A.   CRUISE NARRATIVE:  SR02 & SR04



A.1  HIGHLIGHTS
                   WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

         WOCE section designation  SR02 & SR04
Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  06AQANTVIII_2
      Chief Scientist/affiliation  Eberhard Fahrbach/AWI*
                            Dates  1989.SEP.06 - 1989.OCT.30
                             Ship  RV Polarstern
                    Ports of call  Puerto Madryn, Argentina
                                   Cape Town, S. Africa
               Number of stations  88
                                           52° 38'S
            Geographic boundaries  59° 45'             7° 53'E
                                           71° 04'S
     Floats and drifters deployed  14 buoys (2 Argos arrays)
   Moorings deployed or recovered  7 current meter moorings; 
             Contributing Authors  none cited

             * Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung
       Postfach 12 01 61 o Columbusstrasse o D-27515 Bremerhaven o Germany
             phone: 49-471-4831-501 o fax: 49-471-4831-149 or -425
                      e-mail: efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de



A.2  SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME AND METHODS

The physical oceanography programme was primarily concerned with a detailed 
quantitative description of the Weddell Gyre circulation and of the Atlantic 
part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Additionally, measurements were 
carried out to derive the vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and salt 
under the sea ice cover. 

PARAMETERS

The physical data are supplemented by oxygen, nutrient and stable isotope 
measurements (Carbon-13 and Oxygen-18) as well as by samples for tritium, 
Helium-3 and Helium-4 analyses.


A.3  SUMMARY AND ITINERARY

The Winter Weddell Gyre Study 1989 (WWGS'89) was a joint research project of the 
German vessel Polarstern and the USSR vessel Akademik Fedorov to investigate the 
oceanic circulation of the Weddell Sea at the end of the Austral winter. This 
operation was the first of a total of four similar campaigns by which the mass, 
heat, salt and sea ice transports of the Weddell Gyre and the water mass 
modification in the southerly Weddell Basin will be quantitatively determined.

The oceanic core programme is complemented by detailed studies of sea ice 
dynamics, air- sea ice - water interactions, sea ice remote sensing, sea ice 
biota as well as the temporal and regional variations of the phyto- and 
zooplankton development in the Weddell Gyre regime.


FIGURE 1:  Cruise tracks of "Polarstern" (full lines and crosses) and
           of "Akademik Fedorov" (dashed lines) during WWGS '89


The recent cruises have supported measurements along four transects perpendi-
cular to the oceanic circulation of the Weddell Sea as portrayed in Fig.1. The 
zonal most southerly and the meridional most easterly track lines provide hydro-
graphic sections across the entire gyre system while the two others cover the 
northwesterly part of the eastward branch of the flow. The scientific field work 
in 1989 was primarily directed towards    

    o the determination of the baroclinic mass, heat and salt transports 
      by the Weddell Gyre circulation

    o the estimation of the water mass modification in the inner Weddell 
      Basin

    o the detection of oceanic mesoscale features caused by orographic 
      forcing of Maud Rise

    o the quantitative description of the concentration, thickness, 
      physical and chemical properties as well as of the biota of sea 
      ice

    o the derivation of the oceanic and atmospheric kinematic and 
      thermodynamic forcing on sea ice

    o the analyses of the regional distribution of phyto- and 
      zooplankton under the given availability of nutrients and 
      the observed physical environmental conditions

    o ground truth measurements and special microwave studies to 
      improve satellite passive and active microwave remote sensing 
      techniques for sea ice observations

    o the detection of the ozone concentration of the atmospheric 
      column within the polar vortex during the transition from 
      winter to spring.

The 118 scientists and technicians participating in the cruises of Polarstern 
(56) and Akademik Fedorov (62) came from universities and research institutes of 
the Federal Republic of Germany, the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and Canada. 
The various subprogrammes on both ships were carried out jointly by multina-
tional groups. A close cooperation between the ships during the campaign was 
established through daily radio conferences of the chief scientists and repre-
sentatives of the different research groups.

Polarstern departed from the port of Puerto Madryn, Argentina , on 6 September 
1989 with 42 ship's crew, 56 scientists and technicians on board. The scientific 
observational programme commenced at latitude 54°S with daily radiosonde laun-
ches and XBT casts with 15 nm spacing. The first complete hydrographic vertical 
profile (CTD and rosette water sampler) was taken at 58°S on 10 September 1989. 
The ship encountered the ice edge at about 61°53'S latitude near King George 
Island one day later.

During the morning of 11 September a helicopter flight was carried out to the 
Chilean Antarctic station Teniente Marsh in order to collect a radiometer pro-
vided by NASA which had to be installed on board the ship. Meanwhile Polarstern 
was steaming towards the Bransfteld Strait to reduce the flight distance. When 
the helicopter was on board again the ship moved back to the edge of the inner 
marginal ice zone at 62°S/57°W to start a detailed hydrographic and biological 
survey across the Bransfteld Strait (see Fig. 1). The full observational pro-
gramme started on 12 September 1989 with the subsequent work of the various 
disciplines:

    o CTD profiles combined with water sampling (rosette of 24 Niskin
      bottles) from the sea surface to the ocean bottom on a horizontal
      grid of 30 nm width. The density of the hydrographic stations was
      significantly higher only over the continental shelf breaks on 
      the western and eastern boundaries of the Weddell Basin. It was 
      coarser (60 nm) on the meridional section from the Georg-von-
      Neumayer Station to the inner side of the marginal ice zone near 
      5°E. During the passage of the northern ice edge regime the 30 nm 
      distance was chosen again for the CTD network.

    o Deployment of seven current meter moorings to complement the 
      hydrographic measurements along the zonal transect and recording 
      of Doppler sonar profiles of the currents in the upper 200 m of 
      the water column at most of the oceanographic stations within the
      ice belt.

    o Measurements of the turbulent vertical momentum and heat fluxes 
      above and below ice floes at 3 extended ice stations, located in 
      the western and eastern coastal current regimes and in the central 
      Weddell Sea. The atmospheric fluxes were additionally recorded 
      during most of the ship's stops at a mast on ice floes and/or at a 
      boom extending the ship's bow crane. The data of both instruments 
      were generally in good agreement.

    o Monitoring of the atmospheric surface pressure field and the 
      movement (deformation) of the sea ice with the aid of two Argos 
      buoy arrays, one in western branch and one in the center of the 
      Weddell Gyre. The western network consisted of 8 and the central 
      one of 6 buoys. In both cases the two inner stations were 
      additionally equipped with sensors for air temperature and wind 
      velocity as well as with thermistor strings through the ice and 
      through the water layer down to 250 m depth. The buoy systems are 
      supposed to continue their operations during several months.

    o Sea ice work to detect ice thickness, snow cover, bottom and top 
      topography of ice floes along the ship's track line by drilling 
      holes through the ice. Additionally ice cores were taken to 
      determine the texture, physical and chemical properties of the sea 
      ice. Strain measurements were executed to study the mechanical 
      forces on the ice. Finally the small scale ice concentration, floe 
      size distribution and top morphology was obtained by aerial 
      photography, line scan camera data and video observations during 
      helicopter flights.

    o Active and passive microwave measurements from the ship together 
      with ground truth data of the relevant snow and ice properties to 
      improve actual and in near future available satellite 
      observations. Visible and infrared AVHRR data of the entire 
      Weddell Sea area have been recorded to derive the large scale ice 
      concentration and ice motion.

    o The regional and vertical distribution of the sea ice biota in 
      relation to the texture and to the physical and chemical 
      properties of the ice. Special emphasis was put on a detailed 
      taxonomy of the sea ice species.

    o Concentrations of nutrients, phyto- and zooplankton from the 
      rosette water samples as well as from multinet and bongonet hauls, 
      respectively

    o Ozone concentration and aerosol content of the atmosphere with 
      optical methods.


The above indicated work was carried out either from the ship and from ice floes 
or with the aid of two helicopters of the type BO-105. The cruise track and the 
station grid was primarily based on the requirements of the programmes in physi-
cal, chemical and biological oceanography. Nevertheless, all other projects 
could more or less smoothly adjust to the predetermined itinerary.

On her way through the pack ice Polarstern met different navigational condi-
tions. The western side of the Weddell Sea was mainly occupied by large ice 
floes older than one year, as expected. But the concentration was mostly less 
than 90 % so that the ship could keep the average speed above 5 knots by moving 
through suitable leads of open water. Ramming was necessary at a few occasions 
only. In the central and eastern part of the Weddell Basin first year ice with 
concentrations of more than 90 % was predominant and the ships progress was 
somewhat reduced. The most unfavourable ice conditions were encountered near the 
east coast where northeasterly winds led to a remarkable compression particu-
larly in the neighbourhood of grounded icebergs. Here Polarstern was caught 
twice in a shear zone of pack ice and she was forced along a distinct shear line 
which marked the front of the immobile ice trapped by the icebergs. Similar 
conditions were met in front of the Atka Bay near the German station Georg-von-
Neumayer (GvN).

On the meridional transect to the north the ice concentration stayed above 90 % 
from the coast to the transition from the inner to the outer marginal ice zone. 
The floe sizes and the ice thickness on this leg were largest southwest of Maud 
Rise. The most surprising finding was an extremely wide marginal ice zone cover-
ing a latitudinal belt of about 350 km with its most northerly ice band at 
53°44'S / 07°18'E .

The total mean speed of Polarstern through the ice finally amounts to the 
relatively high value of 6.25 knots when station time is excluded. Since this 
result was much better than envisaged the working time at stations could be 
extended by roughly 25%.


A.4  DRIFTING BUOYS

The two surface buoy arrays on Fig. 2 were deployed partly by the ship and 
partly by helicopters. Two of the three longer ice stations (2 to 4 days) were 
located within each of these buoy networks so that all programmes can later 
profit from the detailed information on the atmospheric forcing and on the 
mesoscale ice deformation. The third long ice station was set up in the eastern 
coastal current north of GvN.


FIGURE 2:  Deployment positions of the Argos surface buoy arrays


DEPLOYMENT POSITIONS OF THE ARGOS SURFACE BUOY ARRAYS

On the transect from the Antarctic peninsula to Kapp Norwegia two clusters of 
drifting buoys were deployed on ice floes. The two central buoys of each cluster 
carried thermistor cables in the water (250m) and the ice (2.2m) and complete 
meteorological package, the other buoys only air pressure and temperature 
sensors. 


A.5  CURRENT METER MOORINGS 

The zonal hydrographic cross-section was complemented by 7 current meter bottom 
moorings (see Fig. 3). Two moorings are located each in the western and eastern 
boundary currents and three were deployed in the interior gyre regime. All 24 
current meters are Aanderaa RCM 8 instruments which have been located according 
to Table 1. When these instruments will have been recovered at the end of 1990 
the data shall be used for first estimates of the total mass transport within 
the Weddell Gyre.


FIGURE 3:  Deep sea moorings along the "Polarstern section across the 
           Weddell Gyre


TABLE 1:  Mooring deployment during WWGS '89

Mooring   Latitude       Date      Water Depth      Instrument
          Longitude      Time      (m,corr.)      Type      Depth
-----------------------------------------------------------------
AWI 206   63 29.6'S      13.09.89    927          AVTP      229
          52 07.4'W      11.13                    HDW-S     349
                                                  AVT       876

AWI 207   63 45.8'S      14.09.89    2461         AVTPC     263
          50 54.3'W      10.39                    AVTPC     952
                                                  AVT      2162
                                                  AVT      2410

AWI 208   65 36.3'S      24.09.89    4742         AVTPC     288
          36 29.9'W      18.30                    AVTPC    1037
                                                  HDW-S    1090
                                                  AVT      2610
                                                  HDW-S    4122
                                                  AVT      4631

AWI 209   66 36.8'S      01.10.89    4836         AVTPC     293
          27 07.4'W      10.28                    AVTPC     993
                                                  AVT      2653
                                                  AVT      4725

AWI 210   69 38.9'S      05.10.89    4728         AVTPC     289
          15 44.5'W      21.11                    AVTPC     988
                                                  AVT      2547
                                                  AVT      4617

AWI 211   70 29.5'S      07.10.89    2364         AVTPC     247
          13 07.0'W      00.13                    AVTPC     856
                                                  AVT      2066
                                                  AVT      2313

AWI  212  70 59.2'S      08.10.89    1050         AVTPC     309
          11 49.4'W      16.55                    AVT       999

AVTPC: Aandreaa current meter with temp, pressure and conductivity sensor
HWD-S: HDW-sediment trap


A.6  TURBULENT AND PROFILE MEASUREMENTS UNDER THE ICE

Three ice stations of two to three days duration were utilized to measure the 
turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and to a limited extent salt across the 
oceanic boundary layer, with a new turbulence system. Additionally, three to 
five Aanderaa current meters were moored under the ice to detect the vertical 
current profiles between 0.2m and 6m depth. An acoustic current meter and a CTD 
were also applied to measure vertical profiles of the currents and of the 
density stratification.


THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT (ACC)

Measurements across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) were taken with the 
aid of XTB and ADCP profiles. These data will help to better identify mesoscale 
structures within the ACC which have been observed by satellite altimeter 
measurements and which also appear in recent eddy resolving model simulations. 


A.7  MAJOR PROBLEMS AND GOALS NOT ACHIEVED
     (Response from the Chief Scientist concerning the CTD DQE)

This was an Antarctic winter cruise and all kind offers for software are of 
little help when sensors or water in bottles freeze. We have tried since 1986 to 
prevent freezing, but only in 1990 did we achieve a somewhat satisfying system. 
However, for oxygen we did not find a solution at all and therefore there are no 
CTDOXY values.

As for the ANT VIII data our sensor protection was still not reliable and we had 
freezing problems as well as those fromour protection system. Therefore the data 
of that cruise required a particularly intensive correction. But even now we 
still have more problems with the CTDs than warm water oceanographers and 
therefore need special procedures. We hoped to experiences some improvement by 
using the FSI CTD but it seems as if we just exchanged one set of problems for 
another.


A.8  OTHER INCIDENTS OF NOTE

A short convenient break of the research work occurred during a stop of Polar-
stern at Atka Bay on 10 and 11 October to unload some equipment for the GvN 
Station. This opportunity was taken by many participants to visit the station 
and to contact the wintering team. At the end of the unloading procedure the GvN 
crew was invited on the ship for a farewell party.

A second social event took place during the intercomparison meeting with the 
Akademik Fedorov west of Maud Rise on 17 and 18 October. The meeting of the 
personnel of both ships was accompanied by meteorological, oceanographic and 
biological intercomparisons of instruments and sampling techniques. During a 
reception on the Akademik Fedorov it was agreed among the participants that 'the 
successful cooperation in the Antarctic should be extended to the Arctic in 
order to support the ongoing international global climate research activities.


A.9  LIST OF CRUISE PARTICIPANTS

         Name            Institute      Name          Institute
         --------------- ---------      ------------- ---------
         Augstein, E.      AWI          Lytle, V.         CRREL
         Bathmann, U.      AWI          Lyeleev, M.       AARI
         Beyer, K.         AWI          Mahler, G.        HSW
         Bredemeier, M.    IfBG         Mahnke, P.        AWI
         Carbonell, M. C.  0SU          Makarov, R.       90
         Casarini, M. P.   SPRI         Meyer, G.         AWI
         Claffey, K.       CRELL        Möhrke, H.        HSW
         Comiso, J.        GSFC         Nikolaev, V.      IfB;
         Crane, D.         SPRI         Nöthig, E.-M.     AWI
         Dittmer, K.-P.    DWID         Ochsenhirt, W.-T. IDWD
         Eicken, H.        AWI          Olf, J.           IMH
         Engelbart, D.     MH           Reisemann, M.     AWI
         Fahl, Kirsten     AWI          Rohardt, G.       AWI
         Fahrbach, E.      AWI          Ross, A.          0SU
         Frieden, W.       IMH          Schenk,C.         AWI
         Fromme, J.-P.     AWI          Schröder, M.      AWI
         Garrity, C.       AES          SchOtt, E.        UNIB
         Gerdes, A.        RB           Surkow, R.        IMH
         St. Germain, K.   UNIM         Viehoff, Th.      AWI
         Gradinger, R.     AWI          Vogeler, A.       AWI
         Hehl, 0.          IMH          Wadharns, P.      SPRI
         Helmes, L.        AWI          Weissenberger, J. AWI
         Helwig, A.        HSW          Wicke, A.         UNIB
         Heusel, R.        UNIK         Wieser, Th.       UNIK
         Ibrahim, J.       HSW          Witte, H.         AWI
         Jennings, J.      0SU          Wisotzki, A.      UNIB
         Lange, M.         AWI          Wolf-Gladrow, D.  AWI
         Lemke, P.         MPI, HH      Yurganov, L.      AARI 
	

PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS 

          Address                   Number of participants
__________________________________________________________

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

AWI       Alfred Wegener Institut                   37
          für Polar- und Meeresforschung
          Postfach 12 01 61
          2850 Bremerhaven

DWD       Deutscher Wetterdienst                    3
          Bernhard-Nocht Straße 76
          2000 Hamburg 4

HSW       Helicopter Service Wasserthal GmbH        4
          Kätnerweg 43
          2000 Hamburg 65

IfBG      Georg-August-Universität                  2
          Forstwissenschaftlicher Fachbereich
          Institut für Bioklimatologie
          Büsgenweg 1
          3400 Göttingen

IMH       Institut für Meteorologie und             5
          Klimatologie der Universität Hannover
          Herrenhäuserstraße 2
          3000 Hannover l

MPIfM     Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie      1
          Bundesstraße 55
          2000 Hamburg 13

RB        Radio Bremen                              1
          Heinrich-Hertz-Straße
          2800 Bremen

RUB       Ruhr-Universität Bochum                   1
          Fakultät für Chemie
          Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie        1
          UniversitätsstraBe 150
          4630 Bochum 1

UNIB      Universität Bremen                        5
          Bibliothekstraße
          2800 Bremen

UNIK      Universität Konstanz                      2
          Limnologisches Institut
          Mainaustraße 212
          7750 Konstanz


          Address                   Number of participants
__________________________________________________________

CANADA

AES       AES/Cress Microwave Group                 1
          Petrie 014-York University
          4700 Keele Street
          North York, Ontario
          Canada M3J 1 P3
__________________________________________________________

UNITED KINGDOM

SPRI      Scott Polar Research Institute            3
          Lensfield Road
          Cambridge CB2 1 ER
__________________________________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CRREL     US Army Cold Regions Research             2
          and Engineering Laboratory
          72 Lyme Road
          Hanover, NH 03755

GSFC      NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center          1
          Lboratory for Oceans, Code 61
          Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771

OSU       Oregon State University                   3
          College of Oceanography
          Oceanography Admin. Bld. 104
          Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503

UNIM      University of Massachusetts               1
          Amherst, MA 01003


Address                   Number of participants
__________________________________________________________

RUSSIA & THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

AARI      Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute   2
          38 Berin Street
          19226 Leningrad

IFB       Institute for Botany                      1
          Academy of Sciences
          2 Popov Street
          197022 Leningrad

IFO       Institute of Fishery and Oceanography     1
          17 a Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya
          107140 Moskau


SHIP'S CREW

Title                Name             Title                Name
------------------   -----------      ------------------   -----------------
Kapitan              Jonas            Stewardess           Lieboner
1. Off izier         Gerber           Stewardess           Hoppe
Naut. Off izier      Schiel           Steward/Stewardess   Rusdam
1. Offizier Ladung   Fahje            Steward/Stewardess   Gollmann
Naut. Off izier      Baumhoer         2. Steward           Chi-Chun, Chang
Arzt                 Dr. Reimers      2. Steward           Yiu-Sin, Chau
Ltd. Ingenieur       Schulz           Wdscher              Tzyh-Shyang, Shyu
1. Ingenieur         Erreth           Bootsmann            Schwarz
2. Ingenieur         Delff            Zimmermann           Kassubeck
2. Ingenieur         Simon            Matrose              Meis Torres
Elektriker           Erdmann          Matrose              Martinez
Elektroniker         Thonhauser       Matrose              Willbrecht
Elektroniker         Hoops            Matrose              Novo Lovreira
Elektroniker         Both             Matrose              Prol Otero
Elektroniker         Muhle            Matrose              Pereira Portela
Funkoffizier         Butz             Lagerhalter          Barth
Funkoffizier         MOller           Maschinenwart        Jordan
Koch                 Klasaen          Maschinenwart        Fritz
Kochsmat             Klauck           Maschinenwart        Heurich
Kochsmaat            Kröger           Maschinenwart        Buchas
1. Steward           Peschke          Maschinenwart        Reimann
Krankenschwester/



B.   UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS

B.1  NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY


B.2  ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER

The ADCP was applied when the ship stopped on stations within the pack ice and 
from the roving ship in open waters. The data quality of these measurements is 
still uncertain since special evaluation procedures have to be carried out after 
the cruise. 


B.3  THERMOSALINOGRAPH AND UNDERWAY DISSOLVES OXYGEN, FLUOROMETER, ETC

The thermosalinograph has recorded surface values of water temperature and 
salinity during 1500 h. For about 150 hours, i.e. 10% of the recording period, 
the sensor was blocked by ice, so that the data are erroneous. The 
thermosalinograph was continuously calibrated against CTD-temperatures and 
salinities of the water samples. The corrected data are accurate to 0.1 K in 
temperature and to 0.1 10*3.


B.4  XBT AND XCTD

Ship-borne measurements were taken with the aid of CTD sondes, expendable 
bathythermographs (XBTs), a rosette water sampler, and acoustic Doppler current 
profiler (ADCP) and a thermosalinograph. Seven deep sea current meter moorings 
have been deployed on the track line from the Antarctic Peninsula to Kapp 
Norwegia.


B.5  METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER AND AIR-SEA EXCHANGES

The meteorological work concentrated on the heat and momentum exchanges between 
ocean and atmosphere and on the determination of the sea ice motion. For this 
purpose micrometeorological and turbulence measurements were carried out both at 
the ship's boom and on ice floes in the vicinity of Polarstern. Additionally, 
aerological soundings were performed, and helicopter flights with a laser 
altimeter provided data on the surface topography.

Atmospheric and oceanic surface values as well as the drift velocity of sea ice 
were determined with the aid of two arrays of Argos buoys. The first array was 
centered at 64.4°S, 45.7°W, the second at 66.7°S, 29.4°W Both of them consisted 
of two highly instrumented central buoys separated (at the beginning) by 
approximately 130 km and of six (first array) or four (second array) simpler 
ones surrounding the centre stations. The distance between the outer and the 
central buoys was between 80 and 140 km. The peripheral buoys provided air 
pressure and position only. The central buoys measured additionally the air 
temperature in two heights, the wind velocity and the vertical temperature 
profiles through the ice and in the oceanic upper layer down to 250 m depth. The 
drift of the first buoy array from 25.9. to 22.10.89 is displayed on Fig. 6. The 
starting point is indicated by the buoy number at the western end of the tracks. 
All buoys move eastward with slight undulations caused by the passages of low 
pressure systems.

The vertical turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum were derived from wind and 
temperature fluctuations, measured with sonic devices at the ship's boom and at 
a 5 m high mast on ice floes during station periods. A comparison of the fluxes 
measured at the two locations showed no significant differences when the wind 
direction was +60' from the bow (Fig. 7). Two 3-day ice stations in the centers 
of the buoy arrays will be used to compare the bulk aerodynamic flux method with 
the sonic eddy correlation technique to provide information on the reliability 
of the heat and momentum fluxes derived from the drifting buoy measurements. 
Since the turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum are supposed to vary with floe 
size distribution and surface roughness, helicopter flights with a laser 
altimeter have been performed to collect information on the surface topography. 
In addition to the turbulent transports, the downward shortwave and longwave 
radiation fluxes as well as the radiation surface temperature have been recorded 
to complement the surface information on the energy balance.

Upper air soundings were performed routinely 4 times per day. One sounding per 
day was transmitted into the GTS, in order to improve the input data of 
numerical models and of objective analysis products. Intensified measurements 
have been carried out at Polarstern, Akademik Fedorov and the Georg von Neumayer 
Station from 20 September to 4 October when the three stations formed a 
reasonable triangle for special analyses of large scale advection. Examples of 
the Polarstern measurements are shown in the Figs. 8-10.


FIGURE 6:  Drift of Argos surface buoys from 25 September to 22 October 1989

FIGURE 7:  Turbulent fluxes of momentum (a) and of sensible heat (b) 
           measured at the ship's boom  (dashed line) 
           and at a mast on an ice flow (full line)

FIGURE 8:  Sequence of  atmospheric temperature soundings before (dashed), 
           during (long-short dashed) and after (full) the passage of a 
           cold front

FIGURE 9:  Vertical distribution of the zonal wind component during a 
           4-day period

FIGURE 10: Vertical distribution of the meridional wind component during a 
           4-day period



B.6  ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY (IFBG, IMH, MPIFM, AARI)

ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND AIR TURBIDITY

Measurements of the total content of ozone in the atmospheric column, 
concentrations of ozone in surface layer and turbidity of the whole atmosphere 
at different wavelengths of the visible spectral range have been carried out to 
study the spring decrease of atmospheric ozone in Antarctica and its influence 
on physical quantities of the lower atmosphere. A similar set of data was 
obtained simultaneously on board the Akademik Fedorov.

The total ozone has been determined with the aid of a filter ozone photometer M- 
124. Concentrations of tropospheric ozone have been measured by a solid state 
chemiluminescent analyzer. Atmospheric spectral turbidity has been observed with 
a sunphotometer. The performance of the instruments was tested on the transect 
of the ship from Bremerhaven to Puerto Madryn. The measurements of total ozone 
started on 8 September 1989, at 49 °S latitude. In this latitudinal regional 
increased ozone levels were previously observed, especially during the period of 
depleted ozone in the central Antarctic. In consistency with these results an 
abrupt decrease of ozone was obvious on the passage from 49°S to 59°S (see Table 
3.2).

During the remaining observational period (11 September to 16 October) large 
fluctuations of the total ozone concentration (from 166 DU to 320 DU) were 
detected . These fluctuations appear to be closely correlated with the 
temperature of the stratosphere. Reduced ozone is coupled with the cold air of 
the circumpolar stratospheric vortex. Comparing our values with measurements of 
the two preceding years at the Soviet station Novolazarevskaya we find that the 
conditions 1989 are rather similar to those of 1987 when the lowest values of 
total ozone were found over Antarctica. The ozone of the surface layer was 
measured during the entire expedition. Unfortunately a standard ozone generator, 
used for calibration did not work satisfactorily so that our data are of 
qualitative nature only. According to these measurements one can determine a few 
different levels of ozone which more or less characterize different air masses. 
In moderate latitudes ozone concentrations are higher than 30 ppb with small 
variations. In the subpolar latitudinal belt (south of 64°S), the variations of 
tropospheric ozone became larger reflecting the transition zone of air masses.

The measurements of spectral atmospheric transparency have been carried out 
during sunny days. Preliminary results show that the aerosol optical thickness 
varied around typical values for late winter in the Antarctic. For the final 
analyses the data of both ships and of coastal stations from the Weddell Sea 
area will be combined in order to delineate the late winter ozone variations of 
the year 1989.


TABLE 3.2:  Daily averages of the ozone concentration in the atmospheric column.

                                      Total
           Date                       ozone  N   Observational
          (1989) Latitude  Longitude  (DU)       conditions
          ------ --------  ---------  -----  --  -------------
SEPTEMBER
            08   49.41S    62.14 W    340    17  2  
            10   59.30S    59.14 W    204    26  3  
            11   62.06S    56.43 W    220    23  2,3  
            12   63.20S    52.59 W    284    27  3  
            13   63.29S    51.43 W    290    34  1,3  
            14   63.45S    50.45 W    253    56  1,2  
            15   64.07S    47.58 W    238    19  3  
            16   64.37S    44.13 W    296    48  1,2  
            17   64.36S    44.15 W    320    09  2  
            18   64.41S    44.00 W    308    10  2  
            19   64.44S    43.46 W    274    07  3  
            20   64.36S    43.35 W    237    07  1,2  
            22   65.25S    40.36 W    223    11  2,3  
            23   65.40S    38.46 W    196    03  2,3  
            24   65.36S    36.30 W    166    25  1,2  
            26   66.36S    31.34 W    220    35  1,2  
            27   66.53S    29.13 W    220    13  3  
            28   66.51S    27.39 W    269    33  1,2  
            30   66.44S    27.17 W    231    36  1,2
OCTOBER
            01   66.37S    27.08 W    243    32  1,2
            02   67.17S    24.31 W    213    31  1,2
            03   67.47S    21.15 W    210    29  3
            04   68.35S    18.12 W    194    04  3
            05   69.38S    15.43 W    208    20  3
            06   70.21S    13.25 W    173    04  3
            09   70.39S    10.11 W    185    04  3
            10   70.20S    10.07 W    196    11  2
            11   70.30S    08.09 W    183    24  1,2
            12   69.45S    08.08 W    178    08  3
            13   68.58S    07.57 W    206    18  3
            14   68.55S    08.12 W    168    17  1,2
            ------------------------------------------
            Observational Conditions: 1: direct sun 
                                      2: clear zenith 
                                      3: cloudy zenith 
             N = number of individual measurements, 
            DU = Dobson Units


REACTIVE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER WATER AND SEA ICE

The gaseous atmospheric nitrogen compounds HN03 and NH3 as well as atmospheric 
aerosols, were sampled in order to determine their concentrations close to the 
sea and ice surfaces. Samples of precipitation and surface snow on ice floes 
were also collected to undergo chemical analyses for major ionic constituents. 
These measurements will provide a first orientation for the investigation of 
Nitrogen dynamics of the boundary layer over the open water and ice in the 
Southern Ocean and the Weddell Sea. Gaseous HN03 and NH3 were adsorbed and 
enriched on filters, which will be analyzed by ion chromatography.

The filter systems for air sampling were installed on the observation deck of 
Polarstern (24 m above sea level). Filterpacks were attached to a boom of 2 m 
length fixed horizontally to the rail and pointing towards the bow of the ship. 
Air samples were taken by two air pumps which were controlled by a vane-switch 
allowing only air from ± 450 relative to the bow of the ship to be filtered in 
order to minimize contamination.

HN03 and NH3 were absorbed and enriched by two filter systems, each of which 
consisted of a PTFE-filter (0.45 um pore size) followed by three gas absorption 
filters. This arrangement allows for separation of aerosol and gas phases of the 
sampled air and to control the absorption quality. HN03 was absorbed by nylon 
filters, while NH3 was collected on cellulose filters impregnated with 0.05 
NH3PO4.

According to the very low concentrations which can be expected in the Antarctic 
atmosphere, high volumes had to be filtered by sampling periods of at least 24 
hours. 168 filter samples during 21 sampling episodes (most of them on the Wed-
dell Sea transect) were obtained. Additionally, nine samples of precipitation 
and 83 surface snow samples from ice floes were collected. Chemical analyses 
will be carried out in the home laboratory. The results will be interpreted in 
the context of surface water chemistry and meteorological data.



C.  HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

THE LARGE SCALE HYDROGRAPHY OF THE WEDDELL GYRE

The aim of the large scale hydrography was to estimate the oceanic transports of 
mass, heat and salt associated with the Weddell Gyre circulation. Of particular 
interest is the southern part of the gyre, where an extensive water mass trans-
formation is assumed to occur which determines the formation of Weddell Sea 
Bottom Water. The Polarstern data set is portrayed by two hydrographic sections 
(see Fig. 1) across the Weddell Gyre. The first one describes the transect from 
the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula to Kapp Norwegia (Fig. 4). It comprises 46 
CTD profiles from the sea surface to the ocean bottom with a station distance of 
20 to 60 km. The second one runs from the Atka Bay to the Mid-Ocean Ridge con-
sisting of 31 stations with spacings from 14 to 125 km. With the exception of 
the marginal ice zone all profiles reached to the ocean bottom. The meridional 
temperature cross section is presented in Fig. 5. The physical data are supple-
mented by oxygen, nutrient and stable isotope measurements (Carbon-13 and 
Oxygen-18) as well as by samples for Tritium, Helium-3 and Helium-4 analyses.


FIGURE 4:  Potential temperature distribution on the zonal 
           section of "Polarstern". Numbers on the top line 
           indicate hydrographic stations 150-188

FIGURE 5:  Potential temperature distribution on the meridional
           section of "Polarstern". Numbers on the top line
           indicate hydrographic stations 190-222



C.1  NUTRIENTS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN (OSU)

The inorganic nutrient and dissolved oxygen determinations were carried out in 
support of the hydrographic programme. Additionally, water samples were collect-
ed for filtration and post-cruise determination of biogenic particulate silica. 
Nutrient measurements were also made on approximately 300 subsamples from ice 
cores and brine in support of algal culturing experiments.

The dissolved nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate, silicic acid, nitrite, and 
ammonium) were measured in samples from the rosette bottles at all station loca-
tions. The nutrient samples were analyzed with the aid of a continuous flow 
analyzer (an ALPKEM RFA model 300) using the chemical methods recommended by the 
manufacturer except for some modifications in the analyses of ammonium and phos-
phate. In most cases these analyses were performed immediately after each 
hydrocast and were completed within 2-3 hours after the cast.

The analysis of dissolved oxygen concentration was made by the familiar 
Carpenter-Winkler method, but the actual titrations were carried out with a 
radiometer autotitrator. The method used is a dead-stop end-point amperometric 
titration in which a polarizing potential is applied across the electrodes, and 
the end-point potential is selected to correspond closely to the visual 
endpoint. This method was used successfully already during former cruises.

Biogenic particulate silica, the amorphous silica contained in phytoplankton 
frustules, will be determined in the home laboratory after the cruise. Seawater 
samples were collected from nearly half of the CTD casts and filtered through 
0.6 micron polycarbonate membrane filters. These filters are subsequently sub-
jected to a hot, basic digestion which dissolves the particulate silica. After 
neutralization, the resulting solution can be analyzed for silicic acid. A total 
of nearly 600 such samples was obtained at stations throughout the cruise; about 
half of which were concentrated in the transits through the ice edge at the 
beginning and ending of the cruise. It is anticipated that the good spatial 
resolution in the marginal ice zones will complement similar sections made 
during other seasons, and provide an improved understanding of the seasonal 
fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass in the Weddell Sea. There were no serious 
technical problems during the cruise, so that the chemical data set should be of 
high standard once routine quality control has been completed.

As was the case in Austral winter 1986, the surface mixed layer was found to be 
nearly vertically homogeneous in oxygen and nutrient concentrations. The under-
saturation of dissolved oxygen tended to increase southeastwards on the main 
transect from the Antarctic Peninsula to Kapp Norwegia. This observation might 
be related to the amount of entrained Warm Deep Water (WDW) and thus to the heat 
flux from the water to sea ice and to the atmosphere. Both oxygen and silicic 
acid concentrations in the VVDW are inversely correlated with tempera-ture. 
Because the gradients of phosphate and nitrate across the pycnocline are less 
strong than those of dissolved oxygen and silicic acid, they are less use-ful 
for entrainment calculations. Comparison with Austral summer data should allow 
to determine the increase in mixed layer nutrient concentrations. We expect to 
extend our earlier estimates of net annual phytoplankton productivity by using 
the summer/winter differences in mixed layer nutrients.

At the northwestern end of the transect, extremely cold and "fresh" Weddell Sea 
Bottom Water (WSBW) was found with potential temperatures of less than -1.O°C. 
In this very cold WSBW, the concentration of dissolved oxygen seems to be 
inversely proportional to the temperature while the unusually low silicic acid 
concentrations were directly proportional to temperature. Farther along the 
transect, in the mid-gyre, the variability in the silicic acid content of the 
WSBW and WDW increased, but the classical Antarctic Bottom Water (potential 
temperature from -0.1 to -0.4°C) did not exhibit this variability. The highest 
WSBW silicic acid concentrations were found at the southern end of the long 
transect, were the variability was much less. The data of the northward transect 
are not yet available.

The analyses of nutrient concentrations in ice core subsamples revealed con-
siderable variability. Ammonium concentrations were usually much higher than in 
the underlying surface waters, and often higher than any normal seawater ammon-
ium levels. Phosphate also exhibited greater variability than did the other 
nutrients, perhaps because it is microbially remineralized directly as phos-
phate, while the nitrogen species undergo a series of oxidations before ending 
up in nitrate. The nutrient concentrations were obviously not correlated with 
the structure or texture of the ice.

During the rendezvous of Polarstern and Akademik Fedorov, samples were exchanged 
between the ships for analyses. The preliminary results of those determinations 
show an encouraging agreement. Oxygen and phosphate values were very similar. 
Only in the deep water silicic acid measurements was a significant disagreement. 
The Fedorov values were about 4-5 micromole per liter higher than the measure-
ments onboard Polarstern. By prior arrangement, duplicate samples from six 
hydrographic stations had been collected and frozen during the Fedorov's cruise. 
These samples were analyzed onboard Polarstern after the two ships met for 
further comparison of the data in order to resolve any discrepancies.


C.2  CTD

A total of 115 CTD-profiles were taken with two NB Mark IIIb profiles. The 
instruments have been calibrated at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 
before the cruise, and they will be recalibrated afterwards. Any temporal 
changes of the temperature sensors during the cruise have been detected by 
electronic, and mercury reversing thermometers. Due to some nonlinearities in 
the time variations of the  CTD sensors, the final accuracy of the data will 
amount to 5x10-3 K. The calibration of the CTD salinity data is achieved on the 
basis of salinity analyses from 1441 water samples which were measured with a 
Guildline Autosal 8400B. The CTD readings and the bottle values were fitted for 
each profile individually. The mean deviation of the applied corrections from 
the bottle data amounts 1.4 +/- 0.5x10*6. The accuracy of the bottle data  was 
determined by a cross-check of 233 multiple samples at the same depth  level 
resulting in a RMS error of 1.5x10-6. Adding the both errors, the corrected 
salinities will be accurate to +/-3x10*6. 

CTD MEASUREMENTS DURING AQANTVIII_2 INSTRUMENT: 
  NEIL BROWN CTD, MARK IIIB, Sn: 1069, BJ: 1984

  CTD temperature sensor:  Rosemount Platinum   
  Thermometer resolution:  0.0005 deg C 
  accuracy:                +/- 0.005 deg C CTD 
  pressure sensor:         Paine 
  Model resolution:        0.1 dbar 
  accuracy:                +/- 6.5 dbar 
  CTD conductivity sensor: EG&G NBIS 
  resolution:              0.001 mmho 
  accuracy:                +/- 0.005 mmho

Software: EGLG Oceansoft MkIII/SCTD Acquisition Version 2.01 
          CTD postprocessing Version 1.12 
          Time lag: 0.13 s


PRESSURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS 

  al = -5.36104 
  a2 = 3.37749E-3 
  a3 = -5.39422E-6 
  a4 = 2.77279E-9 
  a5 = -5.14917E-13 
  a6 = 3.19093E-17 
  dp = al +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4 +a6*p**5 
   p = p + dp
  
no post-cruise calibration for the calibration data are the same
  

TEMPERATURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS 

   t < 0 
  al = 2.36822E-3 
  a2 = 8.97448E-4 
  dt = al +a2*t 
  t >= 0 
  al = 3.98859E-3 
  a2 = -3.72724E-4 
  a3 = 5.13898E-6 
  a4 = 2.01451E-7 
  dt = al +a2*t +a3*t**2 +a4*t**3 
   t = t + dt

no post-cruise calibration of station 119 to 157, the calibration data are the 
same

then there was an offset in the temperature calibration data (a mistake in the 
handling of the heater of the CTD after station 157) the offset is: 

                       t < 0 + 0.0054 ; t >= 0 + 0.006


THE POST-CRUISE CALIBRATION DATA STATION 158 TO 189

                            t < 0 : t = t + 0.0054
                            t >= 0 : t = t + 0.006

correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples  
(conductivity of the salinometer data) 
evaluation of the coefficients of each station 
CD = (CONDUCTIVITY SALINOMETER - CONDUCTIVITY CTD) * 1000 
CD = A+B*pres+C*pres**2+D*pres**3+E*pres**4  


station   
 nbr.        A            B            C           D             E   
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
11901   0.26489E+01 -0.12100E-01  0.10080E-03 -0.17599E-06  0.83084E-10 
12901   0.95785E+00 -0.44826E-02 -0.24573E-04  0.50631E-07 -0.29500E-10 
13401  -0.51364E+00  0.14605E-01 -0.51233E-04  0.73303E-07 -0.41039E-10 
13801  -0.49001E+01 -0.33401E-02  0.17835E-04 -0.27326E-07  0.96256E-11 
14101   0.10000E+01  0.55778E+00 -0.12717E-01  0.85457E-04 -0.17023E-06 
14801   0.70402E-01 -0.48393E-01  0.87590E-03 -0.32856E-05  0.34951E-08 
14901  -0.23983E+01  0.15051E-01 -0.27738E-04  0.11497E-07 -0.67334E-13 
15001  -0.36856E+00  0.75274E-02 -0.22502E-04  0.12276E-07 -0.23921E-11 
15101   0.26018E+01 -0.55187E-02 -0.42926E-05  0.14427E-08 -0.97049E-13 
15201  -0.17166E+01 -0.86125E-02  0.84628E-05 -0.61916E-08  0.11884E-11 
15301   0.27424E+01  0.64724E-03 -0.86694E-05  0.26282E-08 -0.29206E-12 
15401  -0.35431E+01  0.24909E-02 -0.11729E-04  0.37914E-08 -0.38643E-12 
15501   0.18313E+01 -0.10993E-0l  0.29221E-05 -0.12851E-08  0.16776E-12 
15601  -0.33567E+01 -0.70345E-03 -0.70259E-05  0.20197E-08 -0.17722E-12 
15701   0.32617E+00  0.44204E-03 -0.83863E-05  0.24405E-08 -0.22072E-12 
15822  -0.26549E+01 -0.14053E-02 -0.36725E-05  0.41660E-09  0.20305E-13 
15901   0.11476E+01  0.36484E-02 -0.80040E-05  0.19328E-08 -0.14914E-12 
16001  -0.94296E+00 -0.33745E-02 -0.20970E-05  0.32876E-09 -0.12832E-13 
16101  -0.38763E+01  0.19952E-02 -0.64797E-05  0.13988E-08 -0.87705E-13 
16201  -0.24615E+00 -0.34274E-02 -0.33533E-05  0.61184E-09 -0.17788E-13 
16301  -0.77448E+00 -0.15079E-02 -0.49513E-05  0.13047E-08 -0.11188E-12 
16501  -0.36180E+01  0.88287E-02 -0.13471E-04  0.36728E-08 -0.32403E-12 
16601  -0.24511E+01  0.16624E-02 -0.76632E-05  0.20041E-08 -0.16818E-12 
16701  -0.24511E+01  0.16624E-02 -0.76632E-05  0.20041E-08 -0.16818E-12 
16901  -0.58604E+01  0.29932E-02 -0.76714E-05  0.17793E-08 -0.12896E-12 
17001  -0.48139E+01  0.25932E-02 -0.89125E-05  0.25237E-08 -0.22862E-12 
17101  -0.48139E+01  0.25932E-02 -0.89125E-05  0.25237E-08 -0.22862E-12 
17201  -0.36518E+01 -0.57060E-02 -0.98774E-06 -0.23763E-09  0.75877E-13 
17301  -0.36518E+01 -0.57060E-02 -0.98774E-06 -0.23763E-09  0.75877E-13 
17401  -0.33822E+01 -0.10843E-01  0.20754E-05 -0.84227E-09  0.11065E-12 
17701  -0.53706E+01 -0.26876E-02 -0.41563E-05  0.80420E-09 -0.30720E-13 
17801   0.51671E+00 -0.78134E-02 -0.15454E-05  0.50059E-09 -0.40489E-13 
17901  -0.58760E+01  0.11643E-01 -0.14037E-04  0.31817E-08 -0.22414E-12 
18001  -0.20344E+01 -0.11085E-01  0.16952E-05 -0.60963E-09  0.81916E-13 
18101  -0.36668E+01 -0.13028E-02 -0.42558E-05  0.80916E-09 -0.38480E-13 
18201  -0.48117E+01  0.36716E-02 -0.96794E-05  0.26367E-08 -0.22510E-12 
18401  -0.40123E+01 -0.93511E-02  0.58159E-05 -0.31870E-08  0.34597E-12 
18601  -0.83793E+01  0.63841E-02 -0.81239E-05 -0.33479E-08  0.24838E-11

correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples 
evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 3 stations

18501  -0.55476E+01  0.36760E-02 -0.15761E-04  0.10041E-07 -0.23323E-ll 
18901  -0.71793E+01  0.34575E-01 -0.18262E-03  0.20987E-06 -0.71818E-10

correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples 
evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 5 stations

16401  -0.10333E+01 -0.39789E-02 -0.30427E-05  0.61439E-09 -0.28918E-13
16801  -0.45231E+01 -0.31205E-02 -0.24881E-05  0.41575E-09 -0.12775E-13
17501  -0.43311E+01 -0.36720E-02 -0.26480E-05  0.31709E-09  0.11953E-13
17601  -0.34968E+01 -0.40969E-02 -0.27559E-05  0.46347E-09 -0.11181E-13
18301  -0.37957E+01 -0.60158E-02 -0.96544E-06  0.65585E-10  0.17700E-13
18701  -0.57358E+01 -0.18285E-03 -0.21311E-04  0.20695E-07 -0.56833E-11
18801  -0.57358E+01 -0.18285E-03 -0.21311E-04  0.20695E-07 -0.56833E-11

correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples 
evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 9 stations

12401  -0.13437E+01  0.16738E-01 -0.59865E-04  0.74693E-07 -0.35673E-10 
13701  -0.13437E+01  0.16738E-01 -0.59865E-04  0.74693E-07 -0.35673E-10 
13901  -0.10412E+01  0.38252E-02 -0.40983E-04  0.74626E-07 -0.43285E-10 
14001  -0.10854E+01  0.30601E-02 -0.38106E-04  0.74531E-07 -0.45168E-10  
14201  -0.16933E+01  0.36672E-01 -0.16119E-03  0.20167E-06 -0.83491E-10  
14301  -0.76443E+00  0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04  0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12  
14401  -0.76443E+00  0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04  0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12  
14501  -0.76443E+00  0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04  0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12  
14601  -0.76443E+00  0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04  0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12  
14701  -0.76443E+00  0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04  0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12

CTD Measurements during AQANTVIII_2 Instrument: 
  Neil Brown CTD, Mark IIIB, Sn: 1123, BJ: 1984

  CTD temperature sensor:  Rosemount Platinum   
  Thermometer resolution:  0.0005 deg C 
  accuracy:                +/- 0.005 deg C 
  CTD pressure sensor:     Paine Model 
  resolution:              0.1 dbar 
  accuracy:                +/- 6.5 dbar 
  CTD conductivity sensor: EG&G NBIS 
  resolution:              0.001 mmho 
  accuracy:                +/- 0.005 mmho

Software : EG&G Oceansoft MkIII/SCTD Acquisition Version 2.01 
                              CTD postprocessing Version 1.12 

Time lag : 0.15 8


PRESSURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS 

  al = -6.39481 
  a2 =  1.47747E-2 
  a3 = -1.53703E-5 
  a4 =  5.67588E-9 
  a5 = -8.97597E-13 
  a6 =  5.12516E-17 
  dp =  al +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4 +a6*p**5 p = p + dp


TEMPERATURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS 

  al =  6.40438E-3 
  a2 =  1.39362E-4 
  a3 = -1.72346E-4 
  a4 =  1.13669E-5 
  a5 = -2.16557E-7
  dt =  al +a2*t +a3*t**2 +a4*t**3 +a5*t**4 t = t + dt

no post-cruise calibration for the calibration data are the same

correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples 
evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 5 stations 

station 
 nbr.       A           B            C            D            E   
---------------------------------------------------------------------
19201  0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02  0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08  0.53460E-12 
19301  0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02  0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08  0.53460E-12 
19401  0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02  0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08  0.53460E-12 
19501  0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02  0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08  0.53460E-12 
19701  0.20819E+02 -0.78373E-02  0.73628E-05 -0.28280E-08  0.36932E-12 
19801  0.20528E+02 -0.87531E-02  0.77197E-05 -0.25710E-08  0.28331E-12 
19901  0.19899E+02 -0.70755E-02  0.57684E-05 -0.17908E-08  0.18210E-12 
20001  0.20114E+02 -0.45067E-02  0.30407E-05 -0.92389E-09  0.98674E-13 
20101  0.20182E+02 -0.47537E-02  0.27874E-05 -0.69931E-09  0.63106E-13 
20201  0.19457E+02 -0.17041E-02  0.13341E-06  0.12162E-09 -0.22397E-13 
20301  0.19457E+02 -0.26634E-02  0.68603E-06  0.16645E-10 -0.16442E-13 
20401  0.18789E+02 -0.24788E-02  0.72984E-06 -0.21136E-10 -0.11217E-13 
20501  0.18457E+02 -0.32326E-02  0.16001E-05 -0.29042E-09  0.13308E-13 
20601  0.18012E+02 -0.23984E-02  0.14500E-05 -0.39956E-09  0.36018E-13 
20701  0.17721E+02 -0.30646E-02  0.18502E-05 -0.49363E-09  0.44527E-13 
20801  0.17521E+02 -0.31284E-02  0.23777E-05 -0.75501E-09  0.76373E-13 
20901  0.17898E+02 -0.33772E-02  0.23224E-05 -0.66040E-09  0.60876E-13 
21001  0.17540E+02 -0.30990E-02  0.22935E-05 -0.69230E-09  0.67029E-13 
21101  0.17637E+02 -0.39212E-02  0.27944E-05 -0.79787E-09  0.73811E-13 
21201  0.17816E+02 -0.36911E-02  0.25327E-05 -0.70142E-09  0.62867E-13 
21301  0.18066E+02 -0.32509E-02  0.19970E-05 -0.53160E-09  0.47490E-13 
21401  0.18566E+02 -0.41001E-02  0.27505E-05 -0.80996E-09  0.78737E-13 
21501  0.19137E+02 -0.38559E-02  0.19027E-05 -0.47603E-09  0.41168E-13 
21601  0.19710E+02 -0.43751E-02  0.21908E-05 -0.56683E-09  0.53041E-13 
21701  0.20660E+02 -0.69416E-02  0.35972E-05 -0.81763E-09  0.64650E-13 
21801  0.19602E+02  0.18601E-03 -0.59247E-05  0.32556E-08 -0.47806E-12 
21901  0.19632E+02  0.23606E-03 -0.47596E-05  0.24419E-08 -0.34287E-12 
22001  0.19276E+02  0.36775E-02 -0.90849E-05  0.43123E-08 -0.60601E-12 
22101  0.18744E+02  0.44870E-02 -0.94841E-05  0.43825E-08 -0.60857E-12 
22201  0.18744E+02  0.44870E-02 -0.94841E-05  0.43825E-08 -0.60857E-12 
22301  0.18744E+02  0.44870E-02 -0.94841E-05  0.43825E-08 -0.60857E-12

   dc = A+B*pres+C*pres**2+D*pres**3+E*pres**4
   C(ctd) = C(ctd) + dc/1000.

CTD-Files column 5 : number = -9 :== unknown data , it was not 
possible to restore this data

The CTD-temperature is IPTS-68

The CTD conductivity sensors of CTD-1069 and CTD-1123 were very 
sensitive to pressure so that the accuracy was less then +/- 0.005 mmho.

During the whole expedition there were many problems with the stepping 
motor. So the coordination in the *.SEA file between CTD-data and 
bottle data are questionable.

Station 198 bottle 18 - 24 and station 213 bottle 18 - 23 are closed 
during coming up without a stop (there was ice press). 



D.  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

E.  REFERENCES

UNESCO, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. UNESCO Technical Papers in 
    Marine Science, No. 44.

UNESCO, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. UNESCO memorgraph
    By JPOTS editorial panel.



F.  WHPO SUMMARY

Several data files are associated with this report. They are the ANTVIII.sum, 
ANTVIII.hyd, ANTVIII.csl and *.wct files. The ANTVIII.sum file contains a 
summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent 
information regarding each hydrographic station. The ANTVIII.hyd file contains 
the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station. The *.wct 
files are zipped into one file called ANTVIII.wct.zip. The ANTVIII.csl file is a 
listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values 
were derived for the ANTVIII.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the 
individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels. using the 
following binomial filter-

            t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained 
within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level 
after applying the binomial filtering.  

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): 
These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the 
international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the UNESCO 
publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for 
Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least 
squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the 
interval. The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the 
standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined using 
CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the 
gradient potential temperature. Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
UNESCO publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope 
between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level 
and the two closes values. Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
UNESCO publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component 
ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the 
coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), 
and g is the local acceleration of gravity. 

Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, 
Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990). Equations and Fortran 
routines are described in UNESCO publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated 
by integrating from 0 to the level of interest. Equations and Fortran routines 
are described in UNESCO publication 44.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett 
and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.  




G.   DATA QUALITY EVALUATION

G.1  NUTRIENT AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN DATA QUALITY EVALUATION:  
     (J.C. Jennings)
     8 May 1995


The following is a summary of quality observations made during the DQE analysis 
of the ANTVIII nutrient and dissolved oxygen data. They are based on an internal 
comparison between groups of stations except as noted below. 


OVERALL IMPRESSIONS:

The nutrient and dissolved oxygen data from the pre - WOCE ANTVIII section 
appear to be of high quality; particularly the oxygen, silicate and nitrate 
data. Phosphate data is generally good, but there is relatively more spread in 
the phosphate / theta plots than in the nitrate / theta plots for the same 
station groups. Due to the presence of very "fresh" Weddell Sea Bottom Water at 
some of the stations and older bottom water inflowing from the Enderby Basin at 
others, there is a large concentration range in the near bottom silicate values. 
This real variability in the silicate concentrations makes it more difficult to 
assess the precision of these measurements, but for station groups exhibiting a 
"tight" silicate / theta relationship in the Circumpolar Deep Water, the 
relative precision seems to be Û 1% of the maximum concentrations. 

There were very few samples which appear compromised by leaking hydro bottles. 
We have identified several stations where we felt that all of the phosphate or 
nitrate data was too high or low when compared to nearby stations and should be 
considered questionable. We assigned "Q2" data flags of "3" to these 
observations.

The data originator has assigned flags of "4" (bad data) to all nitrite 
concentrations which have values < 0. We recommend changing most of these flags 
to "2" (acceptable data) because the < 0 values are the result of uncertainty in 
the determination of zero. With deep water nitrite concentrations generally 
expected to be at or near zero, very small changes in detector sensitivity 
and/or in the reagent blank and refraction corrections which are part of the 
calculation of nutrient concentrations can result in the calculation of a 
negative concentration for a given sample. The result of analyzing large numbers 
of samples with undetectable nitrite concentrations should be a statistical 
spread of the calculated concentrations about a mean value of 0.0 which reflects 
the precision of the analysis at the detection limit.

We also made comparisons of the ANTVIII nutrient and dissolved oxygen data with 
data from three other Weddell Sea cruises. Groups of 5 - 10 stations within 
latitude ranges of 2 - 5 degrees were compared using plots of properties versus 
theta and pressure with emphasis on the deep water column where biological 
activity should be minimal. A summary of these comparisons is given in a 
separate document (WSEAHIST.WP for WordPerfect format or WSEAHIST.TXT for the 
same material in ASCII text).


INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS:

Comments referring to specific bottles include the pressures to the nearest 
whole decibar.  

STATION 150:

      Btl 3 @ 1398 db: High phosphate. Flag assigned: 3

STATION 151:

      Btl 1 @ 2482 db: Phosphate looks too high, no corresponding
      changes in nitrate or oxygen. Flag assigned: 3

STATION 152: 

      Btl 1 @ 2995 db: High phosphate. Flag assigned: 3

      Btl 16 @ 993 db: Both nitrate and phosphate look high. Flags
      assigned: 3

STATION 154:

      Btls 2 @ 4100 through 10 @ 597 db: All phosphate values seem
      too high. Flags assigned: 3

STATION 157:

      Btl 22 @ 98 db: All nutrients seem too high for the mixed
      layer.  Oxygen is low. Flags assigned: 3

      All bottles: Nitrate is low.  Flags assigned: 3

STATION 159:

      Btl 1 @ 4734 db: Phosphate is too high. Flag assigned: 3

STATION 161:

      Btl 13 @ 398 db: phosphate seems a bit low; no corresponding
      drop in nitrate.  Flag assigned: 3

STATION 163:

      Btl 5 @ 4616 db: Nitrate looks too high.  Flag assigned: 3

STATION 164:

      All btls: Phosphate seems too high by about 0.05 relative to
      other stations.  No similar increase in nitrate or drop in
      oxygen.   Flags assigned: 3

STATION 168:

      Btl 6 @ 3504 db: All nutrients look too high and oxygen is
      low.  Flags assigned: 3

STATION 184:

      All btls: Nitrate seems too high.  Phosphate and silicate drop
      and oxygen increases as cruise track approaches cont. shelf,
      but nitrate goes up at this station.  Flags assigned: 3

STATION 187:

      Btl 2 @ 1127 db: Phosphate looks a bit too high. Flag
      assigned: 3

STATION 195:

      Btls 1 - 6, 8, and 9 (2402 - 999 db): Phosphate is low
      relative to adjacent stations.  No similar change in nitrate
      or oxygen.  Flags assigned: 3

STATION 207:

      Btls 1 - 5 (5303 - 3498 db) and 8 - 10 (1996 - 999 db): All
      phosphate seems too high.   No increase in nitrate or decrease
      in oxygen at this station. Flags assigned: 3




G.2  CTD DATA QUALITY EVALUATION FOR ANTVIII 
     (Bob Millard/WHOI)
     December 12, 1994


GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON CTD DATA CALIBRATION METHODS AND DOCUMENTATION:
 
PRESSURE:

A 5th order (fourth power) calibration was applied to the pressure. I wonder if 
the 4th power coefficient contributes to the reduction of variance between CTD 
and deadweight tester. Such a high order polynomial isn't consistent with our 
experience at WHOI with the Mark III stainless steel pressure sensor. We have 
found that a 4th order (3rd power) set of calibration coefficients provides a 
fit consistent with the deadweight tester pressure values.

CONDUCTIVITY:

It seems that an extraordinary effort was applied to the CTD conductivity 
calibrations to get the CTD to match the water sample salinities. The CTD 
conductivity was laborious calibrated to the water sample conductivities 
(salinities) on a station by station bases rather than developing CTD 
conductivity calibration coefficients from the water sample salinities over a 
group of stations perhaps with some provision for removing a systematic 
conductivity drift between stations.  See the brief description of WHOI's 
conductivity fitting procedure below which provides for a linear drift of the 
CTD conductivity calibration.  The CTD conductivity usually drifts towards lower 
values with time because of conductivity cell fouling.

The station by station conductivity calibration may have been necessary to 
rectify CTD data collected with an errant CTD conductivity sensor that 
misbehaved or otherwise began to fail in an unpredictable manner. The CTD data 
documentation report doesn't mention any hardware problems but needs to if this 
is the case. A failing sensor may be explanation for applying a 5th order 
polynomial correction on a station by station bases in order to bring the CTD in 
alignment with the water sample salinities. This procedure has no bases in the 
behavior of the conductivity sensor and reduces the CTD conductivity correction 
to a curve fitting exercise. I wonder which conductivity/pressure terms are 
significant and/or necessary to correct the station dependent and vertical 
dependence of the CTD conductivity? Is there any reason to expect the vertical 
dependence to be varying from station to station (such as a failing conductivity 
cell). Many of the pressure coefficients of a station alternate signs suggesting 
they are tending to cancel out each other. Was the CTD conductivity corrected 
for the Alumuna cells deformation with temperature and pressure as shown in 
equation (1) below? Were these corrections found to be inadequate? I certainly 
would not recommend this polynomial conductivity correction versus pressure as a 
normal practice.


The basic conductance to conductivity correction is:

        C = G*(1+alpha*(T-T0)+beta(P-P0))         (1)

        G = CTD conductance
    alpha =   -6.5 E-6
     beta =    1.5 E-8
       T0 =    2.8 C (or some other temperature)
       P0 = 3000.  dbars (or some other pressure)

At WHOI we fit the conductance G of the CTD to water sample conductivities C
as shown in equation 1 above.  We model the variations of the CTD (G) as
follows to minimize (C-G)**2 with respect to A, B and if necessary C:

                           G = A + B * g + C * g * s
where

"g" is the measured CTD conductance and "s" is a linear station dependence.
  
This model successfully describes most of our Mark III CTD observed conductivity 
drift.  To date running the CTD into the bottom has been a primary reason for 
discontinuities in conductivity calibration.


GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE WATER SAMPLE/CTD DATA FILE COMPARISONS:

Two histograms of the difference of the CTD and water sample salinities  (Ds
= Sctd-Sws), edited to remove difference greater than .01 psu, are given in
figures 1a and 1b.  The first histogram in figure 1a, contains salinity
differences at all observations levels while the second has only differences
for depths greater than 900 meters. The average salinity difference for all
pressure levels is -0.0005 psu with a standard deviation of .0036 psu. For
depths below 900 decibars, the average salinity difference increases to .001
psu while the scatter is reduced slightly to .003 psu.  The scatter of salinity
is reasonable.

Examining the salinity differences by station with the two cruise legs. The

cruise is divided in to two legs.  A plot of the salinity differences at all
pressures is shown versus station number for Leg 1 in figure 2.  The mean
difference is nearly zero (Ds=-.0004 psu).  The stations after  155 cluster
around the zero line while earlier stations are in a different water mass and
shallow as their absence on figure 3 suggests.  The plot of CTD salinities
below 900 decibars for leg 1 are saltier than the water samples by Ds = +.002
psu as indicated on figure 2.   The leg 1 salinity differences also shows a
somewhat larger scatter than those of leg 2.  Looking at the leg 1 salinity
differences versus pressure given on figure 3, we observe a pressure dependent
deviation between the CTD and WS salts with the CTD salinity overestimated (to
salty) at a depth of 1000 decibars but the difference decrease to near zero
below 4000 decibars.  The pressure dependent variation is of the same sense and
magnitude the correction provided by the "Beta" term in equation 1.  The mean
salinity difference for all pressure levels is nearly zero on both legs  For
leg 1 Ds = -0.0004 psu, see figure 4, while on leg 2 Ds = -0.0002 psu, see
figure 7. 

Although the up profile CTD salinity data of leg 1 has systematic differences

with the water sample salts, the 2 decibar down profile CTD salinity data seem
to match the water sample data very well as shown in the overplot of water
sample salinity with the down profile CTD data for stations 157-159 (figures 5)
and for stations 177-179 (figures 6).    Note the connected curves in fig. 5 &
6 are from the down profile 2 decibar data.  There apparently is a down/up
salinity difference in the down versus up profile CTD salinity data which
suggests a hysterisis in one of the CTD variables (C, T , or P) required to
calculate salinity but there isn't any mention of these in the data calibration
documentation.

The CTD salinities from ANTVIII leg 2 (stations 188 through 222) appear to be 
well calibrated in both the water sample file and the 2 dbar individual station 
files as the plot of Ds versus station number at all depths and below 900 
decibars as shown in figures 7 and 8. The salinity differences below 900 
decibars are slightly fresher than the water samples by Ds = -0.00075 psu, as 
indicated on figure 8.  As mentioned earlier, the scatter of salinity 
differences between CTD and water samples appears to be smaller on leg than on 
leg 1 throughout the water column and both below 900 decibars. The vertical 
dependence of the water sample file CTD salinities isn't apparent on leg 2 as 
figure 10 indicates. A check of stations 207 through 209's down profile CTD 
salinities shows the 2 decibar data given in figure 10 to be well matched to the 
up water sample salinities and also there appears to be no hysteresis between 
down and up profile CTD salts.


THE QUALITY CONTROL OF THE CTD AND WATER SAMPLE SALINITIES IN THE WATER

SAMPLE FILE:

As already noted, the CTD salinity in the water sample file for stations 119

through 189 of leg 1 appear to be to salty at intermediate depths.  The water
sample salinities identified as questionable in the Quality word are the same
as those I identify either as missing or with an absolute salinity difference
(Sctd-Sws) greater than of equal to 0.01 psu.  This is a reasonable method for
flagging questionable water sample salinities which I arrived at independently.
The only problem with this technique is that there is a systematic error in the
up CTD salinity for stations 119 through 189 in this file as figures 5, 6 and 7
indicate so that some of the salty water samples at intermediate pressures may
not be flagged correctly. The water sample file ANTVIII.QC2 has quality flags
for the bottle (carried from the original DQE), CTD and water sample salinity.
Where the water sample is flagged missing this is carried to the output and the
CTD salt is flagged as questionable but when the difference of the CTD and
water sample salinity are less than the questionable threshold of 0.01 psu
then both salinities are flagged as good.  This is a departure from the
original DQE flagging scheme in which all salinities were marked as
questionable.


The individual 2 decibar CTD profiles were averaged into a mean profile that

excluded the frontal zone stations of leg 1 from stations 149 to 153.  There
were no oxygen measurements from the CTD. The individual stations were then
compared to 5 times the standard deviation of the CTD measurements at each
pressure level.   The data of each station was also checked in the vertical
against a stability parameter edit criteria of -1.0 E-4.  This corresponds to a
salinity decrease with increasing pressure of roughly .015 psu.   All of the
2 decibar observations of the cruise fell within these data edit criteria
as the table I below shows.


SUMMARY:

The 2 decibar CTD profile data looks to be free of spurious data points and

the salinities are well matched to the water sample data.  The water sample

salinity data of leg 1 and leg 2 appear to be well quality controlled.  The CTD

salinities of leg 1 (119-189) appear to be systematically saltier than the
water samples at intermediate depths.  This bias may have effected the water
sample quality control of the leg 1 water sample salts slightly.

A discussion of the instrumental problems leading to the station by station
correction of the CTD conductivity with a pressure dependent polynomial   
is suggested as an addendum to the calibration documentation unless this a
standard data processing procedure.  It is recommended that the CTD
conductivity correction on a station by station basis, particularly with the
inclusion of a polynomial dependence on pressure, not be used as a standard
part of the data processing procedure.  I would encourage modifying the CTD
data processing system to incorporate a conductivity fitting procedure with an
optional linear station dependent conductivity slope change. I can supply a
copy of the Fortran code for formatting and fitting CTD/water sample
conductivity (salinity) data.


                                TABLE I


LEG 1 ANTVIII ____.WCT files

File name    Pmax    E_Tot  T_err  S_err  O2_err  E_err  Sd_fact    E_Min  
------------ ------  -----  -----  -----  ------  -----  -------  ---------
AN01D124.WCT 1022.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03
AN01D129.WCT 1022.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D134.WCT 1016.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D137.WCT  692.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D138.WCT 1000.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D139.WCT  420.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D141.WCT  184.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D142.WCT  180.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D144.WCT  210.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D145.WCT  436.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D146.WCT  496.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D147.WCT 1000.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D148.WCT  462.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D149.WCT 1474.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  

File name    Pmax    E_Tot  T_err  S_err  O2_err  E_err  Sd_fact    E_Min  
------------ ------  -----  -----  -----  ------  -----  -------  ---------
AN01D149.WCT 1474.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03  
AN01D151.WCT 2482.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D152.WCT 2998.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D153.WCT 3530.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 

File name    Pmax    E_Tot  T_err  S_err  O2_err  E_err  Sd_fact    E_Min  
------------ ------  -----  -----  -----  ------  -----  -------  ---------
AN01D154.WCT 4136.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D155.WCT 4418.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D156.WCT 4530.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D157.WCT 4614.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D158.WCT 4682.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D159.WCT 4734.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D161.WCT 4750.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D162.WCT 4618.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D163.WCT 4724.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D164.WCT 4820.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D165.WCT 4788.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D166.WCT 4774.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D167.WCT 4788.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D168.WCT 4796.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D169.WCT 4784.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D170.WCT 4800.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D171.WCT 4914.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D172.WCT 4880.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D173.WCT 4902.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D174.WCT 4928.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D175.WCT 4956.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D176.WCT 4980.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D177.WCT 4960.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D178.WCT 4860.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D179.WCT 4848.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D180.WCT 4818.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D181.WCT 4814.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D183.WCT 2948.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D184.WCT 2428.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D185.WCT 2136.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D186.WCT 1806.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D187.WCT 1180.0    0      0      0      0       0     6.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D188.WCT  386.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D189.WCT  502.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 


   LEG 2 ANTVIII ____.WCT files
File name    Pmax    E_Tot  T_err  S_err  O2_err  E_err  Sd_fact    E_Min  
------------ ------  -----  -----  -----  ------  -----  -------  ---------
AN01D192.WCT  466.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D193.WCT 1164.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D194.WCT 2080.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D196.WCT 2404.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D197.WCT 3130.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D198.WCT 3660.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D199.WCT 3270.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D200.WCT 4016.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D201.WCT 4346.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D202.WCT 4918.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D203.WCT 4858.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D204.WCT 5088.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D205.WCT 5230.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D206.WCT 5302.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D207.WCT 5402.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D208.WCT 5440.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D209.WCT 5478.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D210.WCT 5088.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D211.WCT 2228.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D212.WCT 5256.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D213.WCT 4466.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D214.WCT 1018.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D215.WCT 4546.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D216.WCT 1030.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03
AN01D217.WCT 3152.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D218.WCT 1020.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D219.WCT 3218.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D220.WCT 1034.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D221.WCT 3442.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D222.WCT 1008.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 
AN01D223.WCT 1020.0    0      0      0      0       0     5.00    -0.10E-03 



QUALITY CONTROL OF WATER SAMPLE DATA:

There were 127 questionable salinity observations identified.

This doesn't include those water sample salinities that are missing.  It is
noted that the PI Quality word flags all CTD salinities as questionable.

Edit criteria for flagging questionable salinities for the DQE quality word is
Ds = |SC-Sws| > .01 psu.  The station / bottle values below  were marked as
questionable in the DQE quality word location.  All missing bottles were
carried across from the Quality word of the PI.  The PI's  quality word flag
for the CTD salinity was marked throughout the water sample data file  as
questionable (i.e. "3").  In the DQE quality word, when the salinity edit
criteria (Ds = |SC-Sws| < .01 psu) was satisfied then both the CTD and water
sample salinity were given a quality word value of "2" (i.e. marked as good).


        Sta  btl    P       Theta   Sws      Oxws      Ds      QC  Sc,Sws
        ---  ---  ------  -------  -------  -------  -------   --
        119  16     79.7  -0.4443  33.9090  346.300  -0.0117   33
        119  13     99.5  -0.4130  34.0190   -9.000  -0.1145   33
        119  12    145.3   0.0608  34.0420  312.500  -0.0440   33
        119  10    196.8   1.0454  34.2420  254.500  -0.0133   33
        119   8    296.7   1.7456  34.4170  203.600  -0.0128   33
        124   2   1021.1   1.5255  34.7740  187.500  -0.0570   33
        129  12    149.3   0.0756  34.0640  300.800  -0.0211   33
        129  10    197.9   1.0843  34.2890  238.600  -0.0196   33
        134   6    498.7   1.8683  34.6550  176.900   0.0242   33
        137  10    199.5  -0.9988  34.2470  309.000  -0.0114   33
        137   2    700.6   0.1737  34.5340  239.200   0.0302   33
        138  24      8.9  -1.6659  34.0840  337.600  -0.0118   33
        138  18     38.7  -1.6735  34.1500  333.100  -0.0221   33
        138  10    146.4  -1.6718  34.3040  316.000  -0.0381   33
        138   8    254.2  -0.8008  34.4420  279.200  -0.0132   33
        139  12    150.1  -1.7300  34.4500  314.400  -0.0149   33
        140   8    148.3  -1.8968  34.5880  323.700  -0.0260   34
        143  20     39.6  -1.9005  34.5910  326.300  -0.0118   34
        145  23      9.3  -1.8701  34.5850  304.200  -0.1381   34
        145   5    250.0  -1.7663  34.5280  305.100  -0.0120   33
        146   9    149.9  -1.4172  34.5060  280.500  -0.0228   33
        146   8    200.7  -1.1268  34.5840  248.200  -0.0511   33
        146   1    496.1  -1.1563  34.5570  273.300   0.0396   33


        Sta  btl    P       Theta   Sws      Oxws      Ds      QC  Sc,Sws
        ---  ---  ------  -------  -------  -------  -------   --
        147   8    499.1   0.2419  34.6420  225.600   0.0113   33
        147   1    949.2  -0.9883  34.6090  274.500   0.0184   34
        149   9    397.1   0.3562  34.6710  213.500  -0.0218   33
        149   4   1297.7  -0.6148  34.6430  248.800  -0.0102   34
        152  19     97.6  -1.8258  34.4420  285.900   0.0120   33
        152   9   2750.7  -0.6852  34.6560  235.100  -0.0106   33
        152   6   2899.5  -1.0688  34.6180   -9.000   0.0137   34
        157  22     97.9  -1.7618  34.6380  209.100  -0.1710   34
        159  18    500.6   0.2742  34.6780  195.500   0.0105   33
        160  23     47.9  -1.8595  34.4880  297.300  -0.0309   34
        160  22     73.3  -1.8590  34.4930  297.000  -0.0354   34
        160  21     97.8  -1.8465  34.5100  297.000  -0.0513   34
        164  15    127.6  -1.7991  34.6800   -9.000  -0.1864   34
        164   9    498.9   0.2723  34.6730   -9.000   0.0110   33
        164   7   1004.5   0.0195  34.6620   -9.000   0.0142   33
        167  14   1497.9  -0.1135  34.6610  218.400   0.0105   33
        168  10    499.9   0.3251  34.6570   -9.000   0.0273   34
        168   2   4782.4  -0.9166  34.6500  250.500  -0.0107   33
        169  22     98.2  -1.7995  34.6890  293.700  -0.1936   34
        170  21     97.8  -0.7486  34.6000  231.600   0.0132   33
        171  16     97.1  -1.8015  34.5100  298.200  -0.0157   33
        171  10    495.6   0.3611  34.6760  193.800   0.0126   33
        172  21    147.3  -1.7836  34.5210  292.200  -0.0139   33
        173  24     10.4  -1.8608  34.4420  291.900   0.0227   33
        173  20    221.0   0.5032  34.6740  193.700   0.0111   33
        174  14    277.2   0.5217  34.4860  192.300   0.2005   34
        174  10    996.4   0.1469  34.6600  205.300   0.0186   34
        175  24     10.5  -1.8578  34.4790  300.500   0.0120   33


        Sta  btl    P       Theta   Sws      Oxws      Ds      QC  Sc,Sws
        ---  ---  ------  -------  -------  -------  -------   --
        177  15   1243.7   0.0695  34.6540  210.400   0.0241   34
        179  14   1244.4   0.1417  34.6770  208.500   0.0109   33
        180  21    118.5  -0.6622  34.6240  215.600   0.0164   34
        180  13   1496.0   0.0257  34.6620  214.000   0.0116   34
        181  20     49.8  -1.5724  34.4710   -9.000   0.0128   33
        181  18     68.8  -1.3808  34.6870   -9.000  -0.1941   34
        181  12    497.0   0.6925  34.6890   -9.000   0.0121   34
        182  19    298.0   0.7649  34.6790  204.500   0.0136   33
        182  18    298.0   0.7669  34.6810  205.200   0.0106   33
        183  10    997.9   0.2578  34.6530  212.900   0.0252   34
        185  17    141.8  -1.7874  34.4800  287.400  -0.0217   34
        187  22     18.9  -1.8710  34.3590  323.000   0.0375   34
        187  10    398.7  -1.8676  34.3790  324.300   0.0164   34
        192  17     18.8  -1.8714  34.4630  323.100  -0.1029   33
        192  12     39.0  -1.8678  34.4470  323.900  -0.0852   33
        192  11     59.1  -1.8642  34.4490  324.900  -0.0827   33
        192  10     79.9  -1.8636  34.4210  323.900  -0.0513   33
        192   9    100.2  -1.8640  34.4520  323.700  -0.0816   33
        192   8    147.3  -1.8640  34.4500  323.700  -0.0792   33
        192   7    200.5  -1.8632  34.4570  324.100  -0.0825   33
        192   3    400.4  -1.8252  34.3930  316.900  -0.0104   33


        Sta  btl    P       Theta   Sws      Oxws      Ds      QC  Sc,Sws
        ---  ---  ------  -------  -------  -------  -------   --
        193  17     19.2  -1.8695  34.5830  323.300  -0.1778   34
        193  12     80.1  -1.8626  34.5760  322.700  -0.1740   34
        193  11    200.3  -1.8293  34.5670  320.800  -0.1577   34
        193  10    336.0  -1.6919  34.5530  303.300  -0.1307   34
        193   9    370.6  -1.6259  34.5860  304.200  -0.1397   34
        193   8    504.6  -0.3771  34.6550  250.200  -0.1016   34
        193   7    599.9   0.0597  34.7050  233.500  -0.1030   34
        193   6    700.7   0.2496  34.7330  224.800  -0.1115   34
        193   5    801.3   0.3766  34.7550  218.500  -0.1167   34
        193   4    905.7   0.5089  34.7720  213.300  -0.1100   34
        193   3   1051.5   0.4153  34.7770  212.400  -0.1040   34
        193   2   1110.2   0.3862  34.7710  212.700  -0.0992   34
        193   1   1160.8   0.3673  34.7780  213.500  -0.1049   34
        194  16    181.7  -1.7419  34.4310  306.000  -0.0103   34
        194  14    300.3  -1.3327  34.4850  285.700  -0.0136   34
        194  13    380.8  -0.8067  34.5430  257.800  -0.0158   34
        194   6   1401.1   0.1748  34.7830  216.200  -0.1137   34
        194   5   1599.4   0.1020  34.7760  217.900  -0.1078   34
        194   4   1800.4   0.0492  34.7790  218.700  -0.1118   34
        194   3   1969.3   0.0071  34.7760  220.300  -0.1105   34
        194   2   2027.9  -0.0089  34.7780  220.300  -0.1118   34
        194   1   2076.5  -0.0231  34.7750  221.100  -0.1091   34
        195  14    201.6   0.1107  34.4720  227.700   0.1524   34
        195  13    320.6   0.3471  34.4790  220.200   0.1682   34
        195  12    441.3   0.3746  34.6290  219.500   0.0258   34
        195  10    539.0   0.4894  34.6570  213.600   0.0136   34
        197  24     19.3  -1.8015  34.4720  285.700   0.0119   34
        197  21     39.6  -1.7999  34.4950  285.600  -0.0114   34


        Sta  btl    P       Theta   Sws      Oxws      Ds      QC  Sc,Sws
        ---  ---  ------  -------  -------  -------  -------   --
        197  19     79.0  -1.7396  34.5190  276.200  -0.0317   34
        197  18     96.8  -1.3992  34.6010  237.100  -0.0890   34
        197  16    249.6   0.5957  34.6840  207.500  -0.0204   34
        198   1   3655.5  -0.4181  34.4810  236.300   0.1735   34
        200  21     41.1  -1.7899  34.4890  286.700  -0.0104   33
        201  14    268.0   0.4192  34.6880  202.100  -0.0316   34
        202  20     80.0  -1.4477  34.4770  285.100  -0.0191   33
        202  19    100.8   0.4403  34.6100  214.300   0.0146   33
        203  22     21.0  -1.7865  34.3650  301.600   0.0203   34
        203  10   1501.4   0.0717  34.6550  213.400   0.0175   34
        205  18    134.5  -1.5729  34.4300  280.700  -0.0425   33
        206  16    172.2  -1.2302  34.5190  244.300  -0.0874   33
        207  19     99.9  -1.5641  34.3600   -9.000  -0.0660   33
        207  18    124.4   0.3384  34.5950   -9.000  -0.0102   33
        208  23     21.7  -1.8335  34.3930  327.600  -0.1186   33
        208  21     61.8  -1.8223  34.3980  328.100  -0.1230   33
        208  19    102.3  -1.6612  34.4040  281.000  -0.1165   33
        210   4   4004.1  -0.7401  34.6360  247.300   0.0103   34
        215  19    100.3  -1.7261  34.2800  320.600  -0.0129   33
        218  16    150.7  -0.4464  34.4000  265.700  -0.0685   33
        219  17    151.3  -1.1037  34.2770  299.700  -0.0206   33
        220  14    151.0  -1.4244  34.2170  316.700  -0.0272   33



G.2.1  RESPONSE FROM THE CHIEF SCIENTIST TO CTD 

This was an Antarctic winter cruise and all kind offers for software are of 
little help when sensors or water in bottles freeze. We have tried since 1986 to 
prevent freezing, bug only in 1990 did we achieve a somewhat satisfying system. 
However, for oxygen we did not find a solution at all and therefore there are no 
CTDOXY values.

As for the ANT VIII data our sensor protection was still not reliable and we had 
freezing problems as well as those fromour protection system. Therefore the data 
of that cruise required a particularly intensive correction. But even now we 
still have more problems with the CTDs than warm water oceanographers and 
therefore need special procedures. WE hoped to experiences some improvement by 
using the FSI CTD but it seems as if we just exchange one set of problems for 
another.



WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type  Data Status Summary
--------  ----------  ---------  -----------------------------------------------
07/30/99  Bartolacci  SUM        Data Update
          I've replaced the sr04 (06AQANTVIII_2) sumfile with the most recently 
          found version from the WHOI data directory.  It has two line numbers 
          included in it, SR04 and SR02, and also has beginning, bottom and 
          ending event codes included in it where the current, online version 
          does not.  In short, the new sumfile is more complete, and does not 
          need reformatting.
          
05/03/01  Uribe       BTL        Website Updated  Exchange File Added 
          Bottle file has been converted to exchange format and linked online. 
          Bottle file indicated cast 22 for station 158, however sumfile 
          indicated it was cast 2. Bottle file was modified in order to properly 
          convert to exchange code.
          
07/11/01  Uribe       CTD        Website Updated  Exchange File Added
          CTD have been converted to exchange format and put online.
          
05/17/02  Tibbetts  DOC  Website Updated  txt versions online
          New txt doc online
          
03/05/03  Kappa       DOC        Doc Update  Final PDF/TXT Reports Compiled
          New text and pdf versions of the cruise documentation have been 
          assembled. PDF version includes figures provided by the chief
          scientist and the ctd data quality evaluator; as well as links 
          from text to the table of contents, figures and tables.

          In addition to the new pdf file, online documentation has the 
          following changes:
            o Greatly expanded discussion of the scientific program
            o Nutrients report
            o Bottle data DQE report
            o CTD report
            o Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler report
            o Thermosalinograph report 
            o dissolved oxygen report
            o XBT and XCTD report
            o Meteorological observations report
            o Atmospheric chemistry report
            o List of cruise participants
            o List of ship's crew
            o Major Problems and Goals not achieved
            o Other Incidents of Note
            o Report on buoys
            o Report on moorings
          
          

