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CRUISE REPORT: I08S_2003 and I09S_2004
(Updated July 2007)




A.  HIGHLIGHTS


A.1.  Cruise Summary Information

   Section designation  I08S                          I09S
              ExpoCode  09AR20030103                  09AR20041223
      Chief Scientists  JOHN CHURCH/CSIRO             STEVE RINTOUL/CSIRO
                        STEVE NICOL/Antarctic Div.    
                 Dates  03 JAN 2003-17 MAR 2003       23 DEC 2004-17 FEB 2005
                  Ship  RSV Aurora Australis          RSV Aurora Australis
         Ports of call  Hobart-Mawson-Davis-Mawson    Hobart-Davis
                                                     
                                 55°21.62S                      33°26.12S
    Station boundaries  61°54.68E         104°54E      74°30.61E          142°3.59E
                                 67°36.06S                      67°52.8S
                                                   
              Stations  64                            115
     Floats & drifters  0                             19 Argo floats, 
                                                      1 met-bouy deployed
              Moorings  8 deployed                    8 recovered

      Authors: M. Rosenberg, C. Moy, N. Johnston, B. Wake, K. Berry, A. Moy

                     Chief Scientists' Contact Information:

               JOHN CHURCH • CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
         GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia • Phone: 03-6232 5222
                              John.Church@csiro.au

   STEVE RINTOUL • CSIRO Division of Oceanography • CSIRO Marine Laboratories
       P.O. Box 1538 • Castray Esplanade • Hobart, Tasmania, 07001 AUSTRALIA
                  Phone: 61-02-32-5393 • Steve.rintoul@csiro.au

         STEVE NICOL • Australian Antarctic Marine Living Resources Prog. 
       Australian Antarctic Division Department of Environment and Heritage 
              Channel Highway • Kingston 7050, Tasmania • AUSTRALIA
                  Phone: 03 6232 3324 • steve.nicol@aad.gov.au







   Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current Experiment and CLIVAR I9 Transect,
                    Marine Science Cruises AU0304 and AU0403
                - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis

                                MARK ROSENBERG
                          ACE CRC, Hobart, Australia








Project Principal Investigators:

YASU FUKAMACHI
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

STEVE RINTOUL
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia

JOHN CHURCH
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia




                                   ABSTRACT

Oceanographic measurements in the Southern Ocean Indian Sector to the 
southwest of Australia were conducted on two cruises, during the southern 
summers of 2002/2003 and 2004/2005. A CTD transect up the northeastern flank 
of the Kerguelen Plateau, south across the Princess Elizabeth Trough and 
onward to the Antarctic continenl shelf was occupied on both cruises. 
Additional CTD stations were occupied around an experimental krill survey 
area in the vicinity of Mawson on the first cruise. A full occupation of 
CLIVAR meridional section I9S was completed on the second cruise. A total of 
179 CTD vertical profile stations were taken over the two cruises, most to 
within 30 m of the bottom. Over 3500 Niskin bottle water samples were 
collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, 
CFC's, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, 18O, methane, selenium and 
biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. Full depth current 
profiles were collected by an LADCP attached to the CTD package, while near 
surface current data were collected by a ship mounted ADCP. An array of 8 
moorings comprising current meters and thermosalinographs were deployed up 
the northeastern slope of the Kerguelen Plateau in February 2003 during the 
first cruise, and retrieved on the second cruise in January 2005. A summary 
of all data and data quality is presented in this report.












PART 1  OCEANOGRAPHIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS



1.1.  INTRODUCTION

Two Southern Ocean oceanographic projects were undertaken and completed 
aboard the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV Aurora Australis on 
marine science cruises AU0304 and AU0403. 

The first project was the Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) 
Experiment, a joint Australian/Japanese project comprising of mooring and CTD 
work, and conducted over both cruises. The primary oceanographic aim of this 
experiment is:

 • to estimate the transport of the Kerguelen Western Boundary Current, 
   including the northward transport of Antarctic Bottom Water east of the 
   Kerguelen Plateau.

The second project was a reoccupation of CLIVAR-I9S meridional CTD transect. 
This transect was initially occupied by the RV Knorr ten years previously 
(P.I. Mike McCartney, WHOI). The primary oceanographic aims of the I9S repeat 
are:

 • to measure changes in water mass properties and inventories throughout the 
   full ocean depth between Australia and Antarctica along 115E;

 • to estimate the transport of mass, heat and other properties south of 
   Australia, and to compare the results to previous occupations of the I9S 
   line and other sections in the Australian sector;

 • to identify mechanisms responsible for variability in ocean climate south 
   of Australia;

 • to use repeat measurements to assess the skill of ocean and coupled 
   models.

Part 1 of this reports describes the CTD, Niskin bottle, hull mounted ADCP 
and underway data and data quality. Part 2 describes the mooring data.


AU0304

Cruise AU0304 took place from January to March 2003 (Figure 1.2a), commencing 
the Kerguelen DWBC Experiment. The first major constituent of the cruise was 
a krill flux survey north of Mawson (principal investigators Steve Nicol, 
Graham Hosie and Tim Pauly, Australian Antarctic Division). CTD profiles were 
measured as part of the survey (Figure 1.2b) (see Voyage 4 2002/2003 Voyage 
Leader's report for a summary of the programs and work completed on the 
cruise). The second major constituent of the cruise was the Kerguelen DWBC 
program. An array of 8 current meter/thermosalinograph moorings was deployed 
in a line commencing to the northeast of the Kerguelen Plateau, then 
traversing up the slope to the plateau (Figure 1.1). A CTD transect was done 
over the mooring array, and then continuing south across the Princess 
Elizabeth Trough to the Antarctic continental shelf, approximating the WOCE-
I8S transect from 1994 (P.I. Mike McCartney, WHOI).


AU0403

Cruise AU0403 took place from December 2004 to February 2005 (Figure 1.3). 
Two CTD transects were completed: CLIVAR-I9S, and a repeat of the Kerguelen 
Plateau/Princess Elizabeth Trough transect initially done on cruise AU0304. 
The Kerguelen DWBC mooring array was successfully recovered. 


1.2.  CRUISE ITINERARIES AND SUMMARIES

CTD station details are summarised in Table 1.3; sampling at each station is 
summarised in Table 1.4; mooring deployment and recovery details are 
summarised in Table 1.5; drifter deployment details are summarised in Table 
1.6. Principal investigators for CTD and water sampling measurements are 
listed in Table 1.7, while cruise participants are listed in Table 1.8.


AU0304

The ship departed south from Hobart on January 3rd 2003, with 3 
test/calibration CTD casts taken en route at ~62° 15'S. The first test cast 
was aborted just below 600 dbar due to an electrical fault in the 
termination. After retermination, a second test was taken to 1000 dbar. For 
both these casts an RDI LADCP was fitted to the rosette frame. The third CTD 
cast, down to 4300 dbar, was a calibration cast for 12 of the microcats to be 
deployed on the Kerguelen DWBC mooring array. These 12 microcats were 
attached to the rosette frame, and 6 calibration stops of 30 minutes duration 
each were made on the upcast, to provide calibration correction data for the 
microcat temperatures. A Sontek LADCP was also fitted to the rosette frame 
for this cast to provide a deep water test for the instrument prior to 
commencement of the scientific programs. 

The krill/hydroacoustics survey work commenced in the vicinity of Mawson, 
with a series of repeated north/south transects across a survey box ~50 
nautical miles north to south by ~60 miles east to west (Figure 1.2b). Two 
small CTD transects of 5 stations each were completed along the eastern and 
western sides of the box. A floating sediment trap (P.I.'s Stéphane Pesant 
and Anya Waite, University of Western Australia) was deployed on three 
occasions, doing a CTD at both the deployment and recovery locations. CTD's 
were repeated around the southeastern part of the box, upstream and 
downstream from a large iceberg, then the ship proceeded to Mawson. 

The ship was not supplied with sufficient fuel in Hobart prior to sailing, so 
additional fuel was taken on from the Polar Bird, also at Mawson. While at 
anchor in Horseshoe Harbour, a cold water calibration of the sounders was 
completed, including a shallow CTD to 46 dbar. The ship departed Mawson after 
four and a half days, and the krill/hydroacoustics was recommenced ENE of 
Mawson, with a fine scale survey around a krill swarm. A further 9 CTD's were 
done around this survey area, including CTD's at the deployment and recovery 
locations of a third floating sediment trap deployment. During this work, 4 
of the acoustic releases (the Kaiyo Denshi units) required for the mooring 
deployments were tested - for each of 2 CTD casts, 2 of the acoustic releases 
were attached to the CTD package and tested when the package was at depth. On 
one of the hydroacoustic transects a whale acoustics "ARP" mooring was 
deployed (P.I. John Hildebrand, Scripps Institution of Oceanography), to be 
recovered the following season. After completion of the krill program, the 
ship steamed north to the Kerguelen Plateau region for commencement of the 
Kerguelen DWBC program. 

Mooring and CTD work were interleaved over the next few days. Prior to 
commencement of the mooring work, bathymetry information from the mooring 
locations was sent to the ship from the RTV Umitaka Maru (P.I. Takashi 
Ishimaru, Tokyo University of Fisheries). For 2 of the mooring locations in 
particular, these depths showed significant variation from the Smith and 
Sandwell topography (Smith and Sandwell, 1997) used for pre cruise planning. 
Mooring deployments commenced at the southwestern end of the array (Figure 
1.1, Table 1.5), with a bathymetric survey conducted at each location prior 
to deployment. Final adjustments were made to mooring line lengths according 
to depths found from these surveys. CTD casts were also taken at each mooring 
location. 

By this stage of the cruise, significant time had been lost to bad weather, 
so it was decided to leave the 3 northeasternmost CTD stations (Figure 1.2a) 
for the transit home. CTD work was continued along the transect line, 
completing all stations along the mooring array and onto the plateau. Several 
planned CTD stations on the southward leg across the plateau then across the 
Princess Elizabeth Trough were omitted due to time constraints. The section 
was completed on the shelf to the northeast of Davis. After retrieving 
personnel and cargo from Davis then Mawson, the ship returned to Hobart. En 
route the 3 CTD's were completed at the northeastern end of the transect.


AU0403

The ship departed Fremantle on December 23rd 2004. After a test CTD to ~1000 
dbar, the CLIVAR-I9S transect was commenced south of Cape Leeuwin (Figure 
1.3). Station 10 down to 5675 dbar was the deepest CTD done by the Aurora 
Australis to date. No significant time was lost to weather during the 
transect, however some time was lost due to equipment malfunction, including 
CTD winch spooling problems and CTD communication problems. 11 Argo floats 
were deployed on the transect (Table 1.6). Additional instruments were 
deployed from the trawl deck at some of the CTD stations, including a 
"fluoromap" fluorometer (P.I. Mark Doubell, Flinders University), a 
turbulence probe (P.I. Kevin Speer, Florida State University), and 10x10 
bacteria/virus sampler (P.I. Justin Seymour, Flinders University) (Table 
1.4b). Weather conditions during the transect south were mostly good enough 
for CTD operations, however conditions were frequently unsuitable for the 
fluoromap and turbulence probe work. The number of turbulence profile 
measurements in particular was not as high as desired. The transect was 
finished ~6 miles into the pack ice, in ~460 m water depth. The heavy pack 
ice prevented further CTD's to the south.

After completion of the I9S transect, the ship steamed northwest to the 
Kerguelen Plateau region for commencement of the Kerguelen DWBC work. A 
window of good weather allowed successful and complete recovery of the 8 DWBC 
moorings in three and a half days. CTD's were done at each mooring location, 
and the transect was continued to the station at 59°S. At this stage the 
forecast showed some bad weather approaching, so it was decided to steam back 
to the northeast to complete the stations at the northeast end of the 
transect. After completing these, the transect was resumed south of 59°S, 
continuing southward across the Kerguelen Plateau and Princess Elizabeth 
Trough, completing all planned stations down to 65.6°S. Heavy pack ice 
prevented further CTD's along the planned transect. 3 CTD's were done up the 
slope and onto the shelf ~60 nautical miles west of the planned transect, and 
an additonal shallow CTD was done on the way in to Davis for the 
phytoplankton program. Fluoromap and turbulence probe deployments were done 
at several stations along the whole transect (Table 1.4b), and an ARP mooring 
was deployed on the northern slope of the Princess Elizabeth Trough (P.I. 
Jason Gedamke, Australian Antarctic Division). 

By this stage of the cruise the ship was over a week ahead of schedule, due 
to the generally good weather conditions and timely recovery of the moorings, 
and so the port call to Davis was rescheduled to an earlier date. After 
retrieving personnel and cargo from Davis, a second ARP mooring was deployed 
on the way out, on the southern slope of the Princess Elizabeth Trough at 
~66.2°S. After deploying the ARP, 5 krill trawls were done to catch live 
krill for return to Hobart. En route back to Hobart, a further 8 Argo floats 
were deployed. At the last Argo deployment location, close to the proposed 
"PULSE" mooring site (P.I. Tom Trull) to the southwest of Tasmania, the Argo 
float included an oxygen sensor. A final CTD was done here for comparison 
with the Argo oxygen data.


Figure 1.1: Kerguelen DWBC Experiment mooring locations, and 
            Kerguelen/Princess Elizabeth Trough CTD stations for cruises 
            AU0304 and AU0403. 


Table 1.1:  Summary of cruise itineraries

                        AU0304                            AU0403

Expedition     AU0304, voyage 4 2002/2003        AU0403, voyage 3 2004/2005
Designation     (cruise acronym KAOS)             (cruise acronym )

Chief          John Church (CSIRO)               Steve Rintoul (CSIRO)
Scientists                                       Steve Nicol (Antarctic Div.)

Ship           RSV Aurora Australis              RSV Aurora Australis

Ports of Call  Hobart                            Hobart
               Mawson                            Davis
               Davis                             
               Mawson (again)

Cruise Dates   Jan 3rd-Mar 17th, 2003            Dec 23rd 2004-Feb 17th 2005






1.3.  FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS

1.3.1.  CTD instrumentation

AU0304

This was the first cruise on the Aurora Australis using the newly purchased 
Sea-Bird CTD system. SBE9plus CTD serial 703, with dual temperature and 
conductivity sensors and a single SBE43 dissolved oxygen sensor (on the 
primary sensor pump line), was used for the entire cruise, mounted on a Sea-
Bird 24 bottle rosette frame, together with a SBE32 24 position pylon (Table 
1.2). 10 litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles were used for sample 
collection. Benthos model PSA-900 altimeters, serials 1007 and 1008, were 
used one at a time throughout the cruise. A Wetlabs fluorometer serial 013 
was also mounted on the frame for all casts. CTD data were transmitted up a 6 
mm seacable to a SBE11plusV2 deck unit, at a rate of 24 Hz, and data were 
logged simultaneously on 2 PC's using Sea-Bird data acquisition software 
"Seasave". Two LADCP's, an RDI and a Sontek, were used in different 
combinations throughout the cruise, attached to the rosette frame. The Sontek 
had two transducer sets, looking upward and downward, while the RDI had a 
single downward looking set. Both LADCP's were powered by a separate battery 
pack, and data were logged internally and downloaded after each CTD cast. For 
casts with the Sontek LADCP fitted, 2 Niskin bottles had to be removed for 
the upward looking transducer set. When both LADCP's were fitted (Table 1.4a) 
2 additional Niskin bottles had to be removed, due to weight limitations for 
the rosette package, leaving 20 bottles. For station 33 onwards, the package 
was stopped for 5 minutes on the upcast at ~100 m above the bottom, for 
logging of LADCP bottom track data. LADCP data from the 2 instruments are 
compared in Thurnherr (2003a and b).


Figure 1.2a: CTD station positions and cruise track for cruise AU0304.
Figure 1.2b: Cruise track and CTD station positions for krill survey on 
             cruise AU0304.
Figure 1.3:  CTD station positions and cruise track for cruise AU0403.


With the new pumped CTD system, the CTD deployment method was changed from 
previous cruises. The new deployment method for both cruises AU0304 and 
AU0403 was as follows:
 • CTD initially deployed to ~20 m
 • after confirmation of pump operation, CTD returned to just below the  
   surface (depth dependent on sea state)
 • after returning to just below the surface, downcast proper commenced
Bottle samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (phosphate, 
nitrate+nitrite, silicate) were collected on most stations (Table 1.4). 
Samples for various biological parameters were collected from Niskin bottles 
throughout the cruise.


AU0403

SBE9plus CTD serial 703, with the same setup as for AU0304, was used for 
stations 1 to 41 (Table 1.2); CTD serial 704 was used for station 42 onwards. 
The frame, pylon and fluorometer were as for AU0304. OIder model Benthos 2110 
altimeters were used for most of the cruise (Table 1.2) due to unreliability 
of the newer PSA-900 model. For station 115, the the PSA-900 was tested again 
through the fluorometer channel (i.e. no fluorescence data). A Sontek LADCP 
was fitted to the package for most casts (Table 1.4), with both the upward 
and downward looking transducers fitted up to station 25. With both 
transducers fitted, only 22 Niskin bottles were on the package, as for 
AU0304. After station 35 the upward looking transducers were removed 
(discussed later in the report), and there were 24 bottles on the package for 
the remainder of the cruise. For most casts, the package was stopped for 5 
minutes on the upcast at ~50 m above the bottom, for logging of LADCP bottom 
track data.

The various bottle samples collected at each station are listed in Table 1.4.


CTD sensor calibrations

Pre cruise manufacturer supplied calibrations were used for all CTD sensors 
(March and September 2002 for AU0304, July to August 2004 for AU0403), 
including the fluorometer (Table 1.10). Complete conductivity and dissolved 
oxygen calibrations derived from in situ Niskin bottle samples are listed 
later in the report. Hydrochemistry laboratory methods are discussed in 
Appendix 1.1. Full details of CTD processing and calibration techniques are 
given in Appendix 1.2. 


Table 1.2:  CTD sensors, serial numbers and manufacturer specifications.

parameter                         sensor                                  accuracy     resolution
--------------------------------  --------------------------------------  ----------   -----------
AU0304               
CTD underwater unit               SBE9plus serial 703          
pressure                          Paroscientific Digiquartz serial 88903  1.5 dbar     0.1 dbar
primary temperature               SBE3plus serial 4208                    0.001°C      0.0002°C
primary conductivity              SBE4C serial 2788                       0.003mS/cm   0.0004mS/cm
primary pump                      SBE5T serial 3456                          -          -
oxygen                            SBE43 serial 0191                          -          -
secondary temperature             SBE3plus serial 4245                    0.001°C      0.0002°C
secondary conductivity            SBE4C serial 2821                       0.003mS/cm   0.0004mS/cm
secondary pump                    SBE5T serial 3471                          -          -
               
fluorometer                       Wetlabs ECO-AFL serial 013                 -          -
altimeter (station 1-39, 52)      Benthos PSA-900 serial 1007                -         0.1 m
altimeter (station 40-51, 53-64)  Benthos PSA-900 serial 1008                -         0.1 m
               

parameter                         sensor                                  accuracy     resolution
--------------------------------  --------------------------------------  ----------   -----------
AU0403               
station 1 to 41               
CTD underwater unit               SBE9plus serial 703          
  pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen, pump as above for AU0304
               
station 42 to 115               
CTD underwater unit               SBE9plus serial 704          
pressure                          Paroscientific Digiquartz serial 89084  1.5 dbar     0.1 dbar
primary temperature               SBE3plus serial 4248                    0.001°C      0.0002°C
primary conductivity              SBE4C serial 2977                       0.003mS/cm   0.0004mS/cm
primary pump                      SBE5T serial 3478                          -          -
oxygen                            SBE43 serial 0178                          -          -
secondary temperature             SBE3plus serial 4246                    0.001°C      0.0002°C
secondary conductivity            SBE4C serial 2808                       0.003mS/cm   0.0004mS/cm
secondary pump                    SBE5T serial 3951                          -          -
               
fluorometer                       Wetlabs ECO-AFL serial 013                 -          -
altimeter (station 1-6, and 115)  Benthos PSA-900 serial 137                 -         0.1 m
altimeter (station 7-40)          Benthos 2110 serial 115                 ±5%          0.1 m
altimeter (station 41-115)        Benthos 2110 serial 142                 ±5%          0.1 m




Table 1.3a: Summary of station information for cruise AU0304. All times are UTC. In the station naming, 
            "cat" is the cast with microcats attached, "krill" is the krill survey area, "sed" is the 
            floating sediment trap, "swarm" is the krill swarm study, "cal" is the cold water acoustic 
            calibration at Mawson, and "DWBC/PET" is the Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current experiment 
            and the Princess Elizabeth Trough section. Note that "maxP" is the maximum pressure of each 
            CTD cast. Values in brackets in the altimeter column are derived from LADCP data.

              |                     START                      |      |                  BOTTOM                  |                END                
station       |                                           depth| maxP |                              depth altim.|                             depth
number        |    date      time  latitude   longitude    (m) |(dbar)| time  latitude   longitude    (m)   (m)  | time  latitude   longitude   (m)
--------------|----------------------------------------------- |------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------
001 test      | 11 Jan 2003  0715  61 14.28S  106 01.04E  4240 |  627 | 0740  61 14.09S  106 01.39E    -      -  | 0740  61 14.09S  106 01.39E   -  
002 test      | 11 Jan 2003  1111  61 15.05S  104 53.47E  4250 | 1008 | 1142  61 14.94S  104 53.78E    -      -  | 1218  61 15.15S  104 54.00E   -  
003 cat       | 11 Jan 2003  1642  61 15.84S  103 20.83E  4280 | 4307 | 1807  61 15.65S  103 19.88E  4280   (<4) | 2150  61 15.78S  103 18.94E  4280 
004 krill     | 15 Jan 2003  1730  66 55.03S  064 30.13E   341 |  313 | 1751  66 55.06S  064 29.73E   336   17.9 | 1819  66 55.05S  064 28.94E   326 
005 krill     | 15 Jan 2003  2044  66 42.55S  064 29.40E  2199 | 2185 | 2136  66 42.55S  064 28.35E  2221   27.8 | 2249  66 42.46S  064 26.86E  2178 
006 krill     | 16 Jan 2003  0120  66 29.95S  064 29.83E  2687 | 2678 | 0217  66 29.98S  064 29.76E  2690   23.7 | 0318  66 29.99S  064 29.41E  2697 
007 krill     | 16 Jan 2003  0459  66 16.66S  064 30.21E  2637 | 2610 | 0553  66 16.51S  064 29.99E  2600   26.8 | 0640  66 16.33S  064 29.93E  2570 
008 krill     | 16 Jan 2003  0806  66 05.05S  064 30.00E  2805 | 2810 | 0858  66 05.02S  064 29.62E  2820   26.2 | 0954  66 05.03S  064 29.17E  2800 
009 sed       | 16 Jan 2003  1925  66 44.26S  064 29.85E  1789 |  502 | 1935  66 44.22S  064 29.81E  1808     -  | 2003  66 44.21S  064 29.58E  1858 
010 sed       | 19 Jan 2003  0914  66 43.76S  064 15.54E  2111 |  502 | 0935  66 43.59S  064 15.24E  2090     -  | 0958  66 43.49S  064 15.27E  2094 
011 sed       | 21 Jan 2003  1412  66 04.88S  062 33.69E  2970 |  510 | 1428  66 04.96S  062 33.72E  2976     -  | 1505  66 04.92S  062 33.40E  2980 
012 krill     | 24 Jan 2003  1026  66 17.53S  061 55.65E  2772 | 2762 | 1124  66 17.45S  061 55.43E  2770   28.0 | 1233  66 17.46S  061 55.05E  2794 
013 krill     | 24 Jan 2003  1545  66 05.01S  061 55.98E  3086 | 3059 | 1638  66 05.10S  061 55.22E  3069   27.8 | 1754  66 05.26S  061 54.68E  3062 
014 krill     | 25 Jan 2003  0119  66 54.93S  061 56.04E   454 |  421 | 0127  66 54.94S  061 56.13E   448   23.1 | 0205  66 54.95S  061 55.81E   464 
015 krill     | 25 Jan 2003  0358  66 42.50S  061 56.27E   359 |  363 | 0406  66 42.48S  061 56.15E   373   18.1 | 0433  66 42.51S  061 55.61E   399 
016 krill     | 25 Jan 2003  0625  66 30.04S  061 55.85E  1370 | 1336 | 0658  66 30.31S  061 55.58E  1303   17.4 | 0741  66 30.54S  061 55.27E  1204 
017 sed       | 25 Jan 2003  1206  66 04.30S  062 11.50E  3061 |  503 | 1222  66 04.29S  062 11.69E  3063     -  | 1249  66 04.33S  062 11.83E  3061 
018 krill     | 30 Jan 2003  1248  66 29.94S  064 30.50E  2682 | 2655 | 1340  66 29.74S  064 31.06E  2650   22.4 | 1444  66 29.75S  064 31.27E  2641 
019 krill     | 30 Jan 2003  1652  66 42.95S  064 28.68E  2183 | 1003 | 1719  66 42.95S  064 28.56E  2193     -  | 1756  66 42.90S  064 28.29E  2194 
020 krill     | 30 Jan 2003  1933  66 48.24S  064 27.58E   924 |  935 | 1955  66 48.29S  064 27.57E   928   29.2 | 2043  66 48.00S  064 27.60E   912 
021 krill     | 30 Jan 2003  2205  66 55.01S  064 29.97E   340 |  312 | 2212  66 54.99S  064 29.98E   339   18.6 | 2230  66 54.97S  064 29.84E   341 
022 swarm     | 31 Jan 2003  0041  66 47.17S  064 59.77E  1605 | 1559 | 0114  66 47.34S  064 59.75E  1557   18.5 | 0202  66 47.52S  065 00.00E  1481 
023 cal       | 04 Feb 2003  1428  67 36.06S  062 51.95E    36 |   46 | 1430  67 36.05S  062 51.95E    36    5.9 | 1433  67 36.05S  062 51.95E    37 
024 swarm/sed | 08 Feb 2003  2002  66 31.00S  069 45.72E  1974 | 1937 | 2040  66 31.02S  069 45.20E  1957   19.5 | 2133  66 31.17S  069 44.57E  1938 
025 swarm     | 09 Feb 2003  0023  66 30.46S  069 36.16E  1881 |  505 | 0033  66 30.41S  069 36.07E  1894     -  | 0104  66 30.30S  069 35.85E  1891 
026 swarm     | 09 Feb 2003  0415  66 30.99S  069 55.96E  2034 |  507 | 0428  66 30.95S  069 55.75E  2034     -  | 0458  66 30.87S  069 55.57E  2038 
027 sed       | 12 Feb 2003  0608  66 38.49S  069 10.13E  1629 |  502 | 0623  66 38.48S  069 10.06E  1633     -  | 0645  66 38.42S  069 09.78E  1639 
028 swarm     | 12 Feb 2003  1130  66 34.27S  069 36.01E  1761 |  608 | 1150  66 34.20S  069 35.59E    -      -  | 1222  66 34.38S  069 35.22E   -  
029 swarm     | 12 Feb 2003  1740  66 34.37S  069 44.28E  1839 |  503 | 1757  66 34.43S  069 43.89E    -      -  | 1821  66 34.29S  069 43.17E  1821 
030 swarm     | 12 Feb 2003  1932  66 31.08S  069 45.59E  1965 | 1925 | 2012  66 31.07S  069 44.88E  1945   19.0 | 2053  66 31.24S  069 44.24E  1926 
031 swarm     | 12 Feb 2003  2159  66 27.80S  069 47.80E  2130 |  504 | 2215  66 27.84S  069 47.94E  2129     -  | 2237  66 27.72S  069 48.03E  2131 
032 swarm     | 12 Feb 2003  2339  66 24.33S  069 48.68E  2192 |  507 | 2356  66 24.27S  069 48.82E  2194     -  | 0017  66 24.24S  069 48.91E  2201 
033 DWBC/PET  | 16 Feb 2003  0128  57 54.61S  082 57.00E  2842 | 2851 | 0229  57 54.44S  082 57.58E  2853   17.6 | 0356  57 53.82S  082 58.35E   -  
034 DWBC/PET  | 16 Feb 2003  1146  57 47.02S  083 13.28E  3821 | 3927 | 1257  57 46.72S  083 13.11E  3873   12.0 | 1502  57 46.02S  083 13.51E  3985 
035 DWBC/PET  | 16 Feb 2003  1756  57 45.19S  083 24.30E  4495 | 4571 | 1927  57 44.55S  083 24.36E  4479   18.6 | 2115  57 44.61S  083 24.90E  4445 
036 DWBC/PET  | 17 Feb 2003  1510  57 39.32S  083 37.71E  4277 | 4415 | 1700  57 38.52S  083 38.94E    -    12.8 | 1903  57 37.55S  083 39.52E   -  
037 DWBC/PET  | 18 Feb 2003  1228  57 32.16S  083 51.84E    -  | 4503 | 1350  57 32.42S  083 52.45E    -    12.5 | 1520  57 32.52S  083 53.10E   -  
038 DWBC/PET  | 19 Feb 2003  0013  57 18.16S  084 19.92E  4632 | 4725 | 0141  57 18.87S  084 21.52E  4631   (<4) | 0342  57 19.12S  084 23.12E  4632 
039 DWBC/PET  | 21 Feb 2003  0720  56 59.71S  084 46.77E  4720 | 4706 | 0902  56 58.95S  084 47.22E  4721   (108)| 1116  56 58.39S  084 47.66E  4717 
040 DWBC/PET  | 21 Feb 2003  1322  56 53.23S  085 08.70E  4530 | 4599 | 1436  56 53.21S  085 08.62E  4541   13.0 | 1606  56 53.08S  085 08.96E  4517 
041 DWBC/PET  | 21 Feb 2003  1849  56 41.41S  085 32.65E  4752 | 4832 | 2010  56 42.28S  085 34.33E  4752   17.7 | 2210  56 43.36S  085 36.65E  4749 
042 DWBC/PET  | 22 Feb 2003  0030  56 26.28S  085 58.46E  4739 | 4827 | 0152  56 26.33S  085 59.20E  4739   18.0 | 0352  56 26.71S  086 00.20E  4739 
043 DWBC/PET  | 22 Feb 2003  0626  56 10.85S  086 27.07E  4741 | 4824 | 0801  56 10.11S  086 27.59E  4739   13.9 | 1017  56 09.09S  086 28.01E  4735 
044 DWBC/PET  | 23 Feb 2003  1134  58 06.09S  082 40.10E  2330 | 2321 | 1219  58 05.91S  082 39.60E  2323    8.0 | 1320  58 05.61S  082 39.24E  2317 
045 DWBC/PET  | 23 Feb 2003  1516  58 19.57S  082 18.77E  2141 | 2130 | 1543  58 19.37S  082 18.85E  2142   14.6 | 1640  58 19.02S  082 19.07E  2151 
046 DWBC/PET  | 23 Feb 2003  1858  58 29.43S  081 59.71E  1653 | 1623 | 1933  58 29.46S  081 59.76E  1653   26.1 | 2042  58 29.05S  082 00.08E  1663 
047 DWBC/PET  | 23 Feb 2003  2237  58 37.19S  081 43.11E  1465 | 1425 | 2310  58 37.17S  081 43.83E  1458   (28) | 0006  58 37.25S  081 44.64E  1447 
048 DWBC/PET  | 24 Feb 2003  0423  59 19.67S  081 38.52E  1813 | 1774 | 0501  59 19.59S  081 38.74E  1814     -  | 0608  59 19.32S  081 39.13E  1813 
049 DWBC/PET  | 24 Feb 2003  1024  60 03.04S  081 32.14E  1575 | 1537 | 1055  60 03.05S  081 32.08E  1573   30.3 | 1153  60 02.87S  081 32.09E  1573 
050 DWBC/PET  | 24 Feb 2003  2118  61 06.93S  081 25.48E  2100 | 2101 | 2159  61 06.62S  081 25.95E  2102    0.0 | 2308  61 06.32S  081 26.56E  2103 
051 DWBC/PET  | 25 Feb 2003  0534  61 50.64S  081 23.06E  2100 | 2083 | 0618  61 50.55S  081 23.09E  2100   20.0 | 0718  61 50.30S  081 23.29E  2100 
052 DWBC/PET  | 25 Feb 2003  1118  62 33.09S  081 14.22E  2003 | 1971 | 1152  62 33.12S  081 14.21E  2002   (36) | 1253  62 32.90S  081 14.21E  2008 
053 DWBC/PET  | 25 Feb 2003  1533  62 59.66S  081 07.31E  3283 | 3304 | 1643  62 59.87S  081 07.63E  3285   14.1 | 1825  63 00.35S  081 08.28E  3294 
054 DWBC/PET  | 25 Feb 2003  2248  63 34.73S  080 56.13E  3645 | 3670 | 2358  63 34.99S  080 55.88E  3651   25.5 | 0136  63 35.04S  080 56.81E  3655 
055 DWBC/PET  | 26 Feb 2003  0420  64 03.83S  080 48.68E  3670 | 3700 | 0537  64 04.17S  080 48.03E  3671   15.6 | 0723  64 04.74S  080 47.19E  3678 
056 DEBC/PET  | 28 Feb 2003  0622  64 36.04S  080 38.99E  3638 | 3668 | 0737  64 36.27S  080 39.07E  3639   16.3 | 0915  64 36.43S  080 39.51E  3640 
057 DWBC/PET  | 28 Feb 2003  1205  65 07.83S  080 30.80E  3509 | 3523 | 1306  65 07.97S  080 31.44E  3510   17.9 | 1451  65 08.18S  080 32.24E  3510 
058 DWBC/PET  | 28 Feb 2003  1858  65 39.56S  080 21.55E  2533 | 2503 | 1935  65 39.62S  080 21.30E  2555   (132)| 2052  65 39.93S  080 20.93E  2612 
059 DWBC/PET  | 28 Feb 2003  2303  65 55.13S  080 17.65E  1122 | 1081 | 2323  65 55.19S  080 17.50E  1109   24.5 | 0007  65 55.53S  080 17.45E  1112 
060 DWBC/PET  | 01 Mar 2003  0240  66 11.31S  080 12.48E   358 |  342 | 0249  66 11.28S  080 12.51E   360   11.5 | 0319  66 11.12S  080 12.82E   362 
061 DWBC/PET  | 01 Mar 2003  0558  66 24.87S  080 03.79E   228 |  208 | 0602  66 24.87S  080 03.74E   226   13.6 | 0625  66 24.71S  080 03.79E   228 
062 DWBC/PET  | 09 Mar 2003  0041  55 50.74S  087 00.08E  4716 | 4835 | 0209  55 50.16S  087 01.62E    -    19.2 | 0351  55 49.32S  087 03.62E  4759 
063 DWBC/PET  | 09 Mar 2003  0637  55 36.80S  087 29.45E  4554 | 4741 | 0810  55 36.28S  087 30.23E    -    17.7 | 1001  55 36.09S  087 30.15E  4670 
064 DWBC/PET  | 09 Mar 2003  1217  55 21.62S  087 52.24E  4457 | 4543 | 1347  55 22.11S  087 52.84E    -    18.0 | 1538  55 22.47S  087 52.95E  4470 







Table 1.3b: Summary of station information for cruise AU0403. All times are UTC. In the station naming, 
            "I9S" is the CLIVAR I9S transect, "DWBC/PET" is the Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current 
            experiment and the Princess Elizabeth Trough section, "fluoro" is a cast for fluorescence 
            data, and "PULSE" is near the future PULSE mooring site. Note that "maxP" is the maximum 
            pressure of each CTD cast.


              |                     START                      |      |                  BOTTOM                  |                END               
station       |                                           depth| maxP |                              depth altim.|                             depth
number        |    date      time  latitude   longitude    (m) |(dbar)| time  latitude   longitude    (m)   (m)  | time  latitude   longitude   (m) 
--------------|------------------------------------------------|------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------
001 test      | 24 Dec 2004  0535  33 26.12S  114 14.69E   980 |  974 | 0601  33 26.24S  114 14.45E   985   20.2 | 0702  33 26.27S  114 14.02E   992
002 I9S       | 24 Dec 2004  1827  34 49.15S  114 59.74E   144 |  131 | 1831  34 49.17S  114 59.70E   144   17.1 | 1901  34 49.15S  114 59.01E   143
003 I9S       | 24 Dec 2004  2125  34 57.58S  114 59.78E   274 |  261 | 2134  34 57.62S  114 59.74E   283   17.8 | 2204  34 57.68S  114 59.35E   323
004 I9S       | 24 Dec 2004  2349  35 02.87S  114 59.96E   -   |  575 | 0006  35 02.88S  114 59.89E    -      -  | 0040  35 02.90S  114 59.67E    -
005 I9S       | 25 Dec 2004  0212  35 11.81S  115 00.08E  1507 | 1471 | 0243  35 11.66S  114 59.96E  1481   75.4 | 0342  35 11.59S  114 59.73E  1461
006 I9S       | 25 Dec 2004  2020  35 30.71S  114 59.90E  2380 | 2455 | 2117  35 30.93S  114 59.48E  2405    0.0 | 2245  35 31.10S  114 59.07E  2433
007 I9S       | 26 Dec 2004  0148  35 38.95S  115 00.40E    -  | 5180 | 0337  35 39.31S  114 59.65E  5099   18.1 | 0543  35 39.31S  114 59.20E  5040
008 I9S       | 26 Dec 2004  0931  36 00.37S  114 59.21E  5197 | 5348 | 1122  36 01.19S  114 59.15E  5249    6.2 | 1325  36 01.73S  114 58.92E  5212
009 I9S       | 26 Dec 2004  1828  36 31.85S  114 59.81E  5334 | 5118 | 2017  36 33.64S  114 59.57E  5023    3.8 | 0103  36 37.46S  114 58.74E  4687
010 I9S       | 27 Dec 2004  0456  37 02.42S  115 00.93E    -  | 5675 | 0714  37 03.09S  115 01.25E  5596   37.0 | 1122  37 04.52S  115 02.62E  5440
011 I9S       | 27 Dec 2004  1549  37 29.92S  115 00.43E  5056 | 5273 | 1742  37 30.38S  115 00.87E  5161   40.2 | 0016  37 32.33S  115 01.20E  5190
012 I9S       | 28 Dec 2004  0442  38 00.02S  114 59.60E  4786 | 4909 | 0616  38 00.17S  114 59.94E  4786   35.5 | 0927  38 00.60S  115 00.42E  4799
013 I9S       | 28 Dec 2004  1420  38 29.75S  115 00.37E  4665 | 4760 | 1534  38 29.41S  115 00.29E  4683   36.4 | 1820  38 28.68S  115 00.22E  4696
014 I9S       | 28 Dec 2004  2252  39 06.44S  115 00.19E  4721 | 4862 | 0027  39 05.65S  114 59.89E  4681   28.2 | 0250  39 04.63S  114 59.71E  4594
015 I9S       | 29 Dec 2004  0737  39 41.91S  114 59.95E  4743 | 4813 | 0909  39 42.02S  114 59.68E  4712   15.9 | 1120  39 42.50S  114 59.57E  4665
016 I9S       | 29 Dec 2004  1501  40 17.77S  115 00.03E  4665 | 4861 | 1636  40 17.51S  115 00.36E  4727   23.5 | 1855  40 16.97S  115 00.55E  4721
017 I9S       | 30 Dec 2004  0018  40 52.79S  115 00.38E  4612 | 4711 | 0131  40 52.81S  115 00.31E  4612   21.8 | 0429  40 52.63S  115 00.34E  4620
018 I9S       | 30 Dec 2004  1407  41 31.16S  115 00.27E  4569 | 4662 | 1529  41 31.44S  115 00.40E  4563   18.8 | 1724  41 31.75S  115 00.71E  4529
019 I9S       | 30 Dec 2004  2049  41 59.89S  115 00.30E  4454 | 4642 | 2211  41 59.44S  115 00.53E  4532   23.0 | 0022  41 58.76S  115 00.78E  4459
020 I9S       | 31 Dec 2004  0339  42 30.13S  114 59.87E  4304 | 4403 | 0444  42 30.08S  114 59.82E  4301   25.0 | 0633  42 30.34S  114 59.68E  4282
021 I9S       | 31 Dec 2004  0958  42 59.82S  115 00.10E  4286 | 4473 | 1111  42 59.85S  115 00.20E  4281    8.1 | 1304  43 00.02S  114 59.92E  4278
022 I9S       | 31 Dec 2004  1613  43 29.75S  115 00.03E  4433 | 4451 | 1746  43 29.66S  115 01.18E  4353   41.6 | 1940  43 29.62S  115 02.44E  4294
023 I9S       | 31 Dec 2004  2342  43 59.59S  115 00.20E  4299 | 4403 | 0055  43 59.56S  115 01.36E  4350   19.1 | 0235  43 59.62S  115 02.80E  4270
024 I9S       | 01 Jan 2005  0552  44 29.59S  115 00.29E  4307 | 4460 | 0711  44 29.35S  115 01.33E  4400   16.6 | 0911  44 28.96S  115 02.37E  4314
025 I9S       | 01 Jan 2005  1225  45 00.44S  114 59.27E  4188 | 4312 | 1341  45 00.14S  114 59.27E  4179   18.0 | 1519  44 59.33S  114 59.50E  4242
026 I9S       | 01 Jan 2005  1833  45 30.05S  114 59.77E  4164 | 4242 | 1946  45 29.90S  114 59.51E  4167   28.3 | 2138  45 30.07S  114 58.75E  4221
027 I9S       | 02 Jan 2005  0045  46 01.19S  115 02.58E  4119 | 4246 | 0155  46 01.03S  115 02.95E  4093   27.0 | 0322  46 00.63S  115 03.34E  4132
028 I9S       | 02 Jan 2005  0637  46 31.09S  114 59.63E  4008 | 4067 | 0804  46 31.09S  115 00.91E  4002   19.0 | 0958  46 30.74S  115 02.41E  3966
029 I9S       | 02 Jan 2005  1340  47 00.34S  114 59.33E  3848 | 3873 | 1450  47 00.03S  114 59.90E  3832   22.8 | 1617  46 59.76S  115 00.26E  3868
030 I9S       | 02 Jan 2005  1946  47 30.61S  115 00.12E  3788 | 3912 | 2056  47 30.29S  115 00.23E  3726   25.6 | 2238  47 30.07S  115 00.55E  3718
031 I9S       | 03 Jan 2005  0213  48 00.12S  115 01.04E  3597 | 3654 | 0335  47 59.44S  115 01.84E  3628   25.8 | 0459  47 58.60S  115 02.08E  3618
032 I9S       | 04 Jan 2005  0645  48 28.52S  115 01.75E  3948 | 4022 | 0803  48 28.10S  115 01.83E  3908   19.0 | 0944  48 27.80S  115 01.81E  3887
033 I9S       | 04 Jan 2005  1352  48 59.99S  115 00.47E  3830 | 3737 | 1519  48 59.53S  115 00.83E  3680   32.4 | 1650  48 59.05S  115 01.23E  3943
034 I9S       | 04 Jan 2005  2038  49 30.58S  115 00.11E  3383 | 3454 | 2139  49 30.42S  115 00.88E  3437   19.0 | 0004  49 30.26S  115 02.83E  3419
035 I9S       | 05 Jan 2005  0421  49 59.68S  115 00.73E  3756 | 3855 | 0540  49 59.36S  115 01.91E  3951     -  | 0726  49 59.29S  115 02.78E  3971
036 I9S       | 05 Jan 2005  1054  50 29.18S  115 01.65E  2980 | 3054 | 1150  50 29.08S  115 02.59E  3116   22.5 | 1313  50 29.08S  115 03.23E  3042
037 I9S       | 05 Jan 2005  1722  51 00.13S  115 00.46E  3977 | 4030 | 1843  51 00.37S  115 02.19E  4005   19.4 | 2025  51 00.74S  115 04.19E  4303
038 I9S       | 06 Jan 2005  0259  51 28.73S  114 59.93E  3535 | 3586 | 0417  51 28.51S  115 00.23E  3495   15.7 | 0623  51 28.04S  115 00.43E  3535
039 I9S       | 06 Jan 2005  1157  51 58.67S  114 59.78E  3640 | 3699 | 1313  51 58.68S  115 00.41E  3663   29.2 | 1409  51 58.74S  115 00.52E  3637
040 I9S       | 06 Jan 2005  1821  52 36.63S  114 59.66E  3832 | 3840 | 2000  52 36.50S  115 00.40E  3785    0.0 | 2203  52 36.44S  115 00.52E  3810
041 I9S       | 07 Jan 2005  0318  53 12.04S  114 59.83E  3955 | 3985 | 0438  53 11.99S  114 59.94E  3960   28.6 | 0650  53 12.19S  115 00.64E  3991
042 I9S       | 07 Jan 2005  1055  53 48.55S  114 59.20E    -  | 4151 | 1211  53 48.73S  114 58.99E  4096   22.2 | 1350  53 48.93S  114 59.09E  4041
043 I9S       | 08 Jan 2005  1357  54 24.20S  114 58.24E    -  | 4248 | 1515  54 23.75S  114 58.50E  4194   25.7 | 1651  54 23.26S  114 59.06E  4213
044 I9S       | 08 Jan 2005  2105  54 59.94S  115 00.32E  4431 | 4484 | 2218  54 59.39S  115 00.62E  4424   16.1 | 0009  54 59.04S  115 01.17E  4423
045 I9S       | 09 Jan 2005  0426  55 35.86S  115 02.28E  4573 | 4704 | 0557  55 35.81S  115 02.90E  4535   17.4 | 0742  55 35.79S  115 04.06E  4466
046 I9S       | 09 Jan 2005  1117  56 11.17S  114 59.85E    -  | 4586 | 1244  56 11.49S  114 59.64E  4520   24.2 | 1436  56 11.87S  114 59.47E  4575
047 I9S       | 09 Jan 2005  1813  56 48.14S  115 00.78E  4494 | 4598 | 1943  56 48.63S  115 03.41E  4530   12.6 | 2212  56 49.25S  115 05.56E  4530
048 I9S       | 10 Jan 2005  0130  57 24.05S  114 59.12E  4547 | 4622 | 0251  57 24.31S  115 00.08E  4557   16.1 | 0457  57 24.74S  115 00.85E  4547
049 I9S       | 10 Jan 2005  0826  57 59.95S  115 00.22E  4557 | 4628 | 0955  58 00.29S  115 00.78E  4560   22.6 | 1157  58 00.67S  115 00.56E  4568
050 I9S       | 10 Jan 2005  2005  58 36.17S  114 59.68E  4547 | 4611 | 2140  58 36.86S  114 59.30E  4540   14.9 | 2337  58 37.55S  114 58.73E  4537
051 I9S       | 11 Jan 2005  0520  59 11.91S  114 59.89E  4525 | 4592 | 0651  59 12.11S  114 59.02E  4524   22.8 | 0850  59 12.07S  114 58.21E  4520
052 I9S       | 11 Jan 2005  1237  59 48.54S  115 02.07E  4475 | 4562 | 1352  59 48.64S  115 01.60E  4485   22.2 | 1608  59 48.71S  115 00.49E  4485
053 I9S       | 11 Jan 2005  2358  60 23.95S  114 59.11E  4455 | 4532 | 0116  60 23.68S  114 59.06E  4460   13.4 | 0316  60 23.35S  114 58.34E  4455
054 I9S       | 12 Jan 2005  0718  61 00.55S  115 01.10E  4385 | 4464 | 0845  61 00.46S  115 01.69E  4385   13.9 | 1116  61 00.28S  115 02.18E  4375
055 I9S       | 12 Jan 2005  1427  61 30.11S  115 00.87E  4315 | 4403 | 1539  61 30.48S  115 00.67E  4325   14.4 | 1735  61 31.21S  115 00.04E  4340
056 I9S       | 12 Jan 2005  2100  62 00.43S  114 59.66E  4305 | 4289 | 2221  62 00.65S  114 58.84E  4225   14.9 | 0007  62 01.04S  114 58.04E  4215
057 I9S       | 13 Jan 2005  0328  62 25.06S  114 25.66E  4040 | 4103 | 0445  62 25.02S  114 26.41E  4050   12.7 | 0630  62 24.88S  114 27.56E  4040
058 I9S       | 13 Jan 2005  0932  62 50.80S  113 47.68E  3790 | 3842 | 1035  62 50.83S  113 46.82E  3790   23.4 | 1223  62 50.73S  113 46.21E  3810
059 I9S       | 13 Jan 2005  1526  63 16.25S  113 12.24E  3570 | 3595 | 1625  63 16.22S  113 12.14E  3560   13.9 | 1814  63 16.13S  113 11.89E  3580
060 I9S       | 13 Jan 2005  2113  63 41.40S  112 35.95E  3300 | 3338 | 2213  63 41.33S  112 35.65E  3315   14.2 | 0002  63 41.43S  112 35.83E  3315
061 I9S       | 14 Jan 2005  0431  64 06.45S  112 04.29E  2285 | 2295 | 0512  64 06.42S  112 03.99E  2290   14.6 | 0627  64 06.79S  112 03.43E  2320
062 I9S       | 14 Jan 2005  0808  64 17.03S  111 46.11E  2545 | 2513 | 0858  64 17.12S  111 45.92E  2488   14.1 | 1028  64 17.33S  111 46.07E  2510
063 I9S       | 14 Jan 2005  1243  64 31.30S  111 25.22E  2895 | 2894 | 1330  64 31.25S  111 25.16E  2865   12.8 | 1526  64 30.79S  111 23.90E  2905
064 I9S       | 14 Jan 2005  1821  64 45.01S  111 55.13E  2260 | 2279 | 1903  64 45.01S  111 55.04E  2280   13.9 | 2039  64 45.20S  111 55.46E  2275
065 I9S       | 14 Jan 2005  2256  64 57.73S  112 09.60E  2300 | 2317 | 2332  64 57.91S  112 09.47E  2320   14.2 | 0105  64 58.18S  112 09.71E  2350
066 I9S       | 15 Jan 2005  0233  65 07.78S  112 22.55E  1800 | 1802 | 0302  65 07.87S  112 22.39E  1795   14.5 | 0427  65 08.30S  112 21.79E  1825
067 I9S       | 15 Jan 2005  0541  65 13.39S  112 27.47E  1405 | 1329 | 0606  65 13.54S  112 27.27E  1335   19.0 | 0705  65 13.87S  112 26.30E  1365
068 I9S       | 15 Jan 2005  0838  65 17.26S  112 29.29E  1165 | 1117 | 0858  65 17.30S  112 28.85E  1090   10.2 | 0944  65 17.45S  112 27.70E  1105
069 I9S       | 15 Jan 2005  1131  65 23.54S  112 32.02E   460 |  435 | 1143  65 23.62S  112 31.66E   440   10.6 | 1219  65 23.96S  112 30.56E   400
070 DWBC/PET  | 20 Jan 2005  1100  57 03.04S  084 48.52E  4717 | 4806 | 1222  57 03.66S  084 50.68E  4719   12.9 | 1441  57 04.41S  084 53.77E  4719
071 DWBC/PET  | 20 Jan 2005  1916  57 20.78S  084 19.55E  4609 | 4680 | 2032  57 20.89S  084 19.70E  4607   17.2 | 2254  57 20.70S  084 19.96E  4609
072 DWBC/PET  | 21 Jan 2005  1033  57 33.10S  083 53.02E  4426 | 4474 | 1148  57 33.33S  083 53.01E  4420   20.8 | 1354  57 33.41S  083 52.63E  4420
073 DWBC/PET  | 21 Jan 2005  1523  57 37.76S  083 41.11E  4403 | 4449 | 1636  57 37.66S  083 40.65E  4397   19.0 | 1858  57 37.10S  083 40.09E  4405
074 DWBC/PET  | 22 Jan 2005  0856  57 45.79S  083 22.16E  4579 | 4637 | 1013  57 45.35S  083 21.00E  4568   15.8 | 1211  57 44.56S  083 19.13E  4558
075 DWBC/PET  | 22 Jan 2005  1329  57 46.53S  083 13.97E  3902 | 3959 | 1436  57 46.09S  083 12.48E  3914   19.7 | 1629  57 45.04S  083 10.40E  4000
076 DWBC/PET  | 22 Jan 2005  1826  57 53.74S  082 58.79E  2908 | 2903 | 1920  57 53.54S  082 58.38E  2901   18.2 | 2100  57 53.16S  082 58.11E  2917
077 DWBC/PET  | 23 Jan 2005  1012  58 06.77S  082 38.30E  2296 | 2279 | 1056  58 06.55S  082 38.27E  2297   22.8 | 1209  58 06.34S  082 37.77E  2287
078 DWBC/PET  | 23 Jan 2005  1405  58 19.52S  082 18.45E  2136 | 2126 | 1445  58 19.33S  082 18.55E  2140   17.8 | 1606  58 19.12S  082 18.35E  2141
079 DWBC/PET  | 23 Jan 2005  1756  58 29.06S  081 59.06E  1648 | 1624 | 1829  58 28.88S  081 58.82E  1646   17.6 | 1941  58 28.39S  081 58.69E  1650
080 DWBC/PET  | 23 Jan 2005  2124  58 37.09S  081 42.43E  1478 | 1452 | 2154  58 36.93S  081 42.28E  1476   18.6 | 2305  58 36.84S  081 42.53E  1473
081 DWBC/PET  | 24 Jan 2005  0526  58 58.14S  081 40.52E  1588 | 1559 | 0602  58 58.08S  081 41.10E  1577   17.0 | 0658  58 58.18S  081 41.19E  1574
082 DWBC/PET  | 25 Jan 2005  1052  56 11.17S  086 26.94E  4742 | 4817 | 1208  56 11.44S  086 27.71E  4736   23.0 | 1425  56 11.94S  086 29.92E  4744
083 DWBC/PET  | 25 Jan 2005  2211  55 21.43S  087 52.61E  4495 | 4572 | 2330  55 21.10S  087 52.65E  4530   21.5 | 0152  55 21.12S  087 53.32E  4611
084 DWBC/PET  | 26 Jan 2005  1250  55 35.86S  087 26.40E  4574 | 4681 | 1407  55 35.69S  087 26.47E  4601   21.8 | 1600  55 35.79S  087 26.88E  4607
085 DWBC/PET  | 26 Jan 2005  1945  55 51.88S  086 59.47E  4680 | 4792 | 2126  55 51.62S  086 58.97E  4701   18.0 | 2338  55 51.30S  086 58.00E  4737
086 DWBC/PET  | 28 Jan 2005  0848  56 26.39S  085 57.71E  4745 | 4831 | 1012  56 26.31S  085 57.83E  4747   14.4 | 1219  56 26.35S  085 58.01E  4745
087 DWBC/PET  | 28 Jan 2005  1426  56 40.58S  085 32.42E  4749 | 4828 | 1552  56 40.49S  085 32.80E  4753   22.0 | 1754  56 40.48S  085 33.68E  4749
088 DWBC/PET  | 28 Jan 2005  2027  56 52.92S  085 08.68E  4530 | 4661 | 2140  56 52.00S  085 08.35E  4545   11.8 | 2345  56 51.13S  085 07.78E  4561
089 DWBC/PET  | 29 Jan 2005  1545  59 19.49S  081 38.32E  1811 | 1789 | 1624  59 19.46S  081 38.29E  1815   18.6 | 1733  59 19.17S  081 37.99E  1815
090 DWBC/PET  | 29 Jan 2005  2037  59 41.23S  081 35.17E  1805 | 1798 | 2106  59 41.14S  081 35.26E  1815   13.9 | 2205  59 41.06S  081 34.96E  1790
091 DWBC/PET  | 30 Jan 2005  0022  60 02.83S  081 32.45E  1570 | 1554 | 0049  60 02.88S  081 32.33E  1572    9.7 | 0141  60 02.84S  081 32.13E  1559
092 DWBC/PET  | 30 Jan 2005  0348  60 24.27S  081 29.91E  1596 | 1577 | 0419  60 24.28S  081 29.96E  1595   13.9 | 0513  60 24.30S  081 30.06E  1595
093 DWBC/PET  | 30 Jan 2005  0710  60 45.49S  081 27.25E  1717 | 1691 | 0746  60 45.45S  081 27.35E  1715   21.9 | 0849  60 45.49S  081 27.51E  1719
094 DWBC/PET  | 30 Jan 2005  1233  61 06.53S  081 24.64E  2107 | 2080 | 1313  61 06.52S  081 24.52E  2103   23.5 | 1417  61 06.76S  081 24.56E  2103
095 DWBC/PET  | 30 Jan 2005  1645  61 28.72S  081 22.46E  2182 | 2172 | 1734  61 28.83S  081 22.44E  2178   13.0 | 1902  61 28.95S  081 23.15E  2182
096 DWBC/PET  | 30 Jan 2005  2147  61 49.81S  081 20.12E  2093 | 2084 | 2221  61 50.02S  081 19.93E  2091    9.2 | 2352  61 50.51S  081 19.43E  2088
097 DWBC/PET  | 31 Jan 2005  0205  62 11.64S  081 17.15E  1732 | 1718 | 0239  62 11.71S  081 17.28E  1731    8.2 | 0347  62 12.00S  081 17.59E  1730
098 DWBC/PET  | 31 Jan 2005  0547  62 33.50S  081 17.27E  2021 | 1997 | 0629  62 33.64S  081 17.39E  2001   17.1 | 0738  62 33.53S  081 17.14E  2011
099 DWBC/PET  | 31 Jan 2005  1042  62 44.33S  081 12.20E  2587 | 2582 | 1129  62 44.31S  081 11.89E  2591   22.8 | 1258  62 44.00S  081 11.48E  2510
100 DWBC/PET  | 31 Jan 2005  1508  63 00.34S  081 06.94E  3291 | 3314 | 1554  63 00.37S  081 06.56E  3291   13.4 | 1727  63 00.93S  081 05.66E  3306
101 DWBC/PET  | 31 Jan 2005  1943  63 14.54S  081 01.87E  3410 | 3437 | 2045  63 14.69S  081 02.13E  3412   12.8 | 2235  63 14.43S  081 01.97E  3412
102 DWBC/PET  | 01 Feb 2005  0117  63 34.70S  080 56.63E  3645 | 3678 | 0213  63 34.67S  080 56.35E  3645   10.6 | 0357  63 34.11S  080 56.49E  3636
103 DWBC/PET  | 01 Feb 2005  0530  63 48.67S  080 51.84E  3685 | 3721 | 0637  63 48.41S  080 51.98E  3682   12.1 | 0809  63 48.16S  080 51.08E  3685
104 DWBC/PET  | 01 Feb 2005  0941  64 03.64S  080 49.00E  3670 | 3705 | 1042  64 03.43S  080 48.82E  3674   14.0 | 1231  64 03.17S  080 47.90E  3676
105 DWBC/PET  | 01 Feb 2005  1416  64 20.82S  080 44.33E  3655 | 3692 | 1515  64 20.61S  080 44.11E  3659   11.5 | 1641  64 20.26S  080 45.17E  3661
106 DWBC/PET  | 01 Feb 2005  1915  64 36.51S  080 39.94E  3647 | 3675 | 2019  64 36.50S  080 40.33E  3639   10.9 | 2204  64 36.52S  080 40.47E  3641
107 DWBC/PET  | 01 Feb 2005  2354  64 51.86S  080 35.19E  3626 | 3657 | 0055  64 52.16S  080 34.98E  3624   11.3 | 0230  64 52.37S  080 34.10E  3624
108 DWBC/PET  | 02 Feb 2005  0411  65 07.57S  080 29.57E  3505 | 3532 | 0510  65 07.67S  080 29.51E  3509   10.9 | 0636  65 07.64S  080 30.04E  3507
109 DWBC/PET  | 02 Feb 2005  0828  65 23.18S  080 25.78E  3282 | 3294 | 0921  65 23.05S  080 25.92E  3283   14.1 | 1102  65 22.66S  080 26.20E  3283
110 DWBC/PET  | 02 Feb 2005  1327  65 38.89S  080 21.77E  2671 | 2731 | 1412  65 38.91S  080 20.86E  2696    9.4 | 1527  65 39.45S  080 20.38E  2720
111 DWBC/PET  | 03 Feb 2005  1101  66 38.23S  077 31.65E  1120 | 1154 | 1122  66 38.22S  077 31.46E  1109    6.3 | 1212  66 38.25S  077 31.07E  1113
112 DWBC/PET  | 03 Feb 2005  1327  66 42.28S  077 42.74E   652 |  627 | 1341  66 42.31S  077 42.58E   648   14.1 | 1412  66 42.47S  077 42.29E   634
113 DWBC/PET  | 03 Feb 2005  1607  66 51.15S  077 42.75E   245 |  227 | 1613  66 51.17S  077 42.77E   245   14.4 | 1636  66 51.08S  077 42.94E   246
114 fluoro    | 04 Feb 2005  0457  67 52.80S  077 10.55E   424 |  401 | 0507  67 52.79S  077 10.60E   423   14.6 | 0538  67 52.70S  077 10.22E   422
115 PULSE     | 15 Feb 2005  0235  46 59.95S  142 00.25E  3453 | 3533 | 0328  46 59.99S  142 00.40E  3452   28.7 | 0510  46 59.92S  142 00.62E  3476


Table 1.4a: Cruise AU0304 summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each 
            station, including salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do), and 
            nutrients (nut). Note that 1=samples taken, 0=no samples taken. 
            Additional sensors fitted to the package are also listed, including 
            Sontek LADCP (Son), and RDI LADCP (RDI). For these, 1=instrument 
            switched on, 0=instrument switched off or not fitted. A fluorometer 
            was fitted to the package for all casts.

   station   sal  do   nut  Son  RDI     station      sal  do   nut  Son  RDI
   -------   ---  --   ---  ---  ---     -----------  ---  --   ---  ---  ---
   1 test     0    0    0    0    1      33 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   2 test     1    0    0    0    1      34 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    0    0
   3 cat      1    0    0    1    0      35 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   4 krill    1    1    1    0    0      36 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   5 krill    1    1    1    1    0      37 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    0    0
   6 krill    1    1    1    1    1      38 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   7 krill    1    1    1    0    1      39 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   8 krill    1    1    1    1    1      40 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   9 sed      1    1    1    0    0      41 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   10 sed     1    1    1    0    0      42 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   11 krill   1    1    1    0    0      43 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   12 krill   1    1    1    1    1      44 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   13 krill   1    1    1    1    1      45 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   14 krill   1    1    1    1    1      46 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   15 krill   1    1    1    1    1      47 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    1
   16 krill   1    1    1    1    1      48 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    0    0
   17 sed     1    1    1    1    0      49 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   18 krill   1    1    1    1    0      50 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   19 krill   1    1    1    1    0      51 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   20 krill   1    1    1    1    0      52 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   21 krill   1    1    1    0    1      53 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   22 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      54 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   23 cal     0    0    0    0    0      55 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   24 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      56 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   25 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      57 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   26 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      58 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   27 sed     1    1    1    1    1      59 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   28 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      60 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   29 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      61 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   30 swarm   1    1    1    1    1      62 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   31 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      63 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0
   32 swarm   1    1    1    0    1      64 DWBC/PET   1    1    1    1    0



Table 1.4b: Cruise AU0403 summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at 
            each station, including salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do), 
            nutrients (nut), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), dissolved inorganic 
            carbon and alkalinity (dic/alk), oxygen-18 (18O), methane (CH(4)), 
            selenium species (SE), and biological parameters/pigments (pig). 
            Note that 1=samples taken, 0=no samples taken. The Sontek LADCP 
            (LADCP) status is also listed: 2=both transducer sets fitted and 
            logging, 1=downward looking transducer set only fitted and 
            logging, 0=instrument not logging or not fitted. The fluorometer 
            was fitted to the package for all casts (not connected for CTD 
            115). Additional profiling casts done from the trawl deck at each 
            station include fluoromap fluorometer (flmap), turbulence probe 
            (turbo), and 10x10 bacteria/virus sampler (10x10).

station      sal   do    nut   CFC   dic/  18O   CH4   sel   pig  LADCP flmap turbo  10
                                     alk                                            x10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 test      1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
  2 I9S       1     1     1     0     1     0     0     1     0     2     0     0     0
  3 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
  4 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
  5 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
  6 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
  7 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     2     0     0     0
  8 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
  9 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 10 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
 11 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
 12 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     1     0     0
 13 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 14 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
 15 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     2     0     0     0
 16 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
 17 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 18 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     2     0     0     0
 19 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 20 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     2     0     0     0
 21 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 22 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 23 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
 24 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0
 25 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     2     0     0     0
 26 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0
 27 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
 28 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0     0
 29 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
 30 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0
 31 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
 32 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0     0
 33 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
 34 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     1     1     0
 35 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     0     0     0
 36 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0
 37 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     0     0     0     0
 38 I9S       1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0
 39 I9S       1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
 40 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     1     1     1     0


station      sal   do    nut   CFC   dic/  18O   CH4   sel   pig  LADCP flmap turbo  10
                                     alk                                            x10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 41 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 42 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     0     0     0
 43 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 44 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 45 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 46 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     0     0     0
 47 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 48 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0
 49 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 50 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     1     1     0
 51 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 52 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     1     0
 53 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 54 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 55 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 56 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 57 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 58 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 59 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 60 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     1     1     1     1     1
 61 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 62 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     1
 63 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 64 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     1     1     1     0     0
 65 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 66 I9S       1     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     1
 67 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 68 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 69 I9S       1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     1
 70 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     1     1     1     1     1
 71 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 72 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 73 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     0
 74 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     1     1     0     0     0
 75 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 76 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 77 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 78 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 79 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 80 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     1     0


station      sal   do    nut   CFC   dic/  18O   CH4   sel   pig  LADCP flmap turbo  10
                                     alk                                            x10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 81 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 82 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 83 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 84 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     1     1     0     0     0
 85 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 86 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 87 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 88 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     0     0     0
 89 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 90 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 91 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 92 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 93 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     0
 94 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 95 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 96 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
 97 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 98 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
 99 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     1     0     0
100 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
101 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
102 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
103 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
104 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
105 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     1     0     1     1     1     0     0     0
106 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     0
107 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
108 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
109 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     0     1     0     1     0
110 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     1
111 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     0     0     0
112 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     1
113 DWBC/PET  1     1     1     1     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0     0
114 fluoro    1     1     1     0     0     1     0     0     1     1     1     0     0
115 PULSE     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0


Table 1.5: Summary of Kerguelen DWBC mooring deployments and recoveries. 
           Note: for deployments, "release time" is the time the final 
           component was released from the trawl deck; for recoveries, 
           "release time" is the time the release command was sent to 
           the acoustic release at the base of the mooring. Mooring 
           positions are the estimated landing sites.

           DEPLOYMENTS (AU0304)
                                Position       
           mooring     latitude      longitude   depth (m)  release time (UTC)  CTD
           KERGUELEN1  57° 03.120'S  84° 47.676'E   4725     1804, 19/02/2003    39
           KERGUELEN2  57° 17.754'S  84° 20.550'E   4639     1217, 19/02/2003    38
           KERGUELEN3  57° 32.520'S  83° 52.182'E   4433     1938, 18/02/2003    37
           KERGUELEN4  57° 39.684'S  83° 37.050'E   4273     0050, 18/02/2003    36
           KERGUELEN5  57° 45.864'S  83° 23.238'E   4575     0746, 18/02/2003    35
           KERGUELEN6  57° 49.596'S  83° 16.038'E   3480     1035, 16/02/2003    34
           KERGUELEN7  57° 56.520'S  83° 01.878'E   2858     0024, 16/02/2003    33
           KERGUELEN8  58° 07.614'S  82° 37.374'E   2259     1800, 15/02/2003    44
                       
                       
           RECOVERIES (AU0403)
                                Position       
           mooring     latitude      longitude   depth (m)  release time (UTC)  CTD
           KERGUELEN1  57° 03.120'S  84° 47.676'E   4725     0133, 20/01/2005    70
           KERGUELEN2  57° 17.754'S  84° 20.550'E   4639     0054, 21/01/2005    71
           KERGUELEN3  57° 32.520'S  83° 52.182'E   4433     0712, 21/01/2005    72
           KERGUELEN4  57° 39.684'S  83° 37.050'E   4273     0016, 22/01/2005    73
           KERGUELEN5  57° 45.864'S  83° 23.238'E   4575     0439, 22/01/2005    74
           KERGUELEN6  57° 49.596'S  83° 16.038'E   3480     2341, 22/01/2005    75
           KERGUELEN7  57° 56.520'S  83° 01.878'E   2858     0403, 23/01/2005    76
           KERGUELEN8  58° 07.614'S  82° 37.374'E   2259     0752, 23/01/2005    77


Table 1.6: Summary of drifter deployments.

           (AU0403)
           drifter              Position       
           mooring     latitude      longitude   depth (m)  release time (UTC)  CTD
           ARGO167     36° 01.74'S  114° 58.92'E   5212.4    1325, 26/12/2004     8
           ARGO168     38° 00.59'S  115° 00.30'E   4799.0    0927, 28/12/2004    12
           ARGO168     44° 59.32'S  114° 59.51'E   4286.7    1528, 01/01/2005    25
           ARGO168     47° 58.39'S  115° 01.58'E   3610.7    0515, 03/01/2005    31
           ARGO168     49° 59.25'S  115° 02.41'E   3986.5    0735, 05/01/2005    35
           ARGO168     51° 58.52'S  114° 59.93'E   3618.9    1429, 06/01/2005    39
           ARGO168     53° 48.77'S  114° 58.98'E   4082.2    1400, 07/01/2005    42
           ARGO168     56° 12.76'S  114° 58.81'E   4568.0    1445, 09/01/2005    46
           ARGO168     58° 00.23'S  114° 59.57'E   4560.5    1230, 10/01/2005    49
           ARGO168     59° 48.96'S  115° 00.83'E   4478.9    1615, 11/01/2005    52
           ARGO184     61° 00.50'S  115° 02.86'E   4384.6    1125, 12/01/2005    54
           ARGO168     57° 59.21'S  120° 00.13'E   4602.5    2040, 11/02/2005    -
           ARGO179     56° 30.30'S  124° 26.51'E   4673.1    0730, 12/02/2005    -
           ARGO179     54° 52.59'S  128° 36.19'E   4449.9    2040, 12/02/2005    -
           ARGO180     53° 06.17'S  132° 23.48'E   3716.5    0950, 13/02/2005    -
           ARGO180     51° 13.39'S  135° 53.72'E   3253.6    2220, 13/02/2005    -
           ARGO180     49° 15.30'S  139° 05.81'E   3083.5    1157, 14/02/2005    -
           ARGO180     47° 12.05'S  142° 03.59'E   4261.6    0059, 15/02/2005    -
           ARGO184     46° 59.28'S  142° 00.58'E   3741.5    0529, 15/02/2005   115
      Technocea met-
     buoy serial 46020 62° 00.03'S  88° 02.61'E    3903      2143, 08/02/2005    -



Table 1.7: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for CTD water sampling programs.

MEASUREMENT                    NAME                              AFFILIATION
                
AU0304                
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients  *John Church                       CSIRO
biological sampling            Simon Wright                      Antarctic Division
                
AU0403          
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients  *Steve Rintoul, John Church        CSIRO
D.I.C., alkalinity             Bronte Tilbrook                   CSIRO
CFC                            Shuichi Watanabe                  JAMSTEC
18O                            Shigeru Aoki                      Hokkaido University
methane                        Osamu Yoshida                     Tokyo Institute of Technology
selenium                      *Bronwyn Wake                      CSIRO
biological sampling            Laurent Seuront, *Raechel Waters  Flinders University
          
          
Table 1.8a:  Scientific personnel (cruise participants) for cruise AU0304.
          
Shigeru Aoki         CTD, moorings                       National Institute of Polar Research, JPN
John Church          CTD                                 CSIRO
Clodagh Curran       hydrochemistry                      Antarctic CRC
Yasu Fukamachi       CTD, moorings                       Hokkaido University
Neale Johnston       hydrochemistry                      CSIRO
Dan McLaughlan       CTD, moorings                       CSIRO
Mark Rosenberg       CTD, moorings                       Antarctic CRC
Serguei Sokolov      CTD, LADCP                          CSIRO
Andreas Thurnherr    CTD, LADCP                          Florida State University
Shinsuke Toyoda      CTD, moorings                       Hokkaido University
Bronwyn Wake         hydrochemistry                      Antarctic CRC
          
Luke Finley          krill                               Antarctic Division
Edwina Hollander     krill                               Antarctic Division
Brian Hunt           krill, CPR                          Antarctic Division
So Kawaguchi         krill                               Antarctic Division
John Kitchener       krill, CPR                          Antarctic Division
Ichwan Nasution      krill                               Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research, Indonesia
Steve Romaine        hydroacoustics                      IOS, Canada
Patti Virtue         krill                               IASOS
David Wanless        hydroacoustics                      Antarctic Division
          
Mahadi Mohammad      phytoplankton                       Universiti Sains Malaysia
Wan Maznah Wan Omar  phytoplankton                       Universiti Sains Malaysia
Sazlina Salleh       phytoplankton                       Universiti Sains Malaysia
Vera Subariah        phytoplankton                       State University of Papua
Zul Yasin            phytoplankton                       Universiti Sains Malaysia
          
Catherine Bell       whales                              University of Adelaide
Paul Hodda           whales                              Australian Whale Conservation Society
Shannon McKay        whales                              Deakin University
Julie Oswald         whale hydroacoustics                Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Vic Peddemors        whales                              Univ. of Durban-Westville, S. Africa
Kate Stafford        whale hydroacoustics                NOAA
          
Alice Ewing          birds                               IASOS
Peter Lansley        birds                               IASOS
          
Christel Heeman      floating sediment traps, diatoms    Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany
Stephane Pesant      floating sediment traps, diatoms    University of Western Australia
Maya Whiteley        floating sediment traps, diatoms    University of Western Australia
          
John Birss           doctor                              Antarctic Division
Andrew Cawthorn      gear officer                        Antarctic Division
Mirjana Jambrecina   dotzapper                           Antarctic Division
Ruth Lawless         deputy voyage leader                Antarctic Division
Steve Nicol          voyage leader, krill                Antarctic Division
Alan Poole           electronics                         Antarctic Division
Bryan Scott          computing                           Antarctic Division
Graeme Snow          communications                      Antarctic Division
Tony Veness          electronics                         Antarctic Division
          
          
          
          
Table 1.8b:  Scientific personnel (cruise participants) for cruise AU0403.
          
Kate Berry           hydrochemistry                      CSIRO
Jacqui Foster        carbon, krill                       Marine Discovery Centre, Woodbridge
Yasu Fukamachi       CTD, moorings, LADCP                Hokkaido University
Judy Horsburgh       carbon                              IASOS
Eric Howarth         CTD, turbulence probe               Florida State University
Kazu Kusahara        CTD, moorings                       Hokkaido University
Anna Kuswardani      CTD                                 Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research, Indonesia
Peter Lazarevich     CTD, turbulence probe               Florida State University
Lusia Manu           CTD                                 Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia
Andrew Moy           hydrochemistry                      ACE CRC
Clodagh Moy          hydrochemistry                      ACE CRC
Steve Rintoul        CTD, voyage leader                  CSIRO
Mark Rosenberg       CTD, moorings, deputy voyage leader ACE CRC
Katsunori Sagishima  CFC                                 Marine Works Japan
Ken'ichi Sasaki      CFC                                 JAMSTEC, Japan
Rick Smith           CTD, Argo floats                    CSIRO
Serguei Sokolov      CTD, LADCP                          CSIRO
Bronwyn Wake         selenium, krill                     CSIRO
          
Mark Doubell         phytoplankton                       Flinders University
David Poulsen        phytoplankton                       Flinders University
Justin Rowntree      phytoplankton, krill                Flinders University
Justin Seymour       phytoplankton                       Flinders University
Raechel Waters       phytoplankton, krill                Flinders University
          
David Andrew         birds                               free agent
Andrew Stafford      birds                               free agent
          
Cath Deacon          doctor                              Antarctic Division
Chris Kuplis         communications                      Antarctic Division
Tim Shaw             electronics                         ACE CRC
Graeme Snow          communications                      Antarctic Division
Peter Wiley          computing                           Antarctic Division



Figure 1.4a and b: AU0304 hull mounted ADCP 30 minute ensemble data, for 
             (a) whole cruise track, and (b) Kerguelen DWBC, PET and krill survey.
Figure 1.4c and d: AU0403 hull mounted ADCP 30 minute ensemble data, for 
             (c) whole cruise track, and (d) Kerguelen DWBC and PET.
Figure 1.5a: AU0304 apparent ADCP vertical current shear, calculated from uncorrected 
             (i.e. ship speed included) ADCP velocities. The data are divided into 
             different speed classes, according to ship speed during the 30 minute 
             ensembles. For each speed class, the profile is an average over the entire cruise.
Figure 1.5b: AU0403 apparent ADCP vertical current shear, calculated from uncorrected 
             (i.e. ship speed included) ADCP velocities. The data are divided into 
             different speed classes, according to ship speed during the 30 minute 
             ensembles. For each speed class, the profile is an average over the entire cruise.
Figure 1.6a and b: AU0304 comparison between: 
             (a)	CTD and underway temperature data, and 
             (b)	CTD and underway salinity data, including bestfit lines. 
             Note: dls refers to underway data.
Figure 1.6c and d: AU0403 comparison between 
             (c) CTD and underway temperature data, and 
             (d) CTD and underway salinity data, including bestfit lines. 
             Note: dls refers to underway data.



1.3.2.  ADCP

The hull mounted ADCP on the Aurora Australis is described in Rosenberg (unpublished 
report, 1999), with the following updates:

 (i) There is no longer a Fugro differential GPS system - all GPS data, including heading, 
     come from the Ashtech 3D system.

(ii) Triggering of the 12 kHz sounder and the higher frequency hydroacoustics array are now 
     separate, resulting in a higher ping rate for the ADCP (linked to the higher frequency 
     hydroacoustics array).

Logging parameters for both cruises are summarised in Table 1.9. Current vectors for both 
cruises are plotted in Figures 1.4a to d; the apparent vertical current shear error for 
different ship speed classes, discussed in Rosenberg (unpublished report, 1999), is plotted 
in Figures 1.5a and b.


Table 1.9:  ADCP logging and calibration parameters for cruises AU0304 and AU0403.

ping parameters                                    bottom track ping parameters
----------------------                             --------------------------------------
no. of bins:   60                                  no. of bins:  128
bin length:    8 m                                 bin length:   4 m
pulse length:  8 m                                 pulse length: 32 m
delay:         4 m    
ping interval: minimum                             ping interval: same as profiling pings
      
reference layer averaging:   bins 8 to 20    
XROT:                        822    
ensemble averaging duration: 3 min.  (for logged data)    
                             30 min. (for final processed data)    
      
calibration      
cruise  α (± standard deviation)  1+β (± standard deviation)  no. of calibration sites
AU0304       2.346 ± 0.568              1.0712 ± 0.011                  375           
AU0403       2.408 ± 0.535              1.0687 ± 0.011                  183



1.3.3.  Underway measurements

Underway data were logged to an Oracle database on the ship. For more information, 
see the AADC (Antarctic Division Data Centre) website, and the cruise dotzapper 
(i.e. data quality controller) report for AU0304:

Marine Science Support Data Quality Report, RSV Aurora Australis Season Voyage 
4 2002-2003, Mim Jambrecina, January 2003, Antarctic Division unpublished report.

(report at web address http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/metadata/mar_sci/Dz200203040.html)

Note that AU0403 underway data have not been dotzapped (except for the 12 kHz depth 
data). For both cruises, a sound speed of 1490 ms^-1 was used for ocean depth 
calculation, and the ship's draught of 7.3 m was accounted for. 

For AU0304, underway data were dumped from the AADC website. Underway data 
for AU0403 were supplied by Peter Wiley (AAD Marine Science Support). Data 
are in the following files:

AU0304
1 min. instantaneous values, text format:   kaos.ora
1 min. instantaneous values, matlab format: kaosora.mat

AU0403
1 min. average values, text format:   i9_unzapped.ora
1 min. average values, matlab format: i9_unzappedora.mat
(except for depth, which is 1 min. instantaneous values)

Note that for AU0403 data, all wind data are suspect due to anemometer vane damage.

A correction was applied to the underway sea surface temperature and salinity 
data, derived by comparing the underway data with CTD temperature and salinity 
data at 8 dbar (Figure 1.6a to d). The following corrections were applied:

for AU0304:
     T = T(dls) - 0.017                                             (eqn 1.1)
     S = S(dls) + 0.029                                             (eqn 1.2)

for AU0403:
     T = 1.002 T(dls) - 0.050                                       (eqn 1.3)
     S = 0.996 S(dls) + 0.163                                       (eqn 1.4)

for corrected underway temperature and salinity T and S respectively, and 
uncorrected values T(dls) and S(dls). 


1.3.4.  Moorings and drifters

Mooring deployments and recoveries are summarised in Table 1.5. Mooring data 
are described in detail in Part 2 of this report. Drifter deployments are 
summarised in Table 1.6.


1.4.  PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

AU0304
  • Significant time was lost to bad weather, and to shortage of fuel and the 
    resulting time spent obtaining fuel from the Polar Bird at Mawson. Many of 
    the planned CTD's southward across the southern Kerguelen Plateau and Princess 
    Elizabeth Trough were omitted due to the resulting time constraints.

  • Logging of 12 kHz sounder data seized up on several occasions. As a result, 
    some of the bathymetry during the deployments of moorings 4 and 5 is missing.

  • The CTD seacable electric termination failed during the downcast of the first 
    test cast (CTD 1), and electric retermination was required.

  • During the inital deployment attempt for CTD 39, overtensioning of the winch 
    resulted in slippage of the mechanical termination and breakage of the electric 
    termination; a full retermination was required.

  • There was difficulty throughout the cruise obtaining stable data from the 
    Benthos PSA-900 altimeters. On two occasions, at CTD 38 and CTD 50, altimeter 
    problems resulted in the package touching the bottom.

  • Unstable altimeter readings prevented a confirmed approach to the bottom for 
    several stations (details given section 1.5 of this report). 

  • For the first 9 stations, the top Niskin caps were cocked incorrectly, 
    preventing sufficient flushing of the bottles during the cast. This was obvious 
    from the shallower bottle samples in the steep vertical gradients (details given 
    in section 1.5).

  • Some CTD winch spooling problems occurred throughout the cruise. After CTD 43, 
    the spooler from the aft winch was installed for use on the forward winch.

AU0403
  • CTD winch spooling problems were significant throughout the cruise, with a 
    cumulative time loss of one full day.

  • For the first part of the cruise the CTD gantry was problematic, due to a 
    badly adjusted proximity switch. This caused significant delays at several 
    stations.

  • Severe rolling of the ship during CTD operations was experienced for much 
    of the I9S transect, due to offset of current and wind headings. CTD 
    deployments and recoveries were difficult on occasion, and the CTD wire 
    was often kinked due to wire snatching with the ship roll as the CTD 
    entered the water. The CTD room flooded on occasion due to the rolling, 
    most seriously during CTD 49 - on this occasion, much of the CTD room 
    electronics were shorted, including the gantry, and CTD recovery at the 
    end of the cast was delayed for an hour while the gantry electronics 
    were repaired.

  • A full seacable retermination was required before CTD 18, when a broken 
    strand was noticed near the top of the wire during the initial deployment 
    attempt. Two further full reterminations were carried out after CTD's 28 
    and 39. An electrical retermination only was carried out after CTD 38.

  • Both available CTD frame lifting bridles were bent during the cruise, 
    during either the deployment or recovery operations. Repeat straightening 
    was not possible, and as a result most CTD's for the cruise were carried 
    out with the frame hanging at an angle (~5 to 10 degrees).

  • For many CTD stations, difficulties communicating with the rosette pylon 
    were experienced. The fault was traced to a faulty pylon-to-CTD cable, 
    and then again to the first replacement pylon-to-CTD cable. Details of 
    data losses and data degradation due to this problem are given in section 1.5.

  • During CTD 9, the ship's thrusters struggled to maintain heading, and 
    vessel drift was fast. At the bottom of the cast the bathymetry changed 
    rapidly, with the sea bed "chasing" the package on the upcast from ~5200 
    dbar up to ~4900 dbar.

  • During CTD 13 and CTD 48, the ship lost heading, resulting in a large 
    wire angle and towing of the CTD behind the ship. On each occasion a 
    Niskin bottle was lost from the package.

  • During CTD 4, 5 and 35, downcasts were stopped early due to hazard from 
    the rapidly changing bathymetry over steep slopes. CTD 5 was stopped at 
    75 m above the bottom. For CTD 4, the bottom of the downcast was an 
    elevation greater than 192 m above the sea bed i.e. out of range of the 
    LADCP. For CTD 35, there were no LADCP data so it is not known where the 
    sea bed was relative to the bottom of the cast.

  • The PSA-900 altimeter used for the first few CTD's failed by station 6. 
    The package touched the bottom during station 6, with no response from 
    the altimeter.

  • The package touched the bottom again during station 40, due to a winch 
    driving error.

  • The upper and lower bottle locating rings on the CTD frame were slightly 
    out of adjustment, and on several occasions bottles returned to the deck 
    hanging from the frame by the saftey rope. Samples from these bottles were 
    bad (see section 1.5).

  • The LADCP battery housing leaked on two occasions, first during CTD 22, 
    then again during CTD 25 after an initial repair attempt. The leakage 
    caused battery shorting and damage to a bulkhead connector. The LADCP 
    could not be used for stations 26 to 39, during the second repair attempt. 

  • A new Lachat nutrient analyser was used for the first time on this cruise, 
    and data quality problems were encountered. Further details are given in 
    section 1.5 and Appendix 1.1.



1.5.  CTD AND BOTTLE DATA RESULTS

CTD and Niskin bottle data quality are discussed in this section. Full 
details of the CTD data processing and calibration techniques are 
described in Appendix 1.2. Data file formats are described in Appendix 
1.3. When using the data, the following data quality tables are 
important:

Table 1.15 - questionable CTD data
Table 1.16 - questionable nutrient data

In general, the CTD data quality for these cruises using the Sea-Bird 
CTD system is improved compared to previous cruises using the Neil Brown 
type CTD's, in particular for CTD dissolved oxygen data. A small 
disadvantage of the new CTD system is the required deployment 
methodology (described above in section 1.3), which means the top few 
dbar of data are missed. However this near surface data was often 
suspect anyway for the old Neil Brown type CTD's, due to transient 
sensor errors when entering the water.


1.5.1.  CTD data


1.5.1.1.  Conductivity/salinity

The conductivity calibration and equivalent salinity results for both 
cruises are plotted in Figures 1.7 and 1.8, and the derived conductivity 
calibration coefficients are listed in Tables 1.12 and 1.13.

AU0304
The conductivity cell on CTD703 (used for the entire cruise) calibrated 
very well (Figures 1.7a and 1.8a), with CTD salinity accurate to well 
within 0.002 (PSS78). Note that the primary conductivity/temperature 
sensor pair was used for the final data. Close inspection of the 
vertical profiles of the bottle-CTD salinity difference values reveals a 
slight negative biasing of the order 0.001 (PSS78) for stations 39 and 
53, and a slight positive biasing of the same magnitude for station 48. 

TS plot comparisons for these stations with surrounding stations 
indicates the biasing is most likely due to salinometer instabilities.
 
For stations 38 and 50 where the CTD touched the bottom, close 
inspection of conductivity and temperature data does not show any 
significant difference before and after touchdown.

AU0403
The conductivity cells on CTD703 (stations 1 to 41) and CTD704 (stations 
42 to 115) calibrated very well (Figures 1.7b and 1.8b), with CTD 
salinity accurate to well within 0.0015 (PSS78). For this cruise, a 
small calibration drift over the cruise was evident for the primary 
conductivity sensor, so the secondary conductivity/temperature sensor 
pair was used for the final data. Inspection of vertical profiles of the 
bottle-CTD salinity difference values reveals a slight negative biasing 
of the order 0.001 (PSS78) for stations 35, 42 and 53, and of the order 
0.002 (PSS78) for station 54; and a slight positive biasing of the order 
0.001 (PSS78) for station 36. As for AU0304, this is most likely due to 
salinometer instabilities.

During the downcast of CTD 9, 11 and 14, transmission faults resulted in 
bad conductivity/salinity data from 222 to 246 dbar for CTD 9, 208 to 
218 dbar for CTD 11, and 202 to 224 dbar for CTD 14. 

For stations 6 and 40 where the CTD touched the bottom, there is no 
significant offset in conductivity and temperature data before and after 
bottom contact.


1.5.1.2.  Temperature

As mentioned above, primary temperature was used for final AU0304 data, 
while secondary temperature was used for final AU0403 data. Primary and 
secondary temperature data (t(p) and t(s) respectively) are compared for 
both cruises in Figures 1.9a and b. CTD upcast burst data, obtained at 
each Niskin bottle stop, are used for the comparison. From the figures, 
there is a very small pressure dependency of t(p)-t(s) for CTD704 (of 
the order 0.0005°C over 5000 dbar) , and a much stronger dependency for 
CTD703 (of the order 0.002°C over 5000 dbar). Without some temperature 
standard for comparison, it cannot be determined which of the 2 CTD703 
temperature sensors has the strong pressure dependency; and indeed for 
CTD704, it cannot be determined whether the 2 temperature sensors have 
the same pressure dependency, or no pressure dependency. As a result, 
all temperature data from below ~2000 dbar for both cruises can only be 
considered accurate to 0.002°C. For shallower data (above ~1500 dbar), 
temperature accuracy is 0.001°C. Clearly, use of an independent 
temperature standard such as an SBE35 would improve temperature accuracy 
e.g. CTD work by the RV Mirai (Uchida and Fukasawa, 2005). 

For CTD704 (AU0403 stations 42 to 115), several bad data scans occurred 
for secondary temperature during each cast, due to a hardware problem. 
The problem was manifest as 2 consecutive data scans being plus and 
minus the expected value. These bad scans (typicaly 5 or 10 per station) 
were removed by a despiking routine. 


1.5.1.3.  Pressure

On previous cruises using General Oceanics Neil Brown type CTD's, noise 
in the pressure signal often resulted in pressure spiking up to 1 dbar 
in magnitude, resulting in vertical "jumps" when removing pressure 
reversals in preparation for 2 dbar averaging. There was no equivalent 
pressure noise for the Sea-Bird CTD's, and when creating 2 dbar bin 
averages using a minimum required attendance of 8 data scans per bin, 
there were no missing 2 dbar bins for the data from cruises AU0304 and 
AU0403.

Surface pressure offsets for each cast (Table 1.11) were obtained from 
inspection of the data before the package entered the water.


1.5.1.4.  Dissolved oxygen

The CTD oxygen calibration results for both cruises are plotted in 
Figure 1.10, and the derived calibration coefficients are listed in 
Table 1.18. CTD oxygen data using the new SBE43 sensors are 
significantly improved compared with previous cruises, and overall the 
calibrated CTD oxygen agrees with the bottle data to well within 1% of 
full scale (where full scale is ~380 µmol/l above 750 dbar, and ~270 
µmol/l below 750 dbar), with exceptions discussed below. Near surface 
CTD oxygen data, typically suspect for previous cruises, is much 
improved, owing to the pumped system of the Sea-Bird CTD's.

When calibrating the CTD oxygen data, in the case of deeper stations, 
calibrating the whole profile as a single fit against bottle data in 
general leaves small residuals between calibrated CTD and bottle oxygen 
near the bottom of the profile. This suggests there is a subtle 
difference in response of the oxygen sensor according to depth, not 
accounted for by any of the calibration coefficients. Consequently, for 
casts deeper than 1400 dbar the profiles were split into a shallow and 
deep part for separate calculation of calibration coefficients, with a 
linear interpolation between the 2 calibrations around the split point. 
Casts shallower than 1400 dbar were calibrated as whole profile fits. 
Complete details of this calibration methodology are given in Appendix 
1.2.


AU0304
  • For most stations, there is a suspicious increase in CTD oxygen data from 
    the surface down to the base of the mixed layer. This increase is mostly of 
    the order ~4 µmol/l, and is assumed to be an equilibration issue with the 
    sensor, with insufficient time given for the sensor to "warm up" after turning 
    on the power prior to each cast. As a result, near surface CTD oxygen data 
    for this cruise should only be considered accurate to 2%.

  • For station 4, CTD oxygen data for the top part of the profile could not 
    be fitted against the bottle samples, and data were rejected for 2 to 118 
    dbar.

  • For station 24, there were insufficient bottles below 50 dbar, and the CTD 
    oxygen data were therefore rejected for 52 to 1936 dbar.

  • For station 28, CTD oxygen data were rejected for 180 to 606 dbar, again 
    due to lack of bottle samples.

  • For station 56, CTD oxygen data were rejected for 1000 to 1002 dbar, due 
    to a kink in the data resulting from power cycling of the deck unit.

  • Additional near surface CTD oxygen data rejected were for station 6 (2 to 
    12 dbar), station 150 (2 to 150 dbar), and station 59 (2 to 98 dbar). 
    Suspect near surface data retained in the data files are listed in Table 1.15.

AU0403
  • For several stations, pylon communication problems resulted in missing 
    bottle samples, and in the worst cases sections of vertical CTD oxygen 
    profile data could not be calibrated. As a result, CTD oxygen data are missing for:

    station 38, 2 to 78 dbar       station 63, 2 to 984 dbar
    station 39, whole profile      station 68, 2 to 296 dbar
    station 41, 2 to 342 dbar      station 73, 2 to 478 dbar
    station 51, 2 to 100 dbar

  • For station 7, CTD oxygen sensor data were bad below 3222 dbar. For station 
    44, oxygen sensor data were bad below 4396 dbar.

  • For station 38, not enough samples were available for a split profile 
    calibration fit (Appendix 1.2), so a whole profile fit was done.

  • For stations 75, 110 and 114, the CTD to bottle oxygen fit is not so good 
    near the surface, with a difference of ~2 to 3% at the shallowest bottle.


1.5.1.5.  Fluorescence

All fluorescence data have a calibration as supplied by the manufacturer 
(Table 1.10). In general, these data should only be used quantitatively if 
linked to primary productivity data derived from Niskin bottles samples. 

For AU0403 station 29, the sensor cover was accidentally left on the 
fluorometer, and fluorescence values are very high. The profile shape 
however appears to be okay.


1.5.1.6.  Additional CTD data processing/quality notes

AU0304
  • For stations 3, 39, 47, 48, 52 and 58, downcasts had to be stopped before 
    "seeing" the bottom with the altimeter, due to unreliability of the 
    altimeter. For station 48 there were no LADCP data, and the final elevation 
    above the bottom is unknown.

  • Station 56 - The downcast was paused at 1000 dbar and the power was cycled to 
    try and get the altimeter to work. The altimeter came on again and logging 
    was recommenced as a different file.



AU0403
  • Station 4 - The final elevation above the bottom at the bottom of the cast 
    is > 192 m (i.e. outside LADCP range).

  • Station 10 - The cast was started 2 miles south of the planned location, 
    to avoid the steep slope and to give maximum depth for attempts at fixing 
    the CTD winch spooling.

  • Station 16 - At the 1250 dbar bottle stop on the upcast, data acquisition 
    was accidentally stopped (instead of firing the bottle). Logging was 
    restarted to a new file.

  • Station 22 - After inital deployment to 20 dbar and commencement of pump 
    operation, the CTD was not brought back to just below the surface - the 
    top 20 dbar of data are therefore missing.

  • Station 35 - The final elevation above the bottom at the bottom of the 
    cast is unknown.

  • Station 61 - The cast was commenced ~1 mile southwest of the planned 
    location, due to the presence of an iceberg.

  • Station 81 - The CTD was lifted out of the water prematurely, before 
    bottle 24 was fired. It was lowered back down to 10 dbar to fire the 
    bottle.

  • Data losses/degradation due to communication problems with the rosette 
    pylon are as follows. One or more Niskin bottles didn't close for stations 
    41, 51, 63, 68, 73, 75 and 76. For several stations, some bottle samples 
    are bad due to uncertainty of bottle closing depth, stations 38 and 39 
    being the worst affected. Given the generally stable performance of the 
    CTD conductivity cell, the number of good salinity samples obtained from 
    these and surrounding stations means that CTD salinity data quality is not 
    degraded. The more significant data degradation is the poorer vertical 
    definition of CFC and nutrient profiles. For CTD oxygen, data cannot be 
    calibrated for sections of the profile where several oxygen samples are 
    missing, and as a result some CTD oxygen data is missing for several 
    stations, as detailed in section 1.5.1.4 above.


1.5.2.  Niskin bottle data

Questionable nutrient samples are listed in Table 1.16, and questionable 
bottle oxygen samples are listed in Table 1.17. International Standard 
Seawater batch numbers used for salinity analyses are detailed in Appendix 1.1.

Nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate data are shown in Figure 1.11. For AU0304, 
and for southern stations for AU0403, shallow samples are clearly depleted 
in phosphate. This feature has been observed on previous cruises during the 
austral summer (Part 4 in Rosenberg et al., 1997), and is believed to be real.

AU0304
  • For the first 9 stations, several bottle samples were bad for all 
    parameters, due to inadequate flushing of the Niskin bottles caused by 
    incorrect cocking of the Niskin top caps. The following samples were affected:

    station 4, Niskin 24, 23, 22, 21, 18 and 16
    station 6, Niskin 24, 21, 20, 29, 18 and 16
    station 7, Niskin 24 and 21
    station 8, Niskin 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15
    station 9, Niskin 9.

  • From intercruise comparisons (relevant Appendix not yet completed), 
    phosphate data for AU0304 appears to be mostly low, by ~2 to 4%.

  • Problems were encountered with the nitrate channel on the Alpkem 
    autoanalyser, and a significant number of nitrate+nitrate values have 
    been flagged as questionable (Table 1.16).

AU0403
  • At station 1, the last 2 rosette positions were not fired due to operator 
    error - thus there were no samples for Niskin 24 (no Niskin 23 due to LADCP).

  • For station 8, unstable salinometer behaviour resulted in suspect salinity 
    samples for rosette positions 5 to 18.  

  • For station 26, salinity bottle samples are suspect for rosette positions 
    15 to 20, most likely due to the salinometer.

  • For stations 31 to 55, a problem occurred with the dissolved oxygen 
    instrument standardisation. The oxygen values for these stations were 
    corrected after sample analysis (details given in Appendix 1.1).



  • Duplicate oxygen samples were taken at several stations, as follows:

    station 6 to 23 - bottom 8 bottles
    station 24 to 31 - 8 bottles, spanning the oxygen minimum
    station 35 to 37 and 40 to 49 - 4 bottles, spanning the oxygen minimum
    station 58 to 61 - bottom 4 bottles

The duplicate samples were analysed using a different technique, on the Lachat 
nutrient analyser. These results did not warrant further analysis (R. Cowley, 
CSIRO, personal communication).

  • At several stations, 1 or more Niskins were dislodged from the frame. On 2 
    occasions bottles were lost (station 13 Niskin 17, and station 48 Niskin 
    108). For remaining cases, the bottles returned to deck hanging from a 
    safety rope, and samples were taken. All these samples were bad for all 
    paramaters, as follows:

    station 17, Niskin 16
    station 19, Niskin 12
    station 20, Niskin 16 and 12
    station 31, Niskin 104
    station 48, Niskin 24 (oxygen data retained for this bottle, but flagged 
                as questionable)

  • For station 82, the endcaps were lost from Niskin 107 when a spring 
    lanyard broke during the cast.

  • Problems were encountered with accuracy of nutrient measurments using the 
    new Lachat analyser, particularly for phosphate, and at low 
    concentrations. After much experimentation with the equipment and a 
    marked improvement in data accuracy, many samples were rerun using the 
    duplicates. See Appendix 1.1 for further details.  


Figure 1.7a  and b: Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number for 
             (a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403. The solid line follows 
             the mean of the residuals for each station; the broken lines are 
             ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station. 
             c(cal) = calibrated CTD conductivity from the CTD upcast burst 
             data; c(btl) = 'in situ' Niskin bottle conductivity, found by 
             using CTD pressure and temperature from the CTD upcast burst data 
             in the conversion of Niskin bottle salinity to conductivity.
Figure 1.8a  and b: Salinity residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number 
             for (a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403. The solid line is 
             the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the 
             standard deviation of all the residuals. s(cal) = calibrated 
             CTD salinity; s(btl) = Niskin bottle salinity value.
Figure 1.9:  Difference between primary and secondary temperature sensor 
             (tp - ts) for CTD upcast burst data from Niskin bottle stops, for 
             (a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403.
Figure 1.10a and b: Dissolved oxygen residual (o((btl)) - o(cal)) versus 
             station number for (a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403. 
             The solid line follows the mean residual for each station; the 
             broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for 
             each station. o(cal)=calibrated downcast CTD dissolved oxygen; 
             o(btl)=Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen value. Note: values outside 
             vertical axes plotted on axes limits.
Figure 1.11: Nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate data for AU0304 and AU0403.


Table 1.10:  Calibration coefficients and calibration dates for CTD's used 
             during cruises AU0304 and AU0403. Note that platinum temperature 
             calibrations are for the ITS-90 scale.


AU0304, CTD serial number 703 (all calibrations supplied by manufacturer)
coefficient  value of coefficient               coefficient  value of coefficient
-----------  --------------------               -----------  --------------------
Primary Temperature, serial 4208, 18/09/2002    Secondary Temperature, serial 4245, 04/09/2002
  G            : 4.36431101e-003                  G            : 4.38201522e-003
  H            : 6.46864899e-004                  H            : 6.45520809e-004
  I            : 2.24097114e-005                  I            : 2.25045727e-005
  J            : 1.78556443e-006                  J            : 1.85646207e-006
  F0           : 1000.000                         F0           : 1000.000
  Slope        : 1.00000000                       Slope        : 1.00000000
  Offset       : 0.0000                           Offset       : 0.0000
                                
Primary Conductivity, serial 2788, 18/09/2002   Secondary Conductivity, serial 2821, 24/09/2002
  G            : -9.73289151e+000                 G            : -1.05979689e+001
  H            : 1.43026028e+000                  H            : 1.43865878e+000
  I            : -1.27776424e-003                 I            : -4.12365989e-004
  J            : 1.76869992e-004                  J            : 1.06979561e-004
  CTcor        : 3.2500e-006                      CTcor        : 3.2500e-006
  CPcor        : -9.57000000e-008                 CPcor        : -9.57000000e-008
  Slope        : 1.00000000                       Slope        : 1.00000000
  Offset       : 0.00000                          Offset       : 0.00000
                              
Pressure, serial 88903, 22/03/2002              Oxygen, serial 0191, 24/09/2002
  C1           : -4.989485e+004                   Soc          : 4.7260e-001
  C2           : -1.030675e+000                   Boc          : 0.0000
  C3           : 1.388810e-002                    Offset       : -0.4841
  D1           : 3.863300e-002                    Tcor         : 0.0046
  D2           : 0.000000e+000                    Pcor         : 1.35e-004
  T1           : 3.010350e+001                    Tau          : 0.0
  T2           : -5.657137e-004                         
  T3           : 3.998260e-006                  Fluorometer, serial 013, 27/11/2002
  T4           : 2.345400e-009                    Vblank       : 0.0970
  T5           : 0.000000e+000                    Scale factor : 1.28667000e+001
  Slope        : 1.00000000                    
  Offset       : 0.40000                    
  AD590M       : 1.276320e-002                    
  AD590B       : -9.834109e+000                    
               
Primary Temperature, serial 4208, 23/07/2004    Secondary Temperature, serial 4245, 23/07/2004
  G            : 4.36424125e-003                  G            : 4.38186967e-003
  H            : 6.46711671e-004                  H            : 6.45201467e-004
  I            : 2.23037791e-005                  I            : 2.22699049e-005
  J            : 1.76166534e-006                  J            : 1.80088365e-006
  F0           : 1000.000                         F0           : 1000.000
  Slope        : 1.00000000                       Slope        : 1.00000000
  Offset       : 0.0000                           Offset       : 0.0000
                              
AU0403, CTD serial number 703  (all calibrations supplied by manufacturer)
Primary Conductivity, serial 2788, 23/07/2004   Secondary Conductivity, serial 2821, 23/07/2004
  G            : -9.73488518e+000                 G            : -1.05940111e+001
  H            : 1.42981499e+000                  H            : 1.43567822e+000
  I            : -9.36650117e-004                 I            : 6.80159176e-004
  J            : 1.55796390e-004                  J            : 3.43281772e-005
  CTcor        : 3.2500e-006                      CTcor        : 3.2500e-006
  CPcor        : -9.57000000e-008                 CPcor        : -9.57000000e-008
  Slope        : 1.00000000                       Slope        : 1.00000000
  Offset       : 0.00000                          Offset       : 0.00000


Table 1.10:  (continued)

coefficient  value of coefficient             coefficient  value of coefficient
                              
Pressure, serial 88903, 23/07/2004              Oxygen, serial 0191, 11/08/2004
  C1           : -4.989485e+004                   Soc          : 4.7130e-001
  C2           : -1.030675e+000                   Boc          : 0.0000
  C3           : 1.388810e-002                    Offset       : -0.4921
  D1           : 3.863300e-002                    Tcor         : 0.0012
  D2           : 0.000000e+000                    Pcor         : 1.35e-004
  T1           : 3.010350e+001                    Tau          : 0.0
  T2           : -5.657137e-004                             
  T3           : 3.998260e-006                  Fluorometer, serial 013, 27/11/2002
  T4           : 2.345400e-009                    Vblank       : 0.0970
  T5           : 0.000000e+000                    Scale factor : 1.28667000e+001
  Slope        : 1.00013000                    
  Offset       : -0.14160                    
  AD590M       : 1.276320e-002                    
  AD590B       : -9.834109e+000                    
                              
Primary Temperature, serial 4248, 04/08/2004    Secondary Temperature, serial 4246, 23/07/2004
  G            : 4.38733870e-003                  G            : 3.97919382e-003
  H            : 6.51075969e-004                  H            : 6.21868034e-004
  I            : 2.33753796e-005                  I            : 1.87739784e-005
  J            : 1.88807486e-006                  J            : 1.60756924e-006
  F0           : 1000.000                         F0           : 1000.000
  Slope        : 1.00000000                       Slope        : 1.00000000
  Offset       : 0.0000                           Offset       : 0.0000
                              
Primary Conductivity, serial 2977, 29/07/2004   Secondary Conductivity, serial 2808, 23/07/2004
  G            : -1.07267718e+001                 G            : -9.29883054e+000
  H            : 1.48472457e+000                  H            : 1.43077133e+000
  I            : 3.84843342e-006                  I            : -1.73862736e-003
  J            : 7.45463011e-005                  J            : 2.09562861e-004
  CTcor        : 3.2500e-006                      CTcor        : 3.2500e-006
  CPcor        : -9.57000000e-008                 CPcor        : -9.57000000e-008
  Slope        : 1.00000000                       Slope        : 1.00000000
  Offset       : 0.00000                          Offset       : 0.00000
                              
Table 1.10:  (continued)

AU0403, CTD serial number 704  (all calibrations supplied by manufacturer)
Pressure, serial 89084, 23/07/2004              Oxygen, serial 0178, 26/07/2004
  C1           : -5.337692e+004                   Soc          : 5.2230e-001
  C2           : -5.768735e-001                   Boc          : 0.0000
  C3           : 1.541700e-002                    Offset       : -0.4914
  D1           : 3.853800e-002                    Tcor         : 0.0021
  D2           : 0.000000e+000                    Pcor         : 1.35e-004
  T1           : 2.984003e+001                    Tau          : 0.0
  T2           : -4.090591e-004                              
  T3           : 3.693030e-006                  Fluorometer, serial 013, 27/11/2002
  T4           : 3.386020e-009                    Vblank       : 0.0970
  T5           : 0.000000e+000                    Scale factor : 1.28667000e+001
  Slope        : 1.00002000                              
  Offset       : -0.2038                              
  AD590M       : 1.283280e-002                              
  AD590B       : -9.705663e+000                              
                              


Table 1.11: Surface pressure offsets (i.e. poff, in dbar). For each station, 
            these values are subtracted from the pressure calibration "offset" 
            value from Table 1.10. 

stn  poff     stn  poff     stn  poff     stn  poff     stn  poff     stn   poff
----------    ---------     ---------     ---------     ---------     ----------
AU0304
 1   0.40     12   0.54     23   0.49     34   0.75     45   0.84     56    0.51
 2   0.61     13   0.63     24   0.60     35   0.76     46   0.78     57    0.58
 3   0.54     14   0.52     25   0.80     36   0.43     47   0.71     58    0.41
 4   0.38     15   0.56     26   0.73     37   0.45     48   0.60     59    0.70
 5   0.56     16   0.65     27   0.49     38   0.59     49   0.51     60    0.73
 6   0.62     17   0.62     28   0.52     39   0.50     50   0.58     61    0.70
 7   0.63     18   0.60     29   0.58     40   0.58     51   0.56     62    0.20
 8   0.62     19   0.78     30   0.50     41   0.58     52   0.54     63    0.51
 9   0.50     20   0.72     31   0.61     42   0.60     53   0.42     64    0.55
10   0.45     21   0.74     32   0.58     43   0.75     54   0.55     
11   0.48     22   0.73     33   0.59     44   0.68     55   0.69     

AU0403
 1  -0.23     21  -0.39     41  -0.46     61  -0.71     81  -0.72     101  -0.84
 2  -0.35     22  -0.31     42  -0.57     62  -0.75     82  -0.63     102  -0.91
 3  -0.31     23  -0.38     43  -0.70     63  -0.62     83  -0.65     103  -0.81
 4  -0.32     24  -0.51     44  -0.70     64  -0.67     84  -0.57     104  -0.92
 5  -0.39     25  -0.47     45  -0.68     65  -0.76     85  -0.90     105  -0.85
 6  -0.31     26  -0.49     46  -0.78     66  -0.77     86  -0.65     106  -0.77
 7  -0.33     27  -0.47     47  -0.69     67  -0.77     87  -0.70     107  -0.80
 8  -0.29     28  -0.56     48  -0.91     68  -0.85     88  -0.72     108  -0.84
 9  -0.38     29  -0.53     49  -0.88     69  -0.82     89  -0.75     109  -0.80
10  -0.33     30  -0.55     50  -0.96     70  -0.91     90  -0.65     110  -0.80
11  -0.31     31  -0.55     51  -0.93     71  -0.94     91  -0.66     111  -0.76
12  -0.42     32  -0.41     52  -0.98     72  -0.85     92  -0.65     112  -0.78
13  -0.40     33  -0.41     53  -0.88     73  -0.98     93  -0.65     113  -0.76
14  -0.44     34  -0.47     54  -0.88     74  -0.90     94  -0.65     114  -0.67
15  -0.39     35  -0.43     55  -0.91     75  -0.95     95  -0.54     115  -0.50
16  -0.41     36  -0.53     56  -0.85     76  -0.97     96  -0.70     
17  -0.37     37  -0.60     57  -0.79     77  -0.75     97  -0.70     
18  -0.32     38  -0.54     58  -0.80     78  -0.81     98  -0.78     
19  -0.25     39  -0.36     59  -0.74     79  -0.80     99  -0.81     
20  -0.30     40  -0.50     60  -0.75     80  -0.92    100  -0.90     
	
	
Table 1.12: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. F(1) , F(2) and F(3) are 
            respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction 
            calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration 
            in each station grouping; σ is the standard deviation of the conductivity 
            residual for the n samples in the station grouping. 

stn grouping        F(1)            F(2)             F(3)        n      σ  
AU0304
 001 to 005    0.26824171E-01  0.99934872E-03  -0.40325085E-07   64  0.001526
 006 to 011    0.31760098E-01  0.99902297E-03   0.48684554E-08   68  0.002284
 012 to 017    0.72281193E-02  0.99978699E-03   0.10257699E-07   92  0.000972
 018 to 022    0.15168448E-01  0.99975290E-03  -0.53038789E-08   62  0.000890
 023 to 037    0.91014635E-02  0.99991884E-03  -0.51725072E-09  162  0.000733
 038 to 041   -0.21634762E-01  0.10004787E-02   0.99194221E-08   75  0.000624
 042 to 053   -0.28794659E-02  0.10003642E-02  -0.13906388E-08  221  0.000603
 054 to 061    0.64509870E-02  0.99993332E-03   0.12626363E-08  128  0.000689
 062 to 064   -0.12962177E-01  0.10008478E-02  -0.34637609E-08   64  0.000392

AU0403
 001 to 012    0.36219872E-03  0.10000481E-02  -0.71998658E-08  172  0.001039
 013 to 042   -0.45210967E-02  0.10001321E-02   0.81030400E-09  544  0.000617
 043 to 047   -0.97050752E-02  0.10005678E-02  -0.53223310E-08  106  0.000447
 048 to 060    0.43608906E-02  0.99991775E-03  -0.13633889E-08  264  0.000645
 061 to 080    0.76180204E-02  0.99975569E-03  -0.14602137E-09  342  0.000543
 081 to 100    0.13750652E-02  0.99993603E-03   0.50105062E-09  379  0.000485
 101 to 110    0.15500617E-01  0.99975569E-03  -0.24143746E-08  196  0.000715
 111 to 115    0.11337715E-02  0.10009367E-02  -0.81076349E-08   60  0.001910


Table 1.13: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F(2)+F(3)•N), 
            for station number N, and F(2) and F(3) the conductivity slope and 
            station-dependent correction calibration terms respectively.

stn  (F(2)+F(3)•N)     stn  (F(2)+F(3)•N)     stn  (F(2)+F(3)•N)     stn  (F(2)+F(3)•N)
nbr                    nbr                    nbr                    nbr
------------------     ------------------     ------------------     ------------------
AU0304
 1  0.99930839E-03     17  0.99994624E-03     33  0.99992059E-03     49  0.10002536E-02
 2  0.99926807E-03     18  0.99960116E-03     34  0.99991854E-03     50  0.10002521E-02
 3  0.99922774E-03     19  0.99959536E-03     35  0.99991648E-03     51  0.10002506E-02
 4  0.99918742E-03     20  0.99958957E-03     36  0.99991443E-03     52  0.10002491E-02
 5  0.99914709E-03     21  0.99958377E-03     37  0.99991237E-03     53  0.10002476E-02
 6  0.99905218E-03     22  0.99957797E-03     38  0.10007687E-02     54  0.99987974E-03
 7  0.99905705E-03     23  0.99994114E-03     39  0.10007757E-02     55  0.99987824E-03
 8  0.99906192E-03     24  0.99993909E-03     40  0.10007827E-02     56  0.99987674E-03
 9  0.99906679E-03     25  0.99993703E-03     41  0.10007897E-02     57  0.99987523E-03
10  0.99907166E-03     26  0.99993498E-03     42  0.10002640E-02     58  0.99987373E-03
11  0.99907653E-03     27  0.99993292E-03     43  0.10002625E-02     59  0.99987222E-03
12  0.99989590E-03     28  0.99993087E-03     44  0.10002610E-02     60  0.99987072E-03
13  0.99990597E-03     29  0.99992881E-03     45  0.10002595E-02     61  0.99986922E-03
14  0.99991604E-03     30  0.99992676E-03     46  0.10002580E-02     62  0.10007126E-02
15  0.99992611E-03     31  0.99992470E-03     47  0.10002566E-02     63  0.10007090E-02
16  0.99993617E-03     32  0.99992265E-03     48  0.10002551E-02     64  0.10007054E-02


AU0403
 1  0.10000409E-02     30  0.10001715E-02     59  0.99976759E-03     88  0.99999276E-03
 2  0.10000337E-02     31  0.10001725E-02     60  0.99976555E-03     89  0.99999336E-03
 3  0.10000265E-02     32  0.10001734E-02     61  0.99972952E-03     90  0.99999396E-03
 4  0.10000193E-02     33  0.10001744E-02     62  0.99972967E-03     91  0.99999457E-03
 5  0.10000121E-02     34  0.10001753E-02     63  0.99972983E-03     92  0.99999517E-03
 6  0.10000049E-02     35  0.10001763E-02     64  0.99972998E-03     93  0.99999577E-03
 7  0.99999772E-03     36  0.10001773E-02     65  0.99973013E-03     94  0.99999638E-03
 8  0.99999052E-03     37  0.10001782E-02     66  0.99973029E-03     95  0.99999698E-03
 9  0.99998332E-03     38  0.10001792E-02     67  0.99973044E-03     96  0.99999758E-03
10  0.99997612E-03     39  0.10001801E-02     68  0.99973059E-03     97  0.99999819E-03
11  0.99996893E-03     40  0.10001811E-02     69  0.99973074E-03     98  0.99999879E-03
12  0.99996173E-03     41  0.10001820E-02     70  0.99973090E-03     99  0.99999939E-03
13  0.10001552E-02     42  0.10001830E-02     71  0.99973105E-03    100  0.99999999E-03
14  0.10001562E-02     43  0.10005414E-02     72  0.99973120E-03    101  0.99961286E-03
15  0.10001572E-02     44  0.10005382E-02     73  0.99973136E-03    102  0.99961083E-03
16  0.10001581E-02     45  0.10005350E-02     74  0.99973151E-03    103  0.99960881E-03
17  0.10001591E-02     46  0.10005318E-02     75  0.99973166E-03    104  0.99960678E-03
18  0.10001600E-02     47  0.10005285E-02     76  0.99973182E-03    105  0.99960475E-03
19  0.10001610E-02     48  0.99979003E-03     77  0.99973197E-03    106  0.99960273E-03
20  0.10001619E-02     49  0.99978799E-03     78  0.99973212E-03    107  0.99960070E-03
21  0.10001629E-02     50  0.99978595E-03     79  0.99973228E-03    108  0.99959867E-03
22  0.10001639E-02     51  0.99978391E-03     80  0.99973243E-03    109  0.99959665E-03
23  0.10001648E-02     52  0.99978187E-03     81  0.99998853E-03    110  0.99959462E-03
24  0.10001658E-02     53  0.99977983E-03     82  0.99998914E-03    111  0.10000368E-02
25  0.10001667E-02     54  0.99977779E-03     83  0.99998974E-03    112  0.10000287E-02
26  0.10001677E-02     55  0.99977575E-03     84  0.99999034E-03    113  0.10000206E-02
27  0.10001686E-02     56  0.99977371E-03     85  0.99999095E-03    114  0.10000125E-02
28  0.10001696E-02     57  0.99977167E-03     86  0.99999155E-03    115  0.10000044E-02
29  0.10001706E-02     58  0.99976963E-03     87  0.99999215E-03    
   
   
Table 1.14: Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files. 
            "1" indicates missing data for the indicated parameters: 
            T=temperature; S=salinity and conductivity; O=oxygen; F=fluorescence.

            station  pressure (dbar) 
            no       where data missing    T     S     O     F
          AU0304                         
            1-3      whole station                     1     
            4        2-118                             1     
            6        2-12                              1     
            11-12    2                     1     1     1     1
            14       2                     1     1     1     1
            18       2                     1     1     1     1
            23       2-44                              1     
            24       2                     1     1     1     1
            24       52-1936                           1     
            26       2-24                  1     1     1     1
            28       2                     1     1     1     1
            28       180-606                     1          
            29       2                     1     1     1     1
            35       2                     1     1     1     1
            39       2                     1     1     1     1
            41-42    2                     1     1     1     1
            50       2                     1     1     1     1
            52       2                     1     1     1     1
            52       1862                                    1
            56       1000-1002                         1     
            56       1004                  1     1     1     1
            58       2-150                             1     
            59       2-98                              1     
                                       
                                       
            station  pressure (dbar) 
            no       where data missing    T     S     O     F
          AU0403                           
            1        2-4                   1     1     1     1
            2        2                     1     1     1     1
            3        2-6                   1     1     1     1
            4-5      2-4                   1     1     1     1
            6        2, 888-890            1     1     1     1
            7        2-4, 162, 174-176     1     1     1     1
            7        3222-518                          1     
            8        2                     1     1     1     1
            9        2-4                   1     1     1     1
            9        222-246                     1          
            11       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            11       208-218                     1          
            12       2-4, 4910             1     1     1     1
            13       2                     1     1     1     1
            14       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            14       202-224                     1          
            15-18    2                     1     1     1     1
            19       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            20       2-8                   1     1     1     1
            21       2, 4474               1     1     1     1
            22       2-20                  1     1     1     1
            23       2-8                   1     1     1     1
            24       2                     1     1     1     1
            26       2-6                   1     1     1     1
            27       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            28-29    2                     1     1     1     1
            30       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            31       2-8                   1     1     1     1
            32       2                     1     1     1     1
            33-34    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            35-38    2                     1     1     1     1
            38       4-78                              1     
            39       2-12                  1     1     1     1
            39       whole station                     1     
            40       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            41       2                     1     1     1     1
            41       4-342                             1     
            42-43    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            44       2                     1     1     1     1
            44       4396-4484                         1     
            45-46    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            47       2-6                   1     1     1     1
            48       2                     1     1     1     1
            49       2-8                   1     1     1     1

            station  pressure (dbar) 
            no       where data missing    T     S     O     F
          AU0403                           
            50-52    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            51       6-100                             1     
            53       2-6                   1     1     1     1
            54       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            55       2-8                   1     1     1     1
            56       2-6                   1     1     1     1
            57       2                     1     1     1     1
            58       2-6                   1     1     1     1
            59       2-6, 3596             1     1     1     1
            60       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            61       2                     1     1     1     1
            62       2-6                   1     1     1     1
            63       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            63       6-984                             1     
            64       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            65       2                     1     1     1     1
            66       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            67       2                     1     1     1     1
            68       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            68       6-296                             1     
            69-70    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            71       2-12                  1     1     1     1
            72-78    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            73       6-478                             1     
            80-81    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            82       2-10                  1     1     1     1
            83       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            84       2-8                   1     1     1     1
            85       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            86-87    2-8                   1     1     1     1
            88       2-4                   1     1     1     1
            89       2-8                   1     1     1     1
            90-92    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            93-95    2-8                   1     1     1     1
            96-97    2-4                   1     1     1     1
            98       2-8, 1998             1     1     1     1
            99       2-10                  1     1     1     1

            station  pressure (dbar) 
            no       where data missing    T     S     O     F
          AU0403                           
            100      2-8                   1     1     1     1
            101      2                     1     1     1     1
            102      2-4                   1     1     1     1
            103      2-6                   1     1     1     1
            104-105  2-8                   1     1     1     1
            106      2                     1     1     1     1
            107      2-4                   1     1     1     1
            109-111  2-8                   1     1     1     1
            112      2-12                  1     1     1     1
            113      2                     1     1     1     1
            114      2-4                   1     1     1     1
            115      2-4                   1     1     1     1
            115      whole station                           1
            

Table 1.15: Suspect CTD 2 dbar averages (not deleted from the CTD 2dbar average 
            files) for the indicated parameters: T=temperature; S=salinity and 
            conductivity; O=oxygen; F=fluorsecence.

            station     questionable 2 dbar
            number          value(dbar)        parameters
		
            AU0304                    
             5                  2-46               O
             8                  2-10               O
            10                  2-30               O
            11                  2-24               O
            12                  2-44               O
            15                   2                 S
            18                  2-50               O
            25                   2                 S
            26                 26-40               O
            36                   2                 S
            48                   2                 S
                                
            AU0403                    
            29             whole station           F


Table 1.16a: Suspect nutrient sample values (not deleted from bottle data file) 
             for cruise AU0304, out by ~2 to 4% of full scale value. Note 
             additionally that from intercruise comparisons, AU0304 phosphates 
             appear to be mostly low by ~2 to 4%.

               PHOSPHATE        NITRATE               SILICATE
             Stn   Rosette    Stn   Rosette         Stn   Rosette 
              #    position    #    position         #    position
             ---   --------   ---   -------------   ---   --------
                               5    whole station           
                               6    whole station           
             11      15                          
                              17    whole station           
                              20    5           
                              30    17           
                              33    1,4,9,15           
                              34    4           
                              35    whole station           
                              36    5,6           
                              38    18           
                              39    6,9           
                              40    5,11           
                              44    6,9           
                              45    5           
                              47    whole station           
                              49    whole station           
             50       5       50    whole station           
                              51    4,5           
                              54    3,8           
             55       5       55    1           
                              58    whole station           
             63      11                          


Table 1.16b: Suspect nutrient sample values (not deleted from bottle data file) 
             for cruise AU0403. Note: listing is by rosette position, not Niskin 
             bottle number.

               PHOSPHATE        NITRATE               SILICATE
             Stn   Rosette    Stn   Rosette         Stn   Rosette 
              #    position    #    position         #    position
             ---   --------   ---   -------------   ---   --------
                                                    11       4
                                                    12       6
                               13   9                          
             24      20                                        
                                                    37      10
             40       9                                        
                                                    42       3
                               48   19              
             50      17        50   2,3,15           50     12
                                        56          7,8
                                        65          15
             90       9                                
                              102   8                  
                              103   3                  
                              105   1               105     12
                              106   7,15              

Table 1.17: Suspect dissolved oxygen bottle values (not deleted from bottle 
            data file). 

                        AU0304    
                              station number  rosette position
                                    11               21
                                    60                1
                                                   
                        AU0403                       
                                    48               24
                        


Table 1.18a: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients for cruise AU0304:  
             slope, bias, tcor ((= temperature correction term), and pcor 
             ( = pressure correction term). dox is equal to 2.8σ , for σ as 
             defined in Appendix 1.2. Note that coefficients are given for 
             both the shallow and deep part of the profile, according to the 
             profile split used for calibration (see Appendix 1.2 for methodology).

----------------------shallow------------------------     --------------------------deep------------------
stn    slope     bias      tcor      pcor      dox         slope      bias      tcor      pcor       dox     
 1       -         -         -         -         -            -         -         -         -         -    
 2       -         -         -         -         -            -         -         -         -         -    
 3       -         -         -         -         -            -         -         -         -         -    
 4   0.164465  0.434553 -0.020273  0.000030  0.111125     0.164465  0.434553 -0.020273  0.000030  0.111125  
 5   0.591783 -0.478937  0.021298  0.000174  0.206837     0.199493  0.253860 -0.126415  0.000065  0.032301  
 6   0.483370 -0.266693 -0.015773  0.000141  0.221302     0.414866 -0.091854 -0.065904  0.000074  0.042642  
 7   0.565883 -0.413125  0.013840  0.000169  0.147084     0.534069 -0.274655 -0.087431  0.000069  0.027401  
 8   0.747892 -0.784341  0.026249  0.000275  0.159305     0.564617 -0.245300 -0.222759  0.000003  0.058158  
 9   0.620084 -0.515371  0.002871  0.000120  0.253182     0.620084 -0.515371  0.002871  0.000120  0.253182  
10   0.797408 -0.867825  0.042757  0.000294  0.281813     0.797408 -0.867825  0.042757  0.000294  0.281813  
11   0.840665 -1.019923 -0.000941  0.000741  0.238001     0.840665 -1.019923 -0.000941  0.000741  0.238001  
12   0.254008  0.215361 -0.090502  0.000028  0.172637     0.706026 -0.585963  0.037058  0.000109  0.109880  
13   0.648545 -0.551958  0.017475  0.000186  0.182479     0.712024 -0.495660 -0.146131  0.000034  0.024061  
14   0.706402 -0.679651 -0.000525  0.000080  0.086629     0.706402 -0.679651 -0.000525  0.000080  0.086629  
15   0.316592  0.225089  0.054649  0.000065  0.111702     0.316592  0.225089  0.054649  0.000065  0.111702 
16   0.694956 -0.630198  0.016248  0.000161  0.153623     0.694956 -0.630198  0.016248  0.000161  0.153623  
17   0.826580 -0.912457  0.013722  0.000415  0.231529     0.826580 -0.912457  0.013722  0.000415  0.231529  
18   0.506080 -0.298977 -0.016447  0.000138  0.067146     0.704009 -0.594369 -0.023405  0.000100  0.078726  
19   0.781771 -0.840607  0.004906  0.000326  0.137162     0.781771 -0.840607  0.004906  0.000326  0.137162  
20   0.618077 -0.509751  0.043047  0.000192  0.127267     0.618077 -0.509751  0.043047  0.000192  0.127267  
21   0.411513  0.019539  0.047804  0.000087  0.106108     0.411513  0.019539  0.047804  0.000087  0.106108 
22   0.698139 -0.623850  0.012253  0.000168  0.135608     1.008015 -1.086143 -0.128956  0.000034  0.064799  
23       -         -         -         -         -            -         -         -         -         -    
24   0.730531 -0.699200  0.029755  0.001292  0.023989     0.698416 -0.602454  0.019449  0.000134  0.051476  
25   0.719139 -0.680359  0.006835  0.000244  0.113209     0.719139 -0.680359  0.006835  0.000244  0.113209 
26   0.892388 -1.010245  0.020243  0.000426  0.100122     0.892388 -1.010245  0.020243  0.000426  0.100122 
27   0.712366 -0.637307  0.018220  0.000185  0.097229     0.712366 -0.637307  0.018220  0.000185  0.097229  
28   0.736709 -0.670287  0.006560  0.000093  0.177979     0.736709 -0.670287  0.006560  0.000093  0.177979 
29   0.801689 -0.797691  0.009859  0.000218  0.102628     0.801689 -0.797691  0.009859  0.000218  0.102628 
30   0.712044 -0.624114 -0.002095  0.000148  0.103813     1.282525 -1.676573  0.329698  0.000332  0.026386 
31   0.786994 -0.826490  0.002738  0.000414  0.062255     0.786994 -0.826490  0.002738  0.000414  0.062255 
32   0.785535 -0.822121  0.003683  0.000401  0.063664     0.785535 -0.822121  0.003683  0.000401  0.063664  
33   0.628794 -0.476235  0.004340  0.000148  0.188891     0.508064 -0.288628  0.047871  0.000118  0.046844 
34   0.538314 -0.354858  0.053439  0.000144  0.108975     0.560588 -0.340210  0.000372  0.000102  0.035858 
35   0.594355 -0.408541  0.013758  0.000117  0.088204     0.580283 -0.394331  0.033635  0.000117  0.030665  
36   0.632093 -0.431718 -0.010804  0.000102  0.100138     0.463238 -0.169716  0.005093  0.000085  0.017513 
37   0.620869 -0.445488  0.036509  0.000121  0.089635     0.466477 -0.166484 -0.003569  0.000081  0.016934 
38   0.636835 -0.469608  0.013746  0.000120  0.118347     0.474856 -0.201355  0.008722  0.000091  0.023035 
39   0.634398 -0.446498  0.008881  0.000111  0.134757     0.673711 -0.539202  0.045459  0.000131  0.036286  
40   0.630468 -0.447082 -0.006792  0.000115  0.106360     0.618746 -0.441339  0.021675  0.000115  0.040158 
41   0.481707 -0.310467  0.071194  0.000172  0.133679     0.618096 -0.464283  0.040371  0.000129  0.034260 
42   0.578361 -0.417485  0.029807  0.000148  0.188705     0.701665 -0.597057  0.035186  0.000142  0.037021 
43   0.614754 -0.444552  0.016952  0.000124  0.136641     0.571559 -0.372529  0.016964  0.000113  0.051503  
44   0.638302 -0.520284  0.057262  0.000183  0.141687     0.598007 -0.403376  0.023015  0.000115  0.024050  
45   0.628812 -0.508133  0.052525  0.000181  0.107167     0.794380 -0.707851  0.011249  0.000130  0.017285  
46   0.621056 -0.501226  0.049831  0.000204  0.125788     0.596839 -0.406052  0.022117  0.000117  0.019175 
47   0.632124 -0.499421  0.026768  0.000190  0.103366     0.521464 -0.442252  0.145860  0.000299  0.013560 
48   0.652279 -0.562205  0.038681  0.000245  0.155750     0.797417 -0.703913 -0.005566  0.000127  0.014116  
49   0.558937 -0.488090  0.125640  0.000299  0.155283     0.797243 -0.704198 -0.002106  0.000126  0.016200 
50   0.666948 -0.541150  0.027069  0.000158  0.159580     0.595568 -0.406992  0.022675  0.000119  0.017310 
51   0.662750 -0.500146  0.014725  0.000118  0.131057     0.394650 -0.108807  0.041633  0.000112  0.028019 
52   0.661303 -0.537564  0.042947  0.000150  0.072802     0.394670 -0.108757  0.041353  0.000110  0.031043 
53   0.672956 -0.551897  0.050186  0.000132  0.139343     0.708890 -0.586981  0.026370  0.000127  0.030298  
54   0.630695 -0.491693  0.042219  0.000148  0.097875     0.507536 -0.289908  0.057826  0.000118  0.034234 
55   0.615743 -0.537644  0.119796  0.000209  0.092330     0.517412 -0.273392  0.011453  0.000098  0.038544 
56   0.707454 -0.746200  0.207747  0.000310  0.100185     0.807623 -0.681252 -0.019230  0.000096  0.042046  
57   0.774917 -0.762243  0.096391  0.000217  0.087275     0.056481  0.530054 -0.063496  0.000020  0.089434 
58   0.488164 -0.210709 -0.039804  0.000093  0.080119     0.734774 -0.610204 -0.075524  0.000103  0.044503 
59   0.280125  0.173253 -0.081488  0.000033  0.111412     0.280125  0.173253 -0.081488  0.000033  0.111412 
60   0.104132  0.866672  0.120603  0.000001  0.091614     0.104132  0.866672  0.120603  0.000001  0.091614 
61   0.740391 -0.892195 -0.179166  0.000024  0.115308     0.740391 -0.892195 -0.179166  0.000024  0.115308 
62   0.523299 -0.327477  0.049909  0.000145  0.127904     0.207066  0.247635 -0.009254  0.000051  0.041979 
63   0.630011 -0.438406  0.016675  0.000106  0.244034     0.551870 -0.319826  0.019229  0.000100  0.036045 
64   0.656355 -0.477715  0.001211  0.000112  0.174852     0.620450 -0.430754  0.013645  0.000110  0.046200  


Table 1.18b: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients for cruise AU0403 
             (definitions as per Table 1.18a). 

----------------------shallow------------------------     --------------------------deep------------------
stn     slope     bias      tcor      pcor      dox          slope     bias      tcor      pcor       dox    
  1  0.455224 -0.242060  0.008951  0.000287  0.111315      0.455224 -0.242060  0.008951  0.000287  0.111315
  2  0.647529 -0.689988  0.009215  0.000270  0.088685      0.647529 -0.689988  0.009215  0.000270  0.088685
  3  0.654540 -0.549864  0.000476  0.000059  0.098137      0.654540 -0.549864  0.000476  0.000059  0.098137
  4  0.425036 -0.049252  0.002865  0.000034  0.074939      0.425036 -0.049252  0.002865  0.000034  0.074939
  5  0.467746 -0.207165  0.006237  0.000177  0.112375      0.491721 -0.220927  0.006103  0.000133  0.033557
  6  0.479152 -0.187529  0.003622  0.000128  0.142692      0.348902 -0.216781  0.133405  0.000303  0.079216
  7  0.490931 -0.208037  0.003073  0.000138  0.068831      0.307821  0.009759  0.010005  0.000132  0.039836
  8  0.579704 -0.278918  0.001755  0.000164  0.113936      0.389052  0.007181 -0.024681  0.000102  0.075983
  9  0.571178 -0.233728  0.002752  0.000133  0.147652      0.552676 -0.152542 -0.037563  0.000108  0.042532
 10  0.590116 -0.245772  0.002444  0.000137  0.140882      0.623528 -0.352290  0.049722  0.000183  0.044671
 11  0.683350 -0.349296 -0.004127  0.000154  0.156095      0.721983 -0.441982  0.032029  0.000186  0.028380 
 12  0.643945 -0.293554 -0.000859  0.000146  0.161540      0.706982 -0.332937 -0.017208  0.000129  0.037702 
 13  0.697776 -0.352383 -0.004332  0.000152  0.080708      0.708435 -0.377599  0.010934  0.000154  0.026728 
 14  0.640653 -0.278001 -0.000312  0.000137  0.140627      0.657442 -0.366766  0.042733  0.000182  0.033512 
 15  0.654989 -0.299939 -0.000917  0.000145  0.094725      0.753871 -0.374546 -0.017601  0.000130  0.049476 
 16  0.686381 -0.319138 -0.004715  0.000131  0.072024      0.769820 -0.479334  0.028494  0.000186  0.009194 
 17  0.675952 -0.318696 -0.003485  0.000142  0.145403      0.747815 -0.405635  0.002753  0.000150  0.029861 
 18  0.684500 -0.334235 -0.003011  0.000149  0.133178      0.761064 -0.390680 -0.013598  0.000133  0.048750 
 19  0.726566 -0.375571 -0.006653  0.000149  0.135502      0.741702 -0.392567 -0.002360  0.000146  0.030577 
 20  0.699265 -0.352845 -0.004821  0.000159  0.081000      0.709094 -0.346311 -0.003694  0.000136  0.052106 
 21  0.636967 -0.231258 -0.003774  0.000090  0.129243      0.689579 -0.327512 -0.001874  0.000137  0.040089 
 22  0.698725 -0.345072 -0.004900  0.000150  0.086831      0.688278 -0.315222 -0.005983  0.000130  0.046434 
 23  0.699301 -0.350417 -0.005026  0.000154  0.149369      0.727160 -0.333541 -0.019721  0.000118  0.068561 
 24  0.713576 -0.352606 -0.006888  0.000137  0.103434      0.638471 -0.211756 -0.026440  0.000099  0.072375 
 25  0.672401 -0.304653 -0.003474  0.000131  0.096769      0.683019 -0.317936 -0.004166  0.000135  0.037279 
 26  0.700833 -0.340212 -0.005479  0.000138  0.062249      0.786165 -0.444992 -0.002732  0.000151  0.027413 
 27  0.706370 -0.359121 -0.004837  0.000157  0.076687      0.681482 -0.337050  0.010007  0.000145  0.037868 
 28  0.696476 -0.331940 -0.005645  0.000132  0.075092      0.690826 -0.281713 -0.025473  0.000109  0.034746 
 29  0.718616 -0.367561 -0.006348  0.000151  0.139418      0.590611 -0.216612  0.001489  0.000129  0.052383 
 30  0.727175 -0.374917 -0.007569  0.000150  0.051170      0.779562 -0.426080 -0.008223  0.000142  0.032667 
 31  0.773194 -0.413146 -0.013848  0.000143  0.076225      0.687773 -0.316613 -0.006086  0.000132  0.038853 
 32  0.695566 -0.333853 -0.003604  0.000140  0.116712      0.590112 -0.211067  0.005611  0.000124  0.028003 
 33  0.704955 -0.359812 -0.003520  0.000162  0.078193      0.784802 -0.417419 -0.015307  0.000135  0.044369 
 34  0.776663 -0.438838 -0.012209  0.000172  0.108014      0.689217 -0.314949 -0.008760  0.000132  0.037067 
 35  0.695799 -0.335660 -0.004437  0.000143  0.070250      0.772312 -0.388623 -0.022209  0.000124  0.034364 
 36  0.727924 -0.370560 -0.008716  0.000149  0.076952      0.592579 -0.210530  0.002370  0.000129  0.029637 
 37  0.712101 -0.353056 -0.007921  0.000147  0.087546      0.844048 -0.526277 -0.002074  0.000170  0.026348 
 38  0.567260 -0.305702  0.098200  0.000221  0.047889      0.567260 -0.305702  0.098200  0.000221  0.047889
 39  0.829221 -0.440073 -0.090244  0.000078  1.527730      0.600683 -0.160160 -0.040466  0.000101  0.298201 
 40  0.707933 -0.345682 -0.007165  0.000145  0.035549      0.691056 -0.309723 -0.011320  0.000127  0.031284 
 41  0.597767 -0.221713  0.000712  0.000143  0.061633      0.606084 -0.185015 -0.019756  0.000104  0.023630
 42  0.534136 -0.260247  0.003256  0.000144  0.099443      0.498130 -0.201567  0.001247  0.000133  0.013785
 43  0.550737 -0.280405 -0.001969  0.000144  0.084171      0.498618 -0.202408 -0.000173  0.000133  0.013242 
 44  0.544226 -0.272138 -0.000760  0.000142  0.099344      0.495999 -0.203312  0.001810  0.000135  0.011926 
 45  0.550171 -0.283740 -0.000811  0.000148  0.111551      0.496530 -0.202470  0.001238  0.000134  0.023482 
 46  0.531531 -0.257415  0.004232  0.000142  0.136868      0.500212 -0.200432 -0.002961  0.000131  0.037829
 47  0.530896 -0.252814  0.003108  0.000139  0.077233      0.492789 -0.204663  0.006334  0.000140  0.048044
 48  0.555602 -0.294382 -0.000737  0.000153  0.132678      0.497005 -0.202379  0.002695  0.000134  0.029071 
 49  0.539488 -0.265925  0.001554  0.000143  0.076056      0.497940 -0.203397  0.001938  0.000134  0.034319

Table 1.18b continued
----------------------shallow------------------------     --------------------------deep------------------
stn    slope     bias      tcor      pcor      dox           slope     bias      tcor      pcor       dox    
 50  0.549889 -0.279155 -0.003666  0.000147  0.119519      0.492471 -0.205166  0.010208  0.000140  0.035856 
 51  0.515380 -0.202744 -0.019163  0.000121  0.070243      0.405181 -0.095368  0.031519  0.000134  0.032198 
 52  0.551618 -0.282959 -0.001500  0.000147  0.138877      0.502438 -0.199688 -0.004856  0.000129  0.013578 
 53  0.548278 -0.281666  0.003833  0.000150  0.087136      0.502290 -0.199580 -0.005755  0.000130  0.027484
 54  0.554180 -0.282513 -0.001751  0.000145  0.068942      0.502494 -0.199387 -0.001488  0.000129  0.026302 
 55  0.554111 -0.290755  0.004068  0.000151  0.139962      0.499786 -0.201475  0.000836  0.000133  0.022866
 56  0.566456 -0.328267  0.020524  0.000170  0.116246      0.497248 -0.203304  0.012568  0.000137  0.032201
 57  0.568051 -0.313974  0.004977  0.000158  0.086296      0.590597 -0.312314 -0.029454  0.000132  0.067221
 58  0.513687 -0.169791 -0.048663  0.000097  0.076721      0.501801 -0.198826 -0.003509  0.000130  0.021089 
 59  0.580363 -0.346485  0.025894  0.000172  0.048722      0.500714 -0.200485  0.001400  0.000135  0.027665
 60  0.584073 -0.361613  0.034480  0.000185  0.053835      0.412312 -0.085746  0.044692  0.000137  0.059432
 61  0.578588 -0.335231  0.017254  0.000168  0.090093      0.520287 -0.144641 -0.174129  0.000053  0.021136
 62  0.643653 -0.486365  0.078697  0.000250  0.041225      0.209786  0.261151 -0.015459  0.000081  0.069417
 63  0.885718 -0.929763  0.176822  0.000398  0.005963      0.500574 -0.199147  0.002004  0.000135  0.023526
 64  0.610624 -0.403360  0.049940  0.000196  0.116761      0.502860 -0.197189 -0.000902  0.000132  0.025604
 65  0.646474 -0.471180  0.059967  0.000224  0.075792      0.297300  0.095962  0.052544  0.000130  0.034858
 66  0.596926 -0.360745  0.014445  0.000173  0.087870      0.096463  0.395124  0.056491  0.000133  0.020478
 67  0.539652 -0.241473 -0.009578  0.000120  0.086672      0.539273 -0.240762 -0.009698  0.000120  0.087000 
 68  0.216020  0.319022 -0.069516  0.000014  0.084413      0.216020  0.319022 -0.069516  0.000014  0.084413
 69  0.709666 -0.587211  0.005579  0.000252  0.077977      0.709666 -0.587211  0.005579  0.000252  0.077977
 70  0.574408 -0.312803 -0.005889  0.000149  0.143732      0.509075 -0.197269 -0.013139  0.000122  0.029349 
 71  0.567755 -0.285630 -0.005918  0.000138  0.078649      0.502553 -0.199081  0.008539  0.000132  0.028743 
 72  0.545454 -0.276088  0.017129  0.000151  0.057328      0.505958 -0.197323 -0.001155  0.000129  0.022006
 73  0.670958 -0.296197 -0.119198  0.000049  0.046910      0.586499 -0.388230  0.098258  0.000201  0.071340 
 74  0.563011 -0.267075 -0.008502  0.000127  0.068071      0.505812 -0.196265  0.007454  0.000129  0.032346 
 75  0.482058 -0.137622 -0.018146  0.000108  0.050532      0.380967  0.023668 -0.029241  0.000086  0.041574 
 76  0.551317 -0.287923  0.014802  0.000165  0.084661      0.592640 -0.309421 -0.020151  0.000134  0.037241
 77  0.547953 -0.251322 -0.005852  0.000130  0.055534      0.500008 -0.199668  0.012116  0.000139  0.014927 
 78  0.538636 -0.279480  0.032013  0.000157  0.090875      0.500430 -0.199348  0.010281  0.000136  0.009841
 79  0.547560 -0.287823  0.026904  0.000155  0.048481      0.501248 -0.198168  0.008303  0.000135  0.013795
 80  0.559534 -0.290721  0.008132  0.000158  0.098499      0.499817 -0.198679  0.011998  0.000135  0.022599
 81  0.562045 -0.308331  0.017339  0.000174  0.176953      0.503019 -0.198077  0.009951  0.000130  0.023113
 82  0.568468 -0.290304 -0.006495  0.000144  0.082744      0.326587  0.071307  0.004445  0.000091  0.035544 
 83  0.554353 -0.277444  0.002752  0.000147  0.085432      0.505397 -0.197998  0.003512  0.000129  0.026921
 84  0.513629 -0.234855  0.022097  0.000143  0.110991      0.504642 -0.197817  0.001379  0.000130  0.010122
 85  0.509093 -0.229020  0.019243  0.000161  0.121645      0.636419 -0.445674  0.055846  0.000203  0.035537
 86  0.554810 -0.270419 -0.000377  0.000140  0.046687      0.506312 -0.197874  0.001746  0.000128  0.027913 
 87  0.556403 -0.264527 -0.004537  0.000132  0.058725      0.378488  0.010982 -0.011293  0.000093  0.024861 
 88  0.553666 -0.265969 -0.002596  0.000137  0.057976      0.580216 -0.306725 -0.004301  0.000145  0.035206 
 89  0.549181 -0.266636  0.006188  0.000140  0.053301      0.503339 -0.195234  0.001562  0.000135  0.039751
 90  0.569747 -0.294977 -0.002564  0.000150  0.096326      0.503131 -0.196889  0.006189  0.000130  0.009269 
 91  0.555158 -0.292485  0.020121  0.000156  0.085408      0.500328 -0.198917  0.011155  0.000137  0.020386
 92  0.562602 -0.286247  0.004606  0.000145  0.031452      0.501828 -0.197904  0.009966  0.000134  0.016907
 93  0.564857 -0.322011  0.036258  0.000168  0.095914      0.501268 -0.198908  0.012384  0.000134  0.014821
 94  0.556055 -0.315099  0.040842  0.000170  0.075959      0.501276 -0.198445  0.008151  0.000135  0.012502
 95  0.556100 -0.288784  0.014948  0.000151  0.071594      0.500820 -0.199396  0.010339  0.000136  0.018808
 96  0.563048 -0.303435  0.016720  0.000159  0.050074      0.504163 -0.195555  0.000592  0.000132  0.017161
 97  0.553779 -0.297370  0.031691  0.000149  0.076029      0.807620 -0.588251 -0.044973  0.000134  0.045034
 98  0.558122 -0.289230  0.013731  0.000150  0.053339      0.801349 -0.596137 -0.046273  0.000154  0.014669
 99  0.578842 -0.319928  0.011039  0.000151  0.042213      0.500283 -0.199424  0.010379  0.000136  0.010412
100  0.564341 -0.309293  0.021542  0.000157  0.032680      0.500483 -0.200664  0.010703  0.000137  0.021075
101  0.563344 -0.284508 -0.002485  0.000148  0.115782      0.976664 -0.864653 -0.049588  0.000206  0.047911 
102  0.571524 -0.296747 -0.002905  0.000150  0.130189      0.506124 -0.194975  0.002469  0.000129  0.033498 
103  0.553123 -0.259748 -0.005418  0.000132  0.123599      0.504052 -0.195933  0.006414  0.000132  0.022921 
104  0.573906 -0.317006  0.016846  0.000161  0.127765      0.589423 -0.310438 -0.013350  0.000138  0.025052
105  0.575003 -0.293738 -0.007192  0.000141  0.130551      0.503769 -0.194284  0.002154  0.000131  0.025007 
106  0.570248 -0.313088  0.013484  0.000168  0.107875      0.504847 -0.194241  0.001899  0.000130  0.028634
107  0.565393 -0.289341  0.007462  0.000144  0.108955      0.507999 -0.191848 -0.008782  0.000126  0.034845
108  0.537817 -0.230634 -0.004715  0.000118  0.138037      0.505489 -0.193466 -0.001698  0.000129  0.051044 
109  0.573872 -0.309529  0.002589  0.000162  0.105308      0.410790 -0.035973 -0.024129  0.000103  0.039840
110  0.499832 -0.167327 -0.017377  0.000113  0.109564      0.592103 -0.309097 -0.028209  0.000132  0.036409 
111  0.516802 -0.188138 -0.007852  0.000096  0.098296      0.516802 -0.188138 -0.007852  0.000096  0.098296 
112  0.394353 -0.001832 -0.042050  0.000128  0.122009      0.394353 -0.001832 -0.042050  0.000128  0.122009 
113  0.565776 -0.321734 -0.031486  0.000170  0.138440      0.565776 -0.321734 -0.031486  0.000170  0.138440 
114  0.590920 -0.321274  0.003933  0.000158  0.074437      0.590920 -0.321274  0.003933  0.000158  0.074437
115  0.543490 -0.278874  0.003946  0.000163  0.110781      0.496588 -0.208467  0.009673  0.000136  0.025507












                                  APPENDIX 1.1
                     HYDROCHEMISTRY CRUISE LABORATORY REPORTS

A1.1.1  AU0304 HYDROCHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT
        (Clodagh Moy, Neale Johnston and Bronwyn Wake)

Seawater samples from the CTD were analysed for salinity, dissolved oxygen and 
nutrients (nitrate plus nitrite, silicate and orthophosphate). Samples were 
collected from 64 stations in total. Additional samples were also analysed for 
some scientists on board, as described below. The methods used are described in 
the CSIRO hydrochemistry manual (Cowley, 2001).

PERSONNEL
Clodagh Curran, Hydrochemist, Antarctic CRC
Neale Johnston, Hydrochemist, CSIRO
Bronwyn Wake, Volunteer, PhD student IASOS.

NUMBER OF SAMPLES ANALYSED
Salinities : 1060
Dissolved Oxygen : 1028
Nutrients : 1021


SALINITY

Salinity analyses were performed by Clodagh Curran in lab 3, next to the 
electronics lab. Guildline salinometer SN62549 was initially setup in the lab, 
however due to a faulty transformer it was replaced by SN62548 shortly after 
leaving Hobart. SN62548 was used for the remainder of the cruise.

Ocean Scientific IAPSO standard seawater was used to standardise the 
salinometer. Two sets of standards, P140 and P141, were used to standardise the 
instrument. P140 was used for most of the cruise. Measured against its nominal 
value, P140 showed no difference (i.e. 2R of <0.0 0000) for 10 out of 12 
standardisations. There were two occasions where there was a significant change 
in the measured value during a run.

Some problems occurred between stations 23 and 24, where there was a break in 
analysis for a number of days. There was a significant jump in the 
standardisation set value, and P140 at the end of the run had changed 
considerably from its standardisation value at the beginning of the run i.e. a 
change from 1.99982 to 1.99992,  equivalent to a salinity change of 0.002 
(PSS78) over the run. After discovering some growth on the cell, it was 
thoroughly cleaned with 4% bleach from the ship's galley, flushing 4 times till 
clean. The following day a run was done, and the standard at the end of the run 
showed no change from the initial standardisation. The salinometer remained 
stable for the rest of the cruise.

Near the end of the cruise P141 was introduced, as P140 was low in stock. The 
standards were compared on two occasions by standardising the instrument with 
one standard, and measuring the other standard. Results for both P140 and P141 
agreed with their nominal values.

A PID temperature controller was used to control the temperature of the lab. On 
a number of occasions the temperature in the lab rose above 20 degrees. When 
this occurred analysis was stopped, and the chief Engineer was notified 
immediately. The temperature of the air entering the lab from the ship's vents 
was then decreased. A close eye was kept on the lab temperature at all times.

   Files updated:
     A0304_equipment.xls, Extra_samples_a0304.xls
     sal62548.xls         sal_std_check.xls       sal62549.xls


DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed by Bronwyn Wake (and Neale Johnston on 
a number of occasions) in the photo lab. There were no major problems with the 
DO system, apart from some temperature problems in the lab. The temperature 
varied between 13 and 18 degrees over the course of the cruise. Standardisation 
and blank values were collated and plotted from this and previous cruises, to 
help identify outlying or suspicious values.

The average standardisation value and average standard deviation was 4.484 
±0.001 ml of thiosulfate, equivalent to 237.8 µmol/l of oxygen. The average 
blank value and average standard deviation was 0.007 ±0.001 ml of thiosulfate.

   Files updated:
     A0304_DO chemical cal.xls,
     DO_reag_use_stocktake.xls,
     do_std&blank.xls,
     do.xls


NUTRIENTS 

Nutrients were analysed by Neale Johnston, and Clodagh Curran where necessary, 
to keep the instrument running over a 24 hour period. Phosphate, silicate and 
nitrate plus nitrite were analysed as per CSIRO methods. CSIRO's solenoid 
switching valve system was used to alternate the carrier between artificial 
seawater, low nutrient seawater and MQ (i.e. Milli-Q) water as well as from 
colour reagents to MQ for each chemistry for baseline correction. Standards 
were made up every couple of days in low nutrient seawater (collected from 
Maria Island, filtered and autoclaved before going on the cruise). If standards 
were stored for longer than about 3 days, the silicate polymerisation was a 
problem. The carrier for the standard runs was artificial seawater (39g sodium 
chloride per litre in MQ). The software used for data collection was Winflow, 
and the software used for processing was written by Rebecca Cowley (CSIRO). A 
standard run included baseline correction using the switching valves (which 
took approximately 45 mins), a carryover correction, a set of standards, low 
and high SRM's (Standard Reference Material from Ocean Scientific prepared in 
autoclaved seawater) and QC's (LNSW spiked with nutrients) followed by samples, 
and then the standards, SRM's and QC's were repeated. A run normally took about 
3 hours to complete.

The A/D converter caused a problem when a LTC1047 chip on the phosphate channel 
malfunctioned. This A/D converter was originally a detector for the digital 
detectors, and included both a cell and a reference channel. The reference 
channel is redundant when the system is used as an A/D converter, thus a spare 
chip was available (from this reference channel).

On occasion the phosphate channel did not register a signal when a run was 
first started. When this occured the power to the A/D box was turned off for 
about 10 seconds and then the run restarted. This solved the problem each time. 
It is not known whether this was related to the problem with the LTC1047 chip.

On several occasions the software failed to activate the sampler, but on each 
occasion stopping and restarting the run fixed the problem.

The nitrate/nitrite channel seemed to truncate the baseline. It was possible to 
overcome this by starting the run on an artificially low baseline, however this 
is not a satisfactory solution. Investigation is required as to whether the 
problem is caused by the detector, or by the nitrate/nitrite channel on the A/D 
converter.

The phosphate analysis had problems due to inconsistent flow in the ascorbic 
acid line. This may have been caused by some of the platen holders being acid 
damaged in the past. It was overcome by changing the pump tube from orange 
yellow to an orange white to ensure the ascorbic acid was in excess. It is 
recommended that new platen holders be put in, and also that the side rails be 
checked in case they are slightly bent. It has been noted by some users that 
there is a problem with the rails on the larger pumps, and Ismatec now produce 
some pumps with heavier gauge rails.

Towards the end of the cruise it was noted that one of the cadmium coils could 
not be conditioned to work to a satisfactory level, possibly due to it being 
exposed to the atmosphere over time after each new coil was removed, even 
though originally all coils were stored under nitrogen. It is recommended that 
the cadmium lengths are stored under nitrogen in individual whirlpak bags.

There were problems running some of Stephane's samples that were in fresh 
water. This was due to the source of the fresh water - from the ship's urn (not 
MQ water).


GENERAL DATA HANDLING

Plots were made of analyte versus station to check for suspicious data or 
wrongly entered data. They were based on the data in the csv file, and could be 
opened via the macro CSV in A0304.XLM. Data were backed up to 250MB Iomega zip 
disk.


LABORATORIES

The salinometer and nutrient systems were both in lab 3. The salinometer was on 
the forward bench near the door, with enough space for two salinity crates next 
to the bulkhead. The data computer was on the other side of the salinometer. 
The nutrient system was next to the computer along the forward bench towards 
the starboard side. There was bench space free in front of the porthole for 
sample preparation, and the fume cupboard was used to make reagents etc. The 
wet lab was used to make standards, as the fridge containing them was 
conveniently located in there together with the small freezer. The DO system 
was on the starboard bench in the photo lab, and the MQ system was as usual on 
the forward bulkhead of the photo lab.


TEMPERATURE MONITORING AND CONTROL

Temperature in lab 3 was controlled by a CAL Controls Ltd 'CAL 9900' 
proportional derivative plus integral (PID) temperature controller. The 
temperature from the air vents fluctuated between 11 and 18 degrees, however 
due to the small size of lab 3 and the heat from the instruments, the 
temperature on some occasions reach above the set temperature of 20 degrees. 
During most of the cruise the lab door was open, which helped maintain the 
temperature at or below 20 degrees. On a few occasions the lab temperature 
exceeded this and analysis was halted till the chief engineer reduced the 
ship's air temperature entering the lab via the air vents.

The photo lab had no temperature controller. The photo lab was heated by the 
ships air conditioning, however regular access to the trawl deck by other 
groups allowed a lot of cold air to accumulate in and around the photo lab. 
Thus the temperature fluctuated between 13 and 18 degrees over the cruise. As 
long as both the standardisation and sample analyses were performed at the same 
temperature, the low temperature did not effect the results. On a number of 
occasions the photo lab light was turned off and the sample box lid was removed 
to help speed up stabilization of the samples to room temperature. For future 
cruises a temperature controller similar to the one used for lab 3 is 
recommended.

Temperature in the laboratories was also recorded by two Tinytalk units. One 
was positioned beside the salinometer, while the other was positioned beside 
the DO system. A digital thermometer was used to estimate the temperature of 
the dissolved oxygen samples during stabilization to room temperature. 
'Indoor/outdoor' electronic thermometers were used to measure the fridge and 
freezer.  The air temperature about the salinometer was generally 20.0  ±1°C.


PURIFIED WATER

The MQ system was set up in the photo lab, as usual. The system appeared to 
function ok,  however air locks were experienced from time to time, slowing the 
process of reaching optimum quality. A number of groups used the MQ system, and 
about 400 l of water were produced for this cruise. The filters did not require 
changing.


ADDITIONAL SAMPLES ANALYSED.

The following additional samples were analysed for other scientists on board 
au0304:

salinity:    5 samples (Stephane Pesant)

nutrients: ~50 samples (Stephane Pesant)
            30 samples (Christel Heeman)



A1.1.2.  AU0403 HYDROCHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT
         (Clodagh Moy, Kate Berry and Andrew Moy)

Seawater samples from the CTD were analysed for salinity, dissolved oxygen and 
nutrients (nitrate plus nitrite, silicate and orthophosphate). Samples were 
collected from 115 stations in total. Additional nutrient samples were also 
analysed for scientists from IASOS and the Australian Antarctic Division. 
Analysis procedures, except for procedures developed for the new Lachat 
nutrient system, are described in Eriksen (1997), Cowley and Johnston (1999) 
and Cowley (2001), with general updates described in Moy (in prep.).

Personnel
Clodagh Moy (nee Curran), Hydro Chemist, ACE CRC
Kate Berry, Hydro Chemist, CSIRO
Andrew Moy, Volunteer, PhD student IASOS.

NUMBER OF SAMPLES ANALYSED
Salinities : 2448
Dissolved Oxygen : 2436
Nutrients : 2704


SALINITY

Clodagh Moy analysed salinities with a Guildine Autosal Salinometer, SN62549, 
setup in the wet lab on the aft bench near the starboard side porthole. This 
salinometer was used throughout the whole voyage.  

The spare salinometer, SN62548 was setup on the aft bench on the port side in 
case it was needed.  A new multi-wrist shaker for shaking the salinity samples 
was purchased before the cruise to reduce repetitive strain injuries. It was 
setup between the two salinometers on the aft bench. Four salinity crates were 
stacked two high, each side of SN62549, to help equilibrate to room 
temperature.

Ocean Scientific IAPSO standard seawater was used to standardise the 
salinometer. A batch of 10 standards, together with the protective packaging 
they came in, were setup behind one side of the salinity crates to equilibrate 
to room temperature. A total of 90 bottles of IAPSO standard seawater over 32 
standardisations were used on the voyage. Samples were analysed from shallowest 
to deepest in a CTD cast i.e. from bottle 24 to bottle 1.

The trim value, or standardisation value, is set on the salinometer during 
standardisation with IAPSO standard seawater.  If the instrument and 
temperature control is stable there should be minimal change to the trim value 
day to day. During AU0403 the trim value remained a constant 2.43 _ 0.02 (std 
dev) over 32 standardisations. The trim value however has decreased 
significantly since the last voyage. This needs to be investigated by an 
electrician in Hobart.

Standard Seawater batch number P141 (12th Jun 2002), which was near the end of 
its shelf life, was used to standardise the instrument from station 1 to 10. 
P143 (26th Feb 2003) was used from station 10-16, and for the rest of the 
voyage P144 (23rd Sep 2003) was used. The salinometer remained very stable 
during the voyage due to good lab temperature control. However on two 
occasions, analysing stations 16 and 41, it was difficult to control the 
temperature and analysis was stopped overnight while the lab temperature 
stabilised.  

During analysis of station 27, there were flow problems in the cell. There 
seemed to be a blockage in the tubing from the pump into the cell causing low 
flow through the cell. After checking the pump tubing and tubing into the 
salinometer for blockage, a blockage was found on the inlet to the salinometer. 
The tubing from the inlet to the pump to the inlet to the salinometer was 
changed and analysis continued.  

Low flow through the cell occurred again during station 57, with the pump motor 
fluctuating, in turn causing a fluctuation in the flow. The spare pump was 
installed, but again the motor fluctuated. The power plug was changed, but 
still no change. Tim Shaw (the AAD electronics person on board) had a look at 
the two pumps and power plugs, and the only noticeable problem with the pumps 
was slight corrosion on the power inlet. Tim installed a power controller box 
to maintain a constant power supply and monitor any drawing of current by the 
pumps if they were failing. The power controller was used for the rest of the 
voyage with no further pump problems.

There were a number of samples with leaking lids. This was caused either by a 
loose sample bottle lid (not tightened by the sampler), or by a chip in the 
thread of the sample bottle. Where there was a damaged bottle, it was replaced 
with a new one together with a new lid. On a few occasions there were also 
samples with either too little or too much sample in them due to samplers 
either over or under filling the bottles. 

The multi-wrist shaker went well during the voyage. It was set on continuous 
shaking at speed 4.  Sixteen samples from the first crate to be analysed at the 
beginning of the shift were screwed in place before standardization. Then as 
the samples were analysed the next sample in the crate was screwed in place and 
so on till the day's crates were analysed. This meant that each sample was 
shaken for about 45 minutes. Samples were well homogenised, and stability of 
the readings was improved, without slowing down the overall analysis. 

   Files updated:
     A0403_equipment.xls,
     Salinometer_stability.xls.


DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed by Andrew Moy using the automated 
oxygen titration DODO. The DODO system was setup on the starboard sink nearest 
the portholes in the wet lab. A new peristaltic pump was used to flush waste to 
drain from the burettes in the hydraulic ram. It worked well.

Standardisations were conducted every second day of analysis, or when a new 
batch of Sodium Thiosulphate was used. A record of Standardisations and Blanks 
was maintained during the voyage together with a comparison of duplicate 
titrations. They can be found in the files DO_std&blank_timeseries.xls and 
DO_duplicate_samples.xls. 

The mean Blank from Station 1-114 was 0.005±0.001ml of Sodium Thiosulphate. 
Standardisations changed minimally from station 1 to 30, the average being 
4.454_0.027ml of Sodium Thiosulphate.  However there was a significant shift in 
the standardisations from station 31 to 55, the average being 4.401±0.007ml of 
Sodium Thiosulphate. This corresponded to a 1.3% shift in results. Mark and 
Steve brought the dissolved oxygen offset to our attention, when they compared 
the voyage data to a previous WOCE I9S Voyage on the Knorr, 10 years previous. 
Due to the tight dissolved oxygen profiles produced on the voyage thus far, 
this small offset was very noticeable.  

Every aspect of the Dissolved oxygen analysis was examined for any obvious 
reason to explain the offset. It was quickly realized that the Biiodate 
Standard was changed after Station 30. Immediately, the suspect Biiodate 
Standard was changed to a new batch and a Standardisation completed. The 
Standardisation shifted back to where it was before Station 31.  

During the CLIVAR I9S transect, Kate was also running duplicate DO samples on 
the Lachat nutrient autoanalyser to compare the two methods for Rebecca Cowley 
at CSIRO. There were two crates of DO sample bottles set aside for this as 
their volumes were calibrated accurately by Rebecca before departure. During 
stations 23-27, 2 other crates were used to collect the duplicate samples by 
mistake, 8 samples per station. The samples were of no use to Kate as there 
were no sample bottle volumes for them.  

Andrew happened to analyse these duplicates during the low Biiodate 
Standardisation. After examination of the results for both the original samples 
taken before the low standardization and comparing them with the duplicates 
which happened to be analysed during the low standardization, there was a 
difference of 1.3% similar to the offset in standardizations. The results can 
be seen in DO_duplicate crates.xls. It was decided then to correct Stations 31-
55 with this offset of 1.3%, since the profiles were so tight. After correction 
of the data, the profiles compared very well to the Knorr data.  

During analysis of the samples, duplicate aliquots were analysed for 1-2 
samples in a cast. For 193 duplicates analysed, the mean % difference was 
0.07±0.13%.  

A new Metrohm Dosimat was purchased before the voyage, but due to problems with 
the old DODO system prior to the voyage a comparison of the two systems was 
unable to be completed in time. The old DODO system was fixed prior to shipping 
to Fremantle to meet the Aurora Australis. The comparison could not be 
performed on the voyage due to time constraints and lack of reagents.

   Files updated:
     A0403_NUTS&DO_reagcal.xls,
     DO_std&blank_timeseries.xls,
     DO_duplicate samples.xls,
     DO_duplicate crates.xls


NUTRIENTS

The Lachat nutrient analyser from CSIRO in Hobart was used to analyse 2452 
samples for silicate, phosphate and nitrate + nitrite (NOx) in the ranges

     Si    0-140µM
     P     0-3µM
     NOx   0-35µM
     
Lachat operation
The silicate and NOx channels ran well at first, but the phosphate results 
showed poor precision, with peak areas for replicates see-sawing up and down by 
up to 5%. - this problem could not be fixed for some time. The phosphate 
problem seemed to be flow related, but changing pump tubes, checking flows and 
trimming the ends from tubing produced only limited improvement. The phosphate 
also spiked badly at first, and this problem was fixed by adding an extra 2m of 
backpressure coil after the detector. After CTD 69, the pump tubes were moved 
to different positions on the pump and the phosphate improved markedly, and was 
reliable for the rest of the voyage. The nitrate had begun to show the same 
problem at about CTD 50 and remained unreliable, with some runs showing 
problems with variability.

The position of the pump tubes on the pump appears to be crucial, and some 
scoring on the rollers of the first pump was noticed where the green pump tube 
had been positioned. The pump was changed to the spare at CTD 80, and later, 
after making more space, both pumps were used, with the tubes well spaced out 
along the rollers. However the nitrate remained variable. Changing pump tubes 
sometimes made the variability worse. No difference was found between using the 
green pump tube to push or pull the sample through the solenoid valves. It was 
used to pull, so that the sample was in contact with only teflon tubing before 
analysis.

Once the phosphate was working well, all the affected runs were repeated except 
where the spare sample had already been used. The worst of the nitrate runs 
were repeated too. Variability in the remaining wobbly nitrate runs (CTDs 55-
57, 76-78, 82, 84,105-110) is of the order of 1%. One wobbly phosphate run 
remained, CTD 9.

Tip: If the phosphate baseline is noisy or wavering, it may be due to a small 
blockage in the mixer for the two reagents - pull out the ends of teflon tubing 
one by one and let them flow or trim the ends. On some days, twice as much 
colour reagent as ascorbic acid was consumed, and on others the amounts were 
even. This made no difference to response, but a different design for mixing 
the reagents might be more reliable.

DILUTER 
The diluter was used at first but the valve leaked, introducing bubbles into 
the samples, especially for phosphate. As there was no spare valve, standards 
were prepared manually from CTD43. The main advantage of the diluter was the 
ability to quantify on two standard ranges in the same run, which was useful 
early on when profiles included very low and high silicate samples. As the 
cruise proceeded to the south, there were no very low samples, so only the 0-
140µM standard range was used for silicate.

HYDRO
An old version of Hydro was used to be sure of getting the right results for 
the DODO dissolved oxygen method. A separate hydro version was used at first to 
enter the results from the Lachat, but once repeat runs were started this could 
no longer be done as the format of the .csv files used in hydro does not 
support this. A format such as Omnion 2 may be more useful, where the data is 
in columns in the .csv file and can be easily replaced with repeat data if 
necessary.

ACCURACY
Hiski Kippo's nutstats program worked well, though it was hard to print out, 
but no doubt this will be improved in future. None of the SRMs (Standard 
Reference Materials) reflected their true value, as can be seen in the table 
below. Perhaps this is due to mixing effects, as Bec has proposed.  The 
standards used on this trip were prepared and tested on October 26, and they 
were acceptably similar to the last batch of standards. The LNSW that was 
provided for this trip contained 4.1µM Si, 0.1µM P and 0µM NOx, and this was 
used to prepare all standards and SRMs as well as the Bulk QC sample.

As Bec has pointed out, the % error in Hiski's program has the sign reversed. I 
have corrected this in the following table.



                               Accuracy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   Si high SRM 30µM         P high SRM 3µM          NOx high SRM 30µM
---------------------   ----------------------   ----------------------
Batch   mean  % error    Batch   mean  % error    Batch   mean  % error
 1-69   30.1   0.34      1-69    2.929  -2.41     1-69    29.91  -0.29
70-114  31.04  3.37     70-114   2.88   -4.16    70-114   29.78  -0.74
                        repeats  2.881  -4.12    repeats  29.84  -0.53
                             
   Si low SRM 10µM          P low SRM 1µM           NOx low SRM 10µM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Batch   mean  % error    Batch   mean  % error    Batch   mean  % error
---------------------   ----------------------   ----------------------
 1-69   10.3   3.03      1-69    0.963  -3.88     1-69    9.92   -0.76
70-114  10.56  5.26     70-114   0.957  -4.55    70-114   9.90   -1.02
                        repeats  0.967  -3.42    repeats  9.97   -0.33


In future, the SRM result should be used in the stats (value plus LNSW value) 
without subtracting a blank - subtracting a blank introduces twice the error 
into the results.

Precision
10L of LNSW were spiked with standards to make a Bulk QC sample for precision 
measurements. Hiski's statistics for the Bulk QC are below:

                               Precision
           ---------------------------------------------------
           Batch  |          Mean         |        CV%        
           -------|-----------------------|-------------------
                  |  Si   |   P   |  NOx  |  Si  |  P   | NOx
            1_69  | 30.09 | 2.619 | 28.82 | 0.62 | 3.27 | 0.92
           70_114 | 30.98 | 2.581 | 28.84 | 0.35 | 1.45 | 0.48
           Repeats|       | 2.590 | 28.78 |      | 1.56 | 0.54


The problems with phosphate precision are reflected in the higher CV% for runs 1-69.  

Detection limits
Detection limits were calculated from 14 replicates of a Cal 0 standard.
Silicate: 0.060µM
Phosphate: 0.032µM
NOx: 0.036µM

DO EXPERIMENTS
DOs on the Lachat were easy to do, although changing back to nutrients always 
produced a problem of some sort. 230 samples were analysed for DO both on the 
Lachat and by DODO (Andrew Moy).  Andrew also analysed a batch of samples and 
standards immediately after they had been run on the Lachat. The results have 
been given to Bec for analysis. 

CONCLUSIONS
While the Lachat analyser used on AU0403 was generally easy to use, the 
precision of the data needs to be examined carefully. Variability was 
exaggerated by the high concentrations of the samples on AU0403, so that a 3% 
difference was very noticeable. A comparison between the Lachat and the Alpkem 
will require accuracy and precision data from Alpkem runs. This should be 
available for AU0304 and AU0103, but it may not have been processed. These data 
should be processed using Hiski's nutstats program, to provide a meaningful 
comparison of the two instruments. Future work will also include comparing 
precision data from AU0403 with that for other Lachat runs, for example from the 
Southern Surveyor.  

The phosphate problem was first noticed when Steve Rintoul plotted I9 data 
against data from the Knorr for the same transect 10 years ago. The silicate and 
nitrate data for the early stations matched well, but the phosphate varied 
widely around the Knorr values. Once the phosphate problem was solved, phosphate 
analyses were repeated for all of I9 and some of PET, and nitrate analyses were 
repeated for many stations to include the best data possible.  


Temperature monitoring and control     

The salinometer remained very stable during the voyage. This was mainly due to 
good temperature control of the laboratory with an AAD PID temperature 
controller, an AAD Atlas Air - Mini air-conditioner permanently installed in the 
wet lab, and the ship's steam heater. The steam heater fan was used to circulate 
air around the lab, without opening the steam valve. A wall fan was also 
installed near the floor on the portside island bench near the salinometer to 
help air flow circulation.  

On two occasions there was however difficultly in maintaining good temperature 
control. This was due to changes in the ship's heating/cooling system, which 
affected the laboratory temperature. Before analysis of station 16, the air 
temperature in the laboratory was above 21°C. This affected the salinometer bath 
temperature causing fluctuations in the 2R readings. Analysis was stopped 
overnight while the air conditioner temperature was lowered. The air vents in 
the ceiling were taped off to prevent further fluctuations by the ship's air 
temperature controller.  

During analysis of station 41, the reading again began to fluctuate and the 
water bath temperature rose. The air conditioner's lowest set temperature was 
17°C, thus as the air temperature outside dropped significantly the air 
conditioner became a source of heat rather than cold. As it was no longer needed 
to cool the laboratory, it was switched off. Analysis was stopped overnight till 
the temperature stabilized.

Two new Easylog USB temperature loggers recorded the laboratory temperature. One 
was positioned beside the pump on the salinometer, while the other was 
positioned on the hydraulic ram of the DO system. The Easylog temperature 
loggers were easy to use as they were USB compatible and were easy to setup and 
download. A temperature profile was printed out every 11 days and showed the 
laboratory temperature to be stable at 20.0 +/- 1°C. 'Indoor/outdoor' electronic 
thermometers were used to measure the fridge and freezer temperature.

  
PURIFIED WATER

The MQ system was set up on Voyage 1 in the photo lab without filter cartridges 
in it. Before departing Fremantle the filter cartridges were installed and the 
system was primed, however there was a problem with the RO system, with a lack 
of reject flow. The problem was eventually traced to a blockage in the needle 
valve.

Overall the pre-treatment and carbon filters were changed twice during the 
voyage when the RO product water quality red light was on for over 5mins. The 
total about of water used was 1400L.  


ADDITIONAL SAMPLES ANALYSED.

Apart from the oceanographic program, a number of nutrient samples were also 
analysed on board the ship, as follows:

     Donna Roberts (IASOS):        20 Heard Island samples.
     Krystina (IASOS student):    118 Lagoon samples.
     Imojen Pearce (AAD student): 157 Samples from Davis Station.
     










                                  APPENDIX 1.2
        CTD AND HYDROCHEMISTRY DATA PROCESSING AND CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES




A1.2.1     INTRODUCTION

This Appendix details the data processing and calibration techniques used in the 
production of the final CTD data set i.e. the CTD 2 dbar-averaged data, and the 
bottle data file. Logging of the data at sea is discussed in the main text of 
this report. The different sections in this Appendix, and the description within 
each section, are ordered to match the steps in the data processing flow. The 
data processing software is in Fortran and Matlab, plus preliminary stages using 
Sea-Bird post processing routines.

The data processing methodology described here is a major update to the 
processing for previous cruises (Rosenberg et al., 1995), due to replacement of 
the old Neil Brown type CTD's with a Sea-Bird CTD system. Despite this change in 
instrumentation, many of the central processing methods remain unchanged.


A1.2.2     DATA FILE TYPES

The various data files used throughout the data processing/calibration (and 
produced by it) are outlined below. A complete description of final data file 
formats is given in Appendix 1.3.


     A1.2.2.1     CTD data files

Several types of CTD data file are referred to in this Appendix:

  (i) cnv CTD files, which contain 25 Hz CTD data extracted from the complete 
      raw binary 25 Hz data logged by the data acquisition software, converted 
      to engineering units, and then with initial data processing steps applied 
      using the Sea-Bird post processing software;

 (ii) cnn CTD files, as above for the cnv files, and then with the conductivity 
      calibration applied;

(iii) 2 dbar-averaged CTD files, with the CTD data averaged over 2 dbar bins, 
      starting at 2 dbar and centered on each even 2 dbar value.

CTD filenames are of the form vyyccusss.xxx (e.g. a04034090.all), where:

      v   = vessel (e.g. "a" for Aurora Australis)
      yy  = year (e.g. "04" for 2004)
      cc  = cruise number (e.g. 03)
      u   = CTD instrument number ("3" for serial 703, "4" for serial 704)
      sss = station number (e.g. 090)
      xxx = file type, as follows:
            cnv = 24 Hz CTD data
            cnn = 24 Hz CTD data after initial conductivity calibration
            all = CTD 2 dbar-averaged data



     A1.2.2.2     Bottle data file

The final bottle data file contains the Niskin bottle data (salinity, nutrients 
and dissolved oxygen) output from the hydrochemistry data processing programs 
(see Appendix 1.1), merged with the averages calculated from upcast CTD burst 
data from each Niskin bottle stop. The file is named vyycc.bot (e.g. a0403.bot), 
where v, yy and cc are as above. During the CTD data calibration procedure, 
intermediate bottle data files are produced, named calibx.dat:nn, where x = 1 or 
2 (primary or secondary sensors respectively), and nn (e.g. 01) is the file 
version number. In general, later version numbers are for more advanced stages 
in the bottle data file quality control.


     A1.2.2.3     Station information file

This file contains station information, including position, time, depth, maximum 
pressure etc. The file is named vyycc.sta (e.g. a0403.sta), where v, yy and cc 
are as above.


A1.2.3     CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS

Raw temperature, conductivity and pressure counts output by the CTD are 
converted to engineering units in the initial processing stage (see section 
A1.2.5.1 below), with the calibration coefficients in Table 1.10 of the main 
text applied in the conversion formulae (see Sea-Bird manual). All temperature 
values are in terms of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Raw 
oxygen sensor signal values are voltages.

Salinity is calculated from the conductivity, temperature and pressure using the 
practical salinity scale of 1978 (PSS78), via the algorithm SAL78 (Fofonoff and 
Millard, 1983). The Fofonoff and Millard routines are also used for back-
calculation of conductivity from salinity, temperature and pressure (for 
calculation of Niskin bottle sample conductivities). Note that temperatures 
expressed on the ITS-90 scale must first be converted to IPTS-68 (International 
Practical Temperature Scale of 1968) for input into these routines. The 
conversion factor used is (Saunders, 1990):

     T(68) = 1.00024 T(90)                                          (eqn A1.2.1)

CTD oxygen calculations are described in section A1.2.10 below. For additional 
sensors (e.g. altimeter, fluorometer, P.A.R., transmissometer), manufacturer 
supplied sensor calibrations are applied. No further calibration is applied to 
these additional sensor values.


A1.2.4     STATION HEADER INFORMATION

The following station information is contained in both the station information 
file, and in the header of each 2 dbar-averaged CTD file:

Position:         All station position information is derived from the JRC 
                  GPS receiver data in the quality controlled underway 
                  measurement data set (see reports referenced in section 
                  1.3.3 of the main text).

Bottom depth:     Depth data come from the quality controlled Simrad EA200 12 
                  kHz sounder data.

Times:            All times are ultimately derived from a central time server 
                  on the ship. For each CTD: start time = time at commencement 
                  of downcast proper (see section 1.3.1 in the main text) 
                  bottom time = time at the maximum pressure of the cast end 
                  time = time when CTD leaves the water

Maximum pressure: This the maximum pressure value reached during the cast.

Altimeter:        This is the minimum reliable altimeter value measured near 
                  the bottom of the cast. Note that the due to variations in 
                  bottom topography, time of minimum altimeter reading does 
                  not necessarily correspond exactly with the time of maximum 
                  pressure reading.


A1.2.5     INITIAL PROCESSING STEPS USING SEA-BIRD POST PROCESSING PROGRAMS

The complete binary CTD files logged at 24 Hz during data acquisition are 
initially run through a series of data processing steps on a PC, using the Sea-
Bird post processing software. Raw data counts are converted to engineering 
units, surface pressure offsets applied, various sensor lags, corrections and 
filters are applied, and pressure reversals are flagged. Programs and processing 
steps applied are as follows.


     A1.2.5.1     Program 1: "Data Conversion"

This program is used to extract the desired parameters from the raw logged data 
files, and to convert data counts to engineering units. Parameters extracted are 
scan number, pressure, primary and secondary temperature and conductivity, 
oxygen signal voltage, and any additional sensors (e.g. altimeter 1 and 2, 
fluorometer, P.A.R., transmissometer). For cruises AU0304 and AU0403 in this 
report, the additional sensors were an altimeter and a fluorometer. 

Initially, the program is run on the first ~30,000 scans of data (or a 
sufficient number to include data up to commencement of the downcast). Surface 
pressure offset at the start of the cast (i.e. just prior to entering the water) 
is determined from the output file, and the scan number for the commencement of 
the downcast proper (as noted on the CTD sheet at the time of logging) is 
checked and ammended if necessary. For each station, the pressure offset 
coefficient in the configuration file is ammended to include the surface 
pressure offset, and the program is run again to convert the desired data to 
engineering units. Data scans prior to commencement of the downcast proper are 
omitted. A cnv CTD data file for each station is output. For application of the 
remaining Sea-Bird post processing programs, this cnv file is updated with each 
processing step.

     A1.2.5.2     Program 2: "Align CTD"

This program is used to apply a sensor lag adjustment to the oxygen sensor data 
of +5 seconds, relative to the pressure data. Note that no conductivity sensor 
lags are applied here: both primary and secondary conductivity data are advanced 
+0.073 seconds relative to temperature by the deck unit at the time of logging. 


     A1.2.5.3     Program 3: "Cell Thermal Mass"

This program removes conductivity cell thermal mass effects from the measured 
conductivity values.

See the SBE Data Processing help information for details of the recursive filter 
used. Input constant values used were alpha (thermal anomaly amplitude) = 0.03, 
and 1/beta (thermal anomaly time constant) = 7.0.


     A1.2.5.4     Program 4: "Filter"

This program applies a low pass filter with a time constant of 0.15 seconds to 
the pressure data. For a full description of the filter, see the SBE Data 
Processing software help information.


     A1.2.5.5     Program 5: "Loop Edit"

This program is used to flag (not remove) pressure reversals. A minimum CTD 
velocity of 0 is used to find pressure reversals. Note also that for the 
downcast and upcast, pressure values equal to the previous value are also 
flagged. At a later stage of the processing, when 2 dbar averages are formed, 
these flagged values are omitted to form a pressure monotonic file.


     A1.2.5.6     Program 6: "Derive"

This program is used for an initial calculation of uncalibrated salinity and 
oxygen. These values are all recalculated at a later stage of the processing, 
after calibration against Niskin bottle data.



     A1.2.5.7     Program 7: "Sea Plot"

This program is used for a quick look at cnv file data, to identify any obvious 
data spikes/sensor malfunctions. The most obvious spikes are flagged.

All remaining data processing is performed in a unix envirnoment, using fortran 
and matlab programs.


A1.2.6     FORMATION OF CTD UPCAST BURST DATA

Upcast CTD burst data files for each station are formed from the upcast part of 
the cnv CTD file. For each bottle firing, 10 seconds of data centered around the 
bottle firing time are extracted and written to a file vyyccusss.ros (for 
vyyccusss defined as above). For 24 Hz data, there are 240 data scans in each 
upcast burst. Note that bottle firing times are derived from scan numbers 
recorded by the data acquisition software at each firing. Scan numbers at firing 
times are also recorded on the CTD log sheet at each station, as a backup in 
case of data acquisition problems. 

The mean of each upcast burst of CTD data is calculated and written to the file 
vyyccusss.btl for each station. These mean values from the burst data are used for 
comparison with the salinity and dissolved oxygen bottle samples, for the 
subsequent calibration of the CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors. 


A1.2.7     FORMATION OF INTERMEDIATE BOTTLE DATA FILE

The averaged upcast CTD burst data from all stations are collected in the 
template bottle data files calib1.dat and calib2.dat, for respectively primary 
and secondary temperature/conductivity (and calculated salinity) sensor data. 
Note that CTD salinity data at this stage are from the initial salinity 
calculations in the Sea-Bird software. These salinity values are not used for 
calibration purposes.

Intermediate bottle data files calib1.dat:01 and calib2.dat:01 (i.e. version 1 
intermediate file, for respectively primary and secondary sensor data) are 
formed by merging the hydrochemistry data (salinity, dissolved oxygen and 
nutrients) with the upcast CTD burst data in calib1.dat and calib2.dat. Prior to 
calibration of the CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen data, the Niskin bottle 
data undergo preliminary quality control. Salinity data which are obviously bad 
are given the quality flag -1 (i.e. bottle not used in the calibration of CTD 
conductivity) in the intermediate bottle data files. Reasons for rejecting 
salinity bottle data at this stage include bad samples due to leaking of 
incorrectly tripped Niskin bottles, mixed up samples due to a misfiring rosette 
pylon, samples drawn out of sequence from Niskin bottles, significant 
salinometer problems, etc. 

Dissolved oxygen bottle data pass through an initial quality control similar to 
salinity bottle data, except that bad dissolved oxygen bottle values are removed 
from the bottle data files. Questionable values (not removed) are noted (e.g. 
Table 1.17 in the main text). Nutrient data are quality controlled at a later 
stage, following calibration of all the CTD data. For cruises using the Lachat 
nutrient analyser (i.e. AU0403 onwards), nutrient data are merged into the 
bottle data file at a later stage, after calibration of the conductivity.


A1.2.8     CALIBRATION OF CTD CONDUCTIVITY

For the CTD conductivity data, calibrations are carried out by comparing the 
upcast CTD burst data with the Niskin bottle data, then applying the resulting 
calibrations to the downcast CTD data. The conductivity calibration follows the 
method of Millard and Yang (1993). For groups of consecutive stations, a 
conductivity slope and bias term are found to fit the CTD conductivity from the 
upcast burst data to the Niskin bottle data; a linear station-dependent slope 
correction (Millard and Yang, 1993) is applied within each station group to 
account for calibration drift. The SeaBird 911 manual claims a slope term only 
is required, however data from these and other cruises indicate improved 
calibration results when a bias term is also used. The relative stability of the 
Sea-Bird conductivity cells between stations, compared with sensors on the older 
type CTD's used on previous cruises, means that observed calibration drift or 
variability can often be attributed to salinometer analyses. 

Data from the entire water column are used in the conductivity calibration. Also 
note that no correction is made for the vertical separation of the Niskin 
bottles and the CTD sensors (of the order 1 m); and the International Standard 
Seawater (ISS) is assumed to be correct i.e. no corrections are made for any 
variations in ISS batch numbers.



     A1.2.8.1     Determination of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients

The following definitions apply for the conductivity calibration:

c(ctd) = uncalibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
c(cal) = calibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
c(btl) = 'in situ' Niskin bottle conductivity, found by using CTD pressure 
         and temperature from the burst data in the conversion of Niskin 
         bottle salinity to conductivity
F(1)   = conductivity bias term
F(2)   = conductivity slope term
F(3)   = station-dependent conductivity slope correction
N      = station number


CTD conductivities are calibrated by the equation

     c(cal)  =  (1000 c(ctd)) . (F(2) + F(3) . N)  +  F(1)          (eqn A1.2.2)

Niskin bottle salinity data are first converted to 'in situ' conductivities 
c(btl). The ratio c(btl)/c(cal) for all bottle samples is then plotted against 
station number, along with the mean and standard deviation of the ratio for each 
station (Figure 1.7 in the main text is the version of this plot for the final 
calibrated data). Groups of consecutive stations are selected to follow 
approximately linear trends in the drift of the station-mean c(btl)/c(cal) 
(Table 1.12 in the main text). For each of these groups, the three calibration 
coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3) are found by a least squares fit: F(1), F(2) 
and F(3) in eqn A1.2.2 are all varied to minimize the variance σ^2 of the 
conductivity residual (c(btl)-c(cal)), where σ^2 is defined by

     σ^2  =  Σ (c(btl) - c(cal))^2 / (n - 1)                        (eqn A1.2.3)

for n equal to the total number of bottle samples in the station grouping.

Note that samples with a previously assigned quality code of -1 (sections 
A1.2.7) are excluded from the above calculations. In addition, samples for which

     | (c(btl) - c(cal)) |  >  2.8σ                                 (eqn A1.2.4)  

are also flagged with the quality code -1, and excluded from the final 
calculation of the conductivity calibration coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3). 
Samples rejected at this stage often include those collected in  steep vertical 
temperature and salinity gradients, and not already rejected.

This process is often iterative, as more bad salinity bottle samples are found, 
station groupings adjusted, and upcast CTD burst conductivity data are flagged. 
During the iteration, different intermediate bottle data files are named 
calib1.dat:nn and calib2.dat:nn (for primary and secondary sensors 
respectively), where nn is the file version number. Additionally, during this 
stage of the processing a decision is made which of the CTD 
temperature/conductivity sensor pair data to use i.e. primary or secondary 
sensor data. In general, primary and secondary sensor data are not mixed (i.e. 
primary T is not mixed with secondary C, and primary C is not mixed with 
secondary T), as notionally the primary and secondary sensors are not measuring 
the same parcel of water pumped past the sensors. 


     A1.2.8.2     Application of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients

The set of coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3) found for each station (Tables 1.12 
and 1.13 in the main text) are first used to calibrate the upcast CTD 
conductivity burst data in the intermediate bottle data file. The conductivity 
calibration is applied to the mean value for each burst only (as opposed to each 
raw data scan in the burst). Upcast CTD salinity burst values are recalculated 
from the calibrated CTD burst mean values of conductivity, temperature and 
pressure.

Next, the conductivity calibration is applied to the 24 Hz conductivity data in 
the cnv CTD files, to produce the cnn CTD files.


A1.2.8.3.  Processing flow

The intermediate bottle file data, containing upcast CTD burst data means and 
Niskin bottle data, are used to determine the conductivity calibration 
coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3). Station groupings are determined from the bias 
drift of the conductivity cell/salinometer comparison with time (section 
A1.2.8.1). For each station group, the following occurs:

1. 3 iterations are made of the least squares fitting procedure 
   (section A1.2.8.1) to calculate F(1), F(2) and F(3), each iteration 
   beginning with the latest value for the coefficients; 
2. bottles are rejected according to the criterion of eqn A1.2.4;
3. steps 1 and 2 are repeated until no further bottle rejection occurs.

For each station group, there is a single value for each of the 3 coefficients 
F(1), F(2) and F(3) (Table 1.12 in the main text); following the station-
dependent correction, an individual corrected slope term (F(2) + F(3).N) (as in 
eqn A1.2.2) applies to each station (Table 1.13 in the main text). When final 
values of the coefficients have been obtained, the conductivity calibration is 
applied to both the upcast CTD burst data and the 24 Hz CTD data in the cnv 
files (section A1.2.8.2). Finally, plots are made of both the ratio 
c(btl)/c(cal) and the residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number (Figures 
1.7 and 1.8 in the main text), where s(btl) is the Niskin bottle salinity and 
s(cal) is the calibrated CTD salinity from the upcast burst data (section 
A1.2.8.2). 

Following calibration of the CTD conductivity, the mean of the salinity 
residuals (s(btl) - s(cal)) for the entire data set is equal to 0 (for a good 
data set). The standard deviation about 0 of the salinity residual (section 
A1.2.13) provides an indicator for the quality of the data set. With good CTD 
and salinometer performance, this standard deviation should be significantly 
less than 0.002 (PSS78).


A1.2.9.  CREATION OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED FILES

Downcast data from each 24 Hz cnn CTD file (i.e. with calibrated conductivity) 
are written to a pressure monotonically increasing file, omitting scans 
previously flagged as a pressure reversal (section A1.2.5.5), and omitting scans 
previously flagged as bad (section A1.2.5.7). The pressure monotonic data are 
then sorted into 2 dbar pressure bins, with each bin centered on the even 
integral pressure value, starting at 2 dbar, as follows. A data scan is placed 
into the ith 2 dbar pressure bin if

     pmid(i) - 1  <  p  ≤  pmid(i) + 1                              (eqn A1.2.5)

where pmid(i) is the ith 2 dbar pressure bin centre, and p is the pressure value 
for the data scan. Data scans previously flagged as bad (section A1.2.5.7),

After sorting, the temperature, conductivity, oxygen voltage and additional 
sensor values (i.e. fluorescence, P.A.R., transmittance) in each 2 dbar bin are 
averaged and written to the 2 dbar-averaged file. There is no pressure centering 
of these parameters i.e. for the ith 2 dbar pressure bin, the parameters are 
assigned to the even integral pressure value at the centre of the bin. Note that 
if the number of points in a bin is less than 8, no averages are calculated for 
that bin. Also note that data from only one of the temperature/conductivity 
sensor pairs are used, as per section A1.2.8.1 above.

The salinity s(a(v)) for each 2 dbar bin is calculated from T(a(v)), c(a(v)) and 
pmid, where T(a(v)) and c(a(v)) are respectively the temperature and 
conductivity averages for the bin. Note that T(a(v)) is first converted from the 
ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale using eqn A1.2.1.


A1.2.10.  CALIBRATION OF CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN

CTD dissolved oxygen data are calibrated using the downcast raw CTD oxygen 
voltages. Downcast 2 dbar-averaged CTD data are matched with the Niskin bottle 
dissolved oxygen samples on equivalent pressures. The calibration is based on 
the method of Owens and Millard (1985). 

In general, single whole profile fits for deeper stations leave a significant 
residual between bottle and calibrated CTD values near the bottom. So separate 
calibration fits are down for the shallow and deep parts of the CTD profiles, 
using the following scheme (and where maxp = maximum pressure of the cast):

  (i) for casts where maxp ≥ 4000 dbar
      • profile split at 2000 dbar
      • shallow fit done for top down to 1 bottle below 2000 dbar
      • deep fit done for 1 bottle above 2000 dbar down to bottom
      • in final calculation of 2 dbar CTD oxygen values, shallow and deep fits 
        linearly "blended" over the pressure window 1800 to 2200 dbar i.e. ±200 
        dbar around the split point

 (ii) for casts where 1800 ≤ maxp < 4000 dbar
      • profile split at 1500 dbar
      • shallow fit done for top down to 1 bottle below 1500 dbar
      • deep fit done for 1 bottle above 1500 dbar down to bottom

      • in final calculation of 2 dbar CTD oxygen values, shallow and deep fits 
        linearly "blended" over the pressure interval 1350 to 1650 dbar 
        i.e. ±150 dbar around the split point

(iii) for casts where 1400 ≤ maxp < 1800 dbar
      • profile split at 1000 dbar
      • shallow fit done for top down to 1 bottle below 1000 dbar
      • deep fit done for 1 bottle above 1000 dbar down to bottom
      • in final calculation of 2 dbar CTD oxygen values, shallow and deep fits 
        linearly "blended" over the pressure interval 900 to 1100 dbar 
        i.e. ±100 dbar around the split point

 (iv) for casts where maxp < 1400 dbar
      • single whole profile fit 

Note that a minimum of 4 bottles is required to run the fitting routine.

All calibration calculations are performed on dissolved oxygen (i.e. Niskin 
bottle and CTD dissolved oxygen values, and oxygen saturation values) in units 
of ml/l; all values are reported in units of µmol/l. The conversion factor used 
is   ( µmol/l )  =  44.6595 x (ml/l).

The following definitions apply for the dissolved oxygen calibration:

  o(cal) = calibrated CTD dissolved oxygen
  o(v)   = raw CTD oxygen voltage
  T      = CTD temperature
  s      = CTD salinity
  p      = CTD pressure
  slope  = oxygen signal slope
  bias   = oxygen signal bias
  tcor   = temperature correction term
  pcor   = pressure correction term
  o(btl) = Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen value

All the above CTD parameters are 2 dbar-averaged data. CTD dissolved oxygen is 
calibrated using a simplification (i.e. time constant and weighting factor set 
equal to 0) of the sensor model of Owens and Millard (1985), as follows:

      o(cal) = [ slope . ( o(v) + bias ) ] . oxsat(T,s) .     
            exp( tcor . T  + pcor . p )                             (eqn A1.2.6) 

where the oxygen saturation value oxsat is calculated at T and s using the 
formula of Weiss (1970):

     oxsat(T,s) =  exp{A(1) + A(2).(100/T(K)) + A(3).ln(T(K)/100)
            + A(4).(T(K)/100) + s.[B(1) + B(2).(T(K)/100)           (eqn A1.2.7)
                       + B(3).(T(K)/100)^2] }

for T(K) equal to the CTD temperature in degrees Kelvin (= T + 273.16), and the 
additional coefficients having the values (Weiss, 1970):

             A(1)l = -173.4292    B(1)  = -0.033096
             A(2)  =  249.6339    B(2)  =  0.014259
             A(3)  =  143.3483    B(3)  = -0.0017
             A(4)  = -21.8492       

Note that the CTD temperature T in equations A1.2.6 and A1.2.7 is first 
converted from the ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale using the approximation of 
Saunders (1990) (i.e. eqn A1.2.1).

CTD dissolved oxygen is calibrated for individual stations. For each individual 
station the 4 calibration coefficients (slope, bias, tcor and pcor) in eqn 
A1.2.6 are found by varying all 4 coefficients in order to minimize the variance 
σ^2 of the dissolved oxygen residual o(btl) - o(cal), where σ^2 is defined by

     σ^2  = Σ (o(btl) - o(cal))^2 / (n-1)                           (eqn A1.2.8)

for n equal to the total number of bottle samples at the station (or in the 
station grouping). A non-linear least squares fitting routine, utilising the 
subroutines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, COVSRT and GAUSSJ in Press et al. (1986), is applied 
to find the 4 coefficients. In application of the routine, convergence is judged 
to have occurred when

     Σ (o(btl) - o(cal))^2 / (0.6)^2  <  0.96 n                     (eqn A1.2.9)

or else after a maximum of 5 iterations. Note that when calculating σ^2 for each 
Niskin bottle sample, the pressure from the upcast CTD burst data (i.e. the 
pressure assigned to the bottle sample) is used in eqn A1.2.6, while all other 
parameters are from the downcast data (at the nearest equivalent 2 dbar pressure 
value). Downcast CTD pressure is used in eqn A1.2.6 when the resulting 
calibration is being applied to finalise the entire 2 dbar dissolved oxygen 
data. Also note that there is no automatic rejection of dissolved oxygen bottle 
data analogous to eqn A1.2.4 in the conductivity calibration.

Prior to calibration, bad oxygen bottle data are excluded. When matching upcast 
bottle data with equivalent downcast CTD data, mismatches can occur due to 
temporal differences between the downcast and upcast profiles, particularly in 
sharp local features and gradients in the upper water column. Calibrations for 
individual stations are significantly improved by exclusion of these worst cases 
from calibration fits. The fit for a station (or group of stations) is usually 
not considered satisfactory until 2.8σ < 0.3 (for σ defined as in eqn A1.2.8).

The oxygen residuals (o(btl) - o(cal)) are plotted against station number 
(Figure 1.10 in the main text). The mean of the residuals for an entire cruise 
should be very close to 0. In general, a standard deviation of the residuals < 
1% of full scale (see section 1.5.1.4 in the main text) is a good result.

CTD 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen values are calculated for a station using 
the values for slope, bias, tcor and pcor found for the station, and applying 
the scheme described above for melding calibrations from the shallow and deep 
part of the profile. When calculating oxygen for each 2 dbar bin using eqns 
A1.2.6 and A1.2.7, the 2 dbar bin values for temperature, salinity and pressure 
are used.


A1.2.11     QUALITY CONTROL OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA

Plots of the 2 dbar-averaged CTD data are inspected to identify additional bad 
or suspicious data. Suspect data are most commonly due to sensor hardware 
malfunction, fouling of the conductivity cell, insufficient or no oxygen bottle 
samples (for oxygen data), and transient effects near the surface (much less 
prevalent than for the Neil Brown type CTD's used on previous cruises). Obvious 
bad values are removed from the data, and questionable values are noted (Table 
1.15 in the main text).


A1.2.12     QUALITY CONTROL OF NUTRIENT DATA

Nutrient data are checked using plots of individual station profiles, overlaying 
profiles from groups of consecutive stations, looking at bulk plots 
(nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate), and where possible comparing values with any 
available historical data. Nutrient data which are obviously bad are removed 
from the bottle data file. Questionable values are noted (Table 1.16 in the main 
text). On occasion, autoanalyser errors may necessitate the flagging of an 
entire station as questionable.


A1.2.13     RESIDUALS FOR CTD CALIBRATION COMPARISONS TO BOTTLE DATA

Final residuals for (s(btl) - s(cal)) and (o(btl) - o(cal)) (where s(btl) and 
o(btl) are respectively Niskin bottle salinity and oxygen values, and s(cal) and 
o(cal) are respectively final calibrated CTD salinity and oxygen values), are 
plotted for a cruise, and standard deviations of the residuals calculated from

                n
      x(std)= {[Σ(x(i)-x(mean))^2] / (n-1)}^1/2                     (eqn A1.2.10)
               i=1  

where x(std) is the standard deviation of x (for x equal to the salinity or 
dissolved oxygen residual). For salinity, the summation in eqn A1.2.10 does not 
include points rejected for the CTD conductivity calibration. Similarly for 
dissolved oxygen, the summation does not include points rejected for the CTD 
dissolved oxygen calibration. Thus n is equal to the total number of data points 
x(i) not rejected for the relevant calibration, with mean value x(mean) of the 
all the x(i) values (i.e. mean for all the stations in the plot). 

These calculated standard deviation values are important indicators for the 
quality of the CTD data set.



___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________




                                 APPENDIX 1.3
                          DATA FILE TYPES AND FORMATS


A1.3.1     CTD DATA

  • CTD serial 703 was used for all of cruise AU0304, and for stations 1 to 
    41 of cruise AU0403. CTD serial 704 was used for stations 42 to 115 of 
    cruise AU0403.

  • CTD data are in text files named *.all, containing 2-dbar averaged data. 
    An example of file naming convention:

a03043020.all     a = Aurora Australis
    03  = year
    04  = cruise number
    3   = CTD instrument number (3 for serial 703, 4 for serial 704)
    020 = CTD station number

  • The files consist of a 15 line header with station information (all times 
    are UTC), followed by the data in column format, as follows:

    column 1 - pressure (dbar)
    column 2 - temperature (degrees C, ITS-90 scale)
    column 3 - conductivity (mS/cm)
    column 4 - salinity (PSS78)
    column 5 - dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
    column 6 - fluorescence (volts)
    column 7 - no. of data points used in the 2 dbar bin 

  • All files start at 2 dbar, and there is a line for each 2 dbar value. Any 
    missing 2 dbar data are filled by the null value -9.

  • All CTD data are downcast data.

  • Any missing header information is filled by blanks.


A1.3.2     NISKIN BOTTLE DATA

  • Bottle data are contained in the text files a0304.bot and a0403.bot (for 
    cruises AU0304 and AU0403 respectively), with the following columns:

    column  1 - station number
    column  2 - ctd pressure (dbar)
    column  3 - ctd temperature (deg. C, ITS-90 scale)
    column  4 - digital reversing thermometer temperature (no thermometer data 
                for these cruises)
    column  5 - ctd conductivity (mS/cm)
    column  6 - ctd salinity (PSS78)
    column  7 - bottle salinity (PSS78)
    column  8 - phosphate (µmol/l)
    column  9 - nitrate (µmol/l) (i.e. total nitrate+nitrite)
    column 10 - silicate (µmol/l)
    column 11 - bottle dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
    column 12 - bottle flag (1=good,0=suspicious,-1=bad, relevant to bottle 
                or CTD salinity values for CTD conductivity calibration)
    column 13 - Niskin bottle number

  • Columns 2, 3, 5 and 6 are all the averages of upcast CTD burst data (i.e. 
    averages of the 10 seconds of CTD data centered around each bottle firing).

  • Any missing data are filled by the null value -9.


A1.3.3     STATION INFORMATION

A summary of the station information is contained in the text files a0304.sta 
and a0403.sta (for cruises AU0304 and AU0403 respectively). This station 
information is also included in the matlab files a0304.mat and a0403.mat. The 
station information files contain position, time, bottom depth, maximum pressure 
and minimm altimeter value for CTD stations. Position, time (UTC) and bottom 
depth are specified at the start, bottom and end of the cast. Decimal time is 
also included for the start, bottom and end of the cast, defined as below in the 
matlab files.


A1.3.4     MATLAB FORMAT

  • CTD 2 dbar data are contained in the matlab files a0304.mat and a0403.mat 
    (both including header information), and bottle data are contained in the 
    matlab files a0304bot.mat and a0403bot.mat.

  • In the matlab files, column number for each array corresponds with CTD 
    station number.

  • In the matlab files, NaN is a null value.

  • In the bottle file, the rows 1 to 24 are the shallowest to deepest Niskins 
    respectively.

  • For the files a0304.mat and a0403.mat, the array names have the following 
    meaning: (all times are UTC)
      "start" refers to start of cast
      "bottom" refers to bottom of cast
      "end" refers to end of cast
      "decimal time" is decimal days: for AU0304, this is measured from 2400 
       on 31st Dec. 2002 (so, for example, midday on 2nd January 2001 = decimal 
       time 1.5); for AU0403, it's measured from 2400 on 31st Dec. 2003.
      "lat" is latitude (decimal degrees, where -ve = south)
      "lon" is longitude (decimal degrees, where +ve = east)
      "time" is hhmmss time
         botd      = ocean depth (m)
         maxp      = maximum pressure of the CTD cast (dbar)
         lastbin   = deepest 2 dbar pressure bin (for AU0403 only)
         altimeter = minimum reliable altimeter reading of the CTD cast (m)
         press_alt = pressure value (dbar) at the minimum altimeter reading
         ctdunit   = instrument serial number
         station   = station number
         date      = ddmmyyyy date at the start of the cast
      "ctd" is the upcast CTD burst data, for the parameters:
         cond      = conductivity
         fluoro    = fluorescence
         npts      = number of data points used in the 2 dbar bin
         ox        = dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
         press     = pressure (dbar)
         sal       = salinity (PSS78)
         temp      = temperature (deg.C T90)
    
  • For the files a0304bot.mat and a0403bot.mat, the array names have the 
    following meaning:
      "ctd" refers to upcast CTD burst data, for the parameters:
         cond      = conductivity (mS/cm)
         press     = pressure (dbar) (also called hyd_press)
         sal       = salinity 9PSS78)
         temp      = temperature (deg.C T90)
      "hyd" refers to bottle data, for the parameters:
         ox        = dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
         sal       = salinity (PSS78)
         flag      = the bottle flagged described under the bottle data section
         niskin    = Niskin bottle number
         nitrate,phosphate,silicate = µmol/l
         station   = station number
         therm     = digital reversing thermometer temperature (no data for 
                     these cruises)


A1.3.5     WOCE DATA FORMAT

The data are also available as WOCE format files, following the standard WOCE 
format as described in Joyce and Corry (1994).


     A1.3.5.1     CTD 2 dbar-averaged data files

  • Data are contained in the files *.ctd
  • CTD 2 dbar-averaged file format for AU0304 is as per Table 4.7 of Joyce 
    and Corry (1994). Data for AU0403 are in "WHP-exchange" format (see WHPO 
    website at http://whpo.ucsd.edu for description of the format). In both 
    cases, measurements are centered on even pressure bins, with the first 
    value at 2 dbar.
  • The quality flags for CTD data are defined in Table A1.3.1.


     A1.3.5.2     Bottle data files

  • Data for the two cruises are contained in the files a0304.sea and a0403.sea. 
  • a0304.sea format is as per Table 4.5 of Joyce and Corry (1994); a0403.sea 
    is in WHP-Exchange format. Quality flags are defined in Tables A1.3.2 and 
    A1.3.3. 
  • The total value of nitrate+nitrite only is listed. 
  • For AU0304, silicate is reported to the first decimal place only; for 
    AU0403, silicate and nitrate+nitrite are reported to the first decimal 
    place only.
  • CTD temperature (including theta), CTD pressure and CTD salinity are all 
    derived from upcast CTD burst data; CTD dissolved oxygen is derived from 
    downcast 2 dbar-averaged data.
  • SAMPNO is equal to the rosette position of the Niskin bottle.
  • Salinity samples rejected for conductivity calibration, as per eqn A1.2.4 
    in Appendix 1.2, are not flagged in the .sea file.


     A1.3.5.3     Conversion of units for dissolved oxygen and nutrients


     A1.3.5.3.1     Dissolved oxygen


     Niskin bottle data

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen concentration 
values have been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units 
µmol/kg, as follows. Concentration C(k) in µmol/kg is given by

     C(k)  =  1000 C(l) / ρ(θ,s,0)                                  (eqn A1.3.1)

where C(l) is the concentration in µmol/l, 1000 is a conversion factor, and 
ρ(θ,s,0) is the potential density at zero pressure and at the potential 
temperature _, where potential temperature is given by

     θ = ρ(T,s,p)                                                   (eqn A1.3.2)

for the in situ temperature T, salinity s and pressure p values at which the 
Niskin bottle was fired. Note that T, s and p are upcast CTD burst data 
averages.


     CTD data

In the WOCE format files, CTD dissolved oxygen data are converted to µmol/kg by 
the same method as above, except that T, s and p in eqns A1.3.1 and A1.3.2 are 
CTD 2 dbar-averaged data.


     A1.3.5.3.2     Nutrients

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle nutrient concentration values have 
been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units µmol/kg using

     C(k)  =  1000 C(l) / ρ(T(l),s,0)                               (eqn A1.3.3)

where 1000 is a conversion factor, and ρ(T(l),s,0) is the water density in the 
hydrochemistry laboratory at the laboratory temperature T(l) = 20.0°C, and at 
zero pressure. Upcast CTD burst data averages are used for s.



Table A1.3.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data (after Table 4.10 in 
              Joyce and Corry, 1994). These flags apply both to CTD data in 
              the 2 dbar-averaged *.ctd files, and to upcast CTD burst data 
              in the *.sea files.

       flag       definition          flag       definition
       ---- ------------------------  ---- ----------------------------------
        2   acceptable measurement      5  measurement not reported
        3   questionable measurement    6  interpolated over >2 dbar interval
        4   bad measurement             7  despiked
        9   parameter not sampled


Table A1.3.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles (i.e. parameter 
              BTLNBR in *.sea files) (after Table 4.8 in Joyce and Corry, 1994).

       flag       definition
       ---- ----------------------------------
        2   no problems noted
        3   bottle leaking
        4   bottle did not trip correctly
        5   not reported
        9   samples not drawn from this bottle



Table A1.3.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files 
(after Table 4.9 in Joyce and Corry, 1994).

       flag       definition
       ---- ------------------------
        2   acceptable measurement
        3   questionable measurement
        4   bad measurement
        5   measurement not reported
        9   parameter not sampled



     A1.3.5.4     Station information file

  • Data for the two cruises are contained in the files a0304.sum and 
    a0403.sum, with the file format as per section 3.3 of Joyce and Corry 
    (1994).
  • Depth and altimeter readings are as described previously in the report.
  • Wire out (i.e. meter wheel readings of the CTD winch) were unavailable.


A1.3.6     ADCP DATA

ADCP data are available as 30 ensemble averages, contained in the following 
files:

au030401.cny and au040301.cny- text format, all data
au0304_slow35.cny and au0403_slow35.cny - text format, 
                          "on station" data i.e. data for which ship speed ≤ 0.35 m/s
a0304dop.mat and a0403dop.mat - matlab format, all data
a0304dop_slow35.mat and a0403dop_slow35.mat - matlab format, 
                          "on station" data i.e. data for which ship speed ≤ 0.35 m/s

Full file format description is given in the text files README_au0304_adcp and 
README_au0403_adcp, included with the data.


A1.3.7     UNDERWAY DATA

See section 1.3.3 in the main text of this report. Full file format descriptions 
are given in the text files README_au0304_underway and README_au0403_underway, 
included with the data.



REFERENCES

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Cowley, R. and Johnston, N., 1999. Investigations into the chemistry used 
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Eriksen, R., 1997. A practical manual for the determination of salinity, 
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to the 
crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. The work was supported by the Australian 
government's Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) Program through the Antarctic 
Climate and Ecosystems CRC and the former Antarctic CRC, the Australian 
Antarctic Division (ASAC Project Numbers 2312 and 2572), and by the Australian 
Greenhouse Office of the Department of Environment and Heritage through the 
CSIRO Climate Change Science Program; and by Grant-in-Aid 14403006 for 
scientific research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and 
Culture.




