WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION WOCE section designation A22 Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 316N151_4 Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation Terrence Joyce, WHOI Dates 1997.08.15 - 1997.09.03 Ship KNORR Ports of call Trinidad, Spain to Woods Hole, MA Number of stations 79 Geographic boundaries of the stations 40°46.47''N 66°58.66''W 64°45.01''W 11°00.00''N Floats and drifters deployed 10 Floats and 9 Drifters Moorings deployed or recovered 1 Mooring recovered Contributing Authors (in order of appearance) F. Bahr G. Packard D. Swift L. Stein S. Zimmermann G. Knapp A. Ross D. Chaky K.M. Johnson K. Erickson J. Goddard R. Rotter J. Curtice P. Landry Cruise report for Knorr 151, leg 4: Port of Spain-Woods Hole A. Cruise Narrative Ship: R/V KNORR operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ports: Port of Spain, Trinidad to Woods Hole, Mass, USA Dates: 15 August depart Trinidad, 3 September arrive Woods Hole WOCE Designator: 316N151/4 Chief Scientist: Terrence M. Joyce Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. 360 Woods Hole Rd., MS 21 Woods Hole, Mass, 02543 e-mail: tjoyce@whoi.edu telephone:(508)289-2530 fax: (508)457-2181 The Knorr departed Port of Spain, Trinidad as scheduled on 15 August and proceeded to our first station, a joint cast with the 'Hermano Gines', out of the EDIMAR Laboratory, Margarita, Venezuela. This station was located just outside of the sill of the Cariaco Basin. During the station, the chief scientist & R. Rotter went aboard the Gines taking some sample bottles and, after the cast, returning with some nutrient samples for analysis on Knorr. We then proceeded to our start of the Caribbean transect, which we completed with station 23 on 20 August at the 300m isobath south of Puerto Rico. After taking two stations in the Virgin Island Basis, we continued our transect from the north of Puerto Rico, breaking off after station 57 to recover an Inverted Echo Sounder mooring for R. Watts, U. Rhode Island on 8/29/97 at 34°09.94'N, 66°59.14'W. The mooring was approximately 60nm west of our cruise track. After the mooring was recovered, we resumed our section, finishing the last station, number 77, on the continental shelf south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The ship arrived in Woods Hole on 3 September, one day ahead of schedule. Cruise Objective Our cruise is part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Programme's (WHP) global, onetime survey of the oceans. The effort to study the global ocean with state of the art instrumentation for highest quality measurements has been virtually completed in all of the major ocean basins except the North Atlantic. As part of this effort, two meridional legs were planned for summer of 1997 aboard the R/V KNORR at 52°W (WHP line designator A20) and 66°W (A22) as part of the US Atlantic Circulation & Climate Experiment (ACCE). These lines were done back to back beginning off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, working southward along 52°W to the coast of Suriname with a port stop between legs in Trinidad. The Knorr cruise (#151) departed on leg 1 for float deployment (T. Rossby, chief scientist), followed by leg 2 focussing on onetime hydrography in the sub-polar gyre (L. Talley, chief scientist), followed by our two legs. Leg 3 under the direction of R. Pickart, chief scientist. As my leg, is number 4 in the cruise, it is assumed by WHP naming conventions that our EXPOCODE will be 316N151/4. Our fourth leg worked northwards from the coast of Venezuela to Puerto Rico and thence northwards (along 66°W) to the continental shelf south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Basic instrumentation and principal investigators for both legs were the same with small changes in at sea personnel. This report is for the second of the two meridonal legs (A22): the only WHP line in the global survey that will sample in the Caribbean sea. During the IGY in the mid 1950s and again in 1985, hydrographic stations were made to the ocean bottom in the region outside of the Caribbean along a nominal longitude of 66°W. Changes in water properties between these two occupations reflect long-term changes in the deep waters of the western N. Atlantic (Joyce and Robbins, 1996). Measurements to be made in 1997 will further document the evolving system, which is being strongly influenced by temporal changes in the Labrador Sea. Injection of newly ventilated waters from the sub-polar gyre can be detected with standard hydrographic sampling of dissolved oxygen, but detectability is improved with other tracer measurements such as CFCs and tritium/helium-3. Furthermore, use of a Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) on the CTD/rosette package will permit direct measurements of horizontal velocity throughout the water column and facilitate estimation of flow rates near boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream and the Deep Western Boundary Current. Measurements of flow and hydrographic properties throughout the water column in the Caribbean Sea will permit the whole section to be used as a constraint of no net flow (top to bottom) which should improve our estimation of geostrophic transport as a function of latitude and depth. The deep inflow into the Caribbean Basin through the Anegada Passage should be reflected in water mass properties below 1800m depth on the southern flank of the island of Puerto Rico while the upper layer flow into the basin from the South Atlantic is mainly found in the westward flow parallel to the coast of Venezuela. Other measurements include profiling ALACE float deployment for a study of 18°C water in the northern Sargasso Sea and JGOFs CO2 and bio-optical measurements. A complete station log (station .sum file) is attached as an appendix to the hard copy portion of this report. Measurement program Measurements made on the cruise include the following: * CTD profiles with Dissolved Oxygen Sensor * LADCP (mounted on 36 place, 10 liter rosette) * water sample analyses (at sea) for salinity, oxygen, silica, nitrate, nitrite & phosphate (basic hydro) * freons (F11, F12, F113) & carbon tetrachloride * alkalinity, pCO2, tCO2 and halocarbons * water sampling for tritium/helium-3 and natural radiocarbon * underway hull-mounted ADCP , thermosalinograph, bathymetry (single beam), meteorology & pCO2 * profiling ALACE float deployment in northern Sargasso Sea Principal Investigators NAME RESPONSIBILITY INSTITUTION Terrence M. Joyce chief sci., basic T/S, WHOI hydro, ADCP, LADCP, Met. William Smethie Jr. CFCs, CCl4 LDEO William Jenkins tritium/helium-3 WHOI Steve Riser PALACE Univ. Washington Louis Gordon nutrients OSU Robert Key CO2, radiocarbon Princeton Univ. Taro Takahashi pCO2 LDEO Robert Moore halocarbons Dalhousie Univ. WHOI: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution LDEO: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia Univ. OSU: Oregon State Univ. Cruise Personnel Name Responsibilities Institution Terrence Joyce chief scientist WHOI Laura Stein ctd operations WHOI Rochelle Ugstad ctd operations WHOI Sara Zimmermann ctd processing WHOI Jane Dunworth-Baker ctd processing WHOI George Knapp salinity/oxygen WHOI Dave Wellwood salinity/oxygen WHOI Frank Bahr ADCP,LADCP WHOI Stephanie Harrington ctd watchstander WHOI/MIT Juan Botella ctd watchstander WHOI/MIT Richard Wardle ctd watchstander WHOI/MIT Ellen Levy ctd watchstander WHOI Andrew A. Ross nutrients OSU Julie Arrington nutrients OSU Rosanne Swartz CFCs LDEO Eugene Gorman CFCs LDEO Damon Chaky CFCs LDEO Linda Baker CFSs LDEO Peter Landry tritium/helium-3 WHOI Joshua Curtice tritium/helium-3 WHOI Rich Rotter C-14, TALK Princeton Carrie Thomas C-14, TALK Princeton Ken Johnson TCO2 Brookhaven Ken Erikson TCO2 Brookhaven John Goddard pCO2 LDEO Dana Swift PALACE U. Wash. Wayne Groszko underway halocarbons Dalhousie Univ. Antonio Perez-Aguirre Venezuelan observer Venezuelan Navy Problems Encountered On 8/22/97 on the upcast of station 34, we lost all communication with the CTD and pylon. We were at 2337dbar on the upcast of our deepest station thus far on the cruise: 6106dbar over the Puerto Rico trench. This was perhaps the deepest station for the wire on the port winch. After recovery, we found that the package would work on the wire of the starboard winch and we therefore switched winches. It was found that a break in 2 of the 3 conductors had occurred at about 6000m from the instrument end of the wire (and 3700m from the winch end). This must have been the point over the sheave at the maximum depth. At this stage, only our small, backup CTD/rosette can operate on 1 conductor if the present wire should develop problems. Another reel on a drum is available but cannot be switched out safely at sea according to the bosun. If it is necessary to do this, we will have to make a quick stop in Bermuda. After returning from the mooring recovery, on our next station (58) along the cruise track, the CTD signal was lost on the up cast at a pressure of 2651dbars. We brought the package to the surface and, after sampling the deep bottles and determining that the conductor used by the CTD was shorted to the sea-cable ground, we switched to the 'spare', third conductor (the second being used by the rosette pylon), put the package back in the water and did a shallow cast for the upper bottles missed. Thus, both cables had bad conductors: the one on the port winch with one working conductor and that on the starboard winch (which we used since station 34) with 2 good conductors. We had some problems with the LADCP, and no data are available for stations 20 through 23. See the LADCP section for details. B. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS Shipboard ADCP (Frank Bahr) The shipboard 150KHz narrow-band ADCP was operated throughout the cruise, and the data were logged on the ADCP PC as well as on a SUN via serial data transfer. Standard data collection parameters included 8 meter bins,16 meter pulse length, and 5 minute ensembles. Navigation was provided by P-code GPS, and gyro heading was checked by recording 5-minute averages of the difference between gyro and Ashtech heading. The Ashtech instrument calculates heading based on differential GPS from an array of four antennas. Bottom tracking was turned on whenever the bottom was within ADCP range (during departure from Trinidad, near Puerto Rico, and on the final transit into Woods Hole). With the Ashtech heading correction applied, an initial bottom track calibration determined transducer amplitude and rotation corrections to be 1.005 and -0.55 degrees, respectively. While waiting to meet up with the Venezuelan ship for the joint station 1, the ship occupied two octagonal "stop sign" patterns with ship speeds of two and six knots, respectively. Each leg of constant heading was approximately 10 minutes long. The purpose of these tests was to investigate gyro errors as function of heading. Initial results show a roughly sinusoidal dependency of the difference between Ashtech and gyro heading on heading. Higher speeds resulted in a higher amplitude. The picture is complicated by the superposition of time-dependant gyro errors following the course changes. Standard Knorr underway measurements (Greg Packard) -Athena/Science Data System. All sensors/instruments in the system functioned continuously throughout the cruise with the exception of the Doppler speed log. The transducer for this unit was removed from the hull for repair. Athena, the shipboard data acquisition system, recorded meteorological and navigational data to three distinct files. The primary data file is as such: kn97mmdd.00x (mm is month, dd is day, x is consecutive file for that day). Recording of parameters to the primary data file is on a one minute basis. The following parameters were recorded in the file: 001| JSECONDS Time & date (Julian seconds) 002| CDATE Computer date 003| CTIME Computer time 009| GYRO Ship's heading (Gyro syncro) 012| IMET IMET data (Wnd, Bar, Hum, Swr, Prc) 024| SSCND Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm) 025| SSTMP Sea surface temperature (°C) 066| GPS GPS (Primary GPS data source) 069| WIND Wind speed & direction (true) The secondary data file is as such kn01min1.xxx (xxx is the consecutive data file written using this configuration). This file offers some derived values from the primary raw data. The following parameters were logged in this file at one minute intervals. 001| JSECONDS Time & date (Julian seconds) 002| CDATE Computer date 003| CTIME Computer time 009| GYRO Ship's heading (Gyro syncro) 021| SPDLOG Ship's speed (EDO Speedlog) 024| SSCND Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm) 025| SSTMP Sea surface temperature (°C) 029| GP20P_TP Port GPS 200 time & position 034| GP20S_TP Stbd GPS 200 time & position 036| GPS_COG GPS course over ground 039| GPS_SOG GPS speed over ground 040| GPS_TP GPS time & position 042| IMET_AIR Air temperature (°C) 043| IMET_BPR Barometric pressure (millibars) 045| IMET_HUM Relative humidity (percent) 052| IMET_PWN Bow to Stern wind speed (m/sec) 059| SALINITY Surface salinity, UNESCO 44 070| WND_SPD True wind speed (m/sec) 071| WND_DIR True wind direction (degrees) The third logged file is the station.xxx file. This is an event triggered file that was used in conjunction with underway and station surface samples taken by the science party. This file was then parsed out into the respective sub-files based on the event that it marks (i.e. salt samples from underway system, surface CTD bottles, ALACE deployments). The individual event files can be found in the /tsg directory of the cruise archive. 000| Event comment string 001| JSECONDS Time & date (Julian seconds) 002| CDATE Computer date 003| CTIME Computer time 024| SSCND Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm) 025| SSTMP Sea surface temperature (°C) 037| GPS_LAT GPS Latitude 038| GPS_LON GPS Longitude 040| GPS_TP GPS time & position 059| SALINITY Surface salinity, UNESCO 44 The only data gaps encountered are the drop in gyro input on two occasions. The two occasions are listed as: 970828 1621-1704 GMT Gyro converter box lock-up 970901 0510-1153 GMT Gyro converter box lock-up In both occasions it was a matter of the Synchro-RS232 signal converter box locking up. The other parameter effected by this is the true wind calculations. Parameter 034, Stbd GPS unit, is persistent in its null values about 33% of the time due to antenna placement. This GPS parameter is only provided as back-up logging to the P-code Time and Position (parameter 040) and port GPS unit (parameter 029). TSG salinity was compared to salt samples taken from the system. The TSG salinity values trended a linear offset value of +.31psu when compared to the Autosal values. Compared bottle sample salinities to TSG conductivity/salinity values can be found in the /tsg directory of the cruise archive. TSG temperature values proved to be within acceptable ranges when compared to surface CTD measurements given the spatial variability. This comparison file can be found in the /tsg directory as well. Module IMET sensors provided the meteorological data. The one minute data values listed in the file are a buffer average of values collected from the sensor for the past 60 seconds at a one second interval. All sensors seemed to provide adequate data when referenced to other available sensors around the vessel (wheelhouse wind birds, temperature sensors and barograph). These sensors are due for their annual calibrations in Sept. 97 and the chief scientist will be notified if anything is found that would effect the quality of the data collected on the cruise. The following environmental parameter sensors were in use during the cruise: Wind Sensor IMET Module ID WND005 Bar. Press. IMET Module ID BRP005 Rel. Humid. IMET Module ID HRH106 (Note: also provide Temperature) SW Rad. IMET Module ID SWR114 Precip. IMET Module ID PRC106 SST FSI OTM 1329 SSC FSI OCM 1322 -SeaBeam Bathymetry System: Along track bottom bathymetry was acquired using the vessel's SeaBeam 2100 MutliBeam Bathymetry System. The system works on a 12khz frequency with the ping rate constantly being adjusted with respect to depth. The stripped center beam data files were provided to the science party. These are daily files found in the /center beam directory of the cruise archive. The naming convention is cb1997.XXX. The XXX represents the Julian day of the year 1997. Note that a constant sound velocity curve of 1500 m/sec was used and all values in the file are uncorrected. Care must be taken when looking at the values when the vessel is hove-to on a CTD station with the sampling package in the water. The 12khz signal from the sampling package pinger interferes with the SeaBeam signal. Another known influence is the vessels 12khz Raytheon Precision Depth Recorder unit. The following are operation notes from the Seabeam log. 970816 0513 GMT System start up. Note that a constant 1500 m/sec sound velocity curve will be used for the cruise. 970818 1020 GMT System hang. Reset. 970820 2130 GMT Start Jung-fern Passage Sill transect 2235 Drop XBT (/scijunk/xbt/t5_0003.edf) 2335 Finish passage transect 970823 1310 GMT System shutdown on station to allow reboot of control/display station. 1350 Back acquiring data 970827 2154 GMT System hang 970828 0140 GMT Reset 970829 0931 GMT On idle for IES operations 1130 GMT Back on Survey 970831 0012 System on idle 0442 Back to Survey mode. 970902 2030 GMT System secured for KN151-4. Water depth at <50 meters and no return on center portion of swath. -R/V Knorr's Precision Depth Recorder System. The shipboard 12khz PDR system was used throughout the cruise. The main purpose of this system was to track the sampling package in the water column during the vertical hydro-casts. The PDR also provided bottom depth checks for station work and was used to track the Inverted Echo Sounder during the mooring recovery operations. ALACE Float Deployments (Dana Swift) Cruise report for deployment of Prof. Steve Riser's profiling drifters for Knorr cruise 151, leg-4 from Trinidad to WHOI. This report is based on handwritten notes from my notebook. Any discrepancies should be resolved in favor of the hand written notes. 8/24/97 Deployment preparation for Seabird Prototype 063 (WRC 47) Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. Seabird 063 15:50 8/24/97 22°52.16'N 65°59.86'W 41 This profiling drifter is a prototype of a newly developed model that integrates a Seabird MicroCat with a standard ALACE engine. The float was reset at 13:47GMT. Six test transmissions were heard on the ARGOS up-link receiver. Installed & tightened the drag disk. The com port plug was not removed but its tightness was checked. Double checked fastener tightness. No sign of 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is not protected with antifoulant. Pump stopped at 14:23GMT with bladder fully extended. Argos Id is 2787. Transmission Rep Rate is 88 sec. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/25/97 Deployment preparation for APEX Prototype 010 (WRC 2) Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. APEX 010 06:25 8/25/97 24°12.57'N 66°00.03'W 43 This float is the APEX prototype. The float was reset at 2:56GMT. Six test transmissions were heard on the ARGOS up-link receiver. Also heard was the air pump inflating the air bladder for a few seconds. By putting my ear to the float, I could hear the lead-screw driver inside the hull. I could not see into the helmet to determine the state of the toroidal bladders. The lead screw motor shut off at 3:11GMT. Hence, it was turning for 15 minutes. This float is not protected with antifoulant. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/25/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 024. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 024 20:24 8/25/97 25°32.81'N 65°59.27'W 45 2B9DE ARGOS ID number. 092 seconds repetition rate. 001 hour Trip interval. Temperature Counts: 2715 240 intervals DOWN. Pressure Counts: 011 015 intervals UP. Vacuum Counts: 047 016 minutes deep pump time. Battery Counts: 144 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2791). Reset at 16:48GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. Significant 'weather checks' on external bladder. Pump stopped at 17:14GMT. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/26/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 028. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 028 09:45 8/26/97 26°52.27'N 65°59.67'W 47 2BAAC ARGOS ID number. 090 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 2820 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 011 240 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 046 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 146 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2794). Reset at 09:19GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. Minor 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/26/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 001. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 001 23:24 8/26/97 28°13.56'N 65°58.33'W 49 2BDA2 ARGOS ID number. 086 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 2670 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 010 240 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 030 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 222 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model (early version) commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2806). Reset at 19:14GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. No 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/27/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 018. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 018 12:50 8/27/97 29°33.47'N 65°58.57'W 51 2BCBD ARGOS ID number. 084 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 2917 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 009 240 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 049 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 147 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2802). Reset at 10:27GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. No 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/27/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 019. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 019 02:05 8/28/97 30°53.19'N 65°59.90'W 53 2BB15 ARGOS ID number. 088 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 2458 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 008 255 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 049 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 149 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2802). Reset at 10:27GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. Minor to moderate 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/28/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 022. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 022 15:10 8/28/97 32°13.42'N 65°59.90'W 55 2BC1B ARGOS ID number. 090 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 2440 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 011 255 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 048 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 146 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id:2800). Reset at 12:40GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. Motor stopped pumping at 13:11GMT. Moderate 'weather checks' on external bladder. However, there is a part of the bladder surface that has a matte finish and that is not weather checked. The shape of this dull region suggests the a liquid was wiped across the surface --- the edges are uneven and appear to transition into the glossy region (normal appearance). I took several polaroid photos of the region hoping to show both the 'weather checks' and the matte finished region. The region is clearly visible in the photos but the weather checks are not. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/29/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 017. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 017 04:35 8/29/97 33°33.49'N 65°59.28'W 57 2B791 ARGOS ID number. 092 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 2798 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 013 240 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 047 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 144 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id:2782). Reset at 01:12GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. Light to moderate 'weather checks' on external bladder. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. 8/30/97 Deployment preparation for Drifter 004. Type id GMT date Latitude Longitude Stn. PALACE 004 12:47 8/30/97 35°33.50'N 65°59.74'W 60 2BD04 ARGOS ID number. 090 seconds repetition rate. Temperature Counts: 3004 001 hour Trip interval. Pressure Counts: 010 240 intervals DOWN. Vacuum Counts: 031 015 intervals UP. Battery Counts: 219 016 minutes deep pump time. 015 minutes 1st surface pump time. 060 minutes 2nd surface pump time. 250 minutes ascend time. This profiling drifter is a standard T-only model (early version) commonly referred to as PALACE. Mission was programmed as above. Tested transmission (Argos Id: 2804). Reset at 11:19GMT. Heard valve open. Heard 16 second pump priming phase. Heard 6 test transmissions. Installed drag disk. Cleaned, inspected, & lubed com port & plug. Installed & tightened com plug. Verify matching serial numbers on drag disk & float. Double checked fastener tightness. Checked thermistor probe response. Very minor 'weather checks' on external bladder near metal insert at center. This float is protected with antifoulant from E-1 Paint company. Deployed with no difficulty. C. HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS C.1 CTD systems (Laura Stein & Sara Zimmermann) A WHOI-modified EG&G Mk-III CTDs was used throughout the cruise (CTD #9). It was provided with an oxygen current and temperature channel, a platinum temperature probe, and a 3 cm conductivity cell. CTD9 was modified at WHOI to install a thermally-isolated titanium pressure transducer, with a separately digitized pressure temperature channel (Millard et al, 1993). Temperature and pressure calibrations were performed at WHOI prior to KN151 leg 3. Calibrations will also be performed upon return to WHOI. A Sensormedics oxygen sensor was installed at the beginning of KN151leg 3, and was used for the first 58 stations. The sensor was swapped out for a new sensor prior to station 59. The CTD was left powered on at all times, except when disconnected due to cable change out or retermination. In no event was the CTD warmed up less than 30 minutes. The CTD was kept out of the sun to avoid overheating of the case. Two 1016 pylons (S/N 1467 and S/N 1460) were used to close bottles at depth. The pylon was controlled using SIO SCI (Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Surface Control Interface) and power supply. The SCI was controlled through a dedicated personal computer and software provided by SIO STS/ODF. An FSI Integrated CTD, ICTD#1344, recording data internally, was used to collect backup data for selected stations. ICTD 1344 data was downloaded directly to a computer, demodulated using FSI software. Three rosette frames were provided for the cruise. Two frames, one from Scripps the other from LDEO consisted of 36 10-liter bottles, the third had 24 4-liter bottles. The primary 36 10-liter frame from Scripps was used for the entire cruise. Two FSI 24-position Sure Fire Water Samplers were available for the 24 4- liter frame. The bottles had been produced at SIO and WHOI based on a design from PMEL. Two Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (LADCP), one from University of Hawaii the other from WHOI were used on the cruise. Besides a CTD and LADCP, a 12-khz pinger was mounted on the frame. C.2 Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements (George Knapp) Water samples were collected from virtually every bottle during this cruise for the determination of salinity and dissolved oxygen. The primary purpose of these measurements is to accurately calibrate the sensors on the CTD. Salinity - Water was collected in 8 ounce glass bottles. The bottles are rinsed twice, and then filled to the neck. After the samples reach the lab temperature of 22 degrees C., they were analyzed for salinity using a Guildline Autosal Model 8400B (WHOI #11) salinometer. The salinometer was standardized once a day using IAPSO Standard Seawater Batch P-131 (dated10-OCT-96). Salinity readings are logged automatically to a computer, merged with the CTD data, and finally used to update the CTD calibrations. Accuracy of salinity measurements are ± 0.002 PSS-78. Prior to the first station it was noticed that this Autosal was not maintaining proper bath temperature control. One of the two bath thermistors had failed. That thermistor was removed from the circuit, and the salinometer was used for the entire cruise with just one baththermistor. Close attention was paid to standardizations and to maintaining a constant lab temperature, and it is believed that salinity measurements were not adversely affected. Dissolved Oxygen - Measurements are made using a modified Winkler technique similar to that described by Strickland and Parsons (1972). Each seawater sample is collected in a 150 ml brown glass Tincture bottle. When reagents are added to this sample, iodine is liberated which is proportional to the dissolved oxygen in the sample. A carefully measured aliquot is collected from the prepared oxygen sample and titrated for total iodine content. Titration is automated, using a PC controller and a Metrohm Model 665 Dosimat buret. The titration endpoint is determined amperometrically using a dual plate platinum electrode, with a resolution better than 0.001 ml. Accuracy is about 0.02 ml/l, with a standard deviation of replicate samples of 0.005. This technique is described more thoroughly by Knapp et al (1990). Calculated oxygen is merged with the CTD data, and used to update the CTD calibrations. Standardization of the thiosulphate titrant was performed daily. The titration apparatus worked flawlessly, and no problems were noted. C.3 Nutrient Analyses (Andrew Ross) Nutrient analysts on the ACCE 66°W leg were Andrew A. Ross and Julie M. Arrington from Louis I. Gordon's group at Oregon State University's College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences. The analyses were carried out using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (AAII) belonging to Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Oceanographic Data Facility. The autosampler and data acquisition system were supplied by OSU, as was the software used to acquire and process the absorbance data. All of the reagent and standard materials were provided by OSU. The analytical methods used are described in Gordon et al (1994). Nutrient samples were drawn from all CTD/rosette casts at stations 001 through 077 and were analyzed within 1 - 3 hours. The preliminary nutrient data has been merged with CTD and hydrographic data in WOCE format data files. A nutrient intercomparison was done at station 001 with the Venezuelan Oceanographic Research Vessel Hermano Gines. The R/V Gines performed a simultaneous rosette cast during station 001 and provided our group with eleven nutrients samples covering 200meters to the surface. Results were given to Knorr Chief Scientist Terry Joyce. Throughout the cruise, replicate samples drawn in different sample bottles from the same Niskin bottle were analyzed to assess the precision of the AAII analyses. These replicate samples were analyzed as adjacent samples at the beginning and once again at the end of each sample run to help monitor deterioration in the samples or uncompensated instrumental drift. Our estimates of short term precision based on these replicate analyses are given below. The values given are the absolute mean differences between replicates from the beginning to the end of each sample run. (Units are reported in micromoles per liter and as percentages of typical deep water concentrations.) Phosphate: 0.003 (<.3%) Nitrate + Nitrite : 0.041 (<0.2%) Silicic acid: 0.3 (<0.4%) Nitrite: 0.001 (<2.0%) C.4 Lowered ADCP (Frank Bahr) For this cruise, the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP)owned by Terry Joyce (serial number 1290, 150KHz) was flown out to Trinidad. With the help of Dan Torres, it was mounted on the 36-bottlerosette and checked out prior to leaving port. The instrument performed well for the first 19 stations. During preparations for station 20,however, it failed when the data cable was connected to it with the battery charger turned on. The operator at the time (fb) insists that the cable was not hooked up incorrectly, which would likely have caused a short. Subsequent inspection of the instrument found one blown fuse (F11)and a damaged CPU board. The converter from RS422 to RS232 that is part of the data cable was damaged as well. The LADCP was eventually repaired by installing a makeshift fuse (soldered in place by Peter Landry) and, after some email exchange with RDI to clarify differences between the original and a spare board from Dan Torres' supplies, by replacing the damaged CPU board. Station 20 was part of the Puerto Rico approach with close station spacing. To save time, the remaining relatively shallow stations of that approach (20 through 23) were sampled without an LADCP. The down time during the transit around Puerto Rico was used to exchange the damaged LADCP with Eric Firing's unit (serial number 1546, 150KHz). Although the original LADCP was ready again around station 35, we continued to use LADCP 1546 to avoid the down time required for an instrument swap. C.5 CFCs (Damon Chaky) The CFC group measured the concentrations of F11, F12, and F113 in approximately 2100 water samples. Analyses were performed on two electron capture gas chromatographs equipped with purge-and-trap systems. Between 2 and 4 replicate samples were analyzed from each station as a check on internal consistency, and as a cross-check on performance of the two GC systems. Bow air samples were also analyzed once a day on both systems. System blanks and midrange gas standards were run after every eight water samples, and full 10-point calibration curves were performed twice weekly on each system. Aside from shutdowns due to maintenance of the purge-and-trap units, no significant problems occurred during the course of the cruise. Approximately 30 samples were lost due to sampler error. Relative errors in cross-system and intra-system duplicates were less than 5% for F11 and F12 in most cases, and less than 10% for F113. C.6 Total Carbon Dioxide Measurements (K. M. Johnson, K. Erickson) Cruise 151-4 was the concluding leg of three consecutive WOCE cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean aboard the R/V Knorr for which Brookhaven National Laboratory was responsible for the measurement of the carbonate system parameter total carbon dioxide (CT). The CT was measured by SOMMA-Coulometry which involves the automated continuous gas extraction of an acidified seawater sample with the resultant CO2 determined by coulometric titration using a CO2 coulometer. Three SOMMA-Coulometer systems were used for this work. Two of them (S/N 004 and 030) were devoted to making discrete measurements, while the third (S/N 006) was configured to make continuous measurements (underway) of the CT in the surface waters. In total, (not counting duplicates) 1,209 discrete samples were analyzed, and approximately 1200 underway measurements were made during Cruise 151-4. Discrete samples were taken at 49 of the 77 stations (64%) occupied during the cruise. In addition, some 69 duplicate samples were run on the discrete systems along with 48 Certified Reference Materials (CRM). The CRM were from Batch 37 and had a salinity of 34.983 and a certified total carbon dioxide value of 2044.15 µmol/kg. The precision for the discrete sample measurements was ± 0.8 (S/N 004) and ± 1.2 (S/N 030) µmol/kg. The precision for the underway system is not yet known because it will have to be calculated from measurements made at constant salinity (i.e. periods where the ship was stationary). The accuracy of the three systems as measured by the mean difference between the results for CRM analyzed by SOMMA- Coulometry and the CRM certified value was - 0.17 µmol/kg (S/N 030, n = 19), - 0.57 µmol/kg (S/N 004, n = 17), and - 0.19 (S/N 006, n = 12) indicating excellent accuracy for all three systems and excellent agreement between the three individual SOMMA-Coulometry systems. As an additional check on accuracy, approximately 20 samples were collected for on- shore analysis in the laboratory of Dr. C. D. Keeling at SIO, but it will be months before the results of these analyses will be known. Based on these preliminary numbers the quality of the total carbon dioxide data set is expected to be very high. C.7 pCO2 (John Goddard) Principal Investigator - Dr. Taro Takahashi; Analyst - John G. Goddard Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was measured along WOCE ACCE line A22 as part of the DOE CO2 program. Samples were drawn from 10 l. Niskin seawater sampling bottles into 250 ml. bottles and poisoned with mercuric chloride. pCO2 was determined by equilibrating the seawater sample with head space gas for approximately 40 minutes and injecting a known volume of equilibrated gas into an infrared analyzer using a nitrogen carrier stream. Equilibration was done in a water bath held to a constant temperature of 20.00 ± 0.02°C. Each seawater sample was analyzed twice. A calibration curve using known concentration CO2 standards was determined at the start of each days analysis sequence and after each set of 12 samples. At the end of each calibration sequence the sample data are corrected for instrumental drift. Full station profiles or thermocline profiles were collected at 28 of the 77 stations occupied during this leg. Surface samples were collected on all but a few of the remaining stations. The analytical precision (range/mean) of the duplicate analysis on an equilibrated sample is ~0.20%. The sampling precision of duplicate samples drawn from the same Niskin is ~0.32%. Preliminary sample data are tabulated as pCO2 (20) (uatm). The analytical procedure used during this study is based on the same principle as that utilized during the Transient Tracers in the Ocean North Atlantic Study (TTO- NAS) in the same geographic area during 1981. The data obtained on this leg can thus be directly compared to pCO2 data obtained 16 years earlier. C.8 Radiocarbon and Radium-228 (Richard Rotter) Water samples were collected for radiocarbon by Richard Rotter, representing Princeton University. Full or partial profiles were collected at 12 stations, where 500 ml aliquots were drawn into glass bottles from the rosette and poisoned with mercuric chloride. Samples were stored, and delivered post-cruise, for subsequent analysis at the WHOI AMS facility. Water samples were also collected for radium 228. Surface water samples were collected at 10 stations and samples were stored for subsequent analysis at the Princeton Ocean Tracers Laboratory. C.9 Tritium, helium-3 (J. Curtice & P. Landry) Helium isotope laboratory, WHOI During the cruise, we took a total of 470 helium samples and 470 tritium samples, which were processed at sea using our helium extraction line and tritium degassing line. The samples will be analyzed on our mass spectrometer back in Woods Hole. D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Captain George Silva and the crew of the Knorr for their excellent support during the cruise. The cruise was sponsored by NSF as part of a WOCE grant to WHOI (OCE95-29607). E. REFERENCES Gordon, L.I., J.C. Jennings, Jr., A.A. Ross and J.M. Krest, 1994. A suggested protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. In: WOCE Operations Manual. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1. WOCE Report No. 68/91. November 1994, Revision 1. Woods Hole, MA, US Knapp, G.P., M.C. Stalcup and R.J. Stanley, 1990. Automated Oxygen Titration and Salinity Determination,. WHOI Technical Report, WHOI-90-35, 25 pp. Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons, 1972. The Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Bulletin 167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 310 pp. Millard, Robert, Gary Bond and John Toole, 1993. Implementation of a titanium strain gauge pressure transducer for CTD applications. Deep-Sea Research, 40, 1009-1021.