A.       Cruise Narrative: WOCE Section P01


A.1.     Highlights
                        WHP Cruise Summary Information

WOCE section designation                  P01
Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)         31TTTPS47
Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation  Lynne Talley/SIO*
Dates                                     1985.08.04 - 1985.09.07
Ship                                      R/V Thomas G. Thompson
Ports of call                             Hakodate, Japan to Seattle,
                                          Washington, USA
Number of stations                        115 CTD/rosette stations


A.2.       Cruise Summary Information  
                                                    47° 00.00' N
Geographic boundaries of the stations     145° 27.30' E        124° 59.30' W
                                                    39° 41.30' N
Floats and drifters deployed              none
Moorings deployed or recovered            none
Contributing Authors:                     L. Talley, M. Martin, P. Salameh, 
                                          The Oceanographic Data Facility, 
                                          John Lupton

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Scripps Institution of Oceanography
  University of California San Diego      Phone:   619-534-6610
  9500 Gilman Drive                       Fax:     619-534-9820
  La Jolla  CA  92093-0230                e-mail:  ltalley@ucsd.edu
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


A.3.     List of Principal Investigators

TABLE 1: List of Principal Investigators and Measurements
---------------------------------------------------------------
Measurement               Principal Investigator   Institution
---------------------------------------------------------------
Salinity, oxygen          Lynne Talley             SIO 
nutrients, CTD/O2  
Chlorofluorocarbons       Ray Weiss                SIO
Helium                    John Lupton              NOAA/PMEL
Tritium                   Gote Ostlund             U. Miami
Alkalinity/TCO2           Richard Feely/Paul Quay  NOAA/PMEL
Manganese                 Gary Massoth             NOAA/PMEL
Chlorophyll/productivity  Elizabeth Venrick        SIO
Chlorophyll               Bob Bidigare             TAMU      
Plutonium                 Hugh Livingston          WHOI
Rare elements             Donald Piepgras          Harvard
Transmissometer           Wilf Gardner             TAMU
Meteorology               Kern Kenyon              SIO 
ADCP                      Terrence Joyce           WHOI
Towed salt-bridge GEK     Tom Sanford              UW/APL
Bathymetry                Lynne Talley             SIO
Thermosalinograph         Lynne Talley             SIO 


Table 2: List of Institutions
------------------------------------------------------------
NOAA/PMEL     NOAA
              Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
              7600 Sand Point Way NE
              Seattle, WA
              98115-0700

SIO           Scripps Institution of Oceanography
              University of California of San Diego
              9500 Gilman Drive
              La Jolla, CA
              92093

U. Miami      University of Miami  
              Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
              Miami, FL
              33149

TAMU          Texas A&M University
              Department of Oceanography
              College Station, TX
              77843

WHOI          Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
              Woods Hole, Ma
              02543

Harvard       Harvard University 
              Department of Geological Sciences
              Hoffman Laboratory, 20 Oxford St.
              Cambridge, MA
              02138

U. Washington University of Washington
              School of Oceanography
              Seattle, WA
              98195

A.4.  Scientific Programme and Methods

The following paragraphs are condensed from Scripps Technical Report SIO-88-9, 
by L. Talley, M. Martin, P. Salameh and the Oceanographic Data Facility, 
entitled:

                    Transpacific Section in the Subpolar Gyre
                                     (TPS47)
                        Physical, Chemical, and CTD Data
                        R/V Thomas Thompson       TT 190
                        4 August 1985 - 7 September 1985
                                   March, 1988

A nearly zonal CTD/hydrographic section across the subpolar North Pacific was 
occupied from August 4, 1985 to September 7, 1985 on cruise TT 190 of the RIV 
Thomas Thompson. The cruise track was primarily along 47¡N except at the western 
boundary. The section consisted of 115 high quality, full water-column 
CTD/hydrographic stations.  Additional components of the physical oceanographic 
program were: continuous acoustic doppler current profiling (T. Joyce, WHOI), 
towed salt-bridge GEK (P. Spain and T. Sanford, Univ Wash), and XBTs (P. Spain 
and T. Joyce).

Each station consisted of a CTD lowering with a rosette carrying 36 10-liter 
Niskin bottles. Water samples were collected on the upcast. Salinity, oxygen, 
and nutrient analyses were performed at sea by the Oceanographic Data Facility 
at SIO. Initial CTD processing was accomplished at sea by ODE. In addition to 
this standard suite of measurements, water samples from the same casts were made 
available for analyses by other investigators. Chlorofluorocarbons (freons) F-11 
and F-12 were analyzed at sea by R. Weiss' group from SIO with the assistance of 
K Kelly-Hansen (NOAA/PMEL); their results are included in this data report and 
are also available in a separate data report. Samples for tritium and alkalinity 
analyses were collected for processing by the tritium laboratory of the 
University of Miami (G. Ostlund and R. Fine) and by R. Feely at NOAA/PMEL, 
respectively. A separate, complete tritium data report is available (Ostlund, 
1987) Chlorophyll-a and phaeopigment measurements were made by E. Venrick's 
group at SIO. High-performance liquid chromatography pigment measurements were 
made by R. Bidigare's group at Texas A&M University; results are available in a 
separate data report (Bidigare, et al., 1987). Samples were collected for 
helium-3, carbon-14 (AMS), manganese, plutonium, and rare earth elements for 
analyses by other investigators. In addition to the basic CTD/hydrographic 
stations included in this report, approximately one shallow bottle cast was made 
per day for primary productivity measurements by E Venrick's group at SIO.

A.5.  Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved: none

A.6.  Other Incidents of Note: none

A.7.  List of Cruise Participants

Ships' Captain: C. W. Clampitt - R/V THOMAS THOMPSON

Personnel participating in collection of data at sea:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Talley, Lynne        Chief Scientist, Assistant Professor, SIO
Joyce, Terrence      Co-Chief Scientist, Associate Scientist, WHOI
Beaupre, Marie       Staff Research Associate, SIO
Costello, James      Staff Research Associate, SIO
Cummings, Sherrie    Staff Research Associate, SIO
Delahoyde, Frank     Principal Programmer, SIO
Dunworth, Jane       Research Assistant, WHOI
Field, Timothy       Marine Technician, SIO
Hamann, Ilse         Graduate Student, Univ of Washington
Kelly-Hansen, Kim    Oceanographer, NOAA/PMEL
Martin, Margie       Staff Research Associate, SIO
Mattson, Carl        Electronics Technician,
SIO Pierce, Stephen  Graduate Student, WHO/MIT
Schnitzer, Michelle  Research Associate, Texas A & M Univ.
Spain, Peter         Graduate Student, Univ. of Washington
Sweet, Paul          Staff Research Associate, SIO
Vanwoy, Rick         Staff Research Associate, SIO
Warner, Mark         Graduate Student, SIO
Wells, James         Marine Technician, SIO
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional personnel participating in analysis of CTD/hydrographic data:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bos, David           Staff Research Associate, SIO
Johnson, Mary        Staff Research Associate, SIO
Muus, David          Staff Research Associate, SIO
Patrick, Ronald      Staff Research Associate, SIO


B.    Underway measurements

B.1.  Navigation and bathymetry

      Navigation was pre-GPS, and included Loran-C near coastlines.

      Bathymetry was logged manually from the shipboard PDR every
      five minutes while underway.

B.2.  Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

      The underway ADCP was operated continuously throughout the cruise.

B.3.  Towed salt-bridge GEK

      A GEK was towed behind the ship between stations.

B.4.  Expendable bathythermograph observations: 

      none.

B.5.  Meteorology.  
 
      Weather was logged on the bridge.


C.    DISCRETE DATA - METHODS

C.1.  Temperature and Salinity

Pressure and temperature for the discrete hydrographic tabulations was taken 
from the calibrated CTD data; calibrations are discussed in the following 
section. Reversing thermometers were mounted on 4 to 5 Niskin bottles on each 
cast to be used to resolve shifts in the CTD temperature calibration. As there 
was at most a 001 deg. C shift in temperature calibration from the beginning to 
the end of the cruise and as the reversing thermometers had not been calibrated 
in some time, the reversing thermometer information was not required. Depths 
were calculated from CTD pressures (Saunders,1981).

Salinity samples were analyzed at sea using one of two Guildline Autosal 
inductive salinometers. All salinities were calculated from conductivity using 
the 1978 practical salinity scale (UNESCO, 1981) and are tabulated to three 
decimal places. Wormley standard seawater batch P96 was used for calibration at 
the beginning and of each station's analyses; hydrographic and CTD salinities 
are reported herein relative to P96 and have not been adjusted further. Mantyla 
(1987) reported differences between various other batches of standard seawater 
and P96. Deep salinities from TPS47 relative to P96 have been compared with deep 
salinities on a prior cruise in 1984 at 152 W on which standard seawater batch 
P92 was used. The average difference in deep salinities between the cruises 
using stations from the intersecting region was about 0.003 ppt with P92 
salinities lower than P96; this is in agreement with Mantyla's finding. 
Precision of the bottle salinities is +/- 0.002 ppt.

Bottle salinities were compared with CTD salinities to identify leaking bottles 
or salinometer malfunctions. Calibrated CTD salinities replace bottle salinities 
in the event of problems and are indicated by the letter "D" in this data 
report. CTD values were used on 27 stations, almost exclusively at one level 
only. Exceptions are stations 25 and 83 where three CTD values were required due 
to faulty sample drawing, and at stations 104, 105, 106, l l0, and l l l, where 
3 to 5 samples drawn for detailed vertical profiling of helium-3 and manganese 
were not analyzed for salinity, oxygen, or nutrients. The spread in deep bottle 
salinities is approximately +/-0.001 ppt.


C.2.  Oxygen and Nutrients

Dissolved oxygen content was determined by the Winkler method as modified by 
Carpenter (1965), using the equipment and procedures outlined by Anderson 
(1971). Oxygen measurements are given in ml STP per liter of water at 1 
atmosphere and at the potential temperature of the sample. A small number of 
oxygen outliers was discarded. The precision of the oxygen measurements within a 
single cast is 0.01 ml/I and the accuracy is 1%.

Silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite were analyzed using a Technicon 
AutoAnalyzer. The procedures are similar to those described in Atlas et al. 
(1971). Nutrient measurements are reported here in micromoles/liter at 1 
atmosphere and 25 deg. C, which is assumed to be the laboratory temperature. A 
failure of the nitrate channel power supply at station 91 resulted in loss of 
measurements below 800 m. The precision of nutrient measurements (within a 
single cast) is better than 0.5% and the station-to-station, cruise-to-cruise 
accuracy is 2% to 3%.


C.3.  Chlorofluorocarbons

Concentrations of the dissolved atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons F-l l 
(trichlorofluoromethane) and F-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) were measured by 
shipboard electron-capture gas chromatography, according to the methods 
described by Bullister and Weiss (1988). The results have been corrected for 
sampling and analysis blanks, the statistical variations of which are 
responsible for occasional negative values near the detection limit. It is 
important to emphasize that the data have been edited to remove serious "flyers" 
and contaminated samples, and to correct gross numerical errors. However, the 
data have not yet been subjected to the level of scrutiny associated with 
careful interpretive work. Readers are therefore requested to contact R. Weiss' 
group at SIO for any revisions in the data which may post-date this report, and 
to draw to their attention any suspected inconsistencies. The results are 
reported on the SIO 1986 calibration scale. The precision (+/- one s.d.) of the 
measurements is about 1% or about 0.005 pmol/kg, whichever is greater, for both 
chlorofluorocarbons, except during the first 29 stations, where the low-level F-
12 measurements had a larger error of about 0.01 pmol/kg caused by large 
sampling contamination blanks. The estimated accuracy of the calibrations is 
about 1.3% for F-l l and 0.5% for F-12.


C.4.  Tritium

Tritium was measured by electrolytic enrichment and low level gas counting, 
according to Ostlund and Dorsey (1977) The listed TU81N values are the tritium 
ratios (T/H x E-18) in the "new NBS scale" based on the NBS standard 
#4926 as on 1961/09/03, with the new half-life of 12.43 years, i.e., a decay 
rate of 5.576% per year. All values are age corrected back to the reference date 
of 1981/01/01. All TU81N data are directly comparable without further age 
correction. Negative TU values are reported as such for the benefit of allowing 
the user unbiased statistical treatment of sets of the data. For other 
applications, 0 TU should be used. The errors are 3.5% or 0.05, whichever is 
larger.


C.5  Alkalinity

Water samples for alkalinity measurements were transferred from the 10-L Niskin 
bottles into 1-L glass-stoppered bottles containing 1.0 mL of a saturated 
solution of Hg2Cl2 to decrease bacterial oxidation of organic matter. The 
samples were stored in a dark, cold storage room at 4 deg. C. The samples were 
analyzed by the potentiometric method using a Brinkman E636 titroprocessor 
linked to a Hewlett-Packard 85 computer. The data from the titroprocessor were 
automatically fed into the computer and processed using the nonlinear, least 
squares fitting program of Dickson (1981) with the modifications suggested by 
Johansson and Wedborg (1982). Alkalinity contributions from boric, silicic, and 
phosphoric acid were computed from equations similar to those presented by 
Takahashi, at al. (1982) in the GEOSECS Pacific Expedition report. Total borate 
concentration was computed using the relation given by Culkin (1965). The 
dissociation constants of carbonic acid and boric acid are from the work by 
Almgren, et. al. (1977). Potassium chloride was used to adjust the ionic 
strength of the sodium carbonate standards to 0.7. At each station a blank was 
determined by titrating aliquots of a KCI solution containing no sodium 
carbonate. The average blank was 4 µeq/L The results have been corrected for 
sampling and analysis blanks. The data have been edited to remove "flyers" 
resulting from bottle contamination. The precision of the measurements is about 
0.1 % (+/- one S. D).


C.6  Helium-3 (WOCE P01 and P03)
     (John Lupton)

Samples for helium analysis were drawn directly from the rosette bottles and 
sealed into copper tubing by cold-welding the copper using a special hydraulic 
press (see Young and Lupton, 1983).  This method hermetically seals each sample 
into an all-metal container, thereby allowing long term storage of the sample 
without loss of integrity.  In order to avoid contamination with atmospheric 
helium, special care was taken to eliminate any air bubbles from each sample 
before it was sealed into the copper tubing.  Samples were then returned to the 
laboratory and processed on a shorebased high-vacuum system which extracts the 
dissolved gases from the water.  The extracted gases are sealed into glass 
ampoules.

The extracted gas samples were then analyzed on a special 21-cm radius, dual 
collector mass spectrometer designed for the analysis of helium and rare gas 
isotopes.  This instrument is fitted with a low temperature charcoal trap 
(38\370K) which separates He from Ne so that the helium isotope ratio can be 
determined in the absence of neon.  This eliminates a troublesome interference 
which occurs when He and Ne are analyzed together.  The instrument response was 
determined by analyzing aliquots of marine air of known size.  For each sample, 
the 3He/4He ratio as well as the absolute concentration of 4He was determined.  
Because air is used as a standard, the helium isotope ratio is reported as 
\353(3He), which is the percentage variation of 3He/4He from the 3He/4He ratio 
in air.  The precision for the 3He/4He ratio and 4He concentration averages 0.2% 
and 0.5% (1 sigma), respectively.

For the WOCE P1 and P3 sections, essentially every sample which was collected at 
sea was analyzed for helium isotopes in the laboratory.  Because the primary 
focus of this work was mapping the distribution of the deep helium signal 
introduced by hydrothermal venting, the sampling was restricted mainly to depths 
between 1000 m and the bottom.  For the WOCE P3 section, the sampling was rather 
sparse and helium samples were collected at 15 stations spaced fairly evenly 
across the Pacific.  For WOCE P1, helium sampling was carried out at 31 separate 
stations, with a higher sampling density at the eastern end of the section in 
the vicinity of the hydrothermal sources on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

Reference

Young, C. and J.E. Lupton, An ultratight fluid sampling system using cold-welded 
  copper tubing, EOS Transactions AGU 64, 735, 1983.


C.7       Total CO2 
          (text not available; see Data Processing Notes: 1/6/00 and 7/17/00)

C.8.      CTD DATA

C.8.1.    Processing Summary

116 CTD casts were completed using a 36-bottle rosette sampling system. ODF CTD 
#l (a modified NBIS Mark 3) was employed exclusively for all CTD casts. The CTD 
data were initially processed into a filtered, I-second average time-series 
during-data acquisition. The pressure and PRT temperature channels were 
corrected using laboratory calibrations. The conductivity channel was calibrated 
to salinity check samples acquired on each cast. The CTD time-series data were 
then pressure-sequenced into two decibar pressure intervals.

C.8.2.    CTD Laboratory Calibrations

C.8.2.1.  Pressure Transducer Calibration 

The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled bath to 
the ODF Ashcroft to (pre-cruise) and Ruska (post-cruise) deadweight-tester 
pressure standards. Thermal response-time, thermal hysteresis and mechanical 
hysteresis were measured. The mechanical hysteresis loading curves were measured 
at 0/1 deg. C and 24/22 deg. C (pre-/post-cruise) and at maximum loadings of 
1530 and 8830 PSI. The transducer thermal response-time was derived from the 
pressure response to a thermal step-change from 23 to 0 C.

C.8.2.2.  PRT Temperature Calibration 

The CTD PRT temperature transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled 
bath to a Leeds and Northrup standard PRT (pre-cruise) and to a Rosemont 
standard PRT (post-cruise).  Seven calibration temperatures, spaced across the 
range of 0 to 27 C, were measured both pro and post-cruise.

C.8.3.    CTD DATA PROCESSING

C.8.3.1.  CTD Data Acquisition 

Seven channels (pressure, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, elapsed 
time, altimeter and voltage) were acquired at a data rate of 31.25 FPS. The FSK 
CTD signal was demodulated by an ODF-designed deck unit and output to an IEEE-
488 bus interface.  An IBM CS-9000 served as the real-time data acquisition 
processor.

Data acquisition consisted of storing all raw binary data on hard disk (and 
later on nine-track magnetic tape) and generating a corrected and filtered one-
second average time-series. Data calculated from this time series were reported 
and plotted during the cast. A ten-second average of the time-series data was 
calculated for each water sample collected during the data acquisition.

Generating the one-second time-series involved applying single-frame absolute 
value and gradient filters, then performing a two-pass standard-deviation test 
to all channels, rejecting points exceeding 4 standard deviations from the mean 
on the first pass, then repeating the rejection using 2 standard deviations as 
the criterion. The pre-cruise laboratory calibration data were applied to 
pressure and temperature. Pressure and conductivity were lagged to match the 
thermal response of the PRT temperature transducer. The conductivity channel was 
corrected for thermal and pressure effects.

C.8.3.2.  CTD Dissolved Oxygen Data

The dissolved oxygen channel was not processed beyond averaging the raw oxygen 
current Raw CTD oxygen data were continuously examined for signal quality. There 
is moderate noise in much of the oxygen data, with occasional large spikes. 
Stations 6 through 8 had severe spiking problems, and stations 91 through 93 had 
spiking/drifting problems which remained to a smaller extent until the end of 
the cruise. Small-scale oxygen noise was evident in the data beginning at 
station 78, and re-appeared intermittently until the end of the cruise. The 
oxygen transducer was replaced several times during the cruise because of 
cracked sensor holders.

C.8.3.3.  Pressure, Temperature, and Conductivity Corrections

A maximum of 36 salinity check samples and 4 to 5 thermometric pressure and 
temperature measurements were collected on each cast. A ten-second average of 
the CTD time-series was calculated for each water sample. Differences between 
bottle and CTD data were then used to verify the pro- and post-cruise pressure 
and temperature calibrations and to derive CTD conductivity calibrations

C.8.3.3.1.  CTD Pressure Corrections

The pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations were compared. The post-cruise 
calibration was applied to the CTD data because newer, more accurate pressure 
standard equipment and techniques were used to collect the data, and because its 
calibration date was three months closer to the time of the cruise. The 
shipboard processing pressures differ from the revised pressures by up to 3 dbar 
due to the new calibration data was well as improvements to the pressure 
correction model. No significant drift was apparent in comparisons between CTD 
and thermometric pressures.

C.8.3.3.2.  CTD Temperature Corrections

A comparison of the pre- and post-cruise laboratory PRT temperature transducer 
calibration curves indicated a difference of 1 millidegree at 1 C up to 3 
millidegrees at 25 C. The pre-cruise data is very scattered at each calibration 
temperature due to bath instability and the cumbersome manual method used to 
collect the information. The post-cruise calibration was able to take advantage 
of a new, very stable temperature bath and a new resistance-measuring system 
which can collect data more rapidly and accurately. Since there was no apparent 
drift or shift in the CTD and thermometric temperature differences over the time 
scale of the cruise, and because of less scatter in the data and its close 
proximity to the cruise, the post-cruise calibration was applied to the 
temperature data.

C.8.3.3.3.  CTD Conductivity Corrections

Check sample conductivities were calculated from the sample salinities and from 
corrected CTD pressures and temperatures The differences between sample and CTD 
conductivities were fit to CTD conductivity using a linear least-squares fit. 
Values greater then two standard deviations from the fit were rejected. The 
resulting conductivity correction slopes for each east were fit to station 
number, giving a continuous smoothed conductivity slope correction as a function 
of station number. Conductivity correction slopes were then derived from this 
smoothed fit.

Conductivity differences were calculated for each cast after applying the 
conductivity slope correction. These differences were fit to station number at 
various pressure ranges. Conductivity correction offsets were then generated 
individually for each east, weighted more toward deep and/or mixed-layer 
differences. Some offsets were manually fine-tuned to compensate for 
discontinuous shifts in the conductivity transducer response and for bottle 
salinity problems, as well as to insure a consistent deep T-S relationship from 
station to station. Less than 10% of the casts were manually adjusted from 0.001 
to 0.0025 psu. Conductivity offset corrections for shallow casts were checked 
against adjacent deep casts for consistency.

C.8.3.4.  Additional Processing

A filter was used on 12 percent of the stations to remove conductivity spikes 
larger than 0.1 above 1000 dbar and 0.01 below 1000 dbar Less then 0.1% of the 
time-series data in those stations were affected. Temperature and pressure did 
not required filtering. The down cast portion of each time-senes was then 
pressure-sequenced into two decibar pressure intervals. A ship-roll filter was 
applied to disallow pressure reversals.

C.8.4.  General Comments/Problems

There were 119 CTD rosette casts. Three were aborted and were neither processed 
nor included on the tape. One pressure-sequenced CTD data set exists for each 
CTD station, with an extra shallow cast included for station 98. All data was 
simultaneously recorded on audio cassette tape. Due to deck-unit malfunction, 
station 97 was redigitized from the audio tape following the cruise, with no 
degradation of quality.

Up-cast thermocline data were typically noisier than the corresponding downcast 
data, possibly due to the positioning of the CTD near the bottom of the large 
rosette package. Nine up-casts were used as final data instead of down-casts 
because of conductivity offsets or other instrument-related problems on the 
down- casts. The up-casts are: 1-1, 8-1, 9-1, 16-1, 18-1, 28-2, 31-1, 77-2, and 
84-1.

Because ship-roll effects cause more severe thermocline density inversions on 
the up-casts, some down-casts were included despite deep ca. 0.002 psu salinity 
offsets, apparently caused by an intermittent CTD malfunction. The following 
casts are affected: 19-1, 25-1, 26-1, 42-1, 62-1, 76-1, 78-1, 81-1, 82-1, 83-1, 
and 87-1. Salinity offsets at stations 25, 26, 36, 42, 47, and 76 were removed 
individually.

On several casts, the CTD was held at one pressure or cycled up and down in mid-
cast ("yoyo"). The effect after pressure-sequencing is a discontinuity in the 
pressure-series data. Yoyos larger than 10 dbar occurred on stations 8, 18, 32 
and 58.

Intermittent single-level gaps in the data are due to the removal of ship-roll 
effects and filtering. Two groups of stations had a significantly larger 
percentage of single-level data gaps than the rest of the stations (up to two 
percent versus less than 0.2 percent gaps) The weather log for stations 28 
through 36 and stations 104 until near the end of the cruise indicates that the 
majority of these casts occurred in 20+ knot winds and/or 8 to 12 foot waves, 
both much larger than recorded for the other casts. Multi-level data gaps where 
data were not recorded occurred at stations 8, 12 and 97.

The deep T-S relationship was examined for calibration problems and consistency 
Instrument problems have been corrected where possible and otherwise documented.

Remaining density inversions in high-gradient regions cannot be accounted for by 
a mismatch of pressure, temperature, and conductivity sensor response. Detailed 
examination of the raw data shows significant mixing occurring as a consequence 
of ship roll. The ship-roll filter, applied to most casts to disallow pressure 
reversals, resulted in a reduction in the amount and/or size of density 
inversions in the upper 500 dbar of the water column.


D.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The acquisition and publication of this data set was funded by the National 
Science Foundation, Ocean Sciences Division, under Grants OCE84-16211, 
OCE8740379 (hydrographic and CTD work), OCE 83 16602 (chlorofluorocarbons), and 
OCE85-10842 (tritium), and by a grant from the Pacific Marine Environmental 
Laboratory of NOAA (alkalinity)


E.  REFERENCES

Almgren, T., D Dyrssen, and M Stranberg, 1977. Computerized high precision 
  titrations of some major constituents of sea water onboard the R/V/Dmitry 
  Mendeleev. Deep Sea Res., 24, 325-364

Anderson, G.C., compiler, 1971 "Oxygen Analysis " Marine Technician's Handbook 
  SIO Ref. No 71-8, Sea Grant Pub. No. 9

Atlas, E.L., 1.C. Callaway, R.D Tomlinson, L l. Gordon, L. Barstow, and P.K. 
  Park, 1971 A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer Nutrient 
  Analysis; Revised Oregon State University Technical Report 215, Reference No 
  71-22

Bidigare, R. R. M. Ondrusek, S. Sweet and J.M Brooks, 1987 Transpacific data 
  report Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Department of 
  Oceanography, Texas A&M University

Bullister, I.L and R. F. Weiss, 1988 Determination of CC13P and CC12F2 in 
  seawater and air Deep. Sea. Res., 35, in press

Carpenter, 1 H. 1965 The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
  dissolved oxygen method Limnol. Oceanogr., 10: 141-143

Culkin, F., 1965 The major constituents of seawater, in Chemical Oceanography, 
  vol. 1, edited by J P. Riley and G. Skirrow, pp 121-158, Academic, Orlando, FL

Dickson, A.G, 1981. An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for 
  the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data 
  Deep Sea Res., 38A, 609-623

Johansson, D., and M Wedborg, 1982 On the evaluation of potentiometric 
  titrations of sea water with hydrochloric acid. Oceanol. Acta., 5(2),209-218

Mantyla, A W., 1987. Standard seawater comparisons updated. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 
  17, 543-548.

Ostlund, H. G. 1987, Tritium Laboratory Data Release 
  #87-33: TPS47-Transpacific Cruise 1985, Tritium Results RSMAS Tritium 
  Laboratory, University Of Miami

Ostlund, H. G., and H. G Dorsey, 1977 Rapid electrolytic enrichment and hydrogen 
  gas proportional counting of tritium In Low-Radioactivity Measurements and 
  Applications, Proceedings of the International Conference on Low-Radioactivity 
  Measurements and Applications, 6-10 October 1975 The High Tatras, 
  Czechoslovakia, Slovenske Pedagogicke Nakladatel'stvo, Bratislava

Saunders, P. M, 1981. Practical conversion of pressure to depth J Phys. 
  Oceanogr., It, 573-574

Takahashi, T. R.T. Williams, and D.L Bos, 1982. Carbonate chemistry in GEOSECS 
  Pacific Expedition, vol. 3, Hydrographic Data, edited by W.S Broecker, D W 
  Spencer, and H. Craig, pp 78-82, National Science Foundation, Washington, D C

Talley, L., M. Martin, P.Salameh, 1988. Transpacific section in the subpolar 
  gyre (TPS47), Physical, chemical and CTD data, R/V Thomas Thompson TT190, 4 
  August 1985- 7 September 1985. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO 
  Reference 88-9.

UNESCO, 1981 Background papers and supporting data on the International Equation 
  of Slate 1980 UNESCO Tech Pap in Mar. Sci., No 38 
  



                            ========================
                            DATA QUIALITY EVALUATION
                            ========================



FINAL CFC DATA QUALITY EVALUATION (DQE) COMMENTS ON TPS47 (P01).
(David Wisegarver)
Dec 2000

During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number of samples were 
given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial QUALT1 flags assigned by the 
PI.  After discussion, the PI concurred with the DQE assigned flags and updated 
the QUAL1 flags for these samples.

The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale (Prinn 
et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on a common 
calibration scale.

For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC PI for 
this section (R. Weiss, rfw@gaslab.ucsd.edu) or David Wisegarver 
(wise@pmel.noaa.gov).

Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at: 
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc.

*****************************************************************************
Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold, F. N. 
Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, R. H. J. Wang, D. E. 
Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P. M. Midgley,  and A. McCulloch, 
A history of chemically and radiatively important gases  in air deduced from 
ALE/GAGE/AGAGE.  Journal of  Geophysical  Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.
*****************************************************************************



                             =====================
                                   Appendix A
                             =====================

The salinity comments in the table below refer to the original version of the 
bottle data file from this pre-WOCE cruise.  Some bottle salinities were deleted 
because they were bad, and replaced with a CTD salinity value.  In the original 
data file, the data provider (SIO ODF) differentiated between the two, CTD vs 
bottle, with a D code where the CTD value was reported.  The WOCE program 
does not support this annotation feature for salinity.  In the copy of the data 
provided to the WOCE Hydrographic Program Office CTD salinities have 
already been substituted for bad bottle salinities.  This table provides 
information about the substitutions that were made.

       SAMP
   STA   #  DEPTH  REMARKS
   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   007  129  3094  Salinity was not analyzed; therefore CTD salinity reported
   025  109   237  Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level.
   025  111   356  Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level.
   025  113   506  Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level.
   029  125  2001  Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level.
   039  124  1795  Deleted high Salinity.
   040  110   283  Salinity appears to have come from 109 level.
   043  213   446  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   050  133  1779  Deleted low Salinity.
   057  107   156  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   059  120  1206  Deleted low Salinity.
   062  115   606  Deleted high Salinity.
   065  110   287  Deleted Salinity, does not agree with CTD trace.
   065  120  1203  Deleted Salinity, does not agree with CTD trace.
   065  122  1603  Deleted Salinity, does not agree with CTD trace.
   066  119  1001  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   067  110   287  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   071  133  4692  Deleted high Salinity.
   078  107   128  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   083  129  3182  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   083  131  3776  Sampler bottle lost; therefore, no water samples.
   083  132  4072  Sampler bottle lost; therefore, no water samples.
   084  121  1253  Deleted Salinity, drawing error.
   090  106   128  Deleted Salinity, sampling error.
   090  133  4094  Salinity bottle broken during analysis.
   097  134  3672  Deleted salinity, inconsistent with CTD.
   097  135  3971  Deleted salinity, inconsistent with CTD.
   101  113   336  Deleted Salinity, sampling error.
   104  127  1835  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   104  129  2048  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   104  137  2243  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   104  138  2332  Salinity bottle broken during analysis.
   104  133  2515  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   105  128  1893  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   105  130  2091  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   105  138  2287  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   105  133  2388  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   105  135  2588  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   106  129  1874  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   106  137  2073  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   106  133  2273  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   108  130  2085  Deleted low Salinity.
   110  129  1900  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   110  137  2098  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   110  133  2297  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   110  135  2497  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   111  130  1998  Deleted low Salinity.
   111  129  1899  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   111  137  2096  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   111  133  2289  Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule.
   112  124   704  Deleted Salinity, sampling error.
   114  108    34  Deleted high Salinity.
   
   



                             =====================
                             DATA PROCESSING NOTES
                             =====================

Date      Contact     Data Type   Data Status Summary
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8/15/97   Uribe       DOC         Submitted, See Note:
  2000.12.11 KJU  File contained here is a CRUISE SUMMARY and NOT sumfile. 
    Documentation is online.
  2000.10.11 KJU  Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
    directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper cruise. 
    All of them are sum files.  Received 1997 August 15th.
  					
7/7/98    Lupton      HELIUM      Submitted for DQE		
					
1/12/99   Talley      CFCs        Submitted	
  I am ftping a file with the CFC data from Ray Weiss, courtesy of Peter 
  Salameh, for the two old cruises TPS47 (P01) and TPS24 (P03). I will have 
  Danie merge them and then the final files should be placed in the WHPO public 
  site.  I will also contact John Lupton about helium data and the Miami lab 
  about tritium data for the same cruises.
  					
1/25/99   Talley      TRITUM      Submitted		
					
2/8/99    Feely       ALKALI/CO2  Data Requested by Talley		
					
2/16/99   Bartolacci  CFCs/He/Tr  available by request	
  The bottle data for P01 has been updated.  CFCs, He and Trit are now available 
  by request.  CFCs He/Tr are non-public, but merged into the non-public bottle 
  file.  All tables have been updated.
  The public file has columns for CFCs, He/Tr, but they have been masked out 
  pending word from their respective PIs.
  					
2/17/99   Diggs       BTL         Data Update	
  I have re-done the bottle data file so that the ODF bottle numbers are 
  included and the pressures now match the station, cast and sample numbers. For 
  those of you who are unfamiliar with this situation, WHPO-WHOI made and error 
  when they translated the NODC-SD2 formatted file into WOCE format and had the 
  deepest bottle as the lowest bottle number. According to the original ODF 
data,
  it was the other way around. All flags have been retained and the table 
entries
  and website files have been updated accordingly.
  					
2/23/99   Talley      DOC         Data Update		
					
3/30/99   Bartolacci  He/Tr/CFCs  Website Updated:  data OnLine, encrypted
  now has an encrypted version of the bottle data file that contains 
  cfc-11/12, helium, and tritium (these parameters were not in the public
  bottle file before) in addition to the public version of the bottle
  file.
  Also, it has been confirmed that no C14 measurements were made.
  					
9/22/99   Swift       CFCs        Data are Public
  CFCs for the two 1995 cruises (P1 & P3?) are public.	

9/22/99   Talley      CFC/TRITUM  Data are Public	
  I've been corresponding with Ray Weiss and sent email to John Lupton about 
  releasing the TPS47 CFC and helium data.  The tritium data are public.
  Charlene at RSMAS told me that a year ago or so.  I'm attaching Ray's 
  correspondence.  
    "The CFC data are public.  Since the data set that you've merged in the WHPO 
    file was obtained from Peter Salameh just recently, I think it must be the 
    latest version.
  I'm trying to call John Lupton today.  Still working on figuring out how to 
  reach Dick Feely about his alkalinity data.
  					
9/27/99   Talley      He/Tr       Data are Public
  new data file needs to be merged & put online.  Here is the word from John
  Lupton on helium data for P1.:  "It is all public.  The tritium are also 
  public.  Therefore the complete data set should be public."
  
  Caveat though - John here sends a revised helium data set. I suggest that this 
  be merged and the few problems sorted out that he mentions, and THEN the 
  complete data set be moved into public.
  					
11/5/99  Diggs        CFCs/he/tr  Website Updated  CFCs public, He/Tr encrypted
  P01 (31TTTPS47) CFCs are now public, but I'm leaving the He/Tr non-public
  pending merging of the new values from Lupton, which we have received and
  are in the "queue" to be merged.
  
  I know that Lupton has released them, but I'd rather be on the safe side
  until we are able to have the most up-to-date values online.  All tables
  and files have been updated.
  					
1/6/00    Feely       ALKALI/CO2  No Data Submitted:  Problems with data: 
  I really don't recommend using that alkalinity data set in the Atlas.
  The data were obtained before properly calibrated alkalinity reference 
  materials were available to the carbon community and I don't trust some of the 
  results.
  
  All hydrographic and carbon data are listed, including DIC and Talk.  My
  understanding from you is that the DIC data should either be flagged as '3'
  (questionable measurement), '4' (bad measurement), or eliminated altogether.
  The plot of Talk has many bullseyes, so perhaps it should be flagged as
  well??  At this point, the Epic data has no flags associated with it.
  Mar

1/6/00    Bartolacci  DOC         Website Updated: latest version from L. Talley
					
6/30/00   Bartolacci  HELIUM      Data Merged: HE data merged into BTL file, 
  2000.06.30  DMB
    Merging Lupton's helium and delta he3 into existing (encrypted) p01 woce 
    file.
  
    NOTES:
    -data sent by Leigh Evans was comma separated values.  Used quick perl 
     script to convert data into uniform 8byte fields.  Also converted missing 
     data to -9.0 missing data values.
    -used David Newton's mrgsea program to merge helium, delhe3 and associated 
     flags.
    -ran wocecvt with following warnings:
  
     fndsum: found stn=10  . can't find cast=  2
     main: cast  2 not found. will try cast 1
     main: will use .SUM info from cast 1.
     fndsum: found stn=10  . can't find cast=  2
     main: cast  2 not found. will try cast 1
     main: will use .SUM info from cast 1.
     fndsum: found stn=98  . can't find cast=  1
     main: cast  1 not found. will try cast 1
     fndsum: found stn=98  . can't find cast=  1
     main: cast 1 not found either.
     main: stn= 98   cast=   1 skipping.
  
     Station 10, cast 2 is in sumfile, but not bottle file. No helium data was 
       sent for this station/cast.
     Station 98, cast 1 and 2 are in bottle file but only cast 2 is in sumfile.  
       No data was sent for either cast.
      
    -Added date/name stamp.  Renamed file p1hy_complete_mrg.txt and copied to  
     parent directory and re-encrypted.
  
6/30/00   Bartolacci  HELIUM      Data Merged into BTL file, encrypted
  I have remerged most recent helium and delta helium3 values into existing 
  bottle file. Notes are in README file in the "original" subdirectory. Re-
  encrypted bottle file version (complete file) and  masked out helium values in 
  second version (public file) and replaced both files on current website. 
  Updated front table to reflect this change.
  					
7/3/00   Talley       HELIUM      Data Update: BTL file updated and reformatted
  Hi John - you sent the helium file for tps47 last September.  We just got 
  the values merged in.  You had several questions about bottles, which I just 
  sorted out today with Kristin Sanborn.
  
  1) 31 and 32 replaced by 37 and 38 - correct
  2) Sta. 89 bottle 22:  this was tripped with bottle 23. All values for 23 have 
     long since been deleted.  So what we should do is take your helium values 
     for bottle 22, duplicate the line in the sea file for bottle 23, call it 22 
     (remove all bottle analyses - just keep CTD values) and put your helium 
     values in there.
  3) Sta. 89 bottle 35 - tripped with bottle 24.  Same procedure as bottle 22
  4) Sta. 109 bottle 26 - notes are that the sampler leaked, so values were 
     deleted.
  5) Sta. 111 bottle 26 - notes are that the sampler leaked, so values were 
     deleted.
  
  So could you please send the two sets of values for station 89 that we can now 
  insert in the file?  I'm not sure we should reconstitute the sta. 109 and 111 
  lines.
  
  Once we get your values inserted we can go ahead and make the whole file 
  public. -- Lynne
  			
7/17/00   Key         CO2         No Data Submitted: precision/accuracy problems
  On TPS cruises which were sampled for TCO2, there were problems with 
  precision and accuracy. These data have never been reported to either me or 
  CDIAC. Feely's group did what sampling there was for the various carbon 
  parameters. I believe that he does have alk values for at least one of the 
  three TPS lines.  Note that carbon data from the Japanese zonal line(s) is 
  available from Feely (at least he has the data) and permissions.
  					
7/21/00   Lupton      HELIUM      Data are Public
  helium 4 concentrations subject to revision	
  To:      Lynne Talley <lynne@gyre.ucsd.edu>
  Subject: Re: tps47 heliums
  
  the answer is yes, they can be made public.  only proviso is that the helium 4 
  concentrations are subject to revision when we (Schlosser, Jenkins, Top, 
  Lupton and Roether) complete our intercalibration and data synthesis exercise.  
  cheers, -- JL
  					
7/26/00   Diggs       He/Tr       Website Updated:  files unencrypted	
  Bottle: (tritum, helium, delhe3, triter, qualt1)
  
  As per Lynne Talley, I have unencrypted the helium/tritium and delhe3 
  parameters in the p01 data file. All data are now public. All table references 
  have been edited to reflect this change.
  					
10/12/00  Kappa       DOC         Doc Update:  pdf, txt versions created
					
10/13/00  Huynh       DOC         Website Updated:  pdf, txt versions online
					
6/22/01   Uribe       CTD/BTL     Website Updated:  CSV File Added
  CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online.
  					
7/11/01   Talley      NITRIT      Correct nitrit value: station 34, bottle 9 
  I just placed the corrected p01hy.txt and p01_hy1.csv files in my ftp area at 
  whpo.ucsd.edu (in FTP/TALLEY).
  
  I added a line in the .csv header indicating what I did, since it looks like 
  you might prefer to regenerate the csv file from the hy.txt file given all the 
  dates and times in the original header.
  
  The single corrected value is NITRIT at station 34, bottle 9, which was 
  corrected from 0.86 to 0.01 per email from Kristin Sanborn today (7/11/01) 
  indicating that there was a typo in the original data entry.

7/11/01   Talley      NO2+NO3     Update Needed:  all values changed to -9
  I got an email from Arnold Mantyla who said that somehow all of the 0.0 
  nitrites and nitrates in the p01hy.txt file have been changed to -9.
  this definitely needs to be corrected.  Can we have Sarilee or David take care 
  of it if your time is short?  meanwhile I'll check to see if anything else was 
  inadvertently changed to -9 in the same file. Lynne
  					
8/21/01   Bartolacci  CFCs        Submitted, need to be merged into BTL file
  I have placed the new file containing updated CFC values into the P01 
  subdirectory called original/20010702_CFC_WISEGARVER_P01. These data are in 
  need of merging into the current bottle file as of this date.
  					
8/23/01   Bartolacci  CFCs        Data Merged into BTL file
  New BTL file contains CFC data merged by D. Muus

  I have replaced current online bottle files with new files containing merged 
  updated CFC values. Data was sent by Wisegarver and merged by D. Muus. All 
  table  entries reflect this replacement. previous files  moved to original 
  subdirectory. A copy of merging notes will be sent to J. Kappa under separate 
  email.
  
  Notes on P01 CFC merging Aug 22, 2001.   D. Muus
  
  1. New CFC-11 and CFC-12 from:   
     /usr/export/htmlpublic/data/onetime/pacific/p01/original/20010702_CFC_
     WISEGARVER_P01/20010702.143520_WISEGARVER_P01_tps47_CFC_DQE.dat
     merged into web SEA file as of Aug 21, 2001 (20000630WHPOSIODMB)
     SEA file had no QUALT2 word and new CFCs have quality 2 codes so added 
     QUALT2 identical to QUALT1 prior to merging.
  
     Changed DELHE3 missing data value from -9.00 to -999.00.
  
  2. SUMMARY file from web Aug 21, 2001 (no version code) has no Station 10 Cast 
     2 and no Station 98 Cast 1.  SEA file contains data from these casts. Sta 
     10/2 is a 3 bottle wire cast and Sta 98/1 is the deepest 12 bottles of the 
     first Rosette cast. Sta 98/2 is the shallowest 24 bottles of the Rosette 
     cast. NAV has the 3 entries for each station BO, EN & BE instead of BE, BO 
     & EN.

     Time and position for each entry are identical.  NAV has both "INT" and 
     "UNK" entries.
     Added 10/2 and 98/1 to SUMMARY file and corrected 98/2 entries.
     Changed all NAV "INT"s to "UNK".
     Changed BO to BE
        EN  BO
        BE  EN
  
  3. Exchange file checked using Java Ocean Atlas.

8/28/01   Kappa       Doc         Updated PDF and TXT Doc files
  Added Data Processing Notes, linked appropriate text blocks to table of 
  contents in PDF file.


