A.   CRUISE NARRATIVE:  A10, AR04EW, AR15
A.1. HIGHLIGHTS

                         WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

              WOCE section   A10         |AR15        |AR15        |AR04EW
      Expedition (EXPOCODE)  06MT22_5    |06MT22_4    |06MT22_3    |06MT22_2
           Chief Scientists  Onken/IfMK  |Zenk/IfMK   |Müller/IfMK |Rhein/IfMK
                      Dates  1992.12.27  |1992.12.02  |1992.11.18  |92.10.23
                             - 1993.01.31|- 1992.12.22|- 1992.11.30|- 1992.11.15
                             ------------|------------|------------|------------
     Number of CTD stations  113         |0           |0           |65
                       Ship  R/V METEOR
              Ports of call  Leg 5 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) to Cape Town, Africa
                             Leg 4 Santos (Brazil) to Rio de Janeiro
                             Leg 3 Recife (Brazil) to Santos
                             Leg 2 Recife (Brazi)l to Recife
                             ---------------------------------------------------
         Station boundaries  A10 - Leg 5              |  AR15 - Leg 3
                                                      | 
                                     23°38.10'S       |         13°57.4'S
                             47°29.90'W     15°0.12'E | 47°30.02'W     36°16.6'W
                                     30°2.30'S        |         28°50.15'S
                            --------------------------|-------------------------
                             AR15 - Leg 4             |   AR04 - Leg 2
                                                      | 
                                     26°53.20' S      |          6°39.26'N
                             26°59.39'W    44°27.47'W | 44°23.1'W     29°59.05'W
                                     34°36.33'S       |         10°0.06'S
                            --------------------------|-------------------------
 Floats & drifters deployed  AR15 - Legs 3 - 4        | A10 - Leg 5
                             22 RAFOS Floats          | 1 RAFOS Float
                              3 MAFOS Monitors        | 6 ARGOS Drifters
                              1 ARGOS Drifter         |
                             ---------------------------------------------------
Moorings deployed/recovered  Legs 3 - 4  4 Sound Source Moorings Deployed
                                         6 Current Meter Moorings Deployed
                                        11 Current Meter Moorings Recovered


CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

W. Balzer         U. Beckmann        M. Bleckwehl   J. Brinkmann   K. Bulsiewicz
H. Buschhoff      C. Duncombe Rae    M. Elbrächter  W. Erasmi      G. Fischer
J. Fischer        G. Fraas           I. Girod       L.I. Gordon    J. Holfort
J.C. Jennings     H. Johannsen       K. Johnson     M. Kalberer    U. Karbach
A. Korves         U. Koy             G. Krahmann    M. Krämer      G. Kroll
U. Kuller         S. Matthias-Maser  C. Meinke      P. Meyer       R. Millard
L. Mintrop        Th. Mitzka         A. Morak       J. Morlang     T.J. Müller
W.-T. Ochsenhirt  R. Onken           F.G. Palma     U. Papenburg   A. Putzka
V. Ratmeyer       J. Reppin          M. Rhein       E. Röd         U. Rosiak
D. Schneider      B. Schneider       U. Send        L. Stramma     R. Tiesel
J. Waniek         A. Welter          J. Weyland     N. Zangenberg  C. Zelck
W. Zenk           A. Zimmermann


TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Cruise tracks (see pdf)
	Abstract
1	Research Objectives
2	Participants
3	Research Programme
	3.1	Marine Geology and Marine Chemistry M 22/1
		3.1.1	Particle Flux Studies
		3.1.2	Trace Element Cycling
	3.2	Physical Oceanography M 22/2
	3.3	Physical Oceanography M 22/3-4
	3.4	Physical Oceanography M 22/5
	3.5	Marine Chemistry M 22/5
	3.6	Biological Oceanography and Marine Taxonomy M 22/5
	3.7	Tracer Studies M 22/5
	3.8	Atmospheric Physics M 22/5
4	Narrative of the Cruise
	4.1	Leg M 22/1 (W.Balzer)
	4.2	Leg M 22/2 (M. Rhein)
	4.3	Leg M 22/3 (T.J. Müller)
	4.4	Leg M 22/4 (W. Zenk) 
	4.5	Leg M 22/5 (R. Onken)
5	Preliminary Results
	5.1	Marine Geology and Marine Chemistry during M 22/1	
5.1.1	Deployments and Sampling (U. Rosiak, M. Kalberer,
	V. Ratmeyer, U. Kuller, M. Bleckwehl, G. Fischer,
	A. Zimmermann, H. Buschhoff, W. Balzer)
		5.1.2	Particle Flux and Sediment Traps (G. Fischer, M. Kalberer, 
			V. Ratmeyer, U. Rosiak, U. Kuller, M. Bleckwehl)
		5.1.3	In situ Particle Camera Systems 
			(V. Ratmeyer, U. Rosiak)
		5.1.4	CTD-O2 Transparency Probe 
			(G. Fischer, V. Ratmeyer)
		5.1.5	Plankton Sampling Using the Multinet 
			(M. Kalberer, U. Kuller, V. Ratmeyer, G. Fischer)
		5.1.6	Continuous Chlorophyll a Measurements 
			(M. Kalberer, V. Ratmeyer, G. Fischer)
		5.1.7	In situ Filtration of Suspended Particles
			(W. Balzer, H. Buschhoff, F. G. Palma, D. Schneider, 
			A. Zimmermann)
		5.1.8	Water Sampling 
			(W. Balzer, H. Buschhoff, F. G. Palma, D. Schneider, 
			A. Zimmermann)
		5.1.9	Sediment Sampling with the Multicorer 
			(U. Rosiak, G. Fischer, M. Kalberer, V. Ratmeyer, 
			D. Schneider, F. G. Palma)
	5.2	Physical Oceanography M 22/2
		5.2.1	CTD Measurement and Oxygen Calibration 
			(L. Stramma, J. Waniek)
		5.2.2	Freon Analysis F11, F12 (M. Rhein, M. Elbrächter)
		5.2.3	lADCP (J. Fischer, C. Meinke)
		5.2.4	Mooring Deployments (J. Fischer, U. Papenburg)
		5.2.5	XBT Programme (L. Stramma, G. Kroll)
		5.2.6	Pegasus Profiling System (U. Send, G. Krahmann)
		5.2.7	Vessel-mounted ADCP (J. Reppin)
		5.2.8	DVS (J. Reppin, Th. Mitzka)
	5.3	Physical Oceanography M 22/3-4 (W. Zenk, T.J. Müller)
	5.4	Marine Physics M 22/5 (U. Beckmann, C. Duncombe Rae,
		W. Erasmi, I. Girod, J. Holfort, U. Koy, P. Meyer, R. Onken, 
		A. Welter, N. Zangenberg)
	5.5	Marine Chemistry (H. Johannsen, K. Johnson, U. Karbach,
		A. Korves, L. Mintrop, A. Morak, J. Morlang, B. Schneider)
		5.5.1	The Partial Pressure of CO2 (pCO2)
		5.5.2	Total Carbon Dioxide (TCO2)
		5.5.3	Alkalinity
		5.5.4	Nutrients and Oxygen
	5.6	Biological Oceanogaphy and Marine Taxonomy (C. Zelck)
	5.7	Tracer Oceanography 
		(K. Bulsiewicz, G. Fraas, A. Putzka, J. Weyland)
	5.8	Atmospheric Physics 
		(J. Brinkmann, M. Krämer, S. Matthias-Maser)
5.8.1	Size Distribution of Marine-borne Aerosol Particles -
	Spectral Recording of the Biological and the Water 
	Soluble Fraction, Total Amount of Particulate Carbon
			5.8.1.1	Size Distribution and Water Soluble 
					Fraction of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles
			5.8.1.2	The Biological Fraction of the Atmosphere
					Aerosol Particles
			5.8.1.3	Total Amount of Particulate Carbon
		5.8.2	Precipitation Analysis
6	Ship's Meteorological Station 
	6.1	M 22/1 (R. Tiesel, W.-T. Ochsenhirt)
	6.2	M 22/2 (R. Tiesel)
	6.3	M 22/3-5 (E. Röd)
7	Lists
	7.1	Leg M 22/1
		7.1.1	List of Stations
		7.1.2	List of Moored Sediment Traps
		7.1.3	Chlorophyll a Samples
		7.1.4	Particle Filtration
	7.2	Leg M 22/2
		7.2.1	List of Stations
		7.2.2	List of XBT Drops
	7.3	Leg M 22/3-4
		7.3.1	CTD Stations
		7.3.2	List of the XBT Drops
		7.3.3	Mooring Activities
			7.3.3.1	Sound Source Moorings
			7.3.3.2	Current Meter Moorings
		7.3.4	RAFOS Floats and MAFOS Activities 
			7.3.4.1	RAFOS Floats 
			7.3.4.2	MAFOS Monitors
		7.3.5	Drifter Activities
		7.3.6	List of XCP Launches
	7.4	Leg M 22/5
		7.4.1	List of CTD Stations
		7.4.2	List of XBT Drops
		7.4.3	List of XCP Launches
		7.4.4	RAFOS Floats
		7.4.5	Drifter Activities
		7.4.6	List of lADCP Profiles
8	Concluding Remarks
9	References
10	Figures

CFC/Helium Report (W. Roether)
CFC Report (M. Rhein)	CTD DQE
DQE of CTD Data (R. Millard)
DQE of Nutrient/Salintiy/Oxygen Data (J.C. Jennings, L. I. Gordon)
WHPO-SIO Data Processing Notes

ABSTRACT

From 22 September 1992 to 31 January 1993 the German Research Vessel 
METEOR performed its 22nd cruise, a journey in the Atlantic Ocean 
divided into five legs.  The main objectives were geological and 
chemical observations in subtropical regions of the North Atlantic and 
in the tropical South Atlantic and in the tropical South Atlantic.  
Additional physical investigations were concentrated in the equatorial 
regions and at subtropical latitudes of the South Atlantic.  These 
activities were coordinated internationally as part of the World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE).  They were supplemented by biological 
and air chemistry observations and by a component of Joint Global Ocean 
Flux Study (JGOFS).

1	RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The investigations during METEOR cruise no. 22 (Fig. 1a-c, Tab. 1) were 
aimed for geological and chemical studies in the subtropical North 
Atlantic and the tropical Atlantic (leg 1) at physical studies of 
large-scale oceanic transports in the equatorial Atlantic (leg 2) and 
the subtropical South Atlantic (legs 3, 4, and 5).  The circulation 
measurements are part of the "World Ocean Circulation Experiment" 
(WOCE).  In addition, biological and aerosol observations were carried 
out.

The main goal of the activities during leg 1 of the Meteor cruise M22 
was to improve the understanding of the environmental controls over 
particle sedimentation in the ocean. This sedimentation is an important 
component of the global carbon cycle. Several deep-sea moorings with 
sediment traps for particle sampling that have been deployed earlier 
had to be retrieved and relaunched during the cruise near the Canary 
Islands, south of the Cabo Verde Islands, and in the tropical east and 
west Atlantic.  For studies of trace element cycling, suspended 
particulate matter, sediments and water samples where taken in addition 
to particles collected by moored sediment traps.

During M 22/2, the circulation and water mass exchange in the tropical 
western Atlantic was studied.  The programme is part of the German 
distribution to the international WOCE programme.  The western boundary 
current is an important part of the thermohaline circulation, not only 
for inter-hemispheric water mass transfer, but also for the meridional 
heat transport.  In order to determine the mean transports of the 
carious water masses and their variability, three current meter 
moorings were deployed in the boundary current at 44°W.  Ship-based 
direct velocity measurements were carried out with two acoustic 
systems, the ADCP (lowered with the CTD and vessel-mounted) and the 
Pegasus profiling system.  The CTD measurements were complemented by 
oxygen and freon measurements to determine the water mass boundaries 
and the spreading pattern of the various water masses and their 
variability.  Additionally XBT's were dropped to improve spatial 
resolution.

In the South Atlantic, the heat and water mass transports are dominated 
by the anticyclonic subtropical gyre near the surface.  At lower levels 
the (Sub) Antarctic Intermediate Water and the Circumpolar Deep Water 
have northward components, and the North Atlantic Deep Water has 
southward components.  At the lowest level the Antarctic Bottom Water 
passes the South Atlantic on its way from the Antarctic to the North 
Atlantic.  Investigations of the water mass transports in the western 
South Atlantic were performed during legs 3 and 4.  These included 
studies of the near-surface southward Brazil Current, the Antarctic 
Intermediate Water on its way north, the deep western boundary current 
at the continental slope and the overflow of Antarctic Bottom Water 
across the Rio Grande Rise through the Vema and Hunter Channels.  
Thirteen deep-sea current meter moorings had been deployed by METEOR in 
January 1991 between the continental slope and the Vema Channel.  
Eleven of these moorings were recovered.  CTD measurements were also 
carried out at the moorings' positions for a determination of the water 
mass contribution, and in the area of the eastern Rio Grande Rise.  
Seven deep-sea moorings were deployed in the Hunter Channel overflow 
region.  In addition, satellite-tracked ARGOS drifters were launched 
for near-surface current observations, and RAFOS floats with acoustic 
tracking for current measurements in the Antarctic Intermediate Water.  
Four sound sources were deployed in the area.  These studies are part 
of the "WOCE Deep Basin Experiment" (DBE).

The global "WOCE Hydrographic Programme" (WHP) includes a large set of 
zonal and meridional sections in all oceans, with measurements of 
temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and anthropogenic tracers.  
The aim is the determination of global water mass distributions and 
geostrophic mass and heat transports.  The zonal WHP section A10 along 
30°S was selected for leg M 22/5.  Station distances were in the range 
of 9 to 45 nautical miles on a cruise track from Brazil to southern 
Africa.  The investigations were supplemented by measurements of the 
carbonate system as a contribution to the "Joint Global Ocean Flux 
Study" (JGOFS), by biological sampling for the determination of surface 
plankton, and by studies of atmospheric aerosol particles.  Here, 
particularly the biological constituents, the size distributions and 
the soluble components of aerosol were determined.  In addition the 
carbon content and the properties of precipitation water found in these 
extremely clean oceanic regions will be compared to results from urban 
areas.

TAB. 1:	Legs and chief scientists of METEOR cruise no. 22

	Leg 22/1
		22.09.92 - 21.10.92
		Hamburg - Recife/Brazil
		Chief scientist: Prof. Dr. W. Balzer

	Leg 22/2
		23.10.92 - 15.11.92
		Recife - Recife
		Chief scientist: Dr. M. Rhein

	Leg 22/3
		18.11.92 - 30.11.92
		Recife - Santos/Brazil
		Chief scientist: Dr. T.J. Müller

	Leg 22/4
		01.12.92 - 22.12.92
		Santos - Rio de Janeiro/Brazil
		Chief scientist: Dr. W. Zenk

	Leg 22/5
		27.12.92 - 31.01.93
		Rio de Janeiro - Cape Town/South Africa
		Chief scientist: Dr. R. Onken


	Coordination:
		Prof. Dr. G. Siedler


	Masters (F.S. METEOR):

	    Legs 22/1-4
		Captain G. Müller

	    Leg 22/5
		Captain M. Kull

2	PARTICIPANTS

TAB. 2: 	Participants of METEOR cruise no. 22

LEG M 22/1
Name						Specialty		Institute
Balzer, Wolfgang, Prof. Dr. (Chief Scientist)	Marine Chemistry	UBB
Bleckwehl, Manfred, Dipl.-Ing.			Geology			UBG
Buschhoff, Hella, Techn. Ass.			Marine Chemistry	UBB
Fischer, Gerhard, Dr.				Geology			UBG
Gonzales Palma, Francisco, Stud.		Marine Chemistry	UGC
Kalberer, Markus, Stud.				Environ. Sciences	ETHZ
Kuller, Uwe, Stud.				Geology			UBG
Ochsenhirt, Wolf-Thilo, Techn.			Meteorology		DWD
Rathmeyer, Volker, Dipl.-Geol.			Geology			UBG
Rosiak, Uwe, Techn. Ass.			Geology			UBG
Schneider, Daniel, Stud.			Marine Chemistry	UGC
Tiesel, Reiner, Dr.				Meteorology		DWD
Zimmermann, Andreas, Stud.			Marine Chemistry	UBB

LEG M 22/2
Name						Specialty		Institute
Rhein, Monika, Dr. (Chief Scientist)		Marine Physics		IfMK
Baum, Ekkehard, Dipl.-Phys.			Marine Physics		IfMK
Beckmann, Uwe, Techn.				Marine Physics		IfMK
Eisele, Alfred, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Elbrächter, Martina, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Fischer, Jürgen, Dr. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Krahmann, Gerd, Dipl.-Phys. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Kroll, Gerhard, Dr. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Langhof, Hans-Jürgen, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Meinke, Claus, Dipl.-Ing. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Mitzka, Thomas, Stud. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Ochsenhirt, W.-Th., Techn.			Meteorology		DWD
Papenburg, Uwe, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Ramos, José, Capitao-Tenente			Observer		DHN
Reppin, Jörg, Dipl.-Oz. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Send, Uwe, Dr. 					Marine Physics		IfMK
Stramma, Lothar, Dr. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Tiesel, Rainer, Dr.				Meteorology		DWD
Tinnemeyer, Stephan, Stud. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Treede, Holger, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Waniek, Joanna, Dipl.-Oz. 			Marine Physics		IfMK

LEG M 22/3
Name						Specialty		Institute
Siedler, Gerold, Prof.		
(Chief Scientist, Nov. 16-18)			Marine Physics		IfMK
Müller, Thomas, Dr.		
(Chief Scientist, Nov. 18-30) 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Bassek, Dieter, Techn.				Meteorology		DWD
Biastoch, Arne, Stud. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Boebel, Olaf, Dr. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Carlsen, Dieter, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Haag, Christian, Stud. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Johannsen, Werner, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Kipping, Antonius, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Kisjeloff, Boris, Techn.			Computer Science	IfMK
Ramos, José, Capitao-Tenente			Observer		DHN
Röd, Erhard, Dr.				Meteorology		DWD
Wehrend, Dirk, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Schmid, Claudia, Dipl.-Oz. 			Marine Physics		IfMK

LEG M 22/4
Name						Specialty		Institute
Zenk, Walter, Dr. (Chief Scientist)		Marine Physics		IfMK
Bassek, Dieter, Techn.				Meteorology		DWD
Biastoch, Arne, Stud.				Marine Physics		IfMK
Boebel, Olaf, Dr. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Bradshaw, Kenton M., Techn. 			Marine Physics		WHOI
Carlsen, Dieter, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Correia, Ivo F., Scientist			Marine Geology		GEOMAP
Diaz Pinaya, Walter H., Stud. 			Marine Physics		IOUSP
Gallo Xavier, Andrea, Techn.			Data Bank		Petrobras
Haag, Christian, Stud. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Hogg, Nelson, Dr. 				Marine Physics		WHOI
Johannsen, Werner, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Kipping, Antonius, Techn. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Kisjeloff, Boris, Techn.			Computer Science	IfMK
Moreira Lima, José, Scientist			Marine Physics		Peterobras
Ramos, José, Capitao-Tenente			Observer		DHN
Röd, Erhard, Dr.				Meteorology		DWD
Wehrend, Dirk, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Worrilow, Scott, Ing.				Marine Physics		WHOI
Schmid, Claudia, Dipl.-Oz. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Zhang, Huai, Scientist				Marine Physics		WHOI

LEG M 22/5
Name						Specialty		Institute
Onken, Reiner, Dr. (Chief Scientist)		Marine Physics		IfMK
Bassek, Dieter, Techn.				Meteorology		DWD
Beckmann, Uwe, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Brinkmann, Jutta, Dipl.-Met.			Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Dipl.-Phys.			Tracer Oceanography	UBT
Duncombe Rae, Chris, M.Sc.			Phys. Oceanography	SFRI
Erasmi, Wolfgang, Stud. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Fraas, Gerd, Techn.				Tracer Oceanography	UBT
Girod, Ilona, Stud.				Marine Physics		IfMK
Holford, Jürgen, Dipl.-Oz. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Johannsen, Hergen, Techn.			Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Johnson, Kenneth, Dr.				Marine Chemistry	BNL
Karbach, Uwe, Techn.				Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Korves, Annette, Techn.				Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Koy, Uwe, Techn. 				Marine Physics		IfMK
Krämer, Martina, Dr.				Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Matthias-Maser, Sabine, Dr.			Atmospheric Physics	UMZ
Meyer, Peter, Dipl.-Ing. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Mintrop, Ludger, Dr. 				Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Morak, Anja, Techn. 				Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Morlang, Jürgen, Stud. 				Marine Chemistry	IfMK
Putzka, Alfred, Dr.				Tracer Oceanography	UBT
Ramos, José, Capitao-Tenente			Observer		DHN
Röd, Erhard, Dr.				Meteorology		DWD
Schneider, Bernd, Dr.				Tracer Oceanography	UBT
Welter, Alexander, Stud. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Weyland, Joachim, Stud.				Tracer Oceanography	UBT
Zangenberg, Norbert, Dipl.-Oz. 			Marine Physics		IfMK
Zelck, Clementine, Dipl.-Biol.			Marine Biology		BAH

TAB. 3:	Participating Institutions
BAH		Bundesforschungsanstalt Helgoland
		c/o Zoologisches Institut und Museum
		Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3
		20146 Hamburg
		Germany
	
BNL		Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences Division,
		Bldg. 318
		Brookhaven National Laboratory
		Upton, NY 11973
		USA
	
DHN		Diretoria Hidrografia e Navegacao
		Niteroi, RJ
		Brazil
	
DWD		Deutscher Wetterdienst, Seewetteramt
		Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76
		20359 Hamburg
		Germany
	
ETHZ		Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule
		Dept. Umweltnaturwissenschaften
		Zürich
		Switzerland
	
GEOMAP		GEOMAP
		Rua Mexico, 21-150
		Rio de Janeiro - RJ
		Brazil
	
IfMK		Institut für Merreskunde
		an der Universität Kiel
		Düsternbrooker Weg 20
		24105 Kiel
		Germany
	
IOUSP		Universidade de Sao Paulo
		Instituto Oceanográfico
		Cidade Universitária
		CEP 055 08
		P.O. Box 9075
		Sao Paulo
		Brazil
	
Petrobras	Petrobras/ CENPES
		(Research and Development Center)
		Cidade Universitária Q7
		Ilha do Fundao
		21910 Rio de Janeiro - RJ
		Brazil
	
SFRI		Sea Fisheries Research Institute
		Private Bag X2
		Rogge Bay 8012
		Cape Town
		Republic of South Africa
	
UBB		Fachbereich 2, Meereschemie
		Universität Bremen
		P.O. Box 330440
		28334 Bremen
		Germany
	
UBG		Fachbereich Geowissenschaften
		Universität Bremen
		P.O. Box 330440
		28334 Bremen
		Germany
	
UGC		Facultad de Ciencias del Mar
		Universitad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
		Campus universitario de Tafira
		35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
		Spain
	
UMZ		Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre
		Johannes-gutenberg-Universität
		Saarstr. 21
		55122 Mainz
		Germnay
	
WHOI		Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
		Woods Hole, MA 02543
		USA
	

3	RESEARCH PROGRAMME

3.1	MARINE GEOLOGY AND MARINE CHEMISTRY, LEG M22/1

For the long-term research project of the SFB 261 aimed at 
reconstructing the mass budget and current systems of the South 
Atlantic during the late Quaternary, sample material needs to be taken 
from the water column, from sinking particles and from the sea floor.  
The sediment traps deployed during METEOR-Cruise 20 had to be recovered 
and partly re-deployed; in addition, new trap moorings had to be 
launched south of Cabo Verde and in the equatorial West Atlantic.  
Micropaleontological, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the 
trap material and of the sediments will be determined both on board and 
in laboratories at home subsequent to the cruise.

3.1.1	PARTICLE FLUX STUDIES

It was intended to determine the seasonal pattern of particle 
sedimentation in representative productivity regions of the Eastern and 
Equatorial Atlantic.  For this purpose, sediment traps with time 
controlled sample changers were deployed at critical stations during 
cruise M 20 for a period of one year; these traps had to be recovered 
and redeployed during cruise M 22.  New moorings with sediment traps 
had to be deployed south of Cabo Verde Islands in a highly productive 
divergence zone and in the equatorial West Atlantic.  The moorings in 
the West Atlantic are part of a SW-NE transect over the equatorial 
upwelling system.  The transect will be completed by an additional 
mooring to be deployed during M23/3.

The following properties of the trapped material will be investigated: 
the species composition of the planktonic organisms (pteropods, 
foraminifera, radiolaria, coccolithophorids, and diatoms), the chemical 
and isotopic composition of these organisms, as well as the composition 
of the organic and terrigenous material.  The objective of the study is 
to identify seasonal variations in those components, which play an 
important role in the sediment formation process.  The results are 
expected to provide a basis for deducing paleo-current systems and 
paleoproduction conditions from sediment analyses.

The primary aim was to characterize the particle flux in the important 
production zones and to determine the portion of sinking material 
(export production) in relation to the productivity of the region.  In 
particular, the idea is to be tested that a smaller portion of material 
sinks out of less productive regions in comparison to productive 
regions.  In addition, it is important to consider the ratio of carbon 
in organic form (C(org)) to carbon in carbonates (C(carb)) and its variation 
from one area to the other.  This ratio is important for the carbon 
cycle since the formation of carbonate releases CO2, while the 
production of organic matter binds it.  A potential correlation between 
the sedimentation of opal and the productivity of a region will also be 
investigated.

3.1.2	TRACE ELEMENT CYCLING

The Marine Chemistry Group at the University of Bremen investigates the 
vertical transport of trace elements from the mixed layer until their 
burial in the sediments by participating in the sediment trap program 
of the Dept. of Geosciences at the University of Bremen.  Several 
productivity regions typical for the Eastern and Equatorial Atlantic 
are studied within the framework of the German JGOFS program.  In the 
material from the moored sediment traps (consisting mostly of fast 
sinking particles) a set of selected trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, 
Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn) will be analyzed in home 
laboratories.  During M22/1 samples of suspended material (comprising 
slowly sinking particles) were obtained on the same stations by using 
in situ-pumps supplemented by water sampling using GoFlo-bottles.  
Comparison of both kinds of water column particles with the trace 
element composition of the sediment, and its relation to the vertical 
distribution of dissolved trace elements in the water column are 
expected to provide important clues on transport and sorption 
mechanisms as well as on the general geochemical behaviour of these 
elements in the ocean.

For a study of trace element speciation and the their mode of 
dissolution from dust, suspended particles from the regions of maximal 
dust input and of maximal precipitation (ITCZ) off Northwest Africa 
were sampled.

3.2	PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY M 22/2

The western tropical Atlantic is a region of special interest in the 
global circulation.  The meridional heat transport takes place by warm 
surface water and subpolar intermediate water from the Southern 
Hemisphere moving northward in the upper 800m, and North Atlantic Deep 
Water (NADW) moving southward between 1200 and 4000 m.  In total, the 
transport of this meridional cell at the equator is estimated at 15 x 
10^(6)m^(3)s^(-1) or even higher.  The details of the mean water mass exchange 
across the equator are not well known from observations.  Furthermore, 
the seasonal changes of the upper-layer circulation in this region are 
insufficiently explored.

The objective during leg M 22/2 was to investigate the transport and 
the spreading of water masses in the western equatorial Atlantic with 
regard to their means as well as their annual and longer-term 
variations.  For comparison the results of the fall situation 1990 from 
cruise M 14/2 and the spring situation 1991 from cruise M 16/3 are 
available.

Currents were investigated using current meter moorings as well as 
shipborne acoustic measurement techniques on different time and space 
scales.  Three moorings were deployed along 44°W off the Brazilian 
coast (K359 - K361).  All three moorings are equipped with upward-
looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for measuring the 
currents in the upper 300m of the water column.  From the moorings, 
results are expected on the mean currents and on transports in the 
boundary regime and their variability.

The instantaneous current field was measured by two shipborne acoustic 
measurement techniques.  One method used the shipborned ADCP which 
recorded the currents within the upper 300 m of the water column.  The 
second acoustic method used the Pegasus system.  It included a free-
falling acoustic instrument that measures the acoustic travel time 
relative to bottom transponders, which were deployed and distances were 
measured prior to profiling.  Near the ocean bottom the Pegasus dropped 
an attached weight and returned to the ocean surface.  From the 
recorded acoustic travel time data relative to the bottom transponders 
a current profile was derived on board of the sip.  Because of the 
complicated vertical structure of the currents near the equator and the 
non-applicability of the geostrophic method, the Pegasus system is the 
most suitable instrument to measure current profiles and transport 
below the depth reached by the vessel-mounted ADCP.  Pegasus drops were 
carried out at 44°W, at 35°W, and at 5°S (see Fig. 1d).  Another 
profiling system used a self-contained ADCP attached to the rosette.  
This method was explored and found to work well on previous cruises.

The distributions of salinity, oxygen, freon and temperature 
characterize the water masses in the equatorial boundary current 
region.  Measurements at 60 stations were carried out suing the CTD 
with oxygen sensor and rosette sampler.  From the rosette, water 
samples were taken to determine freon concentrations and to calibrate 
the salinity and oxygen measurements.  Resolution along the sections 
was improved by XBT drops between the hydrographic stations.  The 
results of M 22/2 will be compared to the previous measurements of 
cruises M 14/2 and M 16/3 and further evaluated in cooperation with 
other groups.

3.3	PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY M 22/3-4

The planned work of the Marine Physics group was related to two topics 
(see Figs. 4 and 5).  First, we have investigated the Brazil Current 
and its hydrographic environment at the shelf edge of Brazil.  Second, 
we studied the deep western boundary currents and the water exchange of 
Intermediate and Bottom Waters between the Argentine and the Brazil 
basins.  The main objectives of both subprogrammes concerned water 
transport rates in the southwest of the large-scale subtropical 
circulation in the South Atlantic.  Both programme topics were directly 
related to the work that was preformed on board METEOR during cruise 
no. 15.  In January 1991 a total of 13 deep-sea moorings was launched 
between the Brazilian shelf and the Vema Channel.  These moorings had 
to be recovered during cruise no. 22.  Both studies represent 
significant components of the international WOCE programme with its 
subprogramme Deep Basin Experiment (DBE).  The field work was carried 
out in cooperation with researchers of the University of Sao Paulo, 
Brazil, and the Woods Hole oceanographic Institution, USA.

Surveys of the 200-300 m deep Brazil Current were conducted using 
acoustic (ADCP) and electromagnetic (XCP) methods.  Near-surface 
currents have been determined by satellite tracked drifters.  All 
current observations were supplemented by CTD and XBT casts.  Beneath 
the southward Brazil Current flows the Antarctic Intermediate Water 
with a northward component at 900m depth.  Neutrally buoyant RAFOS 
floats have been used to track the movement of these waters.  The deep 
western boundary current system additionally was observed by CTD 
profiling.

After the recovery of the earlier launched current meters in the Vema 
Channel METEOR proceeded towards the Hunter Channel for the deployment 
of six current meter moorings.  The instruments will monitor the water 
exchange between the two ocean basins.  These observations were 
supplemented by hydrographic surveys.  In addition, we moored three 
sound sources in the southern Brazil Basin.  They transmit an 80-second 
signal daily needed for RAFOS float tracking.  At the end of the 
floats' mission they are expected to surface, and an ARGOS satellite 
link will be used to retrieve the data.

3.4	PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY M 22/5

The main objective during leg 5 was a set of observations by the Marine 
Physics group of the zonal section A10 along 30°S as is part of the 
"WOCE Hydrographic Programme" (WHP).  The primary goal was to map the 
large-scale three-dimensional distribution of temperature, salinity, 
and chemical constituents of seawater and to determine heat and water 
transports.  The knowledge of these transports is essential for the 
understanding of physical processes in the ocean and the atmosphere 
which are relevant to the change of climate.  In addition, these data 
serve together with other data sets as initial conditions for numerical 
ocean circulation models and can be used to verify model predictions.  
As the section through the center of the South Atlantic subtropical 
gyre is crossing the Brazil Current on the western side and the 
Benquela Current in the east close to the African continent, the 
observational programme was intensified there.

In combination with observations from the previous legs the survey 
started at the South American continental shelf with high resolution 
CTD measurements in the Brazil Current area.  In order to obtain data 
from independent methods, expendable temperature probes (XBT), acoustic 
current profilers (ACDP) and free-falling current profilers (XCP) were 
used to resolve the structure of this boundary current.  The same 
methods were applied in the Benquela Current region.  On average, CTD 
stations were spaced approximately 30 nautical miles apart, with higher 
resolution in the boundary current regions and over complicated 
topography.  Pressure, temperature, conductivity, and oxygen were 
measured continuously in the vertical up to the bottom.  In addition, 
20-40 water samples were taken on every station for the determination 
of hydrographical and geochemical parameters.

3.5	MARINE CHEMISTRY

The investigations on the oceanic carbonate system which started a few 
years ago in the Chemical Department of the Institut für Meereskunde 
(IfM) Kiel were continued during M 22/5.  The background for these 
studies is the question of how much of the anthropogenic CO2 is stored 
in the ocean.  About 6 Gt C are presently emitted per year into the 
atmosphere as CO2 by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation.  From 
this, 3 Gt C remain in the atmosphere and cause an annual increase of 
the atmospheric CO2 content by about 1.5 ppm, resulting in today's CO2 
content of almost 360 ppm in the northern hemisphere.  The remaining 3 
Gt C are taken up by the ocean and/or the terrestrial biosphere.  The 
relative effectiveness of these sinks is uncertain.  However, this is 
an important question with respect to the prediction of the future CO2 
content in the atmosphere.  Model calculations and estimates based on 
measurements give a range of 0.5 - 2.5 Gt C for the annual uptake of CO2 
by the ocean.  In order to improve our understanding of the ocean as a 
sink for anthropogenic CO2, we applied two different experimental 
approaches:

First, the partial pressure differences of CO2 (DpCO2) were measured at 
the air/sea interface.  This quantity is the driving force for the CO2 
exchange and, by multiplication with appropriate exchange coefficients, 
gives the CO2 flux at the sea surface.  The anthropogenic input may then 
be estimated by balancing the CO2-fluxes on a global scale.  
Difficulties with this approach arise from the high spatial and 
seasonal variability of pCO2 which is due to different processes: 
changes in temperature, convection and formation of organic matter.  A 
measuring system (equilibrator/IR-spectrometer) was therefore developed 
which measures pCO2 continuously while the ship is steaming.

Secondly, the storage of anthropogenic CO2 is calculated from the 
distribution of total carbonate in the water column.  Due to elevated 
CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere caused by human activity, the total 
carbonate concentration in surface water today is higher than before 
the onset of industrialization.  Taking into account a correction for 
carbonate resulting from the oxidation of organic matter, the 
anthropogenic contribution can be calculated and tracked by using the 
depth distribution of carbonate.  The total carbonate concentrations as 
well as alkalinity were measured for this purpose in samples from the 
hydrocasts.  In order to enhance data density, two systems were used 
for the coulometric total carbonate determination and the alkalinity 
titration.

Additionally, the marine chemistry group was responsible for the 
determination of nutrients and oxygen on the WHP section. According to 
WOCE requirements, the full set of samples is analyzed on the basis of 
WOCE criteria for data precision. The data are used for the 
identification of water masses as well as for the calculation of 
anthropogenic CO2 stored in different water masses.

3.6	BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE TAXONOMY M 22/5

This survey was part of a long-term programme to describe the taxonomy, 
zoogeography and ecology of ichthyoplankton, planktonic Gammaridea and 
some other selected invertebrates from the entire Atlantic Ocean. 
Quantitative plankton sampling by uniform methods allows assessments of 
distribution patterns and particularly of areas of reproduction.  A 
comparison of areas of reproduction with regional hydrographic features 
allows the evaluation of those physical environmental parameters 
limiting reproduction or affecting larval survival.

While generally sampling has been carried out from two surface 
microlayers down to 200m depth, during M 22/5 only neuston sampling was 
done.  More intense surveys in the North Atlantic already allowed to 
elucidate faunistic boundaries, recently including respective seasonal 
and even interannual changes. In the South Atlantic, similar 
investigations have been made in the southeastern and southwestern 
shelf areas by Argentine and Spanish groups.  However, the 
ichthyoplankton geography of the open subtropical South Atlantic is 
largely, and the Gammaridea plankton geography is completely unknown.

During the cruise, emphasis was placed on sampling and on the analysis 
of qualitative as well as quantitative faunistic differences between 
the shelf, the continental slope, the boundary current regimes and the 
central southern subtropicalgyre.

3.7	TRACER STUDIES M 22/5

In addition to the classical hydrographic data, the measurements of 
anthropogenic tracers provide parameters for water mass analysis.  They 
are particularly important for the determination of water mass 
transports and mixing processes because of their well-known input 
history at the ocean surface.

In cooperation with the Marine Physics group measurements were carried 
out of the CFMs F11, F12, F113, and CCl4 and samples for 3-He, tritium 
and 14-C were taken.  CCl4 is of special interest since the release of 
this substance to the atmosphere and thus to the oceans started much 
earlier than that of other tracers.  Therefore it is a useful property 
for characterizing old water masses.  Measurable CFM and tritium 
concentrations are found within the thermocline down to about 1000m 
depth and particularly in the western boundary current regime.

The zonal section A10 of the WOCE programme crossed the Brazil and 
Angola Basins and the northern Cape Basin.  In the Brazil Basin the 
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) at the continental slope, and the 
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and Antarctic Intermeditate Water (AAIW) 
north of the Vema and Hunter Channels were of special interest.  The 
main purpose of the planned work was to monitor the tracer 
concentrations of these water masses and to compare them with results 
from earlier cruises further north.

Up to now observations in the Angola Basin and in most parts of the 
Cape Basin displayed tracer concentrations of deep water masses below 
the detection limit, except for CCl4.  One question to be answered was 
whether the CCl4 (which was found on A9 at 19°S at the eastern slope of 
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) originates from the Cape Basin.  Contributions 
to 3-He were expected due to tritium decay in Central Water masses and 
due to admixture of waters of Pacific origin within the deep and bottom 
waters.

CFMs were measured on the majority of the water samples.  Sampling of 
3He and tritium was restricted to about every third station, but had 
high vertical resolution.  No large volume sampling was performed.  
Small volume 14C sampling was done, and the subsequent analysis will be 
carried out by the Institut für Umweltphysik of Heidelberg University.  
The obtained data are part of the expected large WOCE tracer data set 
for the South Atlantic.

3.8	ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS M 22/5

Aerosol particles (AP) over the South Atlantic are mainly influenced by 
two sources: seasalt-AP and aged continental background aerosol.  
Probably mineral AP of the Namib Desert in Southwest Africa could also 
contribute to the marine AP.

During M 22/5 the size distribution of the marine AP in the size range 
of 0.005 mm to about 50mm radius was determined.

The ocean is an important source of biological AP.  These are able to 
form ice nuclei and thus contribute to cloud formation.  Up to now 
little is known about the biological portion of the marine AP.  
Therefore particles of this type were determined in the radius range 
>0.2 mm.

The capability of AP to take up water vapor is dependent on both size 
and solubility of the AP.  The present knowledge of the solubility of 
AP is low.   Therefore it was important to investigate the size-
dependent soluble part of the AP.

Moreover, the carbonaceous part of the AP was analyzed in order to 
determine the contributions in particle or biogenic AP form.

Rainwater samples from this clean-air region were analyzed with regard 
to acidity, total concentration of soluble mass, and major anions for a 
comparison with similar properties in polluted areas.

4	NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE

4.1	LEG M 22/1 (W. Balzer)

At 12:12 p.m. of September 22 METEOR left the harbour of Hamburg with 
33 crew members, 2 meteorologists, 2 scientific guests from the 
University of Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) and 11 geologists and marine 
chemists from the University of Bremen.  After several hours allowing 
maximal speed for METEOR the weather changed: as a consequence of 
permanent headwinds and opposing currents the effective speed was much 
less than expected all the way until the end of the English Channel.  
In order to test the instruments for subsequent purposes a profile of 
the Hudrosweep and the Parasound echo sounder across the Celtic margin 
was recorded (station 462-92 and 463-92; Fig.2), where a large 
multinational project of the European Community is to be started in 
1993.

After a further test of the in situ camera in the Biscaya, the METEOR 
sailed directly to the first mooring position 60nm north of the Gran 
Canaria (station 465-92).  Within less than 7 hours the mooring CI1 was 
recovered and the mooring CI2 was deployed successfully both equipped 
with 2 sediment traps and a current meter.  The long-term mooring CI1 
had been deployed during cruise M 20 as part of a cooperative programme 
of Spanish institutions and Kiel University.  At all stations, where 
moored sediment traps had to be recovered and/or deployed for long-term 
studies of the seasonality of the particle sedimentation by the 
geologists of Bremen University, several other devices were deployed 
regularly: several holes using the multinet in different depth ranges 
were taken for studies of the plankton composition, an underwater 
camera was operated for in-situ studies of sinking and suspended 
particles; for investigations of trace element cycling, in-situ-pumps 
were used at different water depths to collect suspended particles from 
400-900 L seawater, and GoFlo-bottles were taken for contamination-free 
sampling of dissolved trace elements; mostly at the end of the station 
work, sediments were sampled using a multicorer to which a CTD-O2-
transparency probe was attached for continuous recordings of seawater 
properties.

After a short trace element sampling of the top 400 m of the water 
column near Cape Blanc, a new mooring (Sta.467-92) with sediment traps 
(CV1) was deployed south of the Cabo Verde Islands at 11°29.0N, 21°
01.0W followed by sampling of the water column and of the sediment.  
This programme - as outlined above - took 17 hours at a water depth of 
5000 m.  During transit to the main study area  in the equatorial 
Atlantic, another short sampling programme for trace elements was 
performed in the upper water column at 7°50N, 16°55W.  The stations 
for trace element work both north of and within the Intertropical 
Convergence Zone served to investigate the dissolution behaviour of 
Sahara born particles with and without previous digestive action of 
slightly acidic rain.

The week spent between 3°N and 6°S in the Guinea Basin was filled 
with the recovery of 3 moorings (EA6, EA7, EA8; Sta.469-92, 470-92, 
471-92) with 2-4 sediment traps and the re-deployment of the mooring 
EA9 (Sta.470-92 at 00°01.0 S, 10°48.4 W) supplemented by water column 
and sediment sampling as mentioned before.  These studies of the 
seasonal particle sedimentation at several positions within the 
equatorial upwelling region will provide information about the 
productivity gradients between the centre, the northern and the 
southern edge of this important upwelling region.  These stations 
extend the 20°W-transect of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) 
southwards.  Trap deployments near the Canary Islands, near the Cabo 
Verde Islands and in the Guinea Basin increase the data base from 
regions with low mixed layer depth but high productivity conditions 
resulting from equatorial or coastal upwelling.  After crossing the 
Intertropical Convergence Zone and entering the region of SE trade 
winds, the sea surface temperature cooled down from 29°C to 22°C, the 
air temperature near the Equator fell to 21°C and the sky was 
permanently clowdy.

By leaving the last station in the Guinea Basin at Oct.10, the last 
week of our cruise began with 965 miles of pure sailing to our next 
mooring position in the northern Brasil Basin.  With prevailing clowdy 
weather, moderate temperatures and showers from time to time we 
occupied the station (Sta.472-92) in the afternoon of Oct.16, too late 
to start with the deployment of the mooring.  For security reasons this 
kind of work requires daylight and some extra time for unforeseen 
events during deployment, and work for moorings was always put to the 
early morning hours.  Work at this station therefore was started with 
water and plankton sampling and filtering of large water volumes for 
collecting SPM and with 2 deployments of the in-situ camera.  Beginning 
at 06.15h (ship time) the next morning we deployed the mooring WA1 with 
3 sediment traps and a current meter within 3 hours; finally, the 
multicorer brought well filled tubes of red/brown deep sea clay from a 
water depth of 5500 m.  Because the regular programme of station work 
was completed without any complications, there was extra time available 
for time-comsuming in-situ pumping near the sea floor for studies of 
resuspension processes.

After one day of sailing the Meteor reached at its last and 
southernmost station of this leg.  Following water, plankton and 
particle sampling during the night, the mooring WA2 was deployed at 7°
31.3 S, 28°02.5 W in the early morning of Oct.19.  Further deployments 
of the in-situ camera and of the in-situ pumps, an unsuccessful trial 
with the multicorer and the recording of a well resolved profile of the 
T-S-O2-transparency probe in the water column filled the day until we 
had to leave for Recife at 18.00h.  Right in time at 08.54h of Oct.21 
we reached at the quays of Recife being happy that we had completed 90% 
of our programme within the short time for scientific work as compared 
to the long time needed for sailing roughly 6000 miles.

4.2	LEG M 22/2 (M. Rhein)

Seven members of the scientific crew arrived in Recife on October 20 
and started a day later to unload the containers and to install the 
scientific equipment on METEOR.  The scientific crew was completed on 
October 22 by the arrival of 14 scientists from Kiel and by Prof. Dr. 
Edmo Campos from the Hydrographic Institute of the University Sao 
Paulo, Brazil and Captainlieutenant Ramos as the Brazilian observer.

Unfortunately, the plate to mount an ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current 
Profiler) in the ship's well was unavailable on board.  To build one 
with the help of the ship's crew was postponed, we first wanted to 
investigate how good the installed, and recently renovated shipborne-
ADCP worked.  METEOR left the port of Recife on October 23, 10:00 a.m., 
heading northward (Fig. 1d and 3).

At sea, the shipborne ADCP registered continually the velocities down 
to about 300 m depths, and as the ship reached deep water, XBTs were 
dropped every 10-15 nautical miles (Fig. 1d) to resolve the temperature 
field down to 750 m depth.  Two CTD stations and measurements of the 
instantaneous current fields with an ADCP attached to the rosette 
(lADCP) and with the Pegasus Profiling system (Pegasus stations S6, S7) 
were carried out on October 24, 0:00 at 5°8 S, 34°836' W and 34°854' 
W.  The CTD was mounted in a 24 bottle (10 l) rosette, where 2 bottles 
had been sacrificed to place the ADCP.  Besides temperature and 
conductivity, an oxygen sensor was used, which was calibrated by oxygen 
titration of samples from the 10 l bottles.  The Freon (F11, F12) 
measurements from water samples completed the programme.  All systems 
worked well and received reliable data.  A short circuit on October 25 
destroyed some of the Freon analytical gear, but it could be repaired 
with the help of the ship's electronic technician.  After this event, 
the Freon measurements worked well during the whole cruise.  Only the 
new broad band ADCP (BBADCP), delivered to METEOR on October 23, and 
especially dedicated to measure velocities in the deep ocean failed to 
communicate.

After reaching the 44°8 W section, the transport of the North Brazil 
Current (NBC) along the Brazilian shelf was surveyed with the shipborne 
ADCP on October 26 from 1°800' S, 44°824' W to 0°801' N, 44°824' W.  
On October 27 and 28, after carefully surveying the bottom with 
Hydrosweep, and after the evaluation of the ship's drift, three 
moorings were deployed off the Brazilian coast (mooring K359: 0°814.6' 
N 44°818.6' W; K360: 0°837' N, 44°810' W; K361: 1°811.2' N 44°
802.7' W).  Each mooring is equipped with upward looking ADCPs, which 
measure the currents in the upper 300m, and with 7-9 conventional 
Aanderaa current meters.  As surface currents around 2kn were present 
at the mooring locations, the deployment of the moorings over the stern 
of the ship was more convenient than over the side.

The CTD- and Pegasus profiling at the 44°8 W section was continued 
till October 31, where we reached our northernmost position at 6°840' 
N.  Two CTD stations were placed north of the Ceara Ridge (5°842.4' N 
and 6°804.6' N) to estimate a likely flow of lower North Atlantic Deep 
Water on this northern path.  On the way to 4°80' N, 35°80' W, 
starting on October 31, 2:00 p.m., the shipborne ADCP was exchanged by 
an ADCP mounted in the ship's well because the former instrument worked 
only in the depth ranges to 230-300m, and got no data above 30m.  The 
new ADCP received good signals even in the upper bins above 30m and 
down to 270-400m.  Additionally XBTs were launched every 10nm.  

To shorten the time needed to retrieve the Pegasus probe, a terminal 
showing the acoustic ranging of the probe from the ship has been 
installed on the bridge.  Subsequently, the time for Pegasus retrievals 
decreased from 40-60 min to 13-20 min.  

The 35°8W section was reached on November 12, and began with 4 CTD 
stations to 2500 m depth.  South of 1°8N, the CTD was again lowered to 
the bottom.  A first test of the BBADCP was carried out on November 2.  
It was lowered to 7m depth to study the appropriate parameter setting 
for using it when attached to the rosette.  The first deep profile with 
the BBADCP was obtained on November 4 parallel to a Pegasus drop at 0°
846 S, 34°859.5' W (S2).  But the data showed time gaps by up to half 
an hour preventing the evaluation of the velocity field below 1500 m.  
This failure could not be repaired during the cruise.

At the southern end of the 35°8 W section four bottom transponders (at 
each location two) were deployed at 3°859' S, 34°857' W, (S14) and at 
4°830' S, 35°805' W, (S15), November 6 to 7 after surveying the 
bottom topography with Hydrosweep.  Their distances were carefully 
measured.  S14 is located in a 20 sm broad channel which is about 3500 
m deep and bordered by elevations up to 18 m depth; the southeast 
flowing deep water seems to be guided by that channel.  The CTD/ADCP 
work on that section continued till November 7, 07:00 p.m. when we 
reached the shelf at 5°801' S, 35°800' W.

After proceeding to the 5°8 S section the work began with a shallow 
CTD station.  We repeated the measurements at the Pegasus station S6 
(5°839' S, 34°854' W), where profiles already had been taken on 
October 24.  The Pegasus and the shipborne-ADCP data showed distinct 
vertical structures in the velocity profiles which remained almost 
coherent for the duration of the stationwork, but disappeared a few 
miles farther offshore.  On the other hand, they were present along our 
transit route to 44°8 W.  To study this phenomenon further, profiles 
from shipborne-ADCP and data from the lADCP, lowered to 250 m depth, 
were combined and the ship stayed at the S6 position for another two 
hours.

On 9 November, the lADCP failed due to water leakage.  It could not be 
fully replaced by the BBADCP, as this instrument was only capable to 
cover the upper 1500m of the water column.  To complete the current 
field measurements of the 5°8 S section, two additional Pegasus 
stations at 5°815' S, 32°800' W (S16) and at 5°810' S, 31°830' W 
(S17) have been installed on November 10.  On this section, also 
Tritium and Helium samples have been taken from the 10 l Niskin 
bottles.  They will be analyzed at the Institut fuer Umweltphysik, 
Heidelberg.  The easternmost CTD station was done at 5°8 S, 30°80' W 
and on November 11, METEOR headed southwest to 10°8 S 32°830' W.  On 
the way, 4 shallow (1500 m) CTD stations were carried out as well as 
XBT drops every 10nm.  The expected splitting of the South Equatorial 
Current in a northwest flowing North Brazil Current and a southward 
flowing Brazil Current was also surveyed with the vessel-mounted ADCP.

The 10°8 S section began on November 13, 1:00 p.m. with deep CTD 
stations to the bottom and the BBADCP attached to the rosette.  The 
BBADCP profiles were valid for the upper 1500 m.  Altogether 10 CTD 
stations have been carried out on that section, which ended on November 
14, 11:00 p.m.  The ship headed north towards Recife, where we arrived 
on November 15, 11:00 a.m.

4.3	LEG M 22/3 (T.J. Müller)

On November 16, G. Siedler had taken over the chief scientist's duties 
from M.  Rhein.  During the following two days the captain and the 
chief scientist communicated frequently with the German Embassy in 
Brasilia in order to obtain a decission on the clearance for work in 
the 200nm zone from the Brazilian government.  On November 18, a 
message was received which said that clearence could not be expected.  
Upon the request of the German Embassy for G. Siedler to leave the ship 
and to travel to Brasilia for a discussion about open questions with 
Brazilian authorities, the chief scientist's duties were transferred to 
T.J. Müller.  About two hours before the ship's departure a telephone 
message was received through the Brazilian observer indicating that 
clearence was given.

METEOR left Recife on November 18, at 10:00 p.m.  with 10 scientists 
and technicians from the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel (IfMK), Germany, 
and with the Brazilian observer from the Diretoria Hidrografia e 
Navegacao (DHN), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.

Heading south to the main working area on the Sao Paulo Plateau, a test 
station was carried out for the vertically profiling CTD/rosette and a 
new acoustic release system on 13°857.4' S, 36°816.6' W.  Then, the 
westernmost channel of the Victoria-Trinidade Ridge was surveyed with 
METEOR's multibeam echo sounding system Hydrosweep for determining the 
sill depth.  It turned out that the channel is very narrow, 1 to 2nm, 
and shallows from the northeast from more than 1800m towards the 
southwest to less than 1000m.  The channel ends here and the sill depth 
located at 19°837' S, 38°826' W is less than 950m.  It is thus 
possible that Antarctic Intermediate Water can pass this channel on its 
way north.

During the earlier cruise M 15 in 1991, an anti-cyclonic doming of the 
upper thermocline was observed just south of the Vitoria-Trinidade 
Ridge.  It could be a topographically controlled permanent feature.  A 
section with three CTD stations and some deep-reaching XBTs (1300m) at 
6nm (Fig. 4) nominal distance were carried out.  Doming could be 
observed again, but the signal was very weak.

Proceeding further south to the Sao Paulo Plateau, the large-scale 
structure of the main thermocline was observed with XBTs spaced 
horizontally at 20nm.  Most of these profiles were taken outside the 
200nm zone.  On November 25, a mooring carrying a sound source was 
deployed outside the 200nm zone.  It is part of an array aimed at 
studying the flow field at mid-depth by neutrally-buoyant drifting 
floats (RAFOS).

After having launched the mooring, a CTD section was carried out, with 
a total of 25 stations between the 3000m and 200m depth contour normal 
to the continental shelf with a station distance of 60nm each.

On this section also three Brazil Current meter moorings 333/BE, 334/BM 
and 335/BW were recovered on November 26 and 27.

METEOR finished the leg in Santos on November 30 at 09:18 a.m.

4.4	LEG M 22/4 (W. Zenk)

In Santos/Brazil W. Zenk took over as chief scientist from T.J. Müller 
on November 30, 1992.  On the morning of December 2, METEOR left port 
at 8:00 a.m. (*Fig. 5a) and sailed directly towards mooring position 
906/DB1 near 28°8 S, 44°8 W.  In addition to 33 crew members 19 
scientists were on board the ship.  This number included team members 
(*Fig. 5b) from Kiel, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Woods Hole.  The 
official observer from Brazil, Capt. J.M. Ramos, stayed on board.  He 
had previously joined the ship in Recife (22/2).

The main work was concerned with mooring activities which had begun 
during the previous leg in the Brazil Current region and continued 
during most of leg 3.  Initially we recovered the Woods Hole moorings 
906/DB1-909/DB4 without any difficulties.  Unfortunately the acoustic 
release of 910/DB5 failed, and after extensive unsuccessful release 
attempts, this mooring had to be given up.  On December 2, the sound 
source mooring 350/K2 was deployed on the western Vema terrace.  Next 
moorings 337/VW and 338/VE were recovered from the western shoulder and 
the Vema Sill.  A second mooring was lost when we were unable to 
communicate or release 337/VM.  We had better luck with 343/DBK and 
912/DB6, both situated on the eastern Vema terrace.  To summarize, by 
December 7 eight moorings had been recovered which originally had been 
deployed in early January 1991 from METEOR (M 15).  Further logistical 
details can be found in the attached mooring inventory (chapter 7.3.3).

In the inner Vema district the narrowly-spaced CTD section from the 
1991 expedition was repeated although with a reduced number of 
stations.  Further stations were occupied on the way to the Hunter 
Channel.  Besides CTD observations surface drifters and RAFOS floats 
were deployed.  During the cruise the scientific party gathered at 
irregular intervals to discuss scientific issues and the next day's 
schedule.  Seminars on various topics of the South Atlantic and applied 
research methods were given.  Contributions werde made by colleages 
from all three participating countries.

Slowed down by strong easterly winds the Hunter region was approached 
on December 11.  Hours earlier METEOR had occupied the deepest station 
of the cruise at a depth of 5146 m.  Due to poor weather conditions we 
were unable to perform the intended bathymetric survey with Hydrosweep, 
the shipborne multibeam echosounder.  By December 15, we had managed to 
launch seven moorings across the Hunter Channel.  They consist of a 
zonal row of six current meter moorings (H1-/H6) and one sound source 
(K0) mooring.  A difficult situation arose when a severe storm appeared 
in a very short time and the ongoing deployment of mooring H3 could not 
be finished properly.  The problem was solved by a brave zodiac 
maneuver.  On December 13, all work had to be terminated until the 
storm weakened the next day.

After the mooring work was completed the Hunter region was left, 
heading due NW.  On December 16, an additional mooring was installed 
close to the bottom on the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise.

A final mooring deployment (K3) was performed on the return leg to Rio 
de Janeiro.  In this case we combined near-bottom current meters with a 
sound source at about 1000m depth.  At the end of these activities 
METEOR sailed on a northwesterly course towards the Brazilian shelf.  
Underway we launched all remaining RAFOS floats and the satellite-
tracked, surface drifting buoys.  Further observations of the upper-
ocean thermal structure were done by two-hourly spaced XBT drops on the 
return leg.  These data were transmitted through the Global 
Telecommunication System of the World Meterological Organization (WMO) 
in a near-real-time.  Approaching the shelf nine XCP probes were 
dropped in order to analyze the vertical structure of the Brazil 
Current.  METEOR called port at Rio de Janeiro in the morning of 
December 22, 1992. 

4.5	LEG M 22/5 (R. Onken)

METEOR left Rio de Janeiro on December 27, 1992 at 6:00 p.m.  The first 
destination was the test station no. 620/92 located at waypoint A (see 
*Fig. 7).  Because METEOR crossed the Brazil Current on its way to the 
test station, the temperature and velocity structure of this current 
were recorded with XBT drops and the shipborne ADCP (S-ADCP).  On the 
station all instruments were tested and the scientists familiarized 
themselves with their usage.  As the overside ADCP (lADCP) was not yet 
ready for use, another test station was occupied in the early evening.  
Here, the lADCP passed its first test successfully. Afterwards METEOR 
headed for waypoint B.  Between B and C the Brazil Current was crossed 
for the second time and was surveyed again with XBT and S-ADCP.  METEOR 
turned at C and hydrographic stations were conducted with a horizontal 
resolution of 10nm between C and B.  To the east of B the interval 
between the stations increased to 30nm.

30°8 S was reached at waypoint D for the first time.  For the next 
weeks, METEOR sailed eastward along this line (*Fig. 6) passing the Vema 
Channel, the eastern part of the Rio Grande Rise, the northward 
directed dead end of the Argentine Basin, the eastern extension of the 
Rio Grande Rise, the southern Brazil Basin, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the 
southern Angola Basin, the Walvis Ridge, and the northern Cape Basin.  
A northward detour was done over the Walvis Ridge because of the 
complicated topography.  The intervals between stations varied between 
9 and 45nm (chapter 7.4.1, *Fig. 8) in order to ensure that the water 
depth between two successive stations should not differ by more than 
1000m.

At 11°850' E the 30°8 S latitude was left and the station programme 
was continued in east-northeast direction for two reasons.  On the one 
hand the section was planned to cut the Benguela Current at nearly a 
right angle, and on the other hand the 200nm zone of the Republic of 
South Africa had to be avoided because no application for reasearch 
permission had been made.  Here, the station interval was reduced to 
20nm.  The last station was located on the African shelf at a water 
depth of about 200m.  Because of a bad weather forecast for the 
following days, the measurement activities were finished in the 
afternoon of January 28, although 16 hours of spare time were still 
available, and METEOR headed for Cape Town and arrived there in the 
afternoon of January 30.

5	PRELIMINARY RESULTS

5.1	MARINE GEOLOGY AND MARINE CHEMISTRY DURING M22/1

5.1.1	DEPLOYMENTS AND SAMPLING
	(U. Rosiak, M. Kalberer, V. Ratmeyer, U. Kuller, M. Bleckwehl, G. 
	Fischer, A. Zimmermann, H. Buschhoff, W. Balzer)

For sampling in the water column, a multiple closing net (multinet), 
in-situ pumps, GoFlo bottles and a Photosea under-water camera system 
were used. From the ships' membrane pump which is installed in 3.5 m 
water depth, 1-2 L of seawater were filtrated three times daily for 
subsequent chlorophyll (Chl a) analysis.  For the sampling of sediment 
with undisturbed surface, a multi-corer was used at five stations.

The primary goal during the cruise was the recovery and/or the 
deployment of moorings containing sediment traps and current meters; 
*Fig. 9a, b show the positions in the Atlantic where moorings were 
deployed during M23/1 or previous cruises dealing with the same 
objectives.

Details for the individual sampling devices are given in the following 
paragraphs 5.1.2-5.1.9.  A summary of the occupied stations including 
the list of equipment used is given in the station list (see chapter 
7.1.1).

5.1.2	PARTICLE FLUX WITH SEDIMENT TRAPS
	(G. Fischer, M. Kalberer, V. Ratmeyer, U. Rosiak, U. Kuller, M. 
	Bleckwehl)

Deployment and recovery data for all moorings as well as the sampling 
data of the traps are listed in Ch. 7.1.2.  North of Gran Canaria 
(CI2), south of Cabo Verde (CV1), in the eastern (EA9) and in the 
western equatorial upwelling area (WA1 and WA2) mooring arrays with 2-4 
multisample sediment traps and current meters were deployed.

The mooring "Canary Islands No.1" (CI1) deployed during M20/1 was 
completely recovered on September 9.  Both traps had worked perfectly 
providing 40 samples in total.  20m underneath the upper traps a 
special current meter instrument developed by the group of Prof. Krause 
(AWI) recorded current speed, direction, temperature and conductivity 
as well as backscattering and fluorescence.  At the same site, we 
redeployed the mooring (CI2) which will be recovered during M23/3.

A new mooring ("Cabo Verde No.1", CV1) with two traps and one RCM8 was 
installed at about 11°30 N and 21°W close to the divergence of the 
North Equatorial Current and the North Equatorial Counter Current. It 
is intended to recover and re-deploy these instruments during M23/3.

Between October 9 and October 12 we successfully recovered the moorings 
EA6, EA7 and EA8 located on a north-south transect in the eastern 
equatorial upwelling area.  Except for one trap from the EA8 site, all 
other traps (7) had sampled continuously; *Fig.10a-c gives a first 
impression of the seasonal sedimentation of particles in 598m, 1833m 
and in 2890m water depth between Dec.12, 1991 and Oct.6, 1992 (see Ch. 
7.1.2).  The trap in 1255m did not sample properly. At the EA7 site, we 
redeployed an array with 3 traps and one current meter (EA9) on October 
10.  All instruments will be recovered in April 1993 (M23/3).

We finally installed two mooring systems with five traps and two 
current meters in the western equatorial Atlantic at approximately 25°W 
and 4°and 7°S.  They are part of a SW-NE transect over the western 
equatorial upwelling area which will be completed with a third mooring 
further north during M23/3.

5.1.3	IN-SITU PARTICLE CAMERA SYSTEM (V. Ratmeyer, U. Rosiak)

For the determination of the particle concentration, its size 
distribution and the aggregate composition in the upper 600m of the 
water column, a high-resolution fotocamera system was employed.  It was 
designed and improved according to experience with similar systems as 
described by Honjo et al. (1984), Asper (1987) and Lampitt (1985).  
This method provides in-situ information on the origin and the 
abundance of particles and aggregates (marine snow).  In addition to 
the use of sediment traps, particle flux can be measured with this 
method even at sites with high lateral transport.

We used a 70mm deep-sea camera (model PHOTOSEA 70) with 45.7m film 
capacity providing an acceptable optical resolution.  Two 150 Ws 
strobelights (model PHOTOSEA 1500S) were installed as light sources.  
The illuminating beam was collimated by a pair of highly refractive 
fresnel-lenses mounted inside a steelframe at focal distance in front 
of the strobes.  Camera and light sources were installed in orthogonal 
position thus avoiding backscattering by water molecules and highly 
hydrated particles.  The system is fixed inside a collapsible frame 200 
x 80 x 80 cm, which is made of 48 mm (o.d.) galvanized steel pipe.  The 
weight of the complete system is approximately 130 kg in air.  The 
camera and the strobe-collimator unit can be slided to any position 
inside the frame (see *Figure 11).

The whole system was testet during the M22/1 cruise for the first time.  
During its descend to 600m water depth the camera was triggered 
continuously by a computer on deck of the ship.  Typically every 5 m 
one picture was shot while lowering the system with a speed of 
0.3m/sec.  The flash duration of < 1/10.000 second was short enough to 
get sharp pictures of particles down to a size of 100m using Kodak Tri 
X Pan Film.  The pictures show variant particle and plankton 
concentrations through 500m water depth, with maximal concentrations in 
the upper 30m.

5.1.4	CTD-O2-TRANSPARENCY PROBE (G. Fischer, V. Ratmeyer)

For continuous records of seawater properties, a CTD-profiler (SEABIRD 
SBE 19) was equipped with an oxygen sensor and a 25 cm side view 
transmissometer (SEATECH).  This unit was attached to the wire 20 m 
above the multicorer in most cases.  At ten stations the raw data were 
immediately transfered from the self-contained instrument to a 
computer.  Downcast standard plots were produced which subsequently 
served for the selection of sampling depths for the deployment of in-
situ pumps and GoFlo-bottles.  Measured oxygen values were compared to 
those of the WINKLER titration: while the shape of both oxygen profiles 
was almost identical, the in-situ oxygen concentrations were generally 
lower by 0.5-0.7ml/L than the discrete bottle values.  This may be due 
to the alterations of the three years old O2-membrane.

A typical profile obtained with the self-contained probe is depicted in 
*Fig. 12.  Most instructive for the positioning of other devices was the 
O2-profile: its concentration reaching down to almost 1ml/L shows two 
distinct minima at 100m and 500m water depth; the concentration 
increased rapidly downwards to approximately 5ml/L in the North 
Atlantic Deep Water.  Just below the deeper O2-minimum the core of the 
Antarctic Intermediate Water can be recognized by its salinity minimum.  
Except for the top 50m the light beam attenuation (LBA) was generally 
very low.

5.1.5	PLANKTON SAMPLING USING THE MULTINET
	(M. Kalberer, U. Kuller, V. Ratmeyer, G. Fischer)

Plankton was sampled with a multiple closing net (multi-net, Fa. 
HYDROBIOS) with 0.25m opening and 64 micrometer mesh size.  It was used 
for vertical holes at seven sites.  At each site, 2-3 holes with 
different depth-intervals were conducted (see: 7.1.1). The standard 
depths were:

1)	to 1000 m water depth with the intervals 1000-500m, 500-300m, 
	300-100m, 100-50m, 50-0m.
2)	to 400 m water depth with the intervals 400-200m, 200-100m, 100-
	40 m, 40-20m, 20-40m.
3)	to 250 m water depths with the intervals 250-100m, 100-75m, 75-
	50m, 50-25m, 25-0m.

The samples containing mostly zooplankton and only small amounts of 
phytoplankton were carefully rinsed with seawater and transferred to 
KAUTEX bottles.  After fixation with mercury chloride to reduce 
bacterial action the samples were stored at 4°C.

5.1.6	CONTINUOUS CHLOROPHYLL A MEASUREMENTS
	(M. Kalberer, V. Ratmeyer, G. Fischer)

For the determination of chlorophyll concentrations of surface waters, 
1-2L seawater taken 3 times a day from the membrane pump (inlet in 3.5m 
water depth) were filtrated onto glass fibre filters and deep frozen at 
-20°C. Chla measurements will be done in the home laboratory.  Up to 
now, chla data are available from several Meteor cruises in the 
Atlantic Ocean (M6/6, M9/4, M12/1/2, M16/1/2, M20/1/2).  These data 
will be compared to values derived from fluorescence measurements of an 
in-situ probe (Prof. Krause, AWI).

5.1.7	IN-SITU FILTRATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES
	(W.Balzer, H.Buschhoff, F.Gonzales Palma, D.Schneider, A.Zimmermann)

Within the German JGOFS project "Vertical transport of particulate 
trace elements in the equatorial upwelling region" the distribution of 
dissolved trace elements has to be compared with their concentration in 
suspended particulate material (SPM), in particles caught with sediment 
traps and in sediments.  The main objectives are 
(i)	the deepening of our general knowledge about the control of trace 
	element distribution by interaction with biogenic and abiotic
	particles and 
(ii)	to investigate how particle sedimentation in a high-productivity 
	region affects the vertical trace element distribution. 

Within the 3 main classes of elements (according to their vertical 
distribution grooped into: "conservative", "nutrient-type", "scavenged")
as many elements as possible at acceptable accuracy will be determined 
in different matrices (see also: Research Programme).  Three particulate 
phases were sampled using different techniques:
(i)	the SPM to be filtered using in-situ pumps is supposed to consist 
	of slowly sinking biogenic and terrestrial detritus exhibiting a 
	large surface area for sorptive processes,
(ii)	the material caught with intercepting sediment traps consists of 
	larger, faster sinking particles which incorporated trace 
	elements during their formation in the ocean's top layer and by 
	scavenging of SPM,
(iii)	the sediment represents in that respect the ultimate result of 
	all water column processes and early diagenetic modifications 
	near the sediment/water interface.
In addition to the determination of trace element concentrations, 
emphasis will be put to the analysis of carrier phases such as 
carbonate, organic carbon, opal and lithogenics.  Therefore aliquots of 
the trap material (see chapter 7.1.2) will be analyzed at home for 
trace and major components after digestion with nitric and hydrofluoric 
acid.

Due to the low concentration of SPM larger volumes of seawater have to 
be filtered, if trace elements are to be analyzed in SPM. Between 200 L 
and 800 L seawater from depths down to 5400 m were filtered through 
acid cleaned 293 mm Nuclepore filter using an in-situ pump (see chapter 
7.1.4). To reduce contamination risks non-metallic wire was used and 
all handling of the filters was performed under a clean bench. Because 
in-situ pumping is very time-consuming pumps were combined with bottle 
casts whenever possible. From pump deployments a total of 39 filters 
were obtained, 6 of which, however, being torn.

5.1.8	WATER SAMPLING
	(W.Balzer, H.Buschhoff, F.Gonzales Palma, D.Schneider, A.Zimmermann)

At all 7 stations where sediment traps were recovered/deployed 2 casts 
of 6 GoFlo bottles were taken to analyze the vertical distribution of 
trace elements in the water column; at stations 466 and 468 only the 
top 600-800m were sampled in accordance with the respective pump 
deployments yielding a total of 90 trace element samples.  For the 
trace metal studies precautions had to be taken against the risks of 
contamination: before use the GoFlo bottles were acid cleaned 
thoroughly, at stations the bottles were attached to a non-metallic 
wire, during handling on deck both opening ends were covered with 
plastic bags, all manipulations after subsampling were performed under 
a clean bench.

When the filled bottles were brought to the lab, dissolved oxygen was 
subsampled first, followed by a flask for stable isotope analysis that 
was filled without air-bubbles, poisoned and secured with paraffin; 
then two plastic containers were filled for trace elements and 
acidified thereafter using subboiled HNO3; finally sub-samples for 
nutrient analysis were taken and deep-frozen.

When brought back to the home laboratories, selected trace elements 
(primarily: Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb) will be analyzed, and the 
vertical and horizontal distribution will be compared with results from 
the particle analysis.

The only component that was determined directly on board was oxygen (by 
conventional Winkler titration) serving to check the calibration of the 
in-situ probe. A first evalution provided evidence for a systematic 
deviation between both sets of oxygen determinations.

5.1.9	SEDIMENT SAMPLING WITH THE MULTICORER
	(U. Rosiak, G. Fischer, M. Kalberer, V. Ratmeyer, D. Schneider, F. 
	Gonzales Palma)

At the five mooring sites CI1/2, CV1, EA7/8, WA1 and WA2, multicorer 
samples were retrieved from the seafloor.  Near-bottom water samples 
(100 cm3 and 250 cm3) for stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis were 
taken from the cores approximately 10cm above the sediment surface.  
The samples for 13-C analysis were poisoned with mercury chloride; the 
bottles were sealed with wax and stored at 4°C.  About 20ml near-bottom 
water was taken for nutrient analysis and stored at -20°, too.

For benthic foraminifera, two cores (each 10 cm in diameter) were cut 
into 1 cm segments, stained with bengalrose/ethanol and held cool at 
4°C.  Samples were also taken for organic compound analysis (frozen at 
-20°), as well as for the analysis of diatoms, radiolarians and 
magnetic bacteria assemblages.  Two small-sized cores of 6 cm in 
diameter were used by the marine chemistry group for trace element 
analysis (see chapter 7.1.4).

5.2	PHYSICAL OCEANGRAPHY M 22/2

5.2.1	CTD MEASUREMENTS AND OXYGEN CALIBRATION (L. Stramma, J. Waniek)

The CTD (Neil Brown Mark III) was well operating during the entire leg 
two of METEOR cruise M22.  In total 65 profile were gained (see *Fig. 
1b).  On most stations reversing thermometers were used to check 
temperature and pressure and water probes were taken from the bottles 
to calibrate the salinity and oxygen sensors of the CTD.  As the CTD 
measurements went on until the evening before reaching Recife and as 
the conductivity and the oxygen sensors showed some time dependence no 
final data set could be produced before the end of the cruise.  
Therefore, only a preliminary data set was made from the data with full 
data rate.

Water probes were collected from rosette sampler for measurements of 
the concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater.  A calibration of 
the oxygen sensor with the results of the titrated oxygen measurements 
will be done.  The water samples for titration were taken from 10 l 
bottles directly after collecting samples for Freon measurements.  They 
were filled in 100 ml glass bottles without bubbles and 1 ml of KOH and 
KJ were immediately added with a dispenser.  The titration of the 
samples was done directly afterwards, using the standard Winkler-
method.  It was done in the sampling glass-bottles which were made 
especially for this use, therefore errors arising from filling the 
samples into other bottles and cleaning bottles were eliminated.  The 
volume of each bottle had been determined in Kiel, where also the 
reagents had been weighted in portions for 200 ml of distilled water.  
Afterwards they were packed hermetically.  So it was possible to use 
reagents on board when needed and run all standards and blanks in 
distilled water.  The blank was determined to be 0.06 ml/l and has been 
taken into account at the determination of oxygen in seawater samples.  
After every ten CTD stations samples were taken for estimating the 
repeatability of titrated oxygen, which was found to be 0.016 ml/l.  In 
total 700 oxygen samples from 40 CTD stations were taken.  After the 
first 15 stations (section 44°W) a first estimate was made to calibrate 
the oxygen sensor.  It showed that there was a time-dependent drift of 
the sensor which vanished during the further cruise.  The oxygen sensor 
normally shows a strong dependence on pressure whereas the oxygen 
distribution is dependent on temperature.  Therefore the calibration of 
the oxygen sensor has to be made after the final calibration of the 
temperature and pressure sensors.

*Figure 13 shows the salinity distribution from the preliminary data set 
along the 35°W section from the surface to 1000m depth.  At about 100m 
depth two salinity maxima are present.  The maximum at 4°to 5°S near 
the Brazilian coast with values higher than 37 shows the core of the 
North Brazil Current which shows its velocity maximum at 35°W in the 
ADCP measurements in 100 to 150m depth.  The salinity maximum between 
1°S and 1°N shows the location of the Equatorial Undercurrent.  The 
maximum in salinity with values higher than 36.8 is not found at the 
equator but at almost 1°S.  The probable cause is the adding of 
salinity-rich water from the North Brazil Current into the southern 
side of the Equatorial Undercurrent.

The Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) can be seen with salinity 
values less than 34.5 south of 2°N in *Figure 13.  In the corresponding 
TS-diagrams (*Fig. 14) two jumps in salinity are found in the salinity 
minimum at about 5°C.  The lowest salinities of about 34.44 are 
situated between the coast and two degrees south, where the strongest 
westward transport of AAIW is expected.  The middle part with 
salinities of about 34.5 is located between two degrees south and 
1°30'N.  North of 1°30'N the salinity rises to about 34.53.

The shift of the TS-curves towards lower salinities in *Fig. 14 below 
2°C is the typical sign for the influence of the bottom water, which is 
known in literature as the two degree discontinuity.  A clear 
difference compared to METEOR cruise 14 (see HINZ et al., 1991) can be 
seen on the 44°W section.  While in October 1990 low surface salinity 
was found north of 4°N decreasing to salinities of 32.6 at 6°40'N, 
which shows the presence of Amazon Water being carried to the east by 
the retroflection of the North Brazil Current into the North Equatorial 
Counter Current, there was no indication on Amazon Water in October 
1992 at 44°W south of 6°40'N.  Further comparisons of the CTD values 
from the different METEOR cruises will be done after the final 
calibration.

5.2.2	FREON ANALYSIS F11, F12 (M. Rhein, M. Elbrächter)

During the cruise, the CFM system worked continuously and about 1400 
samples including gas standards measurements have been analysed.  At 
Oct.26, a short circuit destroyed the interface and the electric 
actuators of 4 valves.  Two of them could be repaired, contrary to the 
interface, so that in the following, the valves had to be switched 
manually.

About 100ml water are transferred from the precleaned Niskin bottles to 
a purge and trap system with the help of a ground glass syringe.  The 
CFMs are separated on a Gaschromatograph containing a packed stainless 
steel column filled with Porasil C and detected by electron capture 
detection (ECD).  Calibration is done with a gas standard kindly 
provided by R. Weiss, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego.

The F11 analysis could be carried out successfully during the cruise, 
and exhibited a small blank of 0.003pmol/kg, decreasing to 0.001pmol/kg 
and a reproducibility of ±0.004pmol/kg was obtained.  But south of 3°
09'S, 35°W and afterwards the F12 analysis was hindered by an unknown 
substance with similar retention time as F12, thus making the 
availability of reliable F12 data more sporadic.

As known from the two previous cruises, the CFM maxima in the upper 
(1800m) and lower deepwater (3800m) are characteristic for the tropical 
boundary current (*Fig. 15).  At 35°W and at 5°S the F11 concentrations 
of both water masses have increased, and at 44°W the regions with F11 
values higher than 0.12 pmol/kg are more extended than in Oct.1990.  
For the first time we sampled the region north of the Ceara Rise and 
found high F11 concentrations in the lower deep water, supporting the 
view, that part of that water mass flows on the northern side of the 
ridge.

The splitting of the upper deep water at the equator is evident in the 
F11 distributions as well as the confinement of the lower F11 core to 
south of the equator.  Measurements at the 5°S section found the lower 
F11 core between 34°W and 31°W, so that on the previous cruises, where 
the section ended at 32°W, we presumably have missed part of the flow.  
Striking is the increase in F11 concentrations in the Antarctic Bottom 
Water (AABW) below 4000 m, where it starts with values near the 
detection limit and increases with depth to concentrations comparable 
to the lower F11 core, which originates in the Northern Atlantic.

At 10°S, the F11-concentrations in AABW exceeds those for the lower 
deep water from northern origin, but the upper deep water remains the 
most prominent signal with values >0.05pmol/kg east of 34°W.  Its F11 
signal has decreased by a factor of two from 5°S to 10°S reflecting its 
dilution with less ventilated water from the ocean's interior and/or 
the time dependant increase of the CFM signal.

5.2.3	lADCP (J.Fischer,C.Meinke)

At all CTD stations a self-contained lowered Acoustic Doppler Current 
Profiler (lADCP) was attached to the frame of the water sampling 
rosette.  This application gave good results during previous 'Meteor' 
cruises M14 and M16 and is now routinely used.  During the cruise two 
different ADCPs, a so called 'narrow-band' and a 'broad-band' ADCP were 
used.  The ADCPs measure short (about 200m range) velocity segments 
while the instrument is lowered and raised through the water column.  
Every 8 s to 10 s one of these velocity segments is stored inside the 
ADCP.  After the cast the data are retrieved, and the segments are 
combined to a velocity profile extending from the surface down to the 
deepest point of the cast.

For the first time we used a modified rosette specially suited to mount 
the ADCP in upright position and to protect the transducers.  Further 
modifications of the lower rosette frame were made with the help of the 
ship's crew.  Now the ADCP can be mounted or removed within a few 
minutes.

After 39 mostly ocean deep profiles one of the tranducers of the 
'narrow-band' ADCP broke and water was leaking into the instrument.  
This instrument could not be used further on the cruise.  The deepest 
profile with the 'narrow-band' ADCP was down to 4670m which is one of 
the deepest ADCP profiles obtained so far.

The first trials with the 'broad-band' ADCP were less successful.  This 
instrument was produced just in time to be send directly to the Meteor 
in Recife.  We had severe problems getting the ADCP working, and there 
are still large problems to be solved.  First, we made some parameter 
studies with this ADCP in parallel to CTD stations.  For this purpose 
the ADCP was deployed 7m below the surface by using the small krane at 
the stern of the ship.  Then we had three CTD/ADCP casts on stations 
where Pegasus casts were available.  Later, due to the damaging of the 
'narrow-band' ADCP the new ADCP was used routinely after station 519.  
Unfortunately, all stations deeper than 2000m with the new ADCP had 
large data gaps during the up-cast.  The reason for this instrument 
failure is still unknown.  The data evaluation therefore concentrated 
on the down-cast and on parameter studies.  At shallower stations 
(1500m depth) the new ADCP had no data gaps, and the data quality was 
comparable to the 'narrow-band' ADCP.

At the end of the cruise all ADCP data are preliminary processed; 
comprising the calculation of velocity profiles, velocity sections 
along the ships track (sections 44°W, 35°W and partly 5°S) and even 
first estimates of transports for selected current cores.  As an 
example we show the velocity pattern of the upper 1000m across the 
meridional section at 44°W (*Fig. 16).  Close to the shelf break we 
observed the North-Brazil Current in the top 500m transporting about 12 
Sverdrup (Sv) westwards across the equator.  Between 500m and 1000m 
another 14Sv are flowing westward.  Farther to the north we found an 
eastward flowing undercurrent.  The core of this undercurrent lies 
between 2°N and 3°N at about 200m depth.  About 18Sv are flowing 
eastwards in the layer between 100 and 500 m, and another 9Sv in the 
500-1000m layer.  At the northern end of the section the highest 
velocities (up to 150cm/s) associated with the eastward flowing North-
Equatorial Counter Current are found.  At 5°S the northward flowing 
North-Brazil Current shows velocities up to 90 cm/s (*Fig. 17).  
Transport estimates for the upper 500m (14Sv) were of the same 
magnitude than those observed at 44°W.

5.2.4	MOORING DEPLOYMENTS (J.Fischer, U.Papenburg)

A significant contribution to this cruise was the deployment of three 
current meter moorings in the western boundary current region along the 
44°W meridian.  The aim of this investigation is to measure the mean 
circulation in the western boundary current region and fluctuations of 
the currents and transports on time scales from weeks to seasonal.  In 
combination with two earlier deployments which were partly carried out 
with the 'Meteor' (during M 14) we should get a detailed picture of the 
boundary current system between the equator and 2°30'N.

The moorings were deployed over the stern of the ship using the A-Frame 
to lift the instruments.  This procedure worked well during the M 14 
cruise.  Especially at station K359 with variable bottom topography and 
surface currents of 2 - 3 knots the higher maneuverability of the ship, 
compared to deploying over the side, was appreciated.
	a) u-component,
	b) v-component

At all three mooring sites the topography was surveyed and the ships 
drift was determined prior to the deployment.  Thereafter, the moorings 
were laid out at the surface, and finally the anchor was dropped after 
the mooring was towed into position (K359 and K360).  The final mooring 
positions are 00°14.6' N, 44°18.6' W (K359 -2880m depth), 00°37' N, 
44°10' W (K360 - 3660m depth) and 1°11.15' N, 44°02.7' W (K361 - 
4110m depth); the water depth was corrected with respect to sound 
speed.

5.2.5	XBT PROGRAMME (L. Stramma, G. Kroll)

During leg M 22/2 in total 190 XBTs were thrown.  The distribution of 
the XBT drops is shown in *Fig. 3 and in the list in chapter 7.2.2.  
The XBT sections were carried out in addition to the CTD sections as 
well as on the transit to 44°W along the Brazilian coast and on the 
transfer from 44°W to 35°W.

*Fig. 18 shows the highly resolved XBT section for the thermocline of 
the 35°W section.  Between 3°30' S and 3°N a clear signal of 
internal waves with maximum amplitudes of more than 30 meters is found 
in the thermocline.  In addition, the equatorial divergence can be seen 
with the rising of the 25°and 26°C isotherm between 0°10'S and 1°N.  
This happens where relatively cold water compared to the surrounding 
water is moving towards the sea surface.

The XBT temperature section between the 44°W section and the 35°W 
section is presented in *Fig. 19.  The distance between two drops was 
only about 10 miles.  The ship ADCP showed in the upper 100 m eastward 
currents west of 42°W, a strong southeastward current between 37°30'W 
and 42°W and a northward component between 35°and 37°30'W.  From the 
XBT section it can be seen that the thermocline depths as well as the 
thermocline thickness decreases in the region of the southeastward 
flow.  Above it water is found which is warmer than in the east and 
west of this section.  In the region of the eastward current at 43°W 
the mixed layer depth reaches almost 100 m and the thermocline shows a 
smaller temperature gradient than further to the east.

5.2.6	PEGASUS PROFILING SYSTEM (U. Send, G. Krahmann)

As on cruises M14 and M16, the free-falling Pegasus probe was used 
again to obtain high-resolution profiles of horizontal currents.  The 
acoustic transponders that need to be deployed on the sea floor for 
this system, already existed from previous years on 20 stations along 
the sections at 44°W, 35°W, and 5°S.  The transponders on 44°W had 
been deployed in spring 1990 by K. Leaman (RSMAS, Miami) and of the 7 
stations occupied, 6 were still operational (2 transponders per 
station).  This means that those transponders (type Benthos) have a 
lifetime of 2 1/2 years or more, at least in deep water.  This is 
significantly more than the manufacturer's specifications of 2 years.  
All other transponders on the remaining sections, which we had deployed 
on M14 and M16, were still fully operational.

We deployed four new transponder stations on M22, of which two (S14, 
S15) now extend the 35°W section all the way to the coast.  Station 
S11 at 1.5°N, which had been planned originally, was not deployed due 
to time constraints.  Instead, towards the end of the cruise, when we 
were more flexible, two unplanned stations were deployed (S16, S17) in 
order to extend the 5°S section farther offshore.  These stations had 
been added in the hope to find the lower deep water there, which cannot 
flow along the coast due to topographic constraints.

Also on this cruise, we performed a final test of the Pegasus fins 
(which make it rotate) versus a "Hula skirt" of several hundred strings 
of 1m length (to improve the streaming properties).  In spite of (or 
just because of?) the improved skirt (longer, denser) compared to M16, 
we again observed Hula-type spiraling motions in the Pegasus.  As the 
result, we went back to using the original factory-supplied fins again.  
The quality of the profiles with these fins is as good (and without 
spiraling) as with the skirt, as documented in a statistical analysis 
of the down/up differences (Send, 1993).  In that study it was shown 
that the up/down differences, which had been apparent ever since the 
M14 cruise, can be explained completely in terms of internal wave 
variability.  One disadvantage of using the fins for the Pegasus was a 
slower descent rate, which made the profiles take longer than with the 
skirt.  This was improved by doubling the drop weights for the Pegasus, 
which had no adverse effect on the quality of the profiles.  As a 
result, the Pegasus usually surfaced within 10-30 min of the CTD, which 
is an ideal time lag to steam back to the starting position.

We could also further improve the deck operations for the Pegasus in 
terms of speed.  For example, a PC was installed on the bridge, which 
displayed acoustic information about the distance to the Pegasus.  This 
made it possible to navigate the ship close the Pegasus even before it 
had surfaced.  As a consequence, the probe usually was on deck within 
12-20 min of surfacing.  Also the four transponder surveys were carried 
out very swiftly - the last two took only 2 1/4 each including their 
deployment.

For obtaining sections of directly measured currents, we had two 
complementary and partially redundant systems in use on this cruise - 
the Pegasus and the ADCP lowered with the CTD rosette.  The ADCP 
provides better horizontal station resolution, since it can be used at 
any CTD station independent of transponders being present.  The Pegasus 
has better vertical resolution and currently still is the reference 
system to test and compare the new ADCP method with.  Thus the final 
sections of currents from this cruise will be a combination of ADCP and 
Pegasus data.  For this reason, we are presenting at this point only 
the section from 5°S, where the ADCP had failed and the Pegasus 
provides the only directly measured currents, and we will show 
observations of some strongly layered jets of 40-70m vertical scale, 
observed near the coast and especially at station S6.

*Figure 20 shows the section of meridional currents along 5°S (the 
stations at 32°W and 31°30'W are new compared to M14 and M16).  A 
marked structure of alternating bands of north/south currents is 
visible in the entire depth range of the deep water.  Close to the 
coast, there is a large southward transport from about 1200m to 3800m, 
thus covering all 4 layers of the deep water.  A current core is 
present in the range of the Labrador Sea deep water.  Farther from the 
coast, at 33°13'W, we have northward currents in the upper 3 layers of 
the deep water, with a strong core in the uppermost (old) deep water.  
This current reversal had been observed already on M14 and M16, and 
thus it seems to be a permanent structure in this region, even though 
during the previous cruises it only included the 2 layers of the upper 
deep water.  A new feature in our section is another southward current 
region even more to the east, with 15-20cm/s, covering the Labrador Sea 
upper deep water down to the lowest deep water, with a core at 3700m.  
This is the typical depth of the Freon maximum in the lower deep water.  
This southward flow was not present on M14 and M16.  Thus in total, a 
picture emerges of strong meanders and recirculations, with some 
permanent features but generally high variability.

Another interesting observation is shown in *figure 21.  At station S6 
we measured strong horizontal jets closely layered in the vertical, 
which had already been noticed in Pegasus profiles during M14 and M16.  
On the present cruise, we passed station S6 twice and also this time we 
had continuous ship-board ADCP data even on station.  With that, we 
could obtain a good view of the temporal stability of these structures, 
as seen in *figure 21.  Preliminary analysis of ship ADCP data suggests 
that these jets can partially be found along the entire coast to about 
40°W.  However, they seem to have high spatial variability and 
strongly changing directions.

5.2.7	VESSEL-MOUNTED ADCP (J. Reppin)

The vessel-mounted ADCP is a very valuable instrument for the 
exploration of the mainly surface intensified currents in this 
equatorial region, as the earlier cruises (M14 and M16) have shown 
before.

The data set obtained on this cruise is the first complete data set of 
this season, because the ADCP installed in the hull of the vessel was 
defect during the cruise in autumn 1990 (M14).  We had to install a SC-
ADCP (self-contained) in the ships hydrographic well prior to the 35°W 
section.

During M16 we made very good experiences with a VM-ADCP installed in 
the hydrographic well.  At the beginning of the 35°W section we 
installed another VM-ADCP in the hydrographic well with help of the 
ship's crew because the VM-ADCP installed in the ship's hull did just 
reach down to 230 to 300m depth.  This Instrument in the well then got 
ranges between 270 and 400m.  Another advantage of this instrument were 
better data in the top two bins.

The profiles recorded are averages of 5 minutes with a ping ever 
second.  Due to a defect of a synchro converter leading to heading 
dependent offsets of the heading values fed into the ADCP up to 15 
degrees, the profiles had to be corrected with the heading values 
recorded by the central data data processing and recording system DVS.  
This worked fine for the ship being underway or on station with a 
nearly constant heading over the period of an ADCP ensemble (5 min.).  
The profiles during station arrival, station departure and transponder 
navigation had to be discarded.  The following calibration using the 
difference between on-station-data versus on cruise-data-still worked 
well.  On this cruise we used an own GPS-receiver (MAGNAVOX MX200) as 
navigation source for the first time. With the help of the board-
electricians the antenna was installed at a very good position in the 
mast.  The receiver obtained very good position data for the 
referencing of the VM-ADCP profiles as well as for the transponder 
navigation at the Pegasus transponders deployed during this cruise.

The difference of the surface current system to the spring situation 
can clearly be seen in the ADCP data. In contrast to the weak 
retroflection of the North Brazil Current (NBC) during M16, it is 
visible in this season.  Although the NBC retroflects west of 44°W the 
strong North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) is visible in the 
northern part of our research area.

The NBC does show in the VM-ADCP data on the transfer between Recife 
and the 44°W section and on the first stations on the southern part of 
the 5°S section already (*Fig. 22).  The shelf section at the southern 
end of the 44°W section revealed a transport of 2Sv across the shelf.  
At 44°W the equatorward undercurrent is located between 1°N and 3°N 
(*Figs. 23a, b) with an southeastward maximum at about 225m depth, that 
seems to feed into the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) between about 2°S 
and 2°N at 35°W (*Figs. 23c, d). On the transsect between 44°W and 
35°W the meandering of the retroflected NECC can be seen.  The VM-ADCP 
does not show any inflow of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) into the 
southern box between 5°S and 10°S.  At 10°S the North Brazil Current 
was observed (NBC?) (*Fig. 22) with a maximum between 200 and 300m.

5.2.8	DVS (J. Reppin, Th. Mitzka)

A subsample of the DVS data has been recorded every 2 minutes during 
the entire cruise.  Drift and windmaps (*Figs. 24 and 25) averaged over 
0.1 degree have been calculated and plotted on board.  The drift mainly 
shows the structures of surface currents seen in the vesselmounted 
ADCP.  The echosoundings fed into the DVS were used to extract the 
bottom topography along the sections and the heading data were used to 
correct the defect ADCP-heading information.

5.3	PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY M 22/3-4 (W. Zenk, T.J. Müller) 

Here we present four selected highlights as they became available 
already during the cruise or within a few weeks afterwards.  They deal 
with the Brazil Current as manifested in the hydrography during M 22/3.  
We further present evidences for a continuous equatorward flow of 
unmixed bottom water, and give an impression of the finished Eulerean 
and the freshly started Lagrangean current observation at the southern 
rim of the Brazil Basin.

*Figure 26a shows the position of three hydrographic sections across the 
Brazil Current between 26°S and 29°S.  They run normal to the main 
topography from less than 200m to more than 2000m depth. In *Figure 26b 
we display the distribution of potential temperature and salinity in 
the upper 1000m.  The most striking feature is the strong inclination 
of isotherms near the shelf break.  From the isotherms, the core of the 
current is found between 50m and 500m over the shelf edge.  It is most 
pronounced in the northern section.  Also in all three sections a 
counter current appears on the ocean side of the Brazil Current.  
Further analysis will show whether this feature is part of a big 
cyclonic ring.  Antarctic Intermediate Water as indicated by a salinity 
minimum around 900 m to 1000m depth is not fully resolved in these 
upper ocean sections.

The transect back to Rio allowed the investigation of the northward 
route of Weddell Sea Deep Water, the coldest water crossing the Vema 
Sill for greater depths of the Brazil Basin (SPEER and ZENK, 1993).  
The route of this bottom flow is by no means clear from existing 
charts.  Having discovered a deep trough north of the Vema Channel 
during the first DBE cruise, METEOR occupied a CTD station within this 
valley before deploying mooring K3 there.  Potential temperature 
profiles (*Fig. 27) show that the coldest water is just 26mK warmer than 
the coldest water at the sill (-0.131°C compared to -0.157°C).  This 
exciting observation suggests that there must be direct deep connection 
between the sill (ZENK et al., 1993) and its extension at K3 which is 
hardly affected by any mixing.  We suggest calling this hypothetical 
connecting trough the Vema Canyon.

Next we discuss an example of an Eulerean current observation already 
read and decoded from data storage units on board.  In *Figure 28 we 
show progressive vector diagrams of mooring BE on the offshore edge of 
the expected position of the Brazil Current at about 3300m water depth.  
Early in the record, an energetic event displaces all but the deepest 
trajectory eastward, while after passage of that feature these currents 
are steady towards the southwest, i.e. parallel to the local 
bathymetry.  Contrarily, the whole record from the near bottom current 
meter at 3215 m depth, shows northeasterly direction.  The mean 
temperature recorded by this instrument is 1.7 C which indicates the 
upper level of Antarctic Bottom Water entering the Brazil Basin from 
the southwest. 

Finally we display (*Fig. 29) an early version of the first RAFOS float 
trajectories from the Antarctic Intermediate Water level.  The obtained 
trajectories are not inconsistent with the large-scale circulation in 
the subtropical South Atlantic suggested by REID (1989).  They all show 
the westward current component indicative for a recirculation of 
Intermediate Water from mid ocean regions.  Especially the trajectory 
of float #66 is incompatible with the classical picture of a continuous 
northward flow of Intermediate Water parallel to the Brazilian 
continental shelf break (WÜST, 1935).

5.4.	MARINE PHYSICS M 22/5
	(U. Beckmann, C. Duncombe Rae, W. Erasmi, I. Girod, J. Holfort, 
	U. Koy, P. Meyer, R. Onken, A. Welter, N. Zangenberg) 

The main objective of the work of the marine physics group was to 
measure hydrographic parameters by CTD and rosette on every station 
(see chapter 7.4.1).  In order to satisfy the WOCE requirements for 
high vertical resolution, two successive CTD/rosettes were lowered on 
stations where the water depth was more than 3500m.  By this method, up 
to 36 water samples were taken on a single station.  During the entire 
leg, currents, sea surface temperature, and sea surface salinity were 
recorded continuously by the shipborne-ADCP and the thermosalinograph.  
For better horizontal resolution of temperature measurements, XBT 
probes were launched mid-way between CTD stations (see chapter 7.4.2) 
where the distance between stations was greater than 30nm.  High 
resolution XBT sections were conducted in the Brazil and Benguela 
Currents.  On two Brazil Current crossings XBTs were launched at 30 min 
intervals yielding a resolution between 2 and 3nm.  In the Benguela 
Current XBT drops were done every 10nm.  On those stations located in 
the Brazil or Benguela Current area, an overside-ADCP (see chapter 
7.4.6) was used for the first time to give information on the vertical 
structure of the currents.  In order to get a further independent 
direct current measurement, 15 XCP probes were launched (see chapter 
7.4.3).  In addition, six surface drifting buoys were launched between 
15°W and the Greenwich meridian (see chapter 7.4.5) and one RAFOS 
float in the Vema Channel (see chapter 7.4.4).

Preliminary section plots of potential temperature, salinity, and 
sigma-T along 30°S are displayed in *Figures 30 - 32.  Except to the 
east of the Greenwich meridian, the main thermocline extends between 
the surface and 800m.  Vertical temperature gradients in this range are 
0.02K/m.  In the same depth range, the salinity decreases vertically at 
a rate of 0.002/m.  Between 800 and 1200m, temperature gradients are 
0.005K/m, whereas the salinity exhibits a minimum value around 900m, 
and increases again below.  This is the core layer of the Antarctic 
Intermediate Water, the depth of which becomes shallower from west to 
east by roughly 300m.

Below 1200m, the patterns of temperature and salinity look very 
different in each basin.  Between the Rio-Grande Rise and the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge, the temperature gradients are very weak (0.0005K/m) 
between 1200 and 3000m, and a large thermostad can be found between 
2000 and 3000m.  The salinity, however, increases with depth.  A 
maximum occurs at about 3000m and below the water becomes fresher 
again.  This is the regime of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and 
the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW).  Closer to the bottom, both 
temperature and salinity gradients become stronger caused by the 
transition from the Deep Water to the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW).  
In general, the isotherms are sloping from west to east indicating 
northward AABW flow.

For potential temperatures below 2°C, the temperature and salinity 
patterns in the Cape Basin are very similar, but in the depth range 
between 2000 and 3000m, they are very different.  This suggests that 
the histories for the AABW in the Brazil and Cape Basin are similar, 
but they are different for the deep water.  A completely different 
structure can be seen in the Angola Basin.  The bottom water is warmer 
than in the other basins, there is no water colder than 1.8°C.  This is 
surely due to the fact that the AABW has mixed with the deep water 
above along its long way from the southern sources through the 
Argentine and Brazil Basin and the Romanche Fracture Zone.

To the west of the Rio Grande Rise, i.e. in the Vema Channel and over 
the Lower Santos Plateau, the transition between the AABW and the NADW 
is characterized by strong vertical gradients of temperature and 
salinity below 3000m.  The AABW seems to move northward in two deep 
western boundary currents leaning against the western shoulder of the 
Vema Channel and the continental shelf.  The closed contours in 
temperature distribution suggest the NADW deep western boundary current 
to be located in the depth range between about 1500 and 2500m. 

During the entire leg no serious organizational or technical problems 
arose.  Only two CTD/rosette casts had to be repeated partially or 
completely because of a malfunction of the rosette trigger release.  
Initial stability problems with one salinometer could be solved 
quickly.  At the beginning of the leg, some difficulties arose in 
receiving the XCP signals, but this problem could be solved by turning 
the antenna to a vertically polarized direction.  The lADCP which was 
used for the first time by the group worked well.  Rotation of the 
device about the vertical axis was diagnosed on the test station, and 
was remedied by fixing an Aanderaa vane laterally.  Unfortunately the 
lADCP failed close to the end of the cruise at station no. 96.  
Obviously water had penetrated into one of the transducers.

5.5	MARINE CHEMISTRY
	(H. Johannsen, K. Johnson, U. Karbach, A. Korves, L. Mintrop, A. 
	Morak, J. Morlang, B. Schneider)

During the cruise no. M 22/5 the chemical oceanography group 
investigated the oceanic carbonate system and its response to the 
exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean and determined 
nutrient and oxygen concentrations.  In the following an overview of 
the measurement program and a preliminary evaluation of the data is 
given. 

5.5.1	THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 (pCO2) 

The pCO2 of surface waters was measured continuously with a spatial 
resolution of about 1 nautical mile over the whole cruise track.  For 
this work the ship's kreiselpump system was utilized to continually 
pump water from a depth of approximately 5m to an equilibrator onboard 
connected to an Infrared (IR) analyser for CO2 detection.  While on 
station, the atmospheric CO2 concentration was measured and the IR 
analyser was calibrated.  *Figure 33 shows the distribution of the pCO2 
in the surface water as well as the partial pressure of CO2 in the 
atmosphere along the 30°S parallel.  Because large areas in this 
region have heretofore not been studied or had not been recently 
studied no comparisons with the M 22 data are given.  Especially 
noteworthy is the strong oversaturation of CO2 across wide stretches of 
the area of study.

5.5.2	TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE (TCO2)

The analyses of TCO2 were made in cooperation with the Brookhaven 
National Laboratory.  This allowed the deployment of two SOMMA-
Coulometer analytical systems so that every second hydrographic station 
could be completely sampled for CO2.  This means that a CO2 measurement 
was made on every sample which was also analyzed for alkalinity and 
tracer (freon) concentrations.  Despite problems with the analytical 
systems, probably due to power fluctuations, the determination of TCO2 
in reference samples was accurate to ± 2 umol/kg. 

5.5.3	ALKALINITY

At 28 stations samples from all depths were taken for the 
potentiometric determination of alkalinity, total carbonate and pH.  
The titrations were carried out using two systems in parallel.  Aim of 
the investigations was on one hand the determination of the parameter 
alkalinity for the calculation of the anthropogenic CO2-signal, using 
coulometer-determined total carbonate values as well as nutrient and 
oxygen data.  On the other hand, the reported discrepancy between 
potentiometrically obtained TCO2 values and those coming from other 
analytical methods was to be investigated in detail.  This is necessary 
for the evaluation of the numerous literature data (e.g. GEOSECS) which 
are older than about five years, as well as to account for possible 
effects on alkalinity data.

The alkalinity profiles obtained show the expected shape.  Especially 
obvious is the strong correlation with salinity.  The final calculation 
of the values, however, was not possible yet on board since, above all, 
the adjustment of the electrode characteristics for the two different 
systems requires the recalculation and comparison of all data.  The 
same holds true for the calculation of delta-TCO2, the anthropogenic 
CO2-signal.

5.5.4	NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN

For all depth sampled, the oxygen and nutrient concentrations were 
determined. Oxygen was determined by the Winkler method, and the 
nutrients (nitrite/nitrate, phosphate and silicate) were determined by 
a continuous-flow method with an auto-analyzer.  For the oxygen 
determination 100ml bottles with wide stoppers were used so that it was 
possible to perform the Winkler titrations in the sample bottle.  This 
eliminated several manual manipulations required to transfer samples to 
titration vessels, and as a consequence significantly reduced the 
sources of errors.  To determine the standard deviation, 10 parallel 
samples from water at different stations with high and low 
concentrations of O2 were periodically analyzed.  The standard deviation 
was better than 0.4%. In the case of the automated photometric 
determination of the nutrients, there are fundamental problems 
especially at low concentrations (surface water) and likewise at high 
concentrations (deep water).  In order to measure high concentrations, 
the sensitivity of the method may have to be lowered, but this makes it 
difficult to measure the lower concentrations.  For the determination 
of precision at high concentrations, 24 samples were taken from a depth 
of 3400 meters and analyzed.  The precision for the analyses follows: 
	Silicate	1.3%
	Phosphate	1.5%
	Nitrite/Nitrate	1.1%

5.6	BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE TAXONOMY (C. Zelck) 

The zonal transect along 30°S was occupied across the southern-central 
part of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre.  The zoogeography of this 
region consists of a largely subtropical fauna (PARIN, 1970).  Although 
the first 19 hauls (from the coast of Brazil to 40°W) were a replicate 
of a section taken by cruise METEOR no. 15 (1991; ANDRES et al., 1992), 
the other samples provide new information.  This survey continues the 
long-term study of the Atlantic ichthyoplankton (and some invertebrate) 
conducted by Dr. H.-Ch. JOHN from the taxonomic working group.

The plankton at the marine surface (neuston) were taken by the standard 
method with a neuston sampler, with mesh size (of both the upper and 
lower nets) of 335mm.  A total of 73 catches were taken, in 
approximately alternating day and night sequence.  Stations near the 
coast were taken closer together than in the central part of the gyre, 
because of the smaller-scale biological differences at the shelf and 
continental slope.  Catching time was 15 min at a mean towing speed of 
the catamaran of 2.5 m/s (s = 0.3, N = 61) giving a mean sampled 
surface of 708 m2 (s = 67, N = 61).  The sample condition was in general 
good.  The plankton concentration was small as anticipated, except for 
two high salt-content samples, as the zonal section runs through a 
biological minimum area (HENTSCHEL, 1933).  All samples were checked 
macroscopically on board and conspicuous species were noted.  All fish 
larvae and some invertebrate plankton of 31 upper net samples were 
sorted under a stereomicroscope.  Most of the samples came from the 
western stations.  From a total of 365 ichthyoplankton individulals 32 
taxa were identified.

The hydrographical and biological conditions at the sea surface from 
Brazil to 40°W are shown in *Figure 34.  Maximum temperature and 
salinity were observed at the coastal stations (A).  East of 25°W the 
temperature rose again to the same level as before.  This elevated 
surface temperature was 1 to 3°C above the mean temperature for 
January (DHI 1971).  The mean ichthyoplankton concentration was 16.2 
n/1000 m2 (s = 12.9, N = 31).  Night- and dawn/dusk catches showed just 
slightly greater numbers of fish larvae up to x = 18.6 n/1000 m2 (s = 
16.0, N = 15).  Day samples yielded only 14.0 n/1000 m2 (s = 7.5, N = 
16).  The total ichthyoplankton abundance and composition (*Fig. 34b) 
was almost the same as on METROR cruise no. 15 (ANDRES et al., 1992).  
Diurnal catch differences are also seen in the species composition.  
For example Cyclothone larvae and micronektonic nyctoepipelagic 
Myctophidae (such as Gonichthys barnesi, Hygophum hygomii, Myctophum 
nitidulum and M. phengodes) were regularly found in the night and 
dawn/dusk catches, while the flying fishes (such as Exocoetus spp. and 
Cypselurinae) as well as the Gempylidae are in general photopositive. 

The zoogeographical classification of the taxa resulted in four 
different groups, as was observed on METEOR cruise no. 15 (ANDRES, op. 
cit.).  The neritic indicator species of the shelf and continental 
slope were found at stations closest to the coast (see *Fig. 34c).  This 
group consisted of Mugilidae, Trachurus sp., Balistidae, Coryphaena 
hippurus, Dactylopterus volitans, Makaira nigricans and a large 
leptocephalus of over 20cm length.  Tropical indicator species (*Fig. 
34d) such as M. nitidulum and Oxyporhamphus micropterus became more 
abundant further offshore, but still within the region of the Brazil 
Current and Return Current (ZEMBA, 1991).  The subtropical 
ichthyoplankton (E) such as Nanichthys simulans, M. phengodes and H. 
hygomii slowly replaced the above mentioned western groups and became 
dominant east of 41°W.  Only the subtropical convergence species G. 
barnesi (after HULLEY, 1981) is present over the section even though in 
small numbers and frequency (*Fig. 34d with *).

Of the invertebrate plankton the Gammaridae genus Synopia (F) and the 
marine insect Halobates micans (G) was observed.  Once again Synopia 
were frequent and abundant at dawn/dusk and night stations, but it also 
occurred in warmer saline water (ANDRES, op. cit.). H. micans was only 
found at temperatures over 22°C, and only west of 6°W.  Anthropogenic 
influences such as tarballs and bits of plastic (occasionally with 
Bryozoa and Lepas attached to them) were found at almost every station.  
While the frequency and numbers of tarballs were once again higher in 
the Brazil Current region (METEOR criuse no. 15), the fishery twine and 
other types of plastic were more often found in the central part of the 
section.

5.7	TRACER OCEANOGRAPHY (K. Bulsiewicz, G. Fraas, A. Putzka, J. Weyland) 

The investigated tracers are Helium, Tritium and the chlorofluorocarbons 
(CFC) F-11, F-12, F-113 and carbon tetrachloride CCl4.  The main part of 
Tritium, the unstable hydrogen isotope which decays to 3He, and the CFCs 
are man-made.  Their time dependent input at the ocean surface is well known.
The tracer concentration is altered by mixing processes and by radioactive 
decay (in the case of Tritium) while the water descends to deeper levels of 
the ocean.  Measuring the concentration of the tracers delivers information 
on time scales of transport and mixing processes. 

The atmospheric F-11 and F-12 contents increased monotonously with 
different rates since the forties. CCl4 increased since 1920 while F-
113 started in 1970.  Hence the concentration ratios of the different 
tracers vary over a wide range and could be used to indicate the 'age' 
of water masses (age since leaving the surface).  If mixing processes 
are negligible, 'younger' water is tagged to higher CFC concentration 
compared with 'older' water.  The comparison of concentration- versus 
ratio-'age' delivers information on mixing processes. 

Samples were taken according the WOCE scheme as follows:
CFCs:	  glass syringes, 1400 samples, measurements on board.
Helium:	  glass pipets for on board extraction, 340 samples; copper 
	  tubes for on shore extraction, 720 samples.
Tritium:  glass bottles, 700 samples.
14-C-AMS: glass bulbs for the Institut für Umweltpyhsik Heidelberg, 
	  100 samples Helium-, Tritium- and 14C-Samples to be measured on 
	  shore.

On 78 stations a total of 1400 water samples was analyzed.  In addition 
to former expeditions the device used during this cruise was not only 
equipped to measure F-11 and F-12, but also F-113 and CCl4. 

RESULTS:
In the following only CFC measurements are shown since these 
measurements are done on board while the Helium and Tritium 
measurements are to be measured later on shore.

As one result we show the F-11 section *Figure 35 basing on preliminary 
data. Some of the main characteristics are mentioned below. 

The isoline for 0.5pmol/kg is found about 500m lower at 1000-1100m 
compared to the WOCE-WHP A9 19°S section of M 15/3.  This is an 
indication for the Antarctic intermediate water (AIW) which is found 
much younger on 30°S.  The western boundary current of the North 
Atlantic deep water is only seen as a slight increase of F-11 
concentration at 43°W in the range of 2000-2500m.  Antarctic Bottom 
Water is indicated by an F-11 maximum at the bottom.  As expected the 
highest F-11 content is found in the Vema Channel, the main entrance 
for bottom water to the Brazil Basin.  But also in the area of the 
lower Santos Plateau rather high F-11 values are found.  Within the 
whole deep Brazil Basin between 20-30°W the F-11 concentration is above 
detection limit.  Beyond that there is no F-11 greater than 
0.015pmol/kg found in the deep water below 1800m within the Brazil, the 
Angola and the Cape Basin.

5.8	ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS (J. Brinkmann, M. Krämer, S. Matthias-Maser) 

5.8.1	SIZE DISTIBUTION OF MARINE-BORNE AEROSOL PARTICLES - SPECTRAL 
	RECORDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND THE WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION, TOTAL 
	AMOUNT OF PARTICULATE CARBON

5.8.1.1 SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION OF ATMOSPHERIC 
	AEROSOL PARTICLES

Atmospheric aerosol particles (APs) vary in size over a broad range and 
differ in their chemical composition.  This is dependent on the region 
where they are found, above towns, the country, or the ocean.  The size 
and the solubility of APs play an important role during the formation 
of clouds or fog because their ability to adsorb water vapor is closely 
connected with these properties.  Therefore it is necessary to obtain 
knowledge of these parameters in different regions, also in marine air.  
The results can be used in numerical models simulating the microphysics 
of the development of clouds or fog.

During the M 22/5 cruise the size distribution of the APs was measured 
in the range of 0.005 µm up to 50 µm. two optical particle counters and 
the impactors mentioned below were used for this purpose.

Preliminary results show that the marine size distribution used up to 
now for numerical simulations has to be corrected because there are 
clearly less particles in the coarse mode than previously assumed.  To 
determine the size fractionated water soluble part of the APs, 
particles were sampled on filters.  These samples could not be 
evaluated on board.

5.8.1.2 THE BIOLOGICAL FRACTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLES

The biological particles are one component of the atmospheric aerosol 
particles.  Among other effects their direct influence on humans is 
known (they cause allergies and other diseases of the respirator 
tract).  They also play an important role in cloud physics.  Pollen is 
able to accumulate water and decomposition products of vegetation may 
act as sources for atmospheric ice nuclei (IN).  Besides plankton and 
some fungi, bacteria can work as atmospheric IN and help in forming 
clouds.  Biological APs are ubiquitous and occur in all size classes.  
One important source for micro-organisms (i.e. bacteria, algae etc.) is 
the ocean.  The "bubble-burst-mechanism" put microbes together with sea 
salt particles into the atmosphere.  Up to now little has been known 
about the amount of that intake.

During cruise M 22/5 impactor measurements were done daily. Particles 
with r > 10 mm were measured with a so called wing impactor, particles 
with 0.2 mm < r < 2 mm were collected by a two stage slit impactor.  
Identification and evaluation of the latter will be done ashore by use 
of a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-
ray spectrometer.  The larger particles were evaluated using a light 
microscope.  The biological particles were marked with a protein dye.  
Since the dye takes two to three weeks to saturate the particles only 
the samples from the first half of the cruise could be analyzed on 
board.  It could be seen that the biological fraction of the particles 
with r > 2 mm was remarkably high: It is about 25%.  In comparison, the 
fraction of biological particles in Mainz/Germany is 30%.  In addition, 
the biologically contaminated particles were evaluated.  This fraction 
is about 10%.  Final conclusions will be drawn when the whole analysis 
will be done. 

5.8.1.3 TOTAL AMOUNT OF PARTICULATE CARBON 

In the atmosphere carbon is present in gaseous as well as in 
particulate phase.  The latter consists of elemental carbon (EC) and 
organic constituents.  As mentioned above biological particles act well 
as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) whereas freshly generated EC is very 
hydrophobic.  Two mechanisms seem to compensate the poor ability to act 
as CCN.  First, aging improves the hygroscopy; moreover, soot (EC) is a 
product of combustion both of anthropogenic and natural origin. APs 
generated in this way have the maximum of their number size spectra at 
exactly the size suited best for acting as CCN.  Furthermore, the 
concentration of particulate carbon is of interest because of the high 
absorption of soot and the resulting influence on the radiation 
balance.  The amount of particulate carbon above the ocean, a 
relatively unpolluted area, is poorly known.  On this cruise two sets 
of filter measurements were obtained.  In one case the air was sucked 
through a nuclepore filter.  The absorption of the deposit will be 
measured and thus the fraction of EC determined.  The other filters are 
"ash-free" membrane filters which will be analyzed by use of pyrolytic 
methods.  This gives the amount of total carbon in the air sampled.  
Neither analytical determination of carbon could be done on the vessel.  
First qualitative evaluations (optical estimation of the amount of 
deposit sampled) show evident variations in filter burden.  In some 
regions the concentration of carbon seems to be much higher than 
expected before the cruise.

5.8.2	PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS

The concentrations of noxious substances in precipitation in 
anthropogenically influenced regions has increased in recent decades.  
In comparison to studies concerning the chemical composition of 
rainwater carried out recently in Mainz/Germany, it is now interesting 
to investigate rainwater in unpolluted regions.  The acidity, 
electrical conductivity, total concentration and the major ions will be 
analyzed.  With a "wet-only" rainwater sampler, four samples were 
collected during the M 22/5 cruise.  The acidity of the samples is 
clearly less than in rainwater of anthropogenically polluted areas, 
whereas the total concentration of soluble mass is higher dues to the 
dominance of large sea salt particles in marine air.

6	SHIP'S METEOROLOGICAL STATION

6.1	M 22/1 (Dr. Tiesel, W.-T. Ochsenhirt)

A strong wide-range low pressure complex dominated all the way from 
Hamburg to the Iberian peninsula.  The weather, therefore, was cool 
with winds blowing mostly from westerly directions.  At Sept. 24, a 
cold front with 8 Bft from SW crossed RV Meteor in the English Channel 
followed at Sept. 26 in the Biscaya by a strong low pressure wave 
(later developed as a hurricane over France) with squalls of with up to 
10 Bft.  Aftermaths of the hurricane "Charly" controlled the weather on 
the way of the Meteor along the Portuguese coast.

On the way from Portugal to the Canary Islands - between the wide-
ranging pressure high of the Azores Islands and the heat lows over NW 
Africa - friendly, dry and warm weather prevailed with steady trade 
winds blowing from NE with 6 Bft.

From Oct. 4 to Oct. 9 the Meteor crossed the equatorial low pressure 
zone of the Intertropical Convergence (ITC): within the hot and wet ITC 
zone bringing about surface water temperatures of 29.5°C and nearly 
permanent rain the Meteor passed the east side of a low at the Cabo 
Verde Islands on Oct. 5. Off Liberia a westbound developing low 
("easterly wave") with storms and strong squalls controlled the weather 
for the Meteor at Oct. 8.  After passing the Equator at Oct. 10 RV 
Meteor reached the stable Passat zone of the southern hemisphere with 
steady SE winds of 6 Bft.  Until Oct. 14 dense inversion clowding 
prevailed along with rain showers.  While crossing the equatorial 
Atlantic from east to west, RV Meteor moved more and more into warm, 
friendly weather under the influence of the subtropical high of the 
South Atlantic.

6.2	M 22/2 (R. Tiesel)

In the first week, the weather was warm and fair under the influence of 
the strong south Atlantic subtropical high.  Only in the neighborhood 
of the Brazilian coast strong convection clouds with precipitation 
could be observed with east to northeast winds exceeding 6Bft.  From 
Oct.31-Nov.2 the southern part of the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence 
Zone) was situated between 5°N and 6°N and it was clouded and some 
precipitation occurred.  After leaving the influence of the ITCZ, the 
weather became fair again with constant southeast trade winds.  At and 
south of the equator, the subtropical high with its center east of Rio 
de Janeiro provided an almost cloudless sky and southeast trade winds 
up to 6 Bft.  No rainfall occurred till Nov.15, where we arrived in 
Recife.  The air and water temperatures during the cruise varied from 
25.0 to 27.5°C.

6.3	M 22/3-5 (E. Röd)

On November 18, METEOR left Recife.  During most of the time of all 3 
legs the subtropical high remained stationary in the eastern part of 
the South Atlantic.  However, with maximum pressure only about 1020hPa 
this subtropical anticyclone was not very strong.  The resulting 
southeasterly trade winds therefore were very weak and unstable.  Most 
lows of the temperate zone, which moved in a quite northerly track 
between 35°S and 45°S influenced also the areas north of 30°S with 
their frontal systems.  The first cold front passed METEOR on November 
23, (leg 3), south of Recife near 23°S with strong rainfall and gusty 
winds near Bft 6 average speed.  The next low passed the vessel near 
Santos on December 1; its waving cold front caused rainfall for about 
18 hours and very low temperatures near 15°C.  A small-ranged, but 
heavy low developed on December 12, in the frontal zone east of Mar del 
Plata.  It passed METEOR in the evening hours little north with 
easterly winds Bft 7 to 8, veering south to southwest increasing Bft 10 
to 12 during the night hours.  The minimum pressure was registrated 
982hPa at the weather station onboard and the temperature went down to 
15°C, caused by strong cold air convection.  Cyclonic activity 
continued also during the following days; on December 18 a low with 
minimum pressure near 1000hPa was analyzed east of Rio del Plata.  At 
its preside northerly winds up to Bft 10 were registrated on METEOR 
next day.  Further lows crossed the working area of the research vessel 
but without extreme weather activity.  However, in the time period 
December 18 to January 8, 1993 more then 10 cold fronts crossed METEOR, 
causing precipitation at 18 days, sometimes even very heavy rainfall 
with thunderstorms.  Temperatures therefore were below normal with 
maxima only between 15 and 19°C.

During leg 5 weather conditions changed when the vessel left South 
America with easterly course; the subtropical high took more and more 
influence with fair conditions.  Sometimes a high swell from south, 
caused by sub-antarctic lows, was noticed onboard with characteristic 
wave heights near 5m.  Approaching South Africa the wind increased 
slowly from southeasterly directions near Bft. 5 to 6 but without 
reducing vessel speed.  On 31 January METEOR finished its voyage at 
Cape Town. 

7 LISTS

7.1 LEG M22/ 1

7.1.1 LIST OF STATIONS
Station	GeoB	Date	Device	Time	  Latitude	Longitude	Water-	Remarks
No.	No.	1992		bottom					depth
				contact					(m)
				(UTC)
Celtic Shelf
462-92	-	 25.09.	HS/PS	 14:15	 48°09.0 N	 07°00.0 W	 171	Test HS/PS
				-16:42	-48°00.0 N	-07°39.0 W
463-92	-	 25.09.	HS/PS	 16:42	 48°00.0 N	 07°39.0 W	3787	Test HS/PS
		-26.09.		-01:57	-46°45.0 N	-08°58.0 W
464-92	1801-1	 26.09.	KAM	 09:23	 45°24.3 N	 09°32.7 W	4446	Test; to 70m
Canary Islands
465-92	1802-1	 30.09.	P/GFO	 07:02	 29°09.2 N	 15°26.1 W	3638	GFO not successful
		-01.10						           P:1000m
	1802-2		SFV(CI1) 08:24	 29°06.8 N	 15°26.8 W	3603	Recovery of CI1
				-11:21
	1802-3		SFV(CI2) 12:03	 29°07.0 N	 15°24.2 W	3604	Deployment of CI2
				-15:24
	1802-4		KAM	 15:42	 29°07.1 N	 15°24.2 W	3604	Down to 100m
	1802-5	 30.09.	MN	 16:25	 29°06.9 N	 15°23.9 W	3629	b:400-200,200-100,100-40,
		-01.10								40-20,20-0m; c:250-100,
										100-75,75-50,50-25,25-0m
	1802-6		KAM	 17:08	 29°06.7 N	 15°24.0 W	3631	Down to 100m
	1802-7		P/GFO	 20:05	 29°10.7 N	 15°24.3 W	3651	P:3120m; GFO:3080,2000
										empty, 1000,800,400,200m
	1802-8		P/GFO	 22:25	 29°10.5 N	 15°24.5 W	3651	P:400m; GFO:100,50,25m
	1802-9		KAM	 23:08	 29°10.5 N	 15°24.6 W	3605	Down to 250m
	1802-10		MUC/CTD	 00:27	 29°10.7 N	 15°24.0 W	3603	2 large tubes empty
Cap Blanc
466-92	1803-1	 03.10.	P/GFO	 06:55	 20°35.1 N	 20°50.0 W	4015	P:100,400m; GFO:25,50,100,
										200,400,800m
	1803-2		KAM	 07:72	 20°35.2 N	 20°50.3 W	4013	Down to 10m
Cabo Verde Islands
467-92	1804-1	 05.10.	SFV(CV1) 08:50	 11°29.0 N	 21°01.0 W	4968	Deployment of CV1
		-06.10.		-11:50
	1804-2		KAM	 12:05	 11°28.8 N	 21°00.6 W	4970	Down to 100m
	1804-3		P/GFO	 15:29	 11°24.5 N	 21°00.5 W	4979	P:1050,4520m; GFO:600,
										800,1000,1500,3000,4480m
	1804-4		MN	 18:49	 11°24.3 N	 20°59.7 W	5084	1000-500,500-300,300-100,
										100-50,50-0m
	1804-5		MN	 19:43	 11°24.2 N	 20°59.7 W	5005	250-100,100-75,75-50,50-25,
										25-0m
	1804-6		KAM	 20:02	 11°24.2 N	 20°59.6 W	5008	Down to 50m
	1804-7		P/GFO	 21:37	 11°21.2 N	 20°59.8 W	4982	P:100,410m; GFO:25,
										50,100,200,300,390m
	1804-8		MUC/CTD	 24:00	 11°21.2 N	 20°59.8 W	4982	35cm in all tubes
Sierra Leone Basin
468-92	1805-1	 07.10.	P/GFO/	 08:30	 07°50.0 N	 16°54.9 W	4680	P:100,400m; GFO:25,
			CTD							50,100,200,400,600m
	1805-2		KAM	 09:47	 07°50.3 N	 16°54.1 W	4676	Down to 100m
Guinea Basin
469-92	1806-1	 09.10.	P/GFO	 02:56	 03°05.8 N	 11°56.7 W	4449	P:900,3930m; GFO:7000,
										900,1400,2000,3000,3900m
	1806-2		KAM	 05:11	 03°05.7 N	 11°55.5 W	4448	Down to 200m
	1806-3		MN	 06:01	 03°05.7 N	 11°55.5 W	4453	1000-500,500-300,
										300-100,100-50,50-0m
	1806-4		MN	 07:11	 03°03.3 N	 11°53.0 W	4453	250-100,100-75,75-50,50-25,
										25-0m
	1806-5		SFV(EA6) 07:25	 03°03.2 N	 11°53.1 W	4450	Recovery of EA6
				-11:12
	1806-6		P/GFO	 12:31	 03°02.1 N	 11°52.8 W	4497	P:100,350m; GFO:25,
										50,100,350,500m
	1806-7		KAM	 13:41	 03°01.7 N	 11°52.4 W	4503	Down to 250m
470-92	1807-1	 10.10.	SFV(EA7) 08:58	 00°03.3 S	 10°49.3 W	4497	Recovery of EA7
	1807-2		P/GFO	 13:06	 00°00.6 S	 10°47.0 W	4613	P:100,400m; GFO:25,50,
										100,200,400,600m
	1807-3		SFV(EA9) 15:19	 00°01.0 S	 10°48.4 W	4312	Deployment of EA9
				-18:15
	1807-4		KAM	 18:40	 00°00.9 S	 10°47.7 W	4665	Down to 200m
	1807-5		P/GFO	 21:13	 00°00.4 S	 10°46.7 W	4682	P:1200,4000m;
										GFO:750,1000,1200,2000,
										3000,3900m empty
	1807-6		KAM	 23:44	 00°00.5 S	 10°45.8 W	4673	Down to 200m
	1807-7		MN	 00:27	 00°00.7 S	 10°45.5 W	4661	1000-500,500-300,
										300-100,100-50,50-0m
	1807-8		MN	 01:11	 00°01.0 S	 10°44.6 W	4693	250-100,100-75,75-50,
										50-25,25-0m
	1807-9		P	 02:22	 00°01.4 S	 10°44.4 W	4711	P:700m
471-92	1808-1	 12.10.	SFV(EA8) 13:11	 05°47.1 S	 09°25.5 W	3445	Recovery of EA8
		-13.10.		-15.44
	1808-2		P/GFO	 17:08	 05°47.1 S	 09°24.2 W	3421	P:700,3050m; GFO:700,900,1200,
										1800,2500,2950m
	1808-3		KAM	 20:14	 05°46.7 S	 09°24.1 W	3422	Down to 250m
	1808-4		MN	 21:03	 05°46.7 S	 09°24.0 W	3414	1000-500,500-300,
										300-100,100-50,50-0m
	1808-5		MN	 21:53	 05°46.6 S	 09°23.9 W	3414	250-100,100-75,75-50,
										50-25,25-0m
	1808-6		P/GFO	 23:12	 05°48.3 S	 09°24.0 W	3379	P:100,400m; GFO:25,50,100,
										200,400,500m
	1808-7		MUC/CTD	 00:44	 05°48.0 S	 09°24.0 W	3364	6-7cm in 2 large and 3 small tubes
	1808-8		KAM	 02:00	 05°47.7 S	 09°24.2 W	3410	Down to 200m
Northern Brazil Basin
472-92	1809-1	 16.10.	P/GFO	 19:52	 03°59.8 S	 25°30.1 W	5533	P:400,5200m;
				-17.10						GFO:900,1200,2000,3000,4000,5000m
	1809-2		MN	 22:13	 03°59.4 S	 25°30.3 W	5530	Down to 250m
	1809-3		MN	 23:03	 03°59.4 S	 25°30.5 W	5530	1000-500,500-300
										300-100,100-50,50-0m
	1809-4		MN	 23:32	 03°59.6 S	 25°30.5 W	5530	400-200,200-100,
										100-40,40-20,20-0m
	1809-5		KAM	 00:04	 03°59.5 S	 25°30.5 W	5530	250-100,100-75,75-50,
										50-25,25-0m
	1809-6		P/GFO	 01:53	 04°00.0 S	 25°30.0 W	5530	P:700,1200m; GFO:25,
										50,100,150,350,600m
	1809-7		KAM	 03:47	 04°00.2 S	 25°30.2 W	5531	Down to 500m
	1809-8		P	 06:21	 04°00.1 S	 25°29.3 W	5529	P:2000,3000m;
	1809-9		SFV(WA1) 08:18	 04°00.0 S	 25°34.0 W	5528	Deployment of WA1
				-12:27
	1809-10		MUC/CTD	 15:28	 04°03.1 S	 25°37.2 W	5517	35-40cm in all tubes
	1809-11		P	 17:53	 04°04.0 S	 25°37.4 W	4988	P:100,400m
473-92	1810-1	 18.10.	P/GFO	 20:42	 07°30.0 S	 28°00.0 W	5579	P:5100,5400m; GFO:1000,
		-19.10.								GFO:1000,1500,2200,1500,
										2200,3300,4400,5050m
	1810-2		KAM	 00:24	 07°29.5 S	 28°00.0 W	5572	Down to 500m
	1801-3		MN	 01:29	 07°29.4 S	 28°00.2 W	5570	1000-500,500-300,300-100,
										100-50,50-0m
	1810-4		MN	 02:21	 07°29.4 S	 28°00.1 W	5571	400-200,200-100,100-40,
										40-20,20-0m
	1810-5		MN	 02:52	 07°29.4 S	 28°00.2 W	5571	250-100,100-75,75-50,
										50-25,25-0m
	1810-6		P	 05:34	 07°29.0 S	 28°00.1 W	5571	P:4400,4800m
	1810-7		SFV(WA2) 08:12	 07°31.3 S	 28°02.5 W	5571	Deployment of WA2
				-12:23
	1810-8		MUC/CTD	 12:06	 07°31.3 S	 28°04.0 W	5536	All tubes empty
	1810-9		KAM	 16:01	 07°30.7 S	 28°03.8 W	5591	Down to 500m
	1810-10		P/GFO	 18:22	 07°31.5 S	 28°05.3 W	5558	P:700,2000m; GFO:25,50,
										100,200,400m,650m

ACRONYMS

CTD	Probe for Conductivity/ Temperature/ Depth/ Oxygen/ Transparency
GFO	GoFlo- Bottles
HS	Hydrosweep
KAM	In- situ- Camera
MN	Multi- Net
MUC	Multi- Corer
P	In- situ- Pump
PS	Parasound
SFV	Mooring with sediment traps

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.1.2	LIST OF MOORED SEDIMENT TRAPS
Mooring	Position	Water	Sampling-	Instr.	Depth	Intervals
			depth	interval		(m)
			(m)
Mooring recoveries during M22-1:
CI1	29°06.8 N	3605	25.11.91	HDW	1000	20x15.25 days
	15°26.8 W		25.9.92		HDW	3078	20x15.25 days
						STKr7	1023
EA6	03°03.2 N	4453	03.12.91	HDW	 901	20x15.25 days
	11°53.1 W		06.10.92	HDW	3911	20x15.25 days
						ST8	 924
EA7	00°03.3 S	4255	05.12.91	HDW	 949	1x14.4.19x15.4d
	10°49.3 W		06.10.92	HDW	4029	1x14.4.19x15.4d
						ST8	 972
EA8	05°47.1 S	3450	15.12.91	HDW	 598	1x3.4;19x15.4d
	09°25.5 W		06.10.92	HDW	1255	1x3.4;19x15.4d
						HDW	1833	1x3.4;19x15.4d
						HDW	2890	1x3.4;19x15.4d
						ST8	1278
						ST5	2913
Mooring deployments during M22-1:
CI2	29°07.0 N	3606	1.10.92-	HDWn1036	20x9.5 days
	15°24.2 W		9.4.93		HDWn3067	20x9.5 days
						ST7Kr	1059
CV1	11°29.0 N	4968	5.10.92		HDW	1003	20x9.5 days
	21°01.0 W		4.4.93		HDW	4523	20x9.5 days
						ST8	1026
EA9	00°01.0 N	4563	11.10.92	HDW	 646	19x9.5 days
	10°48.4 W		01.04.93	HDW	1226	19x9.5 days
						HDW	3786	19x9.5 days
						ST8	 669
WA1	04°00.0 S	5530	17.10.92	HDW	 652	20x7.75 days
	25°34.0 W		21.03.93	HDW	1232	20x7.75 days
						HDW	4991	20x7.75 days
						ST8	 675
Mooring deployments during M22-1:
WA2	07°31.3 S	5570	19.10.92	HDW	 591	20x7.75 days
	28°02.5 W		21.03.93	HDW	5031	20x7.75 days
						ST8	 614

Instruments used:
HDW	=3D Sediment trap Type Howald Electronics (now Hagenuk)
HDWn	=3D Sediment trap Type Howald Electronics (new version)
ST8	=3D current meter Aanderaa, RCM 8
ST5	=3D current meter Aanderaa, RCM 5
STKr	=3D current meter with special sensors (Krause, AWI)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.1.3	CHLOROPHYLL A SAMPLES
	(MP: membrane pump; RP: rotating pump)
No.	Date	Time	Longitude	Latitude	Water	Salin.	Temp.	Vol	Remarks
	1992	UTC					depth	psu	°C	L
1	29.09.	09:30	14°04.0 W	36°59.0 N	5046	36.52	20.89	1	MP
2	28.09.	14:45	13°04.0 W	36°03.0 N	4812	36.46	21.09	1	MP
3	28.09.	22:45	13°34.0 W	34°37.0 N	4049	36.53	21.61	1	MP
4	29.09.	08:00	14°08.0 W	33.01.0 N	4309	36.58	21.93	1	MP
5	29.09.	15:30	14°35.0 W	31°41.0 N	4329	36.57	22.61	1	MP

6	29.09.	22:30	15°00.0 W	30°25.0 N	3260	36.56	22.75	1	MP
7	30.09.	09:30	15°27.0 W	29°07.0 N	3606	36.55	22.77	1	MP
8	30.09.	21:00	15°24.5 W	29°10.5 N	3603	36.54	22.80	1	MP
9	01.10.	11:00	16°30.0 W	27°31.0 N	3526	36.67	23.02	1	MP
10	01.10.	16:30	17°03.0 W	26°37.9 N	3631	36.59	23.01	1	MP

11	01.10.	22:00	17°37.0 W	25°45.0 N	3397	36.60	23.15	1	MP
12	02.10.	07:15	18°35.4 W	24°12.4 N	2794	36.69	23.43	2	MP
13	02.10.	14:45	19°18.8 W	23°02.3 N	3519	36.22	22.37	2	MP
14	02.10.	23:30	20°12.0 W	21°37.0 N	4043	35.91	23.58	1	MP
15	03.10.	08:15	20°50.0 W	20°33.0 N	3958	35.98	23.30	1	MP

16	03.10.	14:45	20°51.0 W	19°18.0 N	3408	36.07	24.58	1	MP
17	03.10.	23:00	20°53.1 W	17°44.8 N	3161	36.10	25.99	1	MP
18	04.10.	08:00	20°54.9 W	16°07.6 N	3803	35.94	26.70	1	MP
19	04.10.	17:15	20°56.8 W	14°19.7 N	4297	35.51	26.90	1	MP
20	04.10.	22:15	20°58.0 N	13°25.0 N	4538	34.67	28.10	1	MP

21	05.10.	15:00	21°00.0 W	11°24.0 N	4980	35.45	27.80	1	MP
22	05.10.	22:45	21°00.0 W	11°21.0 N	4981	35.38	27.90	1	MP
23	06.10.	10:45	19°41.6 W	10°14.1 N	4649	34.76	28.01	1	MP
24	06.10.	14:45	19°10.8 W	09°47.6 N	4048	34.97	28.50	1	MP
25	07.10.	06:45	17°00.6 W	07°54.9 N	4697	34.64	27.86	2	MP

26	07.10.	15:00	16°13.3 W	07°10.6 N	4686	34.29	27.78	1	MP
27	08.10.	07:30	14°04.6 W	05°08.2 N	4759	34.22	27.04	1	MP
28	08.10.	22:30	12°13.3 W	03°22.4 N	4459	34.77	26.68	1	MP
29	09.10.	08:00	11°53.1 W	03°03.5 N	4453	34.64	26.74	1	MP
30	09.10.	15:05	11°48.0 W	02°48.9 N	4662	34.74	26.92	1	MP

31	09.10.	22:00	11°25.7 W	01°43.2 N	4363	35.71	25.74	1	MP
32	10.10.	08:00	10°51.8 W	00°03.8 N	4397	35.80	24.07	1	MP
33	10.10.	18:00	10°47.8 W	00°00.8 N	4665	35.77	24.07	1	MP
34	10.10.	22:30	10°46.7 W	00°00.3 N	4685	35.85	23.91	1	MP
35	11.10.	08:30	10°30.8 W	00°56.7 S	3833	35.72	23.71	1	MP

36	11.10.	15:00	10°16.5 W	02°00.3 S	3727	35.74	23.94	1	MP
37	11.10.	22:05	09°60.0 W	03°13.9 S	4173	35.77	23.66	1	MP
38	12.10.	08:00	09°37.1 W	04°55.8 S	3803	35.41	22.94	1	MP
39	12.10.	17:00	09°24.3 W	05°47.0 S	3422	35.64	22.70	1	MP
40	12.10.	23:00	09°24.0 W	05°48.2 S	3394	35.60	22.61	1	MP

41	15.10.	09:30	20°00.4 W	04°36.9 S	4789	35.61	23.90	1	RP
42	15.10.	22:00	22°30.7 W	04°20.1 S	4797	35.78	24.61	1	RP
43	16.10.	08.00	24°26.4 W	04°07.0 S	5153	35.65	24.50	1	RP
44	16.10.	15:10	25°30.3 W	03°59.8 S	5530	35.81	24.98	1	RP
45	17.10.	01:00	25°30.1 W	04°00.1 S	5537	35.90	24.78	2	RP

46	18.10.	08:30	27°16.3 W	06°26.9 S	5638	36.06	24.80	2	RP
47	18.10.	15:15	27°59.1 W	07°28.5 S	5577	35.92	24.69	2	RP
48	18.10.	22:15	28°00.3 W	07°29.3 S	5571	35.89	24.51	2	RP
49	19.10.	09:30	28°03.3 W	07°30.8 S	5571	35.87	24.55	2	RP
50	19.10.	15:00	28°05.4 W	07°31.4 S	5557	35.95	24.63	2	RP

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.1.4	PARTICLE FILTRATION
Station	Water	Date	Time	Volume	Pumping	Remarks
No.	depth	1992	start	pumped	speed
	(m)		(UTC)	L	L/h
465-92	(1000)	30.09.	05.55	412	618	Torn at edge
	3135		18.00	469	562
	400		20.28	304	608
466-92	400	03.10.	06.02	369	553
	100		06.12	296	444
467-92	4520	05.10.	12.40	573	573
	1000		12.50	526	526
	(410)		20.41	375	562	Torn
	(100)		20.41	474	711	Torn
468-92	100	07.10.	07.42	236	472
	400		07.42	298	596
469-92	900	09.10.	01.00	500	500
	(3930)		01.00	552	552	Torn
	350		11.45	278	556
	100		11.45	289	578
470-92	100	10.10.	13.10	262	524
	400		13.10	273	546
	1200		19.10	552	552
	4000		19.10	544	544
	200	11.10.	01.23	368	552
	700		01.23	374	561
471-92 700	12.10.	16.16	499	499
	3050		16.16	560	560
	100		22.25	256	512
	400		22.25	286	572
472-92	4000	16.10.	14.15	767	511	Started at 3280 m
	5200		14.15	766	510	Started at 4580 m
	675		22.31	430	430
	1175		22.31	581	581
	2000	17.10.	02.31	705	528
	3000		02.31	632	474
	100		15.09	245	367
	400		15.09	370	555
473-92	(5400)	18.10.	15.32	810	540	Torn
	(5100)		15.32	650	433	Torn
	4800	19.10.	01.04	770	513
	4400		01.04	787	524	Evtl. not tight
	2000		14.50	570	570
	700		14.50	503	503


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2 LEG M 22/ 2

7.2.1	LIST OF STATIONS
				METEOR 22/ 2		     Station List
Stat	CTD	ADCP	Peg	Peg	Day	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Water	Profile	   Comment
No.	Prof.	Prof.	Stat	Prof	1992	UTC	lamda		phi		Depth	Depth 
											[m]	[db]
474	1	A01	S07	1	24.10.	04:34	5°34.1'S	34°36.2'W	3339	3422
475	2	A02	S06	2	24.10.	10:44	5°37.9'S	34°54.3'W	1378	1204
476	3	A03			27.10.	00:15	0°08.9'N	44°22.8'W	1125	1067
477	4	A04			27.10.	02:53	0°23.0'N	44°15.8'W	3278	3283
478	-				27.10.	14:00	0°14.6'N	44°17.9'W	2880	  -	   K-359
479	5	A05			27.10.	23:13	0°36.5'N	44°10.9'W	3629	3663	   K-360
480	6	A06	N27	3	28.10.	04:59	0°17.6'N	44°20.8'W	3058	3048
481	7	A07			28.10.	18:17	1°10.0'N	44°03.6'W	4098	4148	   K-361
482	8	A08			29.10.	00:06	1°35.5'N	44°00.1'W	4110	4145
483	9	A09	N03	4	29.10.	05:56	1°58.0'N	44°01.4'W	4130	4174
484	10	A10			29.10.	13:52	2°30.3'N	44°01.6'W	4166	4212
485	11	A11	N04	5	29.10.	21:46	3°18.2'N	43°59.9'W	4200	4250
486	12	A12			30.10.	04:31	3°46.3'N	44°02.1'W	4210	4258
487	13	A13	N26	6	30.10.	10:25	4°13.8'N	44°01.9'W	4170	4220
488	14	A14			30.10.	18:04	4°50.9'N	44°01.5'W	3341	3410
489	15	A15			31.10.	01:10	5°42.4'N	44°00.9'W	4030	4073
490	16	A16			31.10.	06:37	6°04.6'N	44°00.3'W	4148	4262
491	17	A17	N6	7	31.16.	13:48	6°39.1'N	44°00.3'W	4634	4700
492	18	A18			02.11.	20:01	4°00.2'N	35°01.6'W	3511	2515
493	19	A19			03.11.	03:20	3°10.3'N	35°01.8'W	3520	2505
494	20	A20			03.11.	10:43	2°20.1'N	35°01.8'W	4142	2513
495	21	A21			03.11.	18:03	1°30.3'N	35°02.0'W	4034	2501
496	22	A22	S10	8	04.11.	02:07	0°38.9'N	34°59.5'W	4528	4584
497	23	A23		9	04.11.	10:27	0°01.6'S	34°59.5'W	4420	4580
498	24	B24	S2	10	04.11.	19:13	0°46.8'S	34°59.5'W	4441	4455	   BBADCP
499	25	A25			05.11.	00:51	1°03.7'S	34°59.4'W	4376	4426
500	26	A26			05.11.	05:24	1°16.0'S	34°59.7'W	4349	4700
501	27	A27	S3	11	05.11.	09:41	1°28.3'S	34°59.7'W	4280	4321
502	28	A28			05.11.	15:28	1°44.4'S	34°59.4'W	4100	4139
503	29	A29	S4	12	05.11.	21:45	2°16.6'S	34°59.4'W	3967	4005
504	30	A30	S5	13	06.11.	06:50	3°09.4'S	34°52.7'W	3809	3850
505	31	A31			06.11.	12:48	3°29.4'S	35°13.7'W	3451	3474
506	32	B32	S14	14	06.11.	23:25	3°58.7'S	34°56.9'W	3525	3545	   BBADCP
507	33	A33			07.11.	04:44	4°19.2'S	35°02.3'W	3385	3416
508	34	A34	S15	15	07.11.	12:58	4°29.8'S	35°04.9'W	3160	3162
509	35	A35			07.11.	18:38	4°55.4'S	34°53.1'W	 877	 877
510	36	A36			07.11.	20:41	5°01.4'S	35°00.0'W	 539	 532
511	37	A37			08.11.	01:16	5°37.0'S	34°56.9'W	 505	 497
512	38	B38	S6	16	08.11.	02:46	5°37.7'S	34°54.5'W	1249	1142	   BBADCP
512	382	A38			08.11.	04:24	5°38.1'S	34°54.2'W	-	 251
513	39	A39			08.11.	08:12	5°35.4'S	34°47.2'W	2685	2665
514	40	A40	S7	17	08.11.	11:57	5°33.8'S	34°36.2'W	3435	3448
515	41	A41	S12	18	08.11.	17:18	5°32.7'S	34°19.9'W	3948	3977
516	42	A42	S8	19	08.11.	23:20	5°31.6'S	34°00.9'W	4204	4214
517	43				09.11.	05:50	5°29.6'S	33°38.6'W	4396	4449
518	44		S13	20	09.11.	12:16	5°25.4'S	33°10.5'W	4524	4581
519	45	A45			09.11.	17:40	5°20.1'S	32°59.6'W	4547	4607	   BBADCP
520	46	B46	S9	21	10.11.	00:15	5°20.0'S	32°27.4'W	4610	4672	   BBADCP
521	47	B47	S16	22	10.11.	09:51	5°14.7'S	31°59.2'W	4661	4726	   BBADCP
522	48	B48	S17	23	10.11.	19:48	5°09.7'S	31°29.4'W	4722	4785	   BBADCP
523	49	B49			11.11.	03:20	5°07.7'S	30°59.2'W	4874	4952	   BBADCP
524	50	B50			11.11.	10:10	5°03.3'S	30°29.3'W	4970	5054	   BBADCP
525	51	B51			11.11.	16:58	4°59.6'S	29°59.6'W	4985	5061	   BBADCP
526	52	B52			12.11.	02:04	5°59.6'S	30°34.7'W	5132	1500	   BBADCP
527	53	B53			12.11.	08:19	6°59.8'S	31°04.8'W	5168	1504	   BBADCP
528	54	B54			12.11.	16:22	8°00.0'S	31°29.8'W	5231	1501	   BBADCP
529	55	B55			12.11.	23:34	8°59.9'S	31°59.8'W	5028	1500	   BBADCP
530	56	B56			13.11.	07:46	9°59.7'S	32°29.6'W	4922	4999	   BBADCP
531	57	B57			13.11.	14:54	9°59.2'S	33°09.9'W	4821	4893	   BBADCP
532	58	B58			13.11.	22:22	9°59.7'S	33°50.2'W	4681	4749	   BBADCP
533	59	B59			14.11.	04:08	9°59.6'S	34°15.4'W	4197	4317	   BBADCP
534	60	B60			14.11.	08:25	9°59.6'S	34°30.1'W	3223	3232	   BBADCP
535	61	B61			14.11.	12:37	9°59.3'S	34°44.6'W	3774	3801	   BBADCP
536	62	B62			14.11.	16:50	9°59.6'S	35°04.9'W	3379	3396	   BBADCP
537	63	B63			14.11.	20:21	9°59.2'S	35°14.3'W	2325	2325	   BBADCP
538	64	B64			14.11.	23:21	9°59.1'S	35°24.5'W	1552	1552	   BBADCP
539	65	B65			15.11.	01.31	9°59.0'S	35°29.7'W	1049	1060	   BBADCP
TM22/ 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.2	LIST OF XBT DROPS
				  METEOR 22-2			  XBT Stations
XBT	Stat	Day	   Start	Latitude	Longitude	Water	XBT	Comment
			   Time						Depth	Depth
001	---	23.10.92   20:04	34°39.1'W	06°52.9'S	  30m	760m	test
002	---	24.10.92   00:51	34°37.2'W	05°58.1'S	2158m	760m
003	---	24.10.92   02:12	34°36.3'W	05°41.8'S	3324m	300m
004	---	24.10.92   18:41	35°33.6'W	04°35.1'S	2210m	760m
005	---	24.10.92   20:04	35°48.5'W	04°27.3'S	2584m	760m
006	---	24.10.92   23:23	36°25.9'W	04°07.4'S	2549m	760m
007	---	25.10.92   01:16	36°47.5'W	03°56.1'S	2532m	760m
008	---	25.10.92   06:07	37°41.8'W	03°27.0'S	1595m	760m
009	---	25.10.92   10:05	38°29.0'W	03°02.8'S	1385m	760m
010	---	25.10.92   11:04	38°40.7'W	02°56.8'S	1495m	760m
011	---	25.10.92   12:02	38°52.2'W	02°50.3'S	 983m	760m
012	---	25.10.92   13:01	39°03.8'W	02°44.2'S	 200m	214m	shallow water
013	---	25.10.92   23:29	41°04.5'W	02°02.3'S	1080m	760m
014	---	26.10.92   02:04	41°36.1'W	01°52.5'S	2393m	760m
015	---	26.10.92   04:01	42°01.0'W	01°44.7'S	2589m	760m
016	---	26.10.92   06:06	42°26.0'W	01°36.8'S	2550m	760m
017	---	26.10.92   08:14	42°48.9'W	01°28.6'S	2379m	760m
018	---	26.10.92   08:19	42°53.2'W	01°28.1'S	2270m	760m
019	---	26.10.92   08:24	42°54.4'W	01°27.7'S	2270m	760m
020	---	26.10.92   10:08	43°14.3'W	01°21.5'S	 883m	760m
021	---	27.10.92   15:54	44°15.8'W	00°21.8'N	3252m	760m
022	---	27.10.92   16:27	44°14.6'W	00°27.0'N	3370m	760m
023	---	27.10.92   17:08	44°11.5'W	00°33.0'N	3548m	480m
024	---	27.10.92   20:22	44°03.8'W	01°11.0'N	4095m	760m
025	---	28.10.92   21:30	44°02.2'W	01°23.2'N	4100m	710m
026	482	29.10.92   02:20	44°00.7'W	01°36.1'N	4105m	760m
027	---	29.10.92   03:32	44°01.1'W	01°49.7'N	4124m	760m
028	---	29.10.92   09:24	44°03.3'W	01°57.8'N	4124m	760m
029	484	29.10.92   11:17	44°02.2'W	02°17.3'N	4153m	620m	2 trials
030	485	29.10.92   16:00	44°01.5'W	02°31.0'N	4168m	760m
031	---	29.10.92   17:12	44°01.9'W	02°45.9'N	4185m	600m
032	---	29.10.92   18:34	44°02.0'W	03°02.0'N	4195m	760m
033	---	30.10.92   00:45	44°00.1'W	03°18.0'N	4199m	760m
034	---	30.10.92   01:59	44°01.9'W	03°33.0'N	4212m	760m
035	486	30.10.92   06:40	44°01.7'W	03°48.4'N	4213m	760m
036	---	30.10.92   08:06	44°02.4'W	04°05.3'N	4207m	760m
037	487	30.10.92   13:23	44°02.5'W	04°13.5'N	4177m	760m
038	---	30.10.92   14:46	44°00.2'W	04°30.1'N	3382m	760m
039	---	30.10.92   16:07	44°02.1'W	04°45.3'N	3395m	760m
040	488	30.10.92   19:39	44°00.6'W	04°53.3'N	3323m	760m
041	---	30.10.92   23:02	44°01.6'W	05°34.0'N	3781m	760m
042	489	31.10.92   03:28	44°00.3'W	05°44.9'N	4088m	760m
043	---	31.10.92   04:45	44°01.8'W	06°00.2'N	4105m	760m
044	---	31.10.92   10:15	43°59.4'W	06°20.5'N	4507m	710m
045	---	31.10.92   11:06	43°59.5'W	06°31.0'N	4637m	125m
046	---	31.10.92   17:21	43°58.5'W	06°39.8'N	4635m	760m
047	---	31.10.92   18:14	43°48.9'W	06°36.9'N	4617m	700m
048	---	31.10.92   19:01	43°40.4'W	06°34.7'N	4686m	760m
049	---	31.10.92   20:01	43°29.8'W	06°31.1'N	4520m	760m
050	---	31.10.92   20:57	43°19.5'W	06°28.0'N	4533m	760m
051	---	31.10.92   21:57	43°08.4'W	06°24.8'N	4555m	760m
052	---	31.10.92   22:58	42°57.0'W	06°22.0'N	4676m	760m
053	---	31.10.92   23:59	42°42.2'W	06°18.5'N	4598m	760m
054	---	01.11.92   00:55	42°36.0'W	06°15.5'N	4678m	760m
055	---	01.11.92   01:58	42°25.0'W	06°12.2'N	4687m	760m
056	---	01.11.92   03:03	42°13.4'W	06°08.9'N	4688m	760m
057	---	01.11.92   04:02	42°03.0'W	06°05.9'N	4685m	760m
058	---	01.11.92   05:04	41°51.6'W	06°02.3'N	4684m	760m
059	---	01.11.92   06:03	41°40.8'W	05°59.2'N	4684m	760m
060	---	01.11.92   06:59	41°31.0'W	05°56.3'N	4675m	760m
061	---	01.11.92   07:59	41°19.0'W	05°52.8'N	4683m	760m
062	---	01.11.92   09:01	41°07.5'W	05°49.4'N	4652m	760m
063	---	01.11.92   10:01	40°56.8'W	05°45.8'N	4676m	760m
064	---	01.11.92   10:57	40°46.5'W	05°43.1'N	4674m	760m
065	---	01.11.92   11:58	40°36.4'W	05°38.2'N	4678m	760m
066	---	01.11.92   13:15	40°21.8'W	05°34.2'N	4742m	760m
067	---	01.11.92   13:57	40°13.7'W	05°31.8'N	4513m	760m
068	---	01.11.92   15:04	40°01.0'W	05°27.9'N	4650m	760m
069	---	01.11.92   16:02	39°50.5'W	05°25.3'N	4290m	760m
070	---	01.11.92   17:01	39°38.7'W	05°22.3'N	4581m	760m
071	---	01.11.92   17:56	39°28.3'W	05°19.6'N	4651m	  0m	corrupted data
072	---	01.11.92   19:14	39°13.3'W	05°15.4'N	4656m	760m
073	---	01.11.92   20:00	39°04.6'W	05°12.8'N	4517m	760m
074	---	01.11.92   21:10	38°50.9'W	05°10.1'N	4506m	760m
075	---	01.11.92   21:58	38°40.8'W	05°06.1'N	4682m	760m
076	---	01.11.92   22:56	38°30.5'W	05°02.6'N	4671m	760m
077	---	01.11.92   23:56	38°19.3'W	04°59.3'N	4513m	760m
078	---	02.11.92   00:55	38°08.1'W	04°56.0'N	4256m	640m
079	---	02.11.92   01:54	37°57.0'W	04°52.6'N	4538m	760m
080	---	02.11.92   03:05	37°43.3'W	04°48.8'N	4571m	680m
081	---	02.11.92   04:01	37°32.7'W	04°45.6'N	4437m	760m
082	---	02.11.92   05:08	37°20.0'W	04°41.8'N	4617m	760m
083	---	02.11.92   06:01	37°10.0'W	04°38.8'N	4231m	760m
084	---	02.11.92   06:57	37°00.0'W	04°35.7'N	4050m	760m
085	---	02.11.92   07:59	36°48.9'W	04°32.4'N	4038m	700m
086	---	02.11.92   08:59	36°38.4'W	04°29.3'N	3960m	760m
087	---	02.11.92   10:00	36°27.5'W	04°25.8'N	4351m	760m
088	---	02.11.92   10:56	36°18.0'W	04°23.3'N	4160m	720m
089	---	02.11.92   11:55	36°08.5'W	04°20.4'N	4151m	760m
090	---	02.11.92   12:55	35°59.2'W	04°17.6'N	3942m	760m
091	---	02.11.92   13:54	35°50.0'W	04°14.8'N	3818m	760m
092	---	02.11.92   15:03	35°39.1'W	04°11.7'N	3561m	760m
093	---	02.11.92   15:59	35°30.3'W	04°09.0'N	3786m	760m
094	---	02.11.92   17:10	35°19.8'W	04°06.0'N	3819m	760m
095	---	02.11.92   18:02	35°11.9'W	04°03.6'N	3445m	760m
096	---	02.11.92   21:19	35°01.4'W	04°00.1'N	3510m	760m
097	---	02.11.92   23:18	35°02.0'W	04°00.0'N	3692m	760m
098	---	03.11.92   01:19	35°01.9'W	03°20.0'N	3586m	760m
099	---	03.11.92   05:37	35°02.0'W	03°00.0'N	3638m	720m
100	---	03.11.92   07:42	35°01.7'W	02°40.0'N	3657m	760m
101	---	03.11.92   12:01	35°01.8'W	02°20.1'N	4162m	760m
102	---	03.11.92   14:09	35°01.9'W	02°00.0'N	4211m	760m
103	---	03.11.92   16:07	35°02.0'W	01°40.0'N	4010m	760m
104	---	03.11.92   20:09	35°01.8'W	01°20.7'N	4030m	760m
105	---	03.11.92   22:09	35°00.8'W	01°00.0'N	3581m	760m
106	---	03.11.92   23:36	35°00.2'W	00°45.0'N	4522m	760m
107	---	04.11.92   05:37	34°59.9'W	00°30.0'N	4525m	760m
108	---	04.11.92   07:02	34°59.8'W	00°15.0'N	4523m	760m
109	---	04.11.92   08:38	34°59.7'W	00°00.0'N	4521m	760m
110	---	04.11.92   13:13	35°00.3'W	00°03.2'S	4465m	760m
111	---	04.11.92   14:56	34°59.8'W	00°20.8'S	4493m	760m
112	---	04.11.92   16:44	35°00.3'W	00°40.0'S	4448m	760m
113	---	04.11.92   23:01	34°59.9'W	01°06.0'S	4367m	760m
114	---	05.11.92   07:17	34°59.8'W	01°20.0'S	4031m	760m
115	---	05.11.92   13:18	35°00.1'W	01°40.0'S	4064m	760m
116	501	05.11.92   18:33	35°00.1'W	02°00.0'S	4561m	760m
117	---	06.11.92   01:24	34°58.2'W	02°30.0'S		760m	no depth
118	---	06.11.92   04:14	34°54.3'W	03°00.0'S	3830m	760m
119	505	06.11.92   14:35	35°13.2'W	03°30.3'S	3444m	760m
120	506	07.11.92   01:30	34°57.9'W	03°59.6'S	3516m	760m
121	---	07.11.92   06:59	35°02.1'W	04°29.0'S	3159m	760m
122	---	07.11.92   16:46	34°58.6'W	04°45.0'S	 916m	760m
123	---	07.11.92   21:33	34°59.6'W	05°03.7'S	 540m	760m
124	---	08.11.92   06:11	34°54.5'W	05°37.3'S	 891m	760m
125	---	08.11.92   10:12	34°40.0'W	05°34.8'S	3142m	760m
126	---	08.11.92   19:45	34°20.3'W	05°33.4'S	3915m	760m
127	516	09.11.92   01:59	34°01.3'W	05°33.0'S	4164m	760m
128	---	09.11.92   03:37	33°45.0'W	05°30.7'S	4349m	760m
129	---	09.11.92   08:34	33°30.0'W	05°27.8'S	4450m	760m
130	518	09.11.92   14:52	33°10.6'W	05°25.4'S	4523m	760m
131	519	09.11.92   19:24	32°58.4'W	05°19.8'S	4548m	760m
132	520	10.11.92   03:11	32°27.5'W	05°20.7'S	4611m	760m
133	---	10.11.92   04:25	32°15.0'W	05°18.1'S	4545m	760m
134	521	10.11.92   12:43	32°00.0'W	05°15.3'S	4623m	760m
135	---	10.11.92   14:35	31°41.3'W	05°12.6'S	4646m	760m
136	---	10.11.92   22:40	31°29.2'W	05°09.8'S	4726m	760m
137	---	10.11.92   00:04	31°15.0'W	05°09.1'S	4842m	760m
138	523	11.11.92   05:36	30°58.1'W	05°07.0'S	4872m	760m
139	---	11.11.92   06:48	30°45.9'W	05°06.2'S	4918m	760m
140	525	11.11.92   12:14	30°28.4'W	05°03.2'S	4921m	760m
141	---	11.11.92   13:56	30°11.2'W	05°01.4'S	4946m	760m
142	---	11.11.92   19:24	29°59.9'W	05°00.5'S	4980m	760m
143	---	11.11.92   20:24	30°06.3'W	05°10.0'S	5010m	760m
144	---	11.11.92   21:21	30°11.6'W	05°20.0'S	5030m	760m
145	---	11.11.92   22:19	30°17.3'W	05°30.0'S	5065m	760m
146	---	11.11.92   23:23	30°23.3'W	05°40.0'S	5089m	760m
147	---	12.11.92   00:22	30°29.1'W	05°50.0'S	5114m	760m
148	526	12.11.92   02:46	30°34.8'W	06°00.0'S	5135m	760m
149	---	12.11.92   03:43	30°40.0'W	06°10.0'S	5140m	760m
150	---	12.11.92   04:42	30°44.9'W	06°19.9'S	5040m	760m
151	---	12.11.92   05:42	30°49.8'W	06°29.9'S	5160m	760m
152	---	12.11.92   06:42	30°54.9'W	40°00.0'S	5167m	760m
153	---	12.11.92   07:51	31°00.0'W	06°51.0'S	5180m	760m
154	---	12.11.92   09:55	31°04.9'W	07°00.1'S	5170m	760m
155	---	12.11.92   11:00	31°09.5'W	07°10.9'S	5221m	760m
156	---	12.11.92   11:50	31°13.2'W	07°20.0'S	5225m	760m
157	---	12.11.92   12:49	31°17.4'W	07°30.0'S	5256m	760m
158	---	12.11.92   13:51	31°21.5'W	07°40.0'S	5225m	760m
159	---	12.11.92   14:46	31°25.7'W	07°50.0'S	5228m	760m
160	528	12.11.92   17:04	31°30.1'W	08°00.9'S	5227m	760m
161	---	12.11.92   17:59	31°34.5'W	08°10.0'S	5196m	760m
162	---	12.11.92   18:57	31°39.9'W	08°20.0'S	5198m	760m
163	---	12.11.92   19:55	31°44.9'W	08°30.0'S	5075m	760m
164	---	12.11.92   20:56	31°49.6'W	08°40.0'S	2935m	760m
165	---	13.11.92   00:11	31°59.7'W	08°59.8'S	5022m	760m
166	---	13.11.92   01:12	32°05.1'W	09°10.4'S	4997m	760m
167	---	13.11.92   02:04	32°09.8'W	09°20.0'S	4982m	760m
168	---	13.11.92   03:01	32°14.6'W	09°30.0'S	4963m	760m
169	---	13.11.92   04:00	32°20.0'W	09°40.0'S	4949m	760m
170	---	13.11.92   04:56	32°25.0'W	09°50.0'S	4928m	760m
171	---	13.11.92   09:48	32°30.0'W	10°00.0'S	4920m	760m
172	---	13.11.92   10:52	32°42.8'W	10°00.0'S	4896m	760m
173	---	13.11.92   11:33	32°50.8'W	09°60.0'S	4872m	760m
174	---	13.11.92   12:19	32°50.0'W	10°00.0'S	4850m	760m
175	531	13.11.92   17:11	33°10.0'W	09°58.6'S	4818m	760m
176	---	13.11.92   18:00	33°20.0'W	09°59.2'S	4798m	760m
177	---	13.11.92   18:52	33°29.9'W	10°00.0'S	4755m	760m
178	---	13.11.92   19:45	33°40.0'W	10°00.0'S	4717m	760m
179	532	14.11.92   00:20	33°50.9'W	09°59.1'S	4680m	760m
180	---	14.11.92   01:08	33°60.0'W	09°59.7'S	4674m	760m
181	---	14.11.92   01:59	34°10.0'W	10°00.1'S	4638m	760m
182	---	14.11.92   06:14	34°20.0'W	09°59.6'S	4053m	760m
183	---	14.11.92   10:00	34°30.0'W	10°00.0'S	2926m	760m
184	---	14.11.92   10:48	34°40.0'W	09°59.7'S	3855m	760m
185	535	14.11.92   14:22	34°50.1'W	09°59.4'S	3703m	760m
186	---	14.11.92   15:11	35°00.0'W	10°00.0'S	3485m	760m
187	---	14.11.92   18:49	35°10.0'W	09°59.5'S	2389m	760m
188	---	14.11.92   22:06	35°20.0'W	09°59.6'S	1960m	760m
189	---	14.11.92   23:55	35°24.1'W	09°58.5'S	1439m	760m
190	---	15.11.92   02:02	35°28.7'W	09°57.2'S	963m	760m	2 trials

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3	LEG M 22/3-4

7.3.1	CTD STATIONS
Stat./	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth
Profile	1992	UTC					(m)
540/1	11/20	10:15	 13°57.4 S	 36°16.6 W	4343
542/2	11/22	14:50	19°39.86 S	39°11.14 W	 920
543/3	11/22	23:58	21°09.98 S	38°46.78 W	2623
544/4	11/23	 9:06	22°09.88 S	37°52.00 W	3523
545/5	11/24	20:23	26°27.10 S	42°02.06 W	2587
547/6	11/25	20:27	28°50.15 S	44°25.66 W	3697
548/7	11/26	 2:18	28°20.11 S	44°50.23 W	3445
549/8	11/26	 8:57	28°15.20 S	45°13.94 W	3208
551/9	11/26	16:10	28°10.07 S	45°27.92 W	2857
552/10	11/26	19:49	28°05.99 S	45°45.04 W	2754
553/11	11/26	23:03	28°03.09 S	46°04.06 W	2461
554/12	11/27	 1:42	28°01.18 S	46°16.08 W	2305
555/13	11/27	 4:29	27°57.97 S	46°25.76 W	1901
556/14	11/27	 7:07	27°54.92 S	46°37.05 W	1354
559/15	11/27	19:41	27°50.02 S	46°53.03 W	 700
560/16	11/27	22:10	27°47.12 S	47°05.22 W	 494
561/17	11/28	 0:13	27°43.06 S	47°17.97 W	 221
562/18	11/28	 2:33	27°39.75 S	47°30.02 W	 142
563/19	11/28	 8:21	26°55.06 S	46°59.90 W	 155
564/20	11/28	12:02	26°55.06 S	46°25.08 W	 442
565/21	11/28	15:30	27°06.95 S	45°56.94 W	1805
566/22	11/28	19:21	27°15.07 S	45°34.24 W	2231
567/23	11/28	23:44	27°26.88 S	45°07.00 W	2599
568/24	11/29	 5:46	26°54.96 S	44°34.99 W	2682
569/25	11/29	 9:50	26°40.11 S	44°53.15 W	2499
570/26	11/29	13:31	26°29.11 S	45°09.72 W	2130
571/27	11/29	16:42	26°18.96 S	45°25.09 W	1646
572/28	11/29	19:58	26°05.85 S	45°40.60 W	 491
573/29	11/29	21:49	25°58.02 S	45°52.97 W	 328
574/30	11/29	23:48	25°46.99 S	46°05.09 W	 157
575/31	12/3	21:25	28°27.11 S	44°27.47 W	3620
576/32	12/4	 5:46	28°59.82 S	43°34.00 W	3919
577/33	12/4	20:13	29°31.07 S	42°42.23 W	4013
578/34	12/5	 2:10	29°48.06 S	42°12.05 W	4022
579/35	12/5	 7:17	30°01.83 S	41°49.35 W	3913
580/36	12/5	21:11	30°34.79 S	40°46.10 W	3727
581/37	12/6	 2:47	30°53.05 S	40°21.57 W	4033
582/38	12/6	 8:34	31°10.82 S	39°50.90 W	3796
586/39	12/7	 0:11	31°11.80 S	39°31.66 W	4354
587/40	12/7	 3:15	31°12.07 S	39°28.25 W	4166
588/41	12/7	 6:10	31°11.92 S	39°26.39 W	4561
589/42	12/7	 9:24	31°12.27 S	39°24.68 W	4601
594/43	12/8	 2:30	31°12.27 S	39°20.99 W	4567
596/44	12/8	17:03	31°11.86 S	39°16.34 W	4063
601/45	12/10	23:25	33°51.61 S	30°54.41 W	5147
603/46	12/11	23:51	34°18.18 S	28°29.96 W	4031
607/47	12/15	 0:38	34°36.33 S	27°02.96 W	4301
608/48	12/15	 6:14	34°29.97 S	27°18.27 W	4319
609/49	12/15	19:20	34°31.54 S	26°59.39 W	4326
612/50	12/16	20:59	31°37.84 S	28°47.37 W	3806
613/51	12/17	13:02	30°10.18 S	31°15.70 W	4067
615/52	12/18	13:45	27°23.42 S	34°13.60 W	4201
616/53	12/19	 0:33	26°53.20 S	34°47.53 W	4762

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.2	LIST OF XBT DROPS
Profile	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth
No.		1992	UTC				(m)
1	11/22	13:38	19°39.80 S	39°11.50 W
2	11/22	14:57	19°43.30 S	39°10.20 W	1227
3	11/22	14:32	19°49.10 S	39°08.40 W	1629
4	11/22	15:00	19°54.70 S	39°07.10 W	1654
5	11/22	15:29	20°01.00 S	39°05.50 W	1922
6	11/22	15:56	20°06.00 S	39°04.00 W	1922
7	11/22	16:28	20°12.20 S	39°02.40 W	1963
8	11/22	14:58	20°17.80 S	39°00.90 W	2129
9	11/22	17:28	20°23.70 S	38°59.30 W	2262
10	11/22	17:54	20°28.60 S	38°58.00 W	2300
11	11/22	18:25	20°34.60 S	38°56.40 W	2440
12	11/22	18:56	20°40.40 S	38°54.70 W	2476
13	11/22	19:34	20°47.30 S	38°54.00 W	2525
14	11/22	19:58	20°51.80 S	38°52.40 W	2481
15	11/22	20:27	20°57.10 S	38°51.20 W	2645
16	11/22	21:04	21°02.40 S	38°49.30 W	2581
17	11/22	21:28	21°07.80 S	38°47.50 W	2568
18	11/22	23:38	21°10.00 S	38°47.60 W
19	11/22	23:59	21°12.70 S	38°44.80 W
20	11/23	 0:29	21°16.80 S	38°40.70 W
21	11/23	 0:57	21°20.80 S	38°37.00 W
22	11/23	 1:24	21°24.70 S	38°33.50 W
23	11/23	 1:57	21°28.60 S	38°29.80 W
24	11/23	 2:27	21°33.40 S	38°25.50 W	3434
25	11/23	 3:05	21°38.70 S	38°20.70 W	3477
26	11/23	 3:31	21°42.30 S	38°17.40 W	3511
27	11/23	 3:58	21°45.90 S	38°14.20 W	3523
28	11/23	 4:26	21°50.30 S	38°10.30 W	3509
29	11/23	 4:56	21°54.40 S	38°06.50 W	3515
30	11/23	 5:29	21°58.80 S	38°02.30 W	3509
31	11/23	 5:59	22°02.80 S	37°58.70 W	3526
32	11/23	 6:29	22°07.40 S	37°54.40 W	3533
33	11/23	10:59	22°22.00 S	38°03.40 W	3439
34	11/23	12:59	22°38.80 S	38°19.50 W
35	11/23	15:00	22°55.70 S	38°35.90 W	3128
36	11/23	16:57	23°11.60 S	38°51.30 W	3229
37	11/23	18:57	23°27.70 S	39°06.50 W	3062
38	11/23	20:58	23°43.50 S	39°22.00 W	3358
39	11/23	22:59	23°58.60 S	39°36.60 W	3128
40	11/24	 1:06	24°14.50 S	39°51.90 W	3075
41	11/24	 3:37	24°35.80 S	40°12.80 W	3038
42	11/24	 4:55	24°46.10 S	40°22.70 W	2970
43	11/24	 6:57	25°02.00 S	40°38.30 W	3080
44	11/24	 8:58	25°17.60 S	40°53.50 W	2684
45	11/24	11:09	25°34.20 S	41°10.40 W	2596
46	11/24	12:57	25°47.80 S	41°23.20 W	2760
47	11/24	14:57	26°02.50 S	41°37.70 W	2689
48	11/24	16:58	26°17.50 S	41°52.60 W	2505
49	11/24	20:58	26°37.40 S	42°12.30 W	2542
50	11/24	22:56	26°53.10 S	42°27.80 W	2440
51	11/25	 0:56	27°08.90 S	42°43.60 W	2373
52	11/25	 2:58	27°25.70 S	42°59.80 W	2495
53	11/25	 4:55	27°42.80 S	43°16.10 W	2983
54	11/25	 6:57	27°58.70 S	43°33.30 W	3366
55	11/25	 8:57	28°15.80 S	43°50.50 W	3570
56	11/25	11:04	28°32.00 S	44°06.90 W	3660
57	11/25	12:58	28°42.40 S	44°17.40 W	3673
58	12/16	21:28	31°36.90 S	28°49.70 W	3698
59	12/16	21:57	31°34.20 S	28°54.40 W	3442
60	12/16	23:55	31°22.40 S	29°14.40 W	2811
61	12/17	 1:55	31°08.50 S	29°37.20 W	3046
62	12/17	 3:52	30°55.70 S	29°58.70 W	3286
63	12/17	 6:08	30°40.20 S	30°25.30 W	3838
64	12/17	 7:51	30°28.80 S	30°44.60 W	4042
65	12/17	 9:53	30°15.50 S	31°06.90 W	4065
66	12/17	13:23	30°10.10 S	31°15.50 W	4066
67	12/17	13:56	30°07.30 S	31°19.30 W	4065
68	12/17	15:50	29°53.40 S	31°36.10 W	4053
69	12/17	17:50	29°39.00 S	31°53.40 W	3720
70	12/17	19:48	29°24.70 S	32°10.40 W	3762
71	12/17	21:52	29°09.30 S	32°28.80 W	2409
72	12/17	23:52	28°55.20 S	32°45.70 W	2279
73	12/18	 1:51	28°40.80 S	33°02.90 W	4348
74	12/18	 3:52	28°26.20 S	33°20.10 W	4100
75	12/18	 5:49	28°12.40 S	33°34.50 W	4259
76	12/18	 8:04	27°52.10 S	33°50.90 W	4473
77	12/18	 9:55	27°36.00 S	34°03.70 W	4497
78	12/18	14:13	27°22.60 S	34°14.80 W	4254
79	12/18	14:53	27°18.10 S	34°19.90 W	4197
80	12/18	16:58	27°02.40 S	34°37.40 W	3873
81	12/19	 1:24	26°53.20 S	34°47.90 W	4776
82	12/19	 2:52	26°43.80 S	34°55.40 W	4639
83	12/19	 4:51	26°31.20 S	35°05.60 W	4438
84	12/19	 6:52	26°19.60 S	35°15.30 W	4342
85	12/19	 8:51	26°08.70 S	35°24.10 W	4226
86	12/19	11:00	25°58.50 S	35°32.20 W	4189
87	12/19	12:51	25°50.70 S	35°38.60 W	4167
88	12/19	14:50	25°46.20 S	35°59.70 W	4184
89	12/19	16:52	25°40.90 S	36°03.50 W	4183
90	12/19	18:50	25°35.20 S	36°18.60 W	4248
91	12/19	20:50	25°29.00 S	36°34.80 W	4232
92	12/20	 0:56	25°15.90 S	37°09.40 W	4151
93	12/20	 2:50	25°08.50 S	37°29.40 W	4113
94	12/20	 4:53	25°00.40 S	37°51.10 W	3968
95	12/20	 6:52	24°52.70 S	38°11.80 W	3867
96	12/20	 9:02	24°45.60 S	38°31.10 W	3785
97	12/20	10:59	24°38.50 S	38°50.20 W	3636
98	12/20	13:04	24°31.80 S	39°08.00 W	3475
99	12/20	15:49	24°24.90 S	39°26.70 W	3327
100	12/20	18:55	24°17.10 S	39°47.80 W	3090
101	12/20	21:13	24°10.90 S	40°03.90 W	3034
102	12/20	23:30	24°05.50 S	40°19.00 W	2955
103	12/21	 2:19	23°59.20 S	40°36.20 W	2755
104	12/21	 5:27	23°52.90 S	40°53.30 W	2228
105	12/21	 6:52	23°49.30 S	41°02.00 W	1860
106	12/21	 8:28	23°46.30 S	41°11.20 W	1355

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.3	MOORING ACTIVITIES

7.3.3.1	SOUND SOURCE MOORINGS
Sta.	Ext	Int	Date	Latitude	Longitude	Depth	Nr. of		Remarks
No.	No.	No.	1992					(m)	Instr.
556	K1	351	11/25	28°49.7 S	44°26.3 W	3705	SoSo 79		launched
									MAFOS 11	window
											1.30 UTC
											watch dog
											5509, CB
583	K2	350	12/6	31°07.5 S	39°54.1 W	3807	SoSo 49		launched
									MAFOS 12	window
											0.30 UTC
											watch dog
											5514, CB
603	K0	352	12/11	34°18.9 S	28°30.0 W	4054	SoSo 71		launched
											window
											1.30 UTC
											watch dog
											5510, CB
616	K3	349	12/18	26°52.0 S	34°47.2 W	4864	SoSo 68		launched
											3ACM window
											1.00 UTC
											watch dog
											5508,CB,fl

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.3.2	CURRENT METER MOORINGS
Sta.	Ext	Int	Date	  Latitude	Longitude	Depth	Nr. of		Remarks
No.	No.	No.						(m)	Instr.
*1	BW	333	1/1/91	  27°54.1 S	46°42.4 W	1179	1ADCP		watch dog
									4ACM		15171
558			11/27/92							100% recovered
*8	BM	334	1/2/91	  27°59.2 S	46°20.5 W	2187	5ACM
557			11/27/92							100% recovered
*12	BE	335	1/3/91	  28°16.2 W	45°13.8 W	3258	1ADCP		watch dog
									6ACM		15172
550			11/26/92							100% recovered
*16	DB1	906	1/4/91	  28°28.0 S	44°27.8 W	3633	5VACM		watch dog
									1Xponder	+CB ok
575			12/3/92								100% recovered
*20	DB2	907	1/5/91	  29°02.6 S	43°29.0 W	3953	5VACM		watch dog
									1Xponder	+CB ok
576			12/4/92								100% recovered
*24	DB3	908	1/6/91	  29°32.0 S	42°42.2 W	4017	2VACM		CB def.
									1XPonder
577			12/4/92								100% recovered
*28	DB4	909	1/7/91	  30°05.2 S	41°44.2 W	3798	5VACM		watch dog
									1Xponder	+CB ok
579			12/5/92								100% recovered
*32	DB5	910	1/8/91	  30°35.3 S	40°47.3 W	3720	2VACM		CB
									1XPonder
580			12/5/92								not recovered
*36	VW	336	1/9/91	  31°12.3 S	39°46.0 W	3965	5ACM		CB ok
584			12/6/92								100% recovered
*37	VM	337	1/9/91	  31°09.8 S	39°26.5 W	4637	3ACM		CB
											no response
590			12/7/92								lost
*40	VE	338	1/11/91	  31°08.4 S	39°26.0 W	4646	7ACM		CB
											dual release
585			12/6/92								100% recovered
*39	DB6	912	1/11/91	  31°05.1 S	39°09.1 W	4140	3VACM		CB
									1XPonder
591			12/7/92								100% recovered
*44	DBK	343	1/12/91	  31°09.3 S	38°49.6 W	3652	5ACM		CB ok
									1XPonder
592			12/7/92								100% recovered
*38	DBK'343'	1/10/91	  31°06.5 S	38°47.5 W	3599	1VACM		lost during
	911								1release	deployment
593			12/7/92								confirmed
602	H1	353	12/11/92  34°15.5 S	28°52.3 W	4112	6ACM		launched
				 					1MAFOS		10 CB
604	H2	354	12/12/92  34°25.5 S	27°51.6 W	4292	2ACM		launched
											CB
605	H3	355	12/12-		appr 1500 m SSW of		5ACM		launch interrupt.
			14/92
					(34°22.4 S 27°42.3 W)	(4436)			by unexpected
											storm, no CB,
											dual release
606	H4	356	12/14/92  34°30.8 S	27°19.2 W	4336	2ACM		launched
									200mThCh	CB
607	H5	357	12/14/92  34°35.1 S	27°03.4 W	4836	2ACM		launched
									200mThCh	CB, flash
609	H6	358	12/15/92  34°32.3 S	26°58.5 W	4303	ADCP		launched
									5ACM		watch dog
											5506, CB
											dual release
612	R	363	12/16/92  31°37.1 S	28°48.6 W	3719	2ACM		launched
								(-3750)			CB

* = M 15/1 (siehe: Siedler, G. und W. Zenk (1992): WOCE Südatlantik 1991,
Reise Nr. 15, 30. Dezember 1990 - 23. März 1991. METEOR-Berichte,
Universität Hamburg, 92-1, 126 S.)

Acronyms:
ADCP	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
ACM	Aanderaa current meter
CB	bouy radio transmitter (CB radio)
VACM	Vector averaging current meter
ThCh	Thermistor chain
Xponder	transponder

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.4	RAFOS FLOATS AND MAFOS ACTIVITIES

7.3.4.1	RAFOS FLOATS
Sta	Float	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth	ARGOS	Duration	Remarks
No.	IfM	1992	UTC					(m)	(DecNr)	(month)
540	63	11/20	13:07	13°56.91 S	36°16.44 W	4343	6AD7A	9		trop.
								(6837)				ocean
545	65	11/24	19:36	26°28.57 S	42°03.32 W	2587	6ADDC	9		BrasC
								(6839)
575	67	12/03	21:28	28°27.08 S	44°27.68 W	3627	6AE5B	9		DB1
								(6841)
577	66	12/04	20:28	29°30.87 S	42°42.14 W	4017	6AE08	3		DB3
								(6840)
580	68	12/05	21:25	30°34.92 S	40°42.14 W	3728	6AEAE	[12]		DB5
		12/11							(6842)	surfaced
595	70	12/08	13:51	 31°12.0 S	 39°21.0 W	4558	C54F1	6		Vema 1
								(12627)
595	71	12/08	13:55	 31°11.8 S	 39°21.1 W	4557	6AF17	9		Vema 2
								(6844)
597	72	12/09	6:20	 31°40.0 S	 37°45.2 W	4035	6AF44	3		RioG W
								(6845)
598	74	12/09	18:20	 32°13.9 S	 35°50.0 W	2667	6AFE2	12		RioG M
								(6847)
599	75	12/10	4:39	 32°46.0 S	 33°54.9 W	4000	6B00E	6		RioG E
								(6848)
600	77	12/10	14:11	 33°19.0 S	 31°59.9 W	4152	74966	9		RioG/Hunt
								(7461)
601	76	12/10	1:09	 33°51.0 S	 30°53.6 W	5152	6B05D	3		Deep VlyS
								(6849)
607	80	12/15	2:00	34°36.78 S	27°01.28 W	4249	74A14	12		Hunter
									(7464)
610	81	12/16	2:14	33°39.71 S	27°32.01 W	4080	74A47	6		Hunter N
								(7465)
611	82	12/16	9:30	32°30.22 S	28°17.30 W	4026	74AB2	9		Hunter-R
								(7466)
612	84	12/16	21:12	31°38.06 S	28°47.61 W	3828	74B0B	3		RioGrRise
								(7468)
613	86	12/17	13:18	30°10.55 S	31°15.02 W	4070	74BAD	12		DeepVlyN
								(7470)
614	87	12/18	5:11	28°17.80 S	33°30.10 W	3590	C5215	6		RioGrR N
								(12616)
615	88	12/18	14:03	27°22.93 S	34°14.35 W	4220	C5246	9		DeepBasE
								(12617)
616	89	12/18	1:09	 26°53.0 S	 34°47.4 W	4772	C52B3	3		Vema Ext
								(12618)
617	91	12/19	13:19	 25°49.8 S	 35°40.1 W	4169	C530A	12		DeepBasM
								(12620)
618	90	12/19	23:12	25°21.49 S	36°54.49 W	4191	C52E0	6		DeepBasW
									(12619)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.4.2	MAFOS MONITORS
Sta	No.	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Deployment	Mooring		Duration
No.	IfM	1992	UTC					Depth (m)			(days)
K1	M11	11/25	15:13	28°43.7 S	44°26.3 W	900		SoSo79		650
K2	M12	12/06	10:11	31°07.5 S	39°54.1 W	900		SoSo49		650
H1	M10	12/11	13:50	34°15.5 S	28°52.3 W	850		CM Mooring	650

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.5	DRIFTER ACTIVITIES M 22/3-4
Stat	Drifter	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Temp	Depth	Remarks
No.	(ARGOS)	1992	UTC					(°C)	(m)
575	15182	12/ 3	21:38	28°27.0 S	44°27.6 W	21.7	3636	close to DB1
577	15186	12/ 4	20:35	29°30.7 S	42°42.1 W	21.1	4017	close to DB3
580	15178	12/ 5	21:34	30°34.7 S	40°45.8 W	20.9	3706	close to DB5
585	15181	12/ 6	20:50	31°06.4 S	39°25.0 S	19.9	4638	1Vema Channel
595	11331	12/ 8	13:59	31°11.6 S	39°21.1 W	19.7	4568	2Vema Channel
597	11303	12/ 9	6:33	31°39.7 S	37°45.4 W	19.5	4036	Rio Gr R West
600	11326	12/10	14:18	33°18.9 S	31°59.9 W	18.5	4152	Rio Gr R/Hunt
601	11327	12/10	1:15	33°51.1 S	30°53.5 W	18.4	5146	Deep Valley
603	11319	12/11	0:19	34°17.5 W	28°30.2 W	19.0	4045	Hunter K0
604	11301	12/12	13:40	34°25.5 S	27°51.3 W	18.8	4300	Hunter H3
607	11333	12/15	2:00	34°36.8 S	27°01.2 W	17.7	4305	Hunter H5
609	11318	12/15	20:10	34°32.1 S	26°58.5 W	17.9	4310	Hunter H6
616	15184	12/18	1:14	26°52.0 S	34°47.5 W	22.9	4770	K3
617	15185	12/19	13:30	25°49.9 S	35°39.9 W	23.8	4167	DeepB M E
618	11316	12/19	23:17	25°21.5 S	36°54.5 W	24.3	4190	DeepB M W
619	12269	12/20	7:43	24°50.4 S	38°15.2 W	24.0	3873	DeepB W

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3.6	LIST OF XCP LAUNCHES
Sta.	XCP	XCP		Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth
No.	No.	S/N		1992	UTC					(m)
618	1	92061006	12/19	23:40	25°20.7 S	36°56.6 W	4202
619	2	92061013	12/20	7:44	24°50.3 S	38°18.5 W	3866
-	3	92071017	12/20	11:25	24°37.7 S	38°52.5 W	3629
-	4	92071018	12/20	15:45	24°24.9 S	39°20.0 W	3400
-	5	92041007	12/20	21:30	24°10.0 S	40°02.0 W	3033
-	6	92061008	12/20	23:10	24°05.4 S	40°18.9 W	2966
-	7	92061017	12/21	2:14	23°59.0 S	40°36.0 W	2793
-	8	92061015	12/21	5:12	23°52.8 S	40°53.0 W	2232
-	9	92061014	12/21	8:18	23°46.1 S	41°11.0 W	1468

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4	LEG M 22/ 5

7.4.1	LIST OF CTD STATIONS
Station	Date	Start	End	Latitude	Logitude	Depth	NS	F	He	O2	Nut	CO2	Alk	Tr	S	C14	pH
No.	1992/							(m)
	1993	   UTC
620	12/28	14:10	16:13	25°39.0 S	42°10.5 W	2299	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
621		19:04	23:07	25°58.9 S	42°35.5 W	2420		X	X	X	X				X
622	12/30	 6:14	 7:48	27°43.5 S	47°23.0 W	 179	X			X	X	X			X
623		 8:55	10:02	27°46.2 S	47°12.2 W	 327	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
624		11:13	12:20	27°45.6 S	47°13.0 W	 535	X			X	X	X			X
625		13:32	16:20	27°51.6 S	46°50.7 W	 758	X	X	X	X	X	X			X
626		17:20	20:36	27°54.5 S	46°40.0 W	1257	X			X	X				X
627		21:40	 0:08	27°57.1 S	46°29.1 W	1699	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
628	12/31	 1:47	 5:10	27°59.9 S	46°18.4 W	2226	X			X	X	X			X
629		 6:08	10:00	28°02.6 S	46°07.6 W	2422	X	X		X	X	X			X
630		10:57	15:10	28°05.4 S	45°56.7 W	2603	X			X	X				X
631		16:30	20:27	28°09.4 S	45°40.6 W	2793	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
632		21:53	 0:02	28°13.6 S	45°24.5 W	2970		X		X	X				X
001	1/01	 6:00	 8:44	28°24.7 S	44°48.1 W	3482	X	X		X	X	X			X
002		12:15	15:00	28°37.0 S	44°13.0 W	3699	X			X	X	X			X
003		18:46	22:42	28°50.0 S	43°35.0 W	3892	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
004	1/02	 2:35	 6:00	29°01.8 S	42°55.9 W	4003	X			X	X				X
005		 9:30	13:30	29°13.2 S	42°21.7 W	4002	X	X		X	X	X			X
006		16:50	20:05	29°24.9 S	41°46.0 W	3925	X			X	X	X			X
007		23:30	 3:15	29°36.4 S	41°11.0 W	3902	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
008	1/03	 6:48	10:28	29°47.9 S	40°36.4 W	3779	X	X	X	X	X				X
009		13:38	15:55	29°59.5 S	40°01.5 W	3193	X	X		X	X	X			X
010		18:50	22:27	30°00.1 S	39°31.8 W	3962		X	X	X	X			X	X
011	1/4	 0:00	 4:25	30°00.2 S	39°21.0 W	4896	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
012		 6:54	11:02	30°00.0 S	38°55.0 W	4275		X		X	X				X
013		13:00	16:25	30°00.0 S	38°31.3 W	4227	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
014		19:03	22:22	30°00.1 S	38°00.2 W	3850		X	X	X	X				X
015	1/5	 0:55	 3:20	30°00.0 S	37°31.4 W	3348	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
016		 5:10	 7:14	30°00.0 S	37°10.1 W	2341				X	X				X
017		 8:53	10:53	29°59.9 S	36°51.4 W	1698	X	X		X	X	X			X
018		12:30	13:55	30°00.1 S	36°29.8 W	1788				X	X				X
019		15:30	16:25	30°00.0 S	36°11.5 W	 788	X			X	X				X
020		18:00	21:52	30°00.1 S	35°58.5 W	2400		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
021		22:31	 0:45	30°00.0 S	35°31.0 W	2514	X			X	X				X
022	1/6	 2:25	 4:15	30°00.0 S	35°10.0 W	2153				X	X				X
023		 5:45	 8:04	30°00.0 S	34°51.6 W	1655	X			X	X				X
024		 9:50	11:17	30°00.0 S	34°30.0 W	1432		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
025		13:40	15:35	30°00.0 S	34°01.5 W	1960	X			X	X				X
026		18:20	20:45	29°59.9 S	33°30.0 W	3158		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
027		23:23	 2:30	29°59.9 S	33°01.5 W	3517	X			X	X				X
028	1/7	 5:30	 9:00	30°00.0 S	32°30.0 W	3750		X		X	X	X	X		X
029		11:38	14:50	29°59.9 S	32°01.5 W	3823	X			X	X				X
030		17:37	20:53	30°00.0 S	31°30.1 W	3867		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
031		23:15	 2:30	30°00.0 S	31°01.2 W	4073	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X
032	1/8	 5:14	 8:23	30°00.0 S	30°30.0 W	3943		X		X	X	X	X		X
033		10:56	14:10	30°00.0 S	30°00.9 W	3320	X			X	X				X
034		17:20	19:14	30°00.0 S	29°30.0 W	2260		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
035	1/9	 4:45	 7:23	29°59.3 S	29°02.0 W	3199	X			X	X				X
036		10:12	13:10	29°59.8 S	28°25.1 W	3770		X	X	X	X	X	X		X
037		17:20	21:25	29°59.9 S	27°35.7 W	4882	X	X		X	X				X
038	1/10	 1:40	 5:12	30°00.0 S	26°43.0 W	5317		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
039		 9:22	13:00	29°59.9 S	25°53.3 W	4402	X			X	X				X
040		17:00	23:29	30°00.0 S	25°01.0 W	5525		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
041	1/11	 3:40	 7:26	30°00.0 S	24°11.7 W	5038	X			X	X				X
042		11:44	14:45	30°00.0 S	23°18.9 W	4612		X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X
043		18:54	22:48	29°59.9 S	22°30.6 W	4586	X			X	X				X
044	1/12	 3:15	 6:43	30°00.0 S	21°37.0 W	4845		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
045		11:11	14:52	30°00.0 S	20°47.6 W	4897	X			X	X				X
046		19:08	22:40	29°59.9 S	19°55.0 W	4803		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
047	1/13	 2:40	 8:20	29°59.7 S	19°05.5 W	4105	X	X		X	X				X
048		11:42	15:00	30°00.1 S	18°22.9 W	4182		X		X	X	X	X		X
049	1/14	 4:00	 7:33	30°00.0 S	17°43.6 W	3996	X			X	X				X
050		10:52	13:25	30°00.0 S	17°01.0 W	3672		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
051		16:32	19:55	30°00.0 S	16°21.7 W	3519	X			X	X				X
052		23:13	 1:12	30°00.1 S	15°40.0 W	3280		X	X	X	X	X	X		X
053	1/15	 4:31	 8:15	30°00.0 S	15°01.6 W	3821	X			X	X				X
054		11:48	13:55	30°00.0 S	14°19.9 W	2883		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
055		17:12	19:23	30°00.2 S	13°42.1 W	2291	X			X	X				X
056		22:40	 0:50	30°00.0 S	12°59.6 W	3101		X		X	X	X	X		X
057	1/16	 4:12	 7:27	30°00.0 S	12°21.9 W	3266	X	X		X	X				X
058		11:07	12:55	30°00.0 S	11°40.5 W	3479		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
059		16:53	20:07	30°00.0 S	11°01.8 W	3550	X	X		X	X				X
060		23:18	 1:55	30°00.0 S	10°19.8 W	3784		X		X	X	X	X		X
061	1/17	 5:05	 8:25	30°00.0 S	09°42.0 W	3935	X	X		X	X				X
062		11:42	14:25	30°00.0 S	08°59.9 W	3970		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
063		18:13	21:37	30°00.0 S	08°11.9 W	3940	X	X		X	X				X
064	1/18	 1:30	 5:00	30°00.0 S	07°20.0 W	4167		X	X	X	X		X		X
065		 8:48	14:50	30°00.0 S	06°31.5 W	4279	X	X	X	X	X				X
066		19:01	22:16	30°00.0 S	05°40.0 W	4386		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
067	1/19	 2:00	 5:48	30°00.0 S	04°51.7 W	4277	X	X	X	X	X				X
068		 9:54	12:30	29°59.8 S	04°00.0 W	3986		X	X	X	X	X	X		X
069		16:32	20:25	30°00.0 S	03°12.0 W	4440	X		X	X	X			X	X
070	1/20	00:15	03:50	30°00.0 S	02°21.7 W	4403	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X
071		07:51	11:40	30°00.0 S	01°31.5 W	4481	X	X	X	X	X			X	X
072		16:05	19:36	30°00.9 S	00°43.9 W	4852		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
073		23:00	 2:15	30°00.0 S	00°02.0 W	4130	X	X	X	X	X				X
074	1/21	 5:25	 7:41	29°51.9 S	00°34.0 E	3319		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
075		10:28	13:25	29°44.3 S	01°06.4 E	3686	X	X		X	X				X
076		16:30	19:13	29°36.1 S	01°42.0 E	3650		X	X	X	X	X		X	X
077		21:55	 0:00	29°28.3 S	02°14.8 E	2727	X			X	X				X
078	1/22	 3:16	 6:42	29°20.0 S	02°50.0 E	4252		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
079		 9:03	12:40	29°28.1 S	03°16.7 E	4707	X	X		X	X				X
080		15:16	18:55	29°36.7 S	03°46.7 E	4926		X	X	X	X			X	X
081	1/23	 7:00	10:33	29°44.4 S	04°13.1 E	4952	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
082		15:04	19:00	29°45.0 S	05°06.0 E	5134		X		X	X				X
083		23:00	 3:18	29°45.0 S	05°54.0 E	5133	X	X		X	X	X			X		X
084	1/24	 8:01	11:30	29°45.2 S	06°46.8 E	5185		X		X	X				X
085		15:38	19:53	29°45.0 S	07°35.2 E	5178	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
086	1/25	 0:45	 4:26	29°45.0 S	08°28.0 E	5059		X		X	X				X		X
087		10:00	13:55	29°44.7 S	09°16.6 E	5023	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
088		19:12	 0:10	29°44.9 S	10°08.7 E	4884	X	X	X	X	X				X		X
089	1/26	 4:48	 8:29	29°45.0 S	10°56.8 E	4293	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
090		13:00	18:06	29°45.0 S	11°47.3 E	4011	X	X		X	X				X		X
091		19:55	 0:20	29°37.8 S	12°08.6 E	3840	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
092	1/27	 2:13	 7:34	29°30.6 S	12°26.3 E	3677	X			X	X				X
093		 9:12	13:23	29°23.2 S	12°46.0 E	3398	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
094		15:07	18:58	29°15.7 S	13°04.2 E	3135	X			X	X				X		X
095		20:36	23:55	29°08.1 S	13°23.5 E	2711	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
096	1/28	 1:40	03:56	29°00.7 S	13°42.1 E	2223	X			X	X				X
097		 5:57	07:32	28°53.3 S	14°01.2 E	1607	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
098		 9:34	10:25	28°45.6 S	14°20.4 E	 531	X			X	X				X		X
099		12:05	12:55	28°38.1 S	14°39.5 E	 160	X			X	X	X			X
100		14:27	15:20	28°30.7 S	14°58.2 E	 177	X

NS :	Neustron net
F :	Freon
He :	Helium
O2 :	Oxygen
Nut:	Nutreon
CO2 :	CO 2
Alk:	Alkalinity
Tr :	Tritium
S :	Salinity
C14:	C14
pH :	pH

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4.2	LIST OF XBT DROPS
Profile	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth
No.	1992	UTC					 (m)
107	12/28	 1:05	23°38.1 S	42°50.5 W	 122m
108	12/28	 1:30	23°42.5 S	42°48.4 W	 144m
109	12/28	 2:00	23°47.2 S	42°46.2 W	 210m
110	12/28	 2:30	23°52.6 S	42°43.9 W	 756m
111	12/28	 3:00	23°57.2 S	42°41.9 W	 825m
112	12/28	 3:30	24°01.9 S	42°39.7 W	 902m
113	12/28	 4:00	24°07.0 S	42°37.5 W	 937m
114	12/28	 4:30	24°11.4 S	42°35.6 W	 854m
115	12/28	 5:00	24°15.9 S	42°33.5 W	 910m
116	12/28	 5:30	24°20.5 S	42°31.4 W	 915m
117	12/28	 6:00	24°25.2 S	42°29.3 W	1592m
118	12/28	 6:30	24°20.0 S	42°27.2 W	1674m
119	12/28	 7:00	24°34.5 S	42°25.2 W	1973m
120	12/28	 7:30	24°39.2 S	42°23.0 W	2019m
121	12/28	 8:00	24°43.7 S	42°21.1 W	2094m
122	12/28	 8:30	24°48.5 S	42°18.9 W	2135m
123	12/28	 9:00	24°53.4 S	42°16.9 W	2328m
124	12/28	 9:30	24°58.0 S	42°14.6 W	2216m
125	12/28	10:00	25°02.9 S	42°12.6 W	2235m
126	12/28	10:30	25°07.6 S	42°10.4 W	2168m
127	12/28	11:00	25°12.4 S	42°08.0 W	2187m
128	12/28	11:30	25°17.2 S	42°05.7 W	2237m
129	12/28	12:00	25°22.2 S	42°03.5 W	2293m
130	12/28	12:30	25°26.4 S	42°01.6 W	2593m
131	12/28	13:00	25°31.5 S	42°01.6 W	2328m
132	12/28	13:30	25°35.1 S	42°05.8 W	2333m
133	12/28	14:00	25°38.8 S	42°10.2 W	2284m
134	12/29	17:30	28°15.9 S	45°15.3 W	3135m
135	12/29	18:00	28°14.5 S	45°20.6 W	3083m
136	12/29	18:30	28°13.0 S	45°26.6 W	2945m
137	12/29	19:00	28°11.6 S	45°31.7 W	2859m
138	12/29	19:30	28°10.3 S	45°37.5 W	2824m
139	12/29	20:00	28°08.8 S	45°42.8 W	2778m
140	12/29	20:30	28°07.3 S	45°48.8 W	2727m
141	12/29	21:00	28°06.1 S	45°53.9 W	2649m
142	12/29	21:30	28°04.6 S	45°59.8 W	2556m
143	12/29	22:00	28°03.2 S	46°05.8 W	2456m
144	12/29	22:30	28°01.7 S	46°11.5 W	2364m
145	12/29	23:00	28°00.3 S	46°17.2 W	2267m
146	12/29	23:30	27°58.9 S	46°23.0 W	2053m
147	12/29	24:00	27°57.4 S	46°28.9 W	1715m
148	12/30	 0:30	27°56.1 S	46°34.3 W	1457m
149	12/30	 1:00	27°54.5 S	46°40.4 W	1239m
150	12/30	 1:30	27°53.1 S	46°46.3 W	 986m
151	12/30	 2:00	27°51.7 S	46°51.7 W	 721m
152	12/30	 2:30	27°50.1 S	46°57.9 W	 595m
153	12/30	 3:00	47°03.6 S	47°03.6 W	 513m
154	12/30	 3:30	27°47.3 S	47°09.1 W	 400m
155	12/30	 4:00	27°45.8 S	47°14.8 W	 271m
156	12/30	 4:30	27°44.4 S	47°20.3 W	 200m
157	12/30	 5:00	27°42.9 S	47°26.3 W	 157m
159	12/30	 5:30	27°41.6 S	47°29.9 W	 146m
159	 1/09	15:23	30°00.0 S	28°00.0 W	4529m
160	 1/09	23:33	30°00.0 S	27°09.2 W	4727m
39	 1/10	 7:25	29°59.9 S	26°10.1 W	  -
162	 1/10	15:00	30°00.0 S	25°27.0 W	4555m
163	 1/11	 1:41	30°00.0 S	24°36.0 W	4775m
164	 1/11	 9:35	30°00.0 S	23°44.9 W	4746m
165	 1/11	17:07	29°59.8 S	22°53.2 W	  -
166	 1/12	 1:00	30°00.0 S	22°03.0 W	4646m
167	 1/12	 9:05	30°00.2 S	21°11.9 W	4789m
168	 1/12	17:00	30°00.0 S	20°21.0 W	  -
169	 1/13	 0:45	30°00.0 S	19°30.0 W	4538m
170	 1/13	 9:54	30°00.0 S	18°44.2 W	3800m
171	 1/13	20:36	30°00.0 S	18°01.3 W	4206m
172	 1/14	 9:12	30°00.0 S	17°20.8 W	3973m
173	 1/14	15:05	30°00.0 S	16°40.0 W	3466m
174	 1/14	21:34	30°00.0 S	16°00.0 W	3828m
175	 1/15	 3:00	30°00.0 S	15°20.0 W	3142m
176	 1/15	10:05	30°00.0 S	14°39.8 W	3426m
177	 1/15	15:45	30°00.0 S	14°00.0 W	2480m
178	 1/15	20:59	30°00.0 S	13°19.8 W	2843m
179	 1/16	 2:45	30°00.0 S	12°40.0 W	3152m
180	 1/16	 9:24	30°00.0 S	11°59.9 W	3552m
181	 1/16	15:30	30°00.0 S	11°20.0 W	3452m
182	 1/16	21:37	30°00.0 S	10°39.9 W	3741m
183	 1/17	 3:40	30°00.0 S	10°00.0 W	3830m
184	 1/17	10:00	30°00.0 S	09°19.8 W	3850m
185	 1/17	16:30	30°00.0 S	08°34.1 W	4002m
186	 1/17	23:33	30°00.0 S	07°43.6 W	4069m
187	 1/18	 6:58	30°00.0 S	06°55.0 W	  -
188	 1/18	17:05	30°00.0 S	06°05.0 W	4384m
189	 1/19	 0:15	30°00.0 S	05°15.0 W	4541m
190	 1/19	 7:47	30°00.0 S	04°24.9 W	4382m
191	 1/19	14:40	30°00.0 S	03°35.0 W	4310m
192	 1/19	22:28	30°00.1 S	02°44.5 W	4560m
193	 1/20	 4:52	29°59.6 S	02°06.0 W	4439m
194	 1/20	 5:52	30°00.0 S	01°54.0 W	4665m
195	 1/20	 6:50	30°00.0 S	01°43.4 W	4755m
196	 1/20	13:40	30°00.0 S	01°05.0 W	4602m
197	 1/20	21:30	30°00.6 S	00°19.8 W	4407m
198	 1/21	 3:49	29°56.0 S	00°17.0 E	3323m
199	 1/21	09:08	29°47.9 W	00°51.0 E	3266m
200	 1/21	14:55	29°40.0 S	01°25.0 E	3743m
201	 1/21	20:38	29°32.0 S	01°59.3 E	2306m
202	 1/22	 1:45	29°24.0 S	02°33.0 E	1962m
203	 1/23	12:53	29°45.0 S	04°41.0 E	4891m
204	 1/23	21:07	29°45.0 S	05°32.3 E	5113m
205	 1/24	 5:43	29°45.0 S	06°22.0 E	5187m
206	 1/24	13:50	29°45.0 S	07°13.0 E	5182m
208	 1/24	22:14	29°45.0 S	08°03.3 E	5131m
209	 1/25	 7:24	29°45.0 S	08°54.2 E	5044m
210	 1/25	16:32	29°45.0 S	09°44.0 E	4942m
211	 1/26	 2:20	29°45.0 S	10°34.0 E	4580m
212	 1/26	 2:25	29°45.0 S	10°34.8 E
213	 1/26	10:54	29°45.0 S	11°24.5 E	4129m
214	 1/26	18:21	29°45.0 S	11°53.0 S	3981m
215	 1/26	18:34	29°44.1 S	11°54.3 E	3983m
216	 1/26	19:01	29°41.2 S	11°59.8 E	3914m
217	 1/27	 0:50	29°36.3 S	12°12.3 E	3811m
218	 1/27	 1:00	29°36.7 S	12°13.1 E	3800m
219	 1/27	 1:30	29°33.8 S	12°18.5 E	3749m
220	 1/27	 7:49	29°28.8 S	12°30.6 E	3691m
221	 1/27	 7:56	29°28.4 S	12°31.5 E	3724m
222	 1/27	 8:28	29°26.3 S	12°37.7 E	3536m
223	 1/27	13:48	29°21.2 S	12°50.1 E	3330m
224	 1/27	14:00	29°20.7 S	12°51.0 E	3320m
225	 1/27	14:25	29°18.8 S	12°56.5 E	3230m
226	 1/27	19:12	29°13.2 S	13°08.2 E	3080m
227	 1/27	19:22	29°12.8 S	13°09.2 E	3052m
228	 1/27	19:55	29°11.3 S	13°15.7 E	2711m
229	  1/8	 0:15	29°06.8 S	13°27.0 E	2629m
230	  1/8	 0:25	29°06.3 S	13°28.0 E	2607m
231	  1/8	 1:00	29°03.8 S	13°34.5 E	2390m
232	  1/8	 4:15	29°00.1 S	13°44.0 E	2154m
233	  1/8	 4:24	28°59.6 S	13°44.9 E	2128m
234	  1/8	 5:12	28°56.2 S	13°53.7 E	1929m
235	  1/8	 7:45	28°53.0 S	14°03.3 E	1402m
236	  1/8	 7:50	28°52.9 S	14°03.6 E	1400m
237	  1/8	 8:42	28°48.8 S	14°12.7 E	1410m
238	  1/8	11:22	28°41.3 S	14°31.5 E	 185m

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4.3	LIST OF XCP LAUNCHES
Station	XCP	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth
No.	No.	1993	UTC					(m)
625	10	12/30	16:10	27°51.0 S	46°50.0 W	 772
626	11	12/30	20:30	27°54.7 S	46°38.6 W	1306
627	12	12/31	 0:35	27°56.9 S	46°27.4 W	1789
629	13	12/31	 9:56	28°01.7 S	46°05.9 W	2430
630	14	12/31	15:05	28°05.3 S	45°52.2 W	2650
631	15	12/31	20:19	28°08.1 S	45°37.2 W	2807
090	16	 1/26	18:11	29°45.1 S	11°52.5 E	3982
091	17	 1/27	 0:35	29°37.1 S	12°12.3 E	3811
092	18	 1/27	 7:37	29°29.1 S	12°29.7 E	3659
093	19	 1/27	13:30	29°21.6 S	12°50.3 E	3331
094	20	 1/27	19:01	29°13.5 S	13°07.7 E	3091
095	21	 1/28	 0:00	29°07.4 S	13°26.9 E	2639
096	22	 1/28	 4:02	29°00.3 S	13°44.2 E	2150
097	23	 1/28	 7:36	28°53.1 S	14°02.9 E	1435

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4.4	RAFOS FLOATS
Station	Float	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth	ARGOSDuration	Remarks
No.	IfM	1993	UTC					(m)	(DecNr) (month)
12	93	1/04	11:02	30°01.10 S	38°54.70 W	4269	C53FF    [12]
									(12623) surfaced

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4.5	DRIFTER ACTIVITIES
Station	Drifter	Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude	Depth
No.	(ARGOS)	1993	UTC					(m)
053	11347	1/15	 8:20	30°00.2 S	15°00.3 W	3835
057	11304	1/16	 7:33	29°59.3 S	12°20.8 W	3136
062	11311	1/17	14:30	30°02.3 S	08°59.1 W	3987
066	1583	1/18	22:20	30°00.2 S	05°38.9 W	4441
069	11317	1/19	20:30	30°00.8 S	03°09.7 W	4351
073	15155	1/21	 2:20	29°59.6 S	00°00.8 E	3902

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4.6	LIST OF LADCP PROFILES
Station	Date	Time	Wire-		Longitude	Latitude	Depth
No.	1992/	UTC	length						(m)
	1993		(m)
621	12/28	20:34	1200		25°59.4 S	42°35.0 W	2390
	12/29	17:22	ADCP section	28°16.0 S	45°13.8 W
			course 286, 11.0 kn
625	12/30	14:35	 550		27°51.7 S	46°51.0 W	 746
626	12/30	18:52	1038		27°54.3 S	46°40.7 W	1232
627	12/30	23:04	1200		27°56.7 S	46°29.1 W	1692
628	12/31	03:35	1200		27°59.1 S	46°18.5 W	2212
629	12/31	08:14	1300		28°02.1 S	46°07.8 W	2418
630	12/31	13:28	1200		28°05.2 S	45°55.4 W	2616
631	12/31	18:36	1300		28°08.6 S	45°39.9 W	2799
90	 1/26	16:53	1300		29°45.2 S	11°51.7 E	4000
91	 1/26	23:05	1313		29°37.6 S	12°11.7 E	3812
92	 1/27	06:22	1300		29°29.4 S	12°29.2 E	3648
93	 1/27	12:20	1300		29°22.1 S	12°49.7 E	3342
94	 1/27	17:48	1300		29°14.2 S	13°07.2 E	3103
95	 1/27	22:45	1300		29.07.5 S	13°26.0 E	2662

29.01. lADCP terminated due to technical problems

8 CONCLUDING REMARKS

The successful observations during METEOR cruise no. 22 could not have been
achieved without the excellent assistance of the captains Müller and Kull,
together with their crews. We also want to thank the members of the Leitstelle
METEOR and particularly Embassador Wallau and Dr. Matthes of the German
Embassy in Brasilia as well as General Consul Marquardt at the German
Consulate in Recife for their most valuable help. The work was funded by the
research contracts Si 111/39-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and
03F0050D of the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie.

9 REFERENCES

ANDRES, H.-G., H.-Ch. JOHN and C. ZELCK (1992): Biologische
   Ozeanographie und marine Taxonomie. In: SIEDLER, G. und W. ZENK:
   WOCE Südatlantik 1991, Reise Nr. 15,0B30. Dezember 1990 - 23. März
   1991. Meteor-Berichte, Univ. Hamburg 92-1, 74-85.
ASPER, V. L. (1987): Measuring the flux and sinking speed of marine snow
   aggregates. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1-17.
DHI (1971): Monatskarten für den südatlantischen Ozean. Nr. 2421. III Auflage,
   DHI, Hamburg.
HENTSCHEL, E. (1933): Allgemeine Biologie des südatlantischen Ozeans. I.
   Das Pelagial der obersten Wasserschicht. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped.
   "Meteor" 1925-1927, 11, 1-168.
HINZ, K., L. HASSE und F. SCHOTT (1991): SUBTROPISCHER &
   TROPISCHER ATLANTIK, Reise Nr. 14/1-3, Maritime Meteorologie und
   Physikalische Ozeanographie, 17. September - 30. Dezember 1990.
   METEOR-Berichte, Universität Hamburg, 91-3, 58 pp.
HONJO, S., K.W. DOHERTY, Y.C. AGRAWAL and V.L. ASPER (1984): Direct
   optical assessment of large amorphous aggregates (marine snow) in the
   deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 67-76.
HULLEY, P.A. (1981): Results of the research cruises of FRV "Walter Herwig" to
   South America. LVIII. Family Myctophidae (Osteichthyes,
   Myctophiformes). Arch. Fisch. Wiss. 31 (Beih. 1), 1-303.
LAMPITT, R.S. (1985): Evidence for seasonal deposition of detritus to the deep
   sea floor and its subsequent resuspension. Deep-Sea Res., 32, 885-897.
PARIN, N.V. (1970): Ichthyofauna of the epipelagic zone. Israel Program for
   Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1-205.
REID, J.L., (1989): On the total geostrophic circulation of the South Atlantik
   Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers, and transports. Progr. Oceanogr., 23, 149-
   244.
SIEDLER, G. und W. ZENK, (1992): WOCE Südatlantik 1991, Reise Nr. 15, 30.
   Dezember 1990 - 23. März 1991. METEOR-Berichte, Universität
   Hamburg, 92-1, 126 pp. (engl. translation available at IfMK).
SPEER, K. and W. ZENK (1993): On the flow of Antarctic Bottom Water across
   the Rio Grande Rise and beyond. Journ. Physical Oceanogr. (in press).
SPEER, K., W. ZENK, G. SIEDLER, J. PÄETZOLD and C. HEIDLAND, (1992):
   First resolution of flow through the Hunter Channel in the South Atlantic.
   Earth a. Planet. Sc. Letters, 113, 287-292.
World Meteorological Organization (1988): World Ocean Circulation Experiment
   Implementation
   Plan, Vol. 1, WRCP-11 , WMO/TD No. 242
WÜST, G., (1935): Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen Ozeans. Die
   Stratosphäre. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen
   Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiff
   "Meteor" 1925 - 1927, 6. Lieferung 1. Teil, 2, 1-288.
   (The stratosphere of the Atlantic Ocean, W.J. EMERY (Editor) 1978,
   Amerind, New Delhi, 1-112).
ZEMBA, J.C. (1991): The structure and transport of the Brazil Current between
   27°and 36°South. Ph.D. Thesis MIT & WHOI, Cambridge and Woods
   Hole, 160 pp.
ZENK, W., K. SPEER and N. HOGG (1993): Bathymetry at the Vema Sill. Deep
   Sea Res., 40 (9), 1925-1933.

10  FIGURES (*all figures shown in PDF file)

Fig. 1a:  Track and working areas of METEOR cruise no. 22, legs 1 and 5

Fig. 1b:  Cruise track and oceanographic stations, leg 2

Fig. 1c:  Cruise track and working areas, legs 3 and 4

Fig. 1d:  Cruise track METEOR 22/2
	  CTD/IADCP and Pegasus stations, the positions of the moorings are 
	  included

Fig. 2:   Cruise track of METEOR cruise no. 22, leg 1

Fig. 3:   Cruise track M 22/2. XBT drops during M 22/2 

Fig. 4:   METEOR M 22/3 cruise track: XBTs (stars), CTD stations
	  (crosses), sound source mooring K1 (deployed) and current 
	  meter moorings BE, BM, BW (recovered).

Fig. 5a:  Track chart of METEOR cruise 22/4. This leg started in 
	  Santos on December 2, 1992 and was terminated in Rio de Janeiro on 
	  December 22, 1992. 

Fig. 5b:  Scientific party of METEOR cruise 22/4. For list of 
	  participants see Table 2.

Fig. 6:   Cruise track M 22/5. The depth contours represent the 2000 
	  and 4000 m isopleths.

Fig. 7:   Cruise track M 22/5 (western part) 

Fig. 8:   Stations along WHP section A10, 30°8 S 

Fig. 9a,b: Map of stations where moorings with sediment traps were 
	   deployed off NW-Africa and in the equatorial Atlantic.  The maps also 
	   contain moorings deployed at the same positions during previous cruises.

Fig. 10a-c: Volume (arbitrary units) of particles in individual cups of the three
	    sediment traps attached to mooring EA8 (recovered at 6°S in the Gulf
	    of Guinea).  The traps started sampling on December 15, 1991 and the
	    last cup stopped sampling at October 6, 1992.  For further details 
	    see chapter 7.1.2

Fig. 11:  Perspective view and size of the particle camera system: 1: 70 mm 
	  2 and 3: 150 W-strobes PHOTOSEA 1500s
	  4: Collimator, consisting of two 30 x 30 cm highly refractive fresnel 
	  lenses, mounted in a steel frame.  Distance between fresnel lenses and 
	  strobe lights is variable
	  5: Adjustable holder for a 0.5 mm nylon line used as size standard

Fig. 12:  Profiles of salinity, temperature, oxygen and light beam 
	  attenuation (LBA) at station 467-92, south of Cabo Verde Islands

Fig. 13:  Salinity distribution along 35šW between 5°01'S and 4°N from
	  November 2 to 7, 1992 for the upper 1000m of the ocean with a contour
	  interval of 0.1.

Fig. 14:  TS-curves (potential temperature) of all CTD profiles of the
	  35°W section for the temperature range 0°to 10°C.

Fig. 15:  Freon-11 distribution (pmol/kg) at the 44°W section.

Fig. 16:  lADCP: velocity pattern (u-component, cm/s) of the upper 1000 m
	  at 44°W. Transport calculations for the framed regions are included.
	  Numbers are in Sv, positive is directed east.

Fig. 17:  lADCP: velocity pattern (cm/s) at the 5°S section 
	  a) u-component
	  b) v-component

Fig. 18:  Temperature distribution from XBT data for the 35°W section for the
	  depth range of the thermocline between 75 and 150 m with an isotherm
	  spacing of 1°C.

Fig. 19:  Temperature distribution from XBT data between 6°40'N, 
	  44°W and 4°N, 35°W with an isotherm spacing of 1°C.

Fig. 20:  Pegasus section of the meridional currents at 5°S. Contour interval
	  is 5 cm/s. Northward contours are solid, southward dashed.  The stations
	  are indicated with the longer tick marks at the bottom of the plot.

Fig. 21:  Zonal current profiles at station S6 (approx.1000m water depth).
	  The solid lines are the Pegasus profile (down and up cast) on 8 Nov.
	  1992. The family of dotted curves are ship ADCP profiles during the 4
	  hours on station there. The dashed curves are the corresponding Pegasus
	  profile from 24 Oct. During the 4 hours on station, the profile is
	  remarkably constant. 2 weeks earlier, many of the features are the same,
	  but the direction of jets had changed.

Fig. 22:  VM-ADCP: Velocities along the cruise track for different depth layers.

Fig. 23:  VM-ADCP: Velocity sections
	  a)along 35°W, u-component
	  b)along 35°W, v-component
	  c)along 44°W, u-component
	  d)along 44°W, v-component

Fig. 24:  DVS: ship's drift along cruise track

Fig. 25:  DVS: winds along cruise track

Fig. 26a: Three sections of potential temperature and salinity across the
	  shelf break of the Santos Plateau. (For location see Figure 26b). The
	  upper 1000 m are shown.

Fig. 26b: Map showing the positions of CTD profiles of 3 sections normal to 
	  the shelf break of the Santos Plateau. (For location see Figure 26B). 
	  The upper 1000 m are shown.

Fig. 27:  Vertical profiles of potential temperature near the bottom at the
	  Vema Sill and the northward extention of the Vema Channel, called
	  Vema Canyon. The right curve is shifted by 0.6 K. Both stations were
	  occupied during M 22/4 in December 1992. For locations see Figure 5. 

Fig. 28:  Progressive vector diagrams from (a) the deepest mooring of the heat
	  flux array ACM3 (BE/335) All curves start at the origin, crosses 
	  indicate 50 day intervals, numbers depths in m.

Fig. 29:  Trajectories of selected RAFOS floats launched during M 22/4.
	  Numbers indicate IfM serial number, mean depth (m), and mission 
	  length (month). Diamonds indicate sound source positions K1, K2, K3, 
	  and K0 (from west to east).

Fig. 30:  Potential temperature along 30°S. 
	  Contour interval	4 - 25°C: 1°C
				0 - 4°C: 0,2°C

Fig. 31:  Salinity-34 along 30°S.
	  Contour interval: 0,05

Fig. 32:  Sigma-T along 30°S
	  Contour interval: 0,1

Fig. 33:  CO2 partial pressure in surface water and atmosphere along 30°S

Fig. 34:  Hydrographical and biological distribution pattern at the sea surface 
	  from Brazil to 40°W.
	  A) Temperature (lines) and salinity (dashes) 
	  B) Quantitative distribution of the total ichthyoplankton of the upper 
	     neuston net (log10(n+1)/1000 m2; bar shading indicates the light condition 
	     at sample time: white = day, black = night and hatched = dusk/dawn)
	  C)-E) Percentage of zoogeographical ichthyoplankton groups: C) = neritic;
	  D) = tropical, E) = subtropical taxa and subtropical convergence (see text 
	     for species) 
	  F) Quantitative distribution of Synopia (Gammaridae; log10(n+1)/1000 
	     m2) and their percentage of total Amphipods. 
	  G) Distribution pattern of Halobates micans (Gerridae, Insecta, 
	     log10(n+1)/1000 m2)

Fig. 35:  F-11 section on 30°S

-------------------------------------------------------

CFC; HELIUM - NEON ISOTOPE DATA DOCUMENTATION

CRUISE METEOR 22 WHP A10

The data was aquired by

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Roether
Tracer-Ozeanographie
FB1
Universitaet Bremen
PO.Box. 330 440
28334 Bremen
Tel.: 0421/218-3511 / 4221
Fax:  0421/218-7018
email: wroether@physik.uni-bremen.de

responsible for measurement and data processing of Helium and Neon data:

Christine Rueth
Tel: 0421/218-4317
email: crueth@pacific.physik.uni-bremen.de

responsible for measurement and data processing of CFC data:

Henning Rose
Tel: 0421/218-4562
email: hrose@physik.uni-bremen.de

General comments:

CFC data have been submitted earlier but had wrongly been indicated as being 
calibrated against SIO scale SIO93 while in reality they had been calibrated 
against SIO86.  This has been corrected in the present version of the data.

F113 measurements during this cruise were seriously contaminated through 
coelution in the chromatograms and had to be eliminated entirely.

CCL4 measurements in the earlier version had been raised by 17% to match 
samples of air concentrations.  This correction was based on the wrong SIO 
scale and has not been applied in the present version of the data set.  CCL4 
concentrations have been increased by 5% to account for the effect that CCL4 
is not entirely extracted from the water samples during the measurement 
process, as noted in the documentation for the data set submitted earlier.

In the beginning of the cruise CFC11 and CFC12 measurements suffered from 
contamination resulting in large and variable blanks.  Low concentrations in 
the Brasil Basin have to bee regarded with care.  A consistency check with 
other Woce sections further north was used to eliminate obviously bad data 
points in the Brasil basin.

The measurements of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and CCL4 have been assigned 
individual errors (CFC-11ER, CFC-12ER, CFC-113ER and CCL4ER).  The overall 
errors are as follows:

- CFC-11 <1% or 0.003 pmol/kg whichever is greater
- CFC-12 <1% or 0.003 pmol/kg whichever is greater
- CCL4 <2% or 0.011 pmol/kg whichever is greater

Quality flags for the CFC measurements are given according to WOCE standards.
- 2 acceptable measurement
- 3 questionable measurement
- 4 bad measurement
- 6 mean of replicate samples
- 9 sample not drawn

- CFC-11 position 1 of quality word
- CFC-12 position 2 of quality word
- CFC-113 position 3 of quality word
- CCL4 position 4 of quality word

Helium isotope and neon concentrations have remained unchanged in comparison 
to the data set submitted earlier.  In the data file we enclose storage time 
(see below).

Two different sets of samples were taken:

1.      Most samples were taken in the usual manner with pinched- off copper 
	tubes.  After the gas extraction in Bremen they were measured in the
	Laboratory with a special Helium - Neon Isotope Mass Spectrometer.
2.      Another set was sampled into glas-pipettes and extracted at sea. The
	glas ampulles with the extracted gas were then transported back to 
	Bremen for measurement.

All samples were calibrated using an air standard (regular air) in the Bremen 
laboratory.  An external standard does not exist.

Please note that the Copper tube samples are NOT corrected for tritium decay 
during storage time!  The storage time is given in the data file, so when the 
tritium data is available, the correction can be carried out.  Because of the 
very low tritium concentrations in the South Atlantic this will not have a 
large effect on most of the data.  In the upper water column we expect 
corrections in delta 3-He of not more than 0.5% (to be substracted).  Below 
1000m we do not expect any considerable changes.

Data quality:

Each sample has been assigned an individual error, but the overall errors are 
as follows.  The relative errors for the measured properties can be given as:

- Helium:  0.35 %
- Neon:    0.35 %
- He3/He4: 0.25 % applies to DelHe3

Quality flags for helium and neon both follow a slightly modified WOCE notation.

- 1 sample has been taken but could not be measured
- 2 good data value
- 3 obviously questionable data value
- 4 bad measurement
- 5 correction for air contamination in helium and neon measurements necessary
- 6 average value from replicate samples
- 7 slightly questionable measurement
- 8 sample identification uncertain
- 9 no sample drawn

Helium position 5 of quality word
Delhe3 position 6 of quality word
Neon position 7 of quality word


TROPICAL ATLANTIC CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS

PI:      Monika Rhein
         Institut für Meereskunde, 24105 Kiel, Germany
         now at Institut für Ostseeforschung, 18119 Rostock, Germany
         email: monika.rhein@io-warnemuende.de, mrhein@ifm.uni-kiel.de
CFC-Lab: Martina Elbrächter
         Institut für Meereskunde, 24105 Kiel, Germany
         email:melbraechter@ifm.uni-kiel.de
         Region:  Equatorial Atlantic, 10°S - 8°N,  44°W - 30°W
Date:    October, 23 - November, 15, 1992
Files:   meteor222.sum, meteor222.sea

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND TECHNIQUE

All samples were collected from 10 L Niskin bottles. The bottles had been 
cleaned prior to the cruise using isopropanol. All 'O' rings and valves as well as 
the nylon stopcocks (of the syringes) were removed and washed in isopropanol 
and baked in a vacuum oven for 24 hours. The rubber bands on all bottles were 
replaced by stainless steel springs. The personnel for all water sampling and 
handling procedures at the bottles wore one-way gloves to protect the valves 
from grease.

About 100 mL of water were taken from the water bottles with gastight glass 
syringes (Becton and Dickinson). Then 15-25 mL of the samples were 
transferred to a purge and trap unit and analyzed on board following the 
procedures described in Bullister and Weiss [1988]. The CFCs were separated 
on a packed stainless steel column filled with Porasil C and detected with an 
Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The carrier gas was ECD pure Nitrogen, which 
was additionally cleaned by molsieves (13X mesh 80/100). The calibration was 
done using a standard gas with near air concentrations to convert the ECD signal 
in concentrations. The CFC values are reported in pmol/kg-1 on the SIO93 scale 
(R. Weiss, SIO).


Figure 1: Accuracy of CFC-12 (o) and CFC-11 (*); replicate samples plotted vs 
          profile number.


PERFORMANCE

During cruise M22/2, the CFC components CFC-11 and CFC-12 had been 
sampled on 24 stations along the 44°W-, 35°W-, and 5°S- sections. In total, 1400 
analyses were performed, including more than 800 water samples.

The survey was dedicated to the circulation of the deep and bottom water 
masses. In order to get a sufficient vertical resolution in the deep water masses 
with the available bottle samples, thus measurements were restricted to the 
water column beneath 700 m depth. Accuracy was checked by replicate 
measurements and it was found to be 0.004 pmol/kg-1 for CFC-11. Blanks of the 
measurement system and the syringes are determined by degassing CFC-free 
water, produced by purging ECD clean Nitrogen permanently through 10 L sea 
water. The blanks were 0.003 pmol/kg-1 for CFC-11. Calibration curves with 4 
points are carried out before and after the water analysis of a station. It is 
assumed that the efficiency changes linearly in time between the two calibration 
curves. CFC concentrations are calculated by using the two neighbored 
calibration points, assuming, that the calibration curve is linear between these 
points. CFC measurements of the air inside the vessel and especially in the lab 
were carried out frequently in order to check for contamination. In general, the 
CFC concentrations in both places were only a few percent higher than in clean 
air. Clean air measurements were carried out occasionally by sampling air from 
the ship's compass bridge or forecastle.


Figure 2: Temporal evolution of the efficiency of the ECD (mVs/mg standard) for 
          the 0.25 mL sample volume.


PROBLEMS

On October 26, a short circuit destroyed the interface and the electric 
actuators of 4 valves. Two of them could be repaired, but not the interface, so 
that in the following the valves had to be switched manually.

The CFC-12 analysis was hindered by an unknown substance with similar retention 
time as CFC-12, thus making the availability of this data more sporadic.

COMMENTS

The CFC measurements in the tropical Atlantic made it possible to analyze the 
development of different water mass characteristics between 10°N to 10°S. 
Figure 3 shows all CFC-11 concentration measured during the cruise M22/2. At 
the bottom the concentrations are small caused by the CFC-poor Antarctic 
Bottom Water (AABW) [Rhein et al., 1998a]. The deepest part of the North 
Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) exhibits a distinct tracer maximum at about 3800 m 
depth (Figure 3). This maximum reflects the convective renewal of Denmark 
Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) [Rhein, 1994; Plähn and Rhein, 1998]. Above this 
maximum the water column is characterized by CFC-poor water, at about 2600 
m depth, the level of the Gibbs Fracture Zone Water (GFZW). The upper 
maximum was described and analyzed by Rhein et al. [1995] and Rhein et al. 
[1998b]. These high values indicate a separate water mass in the upper NADW. 
It presumably is formed in the southern Labrador Sea [Pickart, 1992] rather than 
being a modified form of the classical Labrador Sea Water (LSW).


Figure 3: All CFC-11 concentrations [pmol/kg-1] versus depth.


REFERENCES

Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss (1988). Determination of CCl3 F and CCl2 F2 in 
    seawater and air. Deep-Sea Res., 35, p. 839{853.
Pickart, R.S. (1992). Water mass components of the North Atlantic deep western 
    boundary current. Deep-Sea Res., 39, p. 1553{1572.
Plähn, O. and M. Rhein (1998). Measured and modeled CFC distribution of lower 
    North Atlantic Deep Water in the Guiana Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 
    p. 2831{2848.
Rhein, M. (1994). The Deep Western Boundary Current: Tracers and velocities. 
    Deep- Sea Res., 41, p. 263{281.
Rhein, M., O. Plähn, R. Bayer, L. Stramma, and M. Arnold (1998b). Temporary 
    evolution of the tracer signal in the Deep Western Boundary Current, 
    tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 103, p. 15869{15883.
Rhein, M., L. Stramma, and G. Krahmann (1998a). The spreading of Antarctic 
    Bottom Water in the tropical Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 45, p. 507{527.
Rhein, M., L. Stramma, and U. Send (1995). The Atlantic Deep Western Boundary 
    Current: Water masses and transports near the equator. J. Geophys. Res., 
    100, p. 2441{2457.

Figure 4: CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio versus depth; CFC-11 concentrations larger than 
          0.1 pmol/kg-1 are marked by circles. 



APPENDIX

THE STATION FILE 'METEOR222.SUM'    THE BOTTLE FILE 'METEOR222.SEA'
INCLUDES:                           INCLUDES:
  
1  station number                   1  station number
2  year                             2  bottle number
3  month                            3  depth (dbar)
4  day                              4  in-situ temperature (°C)
5  hour: minutes in decimal system  5  salinity (psu)
6  latitude: minutes in decimals    6  CFC-12 (pmol/kg-1)
7  longitude: minutes in decimals   7  CFC-11 (pmol/kg-1)
8  water depth                      8  WOCE quality flag for CFC-12
9  CTD depth: depth of CTD profile     and CFC-11


TECHNICAL INFORMATION
     
Gas chromatograph          Shimadzu GC 14
GC column                  stainless steel, packed with Porasil C
Cooling trap               with Porapak T and Porasil C
Trap temperatures          -30°C, 100°C
Column temperate           70°C, isotherm
ECD temperature            300°C
Electron capture detector  Shimadzu
Chromatogram analysis      Shimadzu Integrator C-R4A
Standard gas               R. Weiss, SIO
Accuracy                   CFC-11: 0.004 pmol/kg-1
Blanks                     CFC-11: 0.003 pmol/kg-1



DQE OF CTD & WATER SAMPLE SALINITY AND OXYGEN DATA OF WOCE SECTION A10
(ROBERT MILLARD, 8/18/2000)

The WOCE A10 section was collected in the south Atlantic on METEOR 
Cruise 22 leg 5 along latitude 30 S from South American to the Africa 
coast starting in late December 1992 through January 1993.  The station 
numbering is out of sequence begins with 620 through 632, shown in 
*figure 1, followed by stations numbers 1 through 100 collected along 30 
degrees South.  A chart of beginning station position, created from the 
summary file of A10, is displayed in the upper panel of *figure 1 with a 
plot of bottom depth versus station number in the lower panel of *figure 
1.  CTD stations 620 & 621 are labeled test stations in summary file.  A 
Bottle file data entry appears for station 620 together with CTD 
observations but not for 621.  No 2 dbar CTD cast was found for either 
station 620 or 621.  The first shallow station group, stations 17 
through 25, is on the Rio Grande Plateau while the next rise in 
topography centered on station 55 is associated with the Mid-Atlantic 
Ridge showing a minimum bottom depth of less than 3000 meters which 
blocks (except for flow through deep channels) most of the AABW from 
reaching the Angola Basin to the East.  The shallow feature around 
station 77 is the Walvis Ridge which separates the Angola Basin from the 
Namibia Abyssal Plain bounded to the East by the African coast.  The 
deep waters of each basin is examined separately because of distinct 
water mass characteristics.

A salinity versus potential temperature plot (*figure 2) shows all water 
sample file salinities (water sample and CTD up cast) along with the 2 
decibar down-profile CTD data from section A10.  The salinities are well 
matched to the bottle salinities to the resolution of the plot. There 
are several stations with fresh surface salinities with station 70 
particularly fresh with a surface salinity less than 30.0 psu.  Stations 
with fresh surface salts are examined later.  The deep water is 
separated into several basins as mentioned.  See the lower panel of 
*figure 1.  West of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge the deep waters connect 
directly to the Antarctic deep waters and presence's of Antarctic Bottom 
Water (AABW) with a potential temperature for one station less than 
0.0°C is seen in *figure 3.  *Figure 4 is a deep water potential 
Temperature versus salinity plot of stations 56 to 75 taken in the 
Angola Basin, East of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  The profiles show a lack 
of the cold AABW different water mass influence as the minimum Potential 
temperature is 1.8°C.  *Figure 5 shows the presence's of AABW in the 
salinity versus pot. temperature of stations 78 to 90, collected on the 
Namibia Abyssal Plain to the East of the Walvis Ridge.  The CTD 
salinities in the deep water are well matched to bottle salts in *figures 
3, 4, and 5 except for a few water sample salinities marked as good "2" 
in QUALT1 but flagged as questionable in QUALT2.  These and are 
identified on *figure 3 with the associated station numbers (stations 14, 
40 and 50).

CTD SALINITY

A comparison of the up-profile CTD and water sample salinity data in the 
water sample file (A10.hyd) is shown in *figure 6.  The up-cast CTD 
salinities are pretty well matched to the water sample salinities both 
overall (upper panel) and below 1000 dbars (center panel) exception for 
the few water sample salinities noted on *figure 3 (stations 14, 40 & 50) 
and deepest salinities of station 29.  Examining station 29's water 
sample data with neighboring stations indicates the salinity mismatch to 
be within the deep salinity variability with potential temperature of 
surrounding stations (i.e. the bottle salts fall on station 30 & 31 
theta/s) as indicated by the theta/s plot of stations 27 through 31 
shown in *figure 7.  The bottom panel of *figure 6 shows the salinity 
differences to be well behaved in the vertical.  *Figure 8 shows four 
histograms of salinity difference (CTD-WS) in various deep intervals.  
Below 1000 dbars the histograms show a constant standard deviation of 
salt difference of 0.003 psu and mean differences of less than 0.001 
psu.

The down-profile CTD salinity difference is plotted in *figures 9 a, b, & 
c using interpolation at the pressure of the up-profile water sample 
bottles.  Like the up cast CTD salinities, the down cast shows no 
systematic differences with station but a suggestion that the CTD 
salinity reads lower than the water sample salts at depths less than 
2500 dbars.  *Figure 10 are four histograms of interpolated down-profile 
CTD salinity minus bottle salt broken up into 1500 dbar pressure 
intervals below 1000 dbars.  Below 1000 dbars, this summary shows a 
scatter of from 0.004 (deep) to 0.006 (shallower) psu with mean 
differences that are within 0.001 psu below 3000 dbars but is -0.0028 
psu for pressure intervals between 1000 and 3000 dbars and -0.004 psu 
from 1000 dbars to the surface.  There seems to be mismatch between the 
down and up salinity of the CTD sensors (form either C, T or P) 
shallower than 3000 decibars with the salinity fresher than bottle 
salts.

There are a few stations with low surface salinities mentioned earlier.  
Using a surface salinity (0 to 2 decibar) edit criteria of ds/dp for the 
first interval less than the 5*ds/dp of the third interval and the 
|ds/dp| < 0.5 psu/dbar, the eight stations plotted in *figure 11 were 
flagged.  Three stations, 45, 70 and 88, have surface (2 dbars) salinity 
values less than 34.0 psu while the salt values at 4 dbars are between 
2.4 and 6.3 psu higher.

CTD OXYGEN

An oxygen versus potential temperature plot shown in *figure 12 has all 
of the good water sample file bottle oxygen data along with the 2 
decibar down-profile CTD data from section A10.  Note, there are no CTD 
oxygen data in the water sample file.  The down profile CTD oxygen is 
not as well matched to the bottle oxygen data and even in the coarse 
scale plotted the CTD oxygen appears to be greater than the bottle 
oxygen.  There is one station (91) which has an excessively high surface 
oxygen of over 408 micromoles/kg in the upper two pressure intervals.  
The deep oxygen was examined versus potential temperature for the three 
basins just as it was earlier for salinity.  All three deep water oxygen 
plots indicate that the CTD oxygen is greater than the water sample 
value by from 6 to 7 micromoles/kg.  Only the oxygen versus potential 
temperature plot for the Nambia Abyssal Plain is shown in *figure 13.

The down-profile CTD oxygen difference with water samples is plotted in 
*figures 14 a, b, & c using an interpolation at the pressure of the up-
profile water samples.  The down cast difference shows a clear offset 
between the CTD oxygen and bottle values in all three plots but 
particularly in the expanded scales of *figures 14b and c.  The mean 
difference for all stations and depths is 6.2 micromoles/kg and appears 
to effect all stations and depths more or less equally.  Suggestion that 
the CTD salinity reads lower than the water sample salts at depths less 
than 2500 dbars.  *Figure 15 shows four histograms of oxygen difference 
(CTD-WS) for various deep intervals.  The mean oxygen difference varies 
by 20 percent between the various pressure intervals represented by the 
histograms.

There are systematic oxygen differences effecting all CTD oxygen values.  
Subtracting a constant equal to roughly 6.2 Umoles/kg from all CTD 
oxygen values will bring the CTD oxygen into much closer agreement with 
water samples.  Station 91 CTD oxygen needs to be edited in the upper 2 
pressure bins.

STABILITY

The stability of the CTD data is checked by looking at the first 
differences of the potential density anomaly values of the 2 decibar 
data within a station.  Unstable density anomaly differences (i.e. 
denser above lighter) that exceed -0.0075 kg/dbar and a more stringent -
0.005 kg/dbar are plotted in *figure 15.  The table below indicating 
stations with observations failing the -0.0075 kg/dbar criteria with 
additional values failing -0.005 kg/dbars following.  A list of stations 
with density inversions repeats the data shown in *figure 15.

Station	Dsg/dp		Pres.	Salt		Dt/dp
					dsg/dp <  -0.0075 kg/dbar
630	-0.09324	100.0	36.5010		-0.03975
630	-0.01719	102.0	36.4202		-0.05025
630	-0.01823	112.0	36.3577		-0.02005
  5	-0.00774	  4.0	36.1915		 0.01000
 12	-0.01445	  4.0	36.2132		 0.02005
 15	-0.00767	  4.0	35.9952		 0.00885
 18	-0.00902	  4.0	36.1430		 0.01155
 21	-0.01399	  4.0	36.1247		 0.02365
 22	-0.00910	  4.0	36.2692		 0.01305
 25	-0.00945	 40.0	36.3711		-0.12160
 33	-0.00815	  8.0	35.8674		 0.03555
 34	-0.00787	 10.0	35.7769		 0.01460
 39	-0.01156	  4.0	35.6508		 0.01360
 48	-0.03903	 14.0	35.5885		 0.08415
 55	-0.02060	  4.0	35.8051		 0.06110
 56	-0.01228	  4.0	36.1198		 0.01490
 57	-0.01259	  4.0	36.0788		 0.01940
 61	-0.00979	  4.0	35.7220		 0.02285
 76	-0.02018	  6.0	35.9259		 0.07285
 79	-0.00753	 10.0	35.8027		 0.02425
 84	-0.01792	  4.0	35.6524		 0.00610
 90	-0.06800	  4.0	35.4913		 0.00350
 92	-0.01108	  4.0	35.6462		 0.01750
623	-0.00568	176.0	35.4899		-0.03745
630	-0.00547	114.0	36.3193		-0.03435
  5	-0.00631	378.0	35.7421		-0.02770
  8	-0.00590	  4.0	36.2180		 0.00705
 49	-0.00509	  4.0	35.7092		 0.00700
 55	-0.00556	634.0	34.5255		-0.02455
 81	-0.00520	222.0	35.3172		-0.03020
 82	-0.00709	  4.0	35.7995		 0.00955


WATER SAMPLE SALINITY CHECKS: 

Water sample salinity observations were found for only approximately 1/3 
of the total water sample observations.

The following edit criteria comparing CTD and water sample salinity 
found the following 15 questionable CTD or water sample salinity,  both 
flagged "3".  Notice that the deep water edit criteria (0.01) was not 
sensitive enough to identify questionable salinities of station 29.

  |ds| > 0.2 psu for pressure <=500 decibars;
  |ds| > 0.02 psu for pressure >500 and <= 1500 decibars;
  |ds| > 0.01 psu for pressure > 1500 decibars;

A list of bottle file observations with the QUALT2 salinity  quality 
flags differing from those of the PI QUALT1 are given in file = 
A10DQE.chg .

*Figure number with file names (____. jpg) and figure caption

1) *fig01_a10.jpg
Plot of annotated beginning station positions from summary file with 
coastline (upper) and plot of bottom depth (lower).

2) *fig02_a10.jpg
Overall plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature for all down 
profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water 
sample (+) and CTD (o).

3) *fig03_a10.jpg
Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature West of Mid-
Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 
"good bottle file water sample (+) and CTD (o).

4) *fig04_a10.jpg
Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature in Angola Basin 
(East of Mid-Atlantic Ridge) for all down profile 2-decibar CTD 
salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (+) and CTD (o).

5) *fig05_a10.jpg
Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature on Nambia 
Abyssal Plain for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 
"good bottle file water sample (+) and CTD (o).

6) *fig06_a10.jpg
3 Plot panels of up cast salinity differences Ds = (CTD-WS) psu versus 
station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) versus 
pressure.

7) *fig07_a10.jpg
3 Plot panels of downcast salinity differences Ds = (CTD-WS) psu versus 
station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) versus 
pressure.

8) *fig08_a10.jpg
4 histogram panels of up cast salinity differences Ds = (CTD-WS) psu for 
various pressure intervals as labeled.

9) *fig09_a10.jpg
4 histogram panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu for 
various pressure intervals as labeled. Note a much higher standard 
deviation in 2 shallowest histogram panels compared to up cast.

10) *fig10_a10.jpg
Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature for stations 27 
through 31 showing CTD station 29 (red) mismatch to water sample (o) 
data.

11) *fig11_a10.jpg
Plot of salinity versus pressure for upper 100 dbars of stations with 
questionable surface CTD salinity observations.

12) *fig12_a10.jpg
Overall plot of oxygen versus Potential temperature for down profile 2-
decibar CTD oxygen plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (+). Note 
there is no CTD oxygen data in water sample file.

13) *fig13_a10.jpg
Deep water plot of oxygen versus Potential temperature for Nambia 
Abyssal Plain below 2.5 degrees C for down profile 2-dbar CTD oxygen 
plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (+).

14) *fig14_a10.jpg
3 Plot panels of down cast oxygen differences Dox=(CTD-WS) in Umol/)  
(CTD down cast oxygen observations are interpolated at bottle pressures) 
versus station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) 
versus pressure.

15) *fig15_a10.jpg
4 histogram panels of down cast oxygen differences Dox=(CTD-WS) in 
Umol/kg for various pressure intervals as labeled. CTD down cast oxygen 
observations are interpolated at bottle pressures.

16) *fig16_a10.jpg
A plot of pressure versus station indicating unstable values of density  
change with pressure:
  a) x exceeding  -0.005  kg/M3/dbar 
  b) *  exceeding -0.0075 kg/M3/dbar

* All figures shown in PDF file.




DQE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS, WOCE A10 
(Joe C. Jennings, Jr. and Louis I. Gordon, 11/7/00)


OVERALL IMPRESSIONS:

The A10 section (METEOR Cruise 22, Leg 5) was a zonal transect of the South 
Atlantic at ca 30° South.  Stations 621 - 632 were occupied at the end of 
December 1992, with station numbering changing to 1 - 100 commencing in 
January 1993.  The direction of the Transect was West to East.

CTD oxygen was not reported and so could not be used in evaluating the bottle 
oxygen data.  NO3+ NO2 (N+N) was reported, but not a separate NO2 
determination.  For most of the water column, the conversion to NO3 by 
subtracting NO2 from N+N would be negligible, but near the bottom of the mixed 
layer, NO2 concentrations significantly different from zero could be expected.

As received from the WHPO (and data originator?), the Q1 quality bytes for N+N 
were all assigned as "9" which indicates that the parameter was not sampled.  
We have changed the Q1 quality words for all reported N+N values to "2".

The A10 section has a number of noisy oxygen samples, which could have been 
caused by an inexperienced sampler(s).  Overall, the nutrient data are quite 
good, with few problems.

There are several stations at which it appears that a mis-assignment of bottle 
depths may have occurred.  This affects only the oxygen data in some cases, 
only the nutrient data in others, and both in still others.  At these stations, the 
vertical profiles and parameter/theta relationships appear offset from those at 
neighboring stations.  Rather than a random offset caused by instrumentation 
problems, the data appear to be shifted and would agree well with other stations 
if the values were assigned to the bottle above or below.  This could be caused 
by real mal-functions of the CTD rosette (such as double trips) or by record 
keeping or file merging errors.  We would recommend that the data originators 
reexamine their records to see if the data may indeed have been shifted.

COMPARISONS WITH OTHER WOCE CRUISES:

The A10 section crosses four other recent WOCE sections that we have 
examined. We compared vertical profiles and property/theta plots from the three 
stations in each section closest to the intersection point. A brief summary of 
these comparisons follows here.

A10/A13: A13 crosses the A10 section at ca. 10°E, 30°S in the eastern Cape 
basin.  This is a highly dynamic region because of the Agulhas Current and it's 
retroflection zone, so we have confined our comparisons to the deep water (3000 
- 5000 m) where the T/S properties of the two cruises were indistinguishable.  
There is good agreement between the dissolved oxygen and silicate data from 
the two cruises, but the nitrate and phosphate data from A10 are higher than on 
A13.  At temperatures below 2°C, the A10 stations are ca. 1.5 µM/kg higher in 
nitrate and 0.08 µM/kg lower in phosphate than the A13 stations.  There is also 
more noise (or variability) in the A13 data.

A10/A14: The A14 and A10 nutrient and oxygen data largely overlap.  Below 
2500 m, the A14 nitrate and phosphate data is slightly lower than the A10 data.  
The A14 nitrate is ca 0.5 - 0.7 µM/Kg lower than the A10 nitrate, while the 
phosphate is ca 0.04 - 0.08 µM/Kg lower.  There are no clear differences in the 
deep silicates or oxygen.  A14 stations 75 and 77 have slightly (0.6 µM/Kg) 
higher silicates than the A10 stations, but A14 stations 76 and 78 agree well 
with the A10 data.

A10/A15: The A15 and A10 data sets appear to agree well.  Below about 3500 
m, the A15 phosphate and nitrate fall within the "envelope" of the A10 data.  
Dissolved oxygen and silicate mostly overlap although the oxygen at A10 station 
46 is higher by ca. 2 - 4 µM/kg below 3500 m than at the other stations and the 
silicate is lower by 5 - 8 µM/kg.  A15 station 104 has higher oxygen and lower 
nutrients at the oxygen maximum/nutrient minimum (2000 m - 3000 m) than do 
the other stations at the crossing, but the salinity at this station is also 
higher in this depth range so these differences are probably real.

A10/A17: These two cruises intersect near the Rio Grande Rise, which separates 
the Brazil and Argentine basins.  There is good overlap of salinity between 2000 
and ca. 3300 m.  A10 nitrate and phosphate are mostly higher (1.4 µM and 0.07 
µM respectively) than the A17 values in this depth interval and the oxygen data 
are a little higher as well, but the silicate overlap is good.  In the bottom 
waters, the nutrient concentrations at the more southerly A17 stations all 
increase and become higher than the A10 concentrations.  This is probably a real 
and due to the influence of the Argentine Basin waters, but the offset at mid-
depths remains.

COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC STATIONS:

A listing of stations at which specific bottle data seems to be questionable is 
attached.  The "Q2" data quality flags for these data have been set to 3.

Cruise A10 : 06MT22/5
Nutrient and Oxygen DQE:  "questionable" flags by Gordon/Jennings (OSU)

STATION	BOTTLE	PRESSURE	O2	SI	NO3	PO4	COMMENTS
630	316	 300		High
632	307	1799		High
  3	311	1900		Low				Odd Shift in O2.
 10	320	 399			High	High	High
 10	315	1198		High
 11	316	2501		Low
 11	312	3505		Low
 13	311	2250		High
 20	318	 100		*	*	*	*	* 305-318 Nutrients and O2 shifted
								by one bottle?
 20	317	 150		*	*	*	*	Looks fine if one depth lower.
 20	316	 200		*	*	*	*
 20	315	 300		*	*	*	*
 20	314	 399		*	*	*	*
 20	313	 499		*	*	*	*
 20	312	 599		*	*	*	*
 20	311	 799		*	*	*	*
 20	310	 999		*	*	*	*
 20	309	1200		*	*	*	*
 20	308	1400		*	*	*	*
 20	307	1601		*	*	*	*
 20	306	1800		*	*	*	*
 20	305	2001		*	*	*	*
 26	318	 100		Low
 26	311	 700		Low				No Nutrient shift.
 26	309	1200		Low				302-311 All O2 shifted one depth 
								too shallow.
 26	308	1400		High
 26	307	1600		High
 26	306	1803		High
 26	305	2000		High
 26	304	2250		High
 26	302	2802		High
 30	312	1801		High
 36	206	 102			Low	Low	Low	201-206 Nutrients look too low, 
								probably shifted.
 36	205	 151			Low	Low	Low	201-206 Nutrients look too low, 
								probably shifted.
 36	204	 201			Low	Low	Low
 36	203	 299			Low	Low	Low
 36	202	 402			Low	Low	Low
 36	201	 505			Low	Low	Low
 36	319	 848		*				* 310-319 Oxygens look one bottle 
								too deep.
 36	318	 998		*
 36	317	1194		*
 36	316	1397		*
 36	312	1600		*
 36	311	1798		*
 36	310	1998		*
 40	209	 300		High				O2 looks high vs. Z and Theta
 40	205	1199		High
 40	204	1399		High
 40	203	1598		Low
 40	323	1800				Low
 40	202	1800		Low
 40	201	2004		Low
 41	207	 202		Low
 41	206	 301			*	*	*	201-206 All Nutrients off by one 
								bottle.
 41	205	 401			*	*	*
 41	204	 500			*	*	*
 41	203	 601			*	*	*
 41	202	 701			*	*	*
 41	201	 851			*	*	*
 41	319	1199		*				* 305-319 All O2s look off by one 
								bottle. If shifted
 41	318	1399		*				down the profiles would agree well.
 41	317	1600		*
 41	316	1800		*
 41	315	2000		*
 41	314	2251		*
 41	313	2502		*
 41	312	2752		*
 41	311	3003		*
 41	310	3252		*
 41	309	3502		Low				O2 too low, even if bottle depths 
								were shifted.
 41	308	3755		*
 41	307	4006		*
 41	306	4255		*
 41	305	4506		*
 44	323	  10		Low
 44	320	 849		*				* 305-320 O2 look shifted one 
								bottle too shallow.
 44	319	1000		*				* 305-320 O2 look shifted one 
								bottle too shallow.
 44	318	1199		*
 44	317	1398		*
 44	316	1600		*
 44	315	1800		*
 44	314	2001		*
 44	313	2251		*
 44	312	2501		*
 44	311	2752		*
 44	310	3003		*
 44	309	3252		Low				Low beyond shift noted above.
 44	308	3504		*
 44	307	3754		*
 44	306	4003		*
 44	305	4256		*
 46	205	 401		High
 46	206	 302		High
 46	313	2250		Low
 48	307	3253		Low
 50	317	 900		High
 50	307	2852		High
 50	302	3653		High
 52	306	2250		Low	High	High	High
 53	319	 601			Low	Low	Low
 55	312	 602		Low 
				Y
 58	314	 849		Low
 58	313	 999		High
 60	316	 897		Low
 61	304	3508					High
 62	315	1200		High
 63	307	3002			High
 67	311	2251		High
 70	204	 252		Low
 70	304	4017		High
 74	322	  50		Low
 74	304	2754				High
 78	306	3502		*				* Poor duplicates, O2 above and 
								below looks shifted.
 78	307	3502		*
 81	306	4255		Low
 83	314	2502		Low
 86	320	1198		High
 89	202	 501		Low
 93	204	 504		Low





WHPO-SIO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
04/03/97  Klein       CFCs/He         Data are Final    
                    
09/04/97  Klein       CFCs            Final Data Submitted    
                    
09/25/97  Klein       CFCs/He/Ne      Submitted;  Corrected CFC calibration  
          I submitted also today CFC, helium and neon isotope measurements for 
          section a10 again. The file was named WHPA10.dat and the corresponding 
          documentation is given in whpa10tr.txt. We have noticed that the CFC 
          measurements for this cruise were calibrated against the wrong SIO 
          scale and the data submitted today have been corrected for this error. 
          I did submit helium and neon measurements as well because I was not 
          certain you had received those. The are identical to the data 
          submitted earlier. 
                    
01/27/98  Müller      CTD/BTL/SUM     Submitted for DQE    
                    
01/29/98  Müller      CTD/O/NUTs      Preliminary, Public  
          you may qualify the CTD, oxygen and nutrient data of A10 as 
          'preliminary' and 'public'. For the tracers including Helium, Neon etc 
          ask Wolfgang Roether; for CO2 plse ask Doug Wallace.
                    
02/27/98  Onken       CTD/BTL/SUM     Data Testing  SUM/CTD: no errors  
          SEA: major errors: see note  06MT22/5  
          A10
          Onken/Müller /Putzka
          
          One section:
          A10  (stations 1-100) plus test stations 622-632 at start
          
          Data status: proprietary
          --------------------------
          sum: no errors detected
          --------------------------
          sea: depths out of sequencing and pressure inversions on 
                   89 stations.  Many duplicate depths.
               Run seaorder before gridding 
               Major problem with quality flags in the hy2 file. The block
                of flags from NITRAT to TRITUM is shifted to the right by
                one, and NITRAT is flagged 9 throughout although there are data.
                I suspect that there shouldn't be a flag for TRITER (to be 
                consistent with the other ER columns), and that someone has
                forced an extra quality flag to match the number of **** columns.
                Temporary fix in order to grid NITRAT, CFC-11, CFC-12, 
          CFC113,
                CCL4 and TRITUM: add a ******* under THETA and delete a 
                ******* under PH
                After doing this, found no CFC113 or TRITUM points to grid.
          --------------------------
          ctd:  no errors detected
                    

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
03/06/98  Holfort     unspecified     Data Update  
          I was given notice that the previously submitted bottle file of WOCE 
          section A10 had an error (additional copies of some data cycles). I 
          transferred a corrected bottle file to 132.239.92.151.
                    
07/08/98  Kozyr       BTL             Update Needed  bad flags, missing data 
          a10_sea.txt file I found some quality flags problems for CFC-11 
          and CFC-12 (station # 14). There are some flags "4" along with 
          missing data.
          
07/08/98  Kozyr       CO2             Final Data Submitted    
          File was received 1998.07.08.
          Data appears to be the original CO2 data.
          Could not determine who sent the data.
          Path is atlantic/a10/original/1998.07.08_C02_A10.
                    
08/11/98  Müller      CTD/O/NUTs      Website Updated  Status changed to Public  
                    
09/15/98  Müller      CTD/O/NUTs      Website Updated  Status changed to Public  
          CTD, oxygen and nutrients are accessible at the WHPO; they are public 
          although not yet evaluated by the WHPO. - T.J. Müller 
                    
10/13/98  Sutherland  NO2+NO3         Update Needed  quality flags 
          for N03+N0  the quality flag for N03+N02 on line A10
          is always 9 even when there is a value there.  Again we will 
          have to contact the PI for corrected information.
                    
06/09/99  Klein       TRITUM          Not yet Submitted  
          "I have the tritium data ready & will submit them soon"  
                    
12/09/99  Klein       CFCs            Data are Public   
          I am submitting today the whole tracer data set for a10 again. The 
          tritium data are submitted for the first time, helium and neon data 
          are the same as submitted 9/97 but the delhe3 data are slightly 
          different due to the tritium correction applied. The helium, delhe and 
          neon quality flags of the data set submitted in 9/97 did not follow 
          strictly the woce standard, I have corrected this in the present 
          version.
          
          I am also submitting the CFC data again to give you a complete tracer 
          data set. The CFC data have also been submitted before in 9/97 and 
          CFC-11 and CFC-12 remain unchanged. The only change is for CCl4 which 
          got a lower efficiency correction now compared to the data set 
          submitted in 9/97.
          
          All data (including the tritium data submitted now) can be public.
          

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
12/09/99  Key         CO2             Data Update needed  
          The problem is a cast inconsistency between the WHPO files and those 
          created by Alex for NDP-066. Additionally, there is disagreement 
          between the WHPO sum and hyd files with respect to cast numbering.
                    
12/13/99  Müller      CTD/SUM         Update Needed;  Numbering problems. 
          I received the below msg of Robert Key while I'm working in Brazil for 
          a week. It concerns with a problem that arose earlier with A9, and may 
          arise with A8, too. The problem maybe identified as Robert Key 
          suspected:

          On all 3 sections A9, A10 and A8, the Kiel CTD group on-board counted 
          casts increasingly, starting with 1 and ending with some high number. 
          All other groups on-board were asked to keep these cast numbers for 
          identification. To my knowledge, and J. Holfort may confirm this, the 
          cast numbers as created on-board have been used in the CTD and SUM 
          files we sent to the WHPO. Later (I do not exactly remember when) I 
          got to know that someone at the WHPO changed the cast numbers in the 
          SUM and CTD files to start with 1 for each station (as it is usual for 
          the rest of the world). However, changing the cast numbers in the CTD 
          and SUM files will cause problems with the rosette file as it will be 
          completed with additional data flowing in. It seems to me that this is 
          the problem the WHPO now is facing. The way out of it would be as 
          recommended by Robert Key: 

          DO NOT CHANGE CAST NUMBERS BUT KEEP THEM KEEP THEM AS THEY ARE SENT IN 
          BY THE PIs (besides obvious mistakes). To solve the problem, you may 
          have to reconstruct the original cast numbers from the original SUM 
          and CTD files as they were sent in by the PIs.

          Juergen Holfort who has sent the CTD, SUM and part of the HYD files 
          for A8, A9 and A10, and myself will assist if necessary.            

02/14/00  Kozyr       TCARBN/ALKALI   Final (DQE'd) Data Submitted 
          I've just put a total of 13 files [carbon data measured 
          in Indian (6 files) and Atlantic (7 files) oceans] to the WHPO ftp 
          area. Please let me know if you get data okay.
                    
05/09/00  Müller      CTD/BTL/TRACER  Data are Public  
          Again, I would like to declare all CTD and all bottle data including 
          the tracer-data of the WHP one-time cruises A9/M15-3, A10/M22-5 and 
          A8/M28-1 as ,public'. This has been done several times earlier, and I 
          hope that by now this information will flow into your files. 

          Also please note, all CTD-data from repeat hydrography cruises / 
          mooring cruises with chief scientists / PIs T.J. Müller , W. 
          Zenk, and / or  O. Boebel / C. Schmid are ,public'.
          
          Viel Glueck -- Thomas J. Muller 
          (speaking also for G. Siedler/M15-3; R. Onken/M22-5 and W. 
          Roether/Tracers)
                    

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
05/25/00  Klein       CFCs            BTL File Update Needed 
          OK to eliminate cfc113 column I finally checked the encrypted a10 data 
          set you send me against the tracer data sets we have submitted. As you 
          correctly noted the CFC11 and CFC12 data in the file are not identical 
          with the final tracer data version I submitted in 1999, although I had 
          indicated that these two species should not have been different from 
          the data I submitted in 1997. The data in the file are definitely not 
          the CFC data I have submitted in 1997, it seems to me that the 1997 
          file has never been merged at all, and that the data you have in the 
          file are most probably the oldest version possible, most likely a ship 
          version with none of the later checks and calibrations applied. It is 
          rather disturbing that such old versions of data are made available at 
          the web site and none of later updates has been included.
          
          I would advise you to merge all the CFC data again from the final 
          file I send you. Please remember that CFC113 is set to dummy data 
          for all measurements because the analysis was not successful. If 
          you want to delete the column from the bottle data file it is fine 
          with us. You also have to merge the tritium data and the tritium-
          corrected delhe3 data. Helium and neon in your file are identical 
          (within the number of digits) with the final file.
                    
05/31/00  Bartolacci  CFCs            Data Update     The easiest 
          solution at this point is to merge ALL the values you stated below 
          into our current bottle file. If this is satisfactory to you, I 
          will go ahead and do so. I will also edit out the CFC-113 column.
                    
06/06/00  Bartolacci  TRITUM          Data Update  erroneous tritium 
          value line 3404 changed from -8.753 to -9.000  As per Birgit 
          Klein, I have edited the erroneous tritium value on line 3404 and 
          changed it from -8.753 to -9.000, and left the duplicate lines in 
          the file as well.
          
06/06/00  Bartolacci  CFCs/He/Tr      Data Update  See note to Birgit 
          Klein:  I'm done merging all the new tracer data into our 
          current bottle file, and it is up on our website, replacing the 
          old masked bottle file.  Just to confirm:  I found 11 duplicate 
          station/cast/bottle number combinations.  The duplicates didn't 
          have any new data in them to be merged, but they were left in the 
          current bottle file.
          
          Also, please take a look on line 3404 in the tritium column of our 
          bottle file.  This value seems erroneous, but I'm not too familiar 
          with tritium.  It was from the current version of tracer data you 
          sent us.  Please let me know if this value needs correcting.
          
          The following were merged into A10.  The notes on merging are 
          contained in the file called 00_README which is in the A10 
          "original" directory.  Thanks-Danie
          
          CFC-11/12, CCL4, TRITUM, TRITER, DELHE3, DELHER
                    

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
06/08/00  Diggs       Cruise ID       Chief Scientist is Müller /IfMK  
          
06/08/00  Bartolacci  TRITUM          Website Updated   
          The following information should be filed for A10. I have 
          edited the erroneous tritium value in the file and changed the 
          date/name stamp.  Also left all duplicate lines in the file as per 
          Birgit's email.
          
06/08/00  Klein       TRITUM          Update Needed  Tritium value 
          should be replaced with -9.000, duplicate lines  Many thanks for 
          merging the tracer data into the a10 file. You have done a very 
          thorough job. Thanks for pointing out that erroneous tritium data 
          value on line 3404. You are right the value is wrong and should be 
          replaced by -9.000. It is always good if somebody independent 
          looks at the data and is able to find errors.
          
          You are also right about the duplicate lines, I noted that while I 
          was merging the data, I have no clue what is the meaning behind 
          this.
                    
07/12/00  Huynh       DOC             Website Updated  pdf, txt versions online
          cruise track loads extremely slowly, needs to be resaved as gif
                    
08/18/00  Millard     CTD             DQE Report Submitted    
          Water sample salinity observations were found for only approximately 
          1/3 of the total water sample observations.

          The following edit criteria comparing CTD and water sample salinity 
          found the following 15 questionable CTD or water sample salinity, both 
          flagged "3". Notice that the deep water edit criteria (0.01) was not 
          sensitive enough to identify questionable salinities of station 29.
            |ds| > 0.2  psu for pressure <=500 decibars;
            |ds| > 0.02 psu for pressure >500 and <= 1500 decibars;
            |ds| > 0.01 psu for pressure > 1500 decibars;
                    
09/19/00  Huynh       DOC             Website Updated  
          ctd DQE report added to pdf & txt files online  
                    
11/07/00  Jennings    NUTs/OXY        DQE Report Submitted  
            
                    

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
11/17/00  Huynh       DOC             Website Updated  
          NUTs/OXY DQE doc added to pdf, txt versions online  
                    
11/21/00  Uribe       SUM             Submitted   
          Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
          directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper 
          cruise. All of them are sumfiles.
          
                    
03/21/01  Uribe       CTD/BTL/SUM     Website Updated; Expocodes updated
          Expocodes for bottle and sum were modified. Expocodes in all 
          ctd files have been edited to match the underscored expocode in 
          the sum and bottle files.  New files were zipped and replaced 
          existing ctd files online. Old files were moved to original 
          directory. 
                    
01/31/02  Uribe       BTL             Website Updated  Exchange File Added,  
          Bottle has been converted to exchange and put online. Cast 
          types BIO in the sumfile were changed to ROS for the purpose of 
          the conversion. Data was checked with JOA with not apparent 
          errors.
                    
02/01/02  Uribe       CTD             Update Needed; CTD/SUM CASTNOs don't match
          CTD & SUM CASTNOs. don't match CTD could not be converted to exchange 
          because of a cast number mismatch with the sumfile. The cast number 
          values in the CTD files are sequentially increasing and do not match 
          the sumfile. The CTD zip was replaced with a modified one that has an 
          additional Number of Observations column with -9 values and an 
          underscore in DEG_C.
                    
03/20/02  Bartolacci  CTD             Update Needed; CTD/SUM CASTNOs don't match 
          CTD station files have sequentially increasing cast numbers over all 
          stations, that do not match those cast numbers contained in the 
          summary file. No CTD exchange files have been generated at this time 
          due to this problem. 
                    
07/17/02  Uribe       CTD             Website Updated  errors corrected 
          CTD converted to exchange, errors corrected,  CTD files had 
          mismatching dates and cast values. The CTD dates indicated only one 
          year 1991 when sumfile indicated the cruise took place 1992-1993, it 
          was therefor determined that the CTD's had wrong dates and the error 
          was corrected. Station numbers 622 - 632 were taken at the end of 1992 
          and Stations 1-100 in 1993. Cast values in the CTD's were made to 
          match the sumfile. For a complete list of these please see the README 
          in the original directory. CTD were converted to exchange and put 
          online. NetCDF files were made accordingly.
                    

Date      Contact     Data Type       Data Status Summary  
--------  ----------  --------------  -----------------------------------------
08/20/02  Bartolacci CO2/TRITUM/C14   Merging Notes 
          Bottle file was obtained from parent A10 directory. 
          C14 file was obtained from original/A10_C14_HY.TXT 
          Carbon data file was obtained from original/2002_Kozyr_CARBON/ 
            a10hy_kozyr.txt Tritium file was obtained from original/2002_Klein_ 
            data/A10hy.txt
          Used mrgsea to merge all files. 

          C14: 
          DELC14 column had -9.0 for missing data (corresponding flags were 9). 
          Because delc14 can range to -300, these missing values were edited to 
          -999.0 in the merged file. 11 duplicate station/cast combinations were 
          not merged.

          TR: 
          Both TRITIUM and TRITER columns had flags associated with them. Both 
          flags were merged. 11 duplicate station/cast combinations were not 
          merged.

          CO2: 
          Both TCARBN and ALKALI columns had -999.0 as missing values. these 
          missing values were merged into new bottle file. It appears that only 
          ALKALI data was new (TCARBN values appeared to be identical to those 
          already in file) however both parameters were merged. 1816 samples 
          were not merged into existing bottle file. These samples were 
          associated with station/cast combinations that were not present in the 
          WOCE bottle file and are listed in the file unusedCO2.txt. It is 
          unclear at this time if the sample numbers were misslabled or simply 
          extra samples not included in the original WOCE bottle file.

          Final merged bottle file outputC14_TR_CO2.txt was renamed a10hy.txt. 
          Date/name stamp were added. Ran wocecvt with only press inversion 
          warnings. replaced current online file with newly merged file. moved 
          previous file to original directory and renamed.
          
08/20/02  Uribe       CTD             Website Updated  Header corrected
          Original CTD had a mislabeled element in the header that was 
          causing code to break. Problem was fixed and new files were 
          created.
                    
08/21/02  Bartolacci  BTL             Website Updated  Header error fixed
          The WOCE bottle file header for delO18 has been edited from 
          O16/O16 to O18/O16. Exchange, NetCDF and inventory files were 
          recreated by KJU. this error was present in the original WOCE 
          bottle file.
                    
04/17/03  Anderson    BTL             New exchange file created, online 
          Made new exchange file w/ alkalinities re A. Kozyr's e-mail. 
          
          April 17, 2003      Notes for a10:
          WHP line a10, EXPOCODE 06MT22_5
          
          Made new exchange file re Alex Kozyr's e-mail.  Had to make a 
          temporary change in the .sum file in order to make it work. 
          Changed the BIO designation to ROS (the Data History indicates
          that this was also done to get the CTD exchange files to work).
          
          Alkalinities are there now. - S. Anderson
                              
08/19/03  Kappa       DOC             updated cruise documentation
          Added Monica Rhein's CFC report 
          Updated WHPO-SIO summary page (1)
            Added station tracks for a10 (leg 5) and ar04 (leg 2)
            Added station geographic boundaries for leg 2
            Added chief scientists for legs 2, 3 & 4
            Added cruise dates for legs 2, 3 & 4
            Added ports of call legs 2, 3 & 4
            Added drifter & mooring counts for legs 3, 4 & 5
          Changed text color for PDF links to red
          Added these WHPO-SIO data processing notes
          

