         (Irma)

On these cruises we measured pH(sws) at 25 ± 0.1°C with an ORION 8103 Ross 
electrode on the SWS-scale, using tris-buffer prepared according to Goyet and 
Dickson (DOE, 1994), with a precision of ± 0.002 pH unit. In total 357 pH 
measurements were done in the ISSS-08 cruise: 320 from Niskin bottles, and a 
rest from SWI. Total alkalinity (AT) data were obtained in 71 samples taken 
from Niskin bottles onboard YS and 127 samples obtained onboard side-vessel TB-
0012 by direct indicator titration in an open cell using a 665-Dosimat system 
with a precision of 0.1% ("Goteborg" technique). Values of pCO2 and total 
inorganic carbon concentrations (CT) will be calculated using values of AT, pH, 
temperature (T), and salinity (S), following a scheme and constants advocated 
respectively by Millero (1995) and Goyet and Dickson (DOE, 1994). This 
technique has traditionally been used on our Siberian Shelf Study (SSS) cruises 
in the Arctic seas since 1996 (Pipko et al., 2002; Semiletov et al., 2007). 
POt's pH-values will be inter-calibrated vs. spectrophotometric pH -values 
obtained by Goteborg group.


2.1.3.6  Hi-volume filtrations for molecular-organic studies 
         (Bart, Martin)

As described in Section 2.1.1 (SWI-Kingston system), pre-rinsed armoured pvc 
tubing was connected from the stainless steel T-piece near the barrel to the 
seawater distribution system situated on the portside of the front deck. The 
total length of this tubing was about 23m. This allowed for hi-volume 
filtration of sea water from the sea water intake for molecular-organic studies 
while steaming. When required the connection to the seawater distribution 
system was opened and at the same time the flow to the barrel was reduced by 
the other valve. This was necessary since, due to the length of the tubing and 
the total seawater distribution system, there was a high resistance and if the 
flow to the barrel was not limited, no water flowed into the water distribution 
system to allow hi-volume filtration. The intake of sea water through this 
system was stopped/not used when lying still at a station and for most of the 
steaming time. The actual 293 mm filtration protocol is described in section 
2.9.3.



2.2  CTD and Niskin-bottle water sampling and at-sea analyses

2.2.1  CTD Data acquisition, mcl Turbidity sensor specs 
       (Göran)

The CTD was a standard SeaBird 911+ with conductivity and temperature sensors. 
After station 1 we added a Wetlabs turbidity sensor ECO NTU S/N NTURTD-126 on 
the voltage channel. It is attached as a fluorescence Wetlab ECO-AFL/FL sensor 
in the sensor list available in the Seabird software. The scale factor is just 
1 which gives an output signal between 0 and 5 Volts.

At station 4 we added an extra T,C package to force the pump to start at low 
salinities. The new package was attached as the primary sensors with a closed 
tube filled with salty water through the conductivity cell. The original 
sensors was then attached as secondary T and C, but are used as the primary 
output in all the data processing.

The closed sea-water loop was removed at and after station 36. This gave the 
possibility to compare the two sensor packages although the primary was not 
pumped so it had a much longer time constant. The comparison looks rather good 
with just small discrepancies of a few parts per thousands in salinity judging 
from screen data in homogeneous layers.

The CTD was mounted on a rosette with 12 Niskin bottles with a volume of about 
6.7 liters. At some selected stations an additional 20 liter GoFlo bottle was 
mounted on the rosette providing some extra larger volume sampling. Water 
samples was collected on most stations with some exceptions as during the high 
horizontal density sampling program in the Herald Canyon (stn. 43-78) when 
water samples was collected at every second station. A total of 1260 water 
samples were collected.

Station positions

OBS!! Stations 15, 19, 31 and 108 have wrong positions in the raw data files. 
This is probably due to restarting the GPS too close in time before the 
beginning of the cast. It takes probably some minutes for the GPS to initialize 
properly. The correct positions has been written in manually in the asciiheader 
files (see below) and then automatically in the station file and so on.


        Stn#      Raw data position          Correct position
        ----   -----------------------   -----------------------
         15    71 37.69 N, 130 03.21 E   71 34.98 N, 130 15.32 E
         19    73 02.07 N, 133 27.37 E   73 06.57 N, 137 18.18 E
         31    71 35.49 N, 156 24.85 E   71 06.49 N, 161 41.61 E
        108    76 46.76 N, 149 12.64 E   75 33.66 N, 155 52.96 E


General files in ISSS-08 data set

stationsdata_ISSS-08_CTD.txt :  Position, time, Water depth, max CTD depth 
                                for all stations.
ISSS08_bottle_ file_CTD.xls  :  Position, time, CTD-pressure, CTD-salinity, 
                                CTD-pottemp (all bottles), and Autosal-
                                salinity (selected bottles)
isss08_ctdXXX_YY.asc          : 1 dbar binned CTD data ascii files 
                                including pressure, in situ
                                temperature, turbidity and salinity. 
                                In total 133 files with XXX denotes station 
                                no and YY cast no.
isss08_ctdXXX_YY.hdr          : Gives header information for the same files 
                                with time, position and all data processing 
                                steps.
ODVformat.txt                 : General spread sheet format file to be used 
                                specially for Ocean Data View. Includes all 
                                CTD data in one long list.


2.2.2  CTD ship-board Data processing scheme ISSS-08 
       (Göran)

The data has been processed using the Seabird standard software package through 
the following routines:

DATA CONVERSION

CELL THERMAL MASS Using coefficients Alpha: 0.03, 1/beta:7

FILTER Filter pressure only: LPF B, time constant 0.15

LOOP EDIT Use fixed minimum velocity with minimum velocity 0.1 m/s

BIN AVERAGE Bin type: pressure Bin size: 1 dbar

DERIVE Derived variables: Salinity, Salinity2

ASCII OUT

DATA CONVERSION

BOTTLE SUMMARY Derived variables: Pressure, Cond2, Salinity2


2.2.3  Wet deck sheets and identifier systems 
       (Anders)

For the sampling from the Niskin bottles mounted on the rosette together with t
he CTD a system with wet deck sheets was used. An example of the deck sheet is 
included in the appendix.

To plan and optimize the sampling, information on what stations and depths to 
sample for each parameter was requested in advance. Any changes to the plans 
were preferably marked on the deck sheet at sampling.

The deck sheet listed the unique six-digit ID# given for each Niskin on each 
station. Associated with the ID# was a sheet with shelf-adhesive stickers used 
to mark each sample container. The ID# will be listed in a distributed data 
file and can there be directly associated with, e.g., station, depth, 
temperature and salinity.

The deck sheet listed all parameters to be sampled and the sampling order to be 
followed, from the left to the right. Since the water volume was limited (6.7 
liter / Niskin) it was important not to take any other samples than those 
listed on each Niskin without checking first. For this purpose the total volume 
need was also included on the deck sheet for each Niskin.


2.2.4  List of sample types drawn from Niskin 
       (Anders)

As an example of a deck sheet that for Station 86 is given in the appendix. It 
also include the persons onboard responsible for each sample type.



2.2.5  At-sea analysis methods

2.2.5.1  Bottle salinities 
         (Caroline, Göran)

Bottle salinities have been analyzed using a General Oceanics Autosal lab 
salinometer. In total about 200 such samples has been analyzed mainly taken 
from four depths at the uppermost water column with sharp gradients where it is 
most critical to have the actual salinity in the bottle.


2.2.5.2  Analytical methods used by the GU Marine Chemistry group 
         (Sofia, Sara, Irene, Anders)

2.2.5.2.1  pH measurements

Principle:

pH are for 15°C and on the total scale

Water samples for pH were drawn soon after the rosette was secured on deck, pH 
samples can be contaminated by the atmosphere and are therefore sampled early. 
They were then analyzed on board within hours of sampling. The analysis order 
was the deepest sample first.

pH was measured using a spectrophotometric method (Agilent 8453), based on the 
absorption ratio of the indicator m-Creosol Purple sodium salt (CAS 62625-31-4) 
at wavelengths 434 and 578 nm. The indicator solution was prepared by 
dissolution of 0.382 g pre-weighted amount of indicator in 0.5 L seawater with 
a salinity that resembles the samples. The indicator was adjusted to a pH in 
the same range as the samples, approximately ± 0.2 pH units, by adding a small 
volume of conc. HNO3 or conc. NaOH. Before running a set of samples, the pH of 
the indicator was measured using a 0.02 cm cuvette. Indicator corrections were 
made according to the recommendations from Chierici et al. 1999. The pH values 
are corrected to 15°C on the total scale. No corrections for the sample 
salinities were made.

Accuracy, temperature effect:

Samples were when weather permitted stored in a thermostat bath at 15°C before 
the measurement. The system is not thermostated so the sample temperature will 
change until the measurement is finished. The thermistor used for temperature 
measurements is placed directly after the cuvette. The thermistor was 
calibrated before the cruise.

Precision estimated from replicates:

Replicates were measured from both separate bottles and from the same sample 
bottle. The bottle was kept at lab temperature between measurements, this means 
that a volume of approximately 50 ml has been drawn from the bottle for the 
first sample and the second sample might be affected by a change in CO2 
content. Precision is previously estimated to about ± 0.0001 pH-units.


2.2.5.2.2  Alkalinity measurements

Method:

Alkalinity was measured after pH from the same bottle. The analysis order was 
the deepest sample first. Alkalinity analyses were done using an open cell 
potentiometric titration method using a GRAN point determination (Haraldsson et 
al., 1997). The system measures alkalinity in µmol/L using the nominal acid 
concentration of 0.05 mol/L. Certified reference materials (CRM5) as supplied 
by A. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography were used to determined 
accuracy. For all samples and CRMs, the alkalinity in µmol/kg was calculated 
using the salinity (from the CTD bottle file and the certified salinity, 
respectively) and the temperature measured at the beginning of the titration.

Sample results were then multiplied with the factor determined from the CRM 
measurements at each individual station.

Precision from replicates

The given precisions were computed as standard deviations of duplicate analyses 
preformed continually during the cruise. Duplicates were run from the same 
sample bottle since alkalinity is not sensitive to atmospheric contamination. 
The average precision is previously estimated to about ± 1.2 µmol/kg.


2.2.5.2.3  Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) measurements

Method:

The sampling and analysis order were the same for DIC as for pH since also DIC 
samples can be contaminated by the atmosphere. The MIDSOMMA system was used for 
coulometric DIC determination. The titration is terminated when 4 endpoints are 
reached, i.e. the counts/minutes are below the blank value four times. With a 
good coulometric cell, this was achieved normally in 8-9 minutes. New cells 
were prepared daily. From the total counts the blank is subtracted, by 
multiplying the blank/minute value with the run time (in minutes). The 
resulting counts are internally multiplied with a fixed factor (and divided by 
density) to give DIC in µmol/kg. The average of the two lowest increments 
during a titration is used as blank for the sample. Certified reference 
materials (CRMs) were used for accuracy.

Precision from CRMs and replicate samples:

In general, from a new CRM bottle, 2 or 3 replicates were measured. Although 
the bottles may loose CO2 when opened, as soon as the samples has been drawn 
the samples where closed during the titration so this effect is probably less 
than the precision of the method. The average precision is previously estimated 
to about ±2 µmol/kg.


2.2.5.2.4  Nutrients

Principle

The nutrients analyzed on board were Silicate, Phosphate and Nitrate (also 
including Nitrite). The samples were first filtered (except for SWI samples) 
and then measured using an automatic system, SmartChem from Westco, which 
basically is a spectrophotometer with an automatic sampler. 6 to 8points 
calibration curves were used for evaluation. Since the standard stock solutions 
were forgotten, reference material provided by KANSO co. ltd. (URL: 
http://www.kanso.co.jp/) was used as standard solution. The system 
automatically diluted the standard to the given points in the calibration curve 
using artificially seawater (ASW) of salinity 25 or 10 depending on the 
salinity of the samples. A calibration curve was run before and after every set 
of samples. All reagents were preweighted and then prepared on board. All 
utensils where acid washed before departure and packed in plastic bags. Some 
lab experiments need to be done afterwards to check the method used.

Silicate

For Silicate the following reagents were used; Molybdate solution, Oxalic acid 
solution and Ascorbic acid and was measured at 880 nm. The reference material 
used as highest standard for the calibration curve was 58.06 µM, samples with 
higher concentrations were automatically diluted and rerun. Reagent blanks were 
measured and corrected for.

Phosphate

For Phosphate the following reagents were used; Sodium molybdate solution and 
Ascorbic acid solution and was measured at 880 nm. The reference material used 
as highest standard for the calibration curve was 1.619 µM, samples with higher 
concentrations were automatically diluted and rerun. Reagent blanks were 
measured and corrected for.

Nitrate

When estimating Nitrate the Nitrite concentration is needed for subtraction. 
Hence, for Nitrate the following reagents were used; Imidazole buffer, 
Sulfanilamide reagent and NED reagent and was measured at 550 nm. The method 
also uses 10% Imidazole buffer solution for the "reductor" and HCl, HNO3 and 
Cupper sulphate solution for cleaning the same. The reference materials used as 
highest standards for the calibration curves were 21.42 µM for Nitrate and 0.62 
µM for Nitrite, samples with higher concentrations were automatically diluted 
and rerun. Reagent blanks were measured and corrected for.

Ammonia

Samples from some of the stations, mainly along the coast and in the river 
plumes, were frozen and will be analyzed for Ammonia at the University of 
Gothenburg.

Estimation of accuracy and precision:

Reference material for nutrients (provided by KANSO URL: 
http://www.kanso.co.jp) was used for the first time with this method, and will 
be used to determine the accuracy. Precision was determined from replicates.


2.2.5.2.5  Oxygen

Oxygen was measured using an automatic Winkler titration with UV detection. In 
the river plumes this was not always possible due to the brown water and those 
samples where titrated by visible detection. The same sodium thiosulphate 
solution was used during the cruise and blanks and standards were run every day 
using a Kb3 standard. Precision was determined using replicates from the same 
depth.


2.2.5.2.6  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

The transient chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and 
carbon tetrachloride were determined during the cruise. The samples were taken 
from the Niskin bottles in glass syringes (100 ml), which were stored immersed 
in cold seawater and analysis took place within six hours after sampling. The 
analysis is based on on-line purge-and-trap sample work-up of followed by gas 
chromatographic separation and electron capture detection of the different 
compounds. The analytical technique is described by Fogelqvist (1999).

The standardisation was achieved by calibration gas prepared at Brookhaven 
National Laboratory (Happell and Wallace, 1997) and cross-calibrated against 
gas prepared at Scripps Institute of Oceanography. The standard gases were 
calibrated against the SIO-93 scale.

The analytical precision, given as the standard deviation for multiple samples 
taken from different Niskin bottles fired at the same depth, was around 2% for 
all the four compounds.


2.2.5.3  POI pH and tot-ALK 
         (Irma)

See section 2.1.3.5.


2.2.5.4  Biogeochemical-core params (pigments, DOC, optical) 
         (Laura, Vanja)

See section 2.1.3.2.


2.2.5.5  CH4 
         (Irma)

See section 2.1.3.1


2.2.5.6  Particulate Matter (PM) 
         (Oleg)

Particulate matter (PM) from 2-4 m of surface water and 1 m below bottom was 
obtained by filtering 1.5-3.0 | water (from Niskin bottles of CTD-Rosette) 
through preweighed Millipore 0.47µ filters and precombusted Whatman Gf|F 
filters (organic matter of PM). Millipore filters were dried at 40°C 
immediately after filtration and Whatman filters were frozen.

Also were filtered two types of nepheloid water (0.5-1.0|volume) in plastic 
tube of GEMINI corers: (first type) near 10 sm under the sediments and (second 
type) - is 30-50 sm under the sediments.



2.3  Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) 
     (Sasha, Anatoly)

An Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADP) is an instrument that measures the velocity 
of water using a physical principle called the Doppler shift. The ADP is the 
principle component of every CurrentSurveyor system.

The geometric orientation of each transducer allows the ADP to calculate the 
velocity of the water in using a Cartesian (XYZ) coordinate system relative to 
the position and orientation of the instrument. The internal compass and tilt 
sensor (roll/pitch) used with all CurrentSurveyor systems is able to calculate 
the water velocities in Earth coordinates (East-North-Up or ENU) independent of 
the system's orientation.

             Profiling                   Blanking
               Range        Cell Size    Distance  Bottom-Track    Available
Frequency  (min. - max.)  (min. - max.)   (min.)   Depth (max.)  Configurations
---------  -------------  -------------  --------  ------------  --------------
 250 kHz     5- 180 m        2-20 m       1.5 m       200 m      Standard only


The ADP uses the bottom-track feature to measure the speed of a vessel (e.g., a 
boat, the River-Cat system) relative to the river bottom. The vessel speed is 
then subtracted from the measured water velocity to give the absolute water 
current profile independent of vessel motion.

• Bottom-track allows the ADP to measure both its velocity (speed and 
  direction) over the Earth, and the depth of the water beneath the system.

• Bottom-track data is used to remove vessel motion from measured water 
  velocity to determine the "true" water speed and direction. That is, when 
  you mount the ADP to a vessel (e.g., a boat, the RiverCat system), 
  bottom-track measures the velocity and direction of ADP/vessel movement 
  over ground.

• True water speed and direction is used with simultaneous water depth 
  measurements to measure discharge in the CurrentSurveyor program.

• Accounting for vessel motion is essential when making water velocity 
  measurements from a moving vessel. Bottom-track and GPS data are two ways 
  to account for vessel motion.

• The bottom-track feature comes standard with CurrentSurveyor systems. As 
  the ADP profiles, it transmits a series of short pulses to measure the 
  relative water speed. In a CurrentSurveyor system (or a standard ADP 
  system with the bottom-track option enabled), the ADP also transmits a 
  series of long pulses that are designed to estimate the velocity of the 
  ADP over ground (i.e., vessel speed). The Doppler shift of the reflected 
  acoustic energy from these long pulses (i.e., bottom-track pings) off the 
  riverbed floor is used to determine the ADP/vessel velocity. Bottom-track 
  pings are transmitted once per second (for each transducer beam). The 
  resulting measurements are averaged at the end of each profiling interval 
  to determine the average water depth, vessel speed, and vessel direction 
  during this time. Let us consider the performance of the bottom-track 
  measurements. As mentioned, a bottomtracking ADP determines the velocity 
  relative to the bottom (which is assumed to be identical to the vessel 
  velocity) once each second, and then averages the raw estimates over the 
  user-selected averaging interval. Because the bottom velocity is derived 
  from solid object reflections (i.e., the river bed), natural variability 
  (i.e., standard deviation) of the bottom-track velocity measurements is 
  lower by an order of magnitude when compared to the ADP's water-track 
  data. As such, the precision of bottom-velocity measurements is always 
  better than that of water-velocity data. Based on this comparison, bottom 
  tracking can be considered to introduce no significant errors to water 
  current measurements.


Acoustic Frequency 250 kHz

  Blanking Distance   Range 1.5 - 20.0 m   Default 1.5 m
  Cells Size          Range 1.0 - 20.0 m   Default 4.0 m
  Number of Cells     Range 1-100          Default 30


Velocity Data
  • Range: ±10 m/s
  • Resolution: 0.1 cm/s        Compass/Tilt Sensor
  • Accuracy: ±1% of measured     • Resolution: Heading, Pitch, Roll 0.1°
    velocity, ±0.5 cm/s           • Accuracy: Heading ±2°
  • Up to 100 range cells         • Accuracy: Pitch, Roll ±1°

                                Performance options
                                  • Bottom tracking/DGPS interface for use 
                                    from a moving boat
                                  • SonWave wave spectrum package
                                  • Pulse-coherent mode for high resolution 
                                    profiling (contact Sonlek for details)
Standard features
  • Robust, digital signal processing
  • 8 bit A/D conversion
  • Three-beam transducer for 3D current measurement
  • Transducer shadng for ninimal sidelobes
  • Oversize piezoelectric ceramic for narrow beams
  • Recessed wet-matebale connector
  • Temperature sensor



2.4  Hydrosonde vertical profiling 
     (Genna, Fredrik)

Vertical profiling with the hydrosonde was performed on most stations. Data was 
acquired about every second meter. The main objective was to collect data from 
the chlorophyll sensor. On several occasions full profiles of pigment samples 
from Niskinrosette was collected and analyzed on the absorption 
spectrophotometer for cross-calibrations.



2.5  Plankton net sampling 
     (Genna)

Hand-held plankton net tows were performed occasionally and samples preserved 
in Lugol for plankton speciation in Vladivostok.



2.6  Micrometeorology air-methane and CO2 and CH4 fluxes 
    (Anatoly)

Micrometeorology. CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured using micrometeorological 
method,, as we did in the sea (September of 2005-2007) or above the sea ice 
surface in June of 2002 (Repina et al., 2007; Semiletov et al., 2004, 2007). In 
our CO2 and CH4 exchange study setup, momentum and the fluxes of sensible and 
latent heat will be measured using the EC technique, which is the most direct 
micrometeorological method (Fairal et al., 1997; Edson et al., 1998; Fairal et 
al., 2000; Baldocchi, 2003). In this technique the vertical flux of a scalar 
constituent is obtained as 

F = w'c', 

where w is the vertical wind speed and c is the quantity of interest (e.g., 
temperature, humidity, or gas concentration). An over-bar denotes the time 
average, and a prime denotes the fluctuation of an instantaneous value from 
this average, e.g., 

     _
w' = w - w


Fluxes of CO2 (FCO2), water vapor (LE), and heat (HE) will be calculated using 
EC technique equations described elsewhere (Baldocchi, 2003):


                             —————2 ½      2
                    τ   = -ρ[u' w' ]  = ρ u
                     0                   0 *


         ———
H  = c ρ w'T'
 E    p 0 


       —————
L  = ρ w'q'L ,
 E    0     s


       ————
F    = w'c'
 co2


where ρ0 is the air density (kg m-3), cp is the specific heat (J kg-10C-1), Ls 
is the latent heat of vaporization for water (J kg-1), τ is the momentum flux 
(N m-2), and u* is the frictional wind velocity (ms-1). w', u' and v' are the 
turbulent fluctuations in vertical and two components of horizontal velocities. 
T' is the turbulent fluctuation in air temperature, and q' and c' are turbulent 
fluctuations in the specific humidity and CO2 concentration. Vertical and 
horizontal wind speed and temperature fluctuations were measured at 10-20 Hz 
using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer aligned with the mean 
wind direction. CO2 and water vapor fluctuations were measured at 10-20 Hz with 
a fast-response open-path infrared Li-Cor 7500 gas analyzer (Fig. X).


Figure X: Shipboard micrometeorological equipment.


Methane in the air. 

The concentration of CH4 in air was measured with a High-Accuracy Fast Methane 
Analyzer, HAFMA (response time <0.05 seconds; accuracy better than 1% of 
reading; concentration range 10ppb-25ppmv; www.lgrinc.com which includes a dry 
scroll vacuum pump, and is designed to suit many applications including 
conducting EC flux measurements using established micrometeorological 
techniques (Fairal et al., 1997; Edson et al., 1998; Fairal et al., 2000; 
Baldocchi, 2003). We plan to use the data measured with HAFMA for CH4 turbulent 
flux estimates. We plan also to compare the turbulent and calculated CH4fluxes 
with the turbulent and calculated CO2 fluxes which have been measured on our 
cruises since 2005. The flux package consisted of:

-   HAFMA and CSAT-3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc.) 
    measuring the 3D wind vector and sonic temperature;

-   Crossbow to detect movement momentum;

-   Li-Cor 7500 open path infrared gas analyzer, measuring H2O and CO2.


The flux package was mounted at a height of ~12m above mean sea level on a 
meteorological mast.

C and H isotope signatures of air CH4 are frequently adequate to reliably 
characterize bacterial or thermogenic natural gas type (Whiticar, 1999). In 
certain situations, such as mixing of different natural gases or where extreme 
substrate depletion and consumption occur, ambiguous CH4 isotope signals could 
be produced. In these cases, the C- and H-isotopes of CH4, in concert with 
coexisting isotope information about CO2 and H2O, are excellent tracers of 
bacterial formation and consumption processes. To do that 5 | Tedlar bags were 
filled out by air pump at the top deck, in total at 67 locations. The isotopes 
will be measured in two places: at the Utrecht University (C-13, and D) and 
London Hydrometeorological Survey (only C-13)




2.7  Hi-vol aerosol and vapor-phase sampling 
     (Martin)

Materials
Pump (picture 2.7.1): Blower type pump (Airvac HB-329, 220V, 0.85kw). Flow 
meter (Tecfluid Serie SC-250, 8-75Nm3/h) is attached to the outflow of the 
pump.

Filter and PUF holders (picture 2.7.2) was manufactured by Leif Bàcklin at MISU 
centralverkstad, Stockholm University. Material used was "eloxated" aluminum. 
Quartz fiber filters (held in Al foil envelopes in double zip-log plastic bags) 
were pre-combusted at 450°C for 5h. Sampling of the vaporphase was performed 
using adsorbents of PUF (Poly Urethane Foam) held behind the filter. PUFs 
(Skumplastfabriken, Norway) were cylindrically shaped with a diameter of 8cm 
and 7cm long. PUFs were subject to extensive pre-cleaning in series of solvent 
extractions. 

To prevent water from getting into the system and particles falling directly 
onto the filter the top of the filter and PUF holder was covered with a plastic 
bowl which was attached with a strap. The filter and PUF holder was attached to 
the reeling at the top most deck of the boat, which was 10 m above sea level 
and 7.5m above lower deck. The filter and PUF holder was 28m in front of the 
ships chimney, (picture 2.7.3).

Sample collection
All filter and PUF changes were done by detaching the filter and puf holder and 
bringing it to a clean surface (Al foil) in the cabin. The pump was on only 
when ship was making at least 10 knots.


Picture 2.7.1: Pump and flow meter inside box.

Picture 2.7.3: Distance to chimney from aerosol sampler.



2.8  Geophysical - seismic surveying 
     (Viktor, Georgy, Anatoly)

2.8.1 Modified Ship echosounder

Survey echo sounder "Atlas Deso 10" was modified using transformation of 
frequency of "floating" signal from 30Khz to 11 Khz converting the analog-
digital signal. Special soft was used was applied to detect bubble chimneys in 
water column by the way.


2.8.2  Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic profiling (Karnaukh). GeoPulse Sub-bottom Profiler manufactured by 
GeoAcoustics Limited, England was used in the cruise. "GeoPulse transmitter 
Model 5430A" was used for generation of the signal. The output frequency of the 
transmitter is adjustable between 2-12 kHz, while the width may be varied 
within the range 1-32 cycles of the frequency selected and the power output of 
10 kW at 0.75% duty cycles. The actual frequency used was 3.5 kHz. The pulse 
length is 2 cycles of the frequency selected. The power level was variance of 5 
to 70%. The Towfish (Model 136A) contain 4 transducers (Model T135). The 
Towfish was towed at 2-6 m below sea surface using standard 100 m armoured tow 
cable. Universal amplifier/filter "GeoPulse receiver Model 52 b A" was used for 
signal receive. The low cut of band pass filter is 3 KHz, high cut is 5 kHz. 
Sometimes, the Swell Filter (Model 521213) was used to remove the noisy effect 
from vessel vertical motion. When Swell Filter is used, the output traces will 
immediately be delayed be 7.5 milliseconds. For acquisition, logging, image 
processing of subbottom profiler data the GeoPro 2 software application was 
used. Global Positioning System Model 120 XL was used. Global Positioning 
System Model 120 XL was used for navigation needs.  The ship's speed was 4-8-
knots.

The investigation was curried out in the Laptev, East Ciberia and Chykchy Seas.


2.8.3 Side-scan sonar

Sidescan Sonar (the sonar fish) is designed for a wide range of seabed survey. 
The mid frequency 85 KHz has a useful range in excess of up to 750 metres on 
either side of the tow track. The survey depth is up to 300 metres. Different 
morphological settings (pockmarks, pingo-like structures and etc.) and gas 
chimneys are objectives for this survey.



2.9  Water pumping for molecular-isotope bio geochemistry 
     (Bart, Martin, Vanja)

2.9.1  Submersible pump system 
       (Martin, Bart)


Materials
Submersible pump (Model AN-19, 380V, Flow rate 301/mm; Debe pumpar AB, 
Sundbyberg, Sweden) Wetted parts of nylon plastic, brass and stainless steel. 
Tubing: Rigid "fire hose" type tubing. 1 in Inner diameter, wetted parts 
silicone.

Deployment
The pump was deployed from front deck port side. During the ISSS-08 the pump 
was always placed in middle of surface mixed layer depth (based on CTD). If 
anchored, pump was not turned for > 5 minutes. Sediment coring was always done 
after the in situ pumping was finished. Water was always pumped to the seawater 
distribution network, see next section 2.9.2. If air temperature was near or 
below zero the pump was put in a water filled barrel with a heating rod between 
stations. To prevent water in pump or any other part of the seawater 
distribution network to freeze, hot water was pumped from the barrel and 
through all the hoses in the water distribution system and back to the barrel 
again.


2.9.2  Seawater distribution network mcl 1000L tanks 
       (Martin)

Materials and methods

10001 tanks (See picture 2.9.2.1) 

Tanks were made of HDPE. Tanks had drainage valves near bottom. On top of each 
tank there was a lid of ca 30cm in diameter which could be screwed on and off. 
To each lid 4 holes were drilled to enable the following (See picture 2.9.2.2)
    1) Filling of the tank with in-situ pump, (see figure 2.9.2.2)
    2) Re-circulation of excess water not used for GFF-filtrations back to 
       the tank, (see figure 2.9.2.2)
    3) Pumping water out of the tank with impeller pump to GFF-systems, 
       (see figure 2.9.2.2)
    4) Air out and inlet. This hole was equipped with a 47mm diameter 
       filter holder and a GFF-filter to not contaminate the water. At the 
       inlet of the filter holder there was a tube of 1m facing down to 
       protect the filter from water.

To each hole there was a piece of armored silicone tubing inserted into the 
container which was squeezed out with a plastic nipple to perfectly tighten 
hole in the lid, (see picture 2.9.2.3). The hole for pumping water out of the 
tank had a silicone hose reaching the bottom of the tank, the other
three holes had just a just a small piece of silicone tubing immersed into the 
tank. To not contaminate the tank when it was not in use the holes where closed 
with plastic stoppers, (see picture 2.9.2.3). The stoppers were attached to the 
nipples with a string not to get lost.


Figure 2.9.2.1: Schematic and picture of "Christmas tree", i.e. the valves 
                inside the container controlling the water flow in the sea 
                water distribution network. Note that in the schematic in 
                figure 2.9.2.2 the valves are turned 1800.


Hoses: 
All hoses in the sea water distribution network were of armored PVC (Ahisell) 
except for the last 2 meters of the hoses leading to the 1000L tanks, and the 
hose leading down into each 1000L tank. Those pieces of hose were of armored 
silicone (SweFlow). The reason for that is that armored silicone in contrast to 
armored pvc remains soft and smooth at most temperatures and could therefore 
easily be attached and detached from the nipples on the 1000L tanks.

Valves, T-pieces, hose barb fittings, seals: 
Valves, t-pieces, hose barb fittings and seals used to join the different parts 
in the water distribution network were all of stainless steel and silicone and 
were purchased from Sveflow, Sweden.

Nipples: 
Plastic nipples on the lids of the tank were from Noax Lab, Sweden.

Pump for 1000 L tanks (section 2.9.1): 
A 220V impeller pump (25L/min), purchased from Telfa, Sweden.


Figure 2.9.2.2: Sea water distribution network. Objects inside square where 
                inside container, objects outside square were out on deck.


The system was mainly controlled from the "Christmas tree" i.e. valves 1-7 
inside the container, see figure 2.9.2.1 and figure 2.9.2.2.

System operations of sea water distribution network used during ISSS-08

    1) Filling of 1000L tank with in-situ pump. To do this valves 1,3, 4, 
       5, 7 and 9 had to be opened. All other valves closed.
    2) GFF filtration directly from in situ pump without filling any tanks. 
       To do this valves 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 and the valves to the GFF-systems 
       had to be opened. All other valves closed.
    3) Filling of 1000L tank with in-situ pump and doing GFF filtration at 
       the same time. To do this valves 1,3,4,5,7 and the valves to the 
       GFF-systems had to be opened. All other valves closed. By keeping 
       valves 7 and 9 open whatever water not used for GFF filtration is 
       directed to filling the tank so no water is lost.
    4) GFF filtration by pumping water from the 1000L tank. To do this 
       valves 6, 7, and 9 and the valves to the GFF-systems had to be 
       opened. All other valves closed.
    5) GFF filtration directly from the sea water intake. To do this valves 
       2,3,5,7 and 8 and the valves to the GEE had to be opened. All other 
       valves closed.
    6) Filling of 1000L tank from sea water intake. To do this valves 2, 3, 
       4, 5, 7 and 9 had to be opened. All other valves closed.
    7) Filling of 1000L tank from sea water intake and doing GFF-filtration 
       at the same time. To do this valves 2,3,4, 5, 7 and 9 and the valves 
       to the GFF-systems had to be opened. All other valves closed.
    8) Pumping water from one tank to another. Attach tubing marked entry A 
       and entry B to the inlets of the tank to be filled and attach tubing 
       marked exit to the exit nipple of tank being emptied, see figure 2. 
       9.2.2. Open valves 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. All other valves closed. Start 
       impeller pump.

Before filling a tank with sea water at a station the tank was flushed out to 
clean away water and particles from previous stations. This was done by opening 
the valve at the lower part of the tank and pumping in water with the in situ 
pump according to system operation 1 described above. This procedure also 
flushed out old water left in the tubing and rinsed the system. After 5-10 
minutes the valve was closed and the filling of the tank could start. When a 
tank was filled the hoses were simply removed from the nipples and placed on 
another tank.

To avoid freezing in the tubing during low temperatures the barrel and heating 
rods described in section 2.9.1 were used. The tubing marked entry A, entry B 
and exit in figure 2.9.2.2 was emerged in the barrel and hot water was then 
circulated around the system. Two keep the whole system ice free this had to be 
done in two different ways.

  A) If the impeller pump was used for this valves 4,5,6,7 and 9 had to be 
     open. All other valves closed. Doing it this way would not keep the 
     hose to the in situ pump ice free. Therefore alternative B was also 
     needed.
  B) The in situ pump was emerged into the barrel and valves 1,3,4,5, 7 and 
     9 open. All other valves closed. This way would not however keep the 
     hose marked exit in figure 2.9.2.2 ice free.

Both ways A and B could be run at the same time. But it was never needed. 
During the ISSS-08 the temperature was only slightly below zero for short 
periods of time so it was never needed to pump hot water through the system for 
more than a minute a couple of times a day.


2.9.3  293 mm filtration + adsorbent systems 
       (Martin, Bart)

During ISSS-08 two 293 mm glass fibre filter (GFF; Whatman Inc.) filtration 
systems (Fig. 2.9.3.la) were connected to the seawater distribution system and 
samples were collected either in situ, from the submersible pump or from the 
SWI, or indirectly from one of the 1000L water tanks. For collection of samples 
for the analyses of hydrophobic organic chemicals a holder containing 3 
polyurethane foam (PUFs) adsorbent plugs were connected below the filter holder 
(Fig. 2.9.3.lb).

The large-diameter GFF filtration system was constructed of stainless steel 
with silicon seals between all connections. The tubing used was pre-rinsed 
armoured PVC-tubing. To avoid contamination precombusted GFF filters and pre-
cleaned PUFs were used (see method in e.g., Sobek and Gustafsson, 2004). A 
detailed cleaning procedure for the PUFs is given in paragraph 2.7. The filters 
and PUFs were kept in pre-combusted aluminium foil envelops and aluminium cans, 
respectively.

Both systems were set up in parallel (see figure 2.9.3.2) and were often run 
simultaneously. The systems were connected to an electronic flow meter, in the 
flow path below the filter, and a pressure meter situated directly above the 
GFF filter holder (see figure 2.9.3.2). The electronic flow meters were 
connected to multimeters, which were connected to a computer to log the flow 
during the runs in order to calculate the total flow through the filter. The 
multimeters log the flow in Hz and these can be converted into L/min using the 
following equation:

Flow (L/min) = 0.0648 * frequency (Hz)

During the runs a flow was maintained with a maximum of about 130 Hz, equal to 
about 8.5 L/min. In case of PUFs the flow was reduced to a maximum of 46 Hz, 
equal to about 3 L/min. Filtering was stopped when the backpressure reached 1 
bar to avoid cell lyzing. In case there was no more time for filtering but the 
backpressure had not reached 1 bar the filtering was stopped anyway and a 
comment was made on the logsheet. Filtered water was either collected for 
cross-flow-filtration or directed back to the ocean. In order to ensure that 
enough material was collected for the analyses of hydrophobic organic chemicals 
as much sea water as possible was filtered. The aim was to filter at least 
1000-1200L of sea water per PUF sample, although this was not always possible. 
This means that multiple GFFs (2 to 5) were collected for a single PUF sample.

After the filters had clogged and the water flow was stopped as much water as 
possible was sucked off the filter using a handpump. This to make sure the 
filters were stored with minimal amount of seawater, which reduces the freeze-
drying time later as well as reduces the possibility of corrosion of the 
aluminium envelopes during storage. The filters were folded, put in a pre-
combusted aluminium foil envelop and put in a zip-lock bag and stored cold 
(2O0). All samples were double-labeled with a label both on the aluminium foil 
bag and the zip-lock bag. The PUFs were put in an aluminium envelop, labeled 
and stored in a similar manor as the filters.


Figure 2.9.3.1: GFF system (A) without and (B) with PUF holder

Figure 2.9.3.2: Schematic overview of the GFF filtration set up. GFF 2 is 
                drawn in a set up with the PUF holder attached but was also 
                run without. In that case the set-up was comparable to GFF 1.


2.9.4.  Cross-flow ultrafiltration systems 
        (Bart, Vanja)

During ISSS-08 two cross-flow ultrafiltration (GFF) systems were used. The 
first system (Figure 2.9.4.la), was used for the collection of CFF samples for 
molecular and 14C analysis and the second (Figure 2.9.4.2a) for SO42-, δ34S-SO4 
and TOT-S measurements. A brief description of both systems is given below.

CFFS system 1 (for organic molecular-isotopic analytes)

A schematic overview of the complete system was given in Figure 2.9.4.lb. In 
order to avoid contamination all tubing in the system is silicon tubing, the 
valves and the sample feed (< GF/F filtrate) "beer" container were of stainless 
steel and the bottles (and connections to the bottles) are pre-combusted glass. 
In addition, air scrubbers were connected to all parts where air can flow into 
the system (beer container, rinse bottle and valve 3; Figure 2.9.4.lb). The 
system was operated as follows. Water was pumped/streaming into the system from 
the beer container/ or rinsing bottle and circulated by a flow-jet pump powered 
by a car battery. The maximum numbers of days a GFF-filtered water was stored 
before the CFF filtration was performed was 5 days (Kolyma samples; Y534b and 
Y539). Depending on the resistance in the system, adjusted by opening/closing 
valve 2, an average retentate flow of 2.9 to 6.5 L/min could be obtained (with 
a pressure on the filters between 1-2bar). The water was pumped through a 
filterholder stacked with two 1-kD Millipore Pellicon 2 CFF filters 
(regenerated cellulose) and a 2 L glass retentate bottle. The retentate flow 
was monitored by a flow meter (connected to a multimeter) situated in the 
system between the pump and the filterholder. During filtration both valves 3 
and 4 were closed. A permeate flow between 110 and 160 ml/min was maintained 
during the filtration. After the water had been filtered the remaining 
retentate was concentrated by closing valve 1 and (after about 30 sec.) opening 
valve 3 (to let air in). When the retentate had dropped to about 500 ml in the 
retentate bottle valve 2 was closed and valve 4 was opened and the retentate 
sample was collected in a pre-rinsed polycarbonate iL bottle. The system was 
rinsed (to collect the remaining retentate) by adding approximately 200-300 ml 
of remaining GFF filtrate to the retentate bottle. Valve 3 and 4 were closed, 
valve 2 was opened and the system and this filtrate was cycled through the 
system for about 1 mm, afterwards this rinsing water was combined with the 
earlier collected retentate in the polycarbonate bottle using the same 
procedure as described before. In total around 1L of retentate was collected 
resulting in concentration factors between 77 and 120, which was double labeled 
and stored cold (-20°). Between samples the system was cleaned as described 
below. During filtration the flow-jet pump and the retentate bottle were cooled 
using ice-packs to avoid over-heating of the pump and preservation of the 
sample. For recovery calculations, the concentration of TOC was measured in the 
final retentate, the permeate and compared to the DOC concentration already 
measured from the station (see 2.1.3.2).


Figure 2.9.4.1: (A) Photo and (B) schematic overview of the cross-flow 
                ultrafiltration system used for the collection of samples 
                for molecular and 14C analysis during ISSS-08


CFF system 2 (System for Sulfur isotopes etc.)

Setup: 
The cross flow filtration system contained a peristaltic pump (master flex from 
Millipore), pellicon 2 filterholder with two 1kDa filters made of regenerated 
cellulose, a flow meter, a 5L retentate bottle and a 25L feed bottle. All 
tubing was in silica, except for the pump tube, which was a composite of 
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and platinum, addition cure silicone rubber 
(Gore & associates inc ®). The system was refilled from the feed carboy every 
20 mm, when the retentate bottle contained around 2L. The system is not air 
tight, and particles from the air could enter the system to the retentate 
bottle or the feed bottle.


Sampling: 
Samples were taken from the filtered water from the submersible pump (see 
2.1.3.6), filled in carboys and stored cold on deck before CFF filtration. The 
maximum numbers of days a prefiltered sample was stored before CFF filtration 
was performed was ca 6 days for the Kolyma samples (Y534, Y537 and Y539).

CFR: 
Retentate flow was kept between 60-70Hz per mm, and the perm flow was 100-
120mL/min, resulting in a CFR of 28-35. For a good recovery and constant cut 
off at lkDa, the CFR should be >15 (1 Larsson et al. 2002) The pressure over 
the filters was kept around 2.3, except when the final concentration of the 
samples was performed (reducing the retentate volume from 2 L to 0.5L), when 
the pressure was kept under 1.8 to avoid losses through the filter.

The retentates were stored in HDPE Nalgene 0.5L bottles and frozen on ship. 
30mL was taken in a separate bottle for measurements of SO42-, and TOT-S 
concentrations and frozen as well. 0.5L permeate was saved and frozen as well 
for measurements of δS-SO4 measurements. For recovery calculations, the 
concentration of TOC was measured in the final retentate, the permeate and 
compared to the DOC concentration already measured from the station (see 
2.1.3.2).


Figure: CFF filtration (ultra filtration), Sulfur-Vanja's system


Cleaning procedure (both CFF systems)

The filters were cleaned prior to the cruise to remove the formaldehyde they 
are delivered in. The following washing procedure is recommended from Millipore 
®, with additional advice from Kåre Larsson at Millipore in Sweden. 20L of 
MilliQ water had been flushed over the filters (the retentate tube not 
connected to the retentate bottle but emptying the water), and after this, 200L 
MilliOwater had been passed through the filters to the permeate. The cleaning 
proceeded with filtration of 5L of NaOH of pHil, 5L of MilliQ 5L of HO pH3 and 
finally MilliQ water until the permeate reached neutral pH was filtered to 
complete the cleaning process. The filters were then filled with O.1N H3P04 to 
be preserved during the 3 month of storage and shipping time prior to the 
cruise.

Between the samples YS-2 to YS-30, the filters were cleaned with 5L of NaOH pH 
11, 5L permeate from previous station (<lkDa), 5L of HO pH3, and 5L of 
permeate. However, the MilliQ system broke down, and we had to reduce the use 
of MilliQ in the last stations. In between YS-30, YS-34, YS-37 and YS-39, only 
3L NaOH was used, and the acid was diluted in permeate from the innermost Lena 
transect station with sal 1 PSU.


2.9.5  234Th filtrations, wet chemistry and sample treatments

A method that avoids any radiochemical purification was employed. This so-
called at-sea direct beta counting method was developed by (Rutgers van der 
Loeff and Moore (1999) and also described with small modifications in 
Gustafsson et al. (2006). Method was here scaled down to 10L water samples with 
volume of added chemicals scaled accordingly.


2.10  Water sampling for trace element and isotopes 
      (Per, Don, Johan, Fredrik)

2.10.1 60 L and 20 L Go-Flo sampling

60L Go-Flo. A 60L Go-Flo (General Oceanics water sampler for trace metals) was 
used on the inner shelf to obtain waters from below the mixed layer as part of 
a low-metal blank system. This complemented the sampling of the surface mixed 
layer sampled using the flagpole (see below) and was used at 20 stations along 
the coast. A metal-free Go-Flo, with all internal surfaces Teflon-coated, was 
mounted on a Kevlar cable and lowered on the small A-frame on the port side of 
the boat deck (Fig.1). Depths were determined using a metering wheel, and the 
Go-Flo was closed using a Teflon messenger released from the surface. A 27 kg, 
epoxy-coated steel weight was covered in plastic and attached to the end of the 
cable, approximately 3m below the Go-Flo. The Go-Flo was emptied on deck into 
25L acid-cleaned carboys, using a Si tube (except for samples for Si isotopes). 
Blanks had previously been run in Stockholm using MilliQ water. The Go-Flo was 
stored in clean plastic bags and within a case between stations.


Fig. 1: 60L Go-Flo on Kevlar line with Teflon messenger (Photo Jorien Vonk)


2.10.2  CTD rosette

On the outer shelves, samplers mounted on the CTD rosette were used to obtain 
deep waters from various depths (Fig. 2). A 20L Go-Flo, internally coated in 
Teflon, was used for mid-depths. Samples of surface waters and bottom waters 
were collected using 2-3 6L Niskin bottles. Samples were emptied into 25L acid-
cleaned carboys using either Silicone or Tygon tubing. The CTD was not 
considered a low metal blank system, and waters were collected primarily for 
other trace elements and isotopes. Samples were collected from 17 stations 
using the CTD rosette.


Fig. 2: CTD with rosette 12 Niskin bottles and one 20 L Go-Flo mounted. All 
        non-stainless steel parts of the system where covered in plastic 
        (Photo Per Andersson).


2.10.3  Flagpole-extended pumping system

In order to collect surface waters from the mixed layer using low metal blank 
equipment, and to avoid contamination from the ship, a 14m glasfibre flagpole 
was extended from the bow of the ship approximately 7m (Fig 2). This system was 
mainly designed to obtain samples for Fe concentration and Fe isotope 
determination of particulate material. An acid-cleaned Teflon tubing was 
suspended from the end of the flagpole, and was lowered into the surface waters 
using a coated metal weight. Water was pumped directly into a lab container 
using a peristaltic pump and into clean carboys. Contamination from the ship 
was avoided by pumping when the tubing was up-current of the ship. The system 
was not used when the ship was anchored, since the anchor and chain extended to 
the area of sampling. A total of 21 samples were collected from the flagpole 
system.


Fig. 2: Flagpole system mounted in the bow of YS for trace metal clean 
        sampling of surface seawater (Photo Jorien Vonk)


2.10.4  Seawater intake

A total of 6 samples were collected from the seawater intake during transit 
between some stations. The intake system is described elsewhere but is not 
considered to be trace metal clean and thus only to be used for isotopes not 
prone to contamination from the ship.


2.10.5 He isotopes

Samples for He isotopes were collected from stations expected to have high 
levels of methane. A 30cm length of 1/8" Cu tubing was connected to the valve 
of the Niskin or Go-Flo using Tygon tubing. Water was run through the tubing 
until there were no bubbles within the tubing, and then the Cu tubing was 
sealed using a crimping tool.


2.10.6  TEI Sample Processing

All waters were taken into the Hydrolab on boat deck, and filtered using 
0.221im nitrocellulose filters mounted in acid-cleaned polycarbonate filter 
holders and using a peristaltic pump. For Fe and Fe isotopes a 0.22µm 
polycarbonate filter were taken from each station. Filters for Fe isotopes and 
trace metals were changed in a small clean hood in the Hydrolab. From 15 
surface water station a sample was ultrafiltered using a lkD Millipore 
Prep/Scale system.

Between 250m1 and 500m1 was filtered through a preweighted 0.2211m 47mm 
nitrocellulose filter to obtain a measurement of SPM, suspended particulate 
material.

All tubings, filter holders, and sample containers had been acid-cleaned prior 
to use. Samples were acidified to a pH of 2 (lml HCl or HNO3 per litre of 
sample) using ultrapure Seastar HCl or laboratory distilled HNO3 from ALS, 
Luleå. Different filter holders were used for particle-rich samples and outer 
shelf particle poor samples. For the samples of dissolved silicon isotopic 
composition, modified filter holders were used with a vitton o-ring inside 
instead of the regular one that is made of silicon. Typically, the first filter 
was completely clogged. Thereafter, between 50-70% of the clogging volume was 
filtered through the upcoming filters to avoid the discrimination of colloids. 
Generally as much sample as possible was passed through each filter, and the 
filters were retained for analysis of the particles. A portion of each sample 
was first passed through the system as a rinse before sample was collected.

From the water sampled with the Go-Flo bottles, samples were taken for nutrient 
analysis. The samples were filtered and analysed for phosphate, nitrate and 
silicate according to the method given in Section 2.2.5.2.4.



2.11  Sediment sampling 
      (Jorien, Oleg)

2.11.1  Winches, A-frame, meterwheels, location on ship 
        (Jorien)

The A-frame used for sediment sampling was located on deck 4, at port side at 
the middle/back part of the ship. The A-frame was extended and the reeling was 
partly cut away to be able to lift the sediment grab and coring equipment 
onboard. The hydraulically driven winch was wired with a 6 mm stainless steel 
cable, to which a meter wheel (General Oceanics, inc. Miami, Florida, model 
4048-P) was connected.


2.11.2  Grab sampling 
        (Oleg)

Sediments were obtained from: grab sampler Van Veen (surface sediments) and 
GEMINI corers (sediment columns). The samples were stored deep-frozen until 
freeze-drying in the POI laboratory.


2.11.3  Gemini core sampling 
        (Jorien)

Sediment core sampling was done with a dual gravity corer "GEMAX" (Oy Kart AB, 
Finland). The corer was modified by Anders Sundberg at the Geology workshop of 
Stockholm University. He adjusted the stainless steel cutting part of the core 
so that the tubing could be taken out after every cast without taking out the 
liners.

To maximize penetration into the sediments, 4 lead weights of 5 kg each were 
attached during all deployments. Two plexiglass core tubes (800 mm long, 90 mm 
ID) were inserted into the core barrels before every cast. After retrieving the 
GEMAX, the plexiglass core tubes filled with sediment and overlying water were 
sealed using a stopper of natural rubber and duct tape. The cores were labelled 
and stored in vertical position on deck. Samples of the overlying water for PM 
and POC analysis was retreieved by suctioning, both for clear top layer and 
turbid bottom layer (see section 2.12.3).


Within 12 to 48 hours after sampling, the cores were sliced into 1cm slices 
using an extruder (Oy Kart AB, Finland). A stainless steel spoon was used to 
transfer the 1cm slices into small containers (65 ml to 210 ml). The sediment 
containers were marked and frozen the same day at -18°C. The cores were 
described during slicing. A PDF document with core lengths, descriptions, time 
between sampling and slicing, and planned analyses is available on request.


2.11.4  methods for benthic meiofauna sorting 
        (Vovva)

A large set of very large mass of grab sediments were sorted for studies of 
benthic meiofauna.



2.12  Sedimentology 
      (Oleg, Orjan)

2.12.1  Wetlab Turbidity sensor on CTD 
        (Orjan, Göran)

After station 1, a Wetlabs turbidity sensor ECO NTU S/N NTURTD-126 was attached 
on the voltage channel of the SeaBird 911+ CTD. It is attached as a 
fluorescence Wetlab ECO-AFL/FL sensor in the sensor list available in the 
Seabird software. The scale factor is just 1 which gives an output signal 
between 0 and 5 Volts. Turbidity sensor data was thus collected at stations 2-
131.


2.12.2  PM+POC filtration program from Niskin 
        (Oleg, Laura)

At same stations that PM and POC was obtained from Gemini overelying water (see 
section below), we also obtained samples for PM and POC from bottom bottle of 
the Niskin cast, and in most cases also from surface water at same station.


2.12.3  PM+POC filtration from Gemini core overlying water 
        (Oleg, Laura)

Also were filtered two types of nepheloid water (0.5-1.0 I volume) in plastic 
tube of GEMINI corers: (first type) near 10 sm under the sediments and (second 
type) - is 30-50 sm under the sediments. This was done in parallel for PM (POI) 
and POC (Su).


2.12.4  Sediment traps 
        (Orjan)

A cylindrical sediment trap system commonly used for upper ocean and 
continental shelf studies was used. Detailed descriptions of the trap system is 
available, including testings in hydraulic flumes (Broman t al., 1990) and 
time-series field calibrations of collection efficiencies using 234Th 
(Gustafsson et al., 2004; Buesseler et al., 2007). The moorings employed during 
ISSS-08 was arranged as follows: traps Bottom-anchored with 40 kg railway 
tracks and galvanized chains, 3 mm thin line nylon strong (polystrong) tube 
holders that are of a hydrodynamically stable, self-suspended and buoyant 
design were positioned below the mixed surface layer and as far above bottom as 
possible. There was only one trap array per mooring with the array consisting 
of three PVC cylinders each holding a straight cylindrical glass tube (500 x 
100 mm). The gimbaled construction is further equipped with turbulence 
generators and splitter planes to minimize vortex street formation. A small 
buouy was attached 3 m above array to lift mooring line. At surface a large 
spherical buoy was connected with a 10 m line to a flag buoy to minimize the 
effect of short period wave motion. Since most of the drag on a trap array is 
from the mooring line itself a 3 mm thin nylon line was used.

In order to minimize artifacts related to zooplankton herniation and 
solubilization of collected POC into DOC we avoided using brines and any 
poison. This approach minimizes zooplankton "swimmer" accumulation in the trap. 
However, some "swimmer picking" was still performed (see Results section).

The mooring was deployed using the starboard winch, while actual traps were 
hooked onto mooring line from the lower deck below the winch. There were ten 
sediment trap deployments during ISSS-08 at stations 4 (twice), 11, 12, 13, 14, 
15, 23, 26, 30.

Recovered sediment trap glass tubes were allowed to settle for > 1h. The 
overlying water siphoned off, any visible swimmers were picked w long stainless 
steel forceps, and solution was quantitatively transferred to 1000 ml 
polycarbonate bottles and frozen.

The trap program was compromised by sub-optimal maneuvering of the ship. After 
deployment at station 30, the ship drifted over the mooring line, which got 
stuck under the aft ship (probably in the silent propeller). We managed to cut 
mooring and attach new buoys but all glass tubes were later found missing (see 
Results). Even larger problems with ship maneuvering were experienced during 
recovery. In seven out of eight recoveries (two trap moorings had be surrended 
because of hard winds and time constraints), the ship drifted over the mooring 
line. This lead to difficult recoveries and many tubes were broken upon 
recovery (see Results for details).




3. RESULTS: GENERATED DATA AND COLLECTED SAMPLES

Each program to include information on spatial coverage and/or temporal 
frequency of sampling. Summary of data and initial data analysis if available 
(for at-sea generated data). Descriptive lists of samples collected for onshore 
analysis (state also analytical objectives)

Feel free to include any maps with sample locations, contour plots or any other 
figures/tables you think may be useful

Any ship-generated data also must be provided to Igor. This is a requirement of 
our scientific permit that the onboard-observer (Igor) collates this 
information so that it is available to Russian governmental agencies if they 
ask for it (which Igor says is unlikely).



3.1  Geophysics/seismics 
     (Viktor, Georgy, Sasha, Anatoly)

The investigation was curried out in the Laptev, East Ciberia and Chykchi Seas. 
The length of the seismic lines is about 1100 km.


Figure: Location of the seismic tracks.

Figure: Fragment of the seismic profile in the southern part of the Laptev 
        Sea showing the structures of ace-age surface, disribution of the 
        postglacial sediments and veneer of the oldest strata sediments 
        near Lena river delta. The depth of the Towfish is 3 m. Profiling 
        with Swell Filter.


3.2  Methane program 
     (Igor, Anatoly)

To be written.



3.3  Physical Oceanography 
     (Göran, Igor)

3.3.1  CTD data 
       (Göran)

3.3.1.1  Collected CTD data.

In total we collected CTD data from 131 stations of which no. 22 and 34 
included 2 casts.

Table showing station number, date, time, position, water depth and maximum CTD 
pressure for all CTD stations during ISSS-08.


                                                            Water   CTD
Stn  Cast            Time       Latitude       Longitude    depth   pres.
 #    #      Date    (UTC)  (deg)    (min)  (deg)    (min)   (m)   (dbar)
---  ----  --------  -----  --------------  --------------  -----  ------
  1   1    20080818  05.49    71  38.780 N    64  38.530 E   120    116
  2   1    20080819  00.59    73  24.300 N    72  59.710 E    30    25
  3   1    20080819  23.02    73  29.520 N    79  53.090 E    38    37
  4   1    20080823  16.39    75  59.220 N   129  59.050 E    52    50
  5   1    20080824  08.22    75  15.950 N   130   0.990 E    44    43
  6   1    20080824  14.33    74  43.440 N   130   0.980 E    34    32
  7   1    20080824  19.18    74   7.920 N   129  59.980 E    17    16
  8   1    20080824  22.40    73  33.940 N   130   0.470 E    13    14
  9   1    20080825  01.14    73  21.980 N   129  59.820 E    25    23
 10   1    20080825  02.41    73  11.040 N   129  59.740 E    21    20
 11   1    20080825  06.17    73   1.110 N   129  59.350 E    12    11
 12   1    20080826  01.51    71  54.990 N   132  34.540 E    13    12
 13   1    20080826  09.50    71  58.080 N   131  42.080 E    22    19
 14   1    20080827  19.39    71  37.820 N   130   2.970 E     8     7
 15   1    20080828  04.05    71  34.980 N   130  15.320 E    12    11
 16   1    20080828  06.04    71  37.620 N   130  19.070 E    12    11
 17   1    20080828  08.02    71  37.800 N   130  11.440 E    11    10
 18   1    20080829  01.20    73   1.830 N   133   0.110 E    16    15
 19   1    20080829  08.23    73   6.570 N   137  18.180 E    28    27
 20   1    20080829  16.06    73  18.320 N   139  53.560 E     9     8
 21   1    20080829  18.36    73   5.350 N   140  20.890 E    16    15
 22   1    20080829  20.44    72  52.520 N   140  37.720 E    21    20
 22   2    20080829  22.49    72  53.180 N   140  37.130 E    16    15
 23   1    20080830  03.28    72  47.340 N   142  40.180 E    11    10
 24   1    20080830  13.17    73   2.890 N   142  39.990 E    16    15
 25   1    20080830  16.14    73   8.590 N   142  40.020 E    11    10
 26   1    20080831  06.49    72  27.590 N   150  35.740 E    17    16
 27   1    20080831  18.12    72  34.020 N   152  22.360 E    19    18
 28   1    20080901  00.03    72  39.050 N   154  11.120 E    29    28
 29   1    20080901  04.50    72  11.980 N   153   9.940 E    19    18
 30   1    20080901  13.31    71  21.460 N   152   9.160 E    10     9
 31   1    20080902  13.59    71   6.490 N   161  41.610 E    21    20
 32   1    20080902  18.58    70  33.990 N   161  13.020 E    10     9
 33   1    20080903  04.33    70  10.100 N   161  13.040 E     9     8
 34   1    20080903  09.18    69  45.580 N   162  19.000 E    15    14
 34   2    20080903  12.14    69  42.490 N   162  41.320 E    11    10
 35   1    20080903  23.23    69  49.020 N   164   3.410 E    32    31
 36   1    20080904  03.57    69  48.990 N   165  59.920 E    33    32
 37   1    20080904  08.42    70   8.090 N   168   0.410 E    43    42
 38   1    20080904  15.19    70  41.900 N   169   7.890 E    38    36
 39   1    20080904  19.24    71  13.150 N   169  22.370 E    46    44
 39   2    20080904  20.21    71  13.000 N   169  20.830 E    46    44
 40   1    20080905  01.57    71  29.000 N   170  33.190 E    50    49
 41   1    20080905  06.38    71  58.090 N   171  47.510 E    44    43
 42   1    20080905  09.36    72  16.850 N   171  59.470 E    43    41
 43   1    20080906  09.12    71  24.040 N   175  30.090 W    34    33
 44   1    20080906  10.11    71  23.900 N   175  20.330 W    45    45
 45   1    20080906  10.56    71  23.980 N   175  10.460 W    54    53
 46   1    20080906  11.53    71  23.920 N   175   0.700 W    58    57
 47   1    20080906  12.36    71  24.020 N   174  51.100 W    79    78
 48   1    20080906  13.30    71  24.020 N   174  41.240 W    82    80
 49   1    20080906  14.12    71  23.990 N   174  31.550 W    85    84
 50   1    20080906  15.08    71  23.990 N   174  21.690 W    55    54
 51   1    20080906  15.49    71  23.920 N   174  12.010 W    46    45
 52   1    20080906  19.48    71  48.020 N   176   0.100 W    5o    49
 53   1    20080906  20.48    71  49.250 N   175  50.380 W    56    54
 54   1    20080906  21.27    71  50.420 N   175  40.860 W    58    57
 55   1    20080906  22.19    71  51.600 N   175  31.200 W    66    64
 56   1    20080906  22.58    71  52.780 N   175  21.650 W    70    69
 57   1    20080906  23.55    71  54.010 N   175  12.030 W    73    72
 58   1    20080907  00.38    71  55.220 N   175   2.390 W    71    70
 59   1    20080907  01.34    71  56.420 N   174  52.710 W    68    67
 60   1    20080907  02.13    71  57.650 N   174  43.230 W    63    61
 61   1    20080907  03.09    71  58.780 N   174  33.610 W    56    53
 62   1    20080907  03.50    72   0.020 N   174  24.060 W    53    52
 63   1    20080907  08.08    72  18.020 N   176  30.230 W    72    71
 64   1    20080907  09.09    72  18.380 N   176  19.100 W    74    72
 65   1    20080907  09.50    72  18.740 N   176   8.220 W    84    83
 66   1    20080907  10.49    72  19.060 N   175  57.110 W   102    99
 67   1    20080907  11.35    72  19.510 N   175  46.270 W    86    85
 68   1    20080907  12.34    72  19.890 N   175  35.260 W    80    79
 69   1    20080907  13.19    72  20.250 N   175  24.290 W    60    59
 70   1    20080907  14.15    72  20.630 N   175  13.330 W    48    46
 71   1    20080907  14.59    72  20.990 N   175   2.330 W    50    48
 72   1    20080907  18.41    72  46.030 N   173  36.510 W    62    59
 73   1    20080907  19.53    72  50.610 N   173  42.670 W    63    62
 74   1    20080907  20.43    72  54.720 N   173  48.180 W    65    64
 75   1    20080907  21.44    72  59.130 N   173  53.600 W    74    71
 76   1    20080907  22.33    73   3.360 N   173  59.090 W    93    92
 77   1    20080907  23.37    73   7.670 N   174   4.800 W   111   109
 78   1    20080908  00.33    73  11.990 N   174  10.210 W   124   123
 79   1    20080908  03.51    73  42.240 N   174  19.780 W   181   178
 80   1    20080908  07.07    73  59.300 N   174  31.280 W   202   199
 81   1    20080908  22.17    75  47.970 N   179  54.350 E  1115  1112
 82   1    20080909  01.25    75  42.120 N   178  47.760 E   892   891
 83   1    20080909  04.08    75  36.000 N   177  42.080 E   541   540
 84   1    20080909  06.38    75  30.040 N   176  36.060 E   334   332
 85   1    20080909  08.53    75  24.070 N   175  30.310 E   238   236
 86   1    20080909  11.05    75  18.080 N   174  23.740 E   201   200
 87   1    20080909  14.12    75  12.060 N   173  17.950 E   179   177
 88   1    20080909  16.29    75   5.960 N   172  11.220 E   143   142
 89   1    20080909  19.34    75   0.060 N   171   5.500 E    77    76
 90   1    20080910  00.40    74  40.090 N   172  23.290 E    64    63
 91   1    20080910  09.51    74  26.020 N   170  51.280 E    57    56
 92   1    20080910  14.22    74  25.000 N   168  29.930 E    52    50
 93   1    20080910  19.13    74  25.110 N   165  59.940 E    52    51
 94   1    20080911  00.32    74  25.080 N   163  39.880 E    50    49
 95   1    20080911  04.29    74  25.000 N   161  20.120 E    44    45
 96   1    20080911  09.18    74  59.050 N   161   2.590 E    45    44
 97   1    20080911  11.25    75  16.240 N   160  53.410 E    50    49
 98   1    20080911  14.26    75  33.060 N   160  45.070 E    49    48
 99   1    20080911  19.33    75  10.260 N   163  35.170 E    51    50
100   1    20080911  23.03    75  42.940 N   164   4.760 E    60    58
101   1    20080912  04.53    76   7.020 N   160  27.430 E    56    55
102   1    20080912  08.05    76  33.550 N   160   4.350 E    70    69
103   1    20080912  12.50    76  44.050 N   157  53.850 E    67    66
104   1    20080912  16.31    76  56.030 N   155  10.160 E    58    57
105   1    20080912  20.32    77  10.730 N   152  37.290 E    53    52
106   1    20080913  00.07    76  58.110 N   150  17.470 E    44    43
107   1    20080913  03.05    76  46.290 N   149  14.030 E    39    37
108   1    20080913  20.06    75  33.660 N   155  52.960 E    40    38
109   1    20080913  23.11    75  21.060 N   157  27.530 E    40    39
110   1    20080914  01.47    75   9.830 N   158  48.960 E    42    41
111   1    20080914  04.03    74  59.840 N   160   0.600 E    47    46
112   1    20080914  05.54    74  49.960 N   159  19.810 E    44    42
113   1    20080914  08.12    74  53.730 N   160  18.370 E    44    42
114   1    20080914  11.23    74  50.110 N   158  15.290 E    45    44
115   1    20080914  13.24    74  35.010 N   158  14.790 E    33    30
116   1    20080914  18.28    74  34.970 N   157   0.180 E    38    36
117   1    20080914  20.38    74  20.130 N   157   0.110 E    34    32
118   1    20080914  22.37    74  20.050 N   156   0.460 E    32    28
119   1    20080915  00.56    73  59.990 N   155  59.980 E    36    34
120   1    20080915  05.25    73  17.510 N   155  10.050 E    35    33
121   1    20080916  00.09    74  22.310 N   145  16.850 E    18    17
122   1    20080916  15.14    74  30.190 N   136   0.580 E    28    26
123   1    20080916  19.44    75  15.110 N   134  59.470 E    42    40
124   1    20080916  22.04    75  24.990 N   134   0.590 E    31    29
125   1    20080917  01.08    75  54.060 N   134  19.130 E    47    45
126   1    20080917  04.49    76  21.940 N   132  37.080 E    52    50
127   1    20080917  08.23    76  33.360 N   130   8.930 E    59    58
128   1    20080917  11.14    76  59.220 N   130  21.340 E    60    58
129   1    20080918  06.49    76  23.910 N   125  46.610 E    50    48
130   1    20080918  07.33    76  23.640 N   125  46.110 E    50    48
131   1    20080918  08.57    76  23.890 N   125  28.370 E    51    50



3.3.1.2  Initial observations

The CTD data from Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea show clearly the warm and 
low salinity the river water plumes from the Lena and Indigirka rives while 
higher salinities dominates in the eastern part as influenced by Pacific water. 
The Lena water shows very high turbidity. Note also that the bottom turbidity 
is generally enhanced relative to mid column at 10 dbars.

Figure showing potential temperature (deg C), salinity and relative turbidity 
(Volts) from the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea during ISSS-08. Note that the 
rightmost panel of turbidity is from the bottom layer at each station.


3.3.2  ADCP 
       (Igor, Sasha)

To be written.


3.4  Marine Chemistry

3.4.1  Niskin-based program 
       (Sara, Sofia, Irene, Anders)

Nutrients, oxygen, pH and total alkalinity were determined onboard for 96 
stations, DIC on 95 stations and CFCs for 50 stations. Samples were also 
collected for the determination of ammonium, which will be made by the group at 
University of Gothenburg after the cruise and additional alkalinity samples 
were taken for post-cruise analysis at POI. Request and inquiries for any of 
this data should be directed to Leif Anderson.

Samples were also collected for the determination of δ11B. The isotopic boron 
composition is planned to be used to reconstruct the boron isotopes in marine 
carbonates and to reconstruct paleo pH. The analysis will be perfomed by MC-
ICP-MS and this is an external project by Eric Douville, LSCE/IPSL, France.


3.4.2  SWI-based program 
       (Irma)

To be written.


3.4.3  Intercomparison of two carbonate system techniques 
       (Sara, Sofia, Irene, Anders)

The main purpose of the collection of alkalinity samples for post-cruise 
analysis was to make a thorough intercomparison of the onboard GU method and 
the post-cruise POI method.


3.4.4  Initial observations and plans 
       (Sara, Sofia, Irene, Anders)

One main issue of this programme was the export from the shelves into the 
deeper basins. Due to the unfavourable ice conditions it is uncertain if this 
can be fulfilled at all. The remaining part is the transport through the Herald 
Canyon. Since the large majority of the stations were located on the shallow 
shelf the studies will be more focused to this region than originally planned.



3.5  Bio geochemistry

3.5.1  Biogeochemistry core 
       (Laura, Vanja, Sveta)

3.5.1.1  Particulate and Dissolved Organic Carbon 
         (POC and DOC)

Nr. of samples collected and analyzed: 106 (see Fig. 2)

SWI: n=49 ; Samples SWI-41, 43 and 44 in triplicates, to track reproduci-
            bility of the results

YS:  n=57  (YS 1-2, 4-17, 19-39, 41-42, 49, 58, 67, 74, 88, 90, 91, 93, 95, 
           96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 112, 116 and 120).

Approximately 4 depths (sometimes only 3) have been collected until sample YS-
74 (middle mixing layer, pycnocline, middle bottom layer and bottom), then the 
collection was reduced to only 2 depths (surface and bottom)

Both TOC and DOC samples were analyzed on board, but no definitive results are 
available yet, since some calibration checking is still needed, with respect to 
the standards used. The dry POC filters are frozen and ready to analyze (EA 
Carlo Erba) upon return to Stockholm.

The TOC results derived from the important SWI vs. CTD comparison (SWI-7 vs. 
YS-1) at 4m depth differed only within the standard deviation of the TOC 
analyzer. This is encouraging and suggests that the SWI sampling could be 
considered free from resolvable carbon contamination.


TOC/DOC

Approximately 600 samples have been analysed for TOC/DOC onboard the ship. The 
samples are taken from the SWI, all stations, and from the same CTD stations as 
the POC sampling. The Shimadzu analyser has been carefully monitored and 
samples has only been run when standards and reference materials have given 
stable and expected results. However, it is sensitive analyses, and the 
conditions onboard have been less stable than usual on lab (rolling, 
vibrations, cold temperature etc.), which have requested more calibrations, and 
more controls than usual and may cause the standard deviation to be slightly 
higher than usual. Quality insurance of the results is therefore necessary 
before results can be available, where all the results from samples, 
calibrations and reference material are going to be looked through and 
eventually recalculated.


3.5.1.2  Optical parameters

Nr. of samples collected and analyzed: 218 (see Fig. 2)

SWI: n=49

YS:  n=169 (45 sampling sites: YS 1-2, 4-39, 41-42, 49, 58, 67, 74 and 98), 
            by different depths.


Most sites have been sampled at 4 depths (middle mixing layer, pycnocline, 
middle bottom layer and bottom), except for some stations where only 2 or 3 
depths were available

Two samples (YS-29 and YS-39) were analyzed under the 3 optical techniques both 
on the bulk water samples (as usual) and on the filtrate from the POC (i.e. DOC 
sample) (Table 1).


Table 1: Comparison of optical measurements in the bulk and DOC water 
         samples of stations Y-29 and Y-39 (the highest ratios are 
         highlighted in bold)

Station   Depth  A280-bulk/A280-DOC  HS-bulk/HS-DOC  CDOM-bulk/CDOM-DOC
-------  ------  ------------------  --------------  ------------------
YS-29       2 m         91.0%            99.6%            94.97%
            4 m        102.1%            99.1%           102.53%
            mbl        125.0%            95.7%            89.66%
         bottom        131.7%            80.0%            74.73%
YS-39       4 m        109.5%           100.4%           191.3%
           10 m        116.7%            95.2%            97.0%
            mbl        163.2%            96.7%           109.7%
         bottom        285.0%           102.6%           117.5%



According to the comparison ratios showed in Table 1, there is no big 
difference in HS between the bulk/unfiltered or in the DOC/filtered water 
sample. Overall, something similar can be established for the CDOM fraction, 
except for a couple of depths (YS-39 4m and bottom). However, the difference of 
measure A280 in the bulk or DOC samples are larger, which is consistent with 
this technique just measuring absorbance that could be directly affected by 
particles in solution. The differences resulted from the SWI-CTD comparison 
accomplished at SWI-7 and YS-1 suggest a good comparability of both sampling 
systems in terms of A280 and HS, giving SWI/CTD ratios of 94% in both cases. 
However, larger differences are obtained for CDOM (251%), which shows more than 
two times concentration in the SWI samples.


Fig.2: Map showing the location of the sites where water samples were 
       collected for the biogeochemical core analysis. The symbols from the 
       legend refer to SWI samples and YS-stations, including macro-, 
       micro- and only CTD-stations.


Molar absorptivity

The absorbance at 280nm of all samples (SWI+YS) was measured on board. However, 
since no TOC values are available yet, the molar absortivity (ε280) can not yet 
be reported (equation 1). Instead,A280 results are complete and are presented 
here in form of main statistics (Table 2). A summary of the spatial 
distribution of A280 is plotted in Fig.3 for SWI samples and in Fig.3 for the 
YS-stations samples, according to the different regimes sampled (rivers, 
erosion and off shore sites)


Fig. 3: Plot of the absorbance at 280 nm for the 49 SWI samples. 


Table 2: Main statistics of the Absorbance at 280nm in all the sea water 
         samples. Results are adimensional

         Sample type   minimum  maximum  average  Std. deviation
         ------------  -------  -------  -------  --------------
          SWI (n=49)    0.005    0.197    0.055      0.066
          YS (n=169)1   0.003    0.479    0.081      0.093

         n=169 comes from 45 samples, by 2-3-4 depths.


Fig. 4: Plot of A280 distribution among the three regimes studied: rivers, 
        erosion sites and off shore locations. Only the values 
        corresponding to 4m depth have been considered.


According to the spatial distribution plots (Fig.3 and 4), the sites with 
highest A280 are Lena river (regime rivers), Myostah Island (regime erosion) 
and Barent Sea test-station (off shore regime).


Humic Substances (HS)

The results obtained for the HS fraction is summarized as basic statistics in 
Table 3, for both SWI and YS samples. The spatial distribution sorted by 
different regimes is plotted in Fig. 5.


Table 3: Main statistics of the HS content of the sea water samples. 
         Results are expressed as QS-equivalent units (µg/L)

         Sample type  minimum  maximum   average  Std. deviation
         -----------  -------  --------  -------  --------------
          SWI (n=49)   150.55  15999.52  3197.18    3691.152
          YS (n=169)1  213.06  15644.68  3564.15    3413.82

          n=169 comes from 45 samples, by 2-3-4 depths.


The spatial HS distribution differs from A280 in the river regime, being Ob the 
richest site in terms of HS. However, one must be cautious when interpreting 
these results, since results from both Lena, Indigirka and Kolyma have been 
estimated as an average of several stations composing their transects, and thus 
the values of the outermost stations may "smooth" the higher levels of the 
innermost. Ob however represents only one sampling site close to land. On the 
other hand, both erosion and off shore regimes show the same HS richest sites 
as A280: Myostah Island and Barent Sea test-station, respectively.

Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM)

The results obtained for CDOM are summarized in Table 4, for both SWI and YS 
samples.


Table 4: Main statistics of the CDOM content of the sea water samples. 
         Results are expressed as Normalized Fluorescence Units (N.Fl.U.)

         Sample type  minimum  maximum  average  Std. deviation
         -----------  -------  -------  -------  --------------
         SWI (n=49)    0.36     49.28    18.57      13.36
         YS (n=169)1   0.004    19.30     8.94       5.38

         n=169 comes from 45 samples, by 2-3-4 depths.



Fig. 5: Plot of HS distribution among the three regimes studied: rivers, 
        erosion sites and off shore locations. Only the values 
        corresponding to 4m depth have been considered.


Agreeing with HS, the richest CDOM contents are observed in Ob, Myostah Island 
and Barent Sea test-station, respectively in the river, erosion and offshore 
regimes (Fig. 6). Considering this similarity, one could wonder about the HS-
CDOM correlation in terms of the whole set of samples. Thus, in Fig. 7 HS is 
plotted against CDOM, for both the SWI and the YS samples and apparently good 
positive correlation exists between both parameters. Although quite good linear 
correlations were found in both cases (SWI: r 2=0.87 and YS: r2=0.84), a 
logarithmic regression seemed to explain even better the correlation between HS 
and CDOM (SWI: r2=0.90 and YS: r2=0.87).


Fig. 6: Plot of CDOM distribution among the three regimes studied: rivers, 
        erosion sites and off shore locations. Only the values corresponding 
        to 4m depth have been considered.

Fig. 7: Relationship between HS and CDOM for both SWI and YS-station 
        samples. All depths and stations have been considered in this plot 
        (SWI: n=49, YS: n=169).


3.5.1.3  Pigments


Nr. of samples collected and analyzed: 164 (see Fig. 2)

SWI: n=49

YS:  n=115 (53 sampling sites: YS 1-2, 4-17, 19-39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 
           54, 58, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80-86, 
           91-96, 98-108, 110, 113-115, 117, 120, 123 and 127), measured 
           at different depths:

For YS-1 and YS-2 two and three depths were taken respectively.

From YS-4 to YS-31 only one depth was sampled (2m).

In both YS-32 and YS-34 four depths were collected (middle mixing layer, 
picnocline, middle bottom layer and bottom)

In YS-39 water sample from eleven depths (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36 
and 44m), in parallel with the hydrozone, in order to analyze the pigment 
distribution along the whole profile, and compare results obtained from both 
techniques (UV-VIS and hydrozone).

From YS-41 to YS-76 only one depth was sampled (4m)

YS-78, 79, 81, 98 and 99 were sampled at 2, 3, 2, 2 and 2 depths respectively.

The rest of samples were collected only from 4m depth.

The results of the pigments analyzed (phaeo-corrected chlo-a, chlo-b, chlo-c 
and phaeo-a) together with some useful ratios (chlo-a/chlo-c: informs about 
diatoms content; chlo-a/phaeo-a: informs about zooplankton distribution) are 
summarized in Table 5, for both the SWI and YS samples.


Table 5: ain statistics of pigments of the sea water samples. Results are 
         expressed as concentration of pigments in the whole sample (µg/L)

Sample 
type         Pigment          minimum  maximum  average  Std. deviation
------       ---------------  -------  -------  -------  --------------
SWI          Chlo-a            0.0000   4.5114   0.7150      0.0010
(n=49)       Chlo-b           -0.0403   0.4527   0.0787      0.0001
             Chlo-c (c1+c2)   -0.0228   1.2550   0.1342      0.0003
             Phaeo-a          -0.4070   1.2834   0.1194      0.0003

             Chlo-a/chlo-c    -0.16     0.91     0.18        0.20
             Chlo-a/phaeo-a  -50.00    20.00    -0.64       12.35

YS-Stations  Chlo-a            0.0000   6.1125   0.8173      0.0011
(n=115)1     Chlo-b           -0.3479   0.5919   0.0644      0.0001
             Chlo-c (c1+c2)   -0.0820   1.9200   0.1663      0.0003
             Phaeo-a          -0.5197   3.0879   0.2747      0.0005
             Chlo-a/chlo-c    -0.06    17.97     0.44        1.68
             Chlo-a/phaeo-a  -50.00    90.00     1.95       17.42

n=115 comes from 53 sampling sites, by different numbers of depths.



Fig. 8: Plot of pigments (chlorophyll a and phaeophitin a) distribution 
        among the three regimes studied: rivers, erosion sites and off 
        shore locations. In rivers and erosion sites values corresponding to 
        2m depth have been considered, whereas in offshore sites 4m depth 
        are represented


In Fig. 8 the two most abundant pigments (chlo-a and phaeo-a) are plotted for 
the three established regimes. Overall, chlo-a represents from 2 to 3 times the 
concentration of phaeo-a, and comparing regimes, the rivers present the highest 
contents of pigments, being followed by the off shore sites. Both chlo-a and 
phao-a are more abundant in Myostah Island within the erosion regime, according 
to the optical parameters. The richest river in terms of pigments is Lena, 
whereas Herald Canyon contains the highest concentrations of chlo-a.

The data resulted of compare the pigment content in the SWI and CTD systems 
(SWI-7 vs. YS-1) indicate differences depending on the pigment. While phaeo-
corrected chlo-a and chlo-c show relatively good comparability (SWI/CTD 
ratio=84 and 90%, respectively), both chlo-b and phaeo-a produced larger 
differences (SWI/CTD ratio=130 and 34%, respectively).



3.5.1.4 Comparison barrel-CDOM sensor and spectrofluorometer-CDOM and DOC 
        (Sveta)

3.5.1.5 biogenic silica, 13C-DIC and photolysis samples 
        (Vanja)

Samples for analysis and lab experiments (photodegradation) for these three 
parameters were taken at stations according to table 3.5.1.4 with main focus on 
the Lena and Kolyma estuaries.

                                                dl3C-DIC
       StaNo   BSi  Photodegradation  (from CTD, same depths as TOC)
       -----   ---  ----------------  ------------------------------
       ys-2     x          x                       
       ys-3     x                                  
       ys-4     x          x                      x
       ys-5     x                                 x
       ys-6     x          x                      x
       ys-7                                       x
       ys-8                x                      x
       ys-9                                       x
       ys-l0    x                                 x
       ys-11    x          x                      x
       ys-12    x          x                      x
       ys-13                                      x
       ys-14    x          x                      x
       ys-15                                      x
       ys-16                                      x
       ys-17    x                                 x
       ys-18                                      x
       ys-19                                      x
       ys-20                                      x
       ys-21                                      x
       ys-22                                      x
       ys-23    x                                 x
       ys-24                                      x
       ys-25                                      x
       ys-26                                      x
       ys-27                                      x
       ys-28                                      x
       ys-29                                      x
       ys-30               x                      x
       ys-31                                      x
       ys-32                                      x
       ys-33                                      x
       ys-34    x          x                      x
       ys-35                                      x
       ys-36    x                                 x
       ys-37    x          x                      x
       ys-38                                      x
       ys-39               x                      x
       


3.5.1.6  pigments and plankton ecology; Hydrosonde profiles, pigment-
         spectrometric data, and plankton net-tow samples for speciation 
         (Genna)

3.5.1.7  Synthesis and outlook



3.5.2  Molecular-isotope biogeochemistry - water column 
       (Bart, Vanja)

3.5.2.1  High-volume GFF filters for molecular and compound-specific 14C 
         analysis 
         (Bart, Martin)

During ISSS-08 in total 67607L of Sea water was filtered, divided over 455 GFF 
filters. Besides GEFs for molecular analysis and harvesting for compound 
specific radiocarbon analyses (CSRA) this also includes GFFs collected from the 
SWI for the analyses of hydrophobic organic chemicals (see paragraph 3.5.2.2) 
and a number of blanks. The exact location of all GFF samples used for 
molecular analysis and harvesting for CSRA can be found in figure 3.5.2.1.1. A 
summary of the details of all sampling can be obtained upon request.

The samples collected for molecular analysis and harvesting for CSRA can be 
divided in sets for different regimes; GRAR estuary samples, GRAR outflow 
transects and coastal erosion samples/transects.

Estuary GEE samples were collected for all major GRARs (OB, Yenisey, Lena, 
Indigirka and Kolyma) and GRAR outflow transects of:

  -the Laptev Sea transect of the Lena River consisting of stations YS_4 
   to YS_8 although YS_14 (macro station near Muostoh) could be included in 
   this transect since the salinity at this site was extremely low.

  -the Kolyma River transect consisting of stations YS-34A to YS-41.

  -the Indigirka River transect consisting of stations YS-28 to YS-30 and 
   YS-120

In addition, GFF samples of coastal erosion transects were collected: off 
Bhuorkhaya-cape and Muostoh Island in the Laptev Sea, in the Dmitri Laptev 
Strait between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea and off Oyagosski Yar 
and 161E in the East Siberian Sea.


Figure 3.5.2.1.1: Maps of the GFF sampling locations for molecular analysis 
                  and harvesting for compound specific radiocarbon analysis 
                  during ISSS-08.



3.5.2.2  High-volume GFF + PUF samples for hydrophobic organic chemicals 
         (Martin, Bart)

During ISSS-08 7551L of Sea water was filtered, divided over 22 GFF filters and 
8 PUF samples, for the analyses of hydrophobic organic chemicals. In addition, 
a number of blank PUFs and GFF filters were collected. A summary of the details 
of all sampling stations can be obtained upon request. The PUF samples were 
geographically divided over the Kara Sea (1 sample), Laptev Sea (3 samples), 
East Siberian Sea (3 samples) and Chuckchi Sea (1 sample). The exact location 
of all GFE transects and PUF samples used for the analyses of hydrophobic 
organic chemicals can be found in figure 3.5.2.2.1.


Figure 3.5.2.2.1: Map of the PUF and GFF sampling locations for the 
                  analyses of hydrophobic organic chemicals during ISSS-08.


3.5.2.3  Cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFF) samples for molecular-14C analysis 
         (Bart)

During ISSS-08 GFF permeate water from 12 macro stations was collected and 
concentrated using ultrafiltration. Generally 73 to 109 L was concentrated and 
between 0.9 and 1.1 L retentate was collected with a cross flow ratio between 
23 and 41. These retentates will be used for molecular as well as '4C analysis. 
During every filtration, after about 50L, one litre of permeate was collected 
for 14C analysis of the permeate. In addition, 3 samples of the permeate (after 
about 25, 50 and 75L of filtration) and a subsample of the final retentate were 
taken for TOC analyses. A summary of the details of all sampling stations can 
be obtained upon request. The exact location of all CFF samples used for 
molecular analysis and harvesting for CSRA can be found in figure 3.5.2.3.1.

The CFF samples collected for molecular 14C analysis can be divided in sets for 
different regimes; GRAR estuary samples, GRAR outflow transects and coastal 
erosion samples.

Estuary CFF samples were collected for all major GRARs (OB, Yenisey, Lena, 
Indigirka and Kolyma). In addition twice, in the case of the Lena (Laptev Sea 
transect) and Kolyma rivers, an additional sample was taken further off the 
river to establish a GRAR outflow transects. In case of the Lena river outflow 
YS-14 (the macro station near Muostoh Island) could be included in this 
transect since the salinity at this site was extremely low. In addition a 
number CFF samples of coastal erosion transects were collected: off Bhuorkhaya-
cape and Muostoh Island in the Laptev Sea, in the Dmitri Laptev Strait between 
the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea and off Oyagosski Yar and 161E in the 
East


Figure 3.5.2.3.1: Map of the CFF sampling locations for molecular- 14C 
                  analysis during ISSS-08.



3.5.2.4  CFF samples for stable C and S isotopes 
         (Vanja)

CFF samples processed in Vanjas CFF system were taken according to the map in 
fig. 3.5.2.4 with focus on the Lena and Kolyma estuaries.


Fig. 3.5.2.4: CFF samples taken by Vanja


3.5.2.5  Collected 234Th samples for particle transport calculations 
         (Martin)

At all stations, except for the stations marked with x, both particulate 234Th 
and dissolved 234Th was sampled in the surface mixed layer and particulate 
234Th was sampled right above the pycnocline. A total of 51 234Th samples were 
prepared for direct beta counting upon return to Stockholm.


Table 3.5.2.5.1 234Th samples taken during ISSS-08

   Stations where 234Th  Stations where 234Th was sampled only
        was sampled            in the surface mixed layer
   --------------------  -------------------------------------
           YS2  
           Y53                             X
           Y54                             X
           Y56  
           Y58  
           YS11  
           YS12  
           YS13  
           Y514                            X
           YS17  
           Y523                            X
           Y526  
           Y528  
           Y530  
           Y532  
           Y534B  
           Y535                            X
           Y537  
           Y539                            X
  


Figure 3.5.2.5.1: Locations where 234Thorium samples were taken



3.5.2.6  Synthesis and outlook (Bart and Vanja)

The water column samples collected during ISSS-08 will be used for a number of 
different projects but the overarching objectives are to investigate the 
biogeochemical fate of the large-scale releases of terrestrial organic carbon, 
currently sequestered in northern tundra/taiga areas, to the Eurasian Arctic 
Ocean, particularly the Laptev and East Siberian Sea, and the effects of 
climate warming on both the remobilization and degradation of this organic 
material. For this purpose the distribution patterns, 14C age of specific 
terrestrial compounds as well as bulk material and other isotopes (δ13CDOC, 
δ13CDIC, δ34SDOS, δ15NDON) will be determined. The presence of both samples off 
rivers and coastal erosion sites offers the unique possibility to study both 
the effects of fate of terrestrial organic carbon and the relative importance 
of different processes on the mobilization of this material.


3.5.3  Molecular-isotope biogeochemistry - aerosols 
       (Martin)

Table 3.5.3.1: Summary of Hi-volume air samples taken during ISSS-08

Sample Name    Sample Name2                      total m3 air filtered
-------------  --------------------------------  ---------------------
Air-ISSS08-l   Barents Seal                                        962
Air-ISSS08-2   Kara Seal                                          2340
Air-ISSS08-3   Laptev Seal                                        1497
Air-ISSS08-4   East Siberian Seal                                 3670
Air-ISSS08-5   Laptev Sea and Eastern Kara Sea                    2428
Air-ISSS08-6*  Western Kara Sea and Barents Sea  sample still running
                                                 2008-09-23

*Sample Air-ISSS-08-6 was still running during the writing of this report. 
 Planned runtime of sample is until morning of 2008-09-25 or just before 
 arriving to Kirkenes in order to cover the whole Barents Sea.



3.5.4  Molecular-isotope biogeochemistry - sediments 
       (Jorien)

Sediment grab samples and sediment cores have been collected along different 
regimes in the cruise track; in the mouths of the Great Russian Arctic Rivers 
(Ob, Yenisey, Lena, Indigirka, Kolyma), along river transects from mouth to 
shelf (Lena, Indigirka, Kolyma), at coastal erosion sites (Bhuorkhaya Cape, 
Myostah island, Dmitry Laptev strait, Oyagosski Yar and 161°E) and at the open 
shelf (East Siberian Sea).


3.5.4.1  Surface sediment grab samples 
         (only for BGC)

The table below shows all grab samples that were collected for biogeochemical 
and molecular-isotope analysis. On the attached map one can see all these 
locations (red and blue circles). The sediment was taken with a metal spoon 
from the grab sampler, stored in 500 mL containers, labeled and frozen at -18°C 
the same day.


ISSS-08 Sediment grab samples

Station    Date     Time   Depth  Coordinates        Location                           Comments
                    (UTC)   (m)      N        E    
------  ----------  -----  -----  ------   -------   ---------------------------------  -------------------------------------
YS-3    2008-08-19  23:00    37   73.492    79.885   Yenisey estuary  
YS-4    2008-08-24  05:30    50   75.987   129.984   Lena transect: macro  
YS-5    2008-08-24  13:00    43   75.266   130.017   Lena transect: CTD  
YS-6    2008-08-24  20:00    32   74.724   130.016   Lena transect: micro  
YS-8    2008-08-25  04:00    14   73.566   130.008   Lena transect: micro                sandy
YS-9    2008-08-25  05:30    23   73.366   129.997   Lena transect: CTD  
YS-10   2008-08-25  07:00    20   73.184   129.996   Lena transect: CTD  
YS-11   2008-08-25  12:30    11   73.019   129.989   Lena transect: macro                2 containers
YS-12B  2008-08-26  08:00    10   71.922   132.391   Bhuorkhaya Cape erosion             sandy, no CTD station
YS-13   2008-08-26  12:00    19   71.968   131.701   Bhuorkhaya Cape erosion             2 containers
YS-14   2008-08-28  01:30     7   71.630   130.050   Myostah island erosion macro        2 containers
YS-15   2008-08-28  05:15    11   71.628   130.054   Myostah island erosion micro  
YS-16   2008-08-28  07:00    11   71.627   130.318   Myostah island erosion micro  
YS-17   2008-08-28  09:00    10   71.630   130.191   Myostah island erosion micro  
YS-18   2008-08-29  01:30    15   73.031   133.002   South-Eastern Laptev Sea  
YS-19   2008-08-29  09:00    27   73.035   133.456   Laptev Sea  
YS-20   2008-08-29  16:15     8   73.305   139.893   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 1  
YS-21   2008-08-29  19:30    15   73.089   140.348   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 1  
YS-22   2008-08-29  21:30    20   72.875   140.629   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 1  
YS-22B  2008-08-29  22:50    15   72.886   140.619   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 1     methane seep station
YS-23   2008-08-30  09:30    10   72.789   142.670   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 2     2 containers
YS-24   2008-08-30  14:30    15   73.048   142.667   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 2  
YS-25   2008-08-30  17:00    10   73.143   142.667   Dmitry Laptev coastal erosion 2  
YS-26   2008-08-31  12:00    16   72.460   150.596   Oyagosski Yar - Indigirka triangle  
YS-27   2008-08-31  20:00    18   72.567   152.373   Oyagosski Yar - Indigirka triangle  
YS-28   2008-09-01  01:00    28   72.651   154.185   Oyagosski Yar - Indigirka triangle  
YS-29   2008-09-01  06:00    18   72.200   153.166   Oyagosski Yar - Indigirka triangle  
YS-30   2008-09-01  19:30     9   71.358   152.153   Oyagosski Yar - Indigirka triangle  
YS-31   2008-09-02  15:00    20   71.592   161.694   161°E coastal erosion transect  
YS-32   2008-09-03  01:00     9   70.567   161.217   161°E coastal erosion transect  
YS-33   2008-09-03  04:30     8   70.168   161.217   161°E coastal erosion transect  
YS-34B  2008-09-03  18:30    10   69.708   162.689   Kolyma transect                     2 containers    
YS-35   2008-09-04  00:30    31   69.817   164.057   Kolyma transect                     2 containers    
YS-36   2008-09-04  04:30    32   69.817   165.999   Kolyma transect                     2 containers    
YS-37   2008-09-04  09:30    42   70.135   168.007   Kolyma transect                     2 containers    
YS-38   2008-09-04  16:00    36   70.698   169.132   Kolyma transect                     2 containers
YS-39   2008-09-04  23:00    44   71.219   169.373   Kolyma transect                     2 containers
YS-40   2008-09-05  02:00    49   71.483   170.553   Kolyma transect                     2 containers
YS-41   2008-09-05  06:00    43   71.968   171.792   Kolyma transect                     2 containers
YS-86   2008-09-09  12:00   200   75.3013  174.3957  ESS shelf                           iron manganese nodules
YS-88   2008-09-09  17:00   142   75.0993  172.187   ESS shelf  
YS-90   2008-09-10  01:00    63   74.6682  172.3882  ESS shelf  
YS-91   2008-09-10  10:00    56   74.4337  170.8547  ESS shelf  
YS-93   2008-09-10  20:00    51   74.4185  165.999   ESS shelf  
YS-95   2008-09-11  05:00    45   74.4167  161.3353  ESS shelf  
YS-98   2008-09-11  15:00    48   75.551   160.7512  ESS shelf  
YS-99   2008-09-11  20:00    50   75.171   163.5862  ESS shelf  
YS-100  2008-09-12  00:30    58   75.7157  164.0793  ESS shelf  
YS-102  2008-09-12  08:30    69   76.5592  160.0725  ESS shelf  
YS-104  2008-09-12  16:30    57   76.9338  155.1693  ESS shelf  
YS-106  2008-09-13  01:00    43   76.9685  150.2912  ESS shelf                           large disk shaped iron manganese nodule
YS-111  2008-09-14  04:00    46   74.9973  160.01    ESS shelf  
YS-112  2008-09-14  06:30    42   74.8327  159.3302  ESS shelf/Indigirka paleocanyon  
YS-116  2008-09-14  18:30    36   74.5828  157.003   ESS shelf/Indigirka paleocanyon  
YS-118  2008-09-14  23:00    28   74.3342  156.0077  ESS shelf/Indigirka paleocanyon  
YS-120  2008-09-15  06:00    33   73.2918  155.1675  ESS shelf/Indigirka paleocanyon  
YS-131  2008-09-18  09:30    50   76.3982  125.4728  Laptev Sea                          methane area; two small containers





3.5.4.2  Gemini core samples incl any particular observations 
         --list also for TEI and POI-- 
         (Jorien)

Sediment cores (for locations, see the blue points on the attached map) have 
been collected for different kinds of analysis. Stockholm University (SU; Orjan 
Gustafsson, Jorien Vonk) has collected and sliced cores for gamma counting, 
biomarker analysis and compound-specific radiocarbon analysis. The Swedish 
Museum of National History (NRM; Per Anderson, Don Porcelli) will analyze trace 
metals and isotopes, whereas the Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI; Oleg 
Dudarev) will study size distributions, mineralogy and diatomic analysis. 
Detailed descriptions of all the cores are available upon request. The table 
below lists the locations where cores for which institute have been collected.


3.5.4.3  Synthesis and outlook 
         (Jorien)

The planned analyses on the large amounts of sediment samples will provide us 
with better knowledge of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas and a more detailed 
integrated picture of their drainage basins. Besides bulk geochemical analyses 
(δ13C, δ15N, C/N ratios, bulk 14C), SU will analyze concentrations and ratios 
of a wide range of terrestrial and marine biomarkers to improve our 
understanding of distribution processes and degradation status of terrestrial 
versus marine matter. By studying sediments in different regimes, we hope to 
distinguish between the fate of fluvial and coastally eroded transported 
material. Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis on terrestrial compounds such 
as long-chain n - alkanoic acids will provide information on release mechanisms 
of terrestrial material from the huge and permafrost-influenced drainage basins 
of Lena, Indigirka and Kolyma. If we are able to establish a good chronology on 
some of the sediment cores collected, we will also analyze bulk geochemical 
parameters, biomarkers and compound-specific radiocarbon analyses downcore. By 
coupling these results to recent changes in local climate, we hope to say more 
about the possible effects of recent climate warming on the huge stocks of old 
frozen carbon in the Siberian tundra region. If 14C dating of terrestrial 
biomarkers shows an increase in age towards the top of the core, this could 
indicate remobilization of old carbon due to accelerated permafrost thawing, 
potentially leading to positive feedbacks on the ongoing global warming.


ISSS-08 Sediment cores

                          Depth     Coordinates                 Cores taken and sliced for:
Station  Location          (m)     Lat      Long       Date         SU  NRM  POI  FESU
-------  ---------------  -----  -------  --------  ----------      --  ---  ---  ----
YS-2     Ob                 25   73.405   72.9952   2008-08-19       5   2    1    1
YS-3     Yenisey            37   73.492   79.885    2008-08-19       5   2    1    1
YS-4     Lena transect      50   75.987   129.984   2008-08-24       4   1    1    1
YS-6     Lena transect      32   74.724   130.016   2008-08-24       2        1    1
YS-13    Bhuorkhaya gulf    19   71.968   131.701   2008-08-25       5   1    1    1
YS-14    Myostah island      7   71.630   130.050   2008-08-28       4   1    1    1
YS-15    Myostah island     11   71.628   130.054   2008-08-28       2           
YS-16    Myostah island     11   71.627   130.318   2008-08-28       2           
YS-19    Laptev Sea         27   73.035   133.456   2008-08-29       6   1    1    1
YS-22    Dmitry Laptev      20   72.875   140.629   2008-08-29       2        1    1
YS-26    Oyagosski Yar      16   72.460   150.596   2008-08-31       3   1    1    1
YS-28    Oyagosski Yar      28   72.651   154.185   2008-09-01       5   1    1    1
YS-30    Indigirka           9   71.358   152.153   2008-09-01       4   1    1    1
YS-31    161°E              20   71.592   161.694   2008-09-02       2           
YS-35    Kolyma             31   69.817   164.057   2008-09-04       3           
YS-36    Kolyma             32   69.817   165.999   2008-09-04       3        1    
YS-37    Kolyma             42   70.135   168.007   2008-09-04       3        1    
YS-38    Kolyma             36   70.698   169.132   2008-09-04       3           
YS-39    Kolyma             44   71.219   169.373   2008-09-04       5   1    1    1
YS-40    Kolyma             49   71.483   170.553   2008-09-05       3        1    
YS-86    ESS shelf         200   75.3013  174.3957  2008-09-09       2           
YS-88    ESS shelf         142   75.0993  172.187   2008-09-09       3        1    
YS-90    ESS shelf          63   74.6682  172.3882  2008-09-10       2           
YS-91    ESS shelf          56   74.4337  170.8547  2008-09-10       2           
YS-93    ESS shelf          51   74.4185  165.999   2008-09-10       2           
YS-95    ESS shelf          45   74.4167  161.3353  2009-09-11       2           
YS-98    ESS shelf          48   75.551   160.7512  2009-09-11       2           
YS-100   ESS shelf          58   75.7157  164.0793  2009-09-12       2           
YS-102   ESS shelf          69   76.5592  160.0725  2009-09-12       2           
YS-104   ESS shelf          57   76.9338  155.1693  2009-09-12       2           
YS-106   ESS shelf          43   76.9685  150.2912  2008-09-13       2           
YS-112   ESS shelf          42   74.8327  159.3302  2008-09-14       2           
YS-116   Indigirka paleo    36   74.5828  157.003   2008-09-14       2           
YS-120   Indigirka paleo    33   73.2918  155.1675  2008-09-15       5           
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                              103  13   17   13



3.6  Trace elements and isotopes 
     (Per, Don, Johan, Fredrik)

The main objective is to characterize the interactions between shelf waters and 
sediments as reflected in the concentrations of micronutrients, metals, and 
trace elements. This includes understanding of water-sediment exchange along 
the shelves, removal to, or supply from, sediments during estuarine mixing, 
supply of trace elements in areas of strong coastal erosion, and delivery of 
constituents to the central basins. Data for salinity, O isotopes, nutrients, 
and DOC has been collected for each sample to complement trace element data. 
Water analyses will include:

1) Trace element concentrations in river water, estuaries and on the shelf 
   determine the distribution of input from river, coastal erosion and 
   water-shelf interaction. Analysis will include REE patterns, trace 
   elements including Hg and Ba.
2) The source regions of various elements across the Arctic can be 
   determined using isotopes of element such as Nd, Hf and U.
3) A number of elements are expected to exhibit isotopic variations between 
   various phases within the water and removal to sediments. Analysis will 
   include Cd, Cr, Si and Fe

The major analytical work will be done at three institutions including Lulea 
University of Technology, Swedish Museum of Natural History Laboratory for 
Isotope Geology (LIG) and Oxford University Department of Earth Sciences. Some 
of the work includes collaboration with other institutions as listed below.

Nd isotopes, REE, Ba, U-Th and Cr analysis will be done at LIG and Oxford

Hf isotopes in collaboration with Geomar Kiel, Germany 
   (Dr. Martin Frank)

Os isotopes in collaboration with Oxford
   (Dr. Halliday)

Cd isotopes in collaboration with Imperial College, London  
   (Dr. Mark Rehkàmper)

Hg in collaboration with Oxford 
   (Dr. Tamsan Mathers)

He isotopes in collaboration with Scripps Inst. of Oceanography 
   (Dr. Dave Hilton)

Trace metals in collaboration between Lulea, LIG and Oxford

Trace metal speciation in collaboration with ITM Stockholm 
   (Dr. Kuria Ndungu)

Fe concentration and Fe isotopes will be done in Lulea

Si isotopes will be done in Lulea

O isotopes in collaboration with Stockholm University 
   (Dr. Magnus Mörth)



Table 1 reports station, depth and collection method for the listed isotopes 
and metals.

River waters. 
Samples collected from the Lena by the second ship were filtered on board, and 
will used to characterize the trace element and isotope composition of the 
waters and particles discharged by the Lena. Ice and soil samples from the 
coastal erosion site at Mohtaba Island, Bohrkaya Gulf will be examined for U-Th 
disequilibrium for possible dating of the ice complex.

Particles. 
All filters from water sample filtration have been retained. Analyses of major 
elements, trace elements, and isotope compositions will be conducted to 
characterize the transport of inorganic material in the particulate load.

Sediment traps 
If sufficient material has been recovered from the sediment traps, this will 
also be analysed.

Sediments. 
As part of the study of the influence of surface sediments on overlying water 
chemistry, analyses will be conduced on surface sediments. In addition, a 
series of leaching experiments will be conducted in order to characterize the 
constituents that are easily desorbed or weathered and so readily lost to the 
waters. Major element compositions will be determined, and this will complement 
work by POI on sediment mineralogy and grain size distributions.

Ferromanganese concretions 
were collected at three sites, and where possible the growth rates and ages of 
the concretions will be investigated.

He analyses. 
He isotopes will be analysed in waters where report of high methane 
concentrations were found and 45 samples for He analysis were collected. The 
main objective is to investigate the possibility of a deep heat source being 
responsible for the release of methane from sediments associated with tectonic 
structures on the East Siberian Sea Shelf and in the Laptev Sea.


Table 1: List of stations where trace metals and isotopes where collected

                    Time           Collection                 Sampling
Station    Date     UTC              method                  Depths (m)
-------  ---------  -----  -------------------------------  ------------
1/2A     17-aug-04  15:17  Seawater intake                  5
1/2B     17-aug-04  19:00  Seawater intake                  5
Y52      18-aug-04  00:59  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              4,20
2/3A     18-aug-04  15:02  Seawater intake                  5
Y53      18-aug-04  23:02  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              4,25
3/4A     20-aug-04  08:50  Seawater intake                  5
3/4B     20-aug-04  17:30  Seawater intake                  5
3/4C     21-aug-04  17:25  Seawater intake                  5
Y54      22-aug-04  16:39  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,25
Y56      23-aug-04  14:33  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,20
Y58      23-aug-04  22:40  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,9
YS11     24-aug-04  06:17  Flagpole                         2.5
Y512     25-aug-04  01:51  Flagpole                         4
Y513     25-aug-04  09:50  Flagpole                         4
Y514     26-aug-04  19:39  Go-Flo 60                        5
Y523     29-aug-04  03:28  Flagpole                         3
Y524     29-aug-04  13:17  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,11
Y525     29-aug-04  16:14  Go-Flo 60                        6
Y526     30-aug-04  06:49  Go-FIa 60                        8,12
Y528     31-aug-04  00:03  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              4,15
Y529     31-aug-04  04:50  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,10
Y530     31-aug-04  13:31  Flagpole                         3
Y531     01-sep-04  13:59  Flagpole                         3
Y532     01-sep-04  18:58  Flagpole                         3.5
Y534     02-sep-04  09:18  Flagpole                         3
Y534B    02-sep-04  12:14  Go-Flo 60                        1,6
Y535     02-sep-04  23:23  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,25
Y537     03-sep-04  08:42  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              3,36
Y539     03-sep-04  19:24  Flagpole, Go-Flo 60              2,30
Y541     04-sep-04  06:38  CTD Go-FIa 20                    30
Y542     04-sep-04  09:36  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            5,29
Y547     05-sep-04  12:36  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 50, 77
Y556     05-sep-04  22:58  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 30, 68
YS62     07-sep-08  03:50  CTD Niskin                       30
YS65     07-sep-08  09:50  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 30, 82
YS79     07-sep-04  03:51  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 75, 178
YS81     07-sep-04  22:17  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 401, 1111
YS86     09-sep-08  11:05  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4,100,200
YS87     09-sep-04  14:12  CTD GoFlo 20                     150
YS90     09-sep-04  00:40  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4,30, 63
YS95     10-sep-04  04:29  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 32, 43
YS101    11-sep-04  04:53  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 30, 54
YS108    13-sep-04  20:06  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 25, 37
YS120    15-sep-04  05:27  Flagpole, CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20  4, 15, 33
YS121    16-sep-04  00:09  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4,10
YS122    16-sep-04  15:14  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 22, 26
YS126    17-sep-04  04:49  CTD Niskin, Go-Flo 20            4, 25, 50
YS128    17-sep-04  11:14  Flagpole                         4




3.7  Benthic infauna 
     (Vovva)



3.8  Sedimentology 
     (Oleg, Sasha Charkin, Orjan)

3.8.1  CTD-turbidity data 
       (Göran, Orjan) 

See section 3.3.1 for prel results of Turbidity sensor at 130 stations.


3.8.2  POI sediment and PM filters collected 
       (Oleg)

 Stn     Sediment             Preliminary size             PM water    PM nephe-
  #      sampling             tipe of sediments            sampling  loid sampling
-----  ------------  ------------------------------------  --------  -------------
YS-2   GEMINI, grab  Aleurite pelitic                          -           -
  -3   GEMINI, grab  n.d.
  -4   GEMINI, grab  Fine aleurite                             +           -
  -5   Grab          Aleurite pelitic                          +           -
  -6   GEMINI, grab  Fine aleurite                             +           -
  -7         -              -                                  +           -
  -8   Grab          Psammite aleuritic                        +           -
  -9         -              -                                  +           -
 -10   Grab  Coarse  aleuritic                                 +           -
 -11   Grab  Coarse  aleuritic                                 +           -
 -12   GEMINI, grab  Puble, gravel and fine psammite           +           -
 -12a  Grab          Fine spsammite or psammite aleuritic      -           -
 -13   Grab          Aleurite psammitic                        +           -
 -14   GEMINI, grab  Aleurite pelitic                          +           -
 -15   Grab          Aleurite pelitic                          +           -
 -16   Grab          Fine aleuritic                            +           -
 -17   Grab          Aleurite pelitic                          +           -
 -18   Grab          Psammite aleuritic                        +           -
 -19   GEMINI, grab  Pelite                                    +           -
  20   Grab          Fine aleurite                             +           -
 -21   Grab          Coarse-fine aleurite                      +           -
 -22   GEMINI, grab  Pelite                                    +           -
 -22a  Grab          Pelite    
 -23   Grab          Fine aleurite                             +           -
 -24   Grab          Mictite aleuritic                         +           -
 -25   Grab          Fine aleurite                             +           -
 -26   GEMINI, grab  Fine aleurite                             +           -
 -27   Grab          Aleurite pelitic - fine aleurite          +           -
 -28   GEMINI, grab  Aleurite pelitic                          +           
 -29   Grab          Aleurite pelitic                          +           -
 -30   GEMINI, grab  Aleurite pelitic                          +           +
 -31   Grab          Coarse-fine aleurite                      +           +
 -32   Grab          Coarse-fine aleurite                      +           -
 -33   Grab          Coarse aleurite                           +           -
 -34         -              -                                  +           -
 -34b  Grab          Fine aleurite                             +           -
 -35   Grab          Mictite aleuritic                         +           +
 -36   GEMINI, grab  Mictite aleuritic                         +           +
 -37   GEMINI, grab  Mictite aleuritic                         +           +
 -38   Grab          Aleurite pelitic - fine aleurite          +           +
 -39   GEMINI, grab  Aleurite pelitic                          +           +
 -40   GEMINI, grab  Fine aleurite                             +           +
 -41   Grab          Fine aleurite                             +           -
 -43         -              -                                  +           -
 -45         -              -                                  +           -
 -47         -              -                                  +           -
 -49         -              -                                  +           -
 -51         -              -                                  +           -
 -54         -              -                                  +           -
 -56         -              -                                  +           -
 -58         -              -                                  +           -
 -60         -              -                                  +           -
 -62         -              -                                  +           -
 -63         -              -                                  +           -
 -65         -              -                                  +           -
 -67         -              -                                  +           -
 -69         -              -                                  +           -
 -71         -              -                                  +           -
 -72         -              -                                  +           -
 -74         -              -                                  +           -
 -76         -              -                                  +           -
 -78         -              -                                  +           -
 -79         -              -                                  +           -
 -80         -              -                                  +           -
 -81         -              -                                  +           -
 -82         -              -                                  +           -
 -83         -              -                                  +           -
 -84         -              -                                  +           -
 -85         -              -                                  +           -
 -86    Grab          Fine aleurite                            +           +
 -88    GEMINI, grab  Fine aleurite                            +           -
 -90    Grab          Fine aleurite                            +           +
 -91    Grab          Aleurite pelitic - fine aleurite         +           +
 -93    Grab          Pelite                                   +           +
 -95    Grab          Pelite                                   +           +
 -97    Grab          Aleurite pelitic                         -           -
 -98    Grab          Aleurite pelitic                         +           +
 -99    Grab          Fine aleurite                            -           -
-100    Grab          Fine aleurite                            -           -
-102    Grab          Fine aleurite                            +           +
-104    Grab          Fine aleurite                            +           +
-106    Grab          Aleurite pelitic                         +           -
-111    Grab          Mictite pelitic                          -           -
-112    Grab          Fine aleurite                            +           +
-116    Grab          Fine aleurite                            +           +
-118    Grab          Aleurite pelitic                         +           -
-120    GEMINI, grab  Aleurite pelitic                         +           +
-121    Grab          Mictite aleuritic                        +           -



In total, 158 filters (surface and near bottom layers), 38 filters from 
nepheloid layer, and 58 surface sediment samples were collected. All the 
samples will be studied in onshore labs at POI and other places (for instance, 
GEOKHI/Moscow), and Stockholm University. Mineral and chemical composition, 
sizing, and ultra-sizing, isotopes and biomarkers in organic matter will be 
underway in joint Russia-Sweden team. Clay minerals and diatomic measurements 
will be studied along the GEMINI cores. Results of all these measurements will 
be used for deeper insight in modern sedimentology (including its spatial-time 
variability) over the vast and least explored East-Siberian Shelf



3.8.3  Coupled PM+POC filters from Niskin and Gemini core overlying water 
       (Oleg, Laura)

3.8.4  Sediment trap samples 
       (Orjan) 

Sediment trap program was challenged by maneuvering problems, causing many 
failures (see below). The ISSS-08 cruise track did not allow for re-visits at 
original stations why most recovered trap material are from short deployments 
(> 12h) and several traps had to be left when cruise track later was changed. 
It is envisioned that future expeditions out from Tiksi may perform more 
successful sediment trap programs. Nevertheless, a set of samples were 
successfully collected and particularly the composition of the PM collected off 
coastal erosion sites will be investigated.


                                         Trap z,  
Stn  Deployment        Recovery          total z    Comments
---  ----------------  ----------------  ---------  ---------------------------------------
 4   080823 16:30 UTC  080824 04:00 UTC  Trap 22m,  1 tube recovered; brown floc I marine
                                         wc 52m     snow. Plenty of fecal pellets.
 4   080824 04:00 UTC  Redeployed. Not    
                       recovered    
11   080825 06:O0 utc  080825 14:O0 utc  Trap 7m    2 tubes recovered. Detrital-grey
                                         wc 11m     particles
12   080826 02:15 utc  Not recovered    
13   080826 09:45 utc  080828 16:00 utc  Trap 10m   3 tubes recovered. Swimmers:
                                         wc 20m     copepods, appendicularians (3 houses),
                                                    crustaceans: all picked
14   080826 20:00 utc  Recovered    
     without tubes    
15   080826 21:40 utc  Recovered    
     without tubes    
23   080830 03:00 utc  080830 16:00 utc  Trap 6m    3 tubes recovered. Much detrital
                                         wc 11m     matter; fine clays and small woody
                                                    debris(?). One copepod swimmer.
26   080831 06:45 utc  08083113:45 utc   Trap 8m,   3 glass tubes secured. Little PM, some
                                         wc 16m     small woody debris.
30   080901 13:00 utc  All tubes broken    


Surface sediment samples for provenance studies (Polyak)

Surface sediments of 100 g wet weight were collected from grab samples and 
stored in whirlpack bags (23 samples total). Samples will be used for 
provenance studies to expand the existing data set. Primary method planned to 
be employed is measurement of Diffuse Spectral Reflectance in the visual and 
near-infrared spectra. This non-destructive method allows quantification of 
various parameters of sediment mineral composition such as Fe-oxides, 
carbonate, and clay minerals through decomposition of spectra reflectance 
values by PCA (Ortiz et al., 1999). This work will be performed in 
collaboration with Joseph Ortiz (Kent State University). We are currently 
applying DSR measurements to sediment cores collected from the Alaskan 
continental margin and central Arctic Ocean to understand sedimentary sources 
and pathways (Ortiz et al., 2006; Ortiz et al., in review). Analysis of the 
cores that we have scanned thus far has enabled us to extract assemblages 
related to specific clay minerals and chemical species that characterize 
various circum-Arctic provinces. In addition to DSR, we will also measure the 
elemental composition of sediment by non-destructive Xray fluorescence 
scanning. Other analyses that may be applied include Malvern grain-size 
composition of fine fractions that is currently explored to gain better 
understanding of sediment distribution by sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (Darby et 
al., in review), quantitative X-ray diffraction, dinocyst analysis (in 
collaboration with A. de Vernal, GEOTOP, Canada). All these measurements will 
not duplicate the bunch of measurements described above (Dudarev and Gustafsson 
group)



3.9  POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION FROM PREVIOUS SIBERIAN SHELF STUDIES (SSS)

Oceanographic transects

Continuous CTD profiles were made using a SEACAT Profiler SBE 19+. During the 
"shallow" portion of this survey, we also measured turbidity and CDOM in situ. 
Three water masses may be identified using the TS data: 1) the warm and fresh 
water in the southern portion of the transect, which is associated with the 
Lena River plume; 2) cold halocline water with mean salinity 32.5psu; and 3) 
warm Atlantic Water with mean salinity 34.5psu.


Figure XX. Distribution of temperature (left) and salinity (right) within the -
130E transect along the Laptev Sea (based on joint SSS-06 data with NABOS-06). 
(Semiletov et al., in preparation)

Other hydrological and biogeochemical data obtained in the SSS cruises (1999-
2007) may become available for joint studies




4.  Brief overview of sub-expedition to Lena River - E. Laptev Sea 
    (Oleg, Igor, Sasha Charkin, Denis Kosmach)


Report on sampling locations, sample techniques, and sample description, using 
similar format as for Smirnitskyi cruise. Both cruises are parts of the 555-08 
Program.


The Study along the Lena River

Survey was made from August 5 to August 8, 2008: in total 11 riverine stations 
were accomplished


Fig. 1: Investigation Regions of Lena River Expedition 2008




CTD casts, water (for further DOC/CDOM, Alk measurements) and sediment 
sampling, with onboard dissolved methane, pH measurements, and POC/PM 
filtering.


3.  Investigations in Lena River Delta

Set of stations was accomplished in the Lena Delta visiting a few ice-
complexes. Location of sampling sites is marked on images.


Fig. 2: VRD «Orlan» used in Delta and nearshore zone

Fig. 3: Sampling suites at the ice-comlex of Olenekskaya Protoka (Channel)

Fig. 4: Sampling suites at the ice-comlex of Muostakh Isl.




4.  Investigations in Buor Haya Gulf

Buor-Khaya Gulf was studied in August 12-21. All the samples were delivered 
onboard Yakob Smirnitskiy.


Fig. 5: RV «TB-0012»

Fig. X: Sampling scheme on the Buor Haya Cape beach



5.  References

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Dudarev, O.V., I.P. Semiletov, A.N. Charkin, and A.I. Botsul, 2006, 
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Appendix A. Station file (contact: Göran)

Table showing station number, date, time, position, water depth and maximum CTD 
pressure for all CTD stations during ISSS-08.




Stn  Cast    Date    Time     Latitude     Longitude    Water    CTD
 #     #             (UTC)  (deg)  (min) (deg)   (min)  depth  pressure
                                                         (m)    (dbar)
---  ----  --------  -----  -----------  -------------  -----  --------
  1    1   20080818  05.49  71 38.780 N    64 38.530 E   120     116
  2    1   20080819  00.59  73 24.300 N    72 59.710 E    30      25
  3    1   20080819  23.02  73 29.520 N    79 53.090 E    38      37
  4    1   20080823  16.39  75 59.220 N   129 59.050 E    52      50
  5    1   20080824  08.22  75 15.950 N   130  0.990 E    44      43
  6    1   20080824  14.33  74 43.440 N   130  0.980 E    34      32
  7    1   20080824  19.18  74  7.920 N   129 59.980 E    17      16
  8    1   20080824  22.40  73 33.940 N   130  0.470 E    13      14
  9    1   20080825  01.14  73 21.980 N   129 59.820 E    25      23
 10    1   20080825  02.41  73 11.040 N   129 59.740 E    21      20
 11    1   20080825  06.17  73  1.110 N   129 59.350 E    12      11
 12    1   20080826  01.51  71 54.990 N   132 34.540 E    13      12
 13    1   20080826  09.50  71 58.080 N   131 42.080 E    22      19
 14    1   20080827  19.39  71 37.820 N   130  2.970 E     8       7
 15    1   20080828  04.05  71 34.980 N   130 15.320 E    12      11
 16    1   20080828  06.04  71 37.620 N   130 19.070 E    12      11
 17    1   20080828  08.02  71 37.800 N   130 11.440 E    11      10
 18    1   20080829  01.20  73  1.830 N   133  0.110 E    16      15
 19    1   20080829  08.23  73  6.570 N   137 18.180 E    28      27
 20    1   20080829  16.06  73 18.320 N   139 53.560 E     9       8
 21    1   20080829  18.36  73  5.350 N   140 20.890 E    16      15
 22    1   20080829  20.44  72 52.520 N   140 37.720 E    21      20
 22    2   20080829  22.49  72 53.180 N   140 37.130 E    16      15
 23    1   20080830  03.28  72 47.340 N   142 40.180 E    11      10
 24    1   20080830  13.17  73  2.890 N   142 39.990 E    16      15
 25    1   20080830  16.14  73  8.590 N   142 40.020 E    11      10
 26    1   20080831  06.49  72 27.590 N   150 35.740 E    17      16
 27    1   20080831  18.12  72 34.020 N   152 22.360 E    19      18
 28    1   20080901  00.03  72 39.050 N   154 11.120 E    29      28
 29    1   20080901  04.50  72 11.980 N   153  9.940 E    19      18
 30    1   20080901  13.31  71 21.460 N   152  9.160 E    10       9
 31    1   20080902  13.59  71  6.490 N   161 41.610 E    21      20
 32    1   20080902  18.58  70 33.990 N   161 13.020 E    10       9
 33    1   20080903  04.33  70 10.100 N   161 13.040 E     9       8
 34    1   20080903  09.18  69 45.580 N   162 19.000 E    15      14
 34    2   20080903  12.14  69 42.490 N   162 41.320 E    11      10
 35    1   20080903  23.23  69 49.020 N   164  3.410 E    32      31
 36    1   20080904  03.57  69 48.990 N   165 59.920 E    33      32
 37    1   20080904  08.42  70  8.090 N   168  0.410 E    43      42
 38    1   20080904  15.19  70 41.900 N   169  7.890 E    38      36
 39    1   20080904  19.24  71 13.150 N   169 22.370 E    46      44
 39    2   20080904  20.21  71 13.000 N   169 20.830 E    46      44
 40    1   20080905  01.57  71 29.000 N   170 33.190 E    50      49
 41    1   20080905  06.38  71 58.090 N   171 47.510 E    44      43
 42    1   20080905  09.36  72 16.850 N   171 59.470 E    43      41
 43    1   20080906  09.12  71 24.040 N   175 30.090 W    34      33
 44    1   20080906  10.11  71 23.900 N   175 20.330 W    45      45
 45    1   20080906  10.56  71 23.980 N   175 10.460 W    54      53
 46    1   20080906  11.53  71 23.920 N   175  0.700 W    58      57
 47    1   20080906  12.36  71 24.020 N   174 51.100 W    79      78
 48    1   20080906  13.30  71 24.020 N   174 41.240 W    82      80
 49    1   20080906  14.12  71 23.990 N   174 31.550 W    85      84
 50    1   20080906  15.08  71 23.990 N   174 21.690 W    55      54
 51    1   20080906  15.49  71 23.920 N   174 12.010 w    46      45
 52    1   20080906  19.48  71 48.020 N   176  0.100 w    50      49
 53    1   20080906  20.48  71 49.250 N   175 50.380 w    56      54
 54    1   20080906  21.27  71 50.420 N   175 40.860 w    58      57
 55    1   20080906  22.19  71 51.600 N   175 31.200 w    66      64
 56    1   20080906  22.58  71 52.780 N   175 21.650 W    70      69
 57    1   20080906  23.55  71 54.010 N   175 12.030 w    73      72
 58    1   20080907  00.38  71 55.220 N   175  2.390 w    71      70
 59    1   20080907  01.34  71 56.420 N   174 52.710 w    68      67
 60    1   20080907  02.13  71 57.650 N   174 43.230 w    63      61
 61    1   20080907  03.09  71 58.780 N   174 33.610 w    56      53
 62    1   20080907  03.50  72  0.020 N   174 24.060 w    53      52
 63    1   20080907  08.08  72 18.020 N   176 30.230 W    72      71
 64    1   20080907  09.09  72 18.380 N   176 19.100 w    74      72
 65    1   20080907  09.50  72 18.740 N   176  8.220 w    84      83
 66    1   20080907  10.49  72 19.060 N   175 57.110 w   102      99
 67    1   20080907  11.35  72 19.510 N   175 46.270 w    86      85
 68    1   20080907  12.34  72 19.890 N   175 35.260 w    80      79
 69    1   20080907  13.19  72 20.250 N   175 24.290 w    60      59
 70    1   20080907  14.15  72 20.630 N   175 13.330 w    48      46
 71    1   20080907  14.59  72 20.990 N   175  2.330 w    50      48
 72    1   20080907  18.41  72 46.030 N   173 36.510 W    62      59
 73    1   20080907  19.53  72 50.610 N   173 42.670 W    63      62
 74    1   20080907  20.43  72 54.720 N   173 48.180 W    65      64
 75    1   20080907  21.44  72 59.130 N   173 53.600 W    74      71
 76    1   20080907  22.33  73  3.360 N   173 59.090 W    93      92
 77    1   20080907  23.37  73  7.670 N   174  4.800 W   111     109
 78    1   20080908  00.33  73 11.990 N   174 10.210 W   124     123
 79    1   20080908  03.51  73 42.240 N   174 19.780 W   181     178
 80    1   20080908  07.07  73 59.300 N   174 31.280 W   202     199
 81    1   20080908  22.17  75 47.970 N   179 54.350 E  1115    1112
 82    1   20080909  01.25  75 42.120 N   178 47.760 E   892     891
 83    1   20080909  04.08  75 36.000 N   177 42.080 E   541     540
 84    1   20080909  06.38  75 30.040 N   176 36.060 E   334     332
 85    1   20080909  08.53  75 24.070 N   175 30.310 E   238     236
 86    1   20080909  11.05  75 18.080 N   174 23.740 E   201     200
 87    1   20080909  14.12  75 12.060 N   173 17.950 E   179     177
 88    1   20080909  16.29  75  5.960 N   172 11.220 E   143     142
 89    1   20080909  19.34  75  0.060 N   171  5.500 E    77      76
 90    1   20080910  00.40  74 40.090 N   172 23.290 E    64      63
 91    1   20080910  09.51  74 26.020 N   170 51.280 E    57      56
 92    1   20080910  14.22  74 25.000 N   168 29.930 E    52      50
 93    1   20080910  19.13  74 25.110 N   165 59.940 E    52      51
 94    1   20080911  00.32  74 25.080 N   163 39.880 E    50      49
 95    1   20080911  04.29  74 25.000 N   161 20.120 E    44      45
 96    1   20080911  09.18  74 59.050 N   161  2.590 E    45      44
 97    1   20080911  11.25  75 16.240 N   160 53.410 E    50      49
 98    1   20080911  14.26  75 33.060 N   160 45.070 E    49      48
 99    1   20080911  19.33  75 10.260 N   163 35.170 E    51      50
100    1   20080911  23.03  75 42.940 N   164  4.760 E    60      58
101    1   20080912  04.53  76  7.020 N   160 27.430 E    56      55
102    1   20080912  08.05  76 33.550 N   160  4.350 E    70      69
103    1   20080912  12.50  76 44.050 N   157 53.850 E    67      66
104    1   20080912  16.31  76 56.030 N   155 10.160 E    58      57
105    1   20080912  20.32  77 10.730 N   152 37.290 E    53      52
106    1   20080913  00.07  76 58.110 N   150 17.470 E    44      43
107    1   20080913  03.05  76 46.290 N   149 14.030 E    39      37
108    1   20080913  20.06  75 33.660 N   155 52.960 E    40      38
109    1   20080913  23.11  75 21.060 N   157 27.530 E    40      39
110    1   20080914  01.47  75  9.830 N   158 48.960 E    42      41
111    1   20080914  04.03  74 59.840 N   160  0.600 E    47      46
112    1   20080914  05.54  74 49.960 N   159 19.810 E    44      42
113    1   20080914  08.12  74 53.730 N   160 18.370 E    44      42
114    1   20080914  11.23  74 50.110 N   158 15.290 E    45      44
115    1   20080914  13.24  74 35.010 N   158 14.790 E    33      30
116    1   20080914  18.28  74 34.970 N   157  0.180 E    38      36
117    1   20080914  20.38  74 20.130 N   157  0.110 E    34      32
118    1   20080914  22.37  74 20.050 N   156  0.460 E    32      28
119    1   20080915  00.56  73 59.990 N   155 59.980 E    36      34
120    1   20080915  05.25  73 17.510 N   155 10.050 E    35      33
121    1   20080916  00.09  74 22.310 N   145 16.850 E    18      17
122    1   20080916  15.14  74 30.190 N   136  0.580 E    28      26
123    1   20080916  19.44  75 15.110 N   134 59.470 E    42      40
124    1   20080916  22.04  75 24.990 N   134  0.590 E    31      29
125    1   20080917  01.08  75 54.060 N   134 19.130 E    47      45
126    1   20080917  04.49  76 21.940 N   132 37.080 E    52      50
127    1   20080917  08.23  76 33.360 N   130  8.930 E    59      58
128    1   20080917  11.14  76 59.220 N   130 21.340 E    60      58
129    1   20080918  06.49  76 23.910 N   125 46.610 E    50      48
130    1   20080918  07.33  76 23.640 N   125 46.110 E    50      48
131    1   20080918  08.57  76 23.890 N   125 28.370 E    51      50





Appendix B. Wet deck sheet (see PDF version)
(contact: Anders)





CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date
     2012-07-03
Data Type
     BTL/CrsRpt
Action
     Submitted
Summary
     to go online
Name
     Bob Key
Note
     International Siberian Shelf Study-2008. Part of EPOCA I added flags and 
     did a bit of QC. Bottom depths from topography. Cast and bottle numbers 
     fabricated. These data (without flags and what I added) are on-line at 
     PANGAEA. Copy provided to CDIAC.             



Date
     2012-07-03
Data Type
     BTL
Action
     Submitted
Summary
     additional header info.
Name
     Bob Key
Note
     Earlier today I submitted this cruise. This version corrects/adds to the 
     header information. Otherwise it is identical to the first submission. 



Date
     2012-09-17
Data Type
     CrsRpt/BTL
Action
     Website Update
Summary
     Available under 'Files as received'
Name
     CCHDO Staff
Note
     The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
     unprocessed by the CCHDO.  90JS20080815.exc.csv Cruise report ISSS-
     08_Dud2008a.pdf             



Date
     2012-09-17
Data Type
     BTL
Action
     Website Update
Summary
     Available under 'Files as received'
Name
     CCHDO Staff
Note
     The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
     unprocessed by the CCHDO.  90JS20080815.exc.csv             



Date
     2013-01-10
Data Type
     BTL
Action
     Website Update
Summary
     Exchange, NetCDF files online
Name
     Carolina Berys
Note
     ==========================================================================
     ISSS-08 2008 90JS20080815 processing - BTL 
     ==========================================================================
     
     2013-01-10  
     
     C Berys  
     
     .. contents:: :depth: 2  
     
     Submission 
     ==========  
     
     ============================ ============== ====  =========  ======= 
     filename                     submitted by   date  data type  id 
     ============================ ============== ====  =========  ======= 
     90JS20080815.exc.csv Bob Key 2012-07-03 BTL                  843 
     ============================ ============== ====  =========  ======= 
     
     Parameters 
     ----------  
     
     90JS20080815.exc.csv 
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  
     
     - CTDPRS 
     - CTDTMP 
     - CTDSAL [1]_ 
     - SALNTY [1]_ 
     - OXYGEN [1]_ 
     - SILCAT [1]_ 
     - NITRAT [1]_ 
     - PHSPHT [1]_ 
     - NH4 [1]_ 
     - CFC-11 [1]_ 
     - CFC-12 [1]_ 
     - CFC113 [1]_ 
     - CCL4 [1]_ 
     - TCARBN [1]_ 
     - ALKALI [1]_ 
     - PH_TOT [1]_ 
     - PH_TMP  
     
     .. [1] parameter has quality flag column.  
     
     Process 
     =======  
     
     Changes 
     -------  
     
     90JS20080815.exc.csv 
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
     renamed to isss08_90JS20080815_hy1.csv  
     
     - AMMONI changed to NH4  
     
     Conversion 
     ----------  
     
     ============================== ============================ ==============
     file                           converted from               software 
     ============================== ============================ ============== 
     isss08_90JS20080815_nc_hyd.zip isss08_90JS20080815_hy1.csv  hydro 0.7.1 
     ============================== ============================ ============== 
     
     Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.  
     
     Directories 
     =========== 
     :working directory:   
       /data/co2clivar/arctic/isss08_90JS20080815/original/2013.01.10_btl_cberys 
     :cruise directory: 
       /data/co2clivar/arctic/isss08_90JS20080815  
     
     Updated Files Manifest 
     ====================== 
     - isss08_90JS20080815_hy1.csv 
     - isss08_90JS20080815_nc_hyd.zip             







Date
     2014-01-20
Data Type
     CFC113
Action
     Submitted
Summary
     to go online
Name
     Bob Key
Note
     CFC-113 value for 69-1-5 was a flier. Flagged 4             



Date
     2014-01-23
Data Type
     BTL 
Action
     Website Update
Summary
     Available under 'Files as received'
Name
     CCHDO Staff
Note
     The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
     unprocessed by the CCHDO.  90JS20080815.exc.csv             
     


Date
     2014-07-17
Data Type
     BTL
Action
     Website Update
Summary
     Exchange and netCDF files online
Name
     Rox Lee
Note
     ============================= 
     90JS20080815 processing - BTL 
     =============================  
     
     2014-07-17  
     
     R Lee  
     
     .. contents:: :depth: 2  
     
     Submission 
     ==========  
     
     ==================== ============= ========== ========= ==== 
     filename             submitted by  date       data type id   
     ==================== ============= ========== ========= ==== 
     90JS20080815.exc.csv Robert M. Key 2014-01-20 CFC113    1125 
     ==================== ============= ========== ========= ====  
     
     Parameters 
     ----------  
     
     90JS20080815.exc.csv 
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  
     
     - CTDPRS 
     - CTDTMP 
     - CTDSAL [1]_ 
     - SALNTY [1]_ 
     - OXYGEN [1]_ 
     - SILCAT [1]_ 
     - NH4 [1]_ 
     - NITRAT [1]_ 
     - PHSPHT [1]_ 
     - CFC-11 [1]_ 
     - CFC-12 [1]_ 
     - CFC113 [1]_ 
     - TCARBN [1]_ 
     - ALKALI [1]_ 
     - PH_TOT [1]_ 
     - PH_TMP 
     - CCL4 [1]_  
     
     .. [1] parameter has quality flag column  
     
     Process 
     =======   
     
     Changes 
     -------   
     
     Conversion 
     ----------  
     
     ======================= ==================== ======================= 
     file                    converted from       software                
     ======================= ==================== ======================= 
     90JS20080815_nc_hyd.zip 90JS20080815_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.2-11-g372a577 
     ======================= ==================== =======================  
     
     All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems.  
     
     Directories 
     =========== 
     :working directory:   
       /data/co2clivar/arctic/isss08_90JS20080815/original/2014.07.17_BTL_RJL 
     :cruise directory: 
       /data/co2clivar/arctic/isss08_90JS20080815  
     
     Updated Files Manifest 
     ====================== 
     ======================= =================== 
     file                    stamp               
     ======================= =================== 
     90JS20080815_nc_hyd.zip 20140120PRINUNIVRMK 
     90JS20080815_hy1.csv    20140120PRINUNIVRMK 
     ======================= ===================             



Date
     2015-06-04
Data Type
     CrsRpt
Action
     Submitted
Summary
     to go online
Name
     Jerry Kappa
Note
     A new PDF version of the cruise report is now ready to go online.  It 
     contains all the PI-provided documents, CCHDO summary pages, linked table 
     of contents, figures and tables, and these data processing notes.



Date
     2015-06-23
Data Type
     CrsRpt
Action
     Submitted
Summary
     to go online
Name
     Jerry Kappa
Note
     A new TEXT version of the cruise report is now ready to go online.  It 
     contains all the PI-provided documents, CCHDO summary pages, and these 
     data processing notes.
