A.   Cruise Narrative: P16N
     (Climate and Global Change 1991)

A.1. Highlights

           WOCE line designation  P16N
                   WOCE EXPOCODE  31DSCGC91_1-2
                 Chief Scientist  John L. Bullister
                                  NOAA-PMEL
                                  7600 Sand Point Way, NE
                                  Seattle, WA 98115
                                  Tel:   206 526 6741
                                  FAX:   206 526 6744
                                  Email: bullister@noaapmel.gov
                           Dates  Leg 1  14 Feb 1991 - 28 Feb 1991
                                  Leg 2  07 Mar 1991 - 08 Apr 1991
                            Ship  NOAA R/V Discoverer
                   Ports of call  Leg 1 Seattle, WA - Hilo, Hawaii
                                  Leg 2 Hilo, Hawaii - Seattle, WA
              Number of stations  64
                                              19°53.27'N
Geographic boundaries (stations)  154°55.51'W            151°56.27'W 
                                              56°17.72'N
    Floats and drifters deployed  0
  Moorings deployed or recovered  0


TABLE OF CONTENTS

A        Cruise Narrative: P16N
A.1      Highlights
A.2      CRUISE SUMMARY
A.3      LIST OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
A.3.a    PARTICIPANTS
A.4      RESULTS AND HIGHLIGHTS
A.5      MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ON THE CRUISE

B        HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS
B.1      CTD MEASUREMENTS
B.1.a    STANDARDS AND CALIBRATIONS
B.1.b    DATA ACQUISITION
B.1.c    DATA ACQUISITION PROBLEMS
B.1.d    SALINITIES
B.1.e    POST-CRUISE CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATIONS
B.1.f    CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION PROGRAMS AND PLOTTING COMMAND FILES
B.1.g    PROCESSING
B.2      BOTTLE SALINITY MEASUREMENTS
B.3      DISSOLVED OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS 
B.3.a    STS/ODF DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES, AND PROCESSING 
B.3.a.1  OXYGEN
B.3.a.2  NUTRIENTS
B.3.a.3  DATA COMPARISONS
B.4      RADIOCARBON RESULTS 
B.4.a    GENERAL COMMENTS ON THIS DATA RELEASE (#92-15)
B.4.b    GENERAL COMMENTS ON C12 DATA
B.5      CFC-11 AND CFC-12 MEASUREMENTS ON WOCE SECTION P16N 
B.6      DIC and pH
B.6.a    TOTAL DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (TCO2)
B.6.b    pH

C        DATA QUALITY EVALUATIONS
C.1      DATA QUALITY EVALUATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC DATA
C.2      DATA QUALITY COMMENTS ON CTD DATA
C.3.a    CFC DQE REPORT
C.3.b    FINAL CFC DATA QUALITY EVALUATION 



A.2  CRUISE SUMMARY:
 
Fig. 1 shows the station locations.  A listing of station locations is 
given in the P16N.sea file.
Fig. 2 shows the sampling depths for the 10 liter bottles along the 
section.  


A.3  LIST OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:

                 Measurement  PI            Institution
                 -----------  --            -----------
                 CTD          S. Hayes      PMEL
                 CFCs         J. Bullister  PMEL
                 Helium-3     W. Jenkins    WHOI
                              J. Lupton     UCSB
                 Tritium      W. Jenkins    WHOI
                 Oxygen       J. Swift      SIO-ODF
                 TCO2         R. Feely      PMEL
                 Alkalinity   R. Feely      PMEL
                 pH           R. Byrne      USF
                 DIC          P. Quay       UW
                 C-14 (AMS)   R. Key        Princeton
                 Nutrients    J. Swift      SIO-ODF
                 DON          P. Wheeler    OSU
                 ADCP         S. Hayes      PMEL

A.3.a  PARTICIPANTS: LEG 2

           John Bullister     PMEL       CFCs/Chief Scientist
           David Wisegarver   PMEL       CFCs
           Fred Menzia        PMEL       CFCS
           Jeff Benson        PMEL       Rosette operations
           Tiffany Vance      PMEL       CTD
           Kristy McTaggert   PMEL       CTD
           Dana Greely        PMEL       rosette operations, CO2
           Paulette Murphy    PMEL       CO2
           Susan Leftwich     AOML       CO2
           Jiarong Zhang      UW         DIC
           Mike Behrenfeld    OSU        Productivity
           Pat Wheeler        OSU        Productivity/DON
           Mary-Lynn Dickson  OSU        Productivity/DON
           Leonard Lopez      SIO-ODF    Large Volume C-14
           Art Hester         SIO-ODF    Oxygen, nutrients
           Bob Key            Princeton  Large Volume C-14, AMS C-14
           Tonya Clayton      USF        pH
           Kim Kelly          PMEL       Underway dissolved gases
           Kelly Roupe        PMEL       Helium-tritium
           Dan Lee            PMEL       CFCs/data processing
           Larry Murray       NOAA-PMC   CTD/salinity
           Rex Long           NOAA-PMC   salinity
           Clyde Kakazu       NOAA-PMC   CTD
           Eric Noah          NOAA-PMC   CTD
           John Nakamura      NOAA-PMC   CTD


A.4  RESULTS AND HIGHLIGHTS:

Leg 1 of the CGC91 expedition consisted of 14 stations occupied along the 
transit from Seattle to Hilo. These stations were re-occupations of stations 
previously sampled by PMEL investigators in 1985 for various parameters, and are 
not part of any WHP section. Only 1 of the stations on Leg 1 (Sta. 13 at 21 20 
N, 152 50 W), made on the appproach to Hilo, is included in this report 

Leg 2 consisted of 52 stations (Sta. 15-66) on a line extending nominally along 
about 152 W from Hilo, Hawaii (20 N) to Kodiak Alaska (57 N). This section 
roughly follows the track from Honolulu to Kodiak made in 1984 during the 
Marathon II Expedition (Martin et al, 1987).

We obtained full water column CTD profiles at all stations. The CFC data have 
been submitted to the WHP Office. A detailed discussion of the CTD measurements, 
data acquisition techniques, post-cruise calibrations and processing is also 
given in McTaggart and Mangum (1995).

A 24 position 10 liter rosette with Neil Brown MARK III CTD (NBIS serial # 1111) 
was used at all stations. Due to limitations in ship time and endurance of the 
Discoverer, station spacing was nominally set at 40 nautical mile intervals, 
with closer spacing near boundaries and topographic features. To improve 
vertical resolution (within the available time), we planned to alternate between 
single cast (24 bottle) and 2 cast (48 bottle) stations along the line. Large 
volume Gerard Barrel casts (for C-14) were planned at a nominal spacing of 5 
degrees along the line. No floats, drifters or moorings were deployed or 
recovered during the expedition. Continuous underway measurements of sea surface 
temperature and salinity were recorded along the cruise track. Approximately 44 
XBTs were launched along the section. 


A.5  MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ON THE CRUISE

As anticipated for this region of the North Pacific in late winter, we 
encountered a series of storms along the cruise track. Bad weather caused the 
cancellation of several stations between about 20-48 N (see attached station 
listing and map). 

Severe weather caused us to skip all scheduled stations between 48-52 N on the 
northward transit along the line. We bypassed this region, and continued onward 
to complete the northern end of the line at Kodiak Island (57 N). We hoped to 
occupy the missed stations by re-tracing the track southward, but again 
experienced severe weather in this region, and were only partially successful in 
filling this gap.  The center of this area (50 N, 152 W) was later crossed by a 
diagonal (SE-NW) section as part of WHP Line P17N in June 1993. 

A number of water samples were lost due to problems with the 24 position General 
Oceanics Rosettes used to close the sample bottles. Although 2 new units were 
purchased for use on this cruise, and we were careful not to exceed lanyard 
tension specifications, we experienced a number of difficulties with the 
Rosettes. The problems included double-trips, failures to confirm firings, and 
failures in closing bottles. Typically, these problems resulted in losses of 
from one to several samples per cast, but at several stations only a few bottles 
were closed successfully. The mechanical components in the rosette required 
frequent disassembly and re-alignment, often resulting in delays in deploying 
the CTD/rosette package. After re-adjustment, performance of these units often 
deteriorated after only a few casts. 

Most of the double trips and mis-firings were identified on board ship, and the 
correct closing depth determined from bottle salinity results. Additional mis-
fires have been identified using other data, including dissolved nutrients, 
oxygen, CFCs and pH. We believe that most of the mis-fires have been identified, 
and that the bottle numbers (btlnbr) and corresponding ctd pressures (ctdprs) in 
the P16N.sea data file have been assigned correctly. After these checks were 
made, a bottle quality flag value of 2 has been assigned to these samples. 

As a result of the mechanical problems, bad weather, and reduced ship speed, we 
were forced to reduce the number of 2 cast stations made along the section. 

We experienced mechanical problems with some of the Gerard Barrels, especially 
during the first few stations attempted. This resulted in the loss of a number 
of large volume radiocarbon samples. Data from the Gerard Barrel casts has been 
processed by Robert Key at Princeton, and submitted to the WHP office in a 
seperate file (.LVS format).


SUMMARY:

Despite the problems in fully completing the section as planned, we feel that 
the quality of the data at the stations sampled is generally good.


REFERENCES:

MARTIN, M., Talley, L.D., DeSzoeke, R.A. (1987).  Physical, Chemical and
    CTD Data from the Marathon II Expedition. Data Report 131, Reference
    87-15, College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Coravallis, OR.

McTaggart, K.E., Mangum, L.J., (1995).  CTD Measurements Collected on a
    Climate and Global Change Cruise (WOCE Section P16N) along 152 W during
    February-April, 1991.  NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-53, Pacific Marine
    Environmenal Laboratory, Seattle, WA.



B.   HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS

B.1   CTD MEASUREMENTS
     (K. McTaggart) 


INTRODUCTION:

The Neil Brown Mark IIIb CTD profiler is designed to make precise, high 
resolution measurements of conductivity, temperature and depth in the ocean
environment.  Electrical conductivity of sea water is obtained using a 
miniature, four electrode ceramic cell and highly precise and stable interface
electronics.  Temperature is determined using a platinum resistance thermometer
(the fast response thermistor was disabled).  And a high performance, strain 
gage pressure transducer and associated electronics are used to determine 
pressure.

Data from the underwater unit is transmitted in real time to a shipboard data
terminal through a single conductor electro-mechanical cable.  The data is in
TELETYPE (TTY) format and uses a frequency shift key(FSK) modulated signal 
superimposed on the DC power supplied to the underwater unit via the same 
conductor.

B.1.a  STANDARDS AND CALIBRATIONS:

The EG&G conductivity sensor has a range of 1 to 65 mmho, an accuracy of 
+/- 0.005 mmho, resolution of 0.001 mmho, and stability of 0.003 mmho/month.
The Rosemount platinum thermometer has a range of -32 to 32 C, an accuracy of 
+/-0.005 C (-3 to 32 C), resolution of 0.0005 C, and stability of 0.001 C/month.
And the Paine pressure sensor has a range of 0 to 6500 db, and accuracy of
+/- 6.5 db, resolution of 0.1 db, and stability of 0.1%/month.

Both pre-cruise and post-cruise laboratory calibrations were done at Northwest
Regional Calibration Center in Bellevue, Washington.  The CTD was placed in a
temperature controlled bath and compared against a calibration standard at nine
different temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 C.  A linear fit is calculated for
the platinum thermometer.  A calibrated piston gauge was used to determine
separate third order fits for the CTD pressure sensor at four temperatures for 
increasing pressure (over 7 pressure values from 0 to 6300 dbars) and decreasing
pressure (over 6 values from 6300 to 0 dbars).  Temperature and pressure 
calibrations are crudely checked at sea by comparing values with those from deep
reversing thermometers, but the stability of the sensors is good enough (about
4 milli-degrees C for temperature and about .95 dbars for pressure over the
4-month period between pre- and post-cruise calibrations) that the CTD sensors
are more accurate than the reversing thermometers.  The conductivity sensor is
not as stable relative to water sample values, and is more accurately calibrated
using water samples collected in Niskin bottles mounted on the rosette sampler.
Immediately prior to tripping the sampler, P, T, and C values are read from the
deck unit.  These values are then used to compare with the water sample values.

Pre-cruise calibrations:

      BIAS      SLOPE     COEF 1          COEF 2
   -32.7088   .9961159  0.188702E-5  -0.1999822E-09   P DN  S/N 1111  FEB 91
   -35.0322   .9940687  0.293848E-5  -0.3073184E-09   P UP  S/N 1111  FEB 91
     0.0534  1.0005530  0.000000E-6   0.0000000E-10   T 68  S/N 1111  FEB 91
     0.0018  0.9997682  0.000000E-6   0.0000000E-10   C     S/N 1111  FEB 91

Post-cruise calibrations:

   -33.6641   .9963757  0.181537E-5  -0.1971429E-09   P DN  S/N 1111  JUN 91
   -35.8913   .9941153  0.290680E-5  -0.3061199E-09   P UP  S/N 1111  JUN 91
     0.0494  1.0006070  0.000000E-6   0.0000000E-10   T 68  S/N 1111  JUN 91
    -0.0028  0.9996766  0.000000E-6   0.0000000E-10   C     S/N 1111  JUN 91

B.1.b  DATA ACQUISITION:

A total of 64 CTD casts were done by the ship's survey personnel under the 
supervision of PMEL CTD personnel.  54 casts were taken to within 50 meters 
of the bottom, although all of these were not deep (i.e. greater than 2000
meters).  The remaining 12 casts were taken to 1000 meters or less.  PMEL's
Neil Brown Mark IIIb CTD, serial number 1111, and two new General Oceanics 
24-bottle rosette pilons were used throughout the cruise.  CTD 1111 was not
equipped with an oxygen sensor.  10-liter Niskin bottles were used to collect
water samples for salinity, oxygen, nutrients, CFCs, helium, tritium, C14,
CO2, alkalinity, DIC, pH, chlorophyll, oxygen-18, DON, particulate nitrogen,
and productivity.

Neil Brown Mark III deck units received the FSK signal from the underwater
unit; displayed pressure, temperature, and conductivity values; sent an analog
signal to an XY recorder which monitored the data acquisition in real time for
signal spiking and problems with the electrical termination; sent any audio 
signal to a reel-to-reel or cassette recorder as a backup; and digitized the 
data before sending it to an IBM compatible 286-AT PC equipped with EG&G 
Oceansoft data acquisition software, version 2.02.  

B.1.c  DATA ACQUISITION PROBLEMS:

Regarding the underwater unit and cable: Leg 2 started with cast 24.  During
cast 28, the CTD grounding strap parted and was fixed after the cast.  Heavy
surging produced 2 kinks in the cable during cast 32 and cast 33.  The reel-to-
reel audio recorder began failing as well.  Cast 36 produced two bends in the 
cable within 3 meters of the underwater package but the cable was not reterm-
inated.  With cast 40 began major malfunctions in the rosette system including
nonconfirmations on the deck unit and open bottles at the surface but not
necessarily the same number.  Water was found in the connectors after this cast
and they were cleaned and reseated.  Extensive, even creative, troubleshooting
of the rosette system continued with nearly every cast.  The XY analog plots
monitoring the CTD signal were consistently of good quality.  After cast 55,
the y-cable was replaced with one from the ship so that the CTD and rosette 
would be on two different wires instead of one interrupted signal.  Things did
not improve however.  The CTD was reterminated after cast 56.  The ground strap
parted again during cast 59 and was repaired.  The conductivity sensor was 
flushed with deionized water because of a noisier analog signal.  Audio backups
were made on cassette tapes after cast 59.  By cast 72 the rosette was working 
better though not perfectly.  After cast 77, all operations ceased for 2 days 
due to bad weather.  The remaining casts were in rougher seas, the last being
cast 87 at station 66.

Regarding data:  Misfires were determined by a collaborative effort using the
difference in CTD and bottle salinity, pH, oxygen, and nutrient data. The 
following is the general consensus at the end of the leg.  Only misfired bottles 
are listed.

CAST   NISKIN   NOM Z   ACTUAL P   COMMENTS                                
                                                                                
      26     1012      500     403.4    Sample bottles probably switched        
      26     1013      400     498.3    during analysis.                        
                                                                                
      27     1026     1600    1302.4    Double trip at 1300m; no 1600m sample.  
                                                                                
      28     1036     4500    5079.2    Double trip at depth.                   
      28     1031     4100    4516.6    Offset by one.                          
      28     1025     3600    4001.7    Offset by one.                          
      28     1029     3000    3613.9    Double trip at 3600m.                   
      28     1038     2500    2985.6    Offset by one.                          
      28     1007     2000    2501.6    Offset by one.                          
      28     1012     1500    2001.6    Offset by one.                          
      28     1013     1000    1500.4    Offset by one.                          
      28     SI06      500     996.7    Offset by one.                          
      28     1003      100     491.6    Offset by one.                          
      28     1009       30     104.5    Offset by one.                          
      28     1024        6      34.4    Offset by one; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      29     1025      100      67.2    Double trip at 70m; no 100m sample.     
                                                                                
      31     1040     1300    1095.8    Double trip at 1100m; no 1300m sample.  
      31     1036      800     698.9    Double trip at 700m; no 800m sample.    
      31     1025      600     497.7    Double trip at 500m; no 600m sample.    
                                                                                
      32     1036      200     147.3    Double trip at 150m; no 200m sample.    
                                                                                
      33     1036     2200    1901.4    Double trip at 1900m; no 2200m sample.  
      33     1025     1600    1298.9    Misfire; no 1600m sample.               
      33     1004     1300    1096.3    Double trip at 1100m; no 1300m sample.  
                                                                                
      35     1036      200     154.6    Double trip at 150m; no 200m sample.    
                                                                                
      38     1025     1000    1100.0    Double trip at 1100m.                   
      38     1004      900    1001.0    Offset by one.                          
      38     1026      800     898.0    Offset by one; no 800m sample.          
                                                                                
      39     1029     4500    4007.1    Double trip at 4000m; no 4500m sample.  
      39     1036      200     151.3    Double trip at 150m; no 200m sample.    
      39     1025      100      74.0    Double trip at 75m; no 100m sample.     
                                                                                
      40     1038     4000    1999.4    Double trip at 3000m; no 4000m sample.  
                                                                                
      41     1029     4600    4102.9    Double trip at 4100m; no 4600m sample.  
      41     1041     2100    1802.0    Double trip at 1800m; no 2100m sample.  
      41     1036      800     701.3    Double trip at 700m; no 800m sample.    
      41     1025      600     494.0    Double trip at 500m; no 600m sample.    
                                                                                
      43     1017     5650    4542.8    Misfire.                                
      43     1028     5000    3504.6    Misfire.                                
      43     1029     4500     101.8    Misfire.                                
      43     1038     4000      28.1    Misfire; only 4 bottles closed.         
                                                                                
      44     1038     4100    4607.0    Double trip at 4600m.                   
      44     1007     3500    4104.1    Double trip at 4100m.                   
      44     1012     3000    4104.1                                            
      44     1013     2500    3508.8    Double trip at 3500m.                   
      44     SI06     2000    3508.8                                            
      44     1003     1700    3003.2    Offset by three.                        
      44     1002     1400    2502.0    Offset by three.                        
      44     1041     1150    2001.9    Offset by three.                        
      44     1019      900    1698.4    Offset by three.                        
      44     1033      700    1396.4    Offset by three.                        
      44     SI04      600    1111.9    Offset by three.                        
      44     1032      500     898.2    Offset by three.                        
      44     1037      400     698.8    Offset by three.                        
      44     SI26      300     600.0    Offset by three.                        
      44     1036      200     498.5    Offset by three.                        
      44     1031      150     400.3    Offset by three.                        
      44     1025      100     300.9    Offset by three.                        
      44     1004       75     202.0    Offset by three.                        
      44     1026       50     150.4    Offset by three; no 50m sample.         
      44     1016       25     100.7    Offset by three; no 25m sample.         
      44     1027        6      75.7    Offset by three; no 6m sample.          
                                                                                
      46     1028     5105     298.5    Misfired.                               
      46     1029     4400    5112.7    Offset by one.                          
      46     1038     3900    4407.6    Offset by one.                          
      46     1007     3400    3904.2    Offset by one.                          
      46     1012     2900    3405.4    Offset by one.                          
      46     1013     2400    2902.2    Offset by one.                          
      46     SI06     1900    2902.2    Double trip at 2900m; no 2400m sample.  
      46     1003     1600    1900.0    Offset by one.                          
      46     1002     1300    1900.0    Double trip at 1900m.                   
      46     1041     1000    1599.8    Offset by two.                          
      46     1019      900    1297.6    Offset by two.                          
      46     1033      800     998.1    Offset by two.                          
      46     1011      700     898.0    Offset by two.                          
      46     1032      600     799.8    Offset by two.                          
      46     1037      500     700.3    Offset by two.                          
      46     SI26      400     601.1    Offset by two.                          
      46     1036      300     498.8    Offset by two.                          
      46     1031      200     398.9    Offset by two.                          
      46     1025      150     298.5    Offset by two.                          
      46     1004      100     199.9    Offset by two.                          
      46     1026       50     151.8    Offset by two.                          
      46     1016       25      99.7    Offset by two; no 25m sample.           
      46     1027        6      51.3    Offset by two; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      47     SI06     2750    3251.0    Double trip at 3250m.                   
      47     1003     2500    2752.7    Offset by one.                          
      47     1002     2250    2500.8    Offset by one.                          
      47     1041     2100    2250.0    Offset by one.                          
      47     1019     1750    2250.0    Double trip at 2250m.                   
      47     1033     1500    2098.4    Offset by two.                          
      47     1011     1250    1750.8    Offset by two.                          
      47     1032      900    1500.0    Offset by two.                          
      47     1037      800    1246.4    Offset by two.                          
      47     SI26      650     899.7    Offset by two.                          
      47     1036      500     800.0    Offset by two.                          
      47     1031      400     649.6    Offset by two.                          
      47     1025      300     501.1    Offset by two.                          
      47     1004      200     399.6    Offset by two.                          
      47     1026      100     302.1    Offset by two.                          
      47     1016       30     200.9    Offset by two; no 30m sample.           
      47     1027        6     100.9    Offset by two; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      48     1013     1000     749.6    Misfire.                                
                                                                                
      49     SI06     2800    3101.2    Double trip at 3100m.                   
      49     1003     2500    2802.4    Offset by one.                          
      49     1002     2300    2502.2    Offset by one; no 2300m sample.         
      49     1019     1900    2100.9    Double trip at 2100m.                   
      49     1033     1600    1897.8    Offset by one; no 1600m sample.         
      49     1032     1100    1298.1    Double trip at 1300m.                   
      49     1037     1000    1098.8    Offset by one.                          
      49     SI26      900     999.0    Offset by one.                          
      49     1036      800     899.1    Offset by one.                          
      49     1031      700     798.8    Offset by one.                          
      49     1025      650     699.2    Offset by one.                          
      49     1004      600     650.8    Offset by one.                          
      49     1026      550     599.5    Offset by one.                          
      49     1016      500     550.6    Offset by one.                          
      49     1027      450     499.0    Offset by one; no 450m sample.          
                                                                                
      51     1003     2500    2752.7    Triple trip at 2750m; no 2500m sample.  
      51     1002     2250    2752.7                                            
      51     1041     2100    2250.6    Offset by one.                          
      51     1019     1750    2250.6    Double trip at 2250m; no 1750m sample.  
      51     1033     1500    2100.9    Offset by two.                          
      51     1011     1250    1499.2    Offset by one.                          
      51     1032      900    1499.2    Double trip at 1500m.                   
      51     1037      800    1246.7    Offset by two.                          
      51     SI26      650     898.4    Offset by two.                          
      51     1036      500     799.7    Offset by two.                          
      51     1031      400     640.9    Offset by two.                          
      51     1025      300     502.3    Offset by two.                          
      51     1004      200     400.4    Offset by two.                          
      51     1026      100     297.4    Offset by two.                          
      51     1016       30     201.5    Offset by two; no 30m sample.           
      51     1027        6     102.2    Offset by two; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      52     1029     4000    5008.2    Double trip at 5000m.                   
      52     1038     3000    4007.4    Offset by one.                          
      52     1007     2000    3002.5    Offset by one.                          
      52     1012     1500    1999.3    Offset by one.                          
      52     SI06     1250    1372.8    Double trip at 1375m.                   
      52     1003     1175    1246.5    Offset by one; no 1175m sample.         
      52     1002     1000    1246.5    Double trip at 1250m.                   
      52     1041      850    1000.7    Offset by one.                          
      52     1019      750    1000.7    Double trip at 1000m.                   
      52     1033      650     849.7    Offset by two.                          
      52     1011      550     750.7    Offset by two.                          
      52     1032      450     550.2    Offset by one; no 650m sample.          
      52     1037      350     550.2    Double trip at 550m.                    
      52     SI26      300     450.6    Offset by two.                          
      52     1036      200     350.5    Offset by two.                          
      52     1031      175     298.8    Offset by two.                          
      52     1025      150     175.6    Offset by one; no 200m sample.          
      52     1004      125     175.6    Double trip at 175m.                    
      52     1026       75     152.2    Offset by two; no 75m sample.           
      52     1016       30     126.8    Offset by two.                          
      52     1027        6      31.6    Offset by one; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      53     1033     5000    5632.4    Double trip at depth.                   
      53     1011     4750    5004.3    Offset by one.                          
      53     1032     4500    4758.5    Offset by one.                          
      53     1037     4250    4503.3    Offset by one.                          
      53     SI26     3750    4254.5    Offset by one.                          
      53     1036     3500    3755.9    Offset by one.                          
      53     1031     3250    3507.9    Offset by one.                          
      53     1025     2750    3252.5    Offset by one.                          
      53     1004     2500    2753.8    Offset by one.                          
      53     1026     2250    2500.2    Offset by one.                          
      53     1016     1750    2251.8    Offset by one; no 1750m sample.         
      53     1017     1250    1498.6    Double trip at 1500m; no 1250m sample.  
      53     1029      800    1000.2    Double trip at 1000m.                   
      53     1038      700     803.4    Offset by one.                          
      53     1007      600     699.7    Offset by one.                          
      53     1012      500     598.0    Offset by one.                          
      53     SI06      250     402.0    Double trip at 400m.                    
      53     1003      100     251.3    Offset by one; no 100m sample.          
                                                                                
      55     1007     3000    1175.4    Misfire.                                
      55     1012     2000    1073.0    Offset by one.                          
      55     1013     1500     847.2    Misfire.                                
      55     SI06     1175     747.9    Offset by one.                          
      55     1003     1075     646.7    Offset by one.                          
      55     1002      925     547.0    Offset by one.                          
      55     1041      850     453.2    Offset by one.                          
      55     1019      750     351.0    Offset by one.                          
      55     1033      650     301.5    Offset by one.                          
      55     1011      550     199.7    Offset by one.                          
      55     1032      450     176.1    Offset by one.                          
      55     1037      350     151.0    Offset by one.                          
      55     SI26      300     123.4    Offset by one.                          
      55     1036      200      75.6    Offset by one.                          
      55     1031      175       6.0    Offset by one.                          
                                                                                
      56     1028     5650    4759.2    Misfire.                                
      56     1029     4750    3502.0    Misfire.                                
      56     1038     4500    2251.5    Misfire.                                
      56     1007     4250     601.4    Misfire.                                
      56     1012     3750     403.5    Misfire.                                
      56     1013     3500      52.9    Misfire.                                
      56     SI06     3250      52.9    Double trip at 50m.                     
      56     1003     2750       7.4    Misfire.                                
                                                                                
      57     1013     3250    2752.2    Double trip at 2750m; no 3250m sample.  
                                                                                
      58     1013      125     101.6    Double trip at 100m; no 125m sample.    
                                                                                
      59     1013     1375    1173.6    Triple trip at 1175m; no 1375m sample.  
      59     1003     1075    1173.6                                            
      59     1002      925    1075.3    Offset by one.                          
      59     1041      850     924.1    Offset by one.                          
      59     1019      750     850.9    Offset by one.                          
      59     1033      650     749.4    Offset by one.                          
      59     1011      550     648.7    Offset by one.                          
      59     1032      450     548.8    Offset by one.                          
      59     1037      350     449.7    Offset by one.                          
      59     SI26      300     348.0    Offset by one.                          
      59     1036      200     298.8    Offset by one.                          
      59     1031      175     201.0    Offset by one.                          
      59     1025      150     176.0    Offset by one.                          
      59     1004      125     150.9    Offset by one.                          
      59     1026       75     125.6    Offset by one.                          
      59     1016        6      75.8    Offset by one.                          
      59     1027        6       8.3    Offset by one; no second 6m sample.     
                                                                                
      60     1037      800     699.2    Double trip at 700m; no 800m sample.    
                                                                                
      61     1013     1375    1074.9    Double trip at 1075m; no 1375m sample.  
      61     SI06     1175    1074.9    No 1175m sample either.                 
      61     1003     1075     924.4    Offset by one.                          
      61     1002      925     819.4    Offset by one.                          
      61     1041      850     651.8    Double trip at 650m; no 750m sample.    
      61     1019      750     651.8    Offset by one.                          
      61     1033      650     450.2    Misfire.                                
      61     1011      550     349.4    Double trip at 350m; no 550m sample.    
      61     1032      450     349.4    Offset by one.                          
      61     1037      350     201.5    Double trip at 200m; no 300m sample.    
      61     SI26      300     201.5    Offset by one.                          
      61     1036      200     177.0    Offset by one.                          
      61     1021      175     151.5    Offset by one.                          
      61     1025      150     127.0    Offset by one.                          
      61     1004      125      77.2    Offset by one.                          
      61     1026       75      32.8    Offset by one.                          
      61     1016       30       8.6    Offset by one.                          
                                                                                
      62     1003     2750    3252.1    Double trip at 3250m.                   
      62     1002     2500    2749.4    Offset by one.                          
      62     1019     1750    2249.6    Double trip at 2250m; no 2500m sample.  
      62     1033     1500    1748.5    Offset by one; no 1500m sample.         
      62     1037      800     701.4    Double trip at 700m; no 800m sample.    
                                                                                
      63     1029     5000    4007.1    Double trip at 4000m; no 5000m sample.  
      63     SI06     1375    1502.2    Double trip at 1500m.                   
      63     1003     1175    1375.9    Offset by one.                          
      63     1002     1075    1175.5    Offset by one.                          
      63     1041      925    1072.5    Offset by one.                          
      63     1019      850     923.1    Offset by one.                          
      63     1033      750     849.2    Offset by one.                          
      63     1011      650     749.5    Offset by one.                          
      63     1032      550     648.0    Offset by one.                          
      63     1037      450     548.9    Offset by one.                          
      63     SI36      350     449.1    Offset by one.                          
      63     1036      300     350.7    Offset by one.                          
      63     1031      200     300.3    Offset by one.                          
      63     1025      150     199.6    Offset by one.                          
      63     1004      125     150.0    Offset by one.                          
      63     1026       75     126.7    Offset by one.                          
      63     1027        6      31.8    Offset by two; no 75m or 6m sample.     
                                                                                
      64     1013     3500    3254.0    Double trip at 3250m; no 3500m sample.  
                                                                                
      65     1007     3500     4007.1   Double trip at 4000m.                   
      65     1012     3250     3503.2   Offset by one; no 3250m sample.         
      65     SI06     2500     2750.2   Double trip at 2750m.                   
      65     1003     2250     2499.0   Offset by one.                          
      65     1002     2000     2249.2   Offset by one; no 2000m sample.         
      65     1019     1500     1747.9   Double trip at 1750m.                   
      65     1033     1250     1499.5   Offset by one.                          
      65     1011     1000     1247.6   Offset by one.                          
      65     1032      900      997.7   Offset by one.                          
      65     1037      850      900.1   Offset by one.                          
      65     SI26      800      849.4   Offset by one.                          
      65     1036      750      798.3   Offset by one.                          
      65     1027        6       41.7   Misfire.                                
                                                                                
      66     1025       40       22.7   Misfire.                                
      66     1004       20        7.9   Offset by one.                          
                                                                                
      68     1017     5033     5008.8   Misfire; no sample at depth.            
      68     1028     5000     4756.8   Offset by one.                          
      68     1029     4750     4504.1   Offset by one.                          
      68     1038     4500     4255.1   Offset by one.                          
      68     1007     4250     3753.4   Offset by one.                          
      68     1012     3750     2750.7   Offset by one.                          
      68     1013     3500     2499.6   Misfire; no 3500m sample.               
      68     SI06     3250     2499.6   Double trip at 2500m; no 3250m sample.  
      68     1003     2750     1749.6   Misfire; no 2750m sample.               
      68     1002     2500     1749.6   Triple trip at 1750m.                   
      68     1041     2250     1749.6   No 2250m sample.                        
      68     1019     1750     1498.6   Offset by one.                          
      68     1033     1500     1247.8   Offset by one.                          
      68     1011     1250      998.3   Offset by one.                          
      68     1032     1000      797.0   Offset by one.                          
      68     1037      800      697.6   Offset by one.                          
      68     SI26      700      597.4   Offset by one.                          
      68     1036      600      499.7   Offset by one.                          
      68     1031      500      399.6   Offset by one.                          
      68     1025      400      249.7   Offset by one.                          
      68     1004      250      100.1   Offset by one.                          
      68     1026      100       50.0   Offset by one.                          
      68     1016       50        7.8   Offset by one.                          
                                                                                
      69     1028     5250     4008.1   Misfire; no 5250m sample.               
      69     1029     4000     3002.2   Offset by one.                          
      69     1038     3000     1998.9   Offset by one.                          
      69     1007     2000     1498.5   Offset by one.                          
      69     1012     1500     1374.9   Offset by one.                          
      69     1013     1375     1172.9   Offset by one.                          
      69     SI06     1175     1073.0   Offset by one.                          
      69     1003     1075      922.6   Offset by one.                          
      69     1002      925      847.6   Offset by one.                          
      69     1041      850      749.1   Offset by one.                          
      69     1019      750      648.7   Offset by one.                          
      69     1033      650      548.8   Offset by one.                          
      69     1011      550      349.4   Misfire; no 450m sample.                
      69     1032      450      202.4   Double trip at 200m; no 300m sample.    
      69     1037      350      202.4   Offset by two.                          
      69     SI26      300      176.6   Offset by two.                          
      69     1036      200      152.6   Offset by two.                          
      69     1031      175      126.7   Offset by two.                          
      69     1025      150       78.8   Offset by two.                          
      69     1004      125       31.3   Offset by two.                          
      69     1026       75        8.4   Offset by two.                          
                                                                                
      70     1017     5330     4762.8   Misfire; no 5330m sample.               
      70     1028     5000     4506.4   Offset by two; no 5000m sample.         
      70     1029     4750     4257.4   Offset by two.                          
      70     1038     4500     3756.1   Offset by two.                          
      70     1007     4250     3253.1   Misfire; no 3500m sample.               
      70     1012     3750     2750.6   Offset by three.                        
      70     1013     3500     1499.6   Misfire.                                
      70     SI06     3250      799.4   Misfire.                                
      70     1003     2750      699.1   Offset by eight.                        
      70     1002     2500      600.3   Offset by eight; no 2500m sample.       
      70     1041     2250      499.6   Offset by eight; no 2250m sample.       
      70     1019     1750      400.3   Offset by eight; no 1750m sample.       
      70     1033     1500      252.1   Offset by eight; no 1500m sample.       
      70     1011     1250      101.6   Offset by eight; no 1250m sample.       
      70     1032     1000       50.4   Offset by eight; no 1000m sample.       
      70     1037      800        9.1   Offset by eight; no 150m sample.        
                                                                                
      73     1019     3250     2753.1   Double trip at 2750m; no 3250m sample.  
                                                                                
      74     1013       60       42.2   Misfire; no 60m sample.                 
      74     1017       40        5.2   Misfire; no 40m sample.                 
      74     1033       20        5.2   Tripped at the surface.                 
                                                                                
      75     1026     3500     3254.2   Double trip at 3250m; no 3500m sample.  
                                                                                
      76     1029     4000     5004.4   Double trip at 5000m.                   
      76     SI06     3000     4006.3   Offset by one.                          
      76     1026     2000     3002.2   Offset by one.                          
      76     1002     1500     1999.7   Offset by one.                          
      76     1004     1375     1495.3   Offset by one.                          
      76     1019     1175     1371.1   Offset by one.                          
      76     SI26     1075     1174.6   Offset by one.                          
      76     1011      925     1076.1   Offset by one.                          
      76     1003      850      923.2   Offset by one.                          
      76     1037      750      848.2   Offset by one.                          
      76     1013      650      746.1   Offset by one.                          
      76     1036      550      648.1   Offset by one.                          
      76     1017      450      546.6   Offset by one.                          
      76     1025      350      452.2   Offset by one.                          
      76     1033      300      351.6   Offset by one.                          
      76     1041      200      300.0   Offset by one.                          
      76     1007      175      199.8   Offset by one.                          
      76     1027      150      174.4   Offset by one.                          
      76     1032      125      149.4   Offset by one.                          
      76     1028       75      123.1   Offset by one.                          
      76     1023       30       76.3   Offset by one.                          
      76     1031        6       29.7   Offset by one; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      77     1016     5105        6.0   Misfire.                                
      77     1029     4750     5119.2   Offset by one.                          
      77     SI06     4500     4758.3   Offset by one.                          
      77     1026     4250     4506.4   Offset by one.                          
      77     1002     3750     4255.1   Offset by one.                          
      77     1004     3500     3755.4   Offset by one.                          
      77     1019     3250     3501.3   Offset by one.                          
      77     SI26     2750     3253.8   Offset by one.                          
      77     1011     2500     2751.4   Offset by one.                          
      77     1003     2250     2500.2   Offset by one.                          
      77     1013     1500     2248.9   Offset by one.                          
      77     1036     1250     1750.6   Offset by one.                          
      77     1017     1000     1497.7   Misfire; no 1000m sample.               
      77     1025      800     1250.6   Offset by two.                          
      77     1033      700      798.6   Offset by one.                          
      77     1041      600      701.7   Offset by one.                          
      77     1007      500      599.9   Offset by one.                          
      77     1027      400      498.6   Offset by one.                          
      77     1032      250      400.9   Offset by one.                          
      77     1028      100      242.5   Offset by one.                          
      77     1023       50      102.6   Offset by one.                          
      77     1031        6       52.1   Offset by one; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      79     SI06     3500     3003.7   Double trip at 3000m; no 3500m sample.  
                                                                                
      80     1026     4000     3502.4   Double trip at 3500m; no 4000m sample.  
                                                                                
      81     1016      400      350.0   Double trip at 350m; no 400m sample.    
                                                                                
      82     1016     4175     3502.2   Double trip at 3500m; no 4175m sample.  
      82     1026     2000     1697.7   Double trip at 1700m; no 2000m sample.  
      82     1027      125      149.1   Double trip at 150m; no 125m sample.    
                                                                                
      83     1002     1200     1096.3   Double trip at 1100m; no 1200m sample.  
                                                                                
      84     1012      900      932.6   Double trip at 935m.                    
      84     1029      800      898.5   Offset by one.                          
      84     SI06      700      798.0   Offset by one.                          
      84     1026      600      699.2   Offset by one.                          
      84     1002      500      699.2   Double trip at 700m.                    
      84     1004      400      598.6   Offset by two.                          
      84     1019      300      499.7   Offset by two.                          
      84     SI26      200      399.9   Offset by two.                          
      84     1011      150      300.6   Offset by two.                          
      84     1003      100      201.4   Offset by two.                          
      84     1037       60      152.1   Offset by two.                          
      84     1013       30      101.4   Offset by two; no 30m sample.           
      84     1036        6       61.7   Offset by two; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
      85     1026      150      125.5   Double trip at 125m; no 150m sample.    
      85     1003       30       21.2   Misfire.                                
      85     1037       20        7.1   Offset by one.                          
                                                                                
      86     1026     2500     2000.7   Double trip at 2000m; no 2500m sample.  
      86     1027      125      101.1   Double trip at 100m; no 125m sample.    
                                                                                
      87     1002     2000     2501.8   Double trip at 2500m.                   
      87     1004     1700     1998.9   Offset by one.                          
      87     1019     1450     1697.9   Offset by one.                          
      87     SI26     1200     1447.8   Offset by one.                          
      87     1011     1000     1201.2   Offset by one.                          
      87     1003      900     1003.2   Offset by one.                          
      87     1037      800      898.9   Offset by one.                          
      87     1013      700      803.2   Offset by one.                          
      87     1036      600      701.2   Offset by one.                          
      87     1017      500      600.1   Offset by one.                          
      87     1025      400      499.0   Offset by one.                          
      87     1033      300      399.0   Offset by one.                          
      87     1041      200      298.8   Offset by one.                          
      87     1007      150      203.3   Offset by one.                          
      87     1027      125      151.7   Offset by one.                          
      87     1032      100      131.4   Offset by one.                          
      87     1028       60      105.7   Offset by one.                          
      87     1023       30       61.6   Offset by one.                          
      87     1031        6       31.9   Offset by one; no 6m sample.            
                                                                                
                                                                                
     SALINITIES:                                                                
                                                                                
     Guildline Autosal 56.118, last calibrated at NRCC 1/15/91, was used to run 
     salinities for all casts by SST Rex Long.  IAPSO standard seawater used    
     was lot #P110.  Operating temperature was 21C while running samples from   
     casts 38-38, and 24C for all others.  This did not seem to affect the      
     quality of the salinities.  Drift corrections were applied by survey       
     before being transcribed to the CTD cast logs.

B.1.d  POST-CRUISE CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATIONS:

Final calibrations were done at PMEL using the composite bottle data set called 
COMBINE.CAL produced by COMBINE.FOR of CG191 (casts 1-23), CG291 (casts 24-87),
and PSI91 (casts 88-116). CALMSTRW was run with pre-cruise calibrations, then
LINCALW for an overall least squares fit, and then CALMSTRW again with the 
overall fit applied.  Plots of cast number, P, T, C, and bottle salinity verses
the difference in conductivity between CTD and bottle data (CALMCONW.PPC) for
bottles greater than 2000 meters showed cast breaks between casts 2 and 3 where
the cable was first reterminated, and between casts 16 and 17 where the 
conductivity cell had been cleaned on CG191.  The PSI data had no deep bottle 
data to look at and so was calibrated along with the last group which included
the whole of CG291 data.

LINCALW was run on each of the 3 groups of casts.  CALMCONW plots looked good
but the pressure verses delta-conductivity showed an offset of approximately
.002 psu in the deepest bottles.  Fitting each group using only deep bottles
(>2000 meters) remedied the deep pressure offset but skewed the surface bottles.
Fitting each group using only bottles greater than 500 meters decreased the
pressure offset at depth somewhat but there was still some skew in the surface
bottles.  Because DEEPCTD plots of CTD salinity verses potential temperature
with bottle salinities overplotted did not show any difference between using a
fit calculated from all the bottle depths and a fit calculated from those 
bottles deeper than 500 meters (still in 3 groups), it was decided to go with
the conductivity coefficients calculated from all bottle depths for no skew in
the surface bottles.  

Results of LINCALW:
                                                     MAX         STD
                              BIAS        SLOPE    RESIDUAL     ERROR
Group 1 (casts 1 & 2):    -0.03930474   1.000857    0.0033      0.0014
Group 2 (casts 3-16):      0.01242658   0.999319   -0.0048      0.0017
Group 3 (casts 17-118):   -0.00262318   0.999693   -0.0061      0.0022

Group 1: 1 value discarded from 35 in 2 repetitions.
Group 2: 26 values discarded from 282 in 7 repetitions.
Group 3: 242 values discarded from 1640 in 11 repetitions.

DEEPCTD plots with the above calibrations applied showed that the majority of
deep CTD traces were slightly fresher than the bottles implying that the linear
fit calibrations were not enough.  An average of the delta-conductivity values
for bottles deeper than 5000 meters was computed (0.0015), added to the bias of
group 3, and applied to only casts of CG291 (casts 24-87).  Adding this 
additional conductivity offset to CG191 casts of group 3 made things worse or
made no difference.  


B.1.e  CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION PROGRAMS AND PLOTTING COMMAND FILES:

CALEGGW:
creates .CAL uncalibrated bottle data file. 

CALMSTRW:
inputs .CAL uncalibrated bottle file, and outputs .CLB calibrated bottle file 
and WOCE .SEA bottle file with uneditted quality flags.

LINCALW:
inputs .CAL uncalibrated bottle file (which may be broken into groups) and 
calculates a least squares fit between CTD and water sample conductivity. When 
the difference between CTD and water sample conductivity is greater than 2.8 
times the standard devitation of the calculated fit, that calibration point is 
thrown out. Another fit is then calculated without these points and the process 
is iterated until no calibration pairs are discarded. LINCALW outputs a .COEF 
file containing the final least squares fit coefficients and a .LOG file of fit 
iterations.

CALMCONW.PPC:
reads .CLB calibrated bottle data and makes five separate scatter plots: P, T, 
C, S, and cast number verses delta-C (CTD-bottle). These are examined for cast 
breaks and drifts in the CTD.

CALMDEEPW.PPC:
reads .CLB calibrated bottle file and make two separate scatter plots: CTD 
salinity and bottle salinity verses potential temperature from theta=0.6 to 2.2 
degrees C.

DEEPCTD.PPC:
reads processed CTD and bottle data files of deep casts only and overplots the 
bottle salinity data and CTD salinity trace from theta=0.8 to 2.4 degrees C for 
each deep cast.


WOCE .SEA SUBMISSION:

Programmer/chemish Dan Lee was manager of a collective data base of water
sample data during the cruise and at the lab for this project.  Each group
(e.g. CTD, pH, freon, etc.) would give their results to Dan and he would
incorporate them into a master data file whic;h would be submitted to the WOCE 
Programme Office following the guidelines set forth in the WOCE Operations 
Manual Part 3.1.2: Requirements for WHP Data Reporting (July, 1991).  CALMSTRW
was modified to create this same .SEA file but containing only CTD and salinity
parameters.

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is now a standard variable
in PMEL CTD data files.  Temperatures reported to the WHP office will have been
converted to this scale.  Salinities are still computed using PSS-78 and the 
1968 temperature scale.  WOCE quality flags are assigned to each bottle, each
salinity value, and each bottle salinity value for every cast.

The bottle quality flag was assigned a value of 2 (no problems noted), 3 
leaking as noted on the sampling logs and CTD cast logs), or 4 (did not trip 
correctly i.e. if the nominal pressure differed from the actual pressure).  The
quality flag associated with the CTD salinity measurement was 2 (acceptable
measurement).  An in-house criteria was set up to distinguish between 
acceptable, questionable, and bad quality flags for bottle salinity 
measurements:  For the highly variable upper water column (0-1000 db), if the
difference between the CTD salinity and bottle salinity was greater than .04
psu, the quality flag was assigned a value of 4 (bad); if the difference was
between .01 and .04 psu, it was assigned a value of 3 (questionable); and if 
the difference was less than .01, it was considered an acceptable bottle 
salinity.  For the more stable deep water (potential temperature less than 
2.4 degrees C), the quality flaf for bottle salinity was 4 if the difference
in salinities was greater than .008 psu, 3 if delta-S was between .003 and .008
psu, and 2 if less than .003 psu.  For mid-column water, the assignment of 
quality flag values was subjective.


B.1.f  PROCESSING:

Data was restored to the PMEL VAX system from TK50 tape.  The following standard
processing programs and plotting command files were used to process the data:

DPDNZ - In order to eliminate anomalous excursions in the raw temperature and
        conductivity data associated with reversals in the direction of movement
        of the CTD package, as well as when the package decelerates due to the
        ship rolling and pitching, a fall rate is computed between samples 
        approximately 2 seconds apart and is recorded along with the original
        unprocessed data. 

DPDNZ   inputs EG&G CTDACQ raw data files (.EDT) and  outputs a binary file of 
        raw data including computed fall rates (.DPZ) and an ASCII file (.RECZ) 
        from which a record range for the downcast are selected.

DLAGZ - inputs the .DPZ file, applies pre-cruise calibrations (read from 
        CALIB.DAT), edits the data for window outliers and first differencing 
        outliers (according to WINDOW.DAT), fills these gaps by linear 
        interpolation, corrects for the time-constant mismatch between temper-
        ature and conductivity sensors, edits data exceeding the fall rate 
        criteria (default minimum fall rate acceptable is .8 db/60 scans or 25 
        meters per minute) and pressure interval of 1.5 db; computes 1-meter
        averages, and applies cell dependence to final conductivity values.
        DLAGZ outputs an error log file (CTDERR.DAT) of outlier flags, 
        interpolated values, and fall rate criteria failures, and an ASCII .CTD
        data file including computed salinity.

        Windowing and first differencing:  After reading in a buffer of data
        DLAGZ applies appropriate transfer functions to convert the data to 
        engineering units and checks for obviously bad values.  If a value falls
        outside preset windows it is flagged as bad.  The windows used on this
        data set were -12 to 6500 dbar for pressure, -2 to 33 C for temperature,
        and 24 to 68 mmho/cm for conductivity.  The first two data scans after 
        the user supplied starting record number which pass this window test are
        considered the first two good scans.  Subsequent data points are then 
        edited by calculating the difference between the scan under consider-
        ation and the previous scan.  If this difference is greater than a 
        certain preset value (1 for P, .07 for T, and .1 for C) it is 
        tentatively rejected.  The difference between the next scan and the 
        last good scan is then calculated.  If this value exceeds twice the 
        maximum allowable difference between scans, it too is considered bad.
        If five scans in a row fail in this manner it is assumed that there is 
        a gap in the data record and all scans are retained as good.  If the 
        next, third, fourth or fifth scan has a value close enough to the last
        good scan, then the scan in question is flagged as bad and is rejected.

        Lagging conductivity:  A filter is applied to conductivity data to 
        account for the response time difference between the conductivity sensor
        and the slower platinum thermometer.  This filter was developed using
        the techniques discussed in Horne and Toole (1980).  The conductivity
        is slowed down as follows:
        
                        C(n) = (1-A) CM(n) + A*C(n-1)

        where C is the lagged conductivity, CM is the measured conductivity,
        n is the scan number, and A is a constant which has been determined to
        best match temperature and conductivity (A=0.87).

        Fall rate editting:  We have found that the CTD/rosette package seems 
        to entrap water and drag that water down with it as it falls downward.
        If the fall rate reverses or slows due to the ship's roll, the CTD 
        sensors measure water that has been contaminated by the package.  The
        contamination appears to extend below the level through which the CTD
        started its reversal or slowdown.  So when the CTD starts downward again
        through this water, it is necessary to disregard data collected for a 
        small interval past the pressure at which the reversal started.  The
        lagged conductivity and measured temperature values are accepted and
        placed in 1 dbar bins unless the fall rate calculated by DPDNZ falls
        below the user specified minimum rate.  Data are then rejected until
        the CTD is once again moving downward past the pressure at which it
        slowed below the minimum fall rate plus a user specified pressure 
        interval to account for further contamination.

EPCTDW - inputs .CTD calibrated P, T, and raw conductivity data; applies any 
         additional P and T calibrations, corrects raw conductivity for cell 
         factor, and applies conductivity calibrations; computes salinity; 
         deals with oxygen if there was an oxygen sensor; eliminates 1-point 
         spikes according to the gradients hardwired into the source code; 
         omits any values specified by the processor, fills by linear 
         interpolation for a value to exist every whole meter; recalculates
         conductivity (inverted from S, T, and P); and calculates potential
         temperature, sigma-t, sigma-theta, and dynamic height according to 
         the subroutines supplied in Fofonoff and Millard (1974).  EPCTDW 
         outputs final .CTD data file in PMEL's EPIC (Equatorial Pacific 
         Information Collection) format (Soreide and Hayes, 1988) and a log 
         file listing the editted and filled data points.

         Single-point despiking and filling:  A data scan is removed if the 
         value of the point itself are both greater than a predetermined 
         gradient and have opposite signs.  Maximum allowable gradients are 
         .05, .025 for T and S above 200 dbar and .01, .01 for T and S below 
         200 dbar.  The data array is then filled to obtain one value for each
         1 dbar interval.  When the uppermost pressure is not equal to 0 dbar,
         surface values of T and S are filled with the values associated with 
         the shallowest pressure for which values do exist (provided this 
         pressure is leass than 20 dbar).  Data points are linearly interpolated
         to fill the gaps resulting in an even 1 dbar pressure spacing of the
         final data array.

EPICBOMSTRW - inputs .CLB calibrated bottle data file and .CTD EPIC data files
              (for header information), and outputs .BOT bottle data files in
              EPIC format.
TSPLTEP.PPC - reads .CTD EPIC pointer file and .BOT EPIC pointer file and 
              overplots full water column bottle salinity and CTD trace as well
              as sigma-t lines (from SIGMA.DAT).  Use TSPLTB.PPC to include
              oxygen data.
TEXTNOX -     inputs .CTD EPIC pointer file and constructs plotting subcommand 
              File and outputs TXT*.PPC file for each cast.  Use TEXTEP to 
              include oxygen data.
3PLTNOX.PPC - reads TXT*.PPC subcommand files and .CTD EPIC pointer file and
              overplots vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, and sigma-t
              verses pressure to 1000 db on left hand side of page; and lists
              data in table form on right hand side of page.  Use 4PLT1DB.PPC
              to include oxygen data.

Casts 27, 30, 31, 34, 39, and 47 theta-salinity plots showed obvious looping in
the CTD trace, historically determined to be the result of fall rate inconsis-
tencies of the package.  The worse cast (cast 27) was used to determine a better
criteria for this package.  It turned out to be a minimum acceptable fall rate 
of .8 db/60 scans (approximately 25 meters per minute) and a pressure interval
of 5.0 db to skip after a fall rate failure.  However, this threw out around
50% of the original data!  Alternatively, a group of casts were looked at with
a more reasonable criteria (the default 0.8 db/60 scans and 1.5 db) but with
a gradient despiking switch turned on in EPCTDW (default is off).  This cleaned
up the traces remarkably well and without loosing any structure.  So all 
CGC92 casts were processed with the default fall rate criteria and automatic 
gradient despiking.  Loops that got through this (as seen in TSPLTEP plots were
editted out using the subroutine NOMIT in EPCTDW).  These were casts 5 (leg 1),
26, 27, 28, and 48.  Small temperature inversions were neglected since they are
very fine scale work.

TSPLTEP and DEEPCTD 
plots were looked at for any additional spiking that needed to be taken out 
using NOMIT of EPCTDW.  Spikes were removed from casts 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 36, 
40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 52, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 70, and 77; and the data 
replaced by linear interpolation.

N.B.  
Approximately 600 meters of data from cast 65 were lost during acquisition
when the PC hard disk became full and the program aborted.  The operator didn't
realize this for several minutes and the data had to be restored from audio 
reel-to-reel tape later.  As mentioned earlier, these tapes were badly oxidized
and the replay was very poor.  The majority of data between 1350 and 2100 meters
is linearly interpolated in patches.

Also, a memo was received from Captain Smart of the DISCOVERER explaining that
an error had been made in the bottle salinity calculations run aboard the ship
between January 15, 1991 and October 28, 1991.  In March, 1992 a program was 
written (FIXSAL) to read in the .BOT files, correct for this error, and write
all the variables back out.  Calibrations and CTD data files were left alone.
Dan Lee also wrote a program to go through the master bottle file and make the
corrections.  Bottle data was resubmitted to WOCE.

REFERENCES:

Horne, E.P.W. and J.M. Toole (1980): Sensor response mismatch and lag 
    correction techniques for temperature-salinity profilers.  J. Phys.
    Oceanogr., 10, 1112-1130.

Fofonoff, N.P., S.P. Hayes, and R.C. Millard (1974):  WHOI/Brown CTD 
    microprofiler: methods of calibration and data handling.  Woods Hole
    Oceanographic Institution Technical Report No. WHOI-74-89, 64 pp.

Neil Brown Instrument Systems, Inc. (1982):  Mark IIIb conductivity, 
    temperature, depth profiler underwater unit operation and maintenance 
    manual 0101, Cataumet, MA, 1-12.

Soreide, N.N. and S.P. Hayes (1988):  A system for management, display and 
    analysis of oceanographic time series and hydrographic data.  Fourth
    International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing
    Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology.  American
    Meteorological Society, Boston, J20-J22.




B.2  BOTTLE SALINITY MEASUREMENTS:

Bottle salinity analyses were performed in a climate-controlled lab
using two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A inductive salinometers and
IAPSO Stamdard Seawater from Wormley Batch P110.  The commonly accepted
precision of the Autosal is 0.001 psu, with an accuracy of 0.003 psu.
Salinity samples were collected from each sample bottle at all stations
by ship's personnel.  Two samples were drawn from the deepest bottle at
each station to monitor the drift of the Autosal instrument.  The first
deep sample was run that day, the second was run the following day.
The autosals were standardized at the beginning of each day using one
vial of standard seawater, and again at the end of each case of sample
bottles.  The drift during each run was monitored and individual
samples were corrected for the drift during each run by linear
interpolation.  Bottle salinities were compared with computed CTD
salinites to identify leaking bottles, as well as to monitor the
conductivity sensor performance and drift.


B.3  DISSOLVED OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS 
     (Kristin Sanborn at SIO-ODF)

B.3.a.  STS/ODF DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES, AND PROCESSING 

     Gerard casts were carried  out  with  ~270  liter  stainless
steel Gerard barrels on which were mounted 2-liter Niskin bottles
with reversing thermometers. The Gerard barrels were numbered  81
through 94 and the piggy-back Niskin were numbered 61 through 71.
Salinity check samples were analyzed by PMEL from the Niskin bot-
tles  for  comparison with the Gerard barrel salinities to verify
the integrity of the Gerard sample.  Gerard  pressures  and  tem-
peratures  were  calculated  from  Deep-Sea Reversing Thermometer
(DSRT) readings.  Each DSRT rack normally held 2 protected  (tem-
perature)  thermometers and 1 unprotected (pressure) thermometer.
Thermometers were read by two people, each attempting to  read  a
precision equal to one tenth of the thermometer etching interval.
Thus, a thermometer etched at 0.05 degree intervals would be read
to the nearest 0.005 degrees. Each temperature value is therefore
calculated from the average of four readings.

B.3.a.1  OXYGEN

     Samples were collected for dissolved  oxygen  analyses  soon
after  the  sampler was brought on board and after CFC and Helium
were drawn. Nominal 100 ml volume iodine flasks were rinsed care-
fully with minimal agitation, then filled via a drawing tube, and
allowed to overflow for at least 2 flask volumes.  Reagents  were
added  to  fix  the  oxygen  before  stoppering.  The flasks were
shaken twice;  immediately,  and  after  20  minutes,  to  assure
thorough dispersion of the Mn(OH)2 precipitate.  The samples were
analyzed within 4-36 hours except for Station 13,  Casts  21  and
22, which were analyzed ten (10) days after they were drawn.

     Dissolved  oxygen  samples  were  titrated  in  the  volume-
calibrated  iodine  flasks  with  a  1  ml  microburet, using the
whole-bottle Winkler titration following the  technique  of  Car-
penter (1965).  Standardizations were performed with 0.01N potas-
sium iodate solutions prepared from preweighed  potassium  iodate
crystals.  Standards were run at the beginning of each session of
analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations.  Several
standards  were  made  up and compared to assure that the results
were reproducible, and to preclude basing the  entire  cruise  on
one  standard,  with  the  possibility  of  a  weighing error.  A
correction (-0.014 ml/l) was made for the amount of oxygen  added
with  the  reagents. Combined reagent/seawater blanks were deter-
mined to account for  oxidizing  or  reducing  materials  in  the
reagents,  and  for a nominal level of natural iodate (Brewer and
Wong, 1974) or other oxidizers/reducers in the seawater.

     The assay of the finest quality KIO3  available  to  ODF  is
100%,  +/-0.05%, but the  true limit in the quality of the bottle
oxygen data lies in the practical limitations of the present sam-
pling  and  analytical  methodology,  from the time the bottle is
closed through  the  calculation  of  oxygen  concentration  from
titration  data.  Overall precision within a group of samples has
been determined from replicates on numerous  occasions,  and  for
the system as employed on this expedition, one may expect  +/-0.1
to 0.2%.  The  overall  accuracy  of  the data is estimated to be
+/-0.5%.

     Oxygens were converted from milliliters per liter to  micro-
moles per kilogram using the equation:

            O2[um/kg]=O2[ml/l]/(.022392*(1.0+sigma theta/1000.0))

     The potential density anomaly, sigma theta, is the potential
density  in  kg/m3  referenced to pressure=0, from which 1000 has
been subtracted.

B.3.a.2  NUTRIENTS

     Nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate  and  nitrite)  ana-
lyses, reported in micromoles/kilogram, were performed on a Tech-
nicon AutoAnalyzer.  The  procedures used are described in  Hager
et  al.   (1972)  and  Atlas et al. (1971). Standardizations were
performed with solutions prepared  aboard  ship  from  preweighed
standards;  these solutions were used as working standards before
and after each cast (approximately 24  samples)  to  correct  for
instrumental  drift  during analyses.  Sets of 4-6 different con-
centrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically  to
determine the linearity of colorimeter response and the resulting
correction factors. Phosphate was analyzed using hydrazine reduc-
tion of phosphomolybdic acid as described by Bernhardt & Wilhelms
(1967). Silicate was analyzed using stannous  chloride  reduction
of silicomolybdic acid.  Nitrite was analyzed using diazotization
and coupling to form dye; nitrate was reduced by copperized  cad-
mium  and then analyzed as nitrite.  These three analyses use the
methods of Armstrong et al. (1967).

     Sampling for nutrients followed that for the  tracer  gases,
CFC's,  He,  Tritium,  and  dissolved oxygen.  Samples were drawn
into ~45 cc high density polyethylene, narrow mouth, screw-capped
bottles  which were rinsed twice before filling.  The samples may
have been refrigerated at 2 to 6 deg C for a maximum of 15 hours.

     Nutrients were converted from micromoles per liter to micro-
moles per kilogram by dividing by sample density calculated at an
assumed laboratory temperature of 25 deg C.

B.3.a.3  DATA COMPARISONS

     The oxygen and nutrient data were compared not only with the
adjacent  station, but also with historical data from Marathon II
and Trans-Pacific Section 47N.  The agreement was  within  normal
analytical error.


REFERENCES

Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns,  and  J.  D.  H.  Strickland,
     1967.   The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biologi-
     cal processes by means of  the  Technicon  Autoanalyzer  and
     associated equipment, Deep-Sea Research 14, 381-389.

Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon and P. K. Park, 1971.   A
     Practical  Manual for Use of the Technicon  AutoAnalyzer  in
     Seawater Nutrient Analyses; Revised.  Technical Report  215,
     Reference  71-22.   Oregon  State  University, Department of
     Oceanography.  49 pp.

Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, 1967. The continuous determination
     of  low  level  iron,  soluble phosphate and total phosphate
     with the AutoAnalyzer, Technicon Symposia,  Volume  I,  385-
     389.

Brewer, P. G. and G. T. F. Wong,  1974.   The  determination  and
     distribution of iodate in South Atlantic waters.  Journal of
     Marine Research, 32,1:25-36.

Bryden, H. L., 1973. New Polynomials for Thermal Expansion, Adia-
     batic Temperature Gradient, Deep-Sea Research 20, 401-408.

Carpenter, J. H., 1965.  The Chesapeake Bay  Institute  technique
     for  the  Winkler  dissolved  oxygen  method,  Limnology and
     Oceanography 10, 141-143.

Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. D. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K.
     Park,  1972.  A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer
     analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and silicate. Limnology  and
     Oceanography 17 931-937.

Lewis, E. L., 1980. The Practical Salinity  Scale  1978  and  Its
     Antecedents.  IEEE Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-
     5, 3-8.

UNESCO, 1981.  Background papers and supporting data on the Prac-
     tical  Salinity  Scale,  1978.   UNESCO  Technical Papers in
     Marine Science, No. 37, 144 p.



B.4  RADIOCARBON RESULTS 

Small volume (AMS) samples were collected by Robert Key and processed
at the AMS facility at WHOI. Information on processing and calibration
of these samples is not included in this report.

Results from several Large-Volume C-14 stations are included in the
P16N.LVS file. These results have been provided by the University of
Miami Tritium Laboratory, in Data Release #92-15, H. Gote Ostlund, Head.

The following text is excepted from this report:

B.4.a  GENERAL COMMENTS ON THIS DATA RELEASE  (#92-15)

As part of the WOCE Hydrographic Programme, the NOAA R/V Discoverer
CGC91 Cruise was undertaken during 7 March- 8 April 1991.  The cruise
track followed the 152 W meridian from 20-57 N., during which time six
stations were sampled for radiocarbon using large volume casts.  The
University of Washington Quaternary Research Lab received samples from
three of those stations and the University of Miami Tritium Lab received
samples from the remaining stations. 

Hydrographic data for the large volume stations were received from
Scripps Ocean Data Facility and Bob Key, Princeton University.  Total
CO2 is in progress of being measured by Richard Feely, PMEL 

B.4.b  GENERAL COMMENTS ON C12 DATA

Both C14 and C13 measurements were performed on CO2 gas prepared
from the sample material.  The standard for C14 measurements is ths NBS
oxalic acid standard or radiocarbon dataing.  R-value is the ratio
between the measured specific activity of the sample CO2 to a dC13 value
of -9 per mille and age-correcetd from today to AD1950, all according
to international agreement. Delta C14 is the deviation, (in per mil)
from unity, of the activity ratio, isotope-corrected to a sampe dC13
value of -25 per mil. 

If ages are reported, they are in 'C14 years' (before AD1950), based
on a "best" C14 half-life of 5730 years.  Multiply the ages by 0.9721 to
obtain ages based on the 'official' half-life of 5570.  The quoted
errors are 1 sigma, the uncertainty of the half-life (+-40y) not
included. 

For further information on standards, etc, cf. preface to each
issue of Radiocarbon, and papers by Broecker and Olson 91961), Stuiver
and Robinson (1974) and by Stuiver (1980).

References :

Broecker, W.S., and E.A. Olson. 1961, Lamont Radiocarbon measurements VIII, 
     Radiocarbon, 3, 176-274.

Ostlund, H.G. (1992).  WOCE Radiocarbon,  Data Release 92-15.  Tritium
     Laboratory, University of Miami, RSMAS, Miami, FL.

Stuiver, M., and S.W. Robinson, 1974, University of Washington GEOSECS North
     Atlantic carbon-14 results, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23, 87-90.

Stuiver, M., 1980, Workshop on C14 data reporting, Radiocarbon, 22(3), 964-966.


B.5  CFC-11 AND CFC-12 MEASUREMENTS ON WOCE SECTION P16N 

Specially designed 10 liter water sample bottles were used on the
expedition to reduce CFC contamination.  These bottles have the same
outer dimensions as standard 10 liter Niskin bottles, but use a
modified end-cap design to minimize the contact of the water sample
with the end-cap O-rings after closing.  The O-rings used in these
water sample bottles were vacuum-baked prior to the first station.
Stainless steel springs covered with a nylon powder coat were
substituted in place of the standard internal elastic tubing used to
close Niskin bottles.

Water samples for CFC analysis were usually the first samples collected
from the 10 liter bottles.  Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling
of CFCs with other samples to minimize the time between the initial
opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing.  In most
cases, dissolved oxygen, helium-tritium, total CO2 and pH samples were
collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each
bottle.  To minimize contact with air, the CFC samples were drawn
directly through the stopcocks of the 10 liter bottles into 100 ml
precision glass syringes equipped with 2-way metal stopcocks.  The
syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface seawater
until analyses.

To reduce the possibility of contamination from high levels of CFCs
frequently present in the air inside research vessels, the CFC
extraction/analysis system and syringe holding tank were housed in a
modified 20' laboratory van on the deck of the ship.

For air sampling, a ~100 meter length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run
from the CFC lab van to the bow of the ship.  Air was sucked through
this line into the CFC van using an Air Cadet pump.  The air was
compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at about 1.5
atm using a back-pressure regulator.  A tee allowed a flow (~100
cc/min) of the compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves,
while the bulk flow of the air (>7 liter/minute) was vented through the
back pressure regulator.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas
standards on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas
chromatography (EC-GC), using techniques similiar to those described by
Bullister and Weiss (1988).  For seawater analyses, a ~30-ml aliquot of
seawater from the glass syringe was transferred into the glass sparging
chamber.  The dissolved CFCs in the seawater sample were extracted by
passing a supply of CFC-free purge gas through the sparging chamber for
a period of 4 minutes at ~70 cc/min.  Water vapor was removed from the
purge gas while passing through a short tube of magnesium perchlorate
dessicant.  The sample gases were concentrated on a cold-trap
consisting of a 3-inch section of 1/8-inch stainless steel tubing
packed with Porapak C and Porapak T (60-80 mesh) immersed in a bath of
isopropanol held at -20 degrees C.  After 4 minutes of purging the
seawater sample, the sparging chamber was closed and the trap
isolated.  The trap was then heated to 100 degrees C.  The sample gases
held in the trap were then injected onto a precolumn (12 inches of
1/8-inch O.D. stainless steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil
C, held at 90 degrees C), for the initial separation of the CFCs and
other rapidly eluting gases from more slowly eluting compounds.  The
CFCs then passed into the main analytical column (10 feet, 1/8-inch
stainless steel tubing packed with Porasil C 80-100 mesh, held at 90
degrees C), and then into the EC detector.

The CFC analytical system was calibrated frequently using standard gas
of known CFC composition.  Gas sample loops of known volume were
thoroughly flushed with standard gas and injected into the system.  The
temperature and pressure was recorded so that the amount of gas
injected could be calculated.  The procedures used to transfer the
standard gas to the trap, precolumn, main chromatographic column and EC
detector were similar to those used for analyzing water samples.  Two
sizes of gas sample loops were present in the analytical system.
Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be done to allow the
system to be calibrated over a relatively wide range of CFC
concentrations.  Air samples and system blanks (injections of loops of
CFC-free gas) were injected and analyzed in a similar manner.  The
typical analysis time for a seawater, air, standard or blank sample was
about 12 minutes.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas
standards are reported relative to the SIO93 calibration scale
(Cunnold, et.  al., 1994).  CFC concentrations in air and standard gas
are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are
typically in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) range.  Dissolved CFC
concentrations are given in units of picomoles of CFC per kg seawater
(pmol/kg).  CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were
determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point
calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas
from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder CC9944) into the analytical
instrument.  The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working
standard were calibrated before and after the cruise versus a primary
standard (36743) (Bullister, 1984).  No measurable drift in the
concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the working standard could be
detected during this interval.  Full range calibration curves were run
at intervals of 1-2 days during the cruise.  Single injections of a
fixed volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more
frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes
in detector sensitivity.  Sample loops filled with CFC-free gas, and syringe
samples of CFC-free water (degassed in a specially designed glass
chamber) were also run to check sampling and analytical blanks. 

Previous studies of time-dependent tracers in this region of the North
Pacific indicate that water at density sigma0 > 27.4 should have
near-zero CFC concentrations during the time of the expedition.  
CFC-12 concentrations measured in deep samples along the section were
typically at or near the detection limit (< 0.005 pmol/kg) of the
analytical system.  Blank corrections have been applied to the
dissolved CFC-12 concentrations at 3 of the stations reported in the
P16N.sea file (see table below).
Typical CFC-11 concentrations measured in deep samples along the
section had a median value of about 0.007 pmol/kg. 

The following table summarizes the blank corrections applied to the CFC 
measurements made during the expedition. 

                        CFC-11 blank          CFC-12 blank 
            Station  correction (pmol/kg)  correction (pmol/kg)
            -------  --------------------  --------------------
             15              0.015                 0 
             16              0.006                 0.005
             17-20           0.006                 0 
             21-22           0.010                 0
             23-25           0.006                 0
             26-27           0.000                 0
             28-31           0.007                 0
             32-38           0.000                 0
             39-42           0.004                 0
             43              0.007                -0.003
             44-55           0.004                 0
             56-57           0.006                 0
             58              0.016                 0
             59-64           0.004                 0
             65              0.004                -0.002


We attribute the persistent non-zero CFC-11 blank signal to a combination 
of slow release of CFC-11 from the walls and O-rings of the 10 liter bottles 
into the seawater samples, contamination during the transfer and storage 
of the seawater samples in glass syringes prior to analysis and, most 
importantly, from contamination events due to the discharges from the ship.

A number of water samples had unexpectedly high CFC-11 and/or CFC-12
concentrations relative to adjacent samples.  These anomolous samples
appeared to occur more or less randomly during the cruise, and were not
clearly associated with other features in the water column (eg.
elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity or temperature features,
etc.).  This suggests that the high values were due to individual,
isolated CFC contamination events.  A number of seawater samples were
severely contaminated with CFC-11 during the first (non-WHP) leg of
this expedition, especially at Stations 6-8.  The sudden appearance of
high and variable CFC-11 concentrations in deep samples at Sta. 8 may
have been due to the inadvertent discharge of wastewater from the ship
which occurred at the start of the hydrocast at this station.  At
several stations along Leg 2, CFC-11 concentrations significantly
higher than the mean blank values were measured in some deep samples.
We attribute this to sporadic CFC-11 contamination of the 10 liter
bottles, possibly due to contact of the bottles with an oil slick from
the ship at the start of the casts. Throughout the cruise, the exhaust
stacks of R/V Discoverer emitted a large amount of soot and oil onto
the working area of the ship's fantail.  Although precautions were
taken to shield the rosette and bottles from direct deposition of this
material, an oily surface film was sometimes observed in the water as
the rosette was lowered on station.  Some of the sporadic CFC-11
contamination observed during Leg 2 could have resulted from deposition
of trace amounts of material on the inside of the bottles as the
rosette descended through the surface layer.  Measured concentrations
for these anomolously high samples are included in this report, but are
give a quality flag of 4 (bad measurement).
 
The CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio for each sample was checked for consistency,
and compared to CFC-11/CFC-12 ratios from samples above and below it in
the profile, and to samples from adjacent stations.  A quality flag of
3 (questionable) was applied to some CFC-11 and/or CFC-12 measurements
which had an anomolous CFC-11/CFC-12 ratios and/or concentrations
relative to surrounding samples.  If one of the two gases was clearly
anomolous, that gas was given the questionable flag.  In some cases
both gases were flagged as questionable.

A total ~208 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 3 and ~120 
analyses of CFC-12 were assigned a flag of 3. A total of ~215 analyses 
of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 4 and 59 CFC-12 samples assigned a 
flag of 4.
 
On this expedition, we estimate overall precisions (1 standard deviation)  of
about 1% or 0.005 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-11
and 2% or 0.005 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-12
measurements (see listing of replicate samples given at the end of this
report).

CFC samples from stations 1-13 and Sta 15 are not included in this report.
A value of -9.0 is used for missing values in the listings.

In addition to the file of mean CFC concentrations included in the
P16N.sea file, tables of the following are included in this report:

Table 1a. P16N Replicate dissolved CFC-11 analyses
Table 1b. P16N Replicate dissolved CFC-12 analyses
Table 2.  P16N CFC air measurements
Table 3.  P16N CFC air measurments interpolated to station locations


REFERENCES:

Bullister, J.L.  Anthropogenic Chlorofluoromethanes as Tracers of Ocean
     Circulation and Mixing Processes:  Measurement and Calibration
     Techniques and Studies in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, Ph.D.
     dissertation, Univ. Calif. San Diego, 172 pp.

Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss,  Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in
     seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988.

Cunnold, D.M., P.J. Fraser, R.F. Weiss, R.G. Prinn, P.G. Simmonds, B.R.
     Miller,F.N. Alyea,  and A.J.Crawford. Global trends and annual releases
     of CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other measurements from
     July 1978 to June 1991.  J.  Geophys. Res., 99, 1107-1126, 1994.


Table 1a. P16N  Replicate dissolved CFC-11 Analyses
 
                     STATION   SAMP    F11     F11  
                      NUMBER    NO.   pM/kg   Stdev 
                     -------   -----  ------  ------
                         8     1106   3.900   0.004 
                        10     1518   3.152   0.034 
                        13     2206  -0.001   0.003 
                        17     2616   1.988   0.001 
                        19     2917   2.390   0.027 
                        21     3218   2.252   0.021 
                        22     3412   2.368   0.004 
                        23     3523   2.169   0.010 
                        24     3621   2.151   0.009 
                        30     4416   0.177   0.010 
                        32     4724   2.555   0.011 
                        34     5001   2.222   0.019 
                        35     5120   1.406   0.014 
                        37     5308   2.398   0.023 
                        42     5919   3.091   0.081 
                        43     6018   0.689   0.003 
                        43     6019   1.444   0.013 
                        44     6114   2.762   0.006 
                        44     6115   2.777   0.024 
                        45     6218   0.789   0.003 
                        48     6604   0.480   0.008 
                        49     6714   0.664   0.015 
                        50     6816   0.210   0.005 
                        50     6822   3.973   0.014 
                        51     6913   0.657   0.004 
                        51     6922   4.209   0.012 
                        52     7010   0.528   0.002 
                        54     7324   4.396   0.067 
                        56     7613   0.144   0.008 
                        57     7721   1.310   0.001 
                        58     7820   1.666   0.057 
                        59     7914   0.053   0.004 
                        59     7924   5.273   0.048 
                        60     8101   0.316   0.004 
                        60     8107   1.136   0.013 
                        65     8616   0.282   0.001 
                        66     8719   1.064   0.001 

Table 1b. P16N  Replicate dissolved CFC-12 Analyses
 
                     STATION   SAMP    F12     F12  
                      NUMBER    NO.   pM/kg   Stdev 
                     -------   ----- ------  ------
                         8     1106   1.831   0.000 
                        10     1518   1.642   0.046 
                        11     1814   0.001   0.003 
                        12     1902   0.095   0.002 
                        13     2206   0.003   0.000 
                        19     2917   1.192   0.009 
                        21     3218   1.170   0.013 
                        22     3401   0.003   0.005 
                        22     3412   1.242   0.009 
                        23     3523   1.150   0.017 
                        24     3621   1.156   0.002 
                        30     4416   0.088   0.003 
                        32     4724   1.339   0.013 
                        34     4907   0.000   0.000 
                        34     5001   1.090   0.000 
                        35     5120   0.686   0.002 
                        37     5308   1.209   0.024 
                        42     5919   1.546   0.015 
                        43     6018   0.328   0.003 
                        43     6019   0.678   0.009 
                        44     6114   1.362   0.001 
                        44     6115   1.376   0.007 
                        45     6218   0.365   0.002 
                        48     6604   0.217   0.005 
                        49     6714   0.310   0.001 
                        50     6816   0.098   0.006 
                        50     6822   1.947   0.081 
                        51     6913   0.300   0.003 
                        51     6922   2.085   0.000 
                        52     7010   0.246   0.004 
                        54     7319   0.323   0.011 
                        54     7324   2.165   0.006 
                        56     7613   0.067   0.001 
                        57     7721   0.610   0.003 
                        58     7820   0.790   0.001 
                        59     7914   0.029   0.002 
                        59     7924   2.584   0.014 
                        60     8101   0.151   0.000 
                        60     8107   0.521   0.000 
                        65     8616   0.143   0.004 
                        66     8719   0.490   0.001 


Table 2.  P16N CFC Air Measurements:
 
Leg 1
             Time                             F11     F12  
   Date     (hhmm)   Latitude    Longitude    PPT     PPT  
---------   ------  ---------   ----------   -----   -----
17 Feb 91    1621   49 00.0 N   135 00.0 W   266.0   502.3 
17 Feb 91    1631   49 00.0 N   135 00.0 W   266.0   499.1 
17 Feb 91    1645   49 00.0 N   135 00.0 W   267.3   500.2 
19 Feb 91    0535   46 55.8 N   135 26.9 W   265.1   501.6 
19 Feb 91    0545   46 55.8 N   135 26.9 W   264.8   502.0 
19 Feb 91    0601   46 55.8 N   135 26.9 W   264.6   500.5 
19 Feb 91    0611   46 55.8 N   135 26.9 W   264.3   503.1 
21 Feb 91    0516   44 34.0 N   135 02.0 W   263.4   499.2 
21 Feb 91    0527   44 34.0 N   135 02.0 W   263.1   497.3 
21 Feb 91    0538   44 34.0 N   135 02.0 W   263.0   499.6 
21 Feb 91    0551   44 34.0 N   135 02.0 W   263.2   501.7 
24 Feb 91    2138   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   262.4   501.0 
24 Feb 91    2151   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   262.5   501.2 
24 Feb 91    2204   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   262.6   498.1 
24 Feb 91    2216   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   262.7   499.9 
24 Feb 91    2229   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   263.0   500.1 
25 Feb 91    0619   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   262.4   497.7 
25 Feb 91    0703   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   261.1   496.6 
25 Feb 91    0714   32 22.7 N   138 36.6 W   262.4   496.8 
25 Feb 91    1712   29 31.2 N   142 20.8 W   262.2   503.3 
25 Feb 91    1725   29 31.2 N   142 20.8 W   262.9   504.1 
25 Feb 91    1738   29 31.2 N   142 20.8 W   263.3   503.7 
25 Feb 91    1750   29 31.2 N   142 20.8 W   263.5   503.7 
25 Feb 91    1802   29 31.2 N   142 20.8 W   263.8   503.7 
26 Feb 91    0121   28 42.3 N   143 25.6 W   257.3   491.4 
26 Feb 91    0133   28 42.3 N   143 25.6 W   259.6   491.6 
26 Feb 91    0145   28 42.3 N   143 25.6 W   258.7   492.5 
26 Feb 91    0157   28 42.3 N   143 25.6 W   262.2   491.3 
26 Feb 91    0209   28 42.3 N   143 25.6 W   266.2   496.5 
26 Feb 91    0820   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   263.3   503.3 
26 Feb 91    0831   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   263.9   502.1 
26 Feb 91    0843   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   263.3   502.1 
26 Feb 91    0937   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   264.4   501.6 
27 Feb 91    2254   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   262.1   500.6 
27 Feb 91    2306   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   262.6   502.0 
27 Feb 91    2319   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   261.6   500.6 
27 Feb 91    2331   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   262.0   502.5 
27 Feb 91    2343   27 51.0 N   144 30.0 W   262.2   501.9  
11 Mar 91    0355   22 40.0 N   152 00.0 W    -9.0    -9.0 
11 Mar 91    0439   22 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   265.9    -9.0 
11 Mar 91    0451   22 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   268.7    -9.0 
11 Mar 91    0503   22 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   268.0    -9.0 
11 Mar 91    0546   22 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   262.1   497.8 
14 Mar 91    1210   27 42.7 N   151 59.7 W   265.2   502.5 
14 Mar 91    1221   27 42.7 N   151 59.7 W   264.0   502.2 
14 Mar 91    1233   27 42.7 N   151 59.7 W   264.8   500.9 
14 Mar 91    1245   27 42.7 N   151 59.7 W   264.4   501.6 
14 Mar 91    1259   27 42.7 N   151 59.7 W   264.8   501.2 
15 Mar 91    0733   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   261.8   500.2 
15 Mar 91    0746   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   263.0   499.2 
15 Mar 91    0760   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   263.9   504.1 
16 Mar 91    1700   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   262.4   503.0 
16 Mar 91    1712   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   263.2   502.8 
16 Mar 91    1724   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   263.7   503.2 
16 Mar 91    1736   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   267.0   507.2 
16 Mar 91    1748   28 40.0 N   152 00.0 W   265.7   502.4 
17 Mar 91    1710   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   261.4   502.0 
17 Mar 91    1721   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   264.4   501.6 
17 Mar 91    1733   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   263.8   501.3 
17 Mar 91    1745   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   263.2   500.2 
17 Mar 91    1759   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   264.5   501.3 
20 Mar 91    0633   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   265.2   502.7 
20 Mar 91    0645   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W    -9.0    -9.0 
20 Mar 91    0657   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   264.4   501.9 
20 Mar 91    0709   32 08.6 N   152 00.1 W   263.6   503.0 
22 Mar 91    1205   40 16.9 N   152 00.7 W   263.4   500.5 
22 Mar 91    1217   40 16.9 N   152 00.7 W   266.5   501.6 
22 Mar 91    1233   40 16.9 N   152 00.7 W   264.5   500.9 
22 Mar 91    1245   40 16.9 N   152 00.7 W   265.0   499.3 
22 Mar 91    1257   40 16.9 N   152 00.7 W   266.2   499.1 
23 Mar 91    1020   40 16.9 N   152 00.7 W   266.4   506.2 
23 Mar 91    2039   41 59.9 N   151 59.5 W   264.7   503.7 
23 Mar 91    2051   41 59.9 N   151 59.5 W   267.9   504.2 
23 Mar 91    2103   41 59.9 N   151 59.5 W   267.4   504.5 
23 Mar 91    2115   41 59.9 N   151 59.5 W   265.6   505.2 
23 Mar 91    2127   41 59.9 N   151 59.5 W   267.6   507.3 
24 Mar 91    1104   42 48.9 N   151 57.2 W    -9.0   504.0 
24 Mar 91    1116   42 48.9 N   151 57.2 W   268.3   504.6 
24 Mar 91    1805   43 20.0 N   152 00.0 W   268.4   503.4 
24 Mar 91    1817   43 20.0 N   152 00.0 W   268.4   504.4 
24 Mar 91    1828   43 20.0 N   152 00.0 W    -9.0   501.2 
24 Mar 91    1840   43 20.0 N   152 00.0 W   269.5   500.6 
27 Mar 91    0343   49 09.0 N   152 00.0 W   267.1   504.3 
27 Mar 91    0356   49 09.0 N   152 00.0 W   269.0   503.8 
27 Mar 91    0408   49 09.0 N   152 00.0 W   268.5   505.8 
29 Mar 91    0804   53 10.0 N   150 29.0 W   266.4   503.0 
29 Mar 91    0816   53 10.0 N   150 29.0 W   263.2   503.1 
29 Mar 91    0833   53 10.0 N   150 29.0 W   262.4   504.1 
29 Mar 91    0845   53 10.0 N   150 29.0 W   261.5   503.9 
30 Mar 91    1718   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   267.1   504.5 
30 Mar 91    1729   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   267.8   504.4 
30 Mar 91    1741   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   268.4   506.7 
30 Mar 91    1753   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   268.1   503.6 
30 Mar 91    1804   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   268.0   505.1 
 1 Apr 91    1219   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   259.3   499.8 
 1 Apr 91    1232   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   262.4   503.7 
 1 Apr 91    1244   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   264.8   499.2 
 1 Apr 91    1300   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   264.5   498.5 
 2 Apr 91    1134   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   267.2   503.4 
 2 Apr 91    1146   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   267.9   504.9 
 2 Apr 91    1158   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   269.7   500.7 
 2 Apr 91    1210   55 26.7 N   152 35.9 W   267.9   502.2 
 

Table 3. P16N CFC Air values (interpolated to station locations)
 
STATION                                        F11     F12  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date      PPT     PPT  
-------  ---------   ----------   ---------   -----   -----
     1   48 50.0 N   127 39.4 W   16 Feb 91   265.4   501.3 
     2   50 00.2 N   134 59.8 W   17 Feb 91   265.4   501.3 
     3   48 59.7 N   134 59.5 W   17 Feb 91   265.4   501.3 
     4   47 59.6 N   134 59.4 W   18 Feb 91   265.4   501.3 
     5   46 59.3 N   134 59.8 W   19 Feb 91   264.6   500.6 
     6   46 00.0 N   134 59.9 W   20 Feb 91   263.9   500.6 
     7   45 00.2 N   135 00.2 W   20 Feb 91   263.9   500.6 
     8   43 59.4 N   134 59.4 W   21 Feb 91   263.9   500.6 
     9   42 00.3 N   134 59.7 W   22 Feb 91   263.9   500.6 
    10   39 59.8 N   134 59.9 W   23 Feb 91   263.9   500.6 
    11   36 59.4 N   134 59.4 W   23 Feb 91   262.4   498.9 
    12   35 00.1 N   135 00.1 W   24 Feb 91   262.4   498.9 
    13   21 20.1 N   152 50.5 W   28 Feb 91   262.8   501.8 
    14   20 55.4 N   153 47.9 W    1 Mar 91   262.8   501.8 
    15   19 53.3 N   154 55.3 W    8 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    16   20 04.0 N   154 40.5 W    8 Mar 91   265.0   500.9 
    17   20 23.8 N   154 14.2 W    8 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    18   20 42.5 N   153 46.0 W    9 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    19   21 36.8 N   152 26.2 W   10 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    20   21 54.9 N   151 60.0 W   10 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    21   22 40.6 N   151 59.5 W   11 Mar 91   264.6   502.0 
    22   24 00.2 N   151 58.0 W   12 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    23   24 39.9 N   152 00.2 W   12 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    24   25 20.2 N   151 59.7 W   13 Mar 91   265.3   501.0 
    25   26 00.2 N   151 60.0 W   13 Mar 91   264.2   502.3 
    26   26 39.9 N   152 00.0 W   14 Mar 91   264.2   502.3 
    27   27 20.0 N   151 59.9 W   14 Mar 91   264.2   502.3 
    28   27 60.0 N   151 59.7 W   15 Mar 91   264.2   502.3 
    29   28 39.8 N   151 59.9 W   15 Mar 91   264.2   502.3 
    30   29 20.7 N   151 58.3 W   16 Mar 91   263.8   502.8 
    31   29 60.0 N   152 00.5 W   16 Mar 91   263.8   502.8 
    32   30 39.9 N   151 59.5 W   17 Mar 91   263.8   502.3 
    33   31 20.1 N   152 00.1 W   17 Mar 91   263.8   501.8 
    34   32 10.5 N   152 00.6 W   18 Mar 91   263.8   501.8 
    35   32 40.0 N   152 00.1 W   18 Mar 91   263.8   501.8 
    36   33 20.0 N   152 00.0 W   18 Mar 91   263.8   501.8 
    37   34 00.1 N   152 00.1 W   19 Mar 91   263.8   501.8 
    39   35 36.5 N   152 00.4 W   20 Mar 91   263.8   501.8 
    40   36 17.7 N   152 02.7 W   20 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    41   37 09.9 N   151 57.6 W   21 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    42   37 59.9 N   152 00.0 W   21 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    43   38 40.2 N   151 59.9 W   22 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    44   39 21.0 N   151 59.2 W   22 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    45   40 00.9 N   151 59.6 W   22 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    46   40 40.5 N   152 01.3 W   23 Mar 91   265.4   501.3 
    47   41 21.0 N   152 00.3 W   23 Mar 91   266.7   503.0 
    48   41 59.6 N   151 59.1 W   24 Mar 91   266.9   504.8 
    49   42 40.8 N   151 58.5 W   24 Mar 91   267.5   503.9 
    50   43 20.0 N   151 59.6 W   24 Mar 91   267.5   503.9 
    51   44 25.1 N   151 59.8 W   25 Mar 91   267.5   503.9 
    52   45 00.1 N   151 59.0 W   25 Mar 91   267.5   503.9 
    53   45 41.1 N   151 59.6 W   26 Mar 91   267.7   504.1 
    54   46 20.2 N   151 59.3 W   26 Mar 91   268.5   503.6 
    55   47 00.0 N   152 00.0 W   27 Mar 91   268.5   503.4 
    56   47 39.9 N   152 00.4 W   27 Mar 91   268.5   503.6 
    57   48 19.5 N   152 00.3 W   27 Mar 91   266.4   503.4 
    58   53 29.7 N   152 00.1 W   30 Mar 91   265.7   503.0 
    59   54 39.6 N   151 59.8 W   30 Mar 91   266.4   502.8 
    60   55 27.1 N   152 33.5 W   31 Mar 91   266.4   502.8 
    61   55 51.9 N   152 55.7 W   31 Mar 91   266.4   502.8 
    62   56 01.6 N   153 02.7 W   31 Mar 91   266.4   502.8 
    63   56 14.5 N   153 10.8 W    1 Apr 91   266.4   502.8 
    64   56 17.7 N   153 14.0 W    1 Apr 91   266.4   502.8 
    65   55 04.2 N   152 17.9 W    1 Apr 91   266.4   502.8 
    66   52 29.4 N   152 01.2 W    2 Apr 91   265.7   503.0 


B.6  DIC and pH:
     (Marilyn F. Roberts)
                                        Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
                                National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                                         7600 Sand Point Way NE
                                                              Seattle, WA 98115
                                                           (206) 526-6252 Phone
                                                             (206) 526-6744 FAX
                                                  e-mail: roberts@pmel.noaa.gov
                                       http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/co2-home.ht

       Additional details on the analytical techniques and data processing
       are available from the individual PIs, and from the Carbon Dioxide
                      Information Analysis Center (CDIAC):
                   http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/about/intro.html


B.6.a  TOTAL DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (TCO2)

The TCO2 concentration of seawater samples was determined by using the
coulometric titration system (UIC Inc., Model 5011) described by
Johnson et al. (1985, 1987).  The standards used were Na2CO3 in a
matrix of 0.7M KCl, and were analyzed daily. The batch of CRMs (Dr.
Andrew Dickson, SIO) that was shipped for our cruise was not stable and
we were not able to use them as reference materials. Batch 1 CRMs had
been used on a previous cruise by our group.  We were therefore able to
reference our cruise data to Batch 1 CRMs by means of a non-certified
seawater standard that had been collected on both cruises which gave
similar results. Batch 1 CRM shipboard measurements yielded a mean
value of 2017.0 +/- 2.5 umol/kg (n=25), which compares with 2020.2 +/-
0.8 umol/kg (n=12) certified by SIO.  Data reported for this cruise
have been corrected to the Batch 1 CRM value by adding the difference
between the certified value and the mean shipboard CRM value (certified
value - shipboard analyses).  Seawater samples for TCO2 analysis were
drawn from the Niskin-type samplers into 500mL borosilicate glass
bottles and poisoned with 100uL of HgCl2. The samples were sealed with
ground-glass stoppers coated with Type M Apiezon grease, and stored in
a cooled environment before analysis (usually within 12 hours after
collection).  The sample was introduced into a calibrated, thermostated
(25C) pipette (~50mL), and then transferred to the extraction vessel
and acidified with 4.5 ml of 10% phosphoric acid (previously stripped
of CO2). The evolved CO2 gas passed through an Orbo-53 tube to remove
volatile acids other than CO2 and then into the titration cell of the
coulometer by the N2 carrier gas.  In the coulometric analysis of TCO2,
all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (g) by addition of excess
hydrogen to the seawater sample.  The evolved CO2 gas is carried into
the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively
with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen
ions.  These are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated
OH-. CO2 is thus measured by integrating the total charge required to
achieve this.  The entire sequence takes between 8 to 11 minutes. All
reagents in the extraction/analytical system were renewed daily.


B.6.b  pH

Sample cells (10-cm pathlength spectrophotometric cells, 30-cm3 volume)
were filled directly from the NiskinTM-type bottle using a 20-cm length
of silicone tubing. A flushing volume of approximately 300 mL was used.
Care was taken to eliminate bubbles from the sampling system, and the
sample cell was sealed with PTFE caps while ensuring that there was no
head space.  All spectrophotometric pH measurements were made using the
indicator m-Cresol Purple. Spectrophotometric cells were warmed to
25CC  within the water bath of a refrigerated thermocirculator.
Subsequently cells were cleaned and placed in the thermostated sample
compartment of the spectrophotometer.  Absorbance measurements were
made at three wavelengths: a non-absorbing wavelength (730 nm) and
wavelengths corresponding to the absorbance maxima of the alkaline
(I2-, 578 nm) and acidic (HI-, 434 nm) forms of the indicator.
Subsequently, one of the cell caps was removed and 0.08 cm3 of
concentrated indicator (2 umol/cm3) was injected into the cell.  The
cell was capped, rapidly mixed and returned to the thermostated cell.
Absorbance measurements were again made at 730 nm, 578 nm and 434 nm.
Sample pH was then calculated using the equations and procedures of
Clayton and Byrne (1993). The "total" pH scale is used, and pHT is
reported in mol/kg of seawater.

Clayton T. and Byrne, R. H., 1993. Spectrophotometric seawater pH
     measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of
     m-cresol purple and at-sea results., Deep Sea Res., 40, 2115-2129.

Johnson, K.M., A.E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth (1985): Coulometric DIC
     analyses for marine studies: An introduction. Mar. Chem., 16, 61-82.

Johnson, K.M., P.J. Williams, L. Brandstrom, and J. McN. Sieburth
     Automation and calibration. Mar. Chem., 21, 117-133.


3.5.3   Tritium-helium data were not available at the time of this report.



C.   DATA QUALITY EVALUATIONS

C.1  DATA QUALITY EVALUATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC DATA:  DISCOVERER CR. 91/2, P16N 
     (A. Mantyla) 
     5 April 1993


This report is an assessment of the hydrographic data taken along WOCE line P16N 
by the Discoverer Cr CGC91/2 in Feb.-Apr. 1991. The cruise essentially repeats 
the section done by the Marathon II Expedition in May-June 1984 (OSU Ref. 87-
15). Unfortunately, neither cruise achieved WOCE goals for water column sampling 
either in the vertical or horizontally. Marathon had deep station spacing 
usually at 40 nm intervals and deep bottle spacing no closer than 500 m (but 
their planned objectives were accomplished). The Discoverer cruise was 
considerably less successful. Many stations were cancelled because of bad 
weather, and many other stations failed to collect sufficient water sample data 
due to frequent rosette trip failures. The cruise did tend to support some of 
the interesting abyssal silicate structure seen on Marathon, but did not add any 
new information or better confirmation that the WOCE sampling strategy of 200 to 
300 m deep bottle spacing could have provided. The cruise must have been a 
disappointment to the P.I.'s. They have clearly worked hard to sort out the mis-
trips and to identify the correct trip depths for each of the rosette bottles. 
The analytical work was also good, I saw no significant systematic differences 
between this cruise and Marathon, nor with cruise TPS24 and TPS47.

A large number of bottle numbers were flagged "4" (did not trip correctly) due 
to mis-trips or double-trips causing subsequent planned trips to be off by one 
or more target depths. When this occurs, it becomes a data processing challenge 
to sort out the correct CTD pressure and temperature to assign to the rosette 
bottle water sample data. Comparisons of the water sample salinity and oxygen 
measurements with the CTD info is usually sufficient to match the correct CTD 
trip data to the water sample data with a reasonable degree of certainty, and 
the data originators have done that quite well for this cruise. I have not 
changed any of their '4' flags, although my own inclination would have been to 
flag far fewer bottles for the following reasons: the initial mis-trip or 
double-trip represents a missed planned sampling depth and could even be a trip 
between planned depths and should be flagged as a problem. However, the 
subsequent trips are usually routine or normal, except that the initial CTD 
information assigned to the trip is incorrect. Once the correct trip info has 
been aligned with the water sample data, there really is little question as to 
the correctness of the data, and my own preference would be to accept those 
levels as OK. However, I'll leave it up to the WHP office and the data 
originators to decide on what convention to use.

An unusual number of bottle salinities were flagged as questionable. Apparently 
any deep salinity that differed by more than .003 from the "corrected" CTD 
salinity was flagged. Since there was a slight bias between the corrected CTD 
and the salinometer salinities (CTD usually higher), an excessive number of 
measured salinities appeared to be too far off. I accepted most of the deep 
salts as OK, although there was some station to station wobble that probably is 
not real, presumably due to slight differences in salinometer standardizations 
or vial to vial variations in Standard Seawater.

Larger salinity differences that are ofter seen in regions of strong vertical 
salinity gradients may be due to a different sort of problem. Each type of 
sampling bottle has its' own characteristic "flushing length" (Weiss, DSR 
18:653-656) and requires a finite time to collect a sample representative of the 
intended sampling depths. CTD console operators often trip bottles nearly on the 
fly, hardly pausing at the desired sampling depth, so the rosette bottle is apt 
to have water entrained from deeper in the water column. The measured salinity 
can accurately represent the water contained by the rosette bottle, yet differ 
substantially from the instantaneous CTD measurement. Both measurements can be 
correct, though different when the water sample is smeared out somewhat in 
depth. The problem is only apparent in regions of strong salinity gradients, but 
can exist elsewhere in low salinity gradients that have high gradients of some 
other property. Since this is a problem common to rosette casts (wire cats have 
sufficient time to thoroughly flush before being tripped by messenger), I tend 
to be more accepting of halocline salinities and have flagged many then as OK. 
To be rigorously correct, if the incompletely flushed bottle salinity is flagged 
questionable, so should all of the other measurements for that depth. At any 
rate, it's a tough call.

I didn't notice any mention of which batch of IAPSO SSW was used. Post-cruise 
intercomparisons of different batches sometimes reveal systematic differences 
from the labeled values for the batch, which would result in systematic errors 
in the cruise salinities. That sort of error is correctable, if the SSW batch 
number used is known.

ODF noted the reported temperatures are in the IPTS-68 scale. If they haven't 
been converted to the ITS-90 scale yet, they should be.

There were a surprising number of odd oxygens. Some look like errors in flask 
identification (each has a different volume). I suspect station 23, deepest 4 is 
such a problem, perhaps a little detective work could salvage them.

I suspect that the oxygens below about 2500m on station 25 were listed one depth 
too shallow but without CTD oxygen probe data for verification, can't be sure. I 
have not flagged the data as doubtful, but if the data originator did, I would 
agree.

For future reference, oxygen analytical blanks should be done in distilled 
water, not seawater (Culberson, WOCE Rep. 68/91). Seawater blanks, to be done 
properly, would have to be run on every sample. The error is slight however, 
probably less than 1m m/kg.

The report indicates that the oxygen conversion to per kilogram units was done 
using sigma-theta, assuming that the oxygen sample was drawn at the potential 
temperature.  Experience on a recent WOCE cruise where the oxygen draw 
temperature was measured and recorded indicated that the proper temperature for 
density of the sample at the time it was fixed is commonly several degrees 
warmer than the potential temperature. Use of the in-situ temperature would have 
been a better guess than the potential temperature. However, not knowing the 
correct temperature for volume to mass conversion results is an error of only 
about 0.2% (twice the analytical sensitivity).

On station 18, salinity sample numbers 2807 to 2809 appear to belong one depth 
deeper. However, this station was a bust with no other water sample data 
reported, so it only matters if it affects the CTD calibration.

On Station 21, the 100db water sample data appears to belong one depth 
shallower. I have flagged all of the data questionable for that depth, but if 
they were moved up, they would look OK.

On Station 55, the first trip at 648db appears to belong to about 700db. Was 
there an attempt to trip this bottle at 700db? If so, the data would be 
acceptable at that level. I've tentatively flagged the bottle number and all 
water sample data as questionable.

On Station 57, there appears to be some serious sample drawing errors. The 
salinity samples at 500 and 600db definitely belong one depth shallower, but the 
O2's and nutrients do not. The oxygen and nutrient samples at 1250, 1500, 1750 
and 2250db (2nd trip) appear to belong one depth shallower (the 1250 at an 
unlisted pressure of about 1000db), but the salinity samples are OK as listed! 
Without outright data fudging I see no way to fix the problems, so I've flagged 
the doubtful data. Perhaps careful examination of the original data sheets could 
uncover the errors.

The nutrient data appears to be of uniformly high quality; what is lacking are 
good resolution profiles. The nutrient data can show features that are not seen 
by the continuous CTD traces, so it is sad so much nutrient data was lost, 
particularly for the northern part of the cruise.

As someone who has gotten beaten to hell trying to work in the Gulf of Alaska in 
February, I can commiserate with the Discoverer's scientific parties efforts to 
work in that region not just once, but twice without success in the winter. My 
last cruise also suffered because it was scheduled in the wrong season. P16S 
could only get to about 62S because sea ice was still near its maximum northern 
extent. Rosette trip problems also plagued our cruise, but we had sufficient 
ship time, people and spares to effect repairs as needed (one station lost). The 
rosette trip problems definitely need to be resolved to everyones benefit. 



C.2  DATA QUALITY COMMENTS ON CTD DATA: DISCOVERER CRUISE 19 LEG 2, P16N
     (Robert Millard)
     April 16, 1993


Two data sources have been looked at in quality controlling the CTD data of P16N 
(___.HY2 and to a lesser degree the individual ___.WTC files),  The
cruise report has good information on laboratory and at-sea calibrations
performed on the CTD data set although a reference describing the calibration 
and standardization methods used by the Northwest Regional Calibration-Center 
would be helpful. It would also be useful to have a reference on the data
processing methodology (i.e. converting the time series CTD data to a uniform
pressure series, edit procedures both data glitches and pressure reversals). KO 
CTD oxygens were provided and therefore no assessment of CTD oxygens was 
performed.

The water sample data (___.HY2)

The CTD and water sample salinity difference (CTD-WS) was calculated for all 
observation levels of the ___.HY2 file and are plotted versus station in figure 
1. In figure 1, several stations show salinity differences of .003-.004 psu
(sta. 15,16,17,51, & 56) but this could problems associated with water sample or 
CTD salinity. A histogram of salinity differences is shown in figure 2 with a 
mean difference of .0019 psu and a standard deviation of .0043 psu.  A plot
of the salt differences versus pressure (figure 3) shows that the scatter 
decreases with depth particularly be low 2009 decibars. A few questionable 
salinities below 2000 dbars are indicated on figure 3 and the CTD salt is higher 
than the water sample most noticeable between 1500 and 3500 dbars.  The

least squares linear fit shows that mean difference approaches the zero line at 
the bottom. A plot of the salt differences below 200D decibars (figure 4) shows 
a the smaller scatter as does the histogram for P>2000 dbars of figure S. Again 
several stations 16,17,51, & 56) show salinity differences as noted earlier. The 
standard deviation below 2000 dbars is reduced to .0021 psu and the mean salt 
difference is 0.00083 psu. The CTD salinity a ears to be slightly higher than 
the water sample salts at all depths. Aside from these small 1 but systematic 
differences, the CTD conductivity (salinity) appears to be 11 matched to rosette 
water sample salinities for a 1 stations.

The 1 decibar CTD profiles  ___.WCT

A mean profile was created on pressure surfaces for all stations and then 
individual profiles compared to the mean profile in order to identify 
questionable data values. Two edit criteria were used to flag questionable data: 
1) T, S 02 variables whose difference from the mean profile exceeding 3.3 
standard deviations (for all of the station data at that pressure level or 
density inversions where the stability parameter (E) exceeds -1.0 E-4 per meter. 
Station 17 has a series of temperature values between 2675 & 2 80 dbars that 
just exceed the 3.3 standard deviation edit criteria and is probably a feature 
of interest. The other questionable data involve a few  slightly unstable 
regions (the E min = -1.0 E-04 edit criteria) A summary list stations with 
questionable data follows below:

File name      Pmax   E_Tot T_err S_err 02_err E_err Sd fact       E Min
------------  ------  ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- -----------
0012AO01.WCT   698.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.1000E-04
0012AO02.WCT  5269.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0015AO01.WCT   920.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0016AO01.WCT  2519.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0017AO01.WCT  1004.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0017AO02.WCT  5212.0   272   265    0     0      7   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0018AOOI.WCT  5073.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.1000E-04
0019AO01.WCT  5384.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0020A001.WCT   307.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.1000E-04
0020AO02.WCT  5753.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0021AO01.WCT  5489.0    4     0     0     0      4   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0022AO01.WCT  5466.0    3     0     0     0      3   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0022AO02.WCT   909.0    6     0     0     0      6   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0023AOOI.WCT  5345.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.1000E-04
0024AO01.WCT  5538.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0025AO01.WCT   603.0    3     0     0     0      3   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0025AO02.WCT  5414.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0026AO01.WCT  5486.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0027AO01.WCT  5550.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.1000E-04
0028AO01.WCT  5530.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0028AO02.WCT  1002.0    3     0     0     0      3   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0029AO01.WCT  5645.0    4     0     0     0      4   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0030AO01.WCT  5430.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0-1000E-04
0031AO01.WCT   298.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.1000E-04
0031AO02.WCT  5109.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0-1000E-04
0032AO01.WCT  5416.0    5     0     0     0      5   3.30    -0-10OOE-04
0033AO01.WCT  5507.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0034AO01.WCT  5006.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0-10OOE-04
0034AO02.WCT   393.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0-10OOE-04
0035AO01.WCT  5598.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0036AO01.WCT  5516.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0037AO01.WCT  5627.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0038AO01.WCT  5724.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0039AO01.WCT  5747.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0040A001.WCT  5651.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0041AO03.WCT  5618.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -O.1000E-04
0041AO04.WCT   394.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0042AO01.WCT  5017.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0043AO01.WCT  5344.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0044AO01.WCT  5504.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0045AO01.WCT  5277.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0046AO01.WCT  5068.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0047AO01.WCT  5276.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0048AO01.WCT  5134.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0048AO04.WCT   753.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0049AO01.WCT  5206.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0050A001.WCT  5039.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0051AO01.WCT  5254.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0052AO01.WCT  5337.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0053AO01.WCT  5333.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0053AO02.WCT   643.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0054AO01.WCT  5454.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0055AO01.WCT   403.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0055AO04.WCT  5230.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0056AO01.WCT  5140.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0057AO01.WCT  5110.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0058AO01.WCT  4751.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0059AO01.WCT  4337.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0060A003.WCT  5244.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
006OA004.WCT   402.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0061AO01.WCT  4075.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0062AO01.WCT  1941.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0053AO01.WCT   929.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0064AO01.WCT   215.0    1     0     0     0      1   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0065AO01.WCT  4167.0    0     0     0     0      0   3.30    -0.10OOE-04
0066AO01.WCT  4501.0    2     0     0     0      2   3.30    -0.10OOE-04


Very few questionable data were located and nearly all were slight density
inversions which could be real. Station 17 has a series of temperature Values
between 2700 to 2980 dbars which exceed the 3.3 std. deviation edit criteria.

Station 17 flagged temperature difference region is:

                           Edit criteria     Sta. dif. 
PRESS  TEMP  SALT  OXYGEN  t-sd  S-sd        t-df  S-df       QU   E
------ ----- ------ -----  ----- ----- ----  ----- ----- ---- -- -----------
2674.0 1.731 34.659 -9.00  0.076 0.023 0.17  0.076 0.010 0.00  2  -0.155E-06
2702.0 1.723 34.660 -9.00  0.076 0.023 0.17  0.076 0.010 0.00  2  -0.407E-06
2980.0 1.633 34.667 -9.00  0.063 0.020 0.17  0.063 0.006 0.00  2   0.282E-07

Qu error numbers: 2 = T 
                  4 = S 8= 02 
                 16 = E 
                sum = combinations of errors E is the stability parameter

The mean profile shows a standard deviation of salinity of .002 psu or less
below 3700 dbars indicating that the CTD data is very internally consistent in
the deep water.

A spot check for down-UK salinity hysteresis was made on a couple of deeper
stations (40,41, & 54). potential temperature versus salinity plot (figure 6) 
shows a hint that the up profile salinity (___.HY2) is slightly (<0.002 psu)
fresher than the down profile (___.WCT).

Overall the CTD data of P16N both the water sample file and CTD data files,
appears to be of good quality both with respect to calibration and removal of
erroneous data.



C.3.a  CFC DQE REPORT: DISCOVERER P16N
       (Rick Van Woy)
       June 1, 1993


My technique and reasoning for flagging data was abbreviated due to not having 
all of the information necessary to do a more through job. But with the 
information that was provided, I generated station listings for the values of 
CFC11, CFC12, CFC11/CFC12 ratio, percent saturation of O2, O2, pressure and 
density. I then plotted both CFC's concentration vs. depth for each station. The 
strongest indicator of questionable CFC data is the CFC11/CFC12 concentration 
ratio that is physically constrained by the solubility of the gases. Ratios that 
were thus determined to be unlikely indicate that one or possibly both CFCs 
could be questionable. From the station profiles and comparing to other 
parameters (such as O2 saturation for the surface waters) I attempted to judge 
which of the CFCs was most likely to cause the improbable ratio. In some cases I 
had to flag both values questionable if the profiles, values from the stations 
before and/or after or other measured tracers did not provide an indication as 
to which value to question. If the data generator provides the information that 
was requested for in the report, particularly for the data points in question, I 
would be able to reassess those quality control words.

I suggest that the data originators for P16N recalculate their sample blank for 
certain stations since the CFC "free" water concentrations were consistently 
less than zero.

                  |QUALT2 FLAGS                 |QUALT2 FLAGS
        STN       |------------       STN       |------------
         #  SAMP  |CFC11|CFC12         #  SAMP  |CFC11|CFC12
        --  ----  |-----|------       --  ----  |-----|-----
        13  2201  |  3  |  3          30  4405  |  2  |  3
        13  2203  |  3  |  3          30  4408  |  3  |  2
        13  2204  |  3  |  3          30  4413  |  3  |  2
        13  2206  |  3  |  3          30  4414  |  3  |  2
        13  2207  |  3  |  3          30  4422  |  3  |  3
        13  2208  |  3  |  2          31  4603  |  2  |  3
        13  2209  |  3  |  3          31  4614  |  3  |  2
        13  2212  |  3  |  3          32  4701  |  3  |  2
        13  2213  |  3  |  3          32  4702  |  3  |  2
        13  2214  |  3  |  3          32  4706  |  3  |  2
        13  2215  |  2  |  3          32  4708  |  3  |  2
        13  2216  |  3  |  3          32  4711  |  3  |  2
        13  2217  |  3  |  3          32  4714  |  3  |  2
        13  2218  |  3  |  3          32  4717  |  3  |  2
        13  2219  |  3  |  3          33  4805  |  3  |  2
        13  2220  |  3  |  3          34  4902  |  2  |  3
        13  2221  |  3  |  3          34  4904  |  3  |  2
        13  2222  |  3  |  3          35  5115  |  3  |  2
        15  2402  |  3  |  2          36  5201  |  2  |  3
        15  2408  |  3  |  3          36  5202  |  3  |  2
        15  2402  |  3  |  2          36  5204  |  3  |  2
        16  2508  |  2  |  3          36  5205  |  3  |  2
        16  2506  |  2  |  3          36  5207  |  3  |  2
        16  2505  |  2  |  3          37  5301  |  2  |  3
        16  2503  |  2  |  3          37  5303  |  3  |  2
        17  2602  |  2  |  3          37  5319  |  3  |  2
        17  2601  |  2  |  3          37  5320  |  3  |  2
        17  2721  |  2  |  3          37  5321  |  3  |  2
        19  2912  |  3  |  2          37  5323  |  3  |  2
        19  2904  |  3  |  2          37  5324  |  3  |  2
        19  2903  |  3  |  2          39  5505  |  3  |  3
        19  2902  |  3  |  3          39  5518  |  3  |  2
        20  3109  |  3  |  3          40  5603  |  3  |  2
        20  3113  |  3  |  2          41  5711  |  3  |  2
        20  3115  |  2  |  3          41  5810  |  2  |  3
        20  3116  |  3  |  2          42  5901  |  2  |  3
        21  3201  |  3  |  2          42  5903  |  3  |  2
        21  3202  |  3  |  3          42  5904  |  3  |  2
        21  3203  |  3  |  2          42  5906  |  3  |  2
        21  3204  |  3  |  3          43  6024  |  3  |  2
        21  3205  |  3  |  3          45  6204  |  2  |  3
        21  3213  |  2  |  3          47  6404  |  2  |  3
        21  3214  |  3  |  3          47  6405  |  3  |  3
        22  3302  |  3  |  3          47  6406  |  2  |  3
        22  3303  |  3  |  2          48  6508  |  3  |  3
        22  3304  |  3  |  2          48  6511  |  3  |  2
        22  3305  |  3  |  2          49  6708  |  3  |  2
        22  3307  |  3  |  2          49  6713  |  3  |  3
        22  3309  |  3  |  2          52  7002  |  3  |  2
        22  3312  |  3  |  2          52  7003  |  3  |  2
        22  3315  |  3  |  3          52  7005  |  3  |  2
        22  3319  |  2  |  3          53  7107  |  3  |  2
        22  3320  |  2  |  3          53  7109  |  3  |  2
        22  3322  |  2  |  3          54  7312  |  3  |  3
        22  3403  |  3  |  3          54  7313  |  3  |  2
        22  3410  |  3  |  3          54  7323  |  3  |  2
        23  3503  |  3  |  3          55  7501  |  3  |  2
        23  3511  |  3  |  2          55  7504  |  3  |  2
        24  3603  |  3  |  3          55  7505  |  3  |  2
        25  3803  |  2  |  3          55  7509  |  3  |  3
        25  3810  |  3  |  2          55  7512  |  3  |  2
        25  3816  |  3  |  2          58  7812  |  3  |  2
        25  3719  |  3  |  3          59  7910  |  3  |  2
        26  3918  |  3  |  2          59  7911  |  3  |  2
        26  3919  |  2  |  3          59  7912  |  3  |  2
        28  4101  |  2  |  3          59  7916  |  3  |  3
        28  4103  |  3  |  2          59  7918  |  3  |  2
        28  4105  |  2  |  3          60  8010  |  2  |  3
        28  4109  |  3  |  2          61  8209  |  2  |  3
        28  4111  |  2  |  3          63  8401  |  2  |  3
        28  4115  |  3  |  2          63  8402  |  3  |  2
        28  4207  |  3  |  2          65  8602  |  3  |  3
        29  4302  |  3  |  2          



C.3.b  FINAL CFC DATA QUALITY EVALUATION (DQE) COMMENTS ON P16N.
       (David Wisegarver)
       Dec 2000

During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number of samples 
were given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial QUALT1 flags 
assigned by the PI. After discussion, the PI concurred with the DQE 
assigned flags and updated the QUAL1 flags for these samples.

The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale 
(Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on 
a common calibration scale.

For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC 
PI for this section

                  J. Bullister (johnb@pmel.noaa.gov)
                                   or
                 David Wisegarver (wise@pmel.noaa.gov).

Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at: 
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc.


Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold, 
    F. N. Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, R. H. 
    J. Wang, D. E. Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P. M. 
    Midgley, and A. McCulloch, "A history of chemically and radiatively 
    important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE." Journal of 
    Geophysical Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.




D.  DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  -----------  -------------   ----------------------------------------
08/19/92  Mantyla      NUTs/S/O        DQE Begun    
08/19/92  Van Woy      CFCs            Data sent to DQE    

03/30/93  Mantyla      NUTs/S/O        DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO    

04/16/93  Millard      CTD  DQE        Report rcvd @ WHPO    

05/03/93  Bullister    CTD/NUTs        DQE Report sent to PI    

05/07/93  Van Woy      CFCs            DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO    
          
06/10/93  Bullister    CFCs            DQE Report sent to PI    

02/21/98  Key          DELC14lvs       Submitted  in directory  

09/28/98  Johnson      BTL/CTD         Make data PUBLIC  OKd by J. Bullister  
          John Bullister and I have discussed it and the other PMEL Pacific 
          data, and have the following table for access (bottle and CTD): 
                   
                         DQE?  Public    Gouretski
                  P13    Yes     No         No
                  P14S   No      No         Yes
                  P15S   No      No         Yes
                  P16N   Yes     Yes        Yes
                  P18    No      Yes        Yes
          
10/02/98  Talley       CTD             Update Needed 
          the first ctd file in the p16n dataset was corrupted - someone had 
          tarred the whole set and all of the data had ended up tarred into a 
          file with the name of the first station.  Do you have the original ctd 
          data submission and can you fix the website data set?

12/14/98  Key          DELC14          Data are Public    
          
01/11/99  Bullister    CTD/BTL         Data are Public  
          Tr/He data requested from Lupton/Jenkins  

04/15/99  Diggs        CTD             Data Update  
          file fixed  I have managed to fix the CTD file for P16N over a 
          SLOW line from England.  I dug up an old version from the WHOI 
          Pacific Atlas since they  made the old file#1 a USTAR file.  
          Station "0012a001.wct" has been replaced and all tables and 
          associated files have been replaced.

04/16/99  Jenkins      He/Tr           Projected Submission Date 1999.05.15  

04/29/99  Quay         DELC13          Data and/or Status info Requested by dmb 

10/08/99  Evans        HELIUM/DELHE3   Submitted    

Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  -----------  -------------   ----------------------------------------
05/31/00  Bullister    BTL/SUM/DOC     Submitted  Updated data files
          I just re-sent P16N.sea, .sum and .doc files to the WHPO ftp site.
          The file names are:
              P16N.doc.senttoWOCE31may2000*
              P16N.sea.senttoWOCE.31May2000
              P16N.sum.senttoWOCE31May2000*
          These files have a number of updates 
          compared to the ones now posted at the WHPO web site. The .sea 
          file includes tcarbn and pH data; the CFCs are reported on the 
          SI093 calibration scale. The QUALT2 flags which were set by the 
          DQEs for salnty, oxygen, phspht, silcat, nitrat and nitrit are 
          unchanged.  The QUALT1 flags for these parameters have been 
          changed in response to the DQE recommendations.  We did the DQE 
          checking for the CFC data and have set the QUALT1 and QUALT2 flags 
          for CFC-11 and CFC-12. There are columns for delhe3 data in the 
          .sea file, but I don't have a copy of the delhe3 data files, so 
          the values are reported as -9.

06/09/00  Bartolacci   BTL/SUM/DOC     Website Updated 
          I have replaced the sum, bottle and doc files for P16n 31DICGC91_1/2  
          sent from Bullister on 05/31.  I have updated the tables to reflect 
          the change.

          Please note:  the bottle file is not pressure sorted yet, 
          and there are he/delhe3 data that still needs merging (there is a 
          problem with the he file having NO documentation associated with it, 
          and PI needs contacting).

06/21/00  Bartolacci   helium/delhe3   Website Updated  
          not yet merged into btl file  

08/07/00  Huynh        DOC             Website Updated; txt file online  

08/31/00  Anfuso       HELIUM/DELHE3   Data merged into online BTL file
          Merged %deltaHe3 and molal[He] data into BTL file. p16nhe_edt.dat: 
          this is an edited version of p16nwoce.csv.txt. 

          Substituted spaces for ',' column delimiter; replaced missing [He] 
          data with -9.0000 value (formerly white space) for sta/cst/btl:
                          
              13/2/6;22/1/1004;22/1/1028;25/2/1003;34/1/1019.

          Runtime format: 
              %delHe3: a7, i6, 2x, a7, f10.2, i6
              molal[He]: a7, i6, 2x, a7, 16x, f11.4, i6 
              original/p16nhy_rplcd_2000.08.31.txt: former p16nhy.txt file 
          prior to helium data merge.

          Ran wocecvt: Data is reported in reverse pressure order.

11/27/00  Uribe        DOC             Submitted  
          File contained here is a CRUISE SUMMARY and NOT sumfile. 
          Documentation is online.

2000.10.11 KJU
          Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
          directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper 
          cruise. All of them are sum files.
          Received 1997 August 15th.

Date      Contact      Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  -----------  -------------   ----------------------------------------
06/22/01  Uribe        CTD/BTL         Website Updated; CSV File Added  
          CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online.

08/09/01  Bartolacci   THETA           Website Updated  
          THETA header realigned  realigned the THETA header. Edited file 
          online.

11/16/01  Bartolacci   CFCs            Data ready to be merged  
          Updated CFC data ready to be merged  I have placed the updated CFC 
          data file sent by Wisegarver into the P16n original directory in a  
          subdirectory called 2001.07.09_P16N_CFC_UPDT_WISEGARVER 
          This directory contains data, documentation and readme files. data 
          are ready for merging

01/08/02  Uribe        CTD             Website Updated; CSV File Added  
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put online.

01/22/02  Hajrasuliha  CTD             Internal DQE completed  
          See Note:  Created *check.txt file only.

03/08/02  Kozyr  
          TCARBN/C14   Update Needed   Flag numbers need updating  
          I have been working with the final data from WOCE P16N (NOAA 
          CGC91) cruise and found some problems with the quality flags for 
          TCARBN and deltaC14 measurements in the WHPO data file. In many 
          cases there are flags "3" for missing TCARBN data and flags "2" 
          for missing deltaC14 data. Also, I found that WHPO CFC numbers are 
          different from those at John's ftp site for this cruise. You can 
          copy the correct data file from: 
          http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/woce_p16n.html (I did not update the 
          CFC data in my file though).

03/08/02  Bullister    CFCs            Clarification Request
          In 1996, The original DIC QC people (see below) inserted '-9' as the 
          DIC value for some samples assigned QC flag '3'.  There are about 52 
          of these samples in my file.  Does the final DQE'ed data set for this 
          cruise report the actual values?  If so, I think that the actual 
          values should used, instead on -9.

03/11/02  Roberts      TCARBN          Data Update   
          All - I will merge the DIC data back into the file, maintaining 
          the revised QC flags.  This will reinsert the values into the 
          cells where Slansky replaced them with -9's, therefore reporting 
          all data.

          
          

