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CRUISE REPORT:  SAVE2
(Updated APR 2011)



HIGHLIGHTS
                          Cruise Summary Information

          WOCE Section Designation  SAVE2
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  316N19871218
                  Chief Scientists  William M. Smethie/LDEO
                                    Stanley S. Jacobs/UW
                             Dates  1987 December 18 - 1988 January 21 
                              Ship  R/V Knorr
                     Ports of call  Abidjan Ivory Coast - 
                                    Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

                                                 2° 39' N
             Geographic Boundaries  37° 52.8' W            12° 39.7' E
                                                 18° 53.8' S
                          Stations  62
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0


                     Chief Scientists' Contact Information

                              William M. Smethie
           Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University,
       129 Comer • 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000 • Palisades, NY, 10964-8000
Phone: (845) 365-8566 • Fax: (845) 365-8155 • Email: bsmeth@ldeo.columbia.edu

                              Stanley S. Jacobs
    Prof. of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences School of Oceanography 
                           University of Washington
            319 Ocean Science Bldg • Box 357940  Seattle, WA, 98195
                 Phone: (845) 365-8326 • Fax: (845) 365-8157 
                       Email: sjacobs@ldeo.columbia.edu








              South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment (SAVE) Leg 2

                  Shipboard Chemical and Physical Data Report

                                  PRELIMINARY

                      19 December 1987 - 21 January1988

                                   R/V Knorr


                            Data Report Prepared by:

                          Oceanographic Data Facility
                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                      University of California, San Diego

                                   May 1988






Sponsored by
National Science Foundation
Grant OCE-86 13330                                     ODF Publication No. 225






                              William M. Smethie
         Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University,
                                 Palisades, NY



                               Stanley S. Jacobs
         Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University,
                                 Palisades, NY






OVERVIEW

R/V Knorr departed Abidjan at about 1800 Greenwich time on December 18, 1987, 
one day later than scheduled. While steaming to the first station, the CTD 
wire was streamed at sea and rewound onto the winch under tension. A test 
station was then taken to 1000 m depth so that analysts could re-start their 
systems and chlorofluoromethane (CFM) blanks could be checked for the rosette 
bottles and sampling syringes. The first official station, SAVE 45, was taken 
at 1°40' N, 3°15' W, 0540 Greenwich time on December 20. From there a line of 
stations was occupied to 10°10' S, 12°40' E, a point 40 miles off the coast 
of Angola (Figure 1). From this pivot station (#58), a section was made 
westward across the South Atlantic Ocean, with the last station (#105) taken 
on the Brazil continental shelf at 18°54' S, 37°52' W on January 21, 1988. 
The cruise ended in Rio de Janeiro at about noon local time on January 23, 
1988. The cruise track for leg 2 was designed to provide good coverage of the 
oxygen minimum zone in the South Atlantic Ocean thermocline, which is most 
intense in the location of the pivot station off the Angola coast, and to 
provide a zonal section across the central Angola and Brazil basins for the 
purposes of investigating thermocline ventilation and spreading of AAIW, 
NADW, and AABW. Station spacing was about 90 na. mi. on the first section and 
across the Angola Basin and about 70 na. mi. across the mid-ocean ridge and 
the Brazil Basin. Station spacing at the eastern and western boundaries 
varied between 8 and 30 na. ml. A total of 62 stations were taken which was 4 
less than originally planned. The 4 stations were dropped from low horizontal 
gradient regions in the Angola Basin to make up for the day lost in port.

A number of problems were encountered on this cruise (see section on 
operational problems) but through the combined expertise of the ship's crew 
and the Ocean Data Facility personnel from Scripps, these problems were 
overcome and the cruise was successfully carried out. All objectives were met 
except one, the collection of large volume deep water samples for carbon-14, 
radium-228, and argon-39. Only 2 Gerard barrels were available to collect 
large volume samples, so in the time available it was not possible to obtain 
the deep vertical profiles that had been planned and complete other primary 
objectives. There was a medical emergency when one of the crew members became 
sick with malaria raising the possibility that the cruise would have to be 
aborted to obtain treatment. However, the medic provided the medical 
treatment needed and the cruise continued as scheduled. SHIPBOARD PROGRAMS 
Samples collected and analyzed

The core program consisted of XBT and CTD profiles; on board analysis of 
water samples for salinity, oxygen, nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, 
silica), CFMs, total CO2, and pCO2; and collection of samples for shore based 
analysis for tritium, helium-3, carbon-14, radium-228, radium-226, 
krypton-85, and argon-39.

Ancillary programs carried out on this leg were transmissometer profiles 
taken with the CTD profiles, on board analysis and collection of samples for 
shore based analysis for suspended particulate matter, and collection of 
samples for shore based analysis for oxygen-18, nitrogen-5, barium, and total 
CO2.


ROSETTE SAMPLING

Ten-liter water samples were collected using a dual rosette system that held 
36 bottles (12 on an inner rosette and 24 on an outer rosette) interfaced to 
a CTD. Sampling depths were determined after viewing temperature, salinity, 
density, oxygen, and percent transmission from the down cast. Generally 36 
samples were collected with the bottom sample between 10 and 15 m from the 
bottom.

At station 95 (a reoccupation of GEOSECS station 55) total CO2 samples were 
collected for shore based analysis by D. Keeling. Two casts were performed at 
this station and two bottles were tripped at each of the 16 depths where 
these samples were collected. Total CO2 samples collected from these depths 
were also analyzed on board for a comparison between the two techniques.

Prior to SAVE leg 2, there was considerable discussion about ways to improve 
the 36-bottle rosette sampling procedures. Due to potential head space 
contamination problems, the primary concern was to shorten sampling time. In 
addition, we wanted to make better use of available personnel and to free up 
analysts who could thereby process more samples. As a result of those 
deliberations, the following sampling strategy was adopted for the 
small-volume rosette work on SAVE-2:

1) A sampling director, nominally one of the co-chiefs, choreographed the 
   draw sequence for all Niskin bottles, and recorded bottle numbers as 
   samples were taken. This was not simply a passive, recording-secretary 
   role; but an interactive, real time scheduling process to minimize total 
   gas sample draw time and maximize efficient use of personnel.


2) The most common sampling sequence was:

   a) CFMs
   b) Helium-3
   c) Oxygen
   d) Oxygen-18
   e) pCO2
   f) TCO2
   g) Tritium
   h) Nutrients
   i) Salinity
   j) Suspended particulates

   However, only oxygen, nutrients and salts were drawn from all bottles on 
   all stations. Helium-3 was frequently drawn first, particularly on deep 
   bottles over the Mid Atlantic Ridge where helium was drawn before CFMs. In 
   addition, various permutations were tried on specific sampling 
   experiments, which are detailed separately in this report. When sealing 
   problems occurred with the helium-3 samplers, second helium-3 samples 
   followed oxygen but usually preceded CO2 draws. On 3 stations, nitrogen-15 
   samples were collected after the salinity samples.

3) In an attempt to increase the total number of CFM and CO2 analyses, those 
   samples were usually not drawn by the analysts, but by other 
   suitably-trained technicians. This allowed the CFM and CO2 analysts to be 
   chained to their respective benches for 12 hours at a stretch, except for 
   meals, which the mess men refused to deliver. J. Kiddon, D. Robinson, M. 
   Trunnel and the Brazilian observer, E. de Jesus, were particularly helpful 
   as alternate samplers. Names (initials) of sample-persons were usually 
   entered on the master sample log sheet so that individual performance 
   could be monitored.

4) Sampling usually started with the bottom bottle (#36), 15-20 minutes after 
   the rosette arrived on deck. However, in order to minimize total cast 
   sample time and standby time by sample-persons, the bottles were 
   frequently not sampled sequentially. On typical stations all gas sampling 
   was completed within 1.5 hours of the time the first bottle was opened. In 
   addition, all gas samples were usually drawn within 6 minutes after any 
   particular bottle was opened. On the "Keeling Station" it took 8.25 
   minutes to draw oxygen, 2 Lamont CO samples, 2 Keeling CO2 samples and 2 
   more Lamont CO2 samples.



LARGE VOLUME SAMPLING

Large volume samples (250 k) were collected for carbon-14, radium-228, 
krypton-85, and argon-39. These constituents were extracted from the water on 
board ship and returned to various shore based laboratories for analysis. The 
water was collected using Gerard barrels (one barrel per sample except for 
argon-39 which required 6). Also barium samples were collected from the Niskin 
bottles attached to Gerard barrels. The normal procedure for obtaining a 
vertical profile of large volume samples is to perform two 9-barrels casts. 
However, with only 2 barrels available for leg 2, it was impractical to 
collect many deep samples. The upper 1000 m was sampled as planned by 
peforming four 2-barrel casts and pumping a surface sample. Deep samples were 
obtained from the core of the AABW and NADW boundary currents in the Brazil 
Basin. Argon-39 samples were collected only from AAIW by performing three 
2-barrel casts to the salinity minimum at about 700 m. To save time, the ship 
steamed toward the next station while the two barrels were being processed 
and stopped when the barrels were ready to reuse. This resulted in a sample 
collected over a horizontal distance of 20-30 na. mi. in the relatively 
homogeneous AAIW.

In choosing the depths for the large volume samples, an attempt was made to 
sample the σθ surfaces 25.6, 26.2, 26.5, 26.8, 27.1, and 27.4, and the AAIW 
salinity minimum. To obtain good vertical coverage of the upper 1000 in and 
sample other features, one density surface often had to be dropped. CFM data 
collected at the previous station was used to aid in choosing sample depths. 
Underway/XBT Program

On SAVE-2, the underway XBT program was continued in approximately the same 
fashion as initiated on leg 1. Two T-7 (750 m) XBT casts were usually taken 
between each CTD station, accompanied by water samples for dissolved oxygen, 
pCO2, TCO2, salinity and nutrients. Samples were drawn from the 10 l Niskin 
bottle mounted in the rosette room. Except during sampling, this bottle was 
continually being flushed via inflow through its stopcock and outflow thru 
its former air vent. The KNORR's clean seawater line draws from a depth of 
about 5 m and travels 60 m before reaching the Niskin bottle (Chief Eng'r, 
p.c.). A thermistor in-line ahead of the bottle was used to obtain the 
underway water temperature at 5-minute intervals. Acquisition and storage of 
this temperature data was overseen by PACODF's C. Mattson. An adjustment of 
-.08°C accounted for cooling while in the ship's line and agreed closely with 
2 out of 3 CTD temperature checks. XBT casts and underway sampling were ably 
handled by the 3rd person on the deck watch, i.e., S. Birdwhistell and D. 
Kaminsky on SAVE-2.

Approximately 117 T-7 XBT casts were made on SAVE-2 with Sippican 
hand-launchers with only minor operational problems. A WHOI Sippican MK-9 XBT 
system interfaced with a HP-85 computer and two disk drives were utilized for 
data acquisition. The XBT data were stored on 3.5" floppy disks, but no 
post-cast plotting or data reduction has been done as of this writing. All 
plastic waste generated by the XBT program was retained aboard and offloaded 
with other trash in Rio. 


BATHYMETRY

Depth was measured continuously along the entire cruise track using a 12 KHz 
precision depth recorder. The raw data was digitized by hand at 5 minute 
intervals and a tape of the reduced data will be produced by the Geological 
Data Center at Scripps. 


NUMBER OF SAMPLES COLLECTED

On SAVE leg 2 there were 62 small volume (36-bottle rosette) stations, of 
which one (#44) was a test station (all bottles tripped at 1000 m). Several 
stations where the water was < 1500 m consisted of 24 or fewer bottles. In 
addition, 93 casts were made with large volume (Gerard) barrels, usually 2 
barrels per cast in the upper 1000 m. The approximate number of samples 
processed or collected in each category was as follows:


       Salinity                2,600
       Oxygen                  2,400
       Nutrients               2,300 (silicate, phosphate, nitrate & nitrite)
       Helium                  600
       Tritium                 600
       Total CO2               1,640
       pCO2                    990
       Freons                  1,760 (F-11 and F-12)
       0-18                    280
       Suspended particulates  270
       C-14                    153
       Ar-39                   4
       Ra-228                  150
       Barium                  150
       Kr-85                   60
       N-15                    44


These estimates include underway samples, and replicates, and are not 
adjusted for blanks, standards or discarded samples. 


OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS

On leg 1 there were two problems that affected leg. 2. Most serious was the 
loss of 9 Gerard Barrels when the trawl wire parted leaving only two Gerard 
Barrels on board. Eight more Gerard Barrels at Scripps were prepared for 
shipment and booked on flights scheduled to arrive in Abidjan on December 18. 
At 0200 on December 18, we were advised by phone that the barrels had not 
left Los Angeles, and at 1730 we were informed that at least a week would be 
required to ship the barrels to Abidjan because of Christmas shipments. At 
1800 on 18 December R/V KNORR departed with only two Gerard Barrels on board. 
We were able to obtain all planned samples in the upper 1000 in as previously 
described, but time constraints allowed us to take only 8 deep samples at the 
western margin.

The second problem occurred on the last station of leg 1 when one of the 
three conductors in the CTD wire shorted out. The PACODF electronic 
technician, Carl Mattson, estimated from resistance measurements that the 
short was at about 6300 m from the working end of the wire. The wire was 
hand-wound onto a spool on the dock and inspected. No visible evidence of wire 
damage was seen near 6400 m and the short disappeared when the wire was not 
under tension. However, it was feared that the wire was damaged internally 
and that the problem would recur, possibly involving more than one conductor, 
when the wire was under tension. Therefore, it was decided to cut out the 
wire that had failed and the 6300 m of good wire was wound back onto the 
winch. The wire had to be streamed at sea and rewound onto the winch under 
tension, which was done during the steam to the first station. During 
streaming, a knot developed at 200 m from the working end and the next 300 in 
was kinked. The knot was cut off and a decision made to use the wire with 
kinks so that the bottom could be reached on all stations. At this point the 
total length was about 5950 m with a working length of about 5700 m. The wire 
had begun to unlay at some of the kinks, but most strands worked back 
together with use and we were able to complete the leg without further 
substantial cuts.

Two accidents occurred on the cruise. The small Daybrook crane failed when 
the end cap to the main hydraulic piston blew off. The arm crashed to the 
deck, damaging the CTD cart track. Both the track and crane were repaired and 
no time was lost. The other accident was the loss of the CTD wire weight 
caused when the wire snagged on a notch in the cart guard rail. The weight 
was pulled off the wire and the 5 pound CTD clamp came back through the 
sheave and fell on deck from a height of about 20 feet, narrowly missing one 
of the deck crew. We were very fortunate that no one was injured from either 
of these accidents.


SAMPLE CONTAMINATION

During leg 1 there was considerable concern and some evidence that gas 
samples drawn from Niskin bottles (i.e., oxygen, CFM, helium-3, pCO2, and 
total Ca2) were being affected by interaction with the atmosphere during the 
time required to complete the sampling. We attempted to minimize this 
potential problem by reducing the time required for sampling as described 
previously. We also ran several experiments to determine how severe the 
problem was as a follow up to the experiments run on leg 1. The result of 
these experiments are summarized below. 

Oxygen concentration versus time

Two experiments were run with Niskin bottles tripped in the oxygen minimum 
zone and sampled repeatedly for 15-25 minutes. For the first experirent, only 
oxygen samples were drawn and the oxygen concentration was constant within 
the precision of the measurement (0.005 ml/l) until 7.5 minutes (Figure 2), 
after which it increased, indicating atmospheric contamination. For the 
second experiment, oxygen and CFM samples were drawn sequentially and oxygen 
concentration was essentially constant for 10 minutes (Figure 3), after which 
it increased. Only 2 liters of water remained in the bottle after the last 
oxygen samples was drawn. 

CFM concentration versus time

Three experiments were run with CFMs using samples collected from low-CFM 
water. In the first experiment, early in the cruise, CFM concentration 
increased, then decreased, and then increased again with time (Figure 4). In 
the other two experiments, CFM concentration was constant for 11 min. (Figure 
3) and 18 mm. (Figure 5) before beginning to increase.

Duplicate CFM samples

On most stations, one or two duplicate CFN samples were collected. The first 
CFM sample was the first sample to be collected from the Niskin bottle and 
the second sample was collected after either an oxygen sample or an oxygen 
and a helium-3 sample were drawn. The duplicate CFM samples were taken over a 
wide concentration range, but most samples were undersaturated so the second 
sample should have had a higher concentration if atmospheric contamination 
were occurring. Differences between the two samples reveals no systematic 
trend, but are higher than would be expected for the 0.005 pmol/l analytical 
precision (Figure 6). 

Duplicate oxygen samples

On some stations, one or two Niskin bottles were sampled first for oxygen, 
followed by a CFM sample and then another oxygen sample. The differences in 
these oxygen replicates show that the second sample consistently had a higher 
concentration than the first by about 0.01 ml/l (Figure 7). However, at the 
station where Keeling CO2 samples were collected, there was no difference in 
duplicate Niskin bottles tripped at the same depth (Figure 8). Oxygen was 
drawn first out of one bottle and after CFM and helium-3 from the other 
bottle. 

Comparison of oxygen concentrations from Gerard and Rosette casts

On most large volume stations, the Gerard barrels provided oxygen samples 
which are less likely (than rosette bottles) to he affected by interaction 
with the atmosphere during sample drawing. A comparison between rosette and 
Gerard casts made by plotting oxygen against potential temperature for each 
station showed excellent agreement between the two casts. However, the change 
in oxygen concentration with respect to potential temperature was fairly 
large in the upper 1000 m and this technique was not sensitive to differences 
as small as 0.01 ml/l.

Salinity versus time

Two experiments were run in which about 1 liter of fresh water was added to a 
Niskin bottle at the top. This was suggested by T. Field as a barrier to 
retard gas exchange between the sea water and atmosphere. Mixing between the 
fresh water cap and the seawater sample should be retarded by the strong 
density gradient. Salinity samples drawn sequentially revealed salinity to be 
constant for 20 minutes i.e., until the Niskin bottle was half empty. 

Conclusion

The general consensus of these experiments is that if gas samples are drawn 
within seven minutes after a Niskin bottle is opened atmospheric 
contamination is less than the error of the measurement. On SAVE leg 2, 
rarely was more than seven minutes required to draw gas samples. 


PRELIMINARY COMPARISONS TO HISTORICAL DATA

Two CEOSECS stations and one AJAX station were reoccupied during this leg. 
Plots of several SAVE parameters and earlier measurements against potential 
temperature and pressure for depths greater than 2000 m indicated systematic 
offsets, which are summarized in Table 1.


Table 1: Comparison of SAVE data with previously collected data. Differences 
         are SAVE minus previous data.

                       Pot. Temp.  Salinity  Oxygen   Nitrate  Phosphate  Silica
                         Diff.       Diff.    Diff.    Diff.     Diff.     Diff.  
Stations                 (°C)        (psu)   (µM/kg)  (µM/kg)   (µM/kg)   (µM/kg)
---------------------  ----------  --------  -------  -------  ---------  -------
SAVE 68 (CEOSECS 107)    -0.015     +0.004    -2.5      +0.4     +0.03      -1
SAVE 69 (AJAX 20)        +0.01      -0.002    -5         0       -0.04      -0.5
SAVE 95 (GEOSECS 55)      0          0        -2.5      +0.3      0         -1


The differences between SAVE and GEOSECS oxygen concentrations are similar to 
the differences between TTO and CEOSECS observed by Broecker et al. (1985) in 
the deep northeastern Atlantic Ocean and attributed by them to calibration 
differences between cruises. However, the differences between SAVE 68 and 
GEOSECS 107 in the Angola Basin could also be explained by an increase in 
degradation of organic matter because the decrease in oxygen is accompanied 
by an increase in nitrate and phosphate in roughly Redfield proportions. The 
oxygen difference between SAVE and AJAX is larger and is likely to represent 
a calibration problem since the decrease in oxygen is accompanied by a 
decrease in phosphate and no change in nitrate. Also, problems with the 
oxygen analysis resulting in high oxygen concentrations for the early portion 
of the expedition are reported in the AJAX data report (Nierenberg, et al. 
(1985). 


PRELIMINARY UNDERWAY OBSERVATIONS

Plots of SAVE-2 underway data (e.g., Figure 9) show some of the large-scale 
trends and a general consistency between underway and station data. There are 
sections of the transects where underway values appear to be slightly higher 
or lower than the CTD/rosette values. Simultaneous comparisons were not made 
between samples from the rosette and underway systems at the same depth. A 
positive silicate anomaly coupled with a negative salinity anomaly extending 
over 200 km on the Abidjan to Angola transect may result from a Congo River 
plume. A cyclical surface temperature variability is suggestive of some 
diurnal heating pattern, but the ship's intake depth seems rather too deep to 
pick up that effect.


PRELIMINARY VERTICAL SECTIONS

Major features observed in vertical sections of temperature, salinity, oxygen 
and nutrients are highlighted below. Oxygen and nutrient distribution in the 
thermocline

There is a strong oxygen minimum in the thermocline that is most intense at 
about 10°S at the eastern boundary. This feature is centered at ~ 400 in and 
is present throughout both sections, but concentration increases to the north 
and west. A nutrient and total CO2 maximum is situated about 200 in deeper 
than the oxygen minimum and also weakens to the north and west. Above the 
oxygen minimum, oxygen isopleths deepen from east to west, as do F-11 and 
F-12 isopleths, indicating stronger thermodine ventilation to the west. 


Antarctic Intermediate Water

AAIW is observed throughout both sections as a salinity minimum at 700-800 in 
depth. It is most intense adjacent to the western boundary, where relatively 
high oxygen, F-11, and F-12 concentrations are also observed. 


North Atlantic Deep Water

The NADW complex consists of upper NADW, lower NADW, and the water in between 
these two water types. Upper NADW is characterized by a vertically broad 
salinity maximum that is centered at about 1800 m. This feature is found 
throughout both sections, but highest salinity occurs at the western boundary 
and at the equator. CFM concentrations are also relatively high at these 
locations suggesting that the southward flow of upper NADW splits into two 
branchs near the equator, one that flows eastward along the equator and one 
that flows southward along the western boundary.
Lower NADW is characterized by an oxygen maximum that is most intense at the 
western boundary and extends across the Brazil Basin to the midocean ridge. 

Antarctic Bottom Water

AABW fills the Brazil Basin below about 3800 m. It is characterized by low 
temperature, salinity, and oxygen concentration and is found in its purest 
form at the bottom near the 4900 rn isobath. Low CFM concentrations were 
observed in AABW with highest concentrations also at the 4900 m isobath. The 
presence of CFMs suggest a transport time from its region of formation of no 
more than 30 years. 

Deep Angola Basin Water

The deep water of the Angola Basin has temperature and salinity 
characteristics of a mixture of NADW and AABW. However, the oxygen and 
nutrient concentrations have been altered by processes occurring within the 
basin. The most prominent feature in the deep water is an oxygen minimum 
which coincides with a nutrient and carbon dioxide maximum. This feature is 
most intense at the base of the continental slope and extends from there 
throughout most of the Angola Basin at a depth of about 3500 m. It may be 
caused by oxygen consumption and nutrient regeneration in the continental 
rise sediments.

Another important feature in the oxygen distribution is a maximum at the 
bottom banked against the mid-ocean ridge. This may be indicative of 
southward flow of deep water that has passed through the Romanche Trench to 
the north.



REFERENCES

Broecker, W.S., C. Rooth, and T.-H. Peng, 1985. Ventilation of the Deep 
    Northeastern Atlantic. J Geophys Res. 90 (C4), 6940-694L.

Nierenberg, W.A., and W.D. Nowlin, Jr., 1985. Physical, Chemical and In Situ 
    CTD Data from the AJAX Expedition aboard R/V KNORR. 510 Ref. 85-24, Tamu 
    Ref. 85-4-D, 275 pp.



Figure 1: Station locations for SAVE Leg 2.

Figure 2: Oxygen concentrations vs. time after initial sample for a Niskin 
          bottle.

Figure 3: Oxygen, F-li, and F-12 concentrations vs. time after initial sample 
          for a Niskin bottle.

Figure 4: F-11 and F-12 vs. time after initial sample for a Niskin bottle.

Figure 5: F-11 and F-12 vs. time after initial sample for a Niskin bottle. 

Figure 6: Difference in F-li and F-l2 concentrations for replicate samples. 
          Initial CFM sample was the first sample to be drawn from the Niskin 
          bottle. Solid circles represent an oxygen sample drawn between the 
          CFM replicates and open circles represent an oxygen and a helium-3 
          sample drawn between the CFM replicates.

Figure 7: Difference in oxygen concentrations for replicate samples. The 
          initial oxygen sample was the first sample drawn and the second 
          oxygen sample was drawn after a GEM sample.

Figure 8: Difference in oxygen concentration between two Niskin bottles 
          tripped at the same depth. Oxygen was drawn first from one of the 
          Niskin bottles and in its normal sequence from the other Niskin 
          bottle.

Figure 9: Sea surface observations at the locations of CTD and X BT casts 
          between the Ivory Coast and Angola (Figure 1). Preliminary and 
          partial data.



LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Ship's Captain
             Richard Bowen - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Chief Scientist                                       
             William M. Smethie                          
             Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory             

Co-chief Scientist
             Stanley S. Jacobs
             Lantont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory             
             Michael T. Benjamin 
             Richard P. Cember 
             David W. Robinson 
             Stewart C. Sutherland
                          
Princeton University             
             Matthew T. Trunnell             

Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ODF
             Marie-Claude Beaupre
             Carol Conway
             Timothy J. Field
             Craig M. Halinian
             Arthur W. Hester
             Mary C. Johnson
             Douglas M. Masten
             Carl W. Mattson
             David A. Muus 
             James A. Wells
             Texas A&M University
             Bret Bergiund
             
Scripps Institution of Oceanography             
             Kevin G. Harrison                          

University of Rhode Island                          
             John Kiddon                          

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
             Scot P. Birdwhistell
             Danuta Karninski

Brazilian Naval Observer
             Cpt. Emmanuel Bonflm de Jesus




CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Contact     Date Type  Summary 
----------  ----------  ---------  -------------------------------------
2011-04-08  Muus, Dave  BTL        Exchange, NetCDF, WOCE files online 
            Notes on Save Leg 2 rosette sample data. EXPOCODE 316N19871218 
            110406/dm
            1. Temperature, salinities, oxygen and nutrients taken from ODF 
               data, whprpasave2, 
               dated Aug 25, 2005.
            2. CFCs and CO2 data merged from file SAVEsv.csv received from R. 
               Key Dec 10, 2010.
            3. No PCO2 flags in SAVEsv.csv. Assigned flag 2 to all PCO2 
               values.
                 Sta 89 Ca 1 Btl #23 PCO2 is 155 UATM high; changed flag from 
                                     2 to 3.
                 Sta 91 Ca 1 Btl #12 PCOS is 700 UATM low; changed flag from 
                                     2 to 4.
            4. Deleted Station 48 Cast 2 Bottle 18 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 2 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 18 is rosette bottle. 
               Deleted Station 64 Cast 3 Bottle 24 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 3 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 24 is rosette bottle. 
               Deleted Station 68 Cast 4 Bottle 13 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 4 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 13 is rosette bottle. 
               Deleted Station 83 Cast 4 Bottle 14 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 4 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 14 is rosette bottle. 
               Deleted Station 87 Cast 2 Bottle 17 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 2 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 17 is rosette bottle. 
               Deleted Station 91 Cast 2 Bottle 21 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 2 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 21 is rosette bottle. 
               Deleted Station 95 Cast 3 Bottle 1 from SAVEsv.csv. Cast 3 is 
                 Gerard cast, Bottle 1 is rosette bottle. 
            5. CTDTMP units ITS-68 not ITS-90. 


