WHP Cruise Summary Information

WOCE section designation
I02EW

Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)
316N145/14-15

Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation
Gregory Johnson, NOAA/PMEL
Bruce Warren, WHOI

Dates
1995.12.02 - 1996.01.22

Ship
KNORR

Ports of call
Singapore to Mombasa, Kenya to Diego Garcia

Number of stations
168

Geographic boundaries of the stations
	  2°30.00''S
39°49.50''E		105°38.18''E
	  12°21.33''S

Floats and drifters deployed
27 Floats and 20 Drifters

Moorings deployed or recovered
none

Contributing Authors
none listed

Draft Cruise Report
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Indian Ocean Hydrographic Program Section I02
R/V KNORR Voyage 145-14
2 December 1995 - 22 January 1996

A.	Cruise Narrative

A.1.	Highlights

WOCE Hydrographic Program Section I02 (EXPCODE 316N145/14) was carried 
out aboard the R/V KNORR on voyage 145-14.  This voyage began in 
Singapore on 2 December 1995 and ended in Mombasa, Kenya on 22 January 
1996 with an intermediate port call in Diego Garcia from 28 to 30 
December 1995.  The chief scientist from Singapore to Diego Garcia was 
Gregory Johnson:  NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ocean 
Climate Research Division, 7600 Sand Point Way NE Bldg. 3, Seattle WA 
98115, USA, gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov.  The chief scientist from Diego 
Garcia to Mombasa, Kenya was Bruce Warren:  Woods Hole Oceanographic 
Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole MA   02543, 
USA, bwarren@whoi.edu.  

A.2.	Cruise Summary

The work done during this cruise comprised WOCE Hydrographic Program 
Section I02, a transindian ocean section along nominal latitude 8°S, and 
three diversions to nearby gaps in ridges to explore possible avenues 
for flow of deep and bottom water between various deep basins.  During 
the cruise a total of 168 CTD/O2 stations were occupied within 10 m of 
the bottom with a 36 position 10-l bottle frame equipped with a lowered 
ADCP.  Discounting one test station, 139 of these stations were occupied 
along the I02 section.  The nominal station spacing along the I02 
section is 40 nm in the interior, reduced near boundaries, mid-ocean 
ridges, and other places where narrow currents might exist. The average 
station spacing along the section is 32 nm.  The positions of the CTD 
stations are plotted in Fig. 1*, and the distribution of points along the 
main section at which water samples were drawn is plotted in Fig. 2*.

Special attention was given to the bottom topography in laying out the 
station positions because of the opportunity offered for the exploration 
of the three major deep flows in the South Indian Ocean.  The deep 
western boundary current of the eastern Indian Ocean, flowing northward 
along the Ninety east Ridge, had never been observed north of 18°S.  The 
central deep boundary current had been inferred to divide near 15°S, 
with ill- defined branches flowing northward along the Chagos-Laccadive 
Ridge, Central Indian Ridge, and Mascarene Plateau.  In the west the 
major deep and mid-depth flows between the Mascarene and Somali Basins 
could be documented on a complete section from the Mascarene Plateau to 
Madagascar.

Three diversions were made from the main section to investigate flow of 
bottom water through deep gaps in mid-ocean ridges.  The first 
diversion, 7 stations from 6°50'S to 5°S around a mean longitude of 
88°28'E, mapped a westward flow of bottom water from the West Australian 
Basin to the Central Indian Basin across a deep gap in the Ninety east 
Ridge at 5°S.  The second diversion consisted of 11 stations between 
11°S - 10°S and 88°E - 88°25'E to investigate a similar flow across a 
gap in the ridge at 10°S.  The third diversion consisted of 10 stations 
between 4°00'S - 2°30'S and 71°45'E - 73°20'E, placed within and on the 
western flank of a deep gap in the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.  This 
diversion explored, for the first time, suspected flow of bottom water 
through this gap between the Central Indian Basin and the Arabian Basin.

The ship left Singapore at 0900L on 2 December 1995 without the 
Indonesian observers, who had elected not to participate since clearance 
to work within the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone was not obtained.  
After a roughly 3 day steam, stations 1077 and 1078 were occupied at the 
location of station 1075, occupied ten days earlier during I10, at 9°S, 
105°38'E; these served as test stations for equipment and personnel. 
Stations 1079 though 1084 went from 105°10'E to 102°E along 9°7.5'S.  By 
station 1090 the line reached 8°S at 98°E, after skirting the offshore 
edge of the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).  The ship crossed 
the Ninety-east Ridge at station 1105, and the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge at 
1154.  Stations 1106-1112 and 1116-1126 comprised the first two 
diversions from the main section along 8°S.  The cruise broke off after 
station 1156 for a 48 hour port call in Diego Garcia, where Gregory 
Johnson departed to join another cruise and the two Kenyan observers 
joined the ship.  After departing Diego Garcia at 0900L 30 Dec 1995 the 
ship steamed north for the third diversion, at the Chagos-Laccadive gap, 
stations 1157-1166.  Returning to the 8°S line, it passed the crest of 
the Central Indian Ridge at station 1172, and that of the Mascarene 
Plateau at station 1185.  At station 1194 at 54°E, the ship's course 
turned southwestward to cross the Amirante Passage (stations 1199-1201 
in the Amirante Trench proper) and reached the northern tip of 
Madagascar at station 1215.  After rounding the tip, the ship resumed 
stations heading northwestward toward Africa, taking a dog-leg track 
with turns at stations 1227 and 1232 to avoid the Tanzanian EEZ, and 
arriving in Mombasa on 22 January 1996 after completing station 1244.

Twenty-seven Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (ALACE) floats 
and twenty surface drifters were deployed during the course of the 
cruise. Serial numbers, launch dates, launch times, positions, and CTD 
station numbers corresponding to launch sites are listed in Tables 1 and 
2, respectively.  An underway program of meteorological, sea surface, 
and hull-mounted ADCP measurements was carried out along the entire 
cruise track outside the Indonesian EEZ.  For a non-WOCE, adjunct 
project, 25-ml samples for barium analysis ashore were drawn from every 
Niskin bottle on alternate stations, and stored for shipment to the U.S. 

Figure 1a*) WOCE I02E Cruise Track (produced by .SUM files by WHPO)

Figure 1b*) WOCE I02W Cruise Track (produced by .SUM files by WHPO)

Table 1.
WOCE-I02 ALACE Float Deployment Log.

		Date and time shown in GMT.					After
		SELF TEST			DEPLOYMENT			CTD
	S/N	Date	Time	Date	Time	   Lat		   Lon		Stn#

1.	560	951206	1158	951206	1407	9°07.70'S	103°20.10'E	1082
2.	561	951208	1107	951208	1124	8°22.42'S	98°20.01'E	1088
3.	573	951212	1008	951212	1326	7°59.91'S	91°20.20'E	1100
4.	574	951214	2004	951214	2155	5°00.22'S	88°28.25'E	1109
5.	568	951216	1206	951216	1510	8°00.14'S	87°59.85'E	1115
6.	567	951218	0001	951218	0154	11°00.06'S	88°01.93'E	1120
7.	563	951221	1600	951221	1900	8°00.06'S	83°19.57'E	1133
8.	549	951223	0419	951223	0618	8°00.31'S	79°59.84'E	1138
9.	562	951225	0007	951225	0207	7°59.92'S	75°59.90'E	1144
10.	495	951226	1423	951226	1618	7°59.88'S	72°49.56'E	1150
11.	535	951227	1335	951227	1532	7°59.71'S	70°39.20'E	1156
12.	538	960104	1935	960104	2048	8°00.06'S	67°19.93'E	1172
13.	570	960106	1517	960106	1742	8°00.28'S	62°39.77'E	1179
14.	569	960107	0450	960107	0628	8°00.45'S	61°27.08'E	1181
15.	550	960107	2327	960108	0035	7°59.96'S	59°19.99'E	1185
16.	557	960109	1501	960109	1752	8°00.10'S	55°19.57'E	1192
17.	555	960111	0705	960111	1008	8°56.92'S	53°02.88'E	1200
18.	558	960112	0914	960112	1227	9°32.84'S	51°54.29'E	1205
19.	556	960113	1125	960113	1436	11°12.53'S	50°47.23'E	1209
20.	553	960114	0707	960114	0946	12°12.24'S	49°47.87'E	1213
21.	571	960114	2209	960115	0158	11°54.06'S	48°44.03'E	1218
22.	554	960116	0149	960116	0412	10°16.80'S	47°30.30'E	1223
23.	572	960117	0010	960117	0137	8°44.88'S	46°20.50'E	1226
24.	552	960117	2028	960117	2103	7°00.47'S	45°57.29'E	1229
25.	564	960119	0046	960119	0355	5°02.51'S	45°16.75'E	1233
26.	565	960120	0605	960120	0852	4°33.47'S	42°41.33'E	1237
27.	551	960121	0036	960121	0206	4°15.63'S	40°58.22'E	1240

Table 2.  
WOCE I02 Surface Drifter Deployment Log.

		Date and time shown in GMT.			After
				DEPLOYMENT			CTD
	S/N	Date	Time	   Lat		   Lon		Stn #
1.	21904	120595	1508	9°07.98'S	105°09.99'E	1079
2.	21903	120895	0346	8°33.77'S	99°59.65'E	1087
3.	21933	121095	1709	8°00.41'S	95°20.26'E	1094
4.	21932	121395	0254	7°59.96'S	89°59.84'E	1102
5.	21870	121495	0533	6°00.10'S	88°28.56'E	1106
6.	21871	121495	2200	5°00.36'S	88°28.49'E	1109
7.	21905	121695	1511	8°00.20'S	87°59.84'E	1115
8.	21901	121795	0520	10°02.88'S	87°59.98'E	1116
9.	21912	121895	1557	10°59.99'S	88°01.93'E	1120
10.	21913	122095	2148	7°59.97'S	85°19.97'E	1130
11.	21921	122395	0620	8°00.33'S	79°59.81'E	1138
12.	21920	122595	0918	7°59.97'S	75°19.88'E	1145
13.	21926	010196	0029	2°30.30'S	72°32.24'E	1160
14.	21928	010396	1956	7°59.84'S	69°59.86'E	1168
15.	21929	010596	1653	7°59.95'S	65°19.75'E	1175
16.	21927	010796	1724	7°59.90'S	60°09.62'E	1183
17.	21952	010996	1753	8°00.10'S	55°19.33'E	1192
18.	21951	011596	2134	10°46.69'S	47°52.15'E	1222
19.	21923	011796	2205	7°00.40'S	45°57.26'E	1229
20.	21922	012096	1515	4°27.84'S	42°06.66'E	1238

A.3.	Principal Investigators

1. Gregory Johnson	Salinity Oxygen CTD/O2
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ocean Climate Research Division,
7600 Sand Point Way NE Bldg. 3, Seattle WA   98115-0070, USA, 
gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov
2. Bruce Warren		Salinity Oxygen CTD/O2
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA  02543, USA, 
bwarren@whoi.edu
3. John Toole		Salinity Oxygen CTD/O2
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA  02543, USA, 
jtoole@whoi.edu
4. Louis Gordon		Nutrients
Oregon State University, College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, 
104 Ocean Administration Building, Corvallis OR   97331-5503, USA,
lgordon@oce.orst.edu
5. John Bullister	CFCs (F11, F12) & Air Chemistry
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ocean Climate Research Division,
7600 Sand Point Way NE Bldg. 3, Seattle WA   98115-0070, USA, 
bullister@pmel.noaa.gov
6. William Jenkins	Shallow Helium/tritium
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Chemistry Department, 
Woods Hole MA  02543, USA, 
wjenkins@whoi.edu
7. Peter Schlosser	Deep Helium
Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 
Pallisades NY   10964, 
peters@ldeo.columbia.edu
8. Robert Key		AMS C14 & Radium
Princeton University, Geology Department,
Guyot Hall, Princeton NJ   08544, USA, 
key@wiggler.princeton.edu
9. Kelly Falkner	Barium
Oregon State University, College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, 
104 Ocean Administration Building, Corvallis OR   97331-5503, USA,
kfalkner@oce.orst.edu
10. Chris Winn		Total Carbon & Alkalinity
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Physical Laboratory 0902, 
University of California at San Diego, 
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA   92037, USA, 
cwinn@chiton.ucsd.edu
11.  Douglass Wallace	Total Carbon & Alkalinity
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Building 318, Upton NY   11973, USA, 
wallace@bnl.gov
12. Peter Hacker	ADCP & LADCP
University of Hawaii, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 
1000 Pope Road, Honolulu HI   96882, USA,
hacker@soest.hawaii.edu
13. Eric Firing		ADCP & LADCP
University of Hawaii, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 
1000 Pope Road, Honolulu HI   96882, USA, 
efiring@soest.hawaii.edu
14. Barrie Walden	Meteorology 
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA   02543, USA, 
bwalden@whoi.edu
15. Russ Davis		ALACE Floats
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 
9500 Gilman Drive 0230, La Jolla CA   92093-0230, USA,
davis@nemo.ucsd.edu
16. Mark Bushnell	Surface Drifters
NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic Marine Laboratory,
4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami FL   33149, USA, 
bushnell@aoml.noaa.gov

A.4.	List of Cruise Participants

1. Gregory Johnson*		chief scientist 
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ocean Climate Research Division,
7600 Sand Point Way NE Bldg. 3, Seattle WA 98115-0070, USA, 
gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov
2. Bruce Warrren**		co-chief scientist
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA,
bwarren@whoi.edu
3. Sara Zimmermann		CTD data processor
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA,
szimmermann@whoi.edu
4. George Knapp			oxygen analyst
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA, 
gknapp@whoi.edu
5. Toshiko Turner (WHOI)	salinity analyst
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA,
tturner@whoi.edu
6. H. Marshall Swartz		CTD electronics technician & CTD watch leader
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA 02543, USA, 
mswartz@whoi.edu
7. Laura Goepfert		CTD watch leader
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA,
lgoepfert@whoi.edu
8. Paul Bennett			CTD watch stander
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
110 High Park Place, Pittsburgh PA   15266, USA
9. Steven Jayne			CTD watch stander
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, 
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA,  
sjayne@whoi.edu
10. Arthur Voorhis		CTD watch stander
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 
54 Whitman Road, Woods Hole MA   02543, USA
11. Mela Swapp			CTD watch stander
University of Washington, 
P.O. Box 8231, Kirkland WA   98034, USA, 
swapp@pmel.noaa.gov
12. Deborah LeBel		CTD watch stander
University of Washington, School of Oceanography, 
Box 357940, Seattle WA   98195-7940, 
lebel@ocean.washington.edu
13. Stanley Moore		Nutrient analyst
Oregon State University, College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, 
104 Ocean Administration Building, Corvallis OR 97331-5503, USA, 
moores@ucs.orst.edu
14. Consuelo Carbonell-Moore	Nutrient analyst
Oregon State University, College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, 
104 Ocean Administration Building, Corvallis OR 97331-5503, USA, 
carbonec@oce.orst.edu
15. Elodie Kestenare		ADCP & LADCP watch leader
University of Hawaii, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 
1000 Pope Road, Honolulu HI 96882, USA,
elodie@soest.hawaii.edu
16. Mark Majodina		ADCP & LADCP watch stander 
University of Cape Town, Oceanography Department, 
Rondebosch  7700, SOUTH AFRICA,
majodina@physci.uct.ac.za,
17. Frederick Menzia		CFC analyst
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ocean Climate Research Division,
7600 Sand Point Way NE Bldg. 3, Seattle WA 98115-0070, USA, 
menzia@pmel.noaa.gov
18. Bing-Sun Lee		CFC analyst
University of Washington, School of Oceanography,
Box 357940, Seattle WA   98195-7940, 
blee@pmel.noaa.gov
19. Art Dorety			C-14 and Radium analyst
Princeton University, Geology Department,
Guyot Hall, Princeton NJ   08544, USA, 
key@wiggler.princeton.edu
20. Dan Smith			Deep Helium-3 analyst
Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 
Palisades NY   10964, 
dansmith@lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu
21. Scot Birdwhistell		Tritium/Helium-3 analyst
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Chemistry Department, 
Woods Hole MA  02543, USA, 
sbirdwhistell@whoi.edu
22. Rolf Schottle		TCO2/Alkalinity analyst
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Physical Laboratory, 
University of California at San Diego, 
9500 Gilman Drive 0902, La Jolla CA   92037, USA, 
rolfs@chiton.ucsd.edu
23. Jennifer Phillips		TCO2/Alkalinity analyst
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Marine Science. 
200 West Kawili St, Hilo HI   96720, 
jphillip@hawaii.edu
24. Angela Adams		TCO2/Alkalinity analyst
University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, 
1000 Pope Road, Honolulu HI   96822, 
aadams@soest.hawaii.edu
25. Cathy Cipolla		TCO2/Alkalinity analyst
University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, 
Equipment Development Laboratory, 
South Ferry Road - Box 60, Narragnasett RI   02882-1197, USA, 
seabiz@gsosun1.gso.uri.edu
26. Stanley Rosenblad		Resident Technician
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole MA   02543, USA, 
srosenblad@whoi.edu
27. Michael Mutua Nguli***	Kenyan scientist
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, 
P.O. box 81651, Mobassa, KENYA, 
modido@main.bib.uia.ac.be
28. Mika Oduor Odido***		Kenyan scientist
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, 
P.O. box 81651, Mobassa, KENYA, 
modido@main.bib.uia.ac.be

*	Departed Ship in Diego Garcia
**	Chief Scientist from Diego Garcia to Mombasa
***	Joined ship in Diego Garcia

A.5.	Special Notes

Extraordinary time and effort were expended by the chief scientist and 
Indonesian scientists from the Bogor Agricultural University in an 
attempt to gain clearance to occupy hydrographic stations within the 
Indonesian EEZ as part of WOCE Section I02.Formal clearance was never 
granted.  Late on 30 November 1995 one of the Indonesian scientists 
involved called the Chief Scientist saying that he had obtained 
clearance.  He requested a three day delay in the start of I02 to 
accommodate the schedules of the Indonesian military observers.  The 
stations to be allowed started 19 nm from the Indonesian coast at 
about2000 m depth.  After a brief consideration weighing the experience 
gained in Indonesian clearance procedure from the preceding cruise, WOCE 
Section I10, a decision was made to start the cruise on time and abandon 
hope of working within the Indonesian EEZ.  This lack of clearance was 
most unfortunate as measurement of the South Java Current, most likely 
flowing southeastward along Indonesia, had to be omitted from the 
program.

B.	Underway Measurements

B.1.	Navigation and Bathymetry

To obtain bathymetric data, uncorrected sonic depths and times were 
logged manually from the 12 khz PDR every 5 minutes by the CTD watch.  
These depths were then merged by time with the navigation data.

B.2.	Meteorological Observations

The IMET system was calibrated prior to the departure of the Knorr and 
extra sensors were aboard. The data were automatically recorded once per 
minute on the ship's computer.  Variables measured included computer 
time, ship's heading (Gyro syncro),ship's speed (EDO Speed log), sea 
surface conductivity (mmho/cm), sea surface temperature (°C), port GPS 
200 time & position, stbd GPS 200 time &position, GPS course over 
ground, GPS speed over ground, GPS time & position, air temperature 
(°C),barometric pressure (millibars), relative humidity (percent), 
precipitation(millimeters),short wave radiation (watts/sq m), compass 
reading (degrees), wind direction (ship relative), and wind speed (m/s, 
ship relative).  The quality of the wind records may have been degraded 
sometimes when red-footed boobies (Sula sula) sat on the sensors.

B.3.	Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers

Ocean velocity observations were taken using two acoustic Doppler 
current profiler(ADCP) systems and accurate navigation data.  The two 
systems are the hull-mounted ADCP and a lowered ADCP mounted on the 
rosette with the CTD.  The purpose of the observations was to document 
the upper ocean horizontal velocity structure along the cruise track, 
and to measure vertical profiles of the horizontal velocity components 
at the individual hydrographic stations.  The observations provide 
absolute velocity estimates including the ageostrophic component of the 
flow.

B.3.1.	Hull-mounted ADCP

The hull-mounted ADCP is part of the ship's equipment aboard the KNORR.  
The ADCP is a 150 kHz unit manufactured by RD Instruments.  The 
instrument pings about once per second, and for most of the cruise the 
data were stored as 5-minute averages or ensembles.  The user-exit 
program, ue4, receives and stores the ADCP data along with both the P-
code navigation data from the ship's Magnavox receiver and the Ashtech 
gps receiver positions.  The P-code data are used as navigation for the 
ADCP processing.  The ship gyro provides heading information for vector 
averaging the ADCP data over the 5- minute ensembles.  The user-exit 
program calculates and stores the heading offset based on the difference 
between the heading determination from the Ashtech receiver and from the 
ship gyro.  The ADCP transducer is mounted at a depth of about 5 meters 
below the sea surface.

The setup parameters were a blanking interval of 4 meters, a vertical 
pulse length of 16 meters, and a vertical bin size of 8 meters.  We used 
a 5 minute sampling interval for the entire cruise.

Bottom tracking was activated during the shallow water transits near 
Diego Garcia Atoll, and along the coasts of Madagascar and Mombasa.  For 
the processing of the ADCP data aboard ship, we used a rotation 
amplitude of 1.0085, a rotation angle of -0.06 degrees (added to the 
gyro minus gps heading), and a time filter width of 0.0104 days (15 
minutes).  Final editing and calibration of the ADCP data has not yet 
been done.

A couple of days before arriving at Diego Garcia, the performance of 
beam 4 became poorer than usual.  During the second leg (Diego Garcia - 
Mombasa), the beam 4 failed and the three other beams were going slowly 
worse and worse.  Several tests have been done: the results confirm that 
the main electronics works well but a problem occurs inside the 
transducers.  We suspect that beam 4 (and maybe the three others) has 
flooded.

A complete set of preliminary plots was generated during the cruise.  
The plots consist of: vector plots with velocity averaged over several 
depth intervals, and over a tenth or a twentieth of degrees in spatial 
grid; and contour plots of u (positive east) and v (positive north) 
typically averaged over 0.1 degree of longitude or latitude, depending 
on the track. The velocity was measured from a depth of 21 m to a depth 
of about 300 to 400 m, typically during the first leg and about 200 to 
300 m during the second leg since a beam failed. 

B.3.2. 	Lowered ADCP

The second ADCP system is the lowered ADCP (LADCP), which was mounted to 
the rosette system with the CTD.  The LADCP yields vertical profiles of 
horizontal velocity components from near the ocean surface to near the 
bottom.  Two LADCP were available: Teresa Chereskin's (Scripps 
Institution of Oceanography - SIO) and Eric Firing & Peter Hacker's 
(University of Hawaii - UH).  Both units are a broadband, self-contained 
150 kHz system manufactured by RD Instruments.

The SIO instrument, used with an asynchronous signal (with alternating 
sampling intervals of about 1.2 and 1.8 seconds), allows one to decrease 
the number of samples contaminated by bottom interference.  We used 
single ping ensembles. Vertical shear of horizontal velocity was 
obtained from each ping.  These shear estimates were vertically binned 
and averaged for each cast.  By combining the measured velocity of the 
ocean with respect to the instrument, the measured vertical shear, and 
accurate shipboard navigation at the start and end of the station, 
absolute velocity profiles are obtained (Fisher and Visbeck, 1993).  
Depth is obtained by integrating the vertical velocity component; a 
better estimate of the depth coordinate will be available after final 
processing of the data together with the CTD profile data.  The 
shipboard processing results in vertical profiles of u and v velocity 
components, from a depth of 60 m to near the ocean bottom in 16-m 
intervals.  These data have been computer contoured to produce 
preliminary plots for analysis and diagnosis (see enclosed figures).

The SIO (newest) LADCP was used between CTD stations 1077 and 1094. The 
very poor performance of the instrument below 3000 m and then below 2000 
m during these first 18 stations is due to a low transmit current inside 
the instrument (the HP module failed).  The UH LADCP was used from 
station 1095 until the end of the cruise.

Five stations (1015, 1118 - 1121) were missed owing to the use of an 
improper configuration file.  One command required for proper LADCP 
operation with the new resistor (changed July 95) was not included 
correctly in the initial file. Also, the LADCP was not deployed during 
station 1215, because of shallow water (around 300 m).  The deep casts 
often have noise problems below 3000 m or so owing to poor instrument 
range and interference from the return of the previous ping. 

B.3.3. 	Navigation

The ship used a Trimble precision code (P-code) receiver for navigation, 
with data coming in once per second.  These one-second data were stored 
for the entire cruise.

The Ashtech receiver uses a four antennae array to measure position and 
attitude.  The heading estimate was used with the gyro to provide a 
heading correction for the ADCP ensembles.  The Ashtech data were stored 
by the ADCP user-exit program along with the ADCP data.

B.4.	Thermosalinograph

Surface temperature and salinity from an FSI thermosalinograph were 
recorded on the ship's computer. The thermosalinograph was not 
calibrated prior to the departure of the Knorr from Woods Hole and will 
require station calibrations with the CTD/rosette system to obtain 
correct salinity data.

B.5. Atmospheric Chemistry

The CFC group ran 3/8" O.D. Dekaron air sampling lines (reinforced 
plastic tubing) from the CFC van to the bow and stern and their 
personell periodically analysed air for: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, carbon 
tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform.

B.6. 	pCO2

Equilibrated seawater and surface air were monitored underway for pCO2 
by the TCO2 and Total Alkalinity personell.  Two separate systems were 
continuously monitoring pCO2.  One system uses a shower type 
equilibrator and gas chromatographic detection. The other system uses a 
rotating disk equilibrator and infra-red detection. Sample analyses were 
typically completed within 12 hours of sample collection for discrete 
samples (TCO2 and Total Alkalinity).

C.  	Hydrographic Measurements

C.1.  	Water Sampling (Rosette) Equipment

2 SIO/ODF 36 position/10-liter frame with LADCP mounts.
1 WHOI/Bullister 25 position/4-liter frame.
1 WHOI 24 position/1.2 liter frame.

80 SIO/ODF 10-liter bottles with spares.
32 WHOI/Bullister 4-liter bottles with spares.
28 Bullister 4-liter bottles with spares.
36 WHOI/GO 1.2 liter bottles with spares.

3 GO 36-position pylons model 1016-36.
2 GO 24-position pylons model 1015-24.
2 GO 36-position surface control interfaces.
2 GO 24-position pylon deck units.
1 GO GO-FIRE external tonefire system for 36-position pylons.


C.2.  	CTD Data acquisition and processing

C.2.1. 	CTD Equipment

3 WHOI-modified EG&G Mk-IIIb CTD/O2 system with WHOI titanium pressure 
  transducer and pressure temperature channel.
2 WHOI/FSI ICTD/O2 systems with separate fast temperature channels.
5 WHOI/FSI Ocean Temperature Modules (external platinum resistance 
  thermometers) for redundancy on Mk-IIIb.
2 WHOI/FSI Ocean Conductivity Module for redundancy on Mk-IIIb.

C.2.2. 	CTD Equipment Configuration

Equipment used aboard Knorr for WOCE section I02 has been provided by 
both Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution CTD Operations, and the 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Shipboard Technical Services/ 
Ocean Data Facility (SIO STS/ODF).  A total of 168 stations were taken 
during the cruise, which includes two test stations to check instrument 
performance.

The underwater equipment was attached to an ODF-provided aluminum frame, 
capable of mounting thirty-six 10-liter bottles and a range of 
electronics. For this cruise two CTDs were usually used, along with a 
36-position pylon, pinger, independent temperature modules and a lowered 
acoustic doppler current profiler (LADCP).

Nearly all CTD data came from CTD-9, a WHOI-modified Neil Brown Mk-3b 
sampling at 23.8Hz, and incorporating a Sensormedics oxygen sensor 
assembly and a titanium pressure transducer with temperature sensor.  
Two early stations were taken with CTD-8, a General Oceanics-upgraded 
Mk3-c CTD.

On most stations, one of two Falmouth Scientific (FSI) ICTDs were used 
in memory mode to provide an independent CTD trace.  Both of the ICTDs 
provide 26Hz scan rate and Sensormedics oxygen sensors.  Either can be 
configured for use in FSK mode to send data up the cable or in memory 
mode to internally record data and dump it at the end of a cast. 
Additionally, an FSI Ocean Temperature Module (OTM) was attached to each 
of the Mk-3 and ICTDs to give further temperature benchmarks.

A General Oceanics (GO) model 1016-36 pylon and thirty-six ODF 10-liter 
bottles mounted in two concentric circles on the frame were provided by 
ODF. Also clamped into the frame were an Ocean Instrument Systems pinger 
for bottom-finding and an RDI LADCP and battery pack (see separate LADCP 
discussion).

The underwater system was lowered from the Knorr's starboard Markey 
winch spooled with approximately 10,000 meters of Rochester 0.322 inch 
3-conductor electromechanical cable.  Standard lowering rates were 30 
meters per minute to 200 meters wire out, and then 60 meters per minute 
to the target depth, as well as 60 meters per minute on the upcast.

Significant backup equipment was available aboard but not used, 
including one spare 36-position frame complete with bottles from ODF, a 
WHOI-owned 25-position 4-liter bottle frame, two GO 1016-36 pylons, 
three GO 1015-24 pylons and two pingers.

C.2.3. 	CTD Equipment Performance

Of the 168 stations, 166 were taken with CTD-9, and two with CTD-8. The 
two FSI ICTDs took data on 137 stations, configured for internal 
recording and mounted on the frame at the same height as the Mk-3 to 
provide an independent CTD data set. ICTD-1338 was used for 67 stations, 
and ICTD-1344 provided 70 stations.

CTD-8 was not used further because of jumps in the multiplexed data 
channels, which resulted in unfittable data in the oxygen and pressure 
temperature channels.

OTM data were integrated directly into the CTD data streams at the 
regular scan rate for that CTD.  One OTM was replaced when it developed 
an intermittent output. Preliminary reviews have shown no obvious 
temperature shifts comparing the OTMs with either of the CTDs' 
temperature data.

ICTD data were downloaded from the ICTD at the end of each station. 
Early problems maintaining connection to the downloading computer were 
traced to a faulty cable from the ICTD to the lab, and a replacement 
provided satisfactory performance.

CTDs and OTMs used during the cruise are being returned to WHOI for 
post-cruise calibrations in WHOI's CTD Calibration Laboratory during 
early 1996.

Power was maintained to the CTDs and pylon at all times to assure warm 
up conditions.  Each of the three conductors of the sea cable were used, 
one providing power and signal to/from the pylon, one for power and 
signal to/from the FSK mode CTD, and one providing power to the memory-
mode CTD.  The memory mode CTD was also provided with a backup battery 
in a pressure case to minimize the possibility of logging mode shutdown 
in the event of a power dropout.

The starboard winch, wire and boom arrangement worked flawlessly. The 
sea cable was reterminated approximately every 25 stations to avoid 
fatigue and corrosion failure, but in every case the wire was observed 
in apparently good to excellent shape at the termination. Retermination 
was not needed because of any cable problems. It should be noted that 
sea conditions were calm to moderate during the cruise.  Winch operators 
were well-trained, attentive and proactive, making the CTD watch 
significantly smoother.

Equipment provided by Scripps STS/ODF was in well maintained condition, 
and performed reliably during the cruise.  There were occasional 
communications errors with the pylon traced to cross-talk from the CTD 
and pylon telemetry, but these were minor inconveniences.  Special 
thanks go to the ODF group for their technical and logistics assistance 
and equipment support to WHOI in conducting this section as well as the 
I8S/I9S and I1 sections.

C.2.4. 	CTD Data Acquisition and Processing Methods

CTD data were acquired using a Neil Brown Instrument Systems Mk-III deck 
unit/display providing demodulated data to two personal computers 
running EG&G CTD acquisition software version 5.2 rev 2 (EG&G, Oceansoft 
acquisition manual, 1990).  One computer provided graphical data to 
screen and plotter, the other provided a listing output. Two more 
personal computers were used, one for pylon control and one for 
recovering the data from the internal-recording ICTD.  The pylon was 
driven by an ODF-provided pylon control system.  Bottom approach of the 
CTD package was monitored by following the attached pinger's direct and 
bottom return signals on the ship-provided PDR trace.

Following each station, the CTD data were forwarded to another set of 
personal computers running both EG&G CTD post-processing 5.2 rev 2 
software and custom software from WHOI (Millard and Yang, 1993).  The 
raw data were edited, pressure sorted, scaled and pressure centered into 
2 decibar bins for final data quality control and analysis.  A first 
pass fit of CTD salinity and oxygen to water sample salinity and oxygen 
was performed.

C.2.5. 	CTD Calibration Summary

C.2.5.1.Pre-cruise Laboratory Calibration:

The pressure, temperature, and conductivity sensors of CTD-9, CTD-8, 
ICTD-1338 and ICTD-1344 were calibrated at the Woods Hole Oceanographic 
Institution's CTD Calibration Laboratory in November 1995 directly 
before the I02 cruise began.  OTMs used during the cruise were also 
calibrated at that time.

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CALIBRATIONS:

The pressure, temperature, and conductivity sensors of CTD-9, CTD-8, ICTD-1344 
and ICTD-1338 were calibrated at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's 
CTD Calibration Laboratory in November 1995 directly before the I02 cruise 
began.  OTMs used during the cruise were also calibrated at that time. Post 
cruise calibrations for all instruments were performed in April and May 1996.  
There was a strong case for applying pre-cruise  calibrations to this data as 
they were considerably closer in time than the post-cruise calibrations to 
this cruise.

Only calibrations of instruments used in the final data set are included here. 
Calibration runs for all instruments are available from the WHOI CTD group. 
Laboratory calibrations of the conductivity and oxygen cells are not included 
in this section as multiple regression fits of the ctd data to the rosette 
data yeilding more accurate descriptions of the data are discussed later.

Special Notes on Primary Instrument CTD 9:

Pressure calibrations:

Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations were used for the final data load for 
stations collected with ctd 9.  There was a .33 to .5 db shift over the 0-
7000db range between the pre and post calibrations.

Different from other cruises, a single pressure bias term was used for the 
entire cruise for CTD 9.  This term was set equal to the mean of a regression 
fit to all of the on deck pressure bias data and the original pre-cruise 
laboratory pressure bias term.

Pressure Sensor Issues:

The pressure reading of CTD 9 before each station varied from 0.5 to 1.5 dbars 
on deck and 5.0 to 6.5 when back on deck.  It was discovered, post cruise, 
that there was, in fact, a real pressure historesis of the CTD 9 pressure cell 
induced by a huge temperature gradient characteristic of this part of the 
ocean. 

Pressure historesis:  This problem took us through many an iteration during 
the processing of the ctd data.  At sea, the pre-to-post cast pressure bias 
differential  was attributed to a malfunction of the pressure sensor specific 
to the last 100m or so of the upcast during  warming.  In fact, the CTD was 
measuring 2db too shallow at depth as well as 4.5 db too deep back at the 
surface!  It was particularly evident when overplotting with ictd 1344 showed 
the discrepancy. Finally, the solution was to apply a C1(D1) and an S1(S2) 
term to the pressure temperature sensor calibrations as described by Millard, 
Bond and Toole 1993.  These additional terms, although part of the original 
equation for scaling pressure temperature, have not previously contributed 
significant adjustments to pressure data.  However, we encountered an 
especially steep pressure/temperature gradient during this cruise and the 
application of these terms proved to be the solution.

The values of these terms were worked out from a post-cruise laboratory dunk 
test of the ctd from a warm bath directly to a cold bath and visa versa.  The 
C1(D1) term accommodates the lag associated with the thermal propagations from 
the end cap into the interior of the pressure temperature transducer.

Implementing these terms reduced the down/up historesis of the pressure term 
to less than 1 db.

Temperature Sensor Issues:

Stations 1075 from the previous leg and station 1077 from this leg were 
collected in the same geographic location with two different CTD's. Comparison 
of these data show that station 1077, the first station on this cruise, was 
.002 degrees colder in the deep water.  The consensus, after many comparisons 
of ictd, otm, and ctd calibration data was that the .002 difference could be 
real.  Since there is virtually no difference between CTD 9 pre and post 
temperature calibrations, and since comparisons of all other simultaneously 
used profiling instruments vary within that .002 spectrum, it was decided to 
load the data with the original pre-cruise temperature calibrations.

Conductivity Sensor Issues:

CTD 9 exhibited a subtle, yet distinct, conductivity sensor historesis which 
is discussed in detail in the conductivity fitting section of the 
documentation.  Even after compensating both for this and the pressure 
historesis, it was impossible to compensate for a digitizer problem which the 
conductivity cell also displayed.  Final calibrated data still shows a 
mismatch in the down/up salinity that is at the +/- 1 conductivity digitizer 
unit level.

KB45 - I02 - Instrument calibrations: 

CTD9

PRESSURE:

* pre-cruise  1.8-C  -.123343E+02  0.999335E-01  0.262451E-10
  stdev=0.520752
  (pr09d018.fit  ...  12-02-95)		meandev=-0.468648E-4
post-cruise  30.3C  -.781314E+01  0.999537E-01  0.368139E-10
  stdev=0.413239
  (pr09d001.fit  ...  04-23-96)		meandev=-0.530802E-4
* actual bias used:  -.118000E+02

PRESSURE TEMPERATURE:

S1	T0	BIAS	SLOPE
* pre-cruise  2.9980E-07  1.8  .374183E02  -.917955E-02
  stdev=.103365
  (te09d002.fit  ...  12-02-95)		meandev=.101896E-5
* The D1 and S2 terms were derived from post-cruise laboratory dunk test!
  S2=0.1067  D1(C1)=-290.15

TEMPERATURE:

* pre-cruise  -.179140E+01  .496259E-03  .473093E-11
  stdev=.319748E-03
  (te09d002.fit  ...  12-02-95)		meandev=.371819E-06
A temperature lag of 0.150 was used for all CTD9 stations.
post-cruise  -.179157E+01  .496325E-03  .382716E-11
  stdev=.277972E-03
  (te09d010.fit  ...  05-08-96)		meandev=.720932E-06

CTD8

PRESSURE:  

* pre-cruise  1.5-C  -55.9266  0.107747  -.230898E-08
  stdev=.582264 
  (pr08d001.fit  ...  9-09-95  really post mw95)

PRESSURE TEMPERATURE:  

	S1	S2	T0	BIAS	SLOPE
* pre-cruise  4.0859E-07  -0.35786  1.5  .121813E+03  -.268788E-02
  stdev=.175228
  (te08d001.fit  ...  12-12-95)

(note that a portion of station 1078 was loaded with bias of .135813E+03 to 
compensate for pressure/temp drop at 865 db.  This correction altered 
calculated pressure by 5 db.)

TEMPERATURE:

* pre-cruise  -.571426E-01  .499145E-03  .207133E-11
stdev=.374120E-03
(te08d002.fit  ...  12-02-95)		meandev=.867638E-06
A temperature lag of 0.240 seconds was used for all CTD 8 stations.

post-cruise 

FAST TEMPERATURE:

pre-cruise  -.255953  .524715e-03  -.136373e-08  .145946E-13
  stdev=.200573E-02
  (te08d002.fit  ...  12-02-95) 	meandev=.261125E-06

ICTD 1344

PRESSURE:

pre-cruise  1.8-C  1.926020  .100003  -.201953E-08  .199206E-13
  stdev=.500850
  (pr44d001.fit  ...  11-19-95)		meandev=-.517319E-04
post-cruise  30.3C  0.170542E+01  0.999827E-01  -.141189E-08  0.148897E-13 
  stdev=.399364
  (pr44d001.fit  ...  05-09-96)		meandev=.226782E-04

TEMPERATURE:

pre-cruise  -.863030E-02  .500618E-03  -.224525E-10  .220719E-15
  stdev=.364214E-03
  (te44d002.fit  ...  11-19-95)		meandev=.169501E-06
post-cruise  -.107943E-01  0.500615E-03  -.235938E-10  0.233805E-15
  stdev=.490960E-03
  (te44d010.fit  ...  05-06-96)		meandev=.295274E-06

A temperature lag of 0.50 seconds was used for ICTD 1344.

Fast Temp  -.169302E-01  .523736E-03  -.113775E-08  .125944E-1
  stdev=.167868E-02
  (te44d002.fit  ...  11-19-95) 	meandev=.718449E-07

A temperature lag of 0.250 seconds was used for this sensor.

2nd Temp  -.715269E-02  .500605E-03   -.246339E-10  .257380E-15
  stdev=.397759E-03
  (te44d002.fit  ...  11-19-95)		meandev=.362196E-06
post-cruise -.704266E-02 0.500570E-03 -.244250E-10 0.256205E-15
  stdev=.678849E-03 
  (te44d010.fit  ...  05-06-96)		meandev=.242432E-06

A temperature lag of 0.40 seconds was used for this sensor.

C.2.5.2.At-sea Pressure Correction:

The pressure reading of the CTD before each station varied from 0.5 to 
1.5 dbars on deck. To correct for this bias, the amount was subtracted 
from the pressure bias term so the calculated pressure read zero at the 
sea surface at the start of each station.

C.2.5.3.At-sea Conductivity Calibration:

The CTD conductivity data were fit to the water sample conductivity as 
described in Millard and Yang, 1993.  CTD-9's conductivity sensor 
appeared quite stable. The sensor drifted 0.003 pss over the first 140 
stations.

Conductivity Calibration Difficulties: 

The I02 data was processed many times with various methods in an effort to 
compensate for three very subtle issues which begged to be addressed:

1) historesis in conductivity sensor (discussed here)
2) historesis in the pressure transducer (discussed earlier)
3) problem with the digitizer of the conductivity cell 

Well into the processing of this data set it became evident that CTD 9, the 
primary instrument, had a problem with conductivity historesis.  Multiple 
regression fits of the uptrace ctd data to the rosette salts, when applied to 
the downtrace ctd data,  yielded a subtle, yet consistent, .001 discrepancy 
between the ctd  and the rosette data between theta 1,3 and 3.0.  This 
difference is not evident when applying the results of these fits to the 
uptrace ctd data.  There is a subtle historesis in the conductivity sensor. 

In an effort to properly calibrate both the uptrace ctd salinity data in the 
rosette file and the downtrace ctd salinity profiles, different fits were used 
for each case.  The calibrations for ctd salinities in the rosette file were 
derived from multiple regression fits of the uptrace ctd data to the rosette 
salts.  The calibrations for ctd downtrace salinities were derived from 
multiple regression fits of downtrace ctd data to the rosette salts. 

Beyond this problem, was a problem with the digitizer of the ctd 9 
conductivities.  Final calibrated data still exibits a mismatch in the down/up 
salinity that is at the +/- 1 conductivity digitizer unit level which could 
not be compensated for. 

Brief summary of Conductivity Calibration Iterations: 

The CTD conductivity data were initially fit to the water sample 
conductivities as described in Millard and Yang, 1993.  Primary CTD 9 stations 
(166 of 168) were initially treated as a single group.  A multiple regression 
fit of CTD uptrace conductivity data to rosette salt data yielded an initial 
set of station groupings to use for conductivity calibrations. 

Fits to initial groupings yielded a data set with a distinct pressure 
dependence of the delta (ctd-ws) conductivities.  Setting the beta term to 0 
resolved most of that issue.   

Next, we discovered the pressure historesis problem and reloaded the data with 
the new D1 and S2 pressure temperature terms as well as the new mean pressure 
bias.  We refit for conductivities with beta=0 and then discovered the subtle 
conductivity historesis.  These fits to the uptrace data, however, with beta=0 
are the conductivity calibrations which were applied to the final hydrographic 
water sample file.   

It was necessary, then, to extract down profile ctd conductivities to replace 
uptrace conductivities in the rosette file for doing new multiple regression 
fits specific to the downtrace data.  When we did this, we discovered that 
with this new method, there was no  pressure dependence of the delta 
conductivities, and that setting  beta equal to zero was like compensating for 
a problem which did not exist in the downtrace ctd conductivity data.  Once 
again, we refit our station groups with beta back to normal, fitting uptrace 
rosette data to downtrace ctd data.  Results here, except for individual 
station adjustments, are the final conductivity calibrations applied to the 
downtrace ctd profiles. 

Initially, when processing this data, all processing was done in the PC DOS 
environment with existing programs.  As questions arose and more involved 
details needed addressing, MATLAB procedures proved valuable for looking at 
the data.  In the end,  MATLAB was used to determine conductivity calibrations 
for this data set allowing comparisons of uptrace and downtrace ctd data in a 
single working environment.  Development of these MATLAB procedures, however, 
required time and testing. 

In summary, fits to the uptrace conductivities were applied to the final SEA 
file, and fits of extracted downtrace conductivities to the water sample 
conductivities were applied to the downtrace ctd profiles. This is non-
standard processing, but has provided the best information available for both 
the ctd profiles and final rosette file. 

A note about shallow stations 151-158.  These stations appear not to match 
their rosette data as well as surrounding stations.  However, the station 
group used to determine calibrations for these was 134-223 and stations before 
and after this group match with their rosette data and this data very well.  
Rather than force the ctd to match the rosette data for these stations, we put 
faith in the fact that the ctd remained constant and consistent across this 
shallow group of stations. 

RESULTS OF CONDUCTIVITY FITS:

CTD #8:  see special note on ctd 8 stations below:

a)

78   -.351557E-01	0.100452E-02	(then add .002 psu)
79   -.351557E-01	0.100452E-02	

CTD #9:  primary instrument

Fits of downtrace ctd data to uptrace rosette data applied to down profiles:
Conductivity bias for all ctd 9 stations is -.013 determined from a multiple 
regression fit to all of the CTD9 data.

a)   fit stations 80		slope > 2000	st.dev.=.0007487

77   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
80   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	

b)   fit stations 81-109	slope > 2000	st.dev.=.0008664

81   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
82   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
83   -.130000E-01	0.997950E-03	(adj +.0015 add 4.6E-8)
84   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
85   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
86   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
87   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
88   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
89   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
90   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
91   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
92   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
93   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
94   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
95   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
96   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
97   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
98   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
99   -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
100  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
101  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
102  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
103  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
104  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
105  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
106  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
107  -.130000E-01	0.997904E-03	
108  -.130000E-01	0.997934E-03	(adj +.001 add 3E-8)
109  -.130000E-01	0.997934E-03	(adj +.001 add 3E-8)

c)   fit station 110		slope > 2000	st.dev.=.0007355

110  -.130000E-01	0.998058E-03	

d)   fit stations 111-135	slope > 2000	st.dev.=,000812

111  -.130000E-01	0.997925E-03	(adj +.001 add 3E-8)
112  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
113  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
114  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
115  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
116  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
117  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
118  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
119  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
120  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
121  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
122  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
123  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
124  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
125  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
126  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
127  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
128  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
129  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
130  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
131  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
132  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
133  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
134  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	
135  -.130000E-01	0.997895E-03	

e)	fit stations 136-223 st.dep. slope > 2000	st.dev.=0009773

136  -.130000E-01	0.997922E-03	
137  -.130000E-01	0.997872E-03	
138  -.130000E-01	0.997873E-03	
139  -.130000E-01	0.997924E-03	
140  -.130000E-01	0.997924E-03	
141  -.130000E-01	0.997925E-03	
142  -.130000E-01	0.997926E-03	
143  -.130000E-01	0.997926E-03	
144  -.130000E-01	0.997927E-03	
145  -.130000E-01	0.997928E-03	
146  -.130000E-01	0.997929E-03	
147  -.130000E-01	0.997929E-03	
148  -.130000E-01	0.997930E-03	
149  -.130000E-01	0.997931E-03	
150  -.130000E-01	0.997931E-03	
151  -.130000E-01	0.997932E-03	
152  -.130000E-01	0.997933E-03	
153  -.130000E-01	0.997933E-03	
154  -.130000E-01	0.997934E-03	
155  -.130000E-01	0.997935E-03	
156  -.130000E-01	0.997936E-03	
157  -.130000E-01	0.997936E-03	
158  -.130000E-01	0.997937E-03	
159  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03	
160  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03	
161  -.130000E-01	0.997939E-03	
162  -.130000E-01	0.997940E-03	
163  -.130000E-01	0.997940E-03	
164  -.130000E-01	0.997941E-03	
165  -.130000E-01	0.997942E-03	
166  -.130000E-01	0.997942E-03	
167  -.130000E-01	0.997943E-03	
168  -.130000E-01	0.997944E-03	
169  -.130000E-01	0.997945E-03	
170  -.130000E-01	0.997945E-03	
171  -.130000E-01	0.997946E-03	
172  -.130000E-01	0.997947E-03	
173  -.130000E-01	0.997947E-03	
174  -.130000E-01	0.997948E-03	
175  -.130000E-01	0.997949E-03	
176  -.130000E-01	0.997949E-03	
177  -.130000E-01	0.997950E-03	
178  -.130000E-01	0.997951E-03	
179  -.130000E-01	0.997952E-03	
180  -.130000E-01	0.997952E-03	
181  -.130000E-01	0.997953E-03	
182  -.130000E-01	0.997954E-03	
183  -.130000E-01	0.997954E-03	
184  -.130000E-01	0.997955E-03	
185  -.130000E-01	0.997956E-03	
186  -.130000E-01	0.997956E-03	
187  -.130000E-01	0.997957E-03	

188  -.669766E-02	1.000345E-03	ictd 1344 

189  -.130000E-01	0.997958E-03	
190  -.130000E-01	0.997959E-03	

f)	re-fit stations 191-198	slope > 2000	st.dev.=.0007966

191  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
192  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
193  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
194  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
195  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
196  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
197  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03
198  -.130000E-01	0.997938E-03

199  -.130000E-01	0.997965E-03
200  -.130000E-01	0.997966E-03
201  -.130000E-01	0.997967E-03
202  -.130000E-01	0.997967E-03
203  -.130000E-01	0.997968E-03
204  -.130000E-01	0.997969E-03
205  -.130000E-01	0.997970E-03
206  -.130000E-01	0.997970E-03
207  -.130000E-01	0.997971E-03
208  -.130000E-01	0.997972E-03
209  -.130000E-01	0.997972E-03
210  -.130000E-01	0.997973E-03
211  -.130000E-01	0.997974E-03
212  -.130000E-01	0.997974E-03
213  -.130000E-01	0.997975E-03
214  -.130000E-01	0.997976E-03
215  -.130000E-01	0.997977E-03
216  -.130000E-01	0.997977E-03
217  -.130000E-01	0.997978E-03
218  -.130000E-01	0.997979E-03
219  -.130000E-01	0.997979E-03
220  -.130000E-01	0.997980E-03
221  -.130000E-01	0.997981E-03
222  -.130000E-01	0.997981E-03
223  -.130000E-01	0.997982E-03

g)   fit stations 224-226	slope > 2000	st.dev.=0008161

224  -.130000E-01	0.997945E-03
225  -.130000E-01	0.997945E-03
226  -.130000E-01	0.997945E-03

h)   fit stations 227-244 st.dep. slope > 2000	st.dev.=.000925

227  -.130000E-01	0.998018E-03	
228  -.130000E-01	0.998015E-03	
229  -.130000E-01	0.998012E-03	
230  -.130000E-01	0.998009E-03	
231  -.130000E-01	0.998006E-03	
232  -.130000E-01	0.998049E-03	(adj +.0015 ad 4.5E-8)
233  -.130000E-01	0.998001E-03	
234  -.130000E-01	0.997998E-03	
235  -.130000E-01	0.997995E-03	
236  -.130000E-01	0.997992E-03	
237  -.130000E-01	0.997989E-03	
238  -.130000E-01	0.997986E-03	
239  -.130000E-01	0.997984E-03	
240  -.130000E-01	0.997981E-03	
241  -.130000E-01	0.997978E-03	
242  -.130000E-01	0.997975E-03	
243  -.130000E-01	0.997972E-03	
244  -.130000E-01	0.997969E-03	

Fits of uptrace ctd data to uptrace rosette data applied to SEA file.

CTD #8:

78  -.351557E-01	0.100452E-02	(then add .002 psu)
79  -.351557E-01	0.100452E-02	

CTD #9:

8/24/97	fitting of stations 80-111  

a)   fit stations 80-83 slope & bias all / st.dep. slope > 1500

77  -.97646495E-02	0.99780168E-03	
80  -.97646495E-02	0.99780168E-03	st. dev. = .000715
81  -.97646495E-02	0.99782430E-03	
82  -.97646495E-02	0.99784693E-03	
83  -.97646495E-02	0.99786955E-03	

sta 84-92 fit full profile for bias & 99-103 station dep slope > 1500	st. 
dev. = .000715

b1)   fit stations 84-92 99-103 slope & bias all / st.dep. slope > 1500

84  -.72365110E-02	0.99773304E-03
85  -.72365110E-02	0.99773458E-03
86  -.72365110E-02	0.99773613E-03
87  -.72365110E-02	0.99773768E-03
88  -.72365110E-02	0.99773923E-03
89  -.72365110E-02	0.99774078E-03
90  -.72365110E-02	0.99774233E-03
91  -.72365110E-02	0.99774387E-03
92  -.72365110E-02	0.99774542E-03

b2)   fit stations 84-92 99-103 slope & bias all / st.dep. slope > 1500

99   -.72365110E-02	0.99775626E-03
100  -.72365110E-02	0.99775781E-03
101  -.72365110E-02	0.99775935E-03
102  -.72365110E-02	0.99776090E-03
103  -.72365110E-02	0.99776245E-03

c)   fit stations 93-98 slope and bias all /  slope > 1500

93   -.59222312E-02	0.99770399E-03	st. dev. = .000662
94   -.59222312E-02	0.99770399E-03	
95   -.59222312E-02	0.99770399E-03	
96   -.59222312E-02	0.99770399E-03	
97   -.59222312E-02	0.99770399E-03	
98   -.59222312E-02	0.99770399E-03	

d) fit stations 104-105 slope and bias all / slope > 1500

104  -.60349899E-02	0.99770400E-03	st. dev. = .000584
105  -.60349899E-02	0.99770400E-03	

e)   fit stations 106-109 slope and bias all / st.dep.slope > 1500 (and apply 
     fit of station 109 to 110 and 111)

106  -.22696049E-02	0.99755894E-03	st. dev. = .000756
107  -.22696049E-02	0.99757846E-03	
108  -.22696049E-02	0.99759798E-03	
109  -.22696049E-02	0.99761750E-03	
110  -.22696049E-02	0.99761750E-03	
111  -.22696049E-02	0.99761750E-03	

sta 112-127  fit full profile for bias ; fit slope > 1500

112  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	st. dev. = .000786
113  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
114  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
115  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
116  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
117  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
118  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
119  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
120  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
121  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
122  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
123  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
124  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
125  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
126  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	
127  -.633288E-02	0.997708E-03	

10 July 1997
sta 137-151  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500 
    stations 128-137 take cals of 137!

128  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	st. dev. = .000702
129  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
130  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
131  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
132  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
133  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
134  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
135  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
136  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
137  0.282178E-03	0.997512E-03	
138  0.282178E-03	0.997515E-03	
139  0.282178E-03	0.997518E-03	
140  0.282178E-03	0.997521E-03	
141  0.282178E-03	0.997524E-03	
142  0.282178E-03	0.997528E-03	
143  0.282178E-03	0.997531E-03	
144  0.282178E-03	0.997534E-03	
145  0.282178E-03	0.997537E-03	
146  0.282178E-03	0.997540E-03	
147  0.282178E-03	0.997543E-03	
148  0.282178E-03	0.997546E-03	
149  0.282178E-03	0.997550E-03	
150  0.282178E-03	0.997553E-03	

September 1997:
sta 151-158  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500

151  -.469850E-02	0.997714E-03	st. dev. = .000683
152  -.469850E-02	0.997708E-03	
153  -.469850E-02	0.997702E-03	
154  -.469850E-02	0.997697E-03	
155  -.469850E-02	0.997691E-03	
156  -.469850E-02	0.997685E-03	
157  -.469850E-02	0.997680E-03	
158  -.469850E-02	0.997674E-03	

sta 159-166  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500

159  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	st. dev. = .000679
160  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	
161  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	
162  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	
163  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	
164  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	
165  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	
166  0.660155E-03	0.997536E-03	

sta 167-171  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500

167  -.774001E-02	0.997788E-03	st. dev. = .000831
168  -.774001E-02	0.997780E-03	
169  -.774001E-02	0.997773E-03	
170  -.774001E-02	0.997765E-03	
171  -.774001E-02	0.997757E-03	

sta 171-178  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500
    apply to stations 172-177!

172  -.318309E-03	0.997545E-03	st. dev. = .000741
173  -.318309E-03	0.997552E-03	
174  -.318309E-03	0.997559E-03	
175  -.318309E-03	0.997565E-03	
176  -.318309E-03	0.997572E-03	
177  -.318309E-03	0.997579E-03	

sta 178-186  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500
    apply to stations 178-182!

178  -.415914E-02	0.997709E-03	st. dev. = .000777
179  -.415914E-02	0.997701E-03	
180  -.415914E-02	0.997694E-03	
181  -.415914E-02	0.997686E-03	
182  -.415914E-02	0.997678E-03	

sta 186-206  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500
    station 183-185 extend station dependence backward from 186!

183  -.615559E-02	0.997685E-03	st. dev. = .000727
184  -.615559E-02	0.997690E-03	
185  -.615559E-02	0.997695E-03	
186  -.615559E-02	0.997700E-03	
187  -.615559E-02	0.997705E-03	

188  -.669766E-02	1.000345E-03	ictd 1344

189  -.615559E-02	0.997715E-03	
190  -.615559E-02	0.997720E-03	
191  -.615559E-02	0.997725E-03	
192  -.615559E-02	0.997730E-03	
193  -.615559E-02	0.997735E-03	
194  -.615559E-02	0.997740E-03	
195  -.615559E-02	0.997745E-03	
196  -.615559E-02	0.997751E-03	
197  -.615559E-02	0.997756E-03	
198  -.615559E-02	0.997761E-03	
199  -.615559E-02	0.997766E-03	
200  -.615559E-02	0.997771E-03	
201  -.615559E-02	0.997776E-03	
202  -.615559E-02	0.997781E-03	
203  -.615559E-02	0.997786E-03	
204  -.615559E-02	0.997791E-03	
205  -.615559E-02	0.997796E-03	
206  -.615559E-02	0.997801E-03	
207  -.615559E-02	0.997801E-03	

sta 208-215  fit full profile for bias
    fit slope > 1500

208  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	st. dev. = .000787
209  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	
210  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	
211  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	
212  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	
213  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	
214  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	
215  -.655756E-02	0.997758E-03	

sta 115-232  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500
    apply to 216-230 (except 224 & 225)

216  -.669768E-02	0.997767E-03	st. dev. = .000684
217  -.669768E-02	0.997772E-03	
218  -.669768E-02	0.997777E-03	
219  -.669768E-02	0.997781E-03	
220  -.669768E-02	0.997786E-03	
221  -.669768E-02	0.997791E-03	
222  -.669768E-02	0.997795E-03	
223  -.669768E-02	0.997800E-03	

226  -.669768E-02	0.997814E-03	
227  -.669768E-02	0.997819E-03	
228  -.669768E-02	0.997824E-03	
229  -.669768E-02	0.997828E-03	
230  -.669768E-02	0.997833E-03	

sta 224-225  fit full profile for bias
    fit slope > 1500

224  -.889504E-02	0.997814E-03	st. dev. = .000501
225  -.889504E-02	0.997814E-03	

sta 231-240  fit full profile for bias
    station dep slope > 1500
    station 241-244 set to same as 240

231  -.629043E-02	0.997846E-03	st. dev. = .001842
232  -.629043E-02	0.997835E-03	
233  -.629043E-02	0.997823E-03	
234  -.629043E-02	0.997812E-03	
235  -.629043E-02	0.997800E-03	
236  -.629043E-02	0.997789E-03	
237  -.629043E-02	0.997778E-03	
238  -.629043E-02	0.997766E-03	
239  -.629043E-02	0.997755E-03	
240  -.629043E-02	0.997743E-03	
241  -.629043E-02	0.997743E-03	
242  -.629043E-02	0.997743E-03	
243  -.629043E-02	0.997743E-03	
244  -.629043E-02	0.997743E-03	

Special Cases for stations 78, 79  and 188:

CTD #8:

Theta/S plots of CTD 8 stations 78 and 79 are comparable to surrounding CTD 9 
stations.  These CTD #8 stations were processed at sea.  These stations are as 
they were at cruise end.

78  -.351557E-01	0.100452E-02	(then add .002 psu)
79  -.351557E-01	0.100452E-02	

STA 1078  has two pres/temp bias cals applied and salt manually adjusted.  The 
alternate pres/temp bias is to compensate for a 14 degpres/temp drop at 865 
db..  It also, however, alters the calculated pressure by 5 db.

.121813E+03  (c01  bias)
.135813E+03  (c02  bias)

The down profile was scaled with each cal file (C01 and C02).  It was then cut 
and pasted to make one whole file.  Up cast is scaled with the second cal 
(C02); no cut and paste needed.  However, resulting salt was too low. We 
manually add +.002 psu to .ctp .prs and .scl files which became standard input 
for the final data set. 

ICTD 1344:  Station 188

Station 188 was processed from the ICTD 1344 data since the sensor caps were 
left on during CTD 9 sta 188.  Scans in the rosette file for sta 188 were also 
extracted from the ictd.  Conductivity calibrations were derived from a fit to 
the station 188 rosette data.

WATER SAMPLE SALINITY AND OXYGEN DATA:

A complete description of the water sample dissolved oxygen and salinity 
measurement techniques used during this cruise is presented by Knapp et al. 
(1990).  As described in this report, samples were collected for the analysis 
of dissolved oxygen and salinity from each of the 24 ten-liter bottles tripped 
on the upcast of each CTD station, in accordance with the recommendations of 
the WOCE Hydrographic Office.  The vertical distribution of these samples was 
a compromise between the need to obtain deep samples for the calibration of 
the CTD conductivity and oxygen sensors and the requirement to define the 
characteristics of the water masses by the distributions of the various 
measured parameters.

C.2.5.4. At-sea Oxygen Calibrations:

The CTD oxygen data were fit to the water sample oxygens to determine 
the six parameters of the oxygen algorithm (Millard and Yang, 1993).  As 
with conductivity, the stations were fit when excessive drift in the 
sensor was noted.  CTD-9's oxygen data, using the same six parameters to 
calculate oxygen show a drift of only 0.1 ml/l over the first 140 
stations.

C.2.6. 	Quality Control Notes For 2 Decibar CTD Data and .SEA Files

Pressure difference:

On deck difference in CTD-9's pressure between the start and end of cast 
was consistently close to 4.5 dbars.  Comparing the pressure data with 
the ICTD logging in memory mode, it appears the 4.5 dbar change is 
occurring as the CTD is warming on the uptrace in the last few hundred 
meters.

CTD-9 temperature and OTM-1326 difference:

Difference in temperature at depth appears to have remained constant 
between these two instruments indicating there has been no temperature 
shift greater than 0.002šC since the OTM began collecting data on 
station 1090.

Station 1078, CTD-8:

The oxygen sensor assembly failed during downtrace at 875 dbar. Water 
had leaked into the assembly molding.  Pressure temperature dropped 
14°C, also at 875 dbars.  While the oxygen data were not recoverable, 
the pressure temperature data were corrected by increasing the 
temperature after the drop by 14°C.  The resulting corrected pressure 
temperature changed the calculated pressure by 5 dbars.

Station 1079, CTD-8:

The oxygen assembly from ICTD-1344 was put on to CTD-8, however oxygen 
current and oxygen temperature still did not look good. The oxygen data 
were unusable. Pressure temperature dropped again just at completion of 
the station. CTD-8 was removed from the package and replaced with CTD-9.

Station 1090, CTD-9:

OTM-1326 was connected to CTD-9 and successfully collected data through 
the end of the cruise.

Stations 1100, 1101, 1102, CTD-9:

Conductivity jumped low by 0.008 mmho during downtrace, most noticeably 
below 2.5°C potential temperature.  Uptrace appeared fine.

Station 1110, CTD-9:

Conductivity drifted low by 0.005 mmho during downtrace, most noticeably 
below 2.5°C potential temperature.

Station 1111 to 1174, ICTD-1338:

ICTD-1338 was attached to package and successfully recorded and 
downloaded data from its internal memory.

Station 1175 to end of cruise, ICTD-1344:

ICTD-1338 was taken off package and replaced with ICTD-1344 and OTM-1372 
before station 1175 and used for the remainder of the cruise.

C.3.	Bottle Salinity Analysis

A complete description of the salinity measurement techniques used 
during this cruise is presented in Knapp et al (1990).  All measurements 
were made in a temperature controlled (23°C) van.

The water sample salinities were collected by one of the CTD watch 
standers in 200 ml bottles with removable polyethylene inserts and caps.  
Bottles were rinsed three times, filled to the shoulder and securely 
capped.  Samples were then allowed to reach laboratory temperature, and 
then measured with a Guildline Autosal Model 8400B salinometer (WHOI no. 
11) that was standardized daily with IAPSO Standard Sea Water Batch P-
128, dated 18 July 1995.  Daily fluctuations of the Autosal 
standardization were usually less than 0.0002. Long-term drift of the 
instrument, from the beginning to the end of the cruise was 
approximately 0.001.  The salinity measurements have an accuracy of 
0.002.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jan 7  '96
s77t156.sea 	salts, oxygen, (sta 1077 to 1156)
			nutrients (sta 1077 to 1156)
			cfc (sta 1078 to 1156) (duplicates have mistakenly been 
			labeled bad) 
			co2 without quality word (sta 1078 to 1156) (sta 1126 corrected) 
			File does not include final CTD salt and oxygen

		Sta 1077 has been reordered from shallowest to deepest.
		Sta 1077 does not have the cfcs or co2 merged in.
		Sta 1078 CTD pressure has been corrected.
		   The merging program insists the files being used be ordered 
		   from deep to shallow.  When reordering is necessary, the whole 
		   line of bottle and ctd data is swapped, not just part of it 
		   thereby keeping the bottle, and ctd data in tact.  
		Sta 1104 put bottles 3 and 4  in reverse order so that 
		   pressure is decreasing.
		Sta 1107 put bottles 5 and 6 in reverse order so that pressure 
		   is decreasing.
		Sta 1127 had pylon problems. Bottle 22 was tripped at 900db 
		   and bottles 23 to 31 are believed to have tripped at 900 as 
		   well.  It is not clear where the remaining bottles tripped 
		   and two of them were leakers.  Bottles 32 to 36 were 
		   removed from data set. Tags were added to the file for the 
		   extra 8 bottles at 900db. The tags are copies of the bottle 
		   #22's tag with a .1db change in pressure for each tag to 
		   keep each tag distinct.   

Jan 19  '96
s157t199.sea	salts, oxygen, (sta 1157 to 1199)
		nutrients (sta 1157 to 1199)
		cfc (sta 1157 to 1199) 
		co2 without quality word (sta 1157 to 1199)
		File does not include final CTD salt and oxygen

Jan 22  '96
s200t244.sea 	salts, oxygen, (sta 1200 to 1244)
		nutrients (sta 1200 to 1244)
		cfc (sta 1200 to 1244) 
		co2 without quality word (sta 1200 to 1244)
		File does not include final CTD salt and oxygen

Jan 22 '96
I2.sea		all the above sea files appended into one file AND the 
		station numbers have been changed to their true numbers 
		(from 77 through 244 to 1077 through 1244)

C.4.  	Dissolved Oxygen Analysis

A complete description of the dissolved oxygen measurement techniques 
used during this cruise is presented in Knapp et al (1990).  All 
measurements were made in a temperature controlled (23°C) van.

Dissolved oxygen samples were also collected by a designated CTD watch 
stander from each watch.  Aliquots of these samples were titrated within 
fourteen hours of collection.  All oxygen reagents were prepared at WHOI 
in August, 1994, and loaded on the ship when she sailed from Woods Hole.  
A single batch of sodium bi-iodate standard was also prepared and loaded 
on the ship at that time.  Post-cruise comparison of this standard will 
be made with a freshly prepared standard when the equipment returns to 
Woods Hole in March 1996, but based on comparisons made with oxygens 
measured on earlier legs of the expedition, it does not appear that this 
standard (17 months old at the end of the cruise) has deteriorated.  
Accuracy of these dissolved oxygen measurements is 0.5%.

RESULTS OF OXYGEN FITS:

Oxygens were fit in station groupings according to similar characteristics.  
Groupings were derived from a plot of delta oxygen (ctd-ws) vs. station number 
where all stations were scaled to a single set of calibrations.  The standard 
deviation of this plot for data below 1000db was 0.0556.Regression fits were 
typically done to 2.8 standard deviations unless a tighter criteria was 
required to obtain acceptable results.  After arriving at valid oxygen 
calibration terms, the lag term for all stations was increased to 10 seconds 
in an attempt to accommodate an incredibly steep temperature gradient in the 
shallow water.  

High quality oxygen profiles were collected for all but 3 stations on this 
cruise.  

CTD 8 stations 77 and 78 have no oxygen data. The oxygen sensor assembly 
failed on station 77 during downtrace at 875 dbar.  Water had leaked into the 
assembly molding.  Pressure temperature dropped 14 deg. C, also at 875 dbars.  
While the oxygen data were not recoverable, the pressure temperature data were 
corrected by increasing the temperature after the drop by 14 degrees.  The 
resulting corrected pressure temperature changed the calculated pressure by 5 
dbars.  On station 79, the oxygen assembly from ICTD-1344 was put on to CTD-8.  
However oxygen current and oxygen temperature still looked ominous and the 
oxygen data were unusable.  Pressure temperature dropped again just at 
completion of station 79. CTD-8 was no longer used.

Station 188 (whose profile was processed from ICTD 1344 instead of CTD 9) has 
no oxygen data.  The standard deviation of calibrated CTD oxygens minus water 
sample oxygens below 1000 db for the entire cruise was 0.0365 (ml/l). There is 
no overall pressure dependent shape to the delta oxygen (ctd-ws) plot. 

Station groupings and fitting results are as follows:

a) fit stations 80-106  to 2.8 st. deviations using 833/949 pts  std=.029205 
   apply to 77,80-106

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
77	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
80	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
81	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
82	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
83	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
84	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
85	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
86	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
87	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
88	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
89	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
90	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
91	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
92	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
93	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
94	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
95	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
96	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
97	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
98	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
99	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
100	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
101	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
102	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
103	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
104	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
105	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02
106	-.900000E-02	0.139400E-02	0.146500E-03	-.294000E-01	0.620000E+00	0.100000E+02

b) fit stations 107-110  to 2.8 st. deviations using 127/139 pts  std=.02262

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
107	-.600000E-02	0.137900E-02	0.146100E-03	-.303000E-01	0.530000E+00	0.100000E+02
108	-.600000E-02	0.137900E-02	0.146100E-03	-.303000E-01	0.530000E+00	0.100000E+02
109	-.600000E-02	0.137900E-02	0.146100E-03	-.303000E-01	0.530000E+00	0.100000E+02
110	-.600000E-02	0.137900E-02	0.146100E-03	-.303000E-01	0.530000E+00	0.100000E+02

c) fit stations 111-114  to 2.5 st. deviations using 128/140 pts  std=.02342

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
111	-.900000E-02	0.141000E-02	0.144100E-03	-.296000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
112	-.900000E-02	0.141000E-02	0.144100E-03	-.296000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
113	-.900000E-02	0.141000E-02	0.144100E-03	-.296000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
114	-.900000E-02	0.141000E-02	0.144100E-03	-.296000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
115	-.900000E-02	0.141000E-02	0.144100E-03	-.296000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02

d) fit stations 116-121  to 2.8 st. deviations using 177/202 pts  std=.01996 
fitting for station dependent bias term.

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
116	-.250000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.143400E-03	-.291000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
117	-.220000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.143400E-03	-.291000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
118	-.200000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.143400E-03	-.291000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
119	-.170000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.143400E-03	-.291000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
120	-.150000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.143400E-03	-.291000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
121	-.120000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.143400E-03	-.291000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02

e) fit stations 122-126  to 2.0 st. deviations using 135/169 pts  std=.01400

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
122	-.400000E-02	0.140100E-02	0.144500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.700000E+00	0.100000E+02
123	-.400000E-02	0.140100E-02	0.144500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.700000E+00	0.100000E+02
124	-.400000E-02	0.140100E-02	0.144500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.700000E+00	0.100000E+02
125	-.400000E-02	0.140100E-02	0.144500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.700000E+00	0.100000E+02
126	-.400000E-02	0.140100E-02	0.144500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.700000E+00	0.100000E+02

f) fit stations 127-138  to 2.5 st. deviations using 355/414 pts  std=.01936

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
127	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
128	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
129	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
130	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
131	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
132	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
133	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
134	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
135	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
136	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
137	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02
138	-.300000E-02	0.138600E-02	0.144200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.690000E+00	0.100000E+02

g) fit stations 139-144 to 2.5 st. deviations using 178/208 pts  std=.02282

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
139	-.500000E-02	0.141200E-02	0.144100E-03	-.286000E-01	0.720000E+00	0.100000E+02
140	-.500000E-02	0.141200E-02	0.144100E-03	-.286000E-01	0.720000E+00	0.100000E+02
141	-.500000E-02	0.141200E-02	0.144100E-03	-.286000E-01	0.720000E+00	0.100000E+02
142	-.500000E-02	0.141200E-02	0.144100E-03	-.286000E-01	0.720000E+00	0.100000E+02
143	-.500000E-02	0.141200E-02	0.144100E-03	-.286000E-01	0.720000E+00	0.100000E+02
144	-.500000E-02	0.141200E-02	0.144100E-03	-.286000E-01	0.720000E+00	0.100000E+02

h) fit stations 145-155  to 2.5 st. deviations using 255/324 pts  std=.02000

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
145	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
146	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
147	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
148	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
149	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
150	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
151	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
152	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
153	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
154	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
155	-.700000E-02	0.144100E-02	0.142900E-03	-.295000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02

i) fit stations 156-191 to 2.5 st. deviations using 897/1085 pts  std=.02957

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
156	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
157	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
158	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
159	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
160	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
161	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
162	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
163	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
164	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
165	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
166	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
167	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
168	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
169	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
170	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
171	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
172	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
173	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
174	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
175	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
176	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
177	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
178	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
179	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
180	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
181	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
182	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
183	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
184	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
185	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
186	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
187	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
189	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
190	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02
191	-.800000E-02	0.143700E-02	0.142600E-03	-.294000E-01	0.730000E+00	0.100000E+02

j) fit stations 192-197 to 2.0 st. deviations using 116/181 pts  std=.02331

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
192	-.140000E-01	0.142800E-02	0.148100E-03	-.288000E-01	0.760000E+00	0.100000E+02
193	-.140000E-01	0.142800E-02	0.148100E-03	-.288000E-01	0.760000E+00	0.100000E+02
194	-.140000E-01	0.142800E-02	0.148100E-03	-.288000E-01	0.760000E+00	0.100000E+02
195	-.140000E-01	0.142800E-02	0.148100E-03	-.288000E-01	0.760000E+00	0.100000E+02
196	-.140000E-01	0.142800E-02	0.148100E-03	-.288000E-01	0.760000E+00	0.100000E+02
197	-.140000E-01	0.142800E-02	0.148100E-03	-.288000E-01	0.760000E+00	0.100000E+02

k) fit stations 198-214 to 2.5 st. deviations using 413/547 pts  std=.03565

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
198	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
199	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
200	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
201	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
202	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
203	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
204	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
205	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
206	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
207	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
208	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
209	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
210	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
211	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
212	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
213	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02
214	-.600000E-02	0.139500E-02	0.146800E-03	-.289000E-01	0.670000E+00	0.100000E+02

l) fit stations 215-223 to 2.5 st. deviations using 175/226 pts  std=.04467

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
215	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
216	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
217	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
218	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
219	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
220	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
221	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
222	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02
223	0.200000E-02	0.136800E-02	0.145200E-03	-.287000E-01	0.680000E+00	0.100000E+02

m) fit stations 224-231 to 2.5 st. deviations using 228/275 pts  std=.04144

sta	    bias	    slope	    pcor	    tcor	    wt		   lag
224	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
225	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
226	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
227	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
228	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
229	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
230	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
231	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
232	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
233	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
234	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
235	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
236	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
237	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
238	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
239	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
240	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
241	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
242	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
243	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02
244	-.140000E-01	0.146300E-02	0.143500E-03	-.292000E-01	0.770000E+00	0.100000E+02

C.6.  	Nutrient Analyses

C.6.1.	Equipment and Techniques

The analyses were performed using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (AAII) 
which is the property of Scripps Institution of Oceanography's 
Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF). This AutoAnalyzer has been used 
throughout the Indian Ocean WOCE Programme.  A Keithley model 575 data 
acquisition system was used in parallel with analog stripchart recorders 
to acquire the absorbance data.  The software used to process the 
nutrient data was developed at OSU.  All of the reagent and standard 
materials were provided by OSU. The analytical methods are described in 
Gordon et al (1994).

C.6.2. 	Sampling Procedures:

Nutrient samples were drawn from all CTD/rosette casts at stations 1077 
to 1244. High density polyethylene (HDPE) centrifuge tubes of 
approximately 50 mL volume were used as sample containers, and these 
same tubes were positioned directly in the autosampler tray.  These 
sample tubes were routinely rinsed at least 3 times with one half to 
full volume of sample before filling.  Sample tubes were rinsed twice 
with deionized water after sample runs, and were soaked in 10% HCl every 
other day.  The nutrient samples were drawn following those for CFCs, 
helium, tritium, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and 
salinity.  At most stations, the AAII sample run was started before 
sampling was completed to reduce delay and minimize possible changes in 
nutrient concentration due to biological processes.

C.6.3.	Calibration and Standardization:

Calibration standards for the nutrient analyses were prepared from high 
purity preweighed crystalline standard materials.  The materials used 
were:

Phosphate standard: J.T. Baker potassium di-hydrogen phosphate lot 3246.

Nitrate standard: Alfa potassium nitrate lot 121881.

Silicic acid standard: J. T. Baker sodium silicofluoride lot 21078 10A.

Nitrite standard: MCB sodium nitrite lot 4205.

The volumetric flasks and pipettors used to prepare standards were 
gravimetrically calibrated prior to the cruise.  The Eppendorf 
Maxipettor adjustable pipettors used to prepare mixed standards 
typically have a standard deviation of less than 0.002 mL on repeated 
deliveries of 10 mL volumes.  High concentration mixed standards 
containing nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid were prepared at 
intervals of 7 to 10 days and kept refrigerated in HDPE bottles.  For 
almost every station, a fresh "working standard" was prepared by adding 
aliquots of the high concentration mixed standard to low nutrient 
seawater.  This working standard has nutrient concentrations similar to 
those found in Deep and Bottom waters.  A separate nitrite standard 
solution was also added to these working standards.  Corrections for the 
actual volumes of the flasks and pipettors were included in the 
preliminary data.  The WOCE Operations Manual calls for nutrient 
concentrations to be reported in units of micromole/Kg.  Because the 
salinity information required to compute density is not usually 
available at the time of initial computation of the nutrient 
concentrations, our concentrations are always originally computed as 
micromole/L.  This unit conversion will be made using the corrected 
salinity data when it is available.  Due to some problems with the 
nitrite analysis (see below), the nitrate values from station 1168 on 
reported in the .nut files include also nitrite.  These values will be 
replaced later on after the appropriate correction is applied.

C.6.4.	Measurement of Precision and Bias:

C.6.4.1.Short Term Precision and Bias:

Throughout the cruise, replicate samples drawn in different sample tubes 
from the same Niskin bottle were analyzed to assess the precision of the 
AAII analyses.  These replicate samples were analyzed both as adjacent 
samples (one after the other) and also at the beginning and end of 
sample runs to monitor deterioration in the samples or uncompensated 
instrumental drift.  When the post cruise QC work is completed, these 
replicate analyses will be used to estimate short term precision and 
instrumental drift.

C.6.4.2. Longer Term Precision:

On most of the sample runs during I02, an "old" working standard from 
the previous station was run with the "new" working standard which had 
been freshly prepared.  The "old" standards were kept refrigerated in 
plastic bottles.  The average age of the "old" standards when reanalyzed 
was four to eight hours.  The differences between these standards will 
be analyzed to assess the precision of standard preparation and handling 
and inter-station precision.

C.6.5.	Comparison with other data, long term precision and bias:.

There were several crossings of other Indian Ocean WOCE lines along the 
I02 cruise track. Detailed comparisons with the nutrient data from these 
sections will be made after the post cruise QC work is complete.

C.6.6.	Nutrient Quality Control Notes:

During the I02 cruise, no flagging of the nutrient data was performed, 
except for those bottles that were obvious leakers and for bottles whose 
values are average of two replicates.  It is expected that during the 
post cruise QC work, questionable data can be corrected.  In some 
stations the silicate analysis showed abnormally high values.  These 
were due to an aberrant increase in the difference of the absorbance 
between the matrix (we use low nutrient seawater and distilled water, 
25:1) and the distilled water reagent blank. The cause of this increase 
appears related to the presence of the surfactant used to decrease the 
noise in the absorbances and the sampler valving system.  This actual 
process of this phenomenon is not clearly understood.  However, it is 
possible to quantify the increase in values so a correction may be 
applied.  There is an "ideal" LNSW-DDW value of ca. 12 absorbance units 
rather than the aberrant 20-40 we infrequently encountered.  The nitrite 
analysis also showed problems.  Beginning with station 1168, no nitrite 
values were reported.  Artificially high values through the entire water 
column were obtained.  Because those values do not really exist except 
for a couple near the surface, the subtraction of these values from the 
nitrite+nitrate analysis in order to get nitrate values would result in 
lower nitrate than the actual values.  The nitrite correction will be 
reviewed at OSU and will be applied accordingly.

This file contains documentation for the CFC measurements on WOCE Section I2, 
along with tables of replicate water sample analyses and air measurements.

A listing of the dissolved CFC measurements from I2, with WOCE data quality 
flags, is in a separate file.

*******************************************************************
(Following discussion and files provided by John Bullister, 
16 December 1999)

John Bullister
NOAA-PMEL
Building #3
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115   USA
Telephone: 206-526-6741
FAX      : 206-526-6744
Internet : bullister@pmel.noaa.gov

CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurements on WOCE I2

Specially designed 10 liter water sample bottles were used on the cruise to 
reduce CFC contamination.  These bottles have the same outer dimensions as 
standard 10 liter Niskin bottles, but use a modified end-cap design to 
minimize the contact of the water sample with the end-cap O-rings after 
closing.  The O-rings used in these water sample bottles were vacuum-baked 
prior to the first station on the Indian Ocean Expedition.  Stainless steel 
springs covered with a nylon powder coat were substituted for the internal 
elastic tubing standardly used to close Niskin bottles.

CFC samples were drawn from approximately 50% of 5600 water samples collected 
during the expedition.  Water samples for CFC analysis were usually the first 
samples drawn from the 10 liter bottles.  Care was taken to co-ordinate the 
sampling of CFCs with other samples to minimize the time between the initial 
opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing.  In most cases, 
dissolved oxygen, total CO2, alkalinity and pH samples were collected within 
several minutes of the initial opening of each bottle.  To minimize contact 
with air, the CFC samples were drawn directly through the stopcocks of the 10 
liter bottles into 100 ml precision glass syringes equipped with 2-way metal 
stopcocks.  The syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface 
seawater until analysed.

To reduce the possibility of contamination from high levels of CFCs frequently 
present in the air inside research vessels, the CFC extraction/analysis system 
and syringe holding tank were housed in a modified 20' laboratory van on the 
aft deck of the ship. 

For air sampling, a ~100 meter length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run from 
the CFC lab van to the bow of the ship.  Air was pulled through this line into 
the CFC van using an Air Cadet pump.  The air was compressed in the pump, with 
the downstream pressure held at about 1.5 atm using a back-pressure regulator.  
A tee allowed a flow (~100 cc/min) of the compressed air to be directed to the 
gas sample valves, while the bulk flow of the air (>7 liters per minute) was 
vented through the back pressure regulator.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas standards 
on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography, 
using techniques similiar to those described by Bullister and Weiss (1988).  
The CFC system used on I2 was built at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 
and had been used on several Pacific WOCE legs as well as several Indian Ocean 
WOCE legs.  The SIO system was modified from the Bullister and Weiss (1988) 
design to use a fixed volume, variable pressure gas loop injection system.  
The sample loops were either pressurized or evacuated to known pressures in 
order to vary the amount of gas sample introduced.  The sample loop(s) were 
periodically filled with CFC-free gas to one atmosphere and analyzed to check 
for analytical blanks.   The typical analysis time for a seawater, air, 
standard or blank sample was about 12 minutes.

The CFC analytical system functioned well during this expedition.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas standards 
are reported relative to the SIO93 calibration scale (Cunnold, et.  al., 
1994).  CFC concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of 
mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically in the parts-per-trillion 
(ppt) range.  Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in units of picomoles of 
CFC per kg seawater (pmol/kg).  CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples 
were determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point 
calibration curves, generated by pressurizing sample loops and injecting known 
volumes of gas from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 33780) into the 
analytical instrument.  The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this 
working standard were calibrated versus a secondary CFC standard (32386) 
before and after the cruise.  Full range calibration curves were run several 
times (approx. every 5 days during the cruise. Single injections of a fixed 
volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more frequently (at 
intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes in detector 
sensitivity. 

CFC results from WOCE sections intersecting I2 and from other recent surveys 
in this region show near-zero CFC concentrations in deep water (>2000 m) in 
areas removed from deep western boundary flows.  Most of the deep samples 
along the WOCE I2 section had extremely low (but non-zero) measured CFC-11 
concentrations.  The CFC-12 chromatographic peaks in many of these deep 
samples were too small to integrate, yielding zero CFC-12 concentrations for 
these samples.  We attribute most of the very low (but non-zero) CFC-11 signal 
present in many deep samples along the section to the slow release of CFC from 
the walls and O-rings of the 10 liter bottles into the seawater sample during 
storage, and to contamination during the transfer and storage of the seawater 
samples in glass syringes prior to analysis.  Based on the median 
concentrations observed in deep water samples, a CFC-11 blank correction of 
0.002 pmol/kg has been applied to the CFC-11 data.  As a result of the CFC-11 
blank corrections, some concentrations reported for deep samples are negative.  
No CFC-12 sampling blank correction was applied.

On this expedition, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation)  of about 1% 
or 0.005 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-11 and 1% or 0.005 
pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-12 measurements (see listing 
of replicate samples given at the end of this report).

A few samples (~34  of a total of ~2800) had clearly anomalous CFC-11 and/or 
CFC-12 concentrations relative to adjacent samples.  These appeared to occur 
more or less randomly, and were not clearly associated with other features in 
the water column (eg. elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity or temperature 
features, etc).  This suggests that the high values were due to isolated low-
level CFC contamination events.  These samples are included in this report and 
are flagged as either 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) measurements.  A total of 8 
analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 3 and 8 analyses of CFC-12 were 
assigned a flag of 3. A total of 11 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 
4 and 17 CFC-12 samples assigned a flag of 4.

In addition to the file of mean CFC concentrations, ID), tables of the 
following are included in this report:

Table 1a. I2 Replicate dissolved CFC-11 analyses
Table 1b. I2 Replicate dissolved CFC-12 analyses
Table 2.  I2 CFC air measurements
Table 3.  I2 CFC air measurments interpolated to station locations

A value of -9.0 is used for missing values in the listings.

References:

Bullister, J.L.  Anthropogenic Chlorofluoromethanes as Tracers of Ocean
  Circulation and Mixing Processes:  Measurement and Calibration
  Techniques and Studies in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, Ph.D.
  dissertation, Univ. Calif. San Diego, 172 pp.

Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss,  Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in
  seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988.

Cunnold, D.M., P.J. Fraser, R.F. Weiss, R.G. Prinn, P.G. Simmonds, B.R.
  Miller,F.N. Alyea,  and A.J.Crawford. Global trends and annual releases
  of CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other measurements from
  July 1978 to June 1991.  J.  Geophys. Res., 99, 1107-1126, 1994.

Table 1a.	Replicate F-11 Samples
Station	Sample	F-11
1078	17	0.005
1078	17	0.001
1079	30	0.619
1079	30	0.614
1080	16	0.001
1080	16	0.000
1081	30	0.618
1081	30	0.619
1082	32	1.155
1082	32	1.153
1082	33	1.513
1082	33	1.481
1083	27	0.248
1083	27	0.243
1083	32	1.069
1083	32	1.070
1083	35	1.585
1083	35	1.585
1084	32	1.124
1084	32	1.127
1084	33	1.408
1084	33	1.402
1084	35	1.578
1084	35	1.574
1085	26	0.087
1085	26	0.084
1085	29	0.397
1085	29	0.394
1086	30	0.577
1086	30	0.573
1087	25	0.039
1087	25	0.042
1088	18	0.005
1088	18	0.007
1088	21	0.015
1088	21	0.012
1088	32	0.866
1088	32	0.885
1089	32	0.808
1089	32	0.822
1090	25	0.038
1090	25	0.038
1091	29	0.282
1091	29	0.284
1092	24	0.017
1092	24	0.017
1093	29	0.307
1093	29	0.299
1094	30	0.374
1094	30	0.365
1095	34	1.410
1095	34	1.420
1096	25	0.039
1096	25	0.041
1097	30	0.315
1097	30	0.308
1098	29	0.250
1098	29	0.250
1099	24	0.012
1099	24	0.012
1100	32	0.875
1100	32	0.879
1101	29	0.327
1101	29	0.324
1102	24	0.011
1102	24	0.014
1106	31	0.339
1106	31	0.337
1106	34	1.157
1106	34	1.160
1108	32	0.668
1108	32	0.661
1110	30	0.157
1110	30	0.156
1111	27	0.013
1111	27	0.012
1112	30	0.162
1112	30	0.162
1113	28	0.370
1113	28	0.379
1116	36	1.680
1116	36	1.666
1118	30	0.466
1118	30	0.469
1120	28	0.079
1120	28	0.077
1121	30	0.499
1121	30	0.500
1128	26	0.076
1128	26	0.075
1129	24	0.015
1129	24	0.013
1130	31	0.562
1130	31	0.560
1131	30	0.448
1131	30	0.450
1132	26	0.134
1132	26	0.134
1133	25	0.034
1133	25	0.033
1134	 1	0.001
1134	 1	0.001
1134	22	0.005
1134	22	0.006
1135	30	0.450
1135	30	0.455
1136	32	1.061
1136	32	1.060
1137	26	0.153
1137	26	0.148
1138	24	0.084
1138	24	0.085
1139	24	0.021
1139	24	0.015
1140	26	0.198
1140	26	0.199
1141	34	1.485
1141	34	1.489
1142	26	0.154
1142	26	0.154
1143	30	0.731
1143	30	0.734
1144	22	0.007
1144	22	0.006
1145	30	0.561
1145	30	0.554
1146	28	0.423
1146	28	0.422
1148	25	0.095
1148	25	0.100
1150	22	0.367
1150	22	0.362
1152	14	0.522
1152	14	0.524
1154	14	1.060
1154	14	1.059
1156	22	0.874
1156	22	0.871
1157	27	0.212
1157	27	0.209
1158	27	0.538
1158	27	0.536
1159	33	1.582
1159	33	1.574
1160	28	0.650
1160	28	0.652
1161	26	0.696
1161	26	0.694
1162	24	0.054
1162	24	0.052
1164	26	0.307
1164	26	0.305
1165	26	0.210
1165	26	0.196
1166	30	1.011
1166	30	1.017
1167	22	0.698
1167	22	0.699
1169	22	0.402
1169	22	0.402
1171	16	0.129
1171	16	0.128
1173	21	0.036
1173	21	0.035
1174	27	0.905
1174	27	0.905
1175	21	0.029
1175	21	0.028
1177	23	0.123
1177	23	0.125
1178	27	0.887
1178	27	0.898
1179	14	0.003
1179	14	0.004
1181	23	0.764
1181	23	0.765
1183	15	0.175
1183	15	0.176
1187	20	1.087
1187	20	1.101
1189	16	0.067
1189	16	0.067
1191	22	0.703
1191	22	0.691
1193	24	1.063
1193	24	1.066
1195	32	1.670
1195	32	1.676
1198	32	1.558
1198	32	1.553
1202	29	1.437
1202	29	1.449
1204	23	0.272
1204	23	0.266
1206	20	0.051
1206	20	0.053
1208	24	0.461
1208	24	0.469
1210	30	1.848
1210	30	1.857
1217	13	1.875
1217	13	1.874
1219	18	1.649
1219	18	1.651
1221	27	1.764
1221	27	1.763
1222	22	0.190
1222	22	0.191
1223	26	1.792
1223	26	1.794
1224	20	0.039
1224	20	0.041
1225	30	1.589
1225	30	1.597
1226	18	0.013
1226	18	0.015
1227	26	1.090
1227	26	1.087
1227	36	1.547
1227	36	1.532
1228	30	1.535
1228	30	1.535
1229	21	0.024
1229	21	0.028
1230	17	0.006
1230	17	0.005
1231	33	1.637
1231	33	1.640
1232	21	0.018
1232	21	0.022
1233	28	0.769
1233	28	0.765
1234	11	-0.001
1234	11	0.000
1235	25	0.543
1235	25	0.542
1236	32	1.590
1236	32	1.589
1238	20	0.375
1238	20	0.374
1239	13	0.026
1239	13	0.025
1240	16	1.669
1240	16	1.659
1244	2	1.280
1244	2	1.277

Table 1b.	Replicate F-12 Samples
Station	Sample	F-12
1078	17	-0.002
1078	17	-0.004
1080	16	-0.003
1080	16	-0.002
1081	30	0.340
1081	30	0.326
1082	32	0.623
1082	32	0.614
1083	27	0.133
1083	27	0.128
1084	32	0.611
1084	32	0.603
1085	29	0.209
1085	29	0.214
1086	30	0.305
1086	30	0.294
1087	25	0.032
1087	25	0.033
1088	18	0.005
1088	18	0.003
1088	21	0.005
1088	21	0.002
1088	32	0.463
1088	32	0.479
1089	32	0.441
1089	32	0.456
1090	25	0.023
1090	25	0.026
1091	29	0.158
1091	29	0.159
1092	24	0.006
1092	24	0.009
1093	29	0.155
1093	29	0.153
1094	30	0.186
1094	30	0.192
1095	34	0.788
1095	34	0.790
1096	25	0.025
1096	25	0.021
1097	30	0.160
1097	30	0.154
1098	29	0.128
1098	29	0.129
1099	24	0.005
1099	24	0.003
1100	32	0.457
1100	32	0.453
1101	29	0.162
1101	29	0.160
1102	24	0.007
1102	24	0.005
1106	31	0.181
1106	31	0.172
1106	34	0.625
1106	34	0.629
1108	32	0.349
1108	32	0.337
1110	30	0.091
1110	30	0.083
1111	27	0.004
1111	27	0.009
1112	30	0.092
1112	30	0.091
1113	28	0.193
1113	28	0.187
1115	29	0.217
1115	29	0.213
1116	36	0.929
1116	36	0.951
1118	30	0.228
1118	30	0.228
1119	25	0.035
1119	25	0.033
1120	28	0.041
1120	28	0.039
1121	30	0.244
1121	30	0.246
1128	26	0.047
1128	26	0.041
1129	24	0.006
1129	24	0.008
1130	31	0.283
1130	31	0.263
1131	30	0.229
1131	30	0.229
1132	26	0.069
1132	26	0.074
1133	25	0.016
1133	25	0.017
1134	22	0.002
1134	22	0.003
1135	1	0.002
1135	1	0.001
1135	30	0.237
1135	30	0.236
1136	32	0.552
1136	32	0.550
1137	25	0.024
1137	25	0.022
1137	26	0.088
1137	26	0.088
1138	24	0.043
1138	24	0.043
1139	24	0.015
1139	24	0.007
1140	26	0.105
1140	26	0.104
1141	34	0.822
1141	34	0.809
1142	26	0.082
1142	26	0.085
1143	30	0.371
1143	30	0.377
1144	22	0.006
1144	22	0.004
1145	30	0.290
1145	30	0.294
1146	28	0.219
1146	28	0.217
1148	25	0.050
1148	25	0.055
1150	22	0.190
1150	22	0.186
1152	14	0.263
1152	14	0.264
1154	14	0.536
1154	14	0.536
1156	22	0.444
1156	22	0.446
1157	27	0.108
1157	27	0.106
1158	27	0.273
1158	27	0.264
1159	33	0.880
1159	33	0.872
1160	28	0.323
1160	28	0.322
1161	26	0.349
1161	26	0.341
1161	33	0.814
1161	33	0.824
1162	24	0.029
1162	24	0.028
1164	26	0.158
1164	26	0.159
1165	26	0.099
1165	26	0.105
1166	30	0.517
1166	30	0.522
1167	22	0.347
1167	22	0.351
1169	22	0.204
1169	22	0.201
1171	16	0.068
1171	16	0.067
1173	21	0.020
1173	21	0.017
1174	27	0.444
1174	27	0.452
1175	21	0.016
1175	21	0.015
1177	23	0.067
1177	23	0.064
1178	27	0.444
1178	27	0.448
1179	14	0.000
1179	14	0.001
1181	23	0.380
1181	23	0.378
1183	15	0.085
1183	15	0.089
1187	20	0.545
1187	20	0.558
1189	16	0.033
1189	16	0.033
1191	22	0.350
1191	22	0.347
1193	24	0.531
1193	24	0.526
1195	32	0.913
1195	32	0.914
1198	32	0.933
1198	32	0.918
1202	29	0.738
1202	29	0.738
1204	23	0.138
1204	23	0.135
1206	20	0.022
1206	20	0.024
1206	27	0.698
1206	27	0.717
1208	24	0.229
1208	24	0.229
1210	30	1.024
1210	30	1.033
1217	13	0.962
1217	13	0.969
1219	18	0.833
1219	18	0.839
1221	27	0.935
1221	27	0.932
1222	22	0.096
1222	22	0.094
1223	26	0.897
1223	26	0.898
1224	20	0.019
1224	20	0.017
1225	30	0.847
1225	30	0.854
1226	18	0.005
1226	18	0.006
1227	26	0.545
1227	26	0.535
1228	30	0.797
1228	30	0.792
1229	21	0.012
1229	21	0.014
1230	17	0.000
1230	17	0.002
1231	33	0.911
1231	33	0.919
1232	21	0.008
1232	21	0.012
1233	28	0.385
1233	28	0.383
1234	11	0.000
1234	11	0.000
1235	25	0.270
1235	25	0.270
1235	34	0.976
1235	34	0.977
1236	32	0.850
1236	32	0.841
1238	20	0.197
1238	20	0.197
1239	13	0.015
1239	13	0.016
1240	16	0.859
1240	16	0.852
1244	2	0.648
1244	2	0.646

Table 2. wocei2 CFC Air Measurements:

Leg 1
		Time					F11	F12  
Date		(hhmm)	Latitude	Longitude	PPT	PPT
 4 Dec 95	 2118	09 00.0 S	105 38.0 E	261.5	518.9 
 4 Dec 95	 2128	09 00.0 S	105 38.0 E	261.2	519.5 
 4 Dec 95	 2137	09 00.0 S	105 38.0 E	261.3	519.1 
 4 Dec 95	 2147	09 00.0 S	105 38.0 E	260.7	520.5 
 9 Dec 95	 1647	08 00.0 S	097 20.0 E	260.8	522.6 
 9 Dec 95	 1659	08 00.0 S	097 20.0 E	261.9	520.6 
 9 Dec 95	 1709	08 00.0 S	097 20.0 E	262.5	521.4 
 9 Dec 95	 1718	08 00.0 S	097 20.0 E	261.2	519.9 
13 Dec 95	 1859	07 25.9 S	088 51.1 E	257.4	515.3 
13 Dec 95	 1909	07 25.9 S	088 51.1 E	259.5	515.8 
13 Dec 95	 1919	07 25.9 S	088 51.1 E	258.3	515.0 
13 Dec 95	 1929	07 25.9 S	088 51.1 E	257.6	513.5 
15 Dec 95	 0906	06 20.0 S	088 25.0 E	260.2	520.3 
15 Dec 95	 0916	06 20.0 S	088 25.0 E	261.7	520.3 
15 Dec 95	 0925	06 20.0 S	088 25.0 E	267.7	523.5 
15 Dec 95	 0935	06 20.0 S	088 25.0 E	259.6	518.4 
18 Dec 95	 2219	10 33.7 S	088 06.9 E	259.8	518.5 
18 Dec 95	 2229	10 33.7 S	088 06.9 E	259.8	517.0 
18 Dec 95	 2244	10 33.7 S	088 06.9 E	260.4	518.3 
18 Dec 95	 2254	10 33.7 S	088 06.9 E	260.0	520.7 
21 Dec 95	 1811	08 00.0 S	083 20.0 E	263.5	521.2 
21 Dec 95	 1822	08 00.0 S	083 20.0 E	261.0	520.8 
21 Dec 95	 2053	08 00.0 S	082 59.0 E	261.3	522.9 
21 Dec 95	 2103	08 00.0 S	082 59.0 E	260.3	523.1 
21 Dec 95	 2112	08 00.0 S	082 59.0 E	260.4	524.7 
25 Dec 95	 0338	07 59.8 S	075 41.7 E	259.6	518.7 
25 Dec 95	 0348	07 59.8 S	075 41.7 E	258.6	518.3 
25 Dec 95	 0358	07 59.8 S	075 41.7 E	259.1	518.1 
 
Leg 2
		Time					F11	F12  
Date		(hhmm)	Latitude	Longitude	PPT	PPT
31 Dec 95	0031	04 00.0 S	071 45.0 E	261.2	522.7 
31 Dec 95	0040	04 00.0 S	071 45.0 E	260.7	521.9 
31 Dec 95	0052	04 00.0 S	071 45.0 E	260.5	522.0 
31 Dec 95	0102	04 00.0 S	071 45.0 E	260.1	523.8 
10 Jan 96	0134	08 00.0 S	054 04.0 E	258.6	529.0 
10 Jan 96	0144	08 00.0 S	054 04.0 E	259.2	523.2 
10 Jan 96	0153	08 00.0 S	054 04.0 E	258.4	522.2 
10 Jan 96	0203	08 00.0 S	054 04.0 E	258.2	522.2 
18 Jan 96	0817	05 53.0 S	045 58.0 E	258.9	520.4 
18 Jan 96	0827	05 53.0 S	045 58.0 E	258.1	521.9 
18 Jan 96	0836	05 53.0 S	045 58.0 E	257.9	521.1 
19 Jan 96	0530	05 00.0 S	044 57.4 E	263.1	527.8 
19 Jan 96	0540	05 00.0 S	044 57.4 E	261.4	525.0 
19 Jan 96	0549	05 00.0 S	044 57.4 E	262.2	524.8 
21 Jan 96	2128	04 09.8 S	039 49.7 E	261.4	526.3 
21 Jan 96	2138	04 09.8 S	039 49.7 E	262.2	524.2 
21 Jan 96	2158	04 09.8 S	039 49.7 E	261.2	525.6 
 
Table 3. woce i2 CFC Air values (interpolated to station locations)
 
STATION 						F11	F12
NUMBER	Latitude	Longitude	  Date		PPT	PPT
1077	09 00.1 S	105 38.1 E	 4 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1078	09 00.0 S	105 38.0 E	 5 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1079	09 07.6 S	105 09.9 E	 5 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1080	09 07.4 S	104 40.0 E	 5 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1081	09 07.5 S	104 00.0 E	 6 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1082	09 07.5 S	103 20.3 E	 6 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1083	09 07.5 S	102 40.0 E	 6 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1084	09 07.5 S	102 00.0 E	 7 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1085	08 56.2 S	101 20.2 E	 7 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1086	08 45.0 S	100 40.8 E	 7 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1087	08 33.7 S	099 60.0 E	 7 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1088	08 22.5 S	099 19.9 E	 8 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1089	08 11.3 S	098 40.0 E	 8 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1090	08 00.0 S	098 00.0 E	 8 Dec 95	261.4	520.3
1091	08 00.0 S	097 20.0 E	 9 Dec 95	260.3	518.5
1092	07 59.9 S	096 40.0 E	 9 Dec 95	259.9	518.0
1093	08 00.0 S	096 00.2 E	10 Dec 95	260.7	518.9
1094	07 59.8 S	095 19.9 E	10 Dec 95	259.9	518.0
1095	08 00.0 S	094 39.9 E	10 Dec 95	259.9	518.0
1096	08 00.2 S	094 00.0 E	11 Dec 95	260.7	518.9
1097	08 00.0 S	093 20.2 E	11 Dec 95	259.9	518.0
1098	07 59.9 S	092 40.2 E	11 Dec 95	260.7	518.9
1099	08 00.0 S	092 00.0 E	12 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1100	08 00.0 S	091 20.0 E	12 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1101	07 59.8 S	090 40.0 E	12 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1102	08 00.0 S	089 60.0 E	12 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1103	08 00.0 S	089 39.8 E	13 Dec 95	260.2	518.0
1104	08 00.0 S	089 22.5 E	13 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1105	08 00.0 S	089 00.0 E	13 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1106	06 00.0 S	088 28.2 E	14 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1107	05 41.8 S	088 30.0 E	14 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1108	05 20.0 S	088 30.0 E	14 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1109	05 00.0 S	088 27.8 E	14 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1110	05 31.0 S	088 30.0 E	15 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1111	06 20.0 S	088 25.0 E	15 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1112	06 50.1 S	088 22.3 E	15 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1113	07 59.8 S	088 39.9 E	16 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1114	08 00.0 S	088 20.0 E	16 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1115	08 00.0 S	088 00.0 E	16 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1116	10 02.8 S	087 59.8 E	17 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1117	10 15.2 S	088 08.5 E	17 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1118	10 30.0 S	088 06.2 E	17 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1119	10 44.5 S	088 03.9 E	17 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1120	11 00.0 S	088 02.0 E	17 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1121	10 37.0 S	088 06.3 E	18 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1122	10 26.2 S	088 07.0 E	18 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1123	10 20.4 S	088 07.9 E	18 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1124	10 33.7 S	088 06.9 E	18 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1125	10 19.7 S	088 18.5 E	19 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1126	10 22.7 S	088 24.7 E	19 Dec 95	259.1	516.8
1127	08 00.0 S	087 20.0 E	19 Dec 95	260.2	517.8
1128	08 00.0 S	086 40.0 E	20 Dec 95	260.2	518.0
1129	08 00.0 S	086 00.0 E	20 Dec 95	260.6	519.6
1130	08 00.0 S	085 20.0 E	20 Dec 95	260.5	519.4
1131	08 00.7 S	084 41.3 E	21 Dec 95	261.2	520.8
1132	08 00.0 S	084 00.0 E	21 Dec 95	261.2	520.8
1133	08 00.2 S	083 19.9 E	21 Dec 95	261.2	520.8
1134	08 00.0 S	082 40.0 E	21 Dec 95	261.2	520.8
1135	08 00.0 S	081 59.8 E	22 Dec 95	260.8	520.3
1136	08 00.0 S	081 20.0 E	22 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1137	08 00.0 S	080 39.9 E	22 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1138	08 00.0 S	080 00.0 E	23 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1139	08 00.0 S	079 20.0 E	23 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1140	08 00.0 S	078 40.0 E	23 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1141	08 00.0 S	078 00.0 E	24 Dec 95	259.9	521.0
1142	08 00.0 S	077 20.0 E	24 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1143	08 00.0 S	076 40.0 E	24 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1144	08 00.0 S	076 00.0 E	24 Dec 95	259.9	521.0
1145	08 00.0 S	075 20.0 E	25 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1146	08 00.0 S	074 40.0 E	25 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1147	07 60.0 S	073 60.0 E	25 Dec 95	259.9	521.0
1148	08 00.0 S	073 20.0 E	26 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1149	08 00.0 S	073 07.0 E	26 Dec 95	259.9	521.0
1150	08 00.3 S	072 49.0 E	26 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1151	07 60.0 S	072 31.1 E	26 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1152	08 00.1 S	072 18.0 E	26 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1153	08 00.0 S	071 52.1 E	27 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1154	08 00.2 S	071 24.8 E	27 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1155	08 00.0 S	071 01.5 E	27 Dec 95	259.9	521.0
1156	08 00.0 S	070 39.8 E	27 Dec 95	260.5	521.0
1157	04 00.0 S	071 45.0 E	30 Dec 95	259.0	523.4
1158	03 16.3 S	071 59.0 E	31 Dec 95	259.0	523.4
1159	03 01.8 S	072 35.5 E	31 Dec 95	259.0	523.4
1160	02 30.0 S	072 32.2 E	31 Dec 95	259.0	523.4
1161	02 45.0 S	072 31.6 E	 1 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1162	03 15.0 S	073 10.0 E	 1 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1163	03 14.7 S	073 20.2 E	 1 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1164	03 27.4 S	072 49.2 E	 1 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1165	03 21.3 S	072 37.7 E	 2 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1166	03 40.0 S	072 00.2 E	 2 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1167	07 59.8 S	070 15.7 E	 3 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1168	08 00.0 S	070 00.0 E	 3 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1169	07 59.9 S	069 20.0 E	 3 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1170	08 00.0 S	068 31.7 E	 4 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1171	08 00.0 S	067 59.3 E	 4 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1172	08 00.0 S	067 20.0 E	 4 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1173	07 59.9 S	066 39.9 E	 5 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1174	07 59.8 S	066 00.0 E	 5 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1175	08 00.0 S	065 20.0 E	 5 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1176	07 60.0 S	064 38.8 E	 5 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1177	08 00.0 S	063 59.8 E	 6 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1178	08 00.0 S	063 20.0 E	 6 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1179	08 00.0 S	062 40.0 E	 6 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1180	08 00.0 S	062 00.0 E	 6 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1181	08 00.1 S	061 27.6 E	 7 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1182	08 00.0 S	060 39.9 E	 7 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1183	08 00.0 S	060 11.0 E	 7 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1184	08 00.0 S	059 50.3 E	 7 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1185	08 00.0 S	059 20.3 E	 7 Jan 96	259.6	523.4
1186	08 00.0 S	058 41.9 E	 8 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1187	08 00.0 S	058 24.2 E	 8 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1188	07 59.8 S	058 00.2 E	 8 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1189	07 59.8 S	057 21.2 E	 8 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1190	08 00.0 S	056 39.9 E	 9 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1191	08 00.0 S	056 02.3 E	 9 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1192	08 00.0 S	055 20.0 E	 9 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1193	07 59.9 S	054 40.0 E	 9 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1194	07 59.9 S	053 60.0 E	10 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1195	08 24.0 S	053 36.0 E	10 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1196	08 35.9 S	053 24.0 E	10 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1197	08 42.0 S	053 18.0 E	10 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1198	08 48.0 S	053 12.0 E	10 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1199	08 52.6 S	053 07.4 E	11 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1200	08 57.0 S	053 02.8 E	11 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1201	09 01.7 S	052 58.3 E	11 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1202	09 06.0 S	052 54.0 E	11 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1203	09 22.4 S	052 37.5 E	11 Jan 96	259.0	523.4
1204	09 28.0 S	052 15.2 E	12 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1205	09 33.0 S	051 54.3 E	12 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1206	10 08.0 S	051 50.0 E	12 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1207	10 26.8 S	051 13.3 E	12 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1208	10 45.0 S	051 15.0 E	13 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1209	11 12.4 S	050 47.4 E	13 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1210	11 39.9 S	050 20.0 E	13 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1211	11 59.9 S	050 00.0 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1212	12 06.0 S	049 53.9 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1213	12 12.0 S	049 47.8 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1214	12 16.8 S	049 43.0 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1215	12 21.2 S	049 38.7 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1216	12 06.0 S	048 53.2 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1217	11 59.9 S	048 48.7 E	14 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1218	11 54.0 S	048 44.2 E	15 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1219	11 48.0 S	048 39.6 E	15 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1220	11 42.0 S	048 34.8 E	15 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1221	11 18.0 S	048 16.7 E	15 Jan 96	258.5	522.9
1222	10 47.4 S	047 53.4 E	15 Jan 96	259.6	523.8
1223	10 16.6 S	047 30.3 E	16 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1224	09 46.2 S	047 07.0 E	16 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1225	09 15.5 S	046 43.8 E	16 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1226	08 44.9 S	046 20.9 E	16 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1227	08 14.3 S	045 57.5 E	17 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1228	07 38.0 S	045 57.5 E	17 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1229	07 01.0 S	045 57.4 E	17 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1230	06 24.2 S	045 57.5 E	18 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1231	05 47.0 S	045 57.5 E	18 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1232	05 10.2 S	045 57.5 E	18 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1233	05 02.5 S	045 16.8 E	19 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1234	04 55.0 S	044 30.2 E	19 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1235	04 47.5 S	043 55.7 E	19 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1236	04 40.0 S	043 15.1 E	19 Jan 96	260.3	523.5
1237	04 33.9 S	042 40.8 E	20 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1238	04 27.8 S	042 06.7 E	20 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1239	04 21.8 S	041 32.5 E	20 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1240	04 15.6 S	040 58.3 E	21 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1241	04 12.5 S	040 41.4 E	21 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1242	04 09.6 S	040 24.2 E	21 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1243	04 06.5 S	040 07.0 E	21 Jan 96	261.9	525.6
1244	04 03.5 S	039 49.5 E	21 Jan 96	261.9	525.6


C.8.	Helium and Tritium Sampling

During the I02 leg of WOCE Indian Ocean 370 helium/tritium sample pairs, 
one each helium and tritium taken from same bottle, were taken on 32 
stations.  The station spacing was approximately every 5 degrees of 
longitude along the 8°S line. The spacing was reduced to approximately 
every 1.5 degrees on the eastern and western boundaries and on the two 
short meridional lines near 88° & 72°E.  These last two lines were 
sampled to further augment the overall spatial distribution of 
helium/tritium in the upper water column. The vertical distribution of 
the sampling was as follows: one station of 16 bottles sampled down to 
1000m depth, followed by 8 bottle sampling down to a depth of 500m on 
the next helium/tritium station.  On these same stations the deep helium 
sampling started where shallow helium/tritium ended to give complete 
helium profiles.  This pattern of alternating 500m them 1000m samplings 
was carried out the whole length of the 8šS line including boundaries.  
The processing of the helium and tritium samples was carried out on 
board using "standard" high vacuum techniques.  Both the helium 
extraction and the tritium degassing procedures involved using rotary 
mechanical pumps to achieve rough vacuum followed by diffusion pumping.  
The Varian pumps were charged with a poly phenyl ether based oil 
(Santovac 5), in conjunction with a cryogenic trapping of the water 
vapor. This procedure achieves pressures in the low to mid x10^-7 torr 
range. Once this starting pressure was reached on the all stainless 
steel vacuum system the samples were introduced into the system.  The 
helium extraction was carried out using water vapor pumping as the means 
to strip and contain the helium sample until it could be sealed in a 
glass ampoule for storage.  The tritum degassing system uses the same 
principle, water vapor pumping of the head space above the sample, 
stripping it of all gases, then shaking of the water sample to 
reequilibrate the head space.  This procedure of stripping and 
reequilibration is repeated until head space pressure are in the low 
x10^-6 torr range.  At this point the remaining degassed water sample is 
sealed in a glass bulb for storage.  The helium and tritium samples are 
then transported back to the Helium Isotope Laboratory at the Woods Hole 
Oceanographic Institution for analysis by mass spectrometry.

C.9.	Deep Helium Sampling Report

C.9.1 	Sampling

Eight hundred and sixteen deep helium samples were collected from Niskin 
bottles in stainless steel cylinders which are approximately 40 ml in 
volume.  A total of 53 stations were sampled, spaced two degrees apart, 
with one degree spacing across spreading zones and through flow areas.  
Sixteen samples were taken at each station in an array between 1000 
meters depth and the bottom of the cast.  In some cases the sea floor 
was too shallow to permit sixteen samples, so all bottles fired in the 
given interval were sampled.

C.9.2 	Sample preparation methods

Each water sample was stripped of dissolved gases using both high and 
ultra high vacuum technologies.  A rotary pump was used to create the 
initial high vacuum (approximately 5.0 E-3 torr) and an oil diffusion 
pump using Santovac 5 (pentaphenyl ether) was used to create the ultra 
high vacuum (approximately 5.0 E-7 torr).  A "water vapor pump" was 
created by applying a temperature gradient of 100 degrees across the 
evacuated space.  The dissolved gases were pumped into glass ampoules 
and held there by the resulting pressure gradient until the ampoules 
were closed by flame sealing.  The ampoules are being shipped back to 
the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for analysis by mass spectrometer.

C.10.  	Radiocarbon Sampling

The Princeton University Ocean Tracers Lab was responsible for 
collecting  samples for carbon 14 analysis on WOCE line I02.  The data 
from this line together with data from the far western Pacific and other 
WOCE Indian Ocean lines will be used to characterize the water masses at 
particular points of interest.  Such points include mapping the through 
flow of the deep boundary current along the 90°E Ridge, the deep flow 
around 3° 00'S across the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and a mapping of the 
northern branch of the South Equatorial Current.  This was a detailed 
leg and other locations were documented as well.  Six hundred and fifty 
five samples were collected at 29 stations on this line. Full water 
profiles were collected at 14 stations; shallow profiles, 1800m or less, 
were collected at 15 stations. The samples will be analyzed at a later 
date in the land based Atomic Mass Spectrometry lab at Woods Hole 
Oceanographic Institution.

C.11.	Radium Sampling

As a side project the Princeton University Ocean Tracers Lab has been 
collecting surface samples at various stations along the I02 track for 
analysis of radium 226 and  228. Samples are collected on stations of 
depths greater than 2500m to give the fiber, for 228 measurement, time 
to soak.  Samples are collected about once a  day if they are deep 
enough.  The method for collection is as follows.  For the surface soak, 
fiber is placed in a flow through, netted, cloth bag and cast over the 
side attached to a string on the ship.  It soaks for the duration of the 
station and is then brought up, placed in a baggie, which is labeled and 
stored for shipment back to the Ocean Tracers Lab for processing and 
analysis. This is a large volume sample.  Small volume samples are 
placed in 7 x 3/4 inch clear plastic tubes.  A 25 liter jug with a 
spigot is then filled with surface water collected with a bucket cast 
over the side.  The fiber tube is attached to the spigot with a flexible 
tube and the water in the jug is trickled through the fiber over an 8 to 
12 hour period.  When this is done this sample is also placed in a 
baggie, labeled and stored for shipment back to the lab. For LV (large 
volume) samples the fiber is leached and formed into a precipitate which 
is put into a small tube and measured in a gamma counter.  SV samples 
are measured on a radon board by forcing gas through and measuring decay 
counts in special cells with photaic properties.  The fiber is actually 
acrylic fiber that has been "cooked" at 100°C in potassium 
permanganate.  The radium attaches to the manganate, and thus the reason 
long soaking times are needed.  About 30 samples each of SV and LV were 
collected on I02 for later analysis back at Princeton.

C.12.	Total CO2 and Alkalinity Analyses

C.12.1	Overall Objective:

Documentation of the CO2 partial pressure, total inorganic carbon 
content and alkalinity of the ocean to discern the forces modulating 
rise in atmospheric CO2.  These parameters were measured in conjunction 
with the overall program of measurements for the WOCE I02 leg.

C.12.2	Sample Collection:

Documentation of the CO2 partial pressure, total inorganic carbon 
content and alkalinity of the ocean to discern the forces modulating 
rise in atmospheric CO2.  These parameters were measured in conjunction 
with the overall program of measurements for the WOCE I02 leg.

C.12.3	Equipment and Methods:

Total inorganic carbon (TCO2) and total alkalinity (TA) were measured on 
a total of 166 stations (75 full profiles/91 surface).  A total of 3001 
samples were analyzed for TCO2 (including replicates).  A total of 3070 
samples were analyzed for TA (including replicates). The analytical 
techniques employed are described in Dickson and Goyet (1994). A short 
description is as follows:

TCO2- A known amount of seawater is dispensed into a stripping chamber, 
where it is acidified and purged with an inert gas.  This gas stream is 
coulometrically titrated and compared to known amounts of CO2 gas.  The 
final concentration is expressed in micromole/Kg of seawater.

TA- A known amount of seawater is placed in a closed, thermostated, 
titration cell and titrated with a solution of hydrochloric acid.  The 
titration is monitored by using a glass electrode/reference electrode 
and a non-linear least squares approach is applied to the resultant 
e.m.f. data.  The final concentration is expressed in micromole/kg of 
seawater.

C.12.4	Data:

Data were reported as specified in the WOCE Operations Manual, WHP 
Office Report WHPO 91-1. Internal Data Quality Indicators incorporated 
into the sampling plan included field replicates and Certified Reference 
Materials.  Review of these data indicated that the instrumentation 
performed within acceptable control limits throughout the cruise.  The 
few minor instrumentation difficulties encountered during the cruise 
were quickly fixed and did not impact our ability to adhere to our 
original sampling/analysis scheme.

D.	Acknowledgments

We are indebted to the officers and crew of R/V Knorr for their good-
natured and unflagging support for the scientific work on the I02 leg of 
the WOCE Hydrographic Program Indian Ocean Expedition.  The good spirit 
of the entire ship's company throughout this long voyage contributed 
greatly to making it such a pleasant and successful one. 

E.	References

Bullister, J. L. and R. F. Weiss. 1983. Anthropogenic 
  chlorofluoromethanes in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas. Science, Vol. 
  221, pp. 265-268.

Bullister, J. L. and R. F. Weiss. 1988.  Determination of CCl3F and 
  CCl2F2 in sea water and air. Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 839-853.

Dickson, A.G. and C. Goyet. 1994. Handbook of Methods for the Analysis 
  of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, 
  Ver.2.  DOE.

Fisher, J. and M. Visbeck. 1993. Deep velocity profiling with self-
  contained ADCPs. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 764-773.

Gammon, R. H., J. D. Cline and D. P. Wisegarver. 1981. 
  Chlorofluoromethanes in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: measured vertical 
  distributions and application as transient tracers of upper ocean 
  mixing. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, pp. 9441-9454.

Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross and J. M. Krest. 1994.  A 
  suggested protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater 
  nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE 
  Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study.  In WOCE 
  Operations Manual, WOCE Report No. 68/91. Revision 1, 1994.

Knapp, G. P., M.C. Stalcup & R.J. Stanley. 1990. Automated Oxygen 
  Titration and Salinity Determination. Woods Hole Oceanographic 
  Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-90-33, 25 pages.

Millard, R. C. and K. Yang. 1993. CTD Calibration and Processing Methods 
  Used At Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic 
  Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-93-44, 96 pages.

Oceansoft MKIII/SCTD Acquisition Software Manual. 1990. P/N Manual 
  10239.  EG&G Marine Instruments.

WHPO, 1991 WOCE Operations Manual. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 WOCE 
  Report No 68/91. Woods Hole Mass, USA.

F.	Figure Captions

Figure 1*.	WOCE Hydrographic Program Section I02 station locations 
(dots) with the 3000m isobath.  Every fifth station number is shown for 
clarity.

Figure 2*.	Vertical section of bottle positions for WOCE Hydrographic 
Program Section I02.  Vertical exaggeration is 750:1.  the longitude 
locations (°E) are plotted parametrically along the bottom axis.  The 
station locations are plotted parametrically along the top axis.  the 
bathymetry is plotted only at station locations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 July 1997

I02 QC Report: Nutrients

I Methods

The analysts, from Oregon State University (OSU) used an analytical system 
based upon the Technicon Industrial AutoAnalyzer II (AAII). The Oceanographic 
Data Facility (ODF) of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography furnished the 
system.  It contained an autosampler developed and constructed at ODF.  A 
Keithley data acquisition system (DAS), model 575, digitized the analog 
absorbance data.  OSU's software, DATABEEP, controlled the DAS and stored the 
data in digital format.  The absorbance data were converted to concentrations 
using OSU's NUTCALC software.  The OSU group supplied all calibration 
standards, chemical reagents and other consumables.  Gordon et al. (1994) 
described the protocols used.

The nutrient analysts sampled all CTD/rosette casts at stations 1077 to 1244 
using nominal 50 ml HDPE centrifuge tubes after rinsing at least three times 
with at least 20 ml of sample.  Without any additional transfers these tubes 
were placed in the ODF autosampler.  Nutrient sampling followed that for CFC, 
helium, tritium, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and, in some 
cases, salinity.  When possible the analysts started the AAII system before 
sampling to keep sample degradation to a minimum. In many cases difficulties 
with the silicate analysis delayed the actual beginning of the analytical run 
by more than an hour. (See "Problems" section, this document). Following 
analysis the sample tubes were rinsed twice with deionized water (DIW) and 
soaked every other day in 10% hydrochloric acid.

II. Instrument calibration

For reagent blanks the analysts used DIW prepared using a Barnstead Nanopure 
deionizer with feed water from the ship's evaporator.  The NUTCALC program 
applied corrections for the difference in refractive index between DIW and 
seawater.  The calibration standards were prepared in a matrix solution 
consisting of aged, low-nutrient surface seawater and appropriate aliquots of 
primary and secondary calibration solutions.  The OSU calibration protocols 
followed those of Gordon et al. (1994) including comparison with "matrix 
solutions."   The matrix solutions consisted of the same natural, low-nutrient 
seawater, filtered and aged, as used to make up the working, calibration 
standard solutions but to which no nutrient stock standards were added.  To 
prepare the primary calibration solutions the analysts used high purity dried 
and pre-weighed, crystalline standard materials.  They employed the sequence 
of sequential, stock, calibration solutions as outlined in the protocol by 
Gordon et al. (1994).  The crystalline materials can be traced to US-NIST, 
primary standard materials.  The silicate standard material can be traced to 
ultra-high purity, silicon dioxide used in the semiconductor industry and to 
an ultra-high purity silicon metal sample provided by Dr. Shier Berman, 
Director of Environmental Measurement Science, National Research Council, 
Canada.  The analysts used the following, specific materials:

Phosphate standard: J.T. Baker potassium di-hydrogen phosphate lot 3246.
Nitrate standard: Alfa potassium nitrate lot 121881.
Silicic acid standard: J. T. Baker sodium silicofluoride lot 21078 10A.
Nitrite standard: MCB sodium nitrite lot 4205.

Eppendorf Maxipettors were used to make up the calibration standards and all 
volumetric ware had been gravimetrically calibrated prior to the expedition.  
The primary calibration solutions contained nitrate, phosphate and silicate 
(silicic acid) at concentrations designed to approximate deep-water 
concentrations in the final, working calibration solutions.  The analysts 
added aliquots of nitrite primary solutions directly to the final, working 
calibration solutions.  They prepared the working calibration solutions 
immediately before analyzing each station's samples in almost all cases.  They 
stored the primary and intermediate calibration solutions in the refrigerator 
when not in use.

The data supplied to the WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office are in units of 
micromoles per liter.  They must be converted to micromoles per kg when the 
salinity data can be used, together with the laboratory temperature of 25 Ò3C 
to calculate the sample densities needed.

III. Precision and bias

The analysts drew replicate samples at each cast for measurement of short-term 
precision on the order of minutes to one or two hours).  They placed the 
replicates both adjacent to each other and separated by the rest of the 
samples of each run.

As a quality control measure to monitor the stability of working-standard, 
calibration solutions they kept the preparation left over after most stations 
to compare with that prepared for the next.  Typical time lags between 
preparations amounted to four to eight hours.

The analysts achieved the WOCE specifications for precision for phosphate and 
nitrate in virtually all cases.  Only a very few cases as noted later exceeded 
these specifications.  Instrumental problems introduced very severe problems 
into the silicate and nitrite analyses for many stations throughout the leg.  
Because of its low concentrations most of the time, the nitrite problems 
presented only relatively minor challenges to evaluate and correct the errors.  

The silicate problems affected as many as 30% of the stations. The magnitude 
of the errors was typically 1 - 4 % and required a great deal of post-cruise 
data workup to evaluate and correct the data.  When finished, for the most 
part, we achieved between station precision in the deep-water values of ca. 
one per cent.  We were able to salvage most of the data and note where this 
was possible and where not.  Although there are no WOCE specifications for 
accuracy in the nutrient analyses, we urge users of this data set to be 
cautious in use of the silicate data!  We are available to consult with users 
of these data on the problems and probable errors. 

Following the post cruise data editing we computed estimates of short-term 
(within station) precision by examining a random subset of the replicate 
sample determinations.  These estimates are given below for phosphate, nitrate 
and silicate.  They report the absolute mean difference between deep water 
samples run at the beginning of a sample run and rerun again at the end in 
units of micro moles per liter.

Analysis:		phosphate	nitrate		silicate
Mean difference		0.0148		0.123		0.44
Stnd deviation		0.0090		0.093		0.26

For nitrite, we estimate the precision for stations 1077 - 1166 to be ca. 
0.003 micromoles per liter.

IV. Problems

There were no major equipment failures in the AAII system, but there were two 
significant analytical problems with the silicic acid and nitrite data.   The 
analysts at sea were aware of these problems but were unable to resolve them 
satisfactorily during the cruise.   The problems and the post-cruise treatment 
of the data follow.

A. Silicate:
The silicate problem resulted from an anomalous response when the AAII was 
switched from deionized water to seawater, with the initial seawater 
absorbance being unusually high and tapering off over time.  This occurred at 
the beginning of the sample run for many stations. Our calibration standards 
were prepared in low nutrient seawater and corrected for the absorbance due to 
the seawater alone, leading to the standards being over corrected.  The 
computed sample concentrations were then erroneously high.  The magnitude of 
the error was ca. 1 to 4 (M.  We have attempted to reproduce this problem in 
the lab, but have been unable to do so; the cause remains unknown.

To correct the problem, we chose and objective approach based on our 
experience of the constancy of nutrient concentrations in aged LNSW.  The 
silicate concentration of LNSW should be quite constant over  time, yet in the 
affected stations it was apparently changing within the time span of a sample 
run (< 2hours).  We plotted the seawater (LNSW) absorbance minus deionized 
water (DIW) absorbance at the start and finish of each sample run.  Normally, 
this absorbance arises from small amounts of silicate present in the LNSW and 
from optical effects; it should be constant for any given batch of LNSW.  For 
stations where the apparent LNSW silicate concentration was more than 1.0 (M 
too large, we corrected the LNSW absorbances to equal the mean low values for 
the appropriate batch of LNSW.  This lowered the calculated silicate 
concentrations at the questionable stations and resulted in much improved 
grouping of theta/silicate plots.

Fifty-one stations were recalculated after editing to correct the anomalous 
LNSW readings in the silicate channel.

B. Nitrite
The second significant analytical problem involved apparent shifts in the 
response of the nitrite channel, usually following the calibration standards 
run at the start of each sample run.  These shifts led to anomalously high 
apparent nitrite concentrations in the deep water, often accompanied by 
obvious and non-linear drift in the absorbance signal.  The analysts at sea 
recognized the problem but were unable to eliminate the drift, so they elected 
to cease reporting nitrite concentrations following station 1166.  

Post cruise inspection of the AAII stripchart recordings showed that the deep-
water nitrite samples all had essentially the same absorbance. Since deep-
water nitrite concentrations are expected to be essentially zero, the 
wandering nature of the deepwater absorbance peaks is obviously erroneous.  
Therefore we edited all deep-water concentrations to zero for  stations 1166 - 
1244.  Where primary and secondary nitrite maxima clearly appeared, at 
shallower depths, we calculated nitrite concentrations using the differences 
in absorbances of these peaks from the apparent seawater background of the 
adjacent samples.  Our acceptance criterion for "zero" nitrite concentration 
was 0.1 ÊM.

V. References

Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross and J. M. Krest. 1994.  A 
  suggested protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater 
  nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE 
  Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study.  In WOCE 
  Operations Manual, WOCE Report No. 68/91. Revision 1, 1994. 

VI. Post cruise data editing:

Silicate concentrations were recalculated for the following stations after 
editing anomalous LNSW responses described previously in this document, and 
for station 1166 for a problem unrelated to the LNSW response

	1077	1078	1079
	1080	1081	1084
	1093	1103	1108
	1109	1110	1115
	1116	1122	1123
	1131	1134	1135
	1144	1145	1146
	1147	1148	1157
	1158	1160	1162
	1163	1164	1165
	1180	1181	1182
	1183	1187	1188
	1190	1191	1192
	1201	1202	1211
	1224	1226	1228
	1229	1230	1231
	1236	1237	1238

Nitrate concentrations were recalculated for the following stations.  The 
problems were mostly due to inconsistent (noisy) readings by the data 
acquisition system.

	1102	1113	1115
	1119	1127	1135
	1136	1139	1144
	1157	1159	1163
	1165	1200	1205
	1206	1210	1213
1224 1225

Phosphate concentrations were recalculated at the following stations.

	1136	1142	1143
	1144	1175	1179
1180 1190

In addition to the nitrite problems described earlier, the following stations 
were recalculated with minor editing after the cruise.

	1144	1163	1164

Figure 1*

Figure 2*

* All figures shown in PDF file.
