WHP Cruise Summary Information WOCE section designation P18 (N and S) Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 31DSCG94_2-3 Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation Bruce Taft, NOAA/PMEL (leg 2); Gregory Johnson, NOAA/PMEL (leg 3) Dates 1994.02.22-1994.03.24 (leg 2) 1994.03.29-1994.04.27 (leg 3) Ship DISCOVERER Ports of call Punta Arenas, Chile to Easter Island, Chile to San Diego, California, USA Number of stations 78 (leg 2), 107 (leg 3) Geographic boundaries of the stations 22°51.10''N 102°57.00''W 90°10.89''W 66°59.90''S Floats and drifters deployed 12 (leg 2) and 13 ALACE Floats (leg 3) Moorings deployed or recovered none Contributing Authors K.E. McTaggert G.C. Johnson B.A. Taft R.M. Key P.D. Quay J. Bullister K. Hargreaves K.A. Krogslund C.W. Mordy M. Rosenberg A.W. Mantyla A. Cruise Narrative A.1 Highlights A.1.a WOCE designation P18S P18N A.1.b EXPOCODE P18S: 31DSCG94/2 P18N: 31DSCG94/3 A.1.c P18S: Chief Scientist Dr. Bruce Taft (retired) Co-Chief Scientist Dr. John Bullister Phone: 206-526-6741 Fax: 206-526-6744 Internet: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov P18N: Chief Scientist Dr. Gregory Johnson Phone: 206-526-6806 Fax: 206-526-6744 Internet: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov Co-Chief Scientist Dr. Richard Feely Tel: (206)526-6214 Fax: (206)526-6744 Internet: feely@pmel.noaa.gov All at: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA-PMEL) 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle WA 98115 USA A.1.d Ship R/V Discoverer A.1.e Ports of Call P18S: Punta Arenas to Easter Island P18N: Easter Island to San Diego A.1.f Cruise dates P18S: Feb 22 - March 24 1994 P18N: March 29 - April 27 1994 A.2 Cruise Summary Information WOCE Hydrographic Section P18 was completed on the NOAA Ship Discoverer in early 1994 by NOAA and academic researchers measuring a wide suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes. The P18 section started north from 67°S, 103°W to 10°S, 103°W. From there the section crossed the East Pacific Rise in a northwesterly direction to 5°S, 110°20'W. The northward course was then resumed to 8°N, 110°20'W, where slight adjustments in longitude were made to bring the section to 110°W at 10°N. From there a northward course was followed to the final station, in less than 200 m of water off the southern cape of Baja California at 22°51.2'N, 110°W. Nominal station spacing was 30 nm, reduced to 20 nm from 3°S to 3°N and less from 22 30N to the section end. Station spacing was increased to 40 nm from 58°30' to 48°30'S, from 10° to 5°S, and from 10° to 14°N, to make up for delays owing to heavy weather and winch level-wind problems. A.2.a Geographic boundaries 23 N 110 W 103 W 67 S A.2.b Stations Occupied A total of 185 full water column CTD/water sample stations were made along the section from 67°S 103°W to 23°N 110°W. Of these, 158 stations were made using a 36-position, 10-liter bottle frame with a lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and a transmissometer. The other 27 stations were made using a 24-position, four-liter bottle frame deployed primarily during heavy weather. A Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus CTD was mounted in each frame. In addition to a set of temperature and conductivity sensors resident on each CTD, a single set of mobile temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen sensors was used at every station for quality control and continuity of temperature and conductivity measurements while keeping each CTD mounted in its own frame. Water samples were collected at every station for analyses of salt, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients (i.e., silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate). Samples were drawn at selected locations for analysis of CFC-11, CFC-12, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity, pH, pCO2, 3He, tritium, dissolved organic carbon, carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes, and other variables. Daily shallow casts were made for assessment of various biological parameters, including productivity. A total of 25 ALACE (Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer) floats were deployed during the cruise. Nineteen XCTDs were successfully launched between CTD/O2 stations from 1-9.5 N. Underway measurements included ADCP data, meteorological variables, bottom depth, pH, pCO2, atmospheric CFCs, nitrate, and chlorophyll. Sampling accomplished: 194 Stations were completed, including 9 on the transit to the start of the P18 section (Sta 1-9) Approximately number of water samples analysed: 6147 salinity, 6042 oxygen, 5999 nutrients, 2960 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 3147 Total CO2, 2998 pCO2, 4365 pH, 1006 DOC, 314 DON Approximate number of water samples collected for shore-based analysis: 1002 helium-3, 587 tritium, 938 AMS radiocarbon (C-14) and C-13 Lowered ADCP profiles were obtained at about 158 stations using a rosette mounted lowered ADCP instrument. Continuous underway ADCP measurements were made along the cruise track. Measurents of surface-layer dissolved gases and atmospheric trace gases including nitrous oxide and halocarbons) were made along the transit leg (Leg 1). These results have been presented in the technical report: Lobert, J.M.., J.H. Butler, L.S. Geller, S.A. Yvon, S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, A.D. Clarke, and J.W. Elkins. BLAST94: Bromine Latitudinal Air/Sea Transect 1994 report on oceanic measurements on methyl bromide and other compounds. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-10, 39 pp. (1996). A.2.c Floats and drifters deployed ALACE Floats were launched at 25 locations listed in Table 1. Twelve ALACE floats were released on Leg 2 and thirteen on Leg 3. Table 1: Time and location of ALACE float deployments Date Time Latitude Longitude 022494 0756 55°50.17'S 80°22.34'W 022494 1636 56°39.64'S 81°46.87'W 022494 2130 57°30.02'S 83°17.12'W 022594 0228 58°19.87'S 84°45.79'W 022594 0725 59°09.26'S 86°18.96'W 022594 1210 59°59.90'S 87°51.50'W 030894 1025 55°10.40'S 103°01.09'W 031094 2028 49°49.28'S 103°00.10'W 031394 0637 44°58.99'S 103°00.25'W 031594 0117 40°00.99'S 103°00.55'W 031894 1200 35°00.40'S 103°00.74'W 032094 0739 30°00.15'S 103°01.53'W 032994 1341 25°00.24'S 103°00.05'W 033194 2011 20°29.51'S 102°59.98'W 040494 0005 14°59.70'S 103°00.01'W 040694 1917 9°59.76'S 103°00.70'W 040994 1441 6°09.09'S 108°38.61'W 041094 2307 3°59.28'S 110°19.78'W 041294 1838 1°20.27'S 110°19.94'W 041494 1443 1°00.38'N 110°19.96'W 041694 1431 3°59.69'N 110°19.93'W 041794 1731 5°59.90'N 110°20.30'W 041994 1956 10°00.78'S 110°00.19'W 042194 1819 14°29.77'S 110°00.03'W 042394 2246 18°59.93'S 109°59.80'W A.2.d Moorings deployed or recovered A.3 Principal Investigators Table 2: List of Principal Investigators Measurement Principal Investigator Institution CTD/O2 B. Taft, G. Johnson PMEL Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) J. Bullister PMEL C-14 (AMS radiocarbon), C-13 P. Quay UW Nutrients K. Krogsland UW Dissolved Oxygen J. Bullister PMEL Helium/tritium W. Jenkins WHOI CO2 (alkalinity) F. Millero UM Total CO2 (coulometry), pCO2 R. Feely PMEL pH R. Byrne USF ADCP P. Hacker UH ALACE floats R. Davis SIO Underway atmospheric/surface halocarbons, nitrous oxide J. Butler CMDL Productivity F. Chavez MBARI Bathymetry Ship personnel Underway thermosalinograph Ship personnel Participating Institutions: NOAA/PMEL National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory USF University of South Florida MBARI Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography UM University of Miami UW University of Washington UH University of Hawaii WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution CMDL NOAA Climate Modelling and Diagnostics Laboratory A.4 Scientific Programme and Methods The long term objective of the Climate and Global Change Program is to provide reliable predictions of climate change and associated regional implications on time scales ranging from seasons to a century or more. In support of NOAA's Climate Program, PMEL scientists have been measuring the growing burden of greenhouse gases in the Pacific Ocean and the overlying atmosphere since 1980. The NOAA Office of Global Programs (OGP) sponsored Ocean Tracers and Hydrography Program and Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) studies ocean circulation, mixing processes, and the rate at which CO2 and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are taken up and released by the oceans. Work on this cruise was cooperative with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The research was designed to (1) describe water properties and relate them to circulation processes throughout the water column in the eastern Pacific Ocean; (2) determine the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide along 103-110°W; (3) study the invasion of CFCs in the ocean; and (4) provide a high quality set of baseline measurements for the continuing evaluation of changes in ocean content of dissolved gasses, water properties, and circulation. This section fills a gap in the eastern Pacific between WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) meridional sections P19 (along 90°W) and P17 (along 135°W). The southern end of this section intersects WHP S4, an E-W section along 67°S occupied in 1992. During the transit (leg 1) from Seattle, Washington to Punta Arenas, Chile, a test station was occupied in the Puget Sound to evaluate the CTD/rosette system. This profile was not processed and is not included in this data report. In response to significant volcanic activity detected by the VENTS monitoring system at the East Blanco Depression (44°12'N, 129°42'W), 6 stations were occupied in this area during leg 1. The NOAA/PMEL VENTS program focuses research on determining the oceanic impacts and consequences of submarine hydrothermal venting. This event was particularly interesting as the area is a pull-apart basin in a transform zone, possibly the site of early ridge formation. Occupation of WOCE section P18 began with station 10 of leg 2, after two test casts were completed enroute to 67°S, 103°W from Punta Arenas, Chile. Seventy- eight full water column hydrographic stations were occupied east of the Pacific Rise along 103°W from 67°S to 27°S. Stations were spaced at 30 nm intervals except from 58°30'S to 48°S where spacing was increased to 40 nm intervals to make up time lost from bad weather and winch level wind problems. Features sampled during leg 2 included the Polar and Subantarctic Fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Subtropical Front, the Subantarctic Mode Water, the Antarctic Intermediate Water, the Circumpolar Deep Water spreading to the northern reaches of the Southeast Pacific Basin, and currents along the Sala y Gomez Fracture Zone. During leg 3 stations continued northward along 103°W to 10°S at 30 nm intervals. The section turned northwestward from 10°S to 5°S with 40 nm station spacing to cross the East Pacific Rise in a perpendicular fashion. The 30 nm spacing was resumed from 5S to 3°S northward along 110°20'W. From 3°S to 3°N stations were occupied every 20 nm along the same longitude. From 3°N to 22 30°N stations were occupied at 30 nm intervals, except from 12°N to 16°N, where the spacing was again increased to 40 nm to make up for time lost to winch level wind problems. A gradual shift in the longitude from 110°20'W to 110°W was made between 8°N and 10°N. North of 22°30'N station spacing was reduced to as little as 3 nm over the rapidly shoaling bathymetry approaching Cabo San Lucas. The line was completed in 200 m of water at 22°51'N, 110°W. During leg 3, 107 full water column hydrographic stations were occupied sampling the deep waters of the Bauer Basin, currents associated with the flanks of the East Pacific Rise, tropical water masses and currents over the full water column, the northern mid-depth helium-3 plume, and the oxygen depleted layer of the tropical Eastern Pacific. Full water column CTD/O2 profiles were collected at all stations. Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements were also collected on most casts. In addition, underway salinity, temperature, and CO2 measurements were taken along the cruise track. Shallow productivity casts were made daily, ALACE floats were launched at predetermined locations, and XCTDs were successfully dropped in a high-resolution survey from 1°N to 9.5°N. Water samples were analyzed for a suite of anthropogenic and natural tracers including salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, CFCs, pCO2, total CO2, pH, total alkalinity, helium, tritium, C-13, C-14, O-18, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen. Samples were collected from productivity casts for chlorophyll and primary productivity. Leg 1 (Seattle, Washington to Punta Arenas, Chile) This leg was a transit leg with a test station occupied in the Puget Sound to evaluate the CTD/rosette system. This profile was not processed and is not included in this data report. In response to significant volcanic activity detected by the VENTS monitoring system at the East Blanco Depression (44°12'N, 129°42'W), 6 stations were occupied in this area during leg 1. Leg 2 (Punta Arenas - Easter Island). This leg consisted of 78 stations along 103°W; the first station on the WOCE Line P18 (#10) was occupied at 67°00'S 103°00'W on 26 February 1994 and the final station at 26°00'S 103°00'W on 23 March 1994. Except for 10 degrees of latitude span (58°30'S - 48°30'S), the station spacing was 30 miles. The station spacing was increased to 40 miles in the above mentioned latitudinal band because of time lost to heavy weather and slower than normal retrieval rates of the CTD package due to problems with the winch level wind. All CTD stations were full depth (nominally 10 m above the bottom). Two CTD/rosette packages were used: a 24 position 4 l bottle rosette (21 stations) and a 36 position 10 l bottle rosette (57 stations). The choice between the two systems was usually dictated by the severity of the weather. On stations where the large rosette was used, a LADCP was attached to the rosette frame which reduced the number of bottle positions from 36 to 33. Shallow (200 m) productivity bottle casts with light transmission profiles were made at 23 stations. Twelve ALACE floats were released at predetermined locations along the section and on the transit to the first station. Leg 3 (Easter Island - San Diego). A similar observational program was carried out on this leg (107 stations) with the following changes from the nominal 30-mile station spacing. Stations were occupied at 40 mile intervals along a dog-leg section across the East Pacific Rise from 10°S 103°W to 5°S 110°20'W. Thirty-mile spacing was resumed between 5°S and 3°S and then reduced to 20 miles between 3°S and 3°N. From 3°N to 22°30'N stations were occupied at 30 mile intervals except between 12°N and 16°N, where spacing was again relaxed to 40 miles. Between 8°N and 10°N a gradual shift in longitude from 110°20'W to 110°00'W was made. As the ship approached Cabo San Lucas, at the end of the section, spacing was reduced to as little as 3 miles over the steeply shoaling bathymetry. Only on six stations, during reterminations of the CTD cable, was the 24 bottle rosette used. Discussion: The basic goals of the cruise were accomplished. All casts were made to the bottom. Station spacing only occasionally was increased to 40 miles from the nominal WOCE interval of 30 miles. There were no significant gaps in sampling any of the variables. Preliminary analysis of the Seabird CTD measurements and bottle data indicate that they will meet the WOCE standards. A.5 Major Problems and Goals not Achieved Some time was lost on the southern end of leg 2 due to weather. We encountered a number of problems with the level-wind mechanism on the winch, which led to bad wraps on the drum. A number of attempts were made to re- tension the wire on the drum at sea by removing the CTD/rosette package, attaching a weight to the wire, and spooling the full length of the wire (except the last full wrap on the drum) out behind the ship while underway. These problems persisted throughout the cruise, and resulted in slower than anticipated average winch speeds and some loss of time. Some time was lost on station due to conducting cable and wire termination problems. A.6 Other Incidents of Note A.7 List of Cruise Participants A list of cruise participants is found in Table 3. Table 3: Cruise Participants Program Inst. Leg 1 Leg 2 Leg 3 Chief Scientist PMEL *John Bullister Bruce Taft Gregory Johnson Co-Chief Scientist PMEL *Gregory Johnson John Bullister Richard Feely CTD PMEL *K. McTaggart K. McTaggart K. McTaggart Sea-Bird Nordeen Larson CFC PMEL *David Wisegarver David Wisegarver David Wisegarver PMEL C.J. Beegle Kirk Hargreaves Salinity PMEL Gregg Thomas Gregg Thomas helium, tritium WHOI Joshua Curtice Scott Birdwhistell oxygen PMEL *Kirk Hargreaves Kirk Hargreaves David Jones nutrients UW K. Krogslund K. Krogslund UW Calvin Mordy Calvin Mordy ADCP UH Craig Huhta Claude Lumpkin trace gases CMDL J. Lobert CMDL M. Nowich CMDL L. Geller CMDL *J. Butler CMDL *S. Montzka productivity MBARI Kurt Buck Kurt Buck Gregory Morris Raphael Kudela Thomas Hayden DOC Miami Dennis Hansell Rhonda Kelly alkalinity Miami J. Zhang Essa Peltola Sonya Olivella Michael De Alessi Bernardo Vargas Mary Roche Underway pH SIO A. Dickson pH USF Robert Byrne Huining Zhang USF Renate Bernstein Sean McElligott USF Huining Zhang Frederick Stengard pCO2 PMEL Dana Greeley Dana Greeley PMEL Kerry Jones Catherine Cosca Matthew Steckley TCO2 PMEL *Marilyn Roberts Kerry Jones Marilyn Roberts PMEL Thomas Lantry Thomas Lantry C-13, C-14 UW James Green Elizabeth Houzel Vents CIMRS *L. Evans PMEL *D. Taylor *V. Anderson CTD PMEL *H. Milburn Mexican Observer Texas A&M Diego Lopez-Veneroni Humberto Perez-Ortiz Chilean Observer SHOA Dante Gutierrez-Besa Electronics Technician J. Payseur J. Payseur S. Macri * Disembarked in San Francisco on Leg 1 B.1 Navigation and bathymetry SeaBeam multibeam sonar was used continuously for bathymetry during both legs. Navigation was by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS). B.2 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Shipboard ADCP measurements, along with global position system (GPS) data, were collected continuously along the track to measure the velocity profile in the upper 500 m. B.3 Thermosalinograph and underway dissolved oxygen, etc A thermosalinograph was operated continuously on both legs. pCO2 and pH were measured while underway together with photosynthetically active radiation, nitrate and chlorophyll concentrations. B.4 XBT and XCTD Nineteen XCTDs were dropped along 110°20'W between 1°10'N and 9°45'N at locations halfway between successive CTD stations on Leg 3. Times and positions of each deployment are shown in Table 4. Table 4: Deployment times and locations for XCTD casts Date Time Latitude Longitude 012994 0355 44°12.97'N 129°37.08'W 030294 1916 62°27.85'S 102°58.45'W 030394 0941 61°25.90'S 102°58.90'W 031094 0556 51°09.50'S 103°00.60'W 041494 1540 1°10.01'N 110°19.87'W 041494 2208 1°30.10'N 110°19.60'W 041594 0340 1°50.30'N 110°19.70'W 041594 0933 2°10.10'N 110°20.00'W 041594 1455 2°30.00'N 110°19.80'W 041594 2116 2°50.00'N 110°19.90'W 041694 0250 3°15.00'N 110°19.90'W 041694 0942 3°45.00'N 110°19.40'W 041694 1546 4°15.00'N 110°19.80'W 041694 2313 4°45.00'N 110°20.00'W 041794 0536 5°16.28'N 110°19.77'W 041794 1227 5°45.00'N 110°20.00'W 041794 1845 6°15.03'N 110°20.46'W 041894 0038 6°45.00'N 110°20.60'W 041894 0659 7°15.00'N 110°20.61'W 041894 1307 7°45.00'N 110°19.90'W 041894 2011 8°15.00'N 110°17.74'W 041894 0159 8°45.10'N 110°12.50'W 041994 0822 9°15.00'N 110°07.60'W B.5 Meteorological observations B.6 Atmospheric chemistry 3/8" O.D. Dekaron air sampling lines (reinforced plastic tubing) was run from the CFC van to the bow and stern and air was analyzed continuously for: CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 Carbon tetrachloride Methyl chloroform C. Hydrographic Measurements C.1. CTD/O2 Measurements and Calibrations (K.E. McTaggart, G.C. Johnson, and B.A. Taft) C.1.1. STANDARDS AND PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS The CTD system is a real time data system with the CTD data from a Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (SBE) 9plus underwater unit transmitted via a conducting cable to the SBE 11plus deck unit. The serial data from the underwater unit is sent to the deck unit in RS-232 NRZ format using a 34560 Hz carrier- modulated differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) telemetry link. The deck unit decodes the serial data and sends it to a personal computer for display and storage in a disk file using Sea-Bird SEASOFT software. The SBE 911plus system transmits data from primary and auxiliary sensors in the form of binary number equivalents of the frequency or voltage outputs from those sensors. The calculations required to convert from raw data to engineering units of the parameters being measured are performed by software, either in real-time, or after the data has been stored in a disk file. The SBE 911plus system is electrically and mechanically compatible with standard, unmodified rosette water samplers made by General Oceanics (GO), including the 1016 36-position sampler. An optional modem and rosette interface allows the 911plus system to control the operation of the rosette directly, and without interrupting the data from the CTD, eliminating the need for a rosette deck unit. The SBE 9plus underwater unit uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature (SBE 3) and conductivity (SBE 4) sensors which are mounted with a single clamp and "L" bracket to the lower end cap. The conductivity cell entrance is co- planar with the tip of the temperature sensor's protective steel sheath. The pressure sensor is mounted inside the underwater unit main housing and is ported to outside pressure through the oil-filled plastic capillary tube seen protruding from the main housing bottom end cap. A compact, modular unit consisting of a centrifugal pump head and a brushless DC ball bearing motor contained in an aluminum underwater housing pump flushes water through sensor tubing at a constant rate independent of the CTD's motion. This improves dynamic performance. Motor speed and pumping rate (3000 rpm) remain nearly constant over the entire input voltage range of 12-18 volts DC. The SBE 11plus deck unit is a rack-mountable interface which supplies DC power to the underwater unit, decodes the serial data stream, formats the data under microprocessor control, and passes the data to a companion computer. It provides access to the modem channel and control of the rosette interface. Output data is in RS-232 (serial) format. C.1.1.a. Conductivity The flow-through conductivity sensing element is a glass tube (cell) with three platinum electrodes. The resistance measured between the center electrode and end electrode pair is determined by the cell geometry and the specific conductance of the fluid within the cell, and controls the output frequency of a Wien Bridge circuit. The sensor has a frequency output of approximately 3 to 12 kHz corresponding to conductivity from 0 to 7 S/m (0 to 70 mmho/cm). The SBE 4 has a typical accuracy/stability of ± 0.0003 S/m/month; resolution of 0.00004 S/m at 24 samples per second; and 6800 meter anodized aluminum housing depth rating. Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in Bellevue, Washington. The following coefficients were entered into SEASOFT using software module SEASON: S/N 1177 September 22, 1993 S/N 1247 January 21, 1994 a = 2.28847772e¯05 a = 1.76162580e¯05 b = 5.58250114e¯01 b = 5.50791410e¯01 c = -4.14341657e+00 c = -4.07804361e+00 d = -9.59251789e¯05 d = -9.32262258e¯06 m = 4.1 m = 4.2 Conductivity calibration certificates show an equation containing the appropriate pressure-dependent correction term to account for the effect of hydrostatic loading (pressure) on the conductivity cell: C (S/m) = (afm + bf2 + c + dt) / [10 (1 - 9.57e¯8 p)] where a, b, c, d, and m are the calibration coefficients above, f is the instrument frequency (kHz), t is the water temperature (C), and p is the water pressure (decibars). SEASOFT automatically implements this equation. C.1.1.b. Temperature The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure- protected by a stainless steel tube. The sensor output frequency ranges from approximately 5 to 13 kHz corresponding to temperature from -5 to 35°C. The output frequency is inversly proportional to the square root of the thermistor resistance which controls the output of a patented Wien Bridge circuit. The thermistor resistance is exponentially related to temperature. The SBE 3 thermometer has a typical accuracy/stability of ± 0.004°C per year; and resolution of 0.0003°C at 24 samples per second. The SBE 3 thermometer has a fast response time of 70 milliseconds. It's anodized aluminum housing provides a depth rating of 6800 meters. Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in Bellevue, Washington. The following coefficients were entered into SEASOFT using software module SEASON: S/N 1455 January 13, 1994 S/N 1461 February 11, 1994 a = 3.68103063e¯03 a = 3.68110418e¯03 b = 6.03073078e¯04 b = 6.00486851e¯04 c = 1.51707342e¯05 c = 1.48701147e¯05 d = 2.20648879e¯06 d = 1.99797919e¯06 f0 = 6228.23 f0 = 6212.56 Temperature (IPTS-68) is computed according to T (°C) = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f)]+c[ln2(f0/f)]+d[ln3(f0/f)]}-273.15 where a, b, c, d, and f0 are the calibration coefficients above and f is the instrument frequency (kHz). SEASOFT automatically implements this equation. C.1.1.c. Pressure The Paroscientific series 4000 Digiquartz high pressure transducer uses a quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of oscillation varies with pressure induced stress measuring changes in pressure as small as 0.01 parts per million with an absolute range of 0 to 10,000 psia (0 to 6885 decibars). Also, a quartz crystal temperature signal is used to compensate for a wide range of temperature changes. Repeatability, hysteresis, and pressure conformance are 0.005% FS. The nominal pressure frequency (0 to full scale) is 34 to 38 kHz. The nominal temperature frequency is 172 kHz + 50 ppm/°C. Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in Bellevue, Washington. The following coefficients were entered into SEASOFT using software module SEASON: S/N 53960 August 4, 1993 S/N 53586 October 29, 1993 c1 = -43150.48 c1 = -39204.51 c2 = 4.54280e¯01 c2 = 6.23456e¯01 c3 = 1.34438e¯02 c3 = 1.35057e¯02 d1 = 0.037952 d1 = 0.038943 d2 = 0.0 d2 = 0.0 t1 = 30.34230 t1 = 30.46303 t2 = -1.80938e¯04 t2 = -9.018862e¯05 t3 = 4.61615e¯06 t3 = 4.52889e¯06 t4 = 2.08422e¯09 t4 = 3.30959e¯09 t5 = 0.0 t5 = 0.0 Pressure coefficients are first formulated into c = c1 + c2*U + c3*U^2 d = d1 + d2*U t0 = t1 + t2*U + t3*U^2 + t4*U^3 + t5*U^4 where U is temperature in degrees Celsius. Then pressure is computed according to P (psia) = c * [1 - (t02/t2)] * {1 - d[1 - (t02/t2)]} where t is pressure period (microsec). SEASOFT automatically implements this equation. C.1.1.d. Oxygen The SBE 13 dissolved oxygen sensor uses a Beckman polarographic element to provide in-situ measurements at depths up to 6800 meters. This auxiliary sensor is also included in the path of pumped sea water. Oxygen sensors determine the dissolved oxygen concentration by counting the number of oxygen molecules per second (flux) that diffuse through a membrane. By knowing the flux of oxygen and the geometry of the diffusion path the concentration of oxygen can be computed. The permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a function of temperature and ambient pressure. The interface electronics outputs voltages proportional to membrane current (oxygen current) and membrane temperature (oxygen temperature). Oxygen temperature is used for internal temperature compensation. Computation of dissolved oxygen in engineering units is done in the software. The range for dissolved oxygen is 0 to 15 ml/l; accuracy is 0.1 ml/l; resolution is 0.01 ml/l. Response times are 2 seconds at 25°C and 5 seconds at 0°C. The following oxygen calibrations were entered into SEASOFT using SEACON: S/N 130309 September 7, 1993 m = 2.4544 e¯7 b = -4.6633 e¯10 k = 8.9224 c = -6.9788 The use of these constants in linear equations of the form I = mV + b and T = kV + c will yield sensor membrane current and temperature (with a maximum error of about 0.5°C) as a function of sensor output voltage. These scaled values of oxygen current and oxygen temperature were carried through the SEASOFT processing stream unaltered. C.1.2. DATA ACQUISITION CTD measurements were made using one of two Seabird 9plus CTDs each equipped with a fixed pumped temperature-conductivity (TC) sensor pair. A mobile pumped TC pair with dissolved oxygen sensor was mounted on whichever CTD was in use so that dual TC measurements and dissolved oxygen measurements were always collected. The TC pairs were monitored for calibration drift and shifts by examining the differences between the two pairs on each CTD and comparing CTD salinities with bottle salinity measurements. PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 09P8431-0315 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was mounted in a 36-position frame and employed as the primary package. Auxiliary sensors included a lowered ADCP, Metrox load cell, Benthos altimeter, and SeaTech transmissometer. Water samples were collected using a General Oceanics 36- bottle rosette and 10-liter Nisken bottles. The primary package was used for the majority of 194 casts. PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 329053-0209 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was mounted in a 24-position frame and employed as the backup package. Auxiliary sensors included a Metrox load cell and Benthos altimeter. Water samples were collected using a Sea-Bird 24-bottle rosette, and 4-liter Niskin bottles. There were 29 bad weather stations made using the smaller backup package. The package entered the water from the stern of the ship and was held 5-20 m beneath the surface for one minute in order to activate the pump and attach tag lines for package recovery. Under ideal conditions the package was lowered at a rate of 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min to depth. Ship roll often caused substantial variation about these mean lowering rates, especially at southern ocean stations. Load cell values were monitored in real-time during each cast. The position of the package relative to the bottom was monitored on the ship's Precision Depth Recorder (PDR). A bottom depth was estimated from bathymetric charts and the PDR ran during the bottom 1000 m of the cast. Fig. 2 shows the depths of bottle closures during the upcast. Upon completion of the cast, sensors were flushed with deionized water and stored with a dilute Triton-X solution in the plumbing. Niskin bottles were sampled for salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, CFCs, total CO2, pCO2, pH, C-13, C-14, O-18, helium, tritium, total alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen. Sample protocols conformed to those specified by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme. A Sea-Bird 11plus deck unit received the data signal from the CTD. The analog data stream was recorded onto video cassette tape as a backup. Digitized data were forwarded to a 286-AT personal computer equipped with SEASOFT acquisition and processing software version 4.201. Temperature, salinity, and oxygen profiles were displayed in real-time. Raw data files were transferred to a 486 personal computer using Laplink version 3 and backed up onto 1/4" cartridge tapes using a Microsolutions Backpack QIC-80 external tape drive. C.1.2.a. Data Acquisition Problems During leg 2, station spacing increased to 40 nm between 58.5°S and 48°S owing to a delay in departure from Punta Arenas, delays owing to winch problems for some casts, and bad weather. About 36 hours were lost waiting for the weather to moderate at 58S. Other problems included poor level winding of the winch resulting in non-uniform lays on the drum and high tension crossing and snapping of the cable, compromised chemistry samples owing to contamination from the ship's stack output, and difficulties associated with doing CTDs from the stern of the ship in heavy to moderate seas at high latitudes. Stations 8 and 9 test casts were very noisy. Modulo errors persisted through cast 14. Station 11 cast 1 did not sample the upper 800 meters and so a second cast was performed at this station for these bottles. Station 11 cast 2 CTD data was not processed. Station 111 stopcocks and vents were left open therefore no samples were collected. At station 120, upcast water sampling was skipped from 800 to 400 db while a fishing vessel cleared it's net out of the water. Prior to station 123, the cable was reterminated after cutting off 2500 m of cable to get below bad wraps. At station 131 the package sat on the bottom for several minutes. The upcast CTD data were bad. Uptrace pressures were matched to downtrace pressures for bottle sample CTD data. Station 160 had increasing modulo errors during the downcast and was aborted. Water was found in the ground wire at the termination. No samples collected at station 160. There was no sample from station 190 bottle 11 owing to a stuck lanyard. C.1.2.b. Salinity Analyses Bottle salinity analyses were performed in a temperature-controlled van using two Guildline Model 8400A inductive autosalinometers standardized with IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P114. The autosalinometer in use was standardized before each run and either at the end of each run or after no more than 48 samples. The drift between standardizations was monitored and the individual samples were corrected for that drift by linear interpolation. Duplicate samples taken from the deepest bottle on each cast were analyzed on a subsequent day. Bottle salinities were compared with preliminary CTD salinities to aid in identification of leaking bottles as well as to monitor the CTD conductivity cells' performance and drift. The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an accomplished operator is 0.001 pss, with an accuracy of 0.003. To assess the precision of discrete salinity measurements on this cruise, a comparison was made for data from the instances in which two bottles were tripped within 10 dbar of each other at the same station below a depth of 2000 dbar. For the 138 instances in which both bottles of the pair have acceptable salinity measurements, the standard deviation of the differences is 0.0012 pss. This value is very close to the expected precision. Calibrated CTD salinities replace missing bottle salinities in the hydrographic data listing and are indicated by an asterisk. C.1.3. POST-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS Post-cruise sensor calibrations were done at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. during May 1994. For stations 2-8, temperature sensor T1455 (with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated January 1994) and conductivity sensor C1177 (with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated September 1993) were selected as the best source of data. Post-cruise calibrations showed T1455 had drifted (offset only) by approximately -0.0015; C1177 displayed a change in slope. For stations 9-194, sensor T1461 (with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated January 1994) and C1247 (with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated January 1994) were selected for final data reduction since they were used on both packages. Post-cruise calibrations showed T1461 to be drifting (offset only) by approximately -0.006°C. C1247 had drifted (slope and offset) by approximately -0.0009 S/m. At sea monitoring and post-cruise calibration of redundant TC pair T1460/C1180 showed T1460 had jumped by 0.002°C, warranting repair. Redundant TC pair T1072/C748 post-cruise calibration showed T1072 had drifted to an offset of - 0.004°C. These TC pairs were not included in the final processing. C.1.3.a. Conductivity SEASOFT module ALIGNCTD was used to align conductivity measurements in time relative to pressure. Measurements can be misaligned due to the inherent time delay of the sensor response, the water water transit time delay in the pumped plumbing line, and the sensors being physically misaligned in depth. Because SBE 3 temperature response is fast (0.06 seconds), it is not necessary to advance temperature relative to pressure. When measurements are properly aligned, salinity spiking and density errors are minimized. For a SBE 9 CTD with ducted TC sensors and a 3000 rpm pump the typical net advance of conductivity relative to temperature is 0.073 seconds. The SBE 11 deck units advanced primary conductivity 0.073 seconds but do not advance secondary conductivity. Therefore when C1177 or C1247 conductivity data came from a secondary sensor channel the alignment was much larger, typically 0.06 seconds versus coming from a primary sensor channel, typically 0.02 seconds. Conductivity slope and bias, along with a pressure fudge term (beta) were computed by a least-squares minimization of CTD and bottle conductivity differences. The function minimized was BC - m * CC - b - beta * CP where BC is bottle conductivity (S/m), CC is pre-cruise calibrated CTD conductivity (S/m), CP is the CTD pressure (dbar), m is the conductivity slope, b is the bias (S/m), and beta is the pressure fudge term (S/m/dbar). The final CTD conductivity (S/m) is m * CC + b + beta * CP The slope term m is a fourth-order polynomial function of station number to allow the entire cruise to be fit at once with a smoothly-varying station- dependent slope correction. For each sensor a series of fits were made, each fit throwing out bottle values for locations having a residual between CTD and bottle conductivities of greater than three standard deviations. This procedure was repeated with the remaining bottle values until no more bottle values were thrown out. For C1177, the slope correction ranged from 1.00014254 to 1.00014262, the bias applied was -3.8e¯4, and the beta term was -5.69e¯9. Of 5040 bottles, the percentage of bottles retained in the fit was 84.9 with a standard deviation of CTD versus bottle conductivity differences of 1.19e¯4 S/m. For C1247, the slope correction ranged from 1.00021478 to 1.00044972, the bias applied was - 7.2e¯4, and the beta term was -1.29e¯8. Of 5797 bottles, the percentage of bottles retained in the fit was 83.4 with a standard deviation of 0.87e¯4 S/m. The slope and bias were applied in SEACON. The beta-fudge term was applied after SEASOFT post-processing in PMEL program POSTCAL. CTD-bottle conductivity differences used for the final fits are plotted against cast number to show the stability of the calibrated CTD conductivities relative to the bottle conductivities. The entire set of CTD-bottle conductivity differences are plotted against pressure to show the tight fit below 1000 m and the increasing scatter above 1000 m. C.1.3.b. Temperature In SEACON, adjustments were made to the bias of the thermistors as deviations from the pre-cruise calibrations on a station by station basis. These deviations were obtained from a linear fit of the pre-cruise and post-cruise temperature residuals from the pre-cruise calibration versus time. Deep temperature differences between primary and secondary sensors were less than 0.001°C. Also, a uniform correction for heating of the thermistor owing to viscous effects was applied to the bias in SEACON. This correction was obtained using the formula: error[C] = B * sqrt(nu)*U*U where B=0.692, U=1.02 m/s, and nu=1.7279e¯6 m2/s. The value for viscosity nu is that for the peak in the distribution of the temperature and salinity bottle values (te=1.8°C, sa=34.67 pss). Error[C] = 0.9464e¯3°C. All the thermistors read high by this amount and were adjusted down accordingly. The adjustment is near the maximum viscous heating for the encountered temperature and salinity range. Thermistors will read about 0.66e¯3°C high near the surface in the tropics (te=30°C, sa=34.5 pss) causing an overadjustment of 0.29e¯3°C. For deep values (te=0°C, sa=37 pss) where gradients are small, thermistors will read about 0.97e¯3°C high and so will be underadjusted by 0.2e¯3°C. C.1.3.c. Oxygen In situ oxygen samples collected during CTD profiles are used for post- measurement calibration. SEASOFT bottle files were merged and bottle oxygen values flagged as 'good' were appended to the data records. Because the dissolved oxygen sensor has an obvious hysteresis, PMEL program OXDWNP replaced up-profile water sample data with corresponding down-profile CTD/O2 data at common pressure levels. Oxygen saturation values were computed according to Benson and Krause (1984) in units of µmol/kg. The algorithm used for converting oxygen sensor current and probe temperature measurements to oxygen as described by Owens and Millard (1985) requires a non-linear least squares regression technique in order to determine the best fit coefficients of the model for oxygen sensor behavior to the water sample observations. WHOI program OXFITMR uses Numerical REcipes (Press et al., 1986) Fortran routines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, GAUSSJ, and COVSRT to perform non- linear least squares regression using Levenberg-Marquardt method. A Fortran subroutine FOXY describes the oxygen model with the derivatives of the model with respect to six coefficients in the following order: oxygen current slope, temperature correction, pressure correction, weight, oxygen current bias, and oxygen current lag. Program OXFITMR reads the data for a group of stations. The time rate of change of oxygen current is computed using a least squares estimate over 15 second intervals. The data are editted to remove spurious points where values are less than zero or greater than 1.2 times the saturation value. The routine varies the six (or fewer) parameters of the model in such a way as to produce the minimum sum of squares in the difference between the calibration oxygens and the computed values. Individual differences between the calibration oxygens and the computed oxygen values (residuals) are then compared with the standard deviation of the residuals. Any residual exceeding an edit factor of 2.8 standard deviations is rejected. A factor of 2.8 will have a 0.5% chance of rejecting a valid oxygen value for a normally distributed set of residuals. The iterative fitting process is continued until none of the data fail the edit criteria. The best fit to the oxygen probe model coefficients is then determined. Coefficents were applied by PMEL program CALOX2W and CTD oxygen was computed using subroutine OXY6W. By plotting the oxygen residuals versus station, appropriate station groupings for further refinements of fitting were obtained by looking for abrupt station to station changes in the residuals. Sometimes it was necessary to fix values of some oxygen algorithm parameters to keep those parameters within a reasonable range. Final coefficients were applied by PMEL program EPSBE94. C.1.4. POST-CRUISE PROCESSING SEASOFT consists of modular menu driven routines for acquisition, display, processing, and archiving of oceanographic data acquired with Sea-Bird equipment and is designed to work with an IBM or compatible personal computer. Raw data is acquired from the instruments and is stored as unmodified data. The conversion module DATCNV uses the instrument configuration and calibration coefficients to create a converted engineering unit data file that is operated on by all SEASOFT post processing modules. Each SEASOFT module that modifies the converted data file adds information to the header of the converted file permitting tracking of how the various oceanographic parameters were obtained. The converted data is stored in either rows and columns of ascii numbers or as a binary data stream with each value stored as a 4 byte binary floating point number. The last data column is a flag field used to mark scans as good or bad. The following are the SEASOFT processing module sequence and specifications used in the reduction of P18 CTD/O2 data. DATCNV converted the raw data to pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and transmissometer voltage. DATCNV also extracted bottle information where scans were marked with the bottle confirm bit during acquisition. ROSSUM created a summary of the bottle data. Bottle position, date, and time were output as the first two columns. Pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and transmissometer voltage were averaged over a two-second interval (48 scans). For the primary package, the time interval was from five to three seconds prior to the confirm bit in order to avoid spikes in conductivity and oxygen current owing to minor incompatibilities between the Sea-Bird 911plus CTD system and General Oceanics 1016 rosette. Bottle data from the backup package were averaged from one second prior to the confirm bit to 1 second after the confirm bit in the data stream. WILDEDIT marked extreme outliers in the data files. The first pass of WILDEDIT obtained an accurate estimate of the true standard deviation of the data. The data were read in blocks of 200 scans. Data greater than two standard deviations were flagged. The second pass computed a standard deviation over the same 200 scans excluding the flagged values. Values greater than 16 standard deviations were marked bad. SPLIT removed decreasing pressure records from the data files leaving only the downcast. FILTER performed a low pass filter on pressure with a time constant of 0.15 seconds. In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the filter first runs forward through the file and then runs backwards through the file. ALIGNCTD aligned conductivity in time relative to pressure to ensure that all calculations were made using measurements from the same parcel of water. Alignment between stations was checked every time the CTD configuration changed between primary and secondary underwater packages or every ten stations, whichever was less. CELLTM used a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass effects from the measured conductivity. Typical values were used for thermal anomaly amplitude (alpha=0.03) and the time constant (1/beta=9.0). DERIVE was used to compute fall rate (m/s) with a time window size for fall rate and acceleration of 2.0 seconds. LOOPEDIT marked scans where the CTD was moving less than the minimum velocity of 0.2 m/s or travelling backwards due to ship roll. BINAVG averaged the data into 1 db pressure bins starting at 1 db with no surface bin. The center value of the first bin was set equal to the bin size. The bin minimum and maximum values are the center value ± half the bin size. Scans with pressures greater than the minimum and less than or equal to the maximum were averaged. Scans were interpolated so that a data record exists every decibar. STRIP removed scan number and fall rate from the data files. TRANS converted the data file format from binary to ascii. Following the SEASOFT processing modules, PMEL program POSTCAL corrected conductivity with respect to pressure using an additional beta term, beta = -1.29e¯8 for C1247 beta = -5.69e¯8 for C1177 c2(i) = (c1(i)*10) + beta * p(i) computed salinity, s(i) = SAL78(c2(i)/42.914,t1(i),p(i),0) corrected temperature due to instrument calibration error, t2(i) = 1.00008961734348 * t1(i) - 9.924374518041036e¯4 and backed out final conductivity values. c3(i) = SAL78(s(i),t2(i),p(i),1) c3(i) = c3(i) * 42.914 Also, POSTCAL interpolated temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and transmissometer voltage where values were bad as flagged by SEASOFT before the above corrections and repeated to the surface the first good record input interactively by the user. PMEL program EPSBE94 followed POSTCAL and computed doxc/dt, calibrated CTD oxygens, and computed ITS-90 temperature, potential temperature, sigma-t, sigma-theta, and dynamic height. EPSBE94 also introduced the WOCE quality flag associated with pressure, temperature, salinity, and CTD oxygen. Quality flag definitions can be found in the WOCE Operations Manual (1994). 1 db data were output in EPIC format (Soreide, 1995). Processed data were despiked and values linearly interpolated. WOCE flags were ammended to reflect these changes. D. Acknowledgments The assistance of the officers, crew, and survey department of the NOAA ship DISCOVERER is gratefully acknowledged. Funds for the CTD/O2 program were provided to PMEL by the Climate and Global Change program under NOAA's Office of Global Programs. E. References Benson, B.B. and D. Krausse Jr., 1984 : The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnology and Oceanography, 29, 620-632. Denbo, D.W., 1992 : PPLUS Graphics, P.O. Box 4, Sequim, WA, 98382. Owens, W.B. and R.C. Millard Jr., 1985 : A new algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration. J. Physical Oceanography, 15, 621-631. Seasoft CTD Aquisition Software Manual, 1994 : Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., 1808 136th Place NE, Bellevue, Washington, 98005. Soreide, N.N., M.L. Schall, W.H. Zhu, D.W. Denbo and D.C. McClurg, 1995 : EPIC: An oceanographic data management, display and analysis system. Proceedings, 11th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, January 15-20, 1995, Dallas, TX, 316-321. Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 44. Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. Unesco memorgraph By JPOTS editorial panel. WOCE Operations Manual, 1994 : Volume 3: The Observational Programme, Section 3.1: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.2: Requirements for WHP Data Reporting. WHP Office Report 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, Woods Hole, MA, 02543. F. WHPO Summary Several data files are associated with this report. They are the 31DSCG94_2.sum and 31DSCG94_3.sum, 31DSCG94_2.hyd and 31DSCG94_3.hyd, 31DSCG94_2.csl and 31DSCG94_3.csl and *.wct files. The *.sum file contains a summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent information regarding each hydrographic station. The *.hyd file contains the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station. When submitted to the SAC, the *.wct files are zipped into one file called *wct.zip. The *.csl file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels. The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values were derived for the *.csl file: Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels. using the following binomial filter- t(j) = 0.25ti(j¯1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N¯1 When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering. Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4. Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the interval. The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential temperature. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level and the two closes values. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local acceleration of gravity. Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990). Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P18 Final Report for AMS 14C Samples Robert M. Key and Paul D. Quay August 26, 1998 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION WOCE cruise P18 was s carried out aboard the R/V Discoverer in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. The WHPO designation for this cruise was 31DSCG94/2,3. Bruce Taft and John Bullister, were the chief scientists for leg 2 and Gregory Johnson and Richard Feely for leg 3 (all from NOAA-PMEL). Leg 2 (P18S) departed Punta Arenas, Chile on February 22, 1994 and ended on March 2, 1994 at Easter Island. The next leg, P18N, departed Easter Island March 27, 1994 and ended at San Diego, CA on April 3, 1994. Together the two legs made a meridional section approximately along 106°W from approximately 67°S to 24°N. The reader is referred to cruise documentation provided by the chief scientists as the primary source for cruise information. This report covers details of the small volume radiocarbon samples. The AMS station locations are shown in Figure 1 and summarized in Table 1. A total of 882 Delta-14C samples were collected at 33 stations. Table 1: P18 Station AMS 14C Locations Stn Date Latitude Longitude Bottom Depth (m) 10 2/27/1994 -66.995 -103.007 4746 16 3/01/1994 -63.989 -102.987 5018 22 3/03/1994 -61.017 -103.000 4970 28 3/05/1994 -57.818 -103.002 4591 33 3/08/1994 -54.501 -103.001 4086 37 3/09/1994 -51.834 -103.002 4000 41 3/11/1994 -49.163 -103.003 4203 47 3/12/1994 -45.993 -102.999 3907 53 3/14/1994 -43.003 -102.998 3827 59 3/15/1994 -40.003 -102.980 4053 67 3/17/1994 -35.994 -102.992 3700 71 3/18/1994 -34.007 -103.002 3667 77 3/20/1994 -31.000 -103.000 3504 83 3/22/1994 -28.000 -103.000 3352 89 3/29/1994 -24.988 -103.001 3833 101 4/01/1994 -19.000 -103.002 4085 105 4/02/1994 -16.998 -102.995 3928 113 4/05/1994 -13.010 -103.008 4252 117 4/06/1994 -11.000 -103.013 4248 126 4/08/1994 - 7.312 -106.944 3175 134 4/10/1994 - 4.003 -110.329 3841 138 4/11/1994 - 2.333 -110.334 3987 142 4/13/1994 - 1.0017 -110.328 4070 145 4/13/1994 - 0.000 -110.334 3785 148 4/14/1994 1.001 -110.333 3675 152 4/15/1994 2.333 -110.333 3701 156 4/16/1994 4.002 -110.335 3868 163 4/18/1994 7.498 -110.335 3939 168 4/19/1994 10.000 -110.000 3310 174 4/21/1994 14.002 -109.998 3275 178 4/22/1994 16.002 -110.000 3307 182 4/23/1994 17.998 -110.000 3269 190 4/25/1994 21.998 -110.000 3165 2.0 PERSONNEL 14C sampling for this cruise was carried out by J. Green and E. Houzel from U. Washington. 14C analyses were performed at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility (NOSAMS) at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. G. Thomas (AOML) analyzed salinity; K. Hargraves and D. Jones (PMEL) analyzed oxygen. Nutrients were analyzed by K. Krogslund (UW) and C. Mordy (PMEL). 13C analyses were run in P. Quay's lab (U. Washington). Key collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned quality control flags to the 14C and submitted the data files to the WOCE office (8/98). Paul Quay is P.I. for the 13C and 14C data. 3.0 RESULTS This 14C data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release. 3.1 HYDROGRAPHY Hydrography from this leg has been submitted to the WOCE office by the chief scientist and described in the hydrographic report. 3.2 14C The Delta-14C values reported here were originally distributed in a NOSAMS data report (NOSAMS, 1998), June 19, 1998. That reports included preliminary results which had not been through the WOCE quality control procedures. This report supersedes that data distribution. All of the AMS samples from this cruise have been measured. Replicate measurements were made on 14 water samples. These replicate analyses are tabulated in Table 2. The table shows the error weighted mean and uncertainty for each set of replicates. Uncertainty is defined here as the larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard deviation of the mean. For these replicates, the simple average of the normal standard deviations for the replicates is 4.9%o. This precision estimate is approximately correct for the time frame over which these samples were measured (Aug. 1996 - Apr. 1998). Note that the errors given for individual measurements in the final data report (with the exception of the replicates) include only counting errors, and errors due to blanks and backgrounds. The uncertainty obtained for replicate analyses is a better estimate of the true error which includes errors due to sample collection, sample degassing, etc. For a detailed discussion of this see Key (1996). Table 2: Summary of Replicate Analyses Sta-Cast-Bottle Delta-14C Err E.W.Mean* Uncertainty** 16-1-29 -107.0 4.3 -100.8 6.1 -98.4 2.7 28-1-30 -52.6 3.5 -54.9 2.9 -56.6 2.9 33-2-33 37.0 4.1 31.9 7.4 26.5 4.3 33-2-21 -5.1 3.8 -4.6 3.3 -2.9 6.7 41-1- 7 44.0 5.4 36.9 6.7 34.6 3.1 47-1-18 -31.3 4.5 -35.4 4.3 -37.3 3.1 71-1-19 -20.5 5.1 -20.5 5.1 15.0*** 5.1 83-1-28 130.7 3.8 128.8 4.4 124.5 5.6 113-1-23 -90.3 3.8 -94.2 5.8 -98.6 4.1 126-2- 2 -219.3 2.9 -223.8 8.1 -230.7 3.6 134-1-21 -108.4 2.8 -107.0 2.0 -105.6 2.7 163-1-18 -170.1 2.3 -174.9 8.4 -181.9 2.8 168-3-17 -206.9**** 2.4 -188.8 3.6 -188.8 3.6 182-1-23 -108.1 3.0 -106.9 1.8 -106.2 2.2 * Error weighted mean reported with data set ** Larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard deviation of the mean. *** Results not used **** Results not used *Figure 1: AMS 14C station locations for WOCE P18. 4.0 QUALITY CONTROL FLAG ASSIGNMENT Quality flag values were assigned to all Delta-14C measurements using the code defined in Table 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 section 4.5.2. (Joyce, et al., 1994). Measurement flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have been assigned. The choice between values 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) involves some interpretation. There is little overlap between this data set and any existing 14C data, so that type of comparison was difficult. In general the lack of other data for comparison led to a more lenient grading on the 14C data. When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered. My subjective opinion is that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded. When flagging 14C data, the measurement error was taken into consideration. That is, approximately one-third of the 14C measurements are expected to deviate from the true value by more than the measurement precision (~4.9%o). No measured values have been removed from this data set, therefore a flag value of 5 implies that the sample was totally lost somewhere between collection and analysis. Table 3 summarizes the quality control flags assigned to this data set. For a detailed description of the flagging procedure see Key, et al. (1996). Table 3: Summary of Assigned Quality Control Flags Flag Number 2 742 3 4 4 8 5 30 6 11 5.0 DATA SUMMARY Figures 2-5 summarize the Delta-14C data collected on this leg. Only Delta-14C measurements with a quality flag value of 2 ("good") or 6 ("replicate") are included in each figure. Figure 2 shows the Delta-14C values with 2-sigma error bars plotted as a function of pressure. The mid depth Delta-14C minimum which normally occurs around 2500 meters in most of the Pacific is absent in this section except at the northern end and it is weak there. In the main thermocline the results cluster into two distinct bands. The band with higher concentration result from ventilation via mode and intermediate waters. Figure 3 shows the Delta-14C values plotted against silicate.The straight line shown in the figure is the least squares regression relationship derived by Broecker et al. (1995) based on the GEOSECS global data set. According to their analysis, this line (Delta-14C = -70 - Si) represents the relationship between naturally occurring radiocarbon and silicate for most of the ocean. They interpret deviations in Delta-14C above this line to be due to input of bomb-produced radiocarbon, however, they note that the interpretation can be problematic at high latitudes. The points falling above the line with silicate concentrations greater than 100 µm/kg clearly illustrate the departure for waters from the Southern Ocean. Samples collected from shallow depths show an upward curving trend with decreasing silicate values reflecting the addition of bomb produced 14C. *Figure 2: Delta-14C results for P18 stations shown with 2-sigma error bars. Only those measurements having a quality control flag value of 2 or 6 are plotted. Figure 4 compares the surface Delta-14C values for P18 to those from the southeastern Pacific GEOSECS data set. The greatest change in concentration is in the 30°S to 45°S latitude range and at 20°N where the Delta-14C levels decreased by approximately 50%o. The low latitude region shows essentially no change since GEOSECS. Figure 5 shows contoured sections of the Delta-14C distribution along the cruise track. The "A" portion shows the upper kilometer of the section and "B" the remainder of the water column. The data were gridded using the "loess" methods described in Chambers et al. (1983), Chambers and Hastie (1991), Cleveland (1979) and Cleveland and Devlin (1988). Figure 6 shows the same data as Figure 5A except the section is plotted in potential density (sigma-theta) - latitude space. For this section, the maximum Delta-14C concentration was found at the surface except for a few stations between 20°S and 5°S. Both Figure 5A and Figure 6 clearly indicate those surfaces which are being directly ventilated by contact with the surface. *Figure 3: Delta-14C as a function of silicate for P18 AMS samples. The straight line shows the relationship proposed by Broecker, et al., 1995 (Delta-14C = -70 - Si with radiocarbon in %o and silicate in µmol/kg). *Figure 4: Surface distribution of Delta-14C along WOCE section P18. For comparison the GEOSECS data from the southeastern Pacific are also plotted. Both data sets are shown with 2-sigma error bars. *Figure 5: Delta-14C sections for WOCE P18 along 165°E. The section shown in two parts to allow more detail. See text for gridding method. The bottom topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations on which Delta-14C was measured. *Figure 6: Delta-14C along WOCE section P18 plotted in potential density (sigma- theta) - latitude space for the upper kilometer of the water column. Colors and contours contain the same information. 5.1 REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland and W. Smethie, Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995. Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J., 1991, Statistical Models in S, Wadsworth & Brooks, Cole Computer Science Series, Pacific Grove, CA, 608pp. Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P.A., 1983, Graphical Methods for Data Analysis, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Cleveland, W.S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots, J. Amer. Statistical Assoc., 74, 829-836. Cleveland, W.S. and S.J. Devlin, 1988, Locally-weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting, J. Am. Statist. Assoc, 83:596-610. Joyce, T., and Corry, C., eds., Corry, C., Dessier, A., Dickson, A., Joyce, T., Kenny, M., Key, R., Legler, D., Millard, R., Onken, R., Saunders, P., Stalcup, M., contrib., Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting, WHPO Pub. 90-1 Rev. 2, 145pp., 1994. Key, R.M., WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 415-423, 1996. Key, R.M., P.D. Quay, G.A. Jones, A.P. McNichol, K.F. Von Reden and R.J. Schneider, WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results; P6, P16 & P17, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 425-518, 1996. NOSAMS, National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility Data Report #97-023, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, 1997. ------------------------------------------------------------- CRUISE REPORT: WHP LINE P18 (Draft prepared by John Bullister, NOAA-PMEL, 18 June 2000) The following appendices are included in this file: APPENDIX 1. CTD/Rosette Station Locations on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 2. ALACE Float Deployment Locations on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 3. XCTD deployments Locations on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 4. Productivity and Shallow Biological Cast Locations on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 5a. CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 5b. CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 5c. CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC96) (interpolated to station locations) APPENDIX 5d. Replicate CFC-11 measurements on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 5e. Replicate CFC-12 measurements on P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 6a. Oxygen Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 6b Replicate Oxygen Measurements on WOCE P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 7. Bottle Salinity Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 8. Nutrient Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) APPENDIX 9a. Responses to WOCE DQE of CTD data APPENDIX 9b. Responses to WOCE DQE of nutrient data APPENDIX 9c. Responses to WOCE DQE of oxygen data Expedition: CGC94 (WOCE section P18) EXPOCODE:31DICG94/1 31DICG94/2 31DICG94/3 Ship: NOAA Research Vessel DISCOVERER Leg 1: Transit from Seattle- Punta Arenas Chile 26 January 1994 - 18 February 1994 (Stations 1-7: Not part of P18 section) Leg 2: Punta Arenas- Easter Island 22 February 1994 - 24 March 1994 (Stations 8-87) Leg 3: Easter Island- San Diego 29 March 1994 - 27 April 1994 (Stations 88-194) Cruise Track: The station locations are listed in Appendix 1 and in the P18.sum file. Additional details on the measurement techniques used on this expedition are given in: McTaggart, K.E., G.C. Johnson, and B.A. Taft (1996): CTD/O2 measurements collected on a Climate and Global Change Cruise (WOCE Section P18) along 110°W during January-April, 1994. NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-59, 519 pp. Lamb, M. F., J. L. Bullister, R. A. Feely, , G. C. Johnson, D. P. Wisegarver, B. Taft, R. Wanninkhof, K. E. McTaggart, K. A. Krogslund, C. Mordy, K. Hargreaves, D. Greeley, T. Lantry, H. Chen, B. Huss, F. J. Millero, R. H. Byrne, D. A. Hansell, F. P. Chavez, P. D. Quay, P. R. Guenther, J.-Z. Zhang, W. D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson, and T.-H. Peng. Chemical and hydrographic measurements in the eastern Pacific during the CGC94 expedition (WOCE section P18). NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-61, 1997. Addresses of PIs: Dr. John L. Bullister NOAA-PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA Tel: (206)526-6741 FAX: (206)526-6744 Internet: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov Dr. James Butler NOAA-CMDL 325 Broadway R/E/CG1 Boulder, CO 80303 Telephone: 303-497-6898 Internet: butler@cmdl1.cmdl.erl.gov Dr. Robert Byrne Marine Science Department University of South Florida 140 7th Ave. South St. Petersburg, FL 33701 Telephone: 813-893-9508 Internet: byrne@msl1.marine.usf.edu Dr. Francisco Chavez MBARI 160 Central Ave Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Telephone: 408-647-3700 Internet: chfr@mbari.org Dr. Russ Davis SIO-UCSD MC 8030 La Jolla, CA 92093 Telephone: 619-534-4415 Internet: davis@nemo.ucsd.edu Dr. Richard A. Feely NOAA-PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA Tel: (206)526-6214 FAX: (206)526-6744 Internet: feely@pmel.noaa.gov Dr. Eric Firing JIMAR University of Hawaii 1000 Pope Road Honolulu, HI 96822 Telephone: 808-734-8621 Internet: efiring@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu Dr. William Jenkins Department of Chemistry WHOI Clark 4 Woods Hole, MA Telephone: 617-548-14000 ext: 2554 Internet: wjj@burford.whoi.edu Dr. Gregory C. Johnson NOAA-PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA Tel: (206)526-6806 FAX: (206)526-6744 Internet: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov Dr. Frank Millero University of Miami / RSMAS 4600 Rickenbacher Causeway Miami, FL 33149 Telephone: 305-361-4707 Internet: millero@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu Dr. Calvin Mordy NOAA-PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA Tel: (206)526-6870 FAX: (206)526-6744 Internet: mordy@pmel.noaa.gov Dr. Paul Quay University of Washington School of Oceanography WB-10 Seattle, WA 98195 Telephone: 206-685-6081 Internet: pdquay@u.washington.edu Dr, Rik Wanninkhof AOML 430 1Rickenbacher Causeway Miami, FL 33149 Telephone: 305-361-4379 Internet: wanninkhof@ocean.aoml.noaa.gov Dr. Bruce A. Taft (retired) NOAA-PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA APPENDIX 1. CTD/Rosette Station Locations on P18 (CGC94) CGC94 LEG1: STATION NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date 1 47 43.4 N 122 24.6 W 26 Jan 94 2 44 14.1 N 129 40.5 W 28 Jan 94 3 44 12.0 N 129 43.0 W 28 Jan 94 4 44 16.6 N 129 44.9 W 28 Jan 94 5 44 09.8 N 129 44.9 W 28 Jan 94 6 44 12.3 N 129 37.3 W 29 Jan 94 7 44 18.0 N 129 35.3 W 29 Jan 94 CGC94 LEG2: STATION NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date 8 53 22.9 S 076 22.0 W 23 Feb 94 9 61 13.2 S 090 10.9 W 25 Feb 94 10 66 59.7 S 103 00.4 W 27 Feb 94 11 66 29.8 S 103 00.6 W 28 Feb 94 12 66 00.0 S 102 59.8 W 28 Feb 94 13 65 30.0 S 102 60.0 W 28 Feb 94 14 65 00.0 S 102 59.4 W 28 Feb 94 15 64 29.9 S 102 59.2 W 1 Mar 94 16 63 59.3 S 102 59.2 W 1 Mar 94 17 63 30.0 S 102 59.6 W 2 Mar 94 18 63 00.0 S 102 58.0 W 2 Mar 94 19 62 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 2 Mar 94 20 61 59.9 S 103 00.1 W 2 Mar 94 21 61 27.0 S 102 59.0 W 3 Mar 94 22 61 01.0 S 103 00.0 W 3 Mar 94 23 60 30.9 S 102 57.1 W 3 Mar 94 24 60 00.0 S 103 06.4 W 4 Mar 94 25 59 31.6 S 103 01.0 W 4 Mar 94 26 58 59.8 S 103 01.2 W 4 Mar 94 27 58 30.5 S 102 59.3 W 5 Mar 94 28 57 49.1 S 103 00.1 W 5 Mar 94 29 57 10.3 S 103 00.1 W 6 Mar 94 30 56 31.6 S 103 04.0 W 7 Mar 94 31 55 49.6 S 102 59.4 W 7 Mar 94 32 55 10.0 S 103 00.0 W 8 Mar 94 33 54 30.1 S 103 00.1 W 8 Mar 94 34 53 50.0 S 102 59.9 W 8 Mar 94 35 53 10.0 S 103 03.0 W 9 Mar 94 36 52 30.2 S 103 00.6 W 9 Mar 94 37 51 50.0 S 103 00.1 W 9 Mar 94 38 51 10.0 S 103 00.0 W 10 Mar 94 39 50 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 10 Mar 94 40 49 50.0 S 102 60.0 W 10 Mar 94 41 49 09.8 S 103 00.2 W 11 Mar 94 42 48 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 11 Mar 94 43 47 59.8 S 103 00.4 W 11 Mar 94 44 47 30.0 S 103 00.1 W 11 Mar 94 45 46 59.9 S 102 59.9 W 12 Mar 94 46 46 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 12 Mar 94 47 45 59.6 S 102 60.0 W 12 Mar 94 48 45 28.9 S 102 58.3 W 12 Mar 94 49 45 00.5 S 102 59.6 W 13 Mar 94 50 44 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 13 Mar 94 51 43 59.1 S 102 59.8 W 13 Mar 94 52 43 30.0 S 103 00.8 W 13 Mar 94 53 43 00.2 S 102 59.9 W 14 Mar 94 54 42 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 14 Mar 94 55 42 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 14 Mar 94 56 41 29.6 S 102 59.5 W 15 Mar 94 57 41 01.0 S 103 00.0 W 15 Mar 94 58 40 30.2 S 102 59.2 W 15 Mar 94 59 40 00.2 S 102 58.8 W 15 Mar 94 60 39 29.9 S 102 59.9 W 16 Mar 94 61 39 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 16 Mar 94 62 38 30.3 S 102 59.8 W 16 Mar 94 63 37 59.9 S 102 59.9 W 16 Mar 94 64 37 29.9 S 102 59.0 W 17 Mar 94 65 37 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 17 Mar 94 66 36 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 17 Mar 94 67 35 59.6 S 102 59.5 W 17 Mar 94 68 35 30.0 S 102 59.9 W 18 Mar 94 69 35 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 18 Mar 94 70 34 31.0 S 103 00.0 W 18 Mar 94 71 34 00.4 S 103 00.1 W 18 Mar 94 72 33 29.7 S 102 59.9 W 19 Mar 94 73 33 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 19 Mar 94 74 32 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 19 Mar 94 75 31 59.8 S 102 58.8 W 19 Mar 94 76 31 29.5 S 103 00.0 W 20 Mar 94 77 31 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 20 Mar 94 78 30 30.3 S 103 00.0 W 20 Mar 94 79 30 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 21 Mar 94 80 29 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 21 Mar 94 81 29 00.1 S 103 00.8 W 21 Mar 94 82 28 29.7 S 102 59.8 W 22 Mar 94 83 28 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 22 Mar 94 84 27 30.1 S 103 01.1 W 22 Mar 94 85 26 55.2 S 103 00.6 W 22 Mar 94 86 26 29.7 S 103 00.0 W 23 Mar 94 87 26 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 23 Mar 94 CGC94 LEG3: STATION NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date 88 25 29.9 S 103 00.0 W 29 Mar 94 89 24 59.3 S 103 00.0 W 29 Mar 94 90 24 30.1 S 102 59.8 W 29 Mar 94 91 23 59.9 S 103 00.1 W 29 Mar 94 92 23 29.7 S 102 59.7 W 30 Mar 94 93 23 00.1 S 102 59.8 W 30 Mar 94 94 22 29.9 S 102 59.9 W 30 Mar 94 95 21 59.6 S 102 59.4 W 30 Mar 94 96 21 30.0 S 102 59.9 W 31 Mar 94 97 20 59.9 S 103 00.1 W 31 Mar 94 98 20 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 31 Mar 94 99 20 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 1 Apr 94 100 19 30.1 S 102 59.5 W 1 Apr 94 101 19 00.0 S 103 00.1 W 1 Apr 94 102 18 29.7 S 103 00.1 W 2 Apr 94 103 17 59.9 S 103 00.2 W 2 Apr 94 104 17 30.0 S 103 00.4 W 2 Apr 94 105 16 59.9 S 102 59.7 W 2 Apr 94 106 16 29.9 S 102 59.9 W 3 Apr 94 107 16 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 3 Apr 94 108 15 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 3 Apr 94 109 14 60.0 S 102 60.0 W 3 Apr 94 110 14 30.2 S 102 59.3 W 4 Apr 94 111 14 00.0 S 102 59.7 W 4 Apr 94 112 13 30.0 S 103 00.2 W 4 Apr 94 113 13 00.6 S 103 00.5 W 5 Apr 94 114 12 30.1 S 103 00.1 W 5 Apr 94 115 12 00.1 S 103 00.1 W 5 Apr 94 116 11 30.3 S 103 00.0 W 5 Apr 94 117 11 00.0 S 103 00.8 W 6 Apr 94 118 10 30.4 S 103 00.1 W 6 Apr 94 119 10 00.2 S 102 60.0 W 6 Apr 94 120 09 37.1 S 103 34.0 W 6 Apr 94 121 09 14.1 S 104 08.1 W 7 Apr 94 122 08 51.2 S 104 41.7 W 7 Apr 94 123 08 27.8 S 105 15.6 W 7 Apr 94 124 08 04.7 S 105 49.7 W 8 Apr 94 125 07 42.0 S 106 23.0 W 8 Apr 94 126 07 18.7 S 106 56.6 W 8 Apr 94 127 06 56.4 S 107 30.7 W 9 Apr 94 128 06 33.7 S 108 04.4 W 9 Apr 94 129 06 09.3 S 108 38.5 W 9 Apr 94 130 05 46.4 S 109 12.2 W 9 Apr 94 131 05 23.5 S 109 46.0 W 10 Apr 94 132 05 00.1 S 110 20.1 W 10 Apr 94 133 04 29.7 S 110 19.6 W 10 Apr 94 134 04 00.2 S 110 19.7 W 10 Apr 94 135 03 29.9 S 110 20.0 W 11 Apr 94 136 03 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 11 Apr 94 137 02 40.0 S 110 19.9 W 11 Apr 94 138 02 20.0 S 110 20.1 W 11 Apr 94 139 02 00.7 S 110 20.4 W 12 Apr 94 140 01 40.0 S 110 19.9 W 12 Apr 94 141 01 20.0 S 110 20.1 W 12 Apr 94 142 01 00.1 S 110 19.7 W 13 Apr 94 143 00 41.0 S 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 144 00 20.1 S 110 19.6 W 14 Apr 94 145 00 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 13 Apr 94 146 00 20.1 N 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 147 00 39.9 N 110 20.2 W 14 Apr 94 148 01 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 149 01 20.0 N 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 150 01 40.6 N 110 20.2 W 15 Apr 94 151 02 00.0 N 110 20.1 W 15 Apr 94 152 02 20.0 N 110 20.0 W 15 Apr 94 153 02 40.0 N 110 20.0 W 15 Apr 94 154 03 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 15 Apr 94 155 03 30.0 N 110 20.0 W 16 Apr 94 156 04 00.1 N 110 20.1 W 16 Apr 94 157 04 30.0 N 110 20.0 W 16 Apr 94 158 04 59.7 N 110 20.1 W 17 Apr 94 159 05 30.0 N 110 20.1 W 17 Apr 94 160 06 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 17 Apr 94 161 06 29.9 N 110 20.0 W 17 Apr 94 162 07 00.0 N 110 20.4 W 18 Apr 94 163 07 29.9 N 110 20.1 W 18 Apr 94 164 07 59.9 N 110 20.2 W 18 Apr 94 165 08 30.1 N 110 15.1 W 18 Apr 94 166 09 00.1 N 110 10.0 W 19 Apr 94 167 09 30.1 N 110 05.2 W 19 Apr 94 168 10 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 19 Apr 94 169 10 40.0 N 109 60.0 W 20 Apr 94 170 11 20.0 N 110 00.0 W 20 Apr 94 171 12 00.1 N 110 00.0 W 20 Apr 94 172 12 40.0 N 110 00.0 W 20 Apr 94 173 13 20.0 N 109 59.7 W 21 Apr 94 174 14 00.1 N 109 59.9 W 21 Apr 94 175 14 29.9 N 109 59.9 W 21 Apr 94 176 15 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 21 Apr 94 177 15 29.9 N 109 59.7 W 22 Apr 94 178 16 00.1 N 110 00.0 W 22 Apr 94 179 16 30.0 N 110 00.1 W 22 Apr 94 180 17 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 22 Apr 94 181 17 30.1 N 109 59.8 W 23 Apr 94 182 17 59.9 N 110 00.0 W 23 Apr 94 183 18 30.0 N 110 00.0 W 23 Apr 94 184 19 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 23 Apr 94 185 19 30.0 N 109 59.9 W 24 Apr 94 186 20 00.1 N 109 59.9 W 24 Apr 94 187 20 29.9 N 110 00.0 W 24 Apr 94 188 21 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 24 Apr 94 189 21 29.9 N 110 00.1 W 24 Apr 94 190 21 59.9 N 110 00.0 W 25 Apr 94 191 22 29.8 N 109 59.7 W 25 Apr 94 192 22 43.9 N 110 00.4 W 25 Apr 94 193 22 47.9 N 110 00.3 W 25 Apr 94 194 22 51.1 N 109 59.9 W 25 Apr 94 APPENDIX 2. ALACE Float Deployment Locations on P18 (CGC94) (in .sum format) 31DICG94/2 1 FLT 022494 0756 DE 55 50.17 S 80 22.34 W GPS 31DICG94/2 1 FLT 022494 1636 DE 56 39.64 S 81 46.87 W GPS 31DICG94/2 1 FLT 022494 2130 DE 57 30.02 S 83 17.12 W GPS 31DICG94/2 1 FLT 022594 0228 DE 58 19.87 S 84 45.79 W GPS 31DICG94/2 1 FLT 022594 0725 DE 59 09.26 S 86 18.96 W GPS 31DICG94/2 1 FLT 022594 1210 DE 59 59.90 S 87 51.50 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 1 FLT 030894 1025 DE 55 10.40 S 103 01.09 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 1 FLT 031094 2028 DE 49 49.28 S 103 00.10 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 1 FLT 031394 0637 DE 44 58.99 S 103 00.25 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 1 FLT 031594 0117 DE 40 00.99 S 103 00.55 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 1 FLT 031894 1200 DE 35 00.40 S 103 00.74 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 1 FLT 032094 0739 DE 30 00.15 S 103 01.53 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 032994 1341 DE 25 00.24 S 103 00.05 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 033194 2011 DE 20 29.51 S 102 59.98 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 040494 0005 DE 14 59.70 S 103 00.01 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 040694 1917 DE 9 59.76 S 103 00.70 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 040994 1441 DE 6 09.09 S 108 38.61 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 041094 2307 DE 3 59.28 S 110 19.78 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 041294 1838 DE 1 20.27 S 110 19.94 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 041494 1443 DE 1 00.38 N 110 19.96 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 041694 1431 DE 3 59.69 N 110 19.93 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 041794 1731 DE 5 59.90 N 110 20.30 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 041994 1956 DE 10 00.78 S 110 00.19 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 042194 1819 DE 14 29.77 S 110 00.03 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 1 FLT 042394 2246 DE 18 59.93 S 109 59.80 W GPS APPENDIX 3. XCTD deployments Locations on P18 (CGC94) (in .sum format) 31DICG94/1 XCTD 012994 0355 DE 44 12.97 N 129 37.08 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 XCTD 030294 1916 DE 62 27.85 S 102 58.45 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 XCTD 030394 0941 DE 61 25.90 S 102 58.90 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 XCTD 031094 0556 DE 51 09.50 S 103 00.60 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041494 1540 DE 1 10.01 N 110 19.87 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041494 2208 DE 1 30.10 N 110 19.60 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041594 0340 DE 1 50.30 N 110 19.70 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041594 0933 DE 2 10.10 N 110 20.00 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041594 1455 DE 2 30.00 N 110 19.80 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041594 2116 DE 2 50.00 N 110 19.90 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041694 0250 DE 3 15.00 N 110 19.90 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041694 0942 DE 3 45.00 N 110 19.40 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041694 1546 DE 4 15.00 N 110 19.80 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041694 2313 DE 4 45.00 N 110 20.00 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041794 0536 DE 5 16.28 N 110 19.77 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041794 1227 DE 5 45.00 N 110 20.00 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041794 1845 DE 6 15.03 N 110 20.46 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041894 0038 DE 6 45.00 N 110 20.60 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041894 0659 DE 7 15.00 N 110 20.61 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041894 1307 DE 7 45.00 N 110 19.90 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041894 2011 DE 8 15.00 N 110 17.74 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041894 0159 DE 8 45.10 N 110 12.50 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 XCTD 041994 0822 DE 9 15.00 N 110 07.60 W GPS APPENDIX 4. Productivity and Shallow Biological Cast Locations on P18 (CGC94) (in .sum format) 31DICG94/2 8 2 BIO 022394 1824 EN 53 23.88 S 76 21.54 W GPS 31DICG94/2 9 1 BIO 022594 1910 BE 61 12.44 S 90 11.49 W GPS 31DICG94/2 9 1 BIO 022594 1913 BO 61 12.52 S 90 11.45 W GPS 31DICG94/2 9 1 BIO 022594 1916 EN 61 12.52 S 90 11.45 W GPS 31DICG94/2 9 2 BIO 022594 1920 BE 61 12.55 S 90 11.43 W GPS 31DICG94/2 9 2 BIO 022594 1932 BO 61 12.71 S 90 11.29 W GPS 31DICG94/2 9 2 BIO 022594 1940 EN 61 12.83 S 90 10.93 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 10 1 BIO 022794 1407 BE 67 00.02 S 102 59.46 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 10 1 BIO 022794 1416 BO 67 00.01 S 102 59.21 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 10 1 BIO 022794 1420 EN 66 59.98 S 102 59.13 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 10 2 BIO 022794 1424 BE 67 00.00 S 102 59.00 W GPS SECHI? 31DICG94/2 P18 10 2 BIO 022794 1429 MR 67 00.01 S 102 59.00 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 10 2 BIO 022794 1442 MR 67 00.06 S 102 59.01 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 10 2 BIO 022794 1451 EN 67 00.11 S 102 59.00 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 13 2 BIO 022894 1819 BE 65 30.27 S 102 59.91 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 13 2 BIO 022894 1859 BO 65 31.33 S 102 59.27 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 13 2 BIO 022894 1914 EN 65 31.38 S 102 59.28 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 14 2 BIO 030194 0223 BE 65 00.24 S 103 00.39 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 14 2 BIO 030194 0235 EN 65 00.39 S 103 00.56 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 16 2 BIO 030194 1710 BE 63 57.71 S 103 02.14 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 16 2 BIO 030194 1716 BO 63 57.71 S 103 02.15 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 16 2 BIO 030194 1719 EN 63 57.67 S 103 02.29 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 16 3 BIO 030194 1735 BE 63 57.39 S 103 02.35 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 16 3 BIO 030194 1747 BO 63 57.19 S 103 02.78 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 16 3 BIO 030194 1753 EN 63 57.17 S 103 02.67 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 19 2 BIO 030294 1822 BE 62 29.22 S 102 59.05 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 19 2 BIO 030294 1829 BO 62 29.23 S 102 58.99 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 19 2 BIO 030294 1858 EN 62 29.88 S 102 58.88 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 23 1 BIO 030394 1843 BE 60 29.57 S 103 00.22 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 23 1 BIO 030394 1850 BO 60 29.65 S 102 59.92 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 23 1 BIO 030394 1853 EN 60 29.70 S 102 59.86 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 23 2 BIO 030394 1859 BE 60 29.78 S 102 59.60 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 23 2 BIO 030394 1912 BO 60 29.96 S 102 59.21 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 23 2 BIO 030394 1920 EN 60 30.07 S 102 58.96 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 26 1 BIO 030494 1732 BE 58 59.20 S 102 59.95 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 26 1 BIO 030494 1747 BO 58 59.30 S 102 59.60 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 26 1 BIO 030494 1800 EN 58 59.40 S 102 59.20 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 27 2 BIO 030594 1546 BE 58 30.45 S 102 59.03 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 27 2 BIO 030594 1555 EN 58 30.36 S 102 59.89 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 27 3 BIO 030594 1604 BE 58 30.31 S 102 58.63 W GPS SECHI 31DICG94/2 P18 27 3 BIO 030594 1635 EN 58 29.91 S 102 57.86 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 28 2 BIO 030694 0033 BE 57 50.93 S 103 02.65 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 28 2 BIO 030694 0038 MR 57 50.91 S 103 02.72 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 28 2 BIO 030694 0044 EN 57 50.82 S 103 03.04 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 33 1 BIO 030894 1401 BE 54 29.63 S 102 59.47 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 33 1 BIO 030894 1426 EN 54 29.68 S 102 58.81 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 33 3 BIO 030894 1840 BE 54 29.97 S 102 59.97 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 33 3 BIO 030894 1843 BO 54 29.97 S 102 59.95 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 33 3 BIO 030894 1847 EN 54 29.92 S 102 59.93 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 36 2 BIO 030994 1516 BE 52 29.86 S 103 00.49 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 36 2 BIO 030994 1529 BO 52 29.90 S 103 00.23 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 36 2 BIO 030994 1540 EN 52 29.95 S 103 00.15 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 37 1 BIO 030994 1827 BE 51 49.63 S 102 59.38 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 37 1 BIO 030994 1838 BO 51 49.51 S 102 59.19 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 37 1 BIO 030994 1842 EN 51 49.49 S 102 59.14 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 38 1 BIO 031094 0047 BE 51 10.24 S 102 59.55 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 38 1 BIO 031094 0055 EN 51 10.24 S 102 59.46 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 40 1 BIO 031094 1537 BE 49 50.03 S 102 59.90 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 40 1 BIO 031094 1545 EN 49 50.05 S 102 59.87 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 40 2 BIO 031094 1605 BE 49 50.14 S 102 59.75 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 40 2 BIO 031094 1620 BO 49 50.20 S 102 59.71 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 40 2 BIO 031094 1629 EN 49 50.21 S 102 59.70 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 43 2 BIO 031194 1530 BE 47 59.82 S 103 00.90 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 43 2 BIO 031194 1538 EN 47 59.84 S 103 01.04 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 43 3 BIO 031194 1544 BE 47 59.88 S 103 01.15 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 43 3 BIO 031194 1601 EN 48 00.02 S 103 01.37 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 47 2 BIO 031294 1516 BE 45 59.26 S 102 59.38 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 47 2 BIO 031294 1537 EN 45 59.26 S 102 59.69 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 1 BIO 031394 1521 BE 44 00.30 S 102 59.82 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 1 BIO 031394 1529 EN 44 00.23 S 102 59.85 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 2 BIO 031394 1533 BE 44 00.22 S 102 59.86 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 2 BIO 031394 1615 EN 44 00.19 S 103 00.13 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 4 BIO 031394 1925 BE 43 57.49 S 102 59.78 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 4 BIO 031394 1937 BO 43 57.40 S 102 59.95 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 51 4 BIO 031394 1949 EN 43 57.31 S 103 00.14 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 55 1 BIO 031494 1609 BE 42 00.18 S 103 00.09 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 55 1 BIO 031494 1616 EN 42 00.15 S 103 00.16 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 55 2 BIO 031494 1621 BE 42 00.12 S 103 00.21 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 55 2 BIO 031494 1648 EN 42 00.12 S 103 00.52 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 56 1 BIO 031494 2359 BE 41 30.78 S 103 00.02 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 56 1 BIO 031594 0007 BO 41 30.86 S 103 00.03 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 56 1 BIO 031594 0014 EN 41 30.90 S 103 00.08 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 58 1 BIO 031594 1553 BE 40 30.07 S 103 00.05 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 58 1 BIO 031594 1602 EN 40 30.15 S 103 00.05 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 58 2 BIO 031594 1609 BE 40 30.20 S 103 00.00 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 58 2 BIO 031594 1639 EN 40 30.38 S 102 59.61 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 62 1 BIO 031694 1505 BE 38 29.99 S 102 59.95 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 62 1 BIO 031694 1524 EN 38 30.15 S 102 59.96 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 62 2 BIO 031694 1534 BE 38 30.19 S 102 59.97 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 62 2 BIO 031694 1557 EN 38 30.44 S 102 59.89 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 66 1 BIO 031794 1538 BE 36 29.92 S 102 59.74 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 66 1 BIO 031794 1558 EN 36 29.97 S 102 59.73 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 70 2 BIO 031794 1742 BE 34 30.25 S 102 59.01 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 70 2 BIO 031894 1745 BO 34 30.30 S 102 59.10 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 70 2 BIO 031794 1749 EN 34 30.33 S 102 59.05 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 70 3 BIO 031794 1757 BE 34 30.33 S 102 59.02 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 70 3 BIO 031894 1814 BO 34 30.33 S 102 59.02 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 70 3 BIO 031794 1824 EN 34 30.46 S 102 58.94 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 74 2 BIO 031994 1607 BE 32 30.10 S 103 00.13 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 74 2 BIO 031994 1615 EN 32 30.09 S 103 00.13 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 74 3 BIO 031994 1622 BE 32 30.11 S 103 00.19 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 74 3 BIO 031994 1650 EN 32 30.05 S 103 00.09 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 78 2 BIO 032094 1546 BE 30 29.17 S 103 00.39 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 78 2 BIO 032094 1618 EN 30 29.15 S 103 00.60 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 81 1 BIO 032194 1604 BE 28 59.98 S 102 59.80 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 81 1 BIO 032194 1612 EN 28 59.92 S 102 59.83 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 81 2 BIO 032194 1618 BE 28 59.82 S 102 59.83 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 81 2 BIO 032194 1652 EN 28 59.58 S 102 59.91 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 84 2 BIO 032294 1610 BE 27 30.04 S 103 03.67 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 84 2 BIO 032294 1623 EN 27 29.87 S 103 03.85 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 84 3 BIO 032294 1631 BE 27 29.81 S 103 03.91 W GPS 31DICG94/2 P18 84 3 BIO 032294 1709 EN 27 29.38 S 103 04.32 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 90 1 BIO 032994 1557 BE 24 29.72 S 103 00.13 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 90 1 BIO 032994 1607 EN 24 29.64 S 103 00.13 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 90 2 BIO 032994 1612 BE 24 29.59 S 103 00.17 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 90 2 BIO 032994 1643 EN 24 29.29 S 103 00.23 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 94 1 BIO 033094 1507 BE 22 29.92 S 103 00.08 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 94 1 BIO 033094 1516 EN 22 29.89 S 103 00.11 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 94 2 BIO 033094 1519 BE 22 29.88 S 103 00.12 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 94 2 BIO 033094 1546 EN 22 29.74 S 103 00.14 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 98 1 BIO 033194 1548 BE 20 30.19 S 102 59.04 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 98 1 BIO 033194 1551 EN 20 30.16 S 102 59.04 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 98 2 BIO 033194 1615 BE 20 30.17 S 102 59.02 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 98 2 BIO 033194 1625 EN 20 30.10 S 102 58.92 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 101 1 BIO 040194 1827 BE 18 53.70 S 103 08.66 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 101 1 BIO 040194 1836 EN 18 53.68 S 103 08.64 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 101 2 BIO 040194 1843 BE 18 53.65 S 103 08.63 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 101 2 BIO 040194 1919 EN 18 53.68 S 103 08.50 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 104 2 BIO 040294 1729 BE 17 29.78 S 103 00.15 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 104 2 BIO 040294 1758 EN 17 29.74 S 103 00.11 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 104 3 BIO 040294 1805 BE 17 29.82 S 103 00.13 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 104 3 BIO 040294 1813 EN 17 29.84 S 103 00.17 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 108 2 BIO 040394 1743 BE 15 30.03 S 102 59.89 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 108 2 BIO 040394 1812 EN 15 30.02 S 102 59.83 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 112 2 BIO 040494 1838 BE 13 30.19 S 103 00.50 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 112 2 BIO 040494 1849 EN 13 30.14 S 103 00.61 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 112 3 BIO 040494 1853 BE 13 30.08 S 103 00.72 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 112 3 BIO 040494 1919 EN 13 29.86 S 103 01.19 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 115 2 BIO 040594 1618 BE 11 59.79 S 103 00.38 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 115 2 BIO 040594 1624 EN 11 59.80 S 103 00.44 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 115 3 BIO 040594 1627 BE 11 59.78 S 103 00.48 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 115 3 BIO 040594 1650 EN 11 59.80 S 103 00.66 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 119 2 BIO 040694 1836 BE 9 59.94 S 103 00.21 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 119 2 BIO 040694 1848 EN 9 59.94 S 103 00.27 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 119 3 BIO 040694 1852 BE 9 59.95 S 103 00.32 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 119 3 BIO 040694 1915 EN 9 59.83 S 103 00.61 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 122 2 BIO 040794 1729 BE 8 51.63 S 104 41.64 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 122 2 BIO 040794 1747 EN 8 51.49 S 104 41.67 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 123 1 BIO 040794 2048 BE 8 27.66 S 105 15.50 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 123 1 BIO 040794 2056 EN 8 27.69 S 105 15.55 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 126 1 BIO 040894 1530 BE 7 18.64 S 106 56.98 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 126 1 BIO 040894 1600 EN 7 18.75 S 106 57.36 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 130 1 BIO 040994 1735 BE 5 46.32 S 109 12.38 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 130 1 BIO 040994 1745 EN 5 46.38 S 109 12.41 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 130 2 BIO 040994 1749 BE 5 46.42 S 109 12.45 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 130 2 BIO 040994 1817 EN 5 46.54 S 109 12.66 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 133 2 BIO 041094 1649 BE 4 29.53 S 110 20.25 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 133 2 BIO 041094 1659 EN 4 29.42 S 110 20.19 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 133 3 BIO 041094 1708 BE 4 29.40 S 110 20.20 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 133 3 BIO 041094 1726 EN 4 28.90 S 110 20.29 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 137 2 BIO 041194 1556 BE 2 39.92 S 110 19.57 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 137 2 BIO 041194 1603 EN 2 39.91 S 110 19.58 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 137 3 BIO 041194 1607 BE 2 39.90 S 110 19.62 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 137 3 BIO 041194 1628 EN 2 39.78 S 110 10.60 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 141 2 BIO 041294 1752 BE 1 20.12 S 110 19.94 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 141 2 BIO 041294 1800 EN 1 20.16 S 110 19.95 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 141 3 BIO 041294 1804 BE 1 20.82 S 110 19.86 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 141 3 BIO 041294 1833 EN 1 20.24 S 110 19.87 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 145 1 BIO 041394 1730 BE 0 00.08 S 110 19.93 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 145 1 BIO 041394 1737 EN 0 00.18 S 110 19.93 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 145 2 BIO 041394 1742 BE 0 00.20 S 110 19.97 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 145 2 BIO 041394 1802 EN 0 00.34 S 110 19.91 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 149 1 BIO 041494 1635 BE 1 20.01 N 110 20.05 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 149 1 BIO 041494 1657 EN 1 19.98 N 110 19.97 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 153 1 BIO 041594 1552 BE 2 40.10 N 110 20.13 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 153 1 BIO 041594 1600 EN 2 40.16 N 110 20.27 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 153 2 BIO 041594 1605 BE 2 40.20 N 110 20.34 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 153 2 BIO 041594 1626 EN 2 40.35 N 110 20.59 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 157 1 BIO 041694 1705 BE 4 30.14 N 110 20.16 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 157 1 BIO 041694 1711 EN 4 30.11 N 110 20.14 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 157 2 BIO 041694 1715 BE 4 30.08 N 110 20.13 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 157 2 BIO 041694 1740 EN 4 30.10 N 110 20.29 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 160 2 BIO 041794 1656 BE 5 59.96 N 110 20.09 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 160 2 BIO 041794 1703 EN 5 59.94 N 110 20.16 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 160 3 BIO 041794 1706 BE 5 59.91 N 110 20.19 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 160 3 BIO 041794 1728 EN 5 59.90 N 110 20.29 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 164 2 BIO 041894 1829 BE 8 00.37 N 110 20.18 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 164 2 BIO 041894 1833 EN 8 00.46 N 110 20.31 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 164 3 BIO 041894 1842 BE 8 00.50 N 110 20.34 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 164 3 BIO 041894 1906 EN 8 00.89 N 110 20.76 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 168 1 BIO 041994 1545 BE 10 00.04 N 110 00.07 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 168 1 BIO 041994 1552 EN 10 00.04 N 110 00.16 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 168 2 BIO 041994 1555 BE 10 00.04 N 110 00.19 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 168 2 BIO 041994 1616 EN 10 00.09 N 110 00.37 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 172 1 BIO 042094 1718 BE 12 40.11 N 109 59.98 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 172 1 BIO 042094 1724 EN 12 40.13 N 109 59.99 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 172 2 BIO 042094 1728 BE 12 40.13 N 110 00.00 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 172 2 BIO 042094 1754 EN 12 40.36 N 109 59.91 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 175 2 BIO 042194 1743 BE 14 29.81 N 110 00.10 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 175 2 BIO 042194 1751 EN 14 29.74 N 110 00.09 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 175 3 BIO 042194 1754 BE 14 29.69 N 110 00.09 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 175 3 BIO 042194 1814 EN 14 29.67 N 110 00.05 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 179 2 BIO 042294 1736 BE 16 29.87 N 109 59.93 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 179 2 BIO 042294 1738 EN 16 29.81 N 109 59.90 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 179 3 BIO 042294 1741 BE 16 29.79 N 109 59.91 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 179 3 BIO 042294 1800 EN 16 29.64 N 109 59.93 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 183 2 BIO 042394 1627 BE 18 29.98 N 109 59.99 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 183 2 BIO 042394 1636 EN 18 29.89 N 109 59.99 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 183 3 BIO 042394 1640 BE 18 29.87 N 109 59.99 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 183 3 BIO 042394 1701 EN 18 29.74 N 109 59.98 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 188 1 BIO 042494 1644 BE 20 59.85 N 109 59.94 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 188 1 BIO 042494 1653 EN 20 59.78 N 109 59.96 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 188 2 BIO 042494 1656 BE 20 59.76 N 110 00.01 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 188 2 BIO 042494 1728 EN 20 59.52 N 110 00.17 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 192 2 BIO 042594 1602 BE 22 44.24 N 110 00.22 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 192 2 BIO 042594 1607 EN 22 44.17 N 110 00.29 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 192 3 BIO 042594 1610 BE 22 44.09 N 110 00.29 W GPS 31DICG94/3 P18 192 3 BIO 042594 1627 EN 22 43.80 N 110 00.51 W GPS APPENDIX 5a.: CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurements on WOCE P18 (CGC94) (Following discussion provided by J. Bullister, PMEL) CFC Sampling Procedures and Data Processing CFCs were usually the first water sample collected from the 10 liter bottles. Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling of CFCs with other gas samples to minimize the time between the initial opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. In most cases, helium, tritium, dissolved oxygen, total CO2, alkalinity and pH samples were collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each bottle. CFC samples were collected in 100 ml precision glass syringes, and held immersed in a water bath until processing. The CFC analytical system functioned relatively well during this expedition. The CFC system was installed in a specially designed laboratory van located on deck, and was isolated from possible contamination from high levels of CFCs which are sometimes present in air inside ship laboratories. Concentration of CFCs in air inside this van were usually close to those of clean marine air. Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas standards on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography, according to the methods described by Bullister and Weiss (1988). The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas standards are reported relative to the SIO 1993 calibration scale. CFC concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically in parts-per-trillion (ppt) range. Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in unit of picomole CFC per kg seawater (pmol/kg). CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point calibration curves, generated by injecting known volumes of gas from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 71489) into the analytical instrument. This concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working standard were calibrated versus a primary CFC standard (CC36743) before and after the cruise. No measurable drift in the working standard could be detected during this interval. Full range calibration curves were run at 1 to 2 day intervals. Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas were run much more frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes in detector sensitivity. The estimated reproducibility of the calibrations is about 1.3% for CFC-11 and 0.5% for CFC-12. We estimate a precision (1 standard deviation) for dissolved CFC measurements of about 1%, or 0.005 pmol/kg, whichever is greater (see listing of replicate samples). Sample loops filled with CFC-free gas, and syringe samples of CFC-free water (degassed in a specially designed glass chamber) were run to check sampling and analytical blanks. CFC-11 and CFC-12 were present throughout the water column south of about 50°S. CFC concentrations measured in deep samples (>2000 m) along the section north of 40°S were typically in the range of 0 to 0.010 pmol/kg, near the detection limit of the analytical system (~0.004 pmol/kg). Previous studies (Wisegarver et al, et al 1993) of time-dependent tracers in this region of the Pacific indicate that waters at densities sigma0>27.4 should have CFC concentrations near zero at present. We attribute the low level CFC signal present in some deep samples along the northern end of the section to the slow release of CFC from the walls and O-rings of the 10 liter bottles into the seawater sample during storage, and to contamination during the transfer and storage of the seawater samples in glass syringes prior to analysis. Based on the median concentrations observed in deep water samples along northern end of the section, a CFC-11 blank correction of 0.0086 pmol/kg has been applied to the CFC-11 data on Leg 2 (Sta 8-87) and 0.0048 pmol/kg for Leg 3 (Sta 88-194). A CFC-12 blank correction of 0.0025 pmol/kg has been applied to the CFC-12 data on Leg 2 (Sta 9-87) and 0.0024 for Leg 3 (Sta 89-194). As a result of these blank corrections, some concentrations reported for deep samples are negative. A number of water samples had anomously high CFC-11 and/or CFC-12 concentrations relative to adjacent samples. These high values appeared to occur more or less randomly, and were not clearly associated with other features in the water column (eg. elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity features, etc). In most cases, only one of the 2 CFCs measured showed these anomolously high levels. This suggests that the high values were due to analytical variability or isolated low-level contamination events. These samples are included in this report and are flagged as either 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) measurements. Approximately 40 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 3 and 161 CFC-11 samples assigned a flag of 4. Approximately 14 analyses of CFC-12 were assigned a flag of 3 and 61 CFC-12 samples assigned a flag of 4. A number of samples were analysed for CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride during the cruise. Because of calibration standard uncertainties and analytical problems, the processing of these data have not yet been finalized. These samples are flagged as "5" (not reported). Those interested in these data should contact the John Bullister for updates on the status of the CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride data processing. References: Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss, Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988. Wisegarver, D.P., J.L. Bullister, R.H. Gammon, F.A. Menzia, and K.C. Kelly (1993): NOAA chlorofluorocarbon tracer program air and seawater measurements: 1986-1989. NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-43. APPENDIX 5b. CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC94) Leg 2 Time F11 F12 Date (hhmm) Latitude Longitude PPT PPT 24 Feb 94 0912 55 18.3 S 079 29.3 W 261.3 503.9 24 Feb 94 0923 55 18.3 S 079 29.3 W 260.8 502.5 24 Feb 94 0933 55 18.3 S 079 29.3 W 261.5 502.5 25 Feb 94 0913 59 27.4 S 086 51.7 W 259.8 508.2 25 Feb 94 0923 59 27.4 S 086 51.7 W 260.0 506.9 25 Feb 94 0933 59 27.4 S 086 51.7 W 259.6 509.2 25 Feb 94 0944 59 27.4 S 086 51.7 W 260.2 508.6 26 Feb 94 0355 67 00.0 S 095 00.0 W 259.4 508.0 26 Feb 94 0405 67 00.0 S 095 00.0 W 260.4 509.9 26 Feb 94 0415 67 00.0 S 095 00.0 W 259.1 508.8 26 Feb 94 0425 67 00.0 S 095 00.0 W 259.7 508.0 27 Feb 94 1743 66 59.7 S 103 00.0 W 259.4 506.9 27 Feb 94 1807 66 59.7 S 103 00.0 W 259.0 504.8 27 Feb 94 1819 66 59.7 S 103 00.0 W 259.0 504.1 27 Feb 94 1839 66 59.7 S 103 00.0 W 259.5 503.5 28 Feb 94 0902 66 00.1 S 102 59.9 W 259.3 506.9 28 Feb 94 0912 66 00.1 S 102 59.9 W 259.8 509.0 28 Feb 94 0922 66 00.1 S 102 59.9 W 259.5 506.8 28 Feb 94 0932 66 00.1 S 102 59.9 W 259.6 508.4 1 Mar 94 1611 63 58.4 S 103 00.3 W 259.5 508.3 1 Mar 94 1621 63 58.4 S 103 00.3 W 259.4 506.6 1 Mar 94 1632 63 58.4 S 103 00.3 W 258.5 507.3 3 Mar 94 0844 61 26.7 S 102 59.3 W 259.4 -9.0 3 Mar 94 0854 61 26.7 S 102 59.3 W 260.0 515.4 3 Mar 94 0906 61 26.7 S 102 59.3 W 263.1 518.3 3 Mar 94 0944 61 26.7 S 102 59.3 W 260.1 -9.0 4 Mar 94 0742 60 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 262.5 515.1 4 Mar 94 0752 60 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.8 511.1 4 Mar 94 0802 60 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.4 522.5 4 Mar 94 0812 60 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.4 519.9 6 Mar 94 1904 56 31.2 S 103 09.8 W 259.9 507.8 6 Mar 94 1916 56 31.2 S 103 09.8 W 260.2 508.5 6 Mar 94 1926 56 31.2 S 103 09.8 W 261.1 508.1 6 Mar 94 1938 56 31.2 S 103 09.8 W 259.4 506.2 8 Mar 94 0314 55 40.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.9 505.3 8 Mar 94 0324 55 40.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.5 505.3 8 Mar 94 0334 55 40.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.4 506.1 8 Mar 94 0344 55 40.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.5 506.6 10 Mar 94 0252 51 09.9 S 102 59.9 W 260.8 507.6 10 Mar 94 0305 51 09.9 S 102 59.9 W 260.7 508.0 10 Mar 94 0315 51 09.9 S 102 59.9 W 260.5 504.0 12 Mar 94 0443 47 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.3 508.8 12 Mar 94 0453 47 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.8 509.8 12 Mar 94 0503 47 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.6 509.0 12 Mar 94 0513 47 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.6 509.9 14 Mar 94 0816 43 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.0 511.4 14 Mar 94 0826 43 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.3 510.5 14 Mar 94 0836 43 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.9 507.7 14 Mar 94 0846 43 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.8 505.1 18 Mar 94 1155 35 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.0 506.0 18 Mar 94 1206 35 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.2 506.9 18 Mar 94 1217 35 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.3 507.6 18 Mar 94 1228 35 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.1 509.3 20 Mar 94 0337 31 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.2 509.8 20 Mar 94 0347 31 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.8 507.1 20 Mar 94 0357 31 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.6 508.6 20 Mar 94 0407 31 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.7 508.9 21 Mar 94 2234 28 47.4 S 103 01.3 W 262.2 509.1 21 Mar 94 2244 28 47.4 S 103 01.3 W 261.0 508.9 21 Mar 94 2258 28 47.4 S 103 01.3 W 260.6 510.4 23 Mar 94 2308 26 47.8 S 106 13.2 W 261.7 510.4 23 Mar 94 2319 26 47.8 S 106 13.2 W 260.7 509.8 23 Mar 94 2333 26 47.8 S 106 13.2 W 261.5 511.2 Leg 3 Time F11 F12 Date (hhmm) Latitude Longitude PPT PPT 29 Mar 94 1415 25 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.9 510.3 29 Mar 94 1426 25 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.9 510.0 29 Mar 94 1437 25 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.1 509.1 29 Mar 94 1448 25 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 259.5 510.6 30 Mar 94 1329 23 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.9 500.1 30 Mar 94 1339 23 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 262.0 504.4 30 Mar 94 1349 23 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 262.3 500.3 30 Mar 94 1359 23 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.8 505.7 31 Mar 94 1345 21 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.2 504.3 31 Mar 94 1355 21 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 262.7 503.9 31 Mar 94 1405 21 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 261.2 502.4 31 Mar 94 1415 21 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 260.6 502.3 2 Apr 94 0226 18 29.8 S 103 00.1 W 261.5 512.4 2 Apr 94 0237 18 29.8 S 103 00.1 W 262.3 510.5 2 Apr 94 0248 18 29.8 S 103 00.1 W 261.4 510.7 3 Apr 94 0215 16 54.7 S 103 00.0 W 261.0 509.7 3 Apr 94 0225 16 54.7 S 103 00.0 W 261.6 513.1 3 Apr 94 0235 16 54.7 S 103 00.0 W 261.9 511.1 3 Apr 94 0245 16 54.7 S 103 00.0 W 261.3 511.5 4 Apr 94 0605 14 30.2 S 102 59.9 W 262.2 511.7 4 Apr 94 0616 14 30.2 S 102 59.9 W 262.9 514.6 4 Apr 94 0627 14 30.2 S 102 59.9 W 262.2 511.0 5 Apr 94 0610 12 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 261.6 510.4 5 Apr 94 0621 12 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 262.9 505.9 5 Apr 94 0632 12 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 262.1 504.0 6 Apr 94 0538 11 00.4 S 103 00.9 W 261.4 -9.0 6 Apr 94 0549 11 00.4 S 103 00.9 W 262.1 510.5 6 Apr 94 0600 11 00.4 S 103 00.9 W 262.1 512.3 7 Apr 94 0310 09 38.9 S 103 36.4 W 264.6 -9.0 7 Apr 94 0321 09 38.9 S 103 36.4 W 263.3 -9.0 7 Apr 94 0332 09 38.9 S 103 36.4 W 263.5 516.8 7 Apr 94 1729 08 51.7 S 104 41.8 W 263.3 510.0 7 Apr 94 1740 08 51.7 S 104 41.8 W 262.3 511.2 7 Apr 94 1751 08 51.7 S 104 41.8 W 262.9 515.2 8 Apr 94 1135 07 42.0 S 106 22.9 W 262.3 513.7 8 Apr 94 1146 07 42.0 S 106 22.9 W 262.4 511.2 8 Apr 94 1157 07 42.0 S 106 22.9 W 263.4 513.5 8 Apr 94 1208 07 42.0 S 106 22.9 W 263.8 513.0 10 Apr 94 1608 04 30.0 S 110 00.0 W 261.1 518.2 10 Apr 94 1619 04 30.0 S 110 00.0 W 264.0 -9.0 10 Apr 94 1630 04 30.0 S 110 00.0 W 261.6 -9.0 10 Apr 94 1641 04 30.0 S 110 00.0 W 261.4 514.0 11 Apr 94 0654 03 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 261.6 513.2 11 Apr 94 0705 03 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 261.1 513.9 11 Apr 94 0716 03 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 260.9 515.5 11 Apr 94 1619 02 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 264.0 517.0 11 Apr 94 1630 02 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 263.7 517.8 11 Apr 94 1641 02 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 264.7 514.8 11 Apr 94 1652 02 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 263.1 519.5 13 Apr 94 1008 00 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 264.5 520.3 13 Apr 94 1019 00 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 263.9 519.4 13 Apr 94 1030 00 40.0 S 110 20.0 W 264.4 521.5 14 Apr 94 1013 00 20.0 N 110 20.0 W 263.7 -9.0 14 Apr 94 1024 00 20.0 N 110 20.0 W 262.7 523.2 16 Apr 94 0854 03 30.0 N 110 20.0 E 264.0 517.9 16 Apr 94 0905 03 30.0 N 110 20.0 E 263.3 518.7 16 Apr 94 0916 03 30.0 N 110 20.0 E 263.2 521.0 17 Apr 94 0436 05 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 265.9 520.7 17 Apr 94 0447 05 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 265.6 519.1 17 Apr 94 0458 05 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 265.1 521.3 19 Apr 94 1923 10 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 266.0 516.7 19 Apr 94 1934 10 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 265.8 519.1 19 Apr 94 1945 10 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 265.4 519.5 19 Apr 94 1956 10 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 264.6 519.4 22 Apr 94 0758 15 48.0 N 110 00.0 W 265.5 525.1 22 Apr 94 0809 15 48.0 N 110 00.0 W 265.4 522.1 22 Apr 94 0820 15 48.0 N 110 00.0 W 265.3 519.9 23 Apr 94 0627 17 43.0 N 110 00.0 W 264.7 522.6 23 Apr 94 0638 17 43.0 N 110 00.0 W 264.7 522.5 23 Apr 94 0649 17 43.0 N 110 00.0 W 264.7 525.0 24 Apr 94 0905 20 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 266.3 525.3 24 Apr 94 0916 20 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 266.6 521.4 24 Apr 94 0927 20 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 265.2 522.0 26 Apr 94 1159 24 30.4 N 113 47.4 W 266.7 528.2 26 Apr 94 1210 24 30.4 N 113 47.4 W 266.0 526.6 26 Apr 94 1221 24 30.4 N 113 47.4 W 266.6 526.0 26 Apr 94 1232 24 30.4 N 113 47.4 W 265.6 526.0 APPENDIX 5c. CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC96) (interpolated to station locations) STATION F11 F12 NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date PPT PPT 1 47 43.4 N 122 24.6 W 26 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 2 44 14.1 N 129 40.5 W 28 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 3 44 12.0 N 129 43.0 W 28 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 4 44 16.6 N 129 44.9 W 28 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 5 44 09.8 N 129 44.9 W 28 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 6 44 12.3 N 129 37.3 W 29 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 7 44 18.0 N 129 35.3 W 29 Jan 94 272.0 515.0 8 53 22.9 S 076 22.0 W 23 Feb 94 260.4 506.0 9 61 13.2 S 090 10.9 W 25 Feb 94 260.1 509.9 10 66 59.7 S 103 00.4 W 27 Feb 94 259.4 506.3 11 66 29.8 S 103 00.6 W 28 Feb 94 259.4 506.3 12 66 00.0 S 102 59.8 W 28 Feb 94 259.4 506.3 13 65 30.0 S 102 60.0 W 28 Feb 94 259.3 506.6 14 65 00.0 S 102 59.4 W 28 Feb 94 259.3 506.6 15 64 29.9 S 102 59.2 W 1 Mar 94 259.4 507.6 16 63 59.3 S 102 59.2 W 1 Mar 94 259.9 509.7 17 63 30.0 S 102 59.6 W 2 Mar 94 259.9 509.7 18 63 00.0 S 102 58.0 W 2 Mar 94 260.0 510.3 19 62 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 2 Mar 94 260.4 513.8 20 61 59.9 S 103 00.1 W 2 Mar 94 260.4 513.8 21 61 27.0 S 102 59.0 W 3 Mar 94 260.9 517.0 22 61 01.0 S 103 00.0 W 3 Mar 94 260.9 517.0 23 60 30.9 S 102 57.1 W 3 Mar 94 260.9 517.0 24 60 00.0 S 103 06.4 W 4 Mar 94 260.9 517.0 25 59 31.6 S 103 01.0 W 4 Mar 94 260.9 517.0 26 58 59.8 S 103 01.2 W 4 Mar 94 260.6 513.3 27 58 30.5 S 102 59.3 W 5 Mar 94 260.6 512.4 28 57 49.1 S 103 00.1 W 5 Mar 94 260.6 510.2 29 57 10.3 S 103 00.1 W 6 Mar 94 260.4 506.7 30 56 31.6 S 103 04.0 W 7 Mar 94 260.4 506.7 31 55 49.6 S 102 59.4 W 7 Mar 94 260.4 506.7 32 55 10.0 S 103 00.0 W 8 Mar 94 260.4 506.7 33 54 30.1 S 103 00.1 W 8 Mar 94 260.4 506.7 34 53 50.0 S 102 59.9 W 8 Mar 94 260.4 506.7 35 53 10.0 S 103 03.0 W 9 Mar 94 260.6 506.1 36 52 30.2 S 103 00.6 W 9 Mar 94 260.6 506.1 37 51 50.0 S 103 00.1 W 9 Mar 94 260.6 506.1 38 51 10.0 S 103 00.0 W 10 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 39 50 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 10 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 40 49 50.0 S 102 60.0 W 10 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 41 49 09.8 S 103 00.2 W 11 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 42 48 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 11 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 43 47 59.8 S 103 00.4 W 11 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 44 47 30.0 S 103 00.1 W 11 Mar 94 260.3 508.2 45 46 59.9 S 102 59.9 W 12 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 46 46 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 12 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 47 45 59.6 S 102 60.0 W 12 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 48 45 28.9 S 102 58.3 W 12 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 49 45 00.5 S 102 59.6 W 13 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 50 44 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 13 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 51 43 59.1 S 102 59.8 W 13 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 52 43 30.0 S 103 00.8 W 13 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 53 43 00.2 S 102 59.9 W 14 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 54 42 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 14 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 55 42 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 14 Mar 94 260.3 509.0 56 41 29.6 S 102 59.5 W 15 Mar 94 260.0 508.5 57 41 01.0 S 103 00.0 W 15 Mar 94 260.0 508.5 58 40 30.2 S 102 59.2 W 15 Mar 94 259.9 508.1 59 40 00.2 S 102 58.8 W 15 Mar 94 259.9 508.1 60 39 29.9 S 102 59.9 W 16 Mar 94 259.9 508.1 61 39 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 16 Mar 94 259.9 508.1 62 38 30.3 S 102 59.8 W 16 Mar 94 259.9 508.1 63 37 59.9 S 102 59.9 W 16 Mar 94 259.9 508.1 64 37 29.9 S 102 59.0 W 17 Mar 94 260.5 508.3 65 37 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 17 Mar 94 260.5 508.3 66 36 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 17 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 67 35 59.6 S 102 59.5 W 17 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 68 35 30.0 S 102 59.9 W 18 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 69 35 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 18 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 70 34 31.0 S 103 00.0 W 18 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 71 34 00.4 S 103 00.1 W 18 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 72 33 29.7 S 102 59.9 W 19 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 73 33 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 19 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 74 32 30.0 S 103 00.0 W 19 Mar 94 260.5 508.0 75 31 59.8 S 102 58.8 W 19 Mar 94 260.7 508.4 76 31 29.5 S 103 00.0 W 20 Mar 94 261.4 509.0 77 31 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 20 Mar 94 261.4 509.0 78 30 30.3 S 103 00.0 W 20 Mar 94 261.4 509.0 79 30 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 21 Mar 94 261.4 509.0 80 29 29.0 S 103 00.0 W 21 Mar 94 261.4 509.0 81 29 00.1 S 103 00.8 W 21 Mar 94 261.4 509.0 82 28 29.7 S 102 59.8 W 22 Mar 94 261.4 509.4 83 28 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 22 Mar 94 261.4 509.4 84 27 30.1 S 103 01.1 W 22 Mar 94 261.3 510.0 85 26 55.2 S 103 00.6 W 22 Mar 94 261.3 510.0 86 26 29.7 S 103 00.0 W 23 Mar 94 261.3 510.0 87 26 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 23 Mar 94 261.3 510.0 88 25 29.9 S 103 00.0 W 29 Mar 94 260.9 506.3 89 24 59.3 S 103 00.0 W 29 Mar 94 260.9 506.3 90 24 30.1 S 102 59.8 W 29 Mar 94 260.9 506.3 91 23 59.9 S 103 00.1 W 29 Mar 94 260.9 506.3 92 23 29.7 S 102 59.7 W 30 Mar 94 260.9 506.3 93 23 00.1 S 102 59.8 W 30 Mar 94 260.9 506.3 94 22 29.9 S 102 59.9 W 30 Mar 94 261.5 502.9 95 21 59.6 S 102 59.4 W 30 Mar 94 261.5 502.9 96 21 30.0 S 102 59.9 W 31 Mar 94 261.5 502.9 97 20 59.9 S 103 00.1 W 31 Mar 94 261.5 505.2 98 20 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 31 Mar 94 261.5 505.2 99 20 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 1 Apr 94 261.5 506.6 100 19 30.1 S 102 59.5 W 1 Apr 94 261.5 506.6 101 19 00.0 S 103 00.1 W 1 Apr 94 261.5 508.4 102 18 29.7 S 103 00.1 W 2 Apr 94 261.6 511.3 103 17 59.9 S 103 00.2 W 2 Apr 94 261.6 511.3 104 17 30.0 S 103 00.4 W 2 Apr 94 261.6 511.3 105 16 59.9 S 102 59.7 W 2 Apr 94 261.6 511.3 106 16 29.9 S 102 59.9 W 3 Apr 94 261.8 511.6 107 16 00.0 S 103 00.0 W 3 Apr 94 261.9 511.8 108 15 30.1 S 103 00.0 W 3 Apr 94 261.9 511.8 109 14 60.0 S 102 60.0 W 3 Apr 94 261.9 511.8 110 14 30.2 S 102 59.3 W 4 Apr 94 262.0 510.3 111 14 00.0 S 102 59.7 W 4 Apr 94 262.3 509.6 112 13 30.0 S 103 00.2 W 4 Apr 94 262.3 509.6 113 13 00.6 S 103 00.5 W 5 Apr 94 262.3 509.6 114 12 30.1 S 103 00.1 W 5 Apr 94 262.6 510.8 115 12 00.1 S 103 00.1 W 5 Apr 94 262.6 510.8 116 11 30.3 S 103 00.0 W 5 Apr 94 262.6 510.0 117 11 00.0 S 103 00.8 W 6 Apr 94 262.6 510.0 118 10 30.4 S 103 00.1 W 6 Apr 94 262.6 510.0 119 10 00.2 S 102 60.0 W 6 Apr 94 262.7 510.7 120 09 37.1 S 103 34.0 W 6 Apr 94 262.8 512.7 121 09 14.1 S 104 08.1 W 7 Apr 94 262.9 512.8 122 08 51.2 S 104 41.7 W 7 Apr 94 262.9 512.8 123 08 27.8 S 105 15.6 W 7 Apr 94 262.9 512.6 124 08 04.7 S 105 49.7 W 8 Apr 94 262.9 512.6 125 07 42.0 S 106 23.0 W 8 Apr 94 262.9 512.6 126 07 18.7 S 106 56.6 W 8 Apr 94 262.9 512.6 127 06 56.4 S 107 30.7 W 9 Apr 94 262.6 513.3 128 06 33.7 S 108 04.4 W 9 Apr 94 262.5 513.9 129 06 09.3 S 108 38.5 W 9 Apr 94 262.5 513.9 130 05 46.4 S 109 12.2 W 9 Apr 94 262.6 515.0 131 05 23.5 S 109 46.0 W 10 Apr 94 262.5 516.0 132 05 00.1 S 110 20.1 W 10 Apr 94 262.5 516.0 133 04 29.7 S 110 19.6 W 10 Apr 94 262.5 516.0 134 04 00.2 S 110 19.7 W 10 Apr 94 262.5 516.0 135 03 29.9 S 110 20.0 W 11 Apr 94 262.7 516.0 136 03 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 11 Apr 94 262.7 516.0 137 02 40.0 S 110 19.9 W 11 Apr 94 262.7 516.0 138 02 20.0 S 110 20.1 W 11 Apr 94 262.7 516.0 139 02 00.7 S 110 20.4 W 12 Apr 94 262.7 516.0 140 01 40.0 S 110 19.9 W 12 Apr 94 263.2 517.3 141 01 20.0 S 110 20.1 W 12 Apr 94 263.2 517.8 142 01 00.1 S 110 19.7 W 13 Apr 94 263.2 517.8 143 00 41.0 S 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 263.8 519.2 144 00 20.1 S 110 19.6 W 14 Apr 94 263.2 517.8 145 00 00.0 S 110 20.0 W 13 Apr 94 263.2 517.8 146 00 20.1 N 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 263.2 517.8 147 00 39.9 N 110 20.2 W 14 Apr 94 263.2 517.8 148 01 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 264.3 519.5 149 01 20.0 N 110 20.0 W 14 Apr 94 264.3 519.5 150 01 40.6 N 110 20.2 W 15 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 151 02 00.0 N 110 20.1 W 15 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 152 02 20.0 N 110 20.0 W 15 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 153 02 40.0 N 110 20.0 W 15 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 154 03 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 15 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 155 03 30.0 N 110 20.0 W 16 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 156 04 00.1 N 110 20.1 W 16 Apr 94 264.5 520.8 157 04 30.0 N 110 20.0 W 16 Apr 94 264.8 520.0 158 04 59.7 N 110 20.1 W 17 Apr 94 264.8 520.0 159 05 30.0 N 110 20.1 W 17 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 160 06 00.0 N 110 20.0 W 17 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 161 06 29.9 N 110 20.0 W 17 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 162 07 00.0 N 110 20.4 W 18 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 163 07 29.9 N 110 20.1 W 18 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 164 07 59.9 N 110 20.2 W 18 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 165 08 30.1 N 110 15.1 W 18 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 166 09 00.1 N 110 10.0 W 19 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 167 09 30.1 N 110 05.2 W 19 Apr 94 265.5 519.4 168 10 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 19 Apr 94 265.5 520.3 169 10 40.0 N 109 60.0 W 20 Apr 94 265.5 520.3 170 11 20.0 N 110 00.0 W 20 Apr 94 265.4 520.2 171 12 00.1 N 110 00.0 W 20 Apr 94 265.4 520.2 172 12 40.0 N 110 00.0 W 20 Apr 94 265.4 520.2 173 13 20.0 N 109 59.7 W 21 Apr 94 265.4 520.2 174 14 00.1 N 109 59.9 W 21 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 175 14 29.9 N 109 59.9 W 21 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 176 15 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 21 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 177 15 29.9 N 109 59.7 W 22 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 178 16 00.1 N 110 00.0 W 22 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 179 16 30.0 N 110 00.1 W 22 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 180 17 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 22 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 181 17 30.1 N 109 59.8 W 23 Apr 94 265.0 522.9 182 17 59.9 N 110 00.0 W 23 Apr 94 265.4 522.9 183 18 30.0 N 110 00.0 W 23 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 184 19 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 23 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 185 19 30.0 N 109 59.9 W 24 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 186 20 00.1 N 109 59.9 W 24 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 187 20 29.9 N 110 00.0 W 24 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 188 21 00.0 N 110 00.0 W 24 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 189 21 29.9 N 110 00.1 W 24 Apr 94 265.3 523.1 190 21 59.9 N 110 00.0 W 25 Apr 94 265.7 524.6 191 22 29.8 N 109 59.7 W 25 Apr 94 265.7 524.6 192 22 43.9 N 110 00.4 W 25 Apr 94 266.1 525.1 193 22 47.9 N 110 00.3 W 25 Apr 94 266.1 525.1 194 22 51.1 N 109 59.9 W 25 Apr 94 266.1 525.1 APPENDIX 5d. Replicate CFC-11 measurements on P18 (CGC94) STATION SAMP F11 F11 STATION SAMP F11 F11 NUMBER NO. pM/kg Stdev NUMBER NO. pM/kg Stdev 8 313 0.062 0.021 107 123 0.070 0.006 8 319 0.115 0.008 107 128 2.316 0.012 8 323 0.110 0.009 107 131 2.138 0.004 10 304 0.090 0.004 109 128 1.402 0.005 10 307 0.057 0.003 109 131 2.152 0.011 10 313 0.049 0.003 110 121 0.002 0.002 10 334 6.818 0.048 112 123 0.010 0.003 12 101 0.100 0.001 112 126 0.058 0.000 12 107 0.066 0.005 112 131 2.090 0.005 12 132 6.960 0.037 113 122 0.001 0.001 14 101 0.136 0.009 113 126 0.130 0.000 14 113 0.047 0.008 113 131 2.135 0.067 16 135 5.766 0.130 113 135 1.845 0.003 20 101 0.130 0.002 114 129 0.902 0.007 22 101 0.083 0.006 114 131 2.278 0.003 22 106 0.050 0.004 115 123 0.008 0.009 22 111 0.038 0.000 115 131 2.274 0.004 22 132 5.349 0.013 116 123 0.034 0.005 24 101 0.075 0.000 116 126 0.135 0.004 24 107 0.083 0.005 116 132 2.233 0.008 24 134 4.777 0.014 117 123 0.004 0.001 27 110 0.188 0.007 117 127 0.067 0.002 28 104 0.059 0.008 117 135 1.762 0.008 28 106 0.052 0.008 118 129 0.288 0.004 28 130 4.286 0.147 119 127 0.061 0.000 33 203 0.031 0.024 119 129 0.580 0.003 33 206 0.016 0.001 119 132 2.162 0.011 33 212 0.131 0.002 120 126 0.097 0.003 33 218 2.015 0.003 120 131 2.153 0.082 33 223 3.854 0.010 121 129 1.349 0.001 33 226 3.993 0.008 121 133 1.959 0.013 33 229 4.180 0.013 122 125 0.124 0.006 35 119 2.652 0.022 122 128 0.274 0.001 36 101 -0.000 0.001 122 132 2.151 0.009 36 107 0.004 0.007 125 115 -0.001 0.002 37 225 4.012 0.124 126 223 0.057 0.000 40 301 -0.001 0.002 126 226 0.260 0.000 40 321 2.778 0.004 126 232 1.905 0.002 40 329 3.898 0.009 127 123 0.138 0.005 41 103 -0.000 0.009 127 133 1.699 0.009 42 103 0.006 0.003 128 122 0.017 0.002 42 127 3.723 0.033 129 126 0.130 0.001 42 132 4.217 0.291 129 132 1.798 0.002 44 103 -0.001 0.006 129 136 1.694 0.004 46 103 -0.001 0.003 133 123 0.132 0.001 46 123 3.057 0.034 133 128 0.417 0.005 47 111 0.030 0.003 133 132 0.692 0.003 47 116 0.904 0.028 134 122 0.058 0.002 47 123 3.116 0.075 134 125 0.265 0.009 47 127 3.590 0.091 134 132 0.756 0.004 53 103 -0.003 0.002 135 125 0.481 0.001 53 107 -0.001 0.001 135 129 0.632 0.009 53 135 3.253 0.019 135 133 0.920 0.007 55 313 0.021 0.001 137 126 0.238 0.002 55 317 0.641 0.007 137 128 0.518 0.004 55 325 3.022 0.011 137 132 0.713 0.003 55 331 3.970 0.018 138 129 0.536 0.001 59 103 0.002 0.003 139 123 0.122 0.002 59 109 0.000 0.006 139 127 0.465 0.005 59 111 0.005 0.002 139 131 0.733 0.002 59 113 0.005 0.001 141 125 0.169 0.003 59 119 1.532 0.000 141 127 0.388 0.000 59 128 3.065 0.028 141 132 0.785 0.002 59 134 3.420 0.054 142 127 0.586 0.007 61 112 -0.003 0.003 142 131 0.752 0.006 61 114 0.004 0.006 143 127 0.590 0.003 61 131 3.424 0.072 143 131 0.813 0.002 61 132 3.400 0.002 143 135 1.720 0.020 61 133 3.270 0.014 147 129 0.777 0.005 63 116 0.132 0.004 147 133 1.239 0.001 63 118 0.700 0.005 148 121 0.020 0.003 68 116 0.124 0.002 148 132 0.843 0.017 68 118 0.641 0.006 149 232 0.872 0.002 68 132 3.509 0.081 151 123 0.109 0.000 69 117 0.254 0.002 151 127 0.433 0.004 69 126 2.274 0.008 151 133 0.956 0.003 71 123 1.770 0.006 152 136 1.809 0.009 73 118 0.766 0.120 154 125 0.189 0.002 73 119 1.268 0.006 154 129 0.553 0.001 73 128 2.532 0.015 154 133 0.983 0.009 73 133 2.592 0.008 155 129 0.651 0.005 74 118 0.601 0.023 155 131 0.861 NaN 74 126 1.993 0.004 156 122 0.020 0.000 77 118 0.536 0.001 156 126 0.304 0.001 77 127 2.336 0.006 156 132 0.865 0.026 77 132 2.432 0.007 157 325 0.213 0.001 79 117 0.169 0.002 157 333 0.978 0.000 79 121 1.296 0.029 158 127 0.253 0.003 79 129 2.582 0.004 158 133 1.381 0.172 79 132 2.616 0.017 158 135 1.668 0.002 81 301 -0.000 0.001 159 126 0.096 0.002 81 320 0.902 0.010 159 130 0.318 0.003 81 322 1.689 0.004 161 123 0.058 0.027 81 325 2.223 0.017 161 129 0.391 0.002 81 330 2.652 0.051 163 123 0.037 0.000 81 332 2.478 0.018 163 126 0.183 0.001 82 124 2.253 0.026 163 132 0.569 0.001 83 118 0.139 0.014 163 136 1.637 0.002 83 126 2.463 0.094 164 132 0.646 0.005 83 127 2.477 0.011 165 125 0.210 0.000 83 132 2.346 0.001 165 129 0.389 0.001 84 126 2.419 0.016 165 133 0.985 0.001 84 130 2.385 0.013 167 125 0.156 0.001 85 118 0.338 0.002 167 131 0.743 0.004 85 120 0.950 0.013 168 325 0.091 0.000 85 122 1.110 0.003 168 331 0.567 0.004 85 125 1.970 0.005 169 123 0.045 0.002 85 131 2.335 0.002 169 131 0.624 0.016 87 119 0.278 0.002 169 135 1.636 0.006 88 106 0.002 0.000 170 127 0.291 0.066 88 119 0.073 0.009 170 133 1.638 0.015 88 131 2.274 0.001 172 331 1.674 0.002 89 119 0.037 0.002 174 122 0.020 0.001 89 126 2.008 0.005 174 125 0.091 0.009 90 321 0.881 0.001 174 131 1.529 0.002 91 120 0.093 0.000 176 123 0.017 0.000 91 127 2.240 0.011 176 129 0.313 0.000 92 122 0.469 0.000 176 135 1.722 0.001 93 115 -0.002 0.001 178 122 0.021 0.001 93 119 0.008 0.024 178 125 0.078 0.004 93 126 1.596 0.007 178 131 2.012 0.002 93 132 2.182 0.006 180 121 0.002 0.001 93 135 1.927 0.007 180 125 0.050 0.003 95 119 0.002 0.000 180 133 1.998 0.008 95 126 1.352 0.013 181 127 0.145 0.004 95 132 2.115 0.019 181 135 1.870 0.011 95 135 1.935 0.056 182 122 0.032 0.008 97 120 0.009 0.013 182 125 0.056 0.001 97 125 0.467 0.004 182 131 2.221 0.005 97 128 2.329 0.003 183 132 2.193 0.012 97 132 2.164 0.008 184 122 0.047 0.001 97 135 1.921 0.028 184 125 0.127 0.007 99 120 0.030 0.015 184 131 1.045 0.002 99 127 2.393 0.002 186 123 0.037 0.006 99 132 2.152 0.015 186 129 0.353 0.031 101 325 0.940 0.000 186 133 2.154 0.007 101 329 2.329 0.028 188 322 0.045 0.014 103 121 0.022 0.006 188 325 0.084 0.003 103 125 0.668 0.000 188 331 1.130 0.001 103 128 2.315 0.005 188 336 2.201 0.007 103 131 2.117 0.001 190 125 0.089 0.003 103 133 1.976 0.002 190 129 0.472 0.001 103 135 1.953 0.001 190 133 2.535 0.006 105 123 0.053 0.001 191 123 1.512 0.003 105 127 1.472 0.005 193 103 0.010 0.003 105 130 2.204 0.010 193 106 0.049 0.002 105 134 1.957 0.003 193 109 0.187 0.001 106 120 -0.000 0.001 193 111 0.367 0.001 106 132 1.969 0.021 193 113 0.911 0.009 107 121 0.012 0.005 193 117 2.214 0.014 APPENDIX 5e. Replicate CFC-12 measurements on P18 (CGC94) STATION SAMP F12 F12 STATION SAMP F12 F12 NUMBER NO. pM/kg Stdev NUMBER NO. pM/kg Stdev 2 113 0.011 0.003 103 131 1.170 0.012 8 311 0.015 0.001 103 133 1.102 0.014 8 313 0.017 0.002 103 135 1.086 NaN 8 319 0.058 0.010 105 123 0.031 0.003 8 323 0.053 0.005 105 127 0.756 0.009 10 301 0.059 0.001 105 130 1.203 0.007 10 304 0.038 0.007 105 134 1.137 0.039 10 307 0.026 0.002 106 120 0.001 0.000 10 313 0.021 0.001 106 132 1.106 0.022 10 334 3.130 0.007 107 121 0.003 0.000 12 101 0.054 0.002 107 123 0.042 0.002 12 107 0.022 0.002 107 128 1.241 0.011 12 113 0.014 0.003 107 131 1.165 0.009 12 115 0.031 0.013 109 121 -0.000 0.003 12 119 0.059 0.001 109 128 0.741 0.005 12 125 0.134 0.002 109 131 1.185 0.001 12 127 0.288 0.000 110 121 0.001 0.000 12 129 0.719 0.009 112 123 0.005 0.001 12 132 3.193 0.029 112 126 0.036 0.002 14 101 0.065 0.003 112 131 1.149 0.004 14 106 0.030 0.002 113 122 0.001 0.002 14 113 0.017 0.001 113 126 0.076 0.002 14 118 0.049 0.000 113 131 1.236 0.079 16 103 0.042 0.008 113 135 1.027 0.014 16 118 0.057 0.000 114 129 0.491 0.007 16 135 2.764 0.016 114 131 1.233 0.013 20 101 0.061 0.002 115 123 0.003 0.008 22 101 0.041 0.004 115 131 1.233 0.015 22 106 0.026 0.003 116 123 0.023 0.004 22 111 0.017 0.002 116 126 0.077 0.002 22 132 2.527 0.000 116 132 1.220 0.009 24 101 0.035 0.005 117 123 -0.000 0.003 24 128 2.004 0.011 117 127 0.039 0.002 24 134 2.322 0.017 117 135 1.009 0.002 27 110 0.079 0.003 118 129 0.162 0.002 28 101 0.030 0.003 119 127 0.033 0.001 28 104 0.025 0.006 119 129 0.320 0.007 28 106 0.021 0.001 119 132 1.198 0.006 28 118 0.160 0.001 120 126 0.056 0.001 28 127 1.408 0.018 120 131 1.187 0.033 28 130 2.176 0.009 121 129 0.725 0.005 28 135 2.241 0.142 121 133 1.093 0.013 33 201 0.012 0.005 122 125 0.070 0.004 33 203 0.014 0.010 122 128 0.158 0.000 33 206 0.005 0.003 122 132 1.199 0.005 33 212 0.061 0.000 125 115 -0.002 0.000 33 218 0.951 0.005 126 223 0.032 0.002 33 223 1.927 0.021 126 226 0.150 0.001 33 229 2.105 0.008 126 232 1.025 0.008 35 119 1.251 0.028 127 123 0.079 0.001 36 101 0.001 0.001 127 133 0.979 0.006 36 107 -0.001 0.001 128 122 0.018 0.001 37 225 1.913 0.006 129 126 0.083 0.006 40 301 0.000 0.000 129 132 0.971 0.005 40 303 -0.000 0.000 129 136 1.002 0.027 40 321 1.333 0.007 133 123 0.082 0.002 40 329 1.946 0.011 133 128 0.232 0.002 41 103 -0.000 0.000 133 132 0.380 0.002 42 103 0.003 0.004 134 122 0.030 0.003 42 127 1.833 0.004 134 125 0.150 0.002 42 132 2.150 0.117 134 132 0.420 0.002 44 103 -0.002 0.001 135 125 0.267 0.001 46 103 -0.001 0.001 135 129 0.353 0.001 46 123 1.479 0.012 135 133 0.505 0.002 47 111 0.010 0.003 137 126 0.139 0.004 47 116 0.430 0.012 137 128 0.296 0.002 47 123 1.497 0.027 137 132 0.402 0.004 47 127 1.755 0.021 138 129 0.303 0.000 53 103 0.002 0.001 139 123 0.072 0.002 53 107 0.001 0.002 139 131 0.400 0.003 53 135 1.678 0.043 141 125 0.095 0.003 55 313 0.011 0.000 141 127 0.223 0.001 55 317 0.332 0.001 141 132 0.429 0.000 55 325 1.478 0.006 142 127 0.321 0.003 55 331 1.993 0.002 142 131 0.410 0.001 59 103 -0.001 0.001 143 131 0.439 0.001 59 109 -0.000 0.000 143 135 0.939 0.030 59 111 -0.000 0.002 147 129 0.421 0.005 59 113 -0.002 0.003 147 133 0.669 0.003 59 119 0.787 0.004 148 121 0.006 0.001 59 128 1.482 0.027 148 132 0.454 0.010 59 134 1.750 0.007 149 228 0.283 0.004 61 112 -0.002 0.001 149 232 0.469 0.003 61 114 0.004 0.006 151 123 0.064 0.001 61 131 1.730 0.016 151 127 0.240 0.002 61 132 1.745 0.020 151 133 0.517 0.007 61 133 1.699 0.024 152 136 0.964 0.006 63 116 0.080 0.003 154 125 0.100 0.001 63 118 0.367 0.003 154 129 0.308 0.001 68 116 0.074 0.002 154 133 0.529 0.008 68 118 0.338 0.001 155 129 0.350 0.007 68 132 1.753 0.109 155 131 0.453 0.006 69 117 0.145 0.001 156 122 0.007 0.001 69 126 1.098 0.005 156 132 0.455 0.019 71 123 0.845 0.001 157 325 0.116 0.001 73 118 0.397 0.055 157 333 0.513 0.001 73 119 0.640 0.014 158 127 0.140 0.003 73 128 1.278 0.006 158 133 0.746 0.122 73 133 1.397 0.004 158 135 0.962 0.004 74 118 0.316 0.001 159 126 0.051 0.003 74 126 0.973 0.002 159 130 0.173 0.003 77 118 0.318 0.044 161 123 0.035 0.013 77 127 1.175 0.006 161 129 0.215 0.001 77 132 1.308 0.003 163 123 0.021 0.002 79 117 0.101 0.005 163 126 0.100 0.001 79 121 0.646 0.007 163 132 0.310 0.003 79 129 1.343 0.001 164 132 0.353 0.002 79 132 1.402 0.009 165 125 0.120 0.003 81 301 -0.002 0.000 165 129 0.220 0.007 81 320 0.465 0.022 165 133 0.545 0.003 81 322 0.834 0.001 167 125 0.095 0.011 81 325 1.112 0.015 168 325 0.052 0.003 81 330 1.396 0.009 168 331 0.317 0.003 82 124 1.117 0.044 169 123 0.028 0.002 83 118 0.079 0.001 169 131 0.348 0.004 83 126 1.274 0.037 169 135 0.962 0.004 83 127 1.310 0.006 170 127 0.166 0.033 83 132 1.278 0.020 170 133 0.959 0.015 84 126 1.280 0.003 171 120 0.002 0.000 84 130 1.280 0.003 172 331 0.968 0.004 85 118 0.184 0.008 174 122 0.012 0.001 85 120 0.483 0.001 174 125 0.061 0.018 85 122 0.551 0.000 174 131 0.859 0.006 85 125 0.988 0.009 176 123 0.018 0.004 85 131 1.264 0.005 176 129 0.191 0.002 87 119 0.163 0.004 176 135 0.995 0.011 87 125 0.676 0.007 178 122 0.010 0.000 88 106 0.001 0.000 178 125 0.045 0.000 88 119 0.048 0.001 178 131 1.055 0.007 88 131 1.258 0.012 180 121 -0.000 0.000 89 119 0.025 0.002 180 125 0.030 0.001 89 126 1.025 0.003 180 133 1.130 0.001 90 321 0.450 0.002 181 127 0.086 0.001 91 120 0.058 0.000 181 135 1.063 0.002 91 127 1.154 0.001 182 122 0.007 0.001 92 122 0.262 0.006 182 125 0.028 0.003 93 115 0.001 0.002 182 131 1.178 0.019 93 119 0.003 0.008 183 132 1.162 0.011 93 126 0.809 0.009 184 122 0.025 0.000 93 132 1.204 0.000 184 125 0.069 0.000 93 135 1.073 0.005 184 131 0.559 0.001 95 119 0.003 0.000 186 123 0.020 0.000 95 126 0.691 0.008 186 129 0.198 0.002 95 132 1.183 0.005 186 133 1.135 0.000 95 135 1.058 0.019 188 322 0.015 0.000 97 120 0.002 0.002 188 325 0.044 0.002 97 125 0.247 0.003 188 331 0.597 NaN 97 128 1.238 0.002 188 336 1.228 0.017 97 132 1.216 0.016 190 125 0.046 0.002 97 135 1.086 0.009 190 129 0.257 0.004 99 120 0.025 0.012 190 133 1.351 0.012 99 127 1.253 0.008 191 123 0.790 0.006 99 132 1.192 0.014 193 103 -0.000 0.001 101 320 -0.001 0.001 193 106 0.018 0.001 101 325 0.493 0.002 193 109 0.103 0.003 103 121 0.013 0.001 193 111 0.206 0.008 103 125 0.358 0.000 193 113 0.487 0.002 103 128 1.234 0.006 193 117 1.196 0.010 APPENDIX 6a. Oxygen Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) Summary of Oxygen Data for CGC94 Kirk Hargreaves 18 April 1996 1.1 Oxygen 1.1.1 Overview Oxygen samples were drawn from every bottle for every station (except for some of the test casts). A total of 6191 samples were drawn, including 450 duplicates. Five different people drew oxygen samples and four people were involved with running samples. The estimated accuracy is 0.3% plus an estimated precision of 0.3 µmol/kg. Note that precision is sampler dependent and was as good as 0.2 µmol/kg for some samplers. All samples for station 89 are flagged as bad because of bad sampling. Samples were titrated using Carpenter's whole bottle technique (Carpenter, 1969). An auto-titrator based on a design by Gernot Friederich (Friederich, 1991) and using a modified version of Friederich's software was used to titrate the samples. The titrator consists of a Kloehn 50100 Syringe Drive with a 5 ml syringe, a home-built photometer, and a computer. Post- processing software was used to add in temperature corrections and to analyze data. 1.1.2 Sampling and pickling Oxygen sampled immediately after CFC's and Helium. Samples were drawn in calibrated 125 ml nominal volume iodine determination flasks (Corning 5400-125). The sampling tube was inserted into the flask, allowed to flow freely and tapped to removed bubbles, and then inverted. The tube was pinched to reduce flow and allow water in the flask to drain. A water sheet was formed on the inside of the flask, the sampling tube pinched off, the flask drained, and then put right side up. The sampling tube was slowly released to prevent turbulent flow and the flask allowd to fill. Using a watch, the fill time was measured and used to ensure at least two flask volumes overflow. (Typical fill time was 7 seconds). During this time, the temperature of the water was recorded using an uncalibrated Pt-RTD. However, these temperatures are not used in the final data processing. Reagents were introduced quicky after sampling using Brinckmann 1.0 ml Fixed Volume Dispensette repipets. The tips of the repipets were lengthened using clear polyolefin shrink tubing. How reagents were introduced varied. My preferred method was adding MnCl2 at the bottom of the flask, and NaOH/NaI at the mid-point. The repipet tips were inserted into the flask and then the repipets were filled and dispensed. This had the problem that on the upstroke, sometimes seawater (~5 uL) was aspirated up the tube. In later cruises, the upstroke should take place outside of the flask. All reagents were prepared according to WOCE specifications. Flasks were capped at this point and shaken until the reagents were well mixed. The flask was inverted and checked for bubbles. Distilled water, or later, seawater, was added to the collar of the flask and the flask stowed. At least 20 minutes after sampling was finished, flasks were reshaken. 1.1.3 Analysis Samples were analyzed no earlier than 20 minutes and no later than 8 hours after remixing. Liquid from the flask collar was aspirated with a transfer pipette and the stopper removed. ~1ml of 10N sulfuric acid and a rinsed stir bar were added. (Note - the stir bars had short lengths of Tygon on them to improve their stirring characteristics. Stir bars without pivot rings have since been found to work better.) The flask was wiped dry and placed in the titrator and titrated with 0.05 N sodium thiosulfate. After titration, the sample was poured out and the flask rinsed with hot tap water. 1.1.4 Standardization Titrant was standardized with 0.01N potassium iodate solution which was mixd before the cruise and stored in air tight bottle. Standard was dispensed using a spare Kloehn 50100 with a calibrated 5 ml buret. The measured accuracy of the dispensed standards is 0.6 uL and 2.3 uL for volumes below and above 5 mL, respectively. Standards all were within 0.1% of each their calculated values when intercompared after the cruise. 1.2 Oxygen References Culberson, C.H., "Dissolved Oxygen", WHP Operations and Methods, WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, July 1992. Carpenter, J.H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute Technique for the Winkler Dissolved Oxygen Method", Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 10, pp. 141-143. Friederich, G.E., Codispoti, L.A., and Sakamoto, C.M., "An Easy-to-Construct Automated Winkler Titration System", MBARI Technical Report 91-6, August 1991. Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., and Vetterling, W.T., Numerical Recipies in C, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. APPENDIX 6b Replicate Oxygen Measurements on WOCE P18 (CGC94) File gives station, sample, mean of replicate oxygen measurements (in µmol/kg), standard deviation of replicate measurements (sO2), and range of values for replicate samples: #Sta Sta O2 sO2 HighO2 LowO2 11 107 209.67 0.02 209.68 209.66 11 117 186.14 0.43 186.45 185.84 11 209 345.22 0.51 345.58 344.85 12 127 175.44 0.22 175.60 175.29 12 121 176.42 0.12 176.51 176.34 13 101 216.31 0.11 216.39 216.23 13 102 217.23 0.06 217.27 217.19 13 103 216.30 0.19 216.43 216.16 15 119 175.82 0.18 175.96 175.69 15 129 229.91 0.06 229.95 229.87 16 102 216.79 0.46 217.11 216.46 20 102 216.53 0.02 216.54 216.52 20 103 216.01 0.25 216.19 215.83 21 106 210.65 0.17 210.77 210.53 21 119 171.54 0.07 171.59 171.49 22 110 199.45 0.34 199.69 199.21 22 121 175.68 0.01 175.68 175.67 23 307 206.03 0.02 206.05 206.01 23 311 195.09 0.23 195.25 194.93 24 117 171.52 0.05 171.55 171.48 24 130 295.04 0.13 295.13 294.95 28 107 205.58 0.25 205.76 205.41 28 113 187.73 0.27 187.92 187.54 33 207 185.03 0.04 185.06 185.00 33 219 247.23 0.01 247.23 247.23 33 230 281.77 0.68 282.25 281.29 34 107 180.58 0.13 180.68 180.49 34 109 174.59 0.38 174.86 174.32 35 106 189.68 0.22 189.84 189.53 35 115 192.85 0.11 192.93 192.77 35 123 270.72 0.02 270.74 270.71 36 112 169.65 0.03 169.67 169.62 36 114 179.01 0.06 179.06 178.97 37 204 199.09 0.19 199.22 198.95 37 208 179.84 0.18 179.96 179.71 37 210 172.80 0.38 173.07 172.53 39 107 171.13 0.33 171.37 170.90 40 309 173.90 0.81 174.47 173.33 41 108 175.82 0.11 175.89 175.74 41 109 172.81 0.03 172.83 172.79 42 110 167.63 0.01 167.63 167.63 42 114 169.13 0.04 169.15 169.10 44 104 195.74 0.23 195.90 195.57 44 106 182.61 0.73 183.13 182.09 44 108 173.48 0.44 173.79 173.17 45 106 183.05 0.18 183.18 182.92 45 108 173.78 0.19 173.92 173.65 45 110 170.46 0.28 170.65 170.26 46 102 195.21 0.09 195.28 195.15 46 104 188.23 0.03 188.25 188.21 46 108 169.24 0.05 169.27 169.20 47 103 192.84 0.05 192.87 192.80 47 105 182.38 0.08 182.43 182.33 47 108 170.38 0.25 170.55 170.20 52 103 186.60 0.23 186.76 186.44 52 104 180.77 0.62 181.21 180.33 52 106 171.92 0.35 172.17 171.67 53 109 171.94 0.35 172.19 171.69 53 112 160.98 0.10 161.05 160.91 53 115 179.58 0.01 179.58 179.57 54 121 264.28 0.27 264.47 264.09 54 125 261.39 0.08 261.44 261.34 54 130 281.11 0.03 281.13 281.09 55 318 234.36 0.25 234.54 234.19 55 321 261.12 0.05 261.16 261.09 55 323 262.03 0.02 262.05 262.02 58 307 168.45 0.84 169.05 167.85 58 308 167.11 0.23 167.27 166.95 58 310 161.99 0.15 162.10 161.88 59 105 176.76 0.05 176.80 176.72 59 107 166.76 1.08 167.52 165.99 59 109 159.83 0.50 160.19 159.48 60 110 150.61 0.07 150.66 150.56 60 115 184.42 0.06 184.47 184.38 60 134 252.09 0.01 252.10 252.08 61 102 191.62 0.03 191.65 191.60 61 106 171.19 0.09 171.25 171.13 61 108 164.85 0.06 164.89 164.81 62 307 166.44 0.09 166.50 166.38 62 308 164.68 0.57 165.09 164.28 62 309 158.67 0.51 159.03 158.31 63 103 192.86 0.02 192.87 192.84 63 105 182.16 0.01 182.17 182.16 63 107 169.09 0.12 169.18 169.01 64 106 164.47 0.05 164.50 164.43 64 110 131.87 0.02 131.88 131.86 64 115 180.47 0.10 180.54 180.40 68 110 134.88 0.08 134.93 134.82 68 115 169.60 0.07 169.66 169.55 68 121 250.94 0.16 251.05 250.83 69 110 144.05 0.02 144.06 144.03 70 125 243.94 0.40 244.23 243.66 70 131 247.40 0.09 247.47 247.34 70 128 219.68 0.39 219.96 219.41 71 109 160.54 0.42 160.84 160.25 71 111 146.48 1.42 147.48 145.47 71 113 128.59 0.14 128.69 128.50 72 103 166.95 0.22 167.10 166.79 72 104 167.31 0.10 167.37 167.24 72 105 167.07 0.22 167.23 166.91 73 110 149.25 0.14 149.35 149.15 73 126 219.79 0.06 219.83 219.74 73 128 212.61 0.07 212.65 212.56 73 130 240.28 0.12 240.37 240.20 74 104 165.61 2.03 167.04 164.18 74 109 156.57 0.07 156.62 156.52 74 127 217.55 0.01 217.55 217.54 75 104 166.85 0.10 166.92 166.78 75 110 149.98 0.23 150.14 149.82 75 116 188.08 0.16 188.20 187.97 76 103 165.58 0.22 165.74 165.43 76 105 164.80 0.01 164.81 164.79 76 107 160.34 0.02 160.36 160.33 77 104 164.98 0.03 165.00 164.96 77 115 153.46 0.04 153.49 153.43 77 125 208.50 0.03 208.52 208.47 78 101 167.04 1.98 168.44 165.64 78 105 163.18 0.09 163.24 163.12 78 123 216.78 0.33 217.02 216.55 79 104 164.85 0.08 164.91 164.79 79 129 216.58 0.11 216.66 216.50 79 133 246.76 2.06 248.22 245.30 80 101 165.18 0.10 165.25 165.11 80 105 161.33 0.03 161.35 161.31 80 131 245.09 0.13 245.19 245.00 81 304 163.74 0.35 163.98 163.49 82 104 162.15 0.69 162.63 161.66 82 108 153.90 0.08 153.96 153.84 83 104 161.35 0.14 161.45 161.25 83 133 236.37 0.01 236.37 236.36 83 135 213.12 0.13 213.21 213.03 84 102 160.90 0.67 161.37 160.43 84 104 158.34 0.12 158.43 158.26 85 105 158.32 0.37 158.58 158.06 85 113 131.08 0.24 131.25 130.91 86 104 157.62 0.10 157.69 157.55 86 107 156.61 0.17 156.73 156.48 86 115 127.98 0.11 128.06 127.90 87 105 156.46 0.02 156.48 156.45 87 119 197.14 0.15 197.24 197.03 88 111 153.96 1.23 154.83 153.09 88 125 181.28 4.13 184.20 178.36 88 136 211.11 0.11 211.19 211.03 90 317 166.69 0.07 166.74 166.64 90 318 196.02 0.06 196.06 195.98 90 319 207.76 1.82 209.05 206.47 91 115 131.89 0.02 131.90 131.88 91 119 131.22 0.24 131.39 131.04 91 122 206.45 0.50 206.80 206.10 92 116 132.08 0.09 132.15 132.02 92 125 147.64 0.06 147.69 147.60 92 130 226.63 0.61 227.06 226.20 93 110 156.20 0.84 156.80 155.61 93 120 132.78 2.27 134.38 131.18 93 130 221.07 0.10 221.14 221.00 94 311 152.31 0.19 152.45 152.18 94 312 147.91 0.28 148.10 147.71 94 313 140.15 0.23 140.31 139.98 95 108 156.01 0.22 156.16 155.85 95 112 120.29 0.02 120.30 120.28 95 136 208.92 0.73 209.44 208.40 96 110 146.82 0.01 146.83 146.81 96 113 115.67 0.02 115.69 115.66 96 135 210.62 0.20 210.76 210.47 97 121 142.87 0.12 142.95 142.78 97 122 159.96 0.00 159.96 159.96 97 123 119.08 0.21 119.22 118.93 98 309 153.85 0.19 153.99 153.72 98 320 94.96 0.09 95.03 94.90 98 321 113.87 0.06 113.92 113.83 99 109 153.89 0.40 154.17 153.61 99 115 93.03 0.41 93.32 92.74 99 129 221.48 0.06 221.52 221.44 100 121 91.10 0.29 91.31 90.89 100 122 114.49 0.10 114.55 114.42 100 123 112.25 0.19 112.39 112.12 101 305 149.58 0.38 149.85 149.31 101 311 128.00 0.37 128.26 127.73 101 319 78.30 0.03 78.32 78.28 102 109 151.10 0.47 151.43 150.77 102 111 128.72 0.05 128.75 128.68 102 136 209.50 0.17 209.62 209.38 103 109 149.23 0.16 149.34 149.11 103 120 77.86 0.29 78.06 77.65 103 131 220.21 0.02 220.22 220.19 104 117 86.09 1.54 87.17 85.00 104 118 83.34 1.85 84.65 82.04 104 119 78.41 2.17 79.95 76.88 105 103 147.69 0.34 147.93 147.44 105 109 146.42 0.09 146.48 146.36 105 135 210.15 0.16 210.27 210.04 106 115 72.99 0.17 73.11 72.88 106 117 64.39 0.16 64.50 64.28 106 123 50.35 0.26 50.54 50.17 107 107 145.67 0.37 145.93 145.40 107 118 58.62 0.75 59.15 58.09 107 129 203.57 0.19 203.70 203.43 108 117 72.62 0.49 72.96 72.27 108 122 58.74 0.00 58.74 58.74 108 133 219.89 1.06 220.64 219.14 109 107 140.24 0.17 140.36 140.12 109 111 132.06 0.08 132.12 132.01 109 125 12.77 0.02 12.78 12.75 109 127 15.16 1.49 16.22 14.11 110 109 139.47 0.11 139.55 139.39 110 115 79.75 0.04 79.78 79.72 110 133 214.66 0.02 214.67 214.65 112 101 136.78 0.03 136.80 136.76 112 111 140.39 0.44 140.70 140.07 112 133 209.84 0.05 209.88 209.81 113 112 114.83 0.03 114.85 114.81 113 119 52.82 0.57 53.22 52.41 113 133 213.31 0.06 213.35 213.27 114 101 137.04 0.22 137.20 136.88 114 107 138.81 0.08 138.87 138.75 114 121 42.27 0.24 42.44 42.10 115 107 136.45 0.32 136.68 136.23 115 118 49.74 0.52 50.11 49.37 115 129 132.66 0.18 132.79 132.54 116 109 134.98 0.02 134.99 134.97 116 115 77.13 0.05 77.17 77.10 116 130 124.04 0.09 124.11 123.98 116 136 207.06 1.37 208.02 206.09 117 105 136.14 0.11 136.22 136.06 117 113 105.25 1.82 106.53 103.96 117 119 54.59 0.17 54.71 54.47 118 106 137.60 0.00 137.60 137.60 118 119 52.60 0.26 52.79 52.42 118 134 206.36 0.26 206.54 206.17 119 107 136.94 0.12 137.02 136.86 119 118 90.47 0.09 90.54 90.41 119 132 193.18 0.55 193.57 192.79 120 105 136.64 0.44 136.94 136.33 120 107 135.77 0.09 135.84 135.71 120 109 130.14 0.08 130.19 130.08 121 101 138.41 0.30 138.63 138.20 121 112 111.18 0.14 111.28 111.08 122 107 125.29 0.22 125.45 125.14 122 114 90.48 0.18 90.61 90.35 122 123 10.41 0.24 10.58 10.24 123 209 95.67 0.17 95.79 95.56 123 216 8.92 0.28 9.11 8.72 123 224 203.08 0.71 203.58 202.58 124 105 125.81 0.26 125.99 125.63 126 208 113.04 0.09 113.11 112.98 126 210 102.76 0.04 102.79 102.74 126 223 4.22 0.21 4.37 4.07 127 105 126.80 0.41 127.09 126.51 127 115 86.39 0.07 86.45 86.34 127 128 7.06 0.14 7.16 6.96 128 105 135.76 0.13 135.85 135.66 128 111 95.18 0.26 95.36 95.00 128 115 89.43 0.05 89.47 89.39 129 109 105.27 0.23 105.43 105.11 129 117 77.52 0.16 77.63 77.41 129 120 35.31 0.00 35.31 35.31 133 102 154.55 0.56 154.94 154.15 133 110 115.75 0.34 115.99 115.51 133 131 47.79 0.13 47.88 47.70 134 101 156.60 0.27 156.79 156.41 134 120 26.66 0.21 26.81 26.51 134 132 61.31 0.03 61.34 61.29 135 101 155.87 0.02 155.89 155.86 135 102 157.09 1.08 157.86 156.33 135 103 157.20 0.32 157.42 156.97 135 104 154.09 0.01 154.09 154.08 135 105 148.16 0.45 148.48 147.84 135 106 140.24 0.69 140.73 139.75 136 107 133.07 0.11 133.14 132.99 136 109 110.19 0.11 110.27 110.12 136 111 97.37 0.12 97.46 97.29 136 120 50.33 0.15 50.43 50.23 136 121 33.92 0.06 33.96 33.88 136 136 202.37 0.04 202.40 202.34 137 101 157.86 0.11 157.94 157.78 137 105 148.59 0.22 148.74 148.44 137 109 125.80 0.19 125.93 125.66 138 102 157.78 0.45 158.10 157.46 138 113 98.16 0.03 98.18 98.14 138 115 90.77 0.13 90.86 90.67 139 101 158.81 0.76 159.34 158.27 139 105 144.00 0.25 144.18 143.83 139 109 111.72 0.12 111.81 111.64 139 113 86.59 0.27 86.78 86.40 139 119 62.59 0.05 62.63 62.55 139 136 201.29 0.44 201.61 200.98 140 107 131.26 1.43 132.27 130.25 140 109 115.10 0.22 115.26 114.95 140 133 120.92 1.38 121.89 119.94 141 103 148.77 0.14 148.87 148.67 141 109 119.49 0.19 119.62 119.36 141 136 200.72 0.06 200.76 200.68 142 129 81.65 0.72 82.16 81.14 142 130 91.69 0.24 91.86 91.52 142 131 97.46 0.16 97.57 97.35 142 132 100.44 0.49 100.78 100.09 142 133 59.42 1.42 60.42 58.42 142 134 85.26 0.98 85.95 84.57 142 135 195.33 0.79 195.89 194.77 142 136 203.50 7.76 208.99 198.02 143 105 145.13 0.06 145.17 145.09 143 135 174.56 0.03 174.58 174.53 143 136 194.56 0.26 194.74 194.37 144 103 154.84 0.14 154.94 154.74 144 135 163.18 0.11 163.26 163.10 144 136 188.09 0.11 188.17 188.02 146 126 18.98 0.83 19.56 18.39 146 128 70.91 0.16 71.02 70.79 146 130 103.51 0.91 104.15 102.86 146 132 107.10 0.29 107.31 106.90 146 133 112.44 0.01 112.45 112.44 146 134 134.44 0.07 134.48 134.39 146 135 180.08 0.32 180.31 179.86 146 136 184.97 0.11 185.04 184.89 147 123 24.22 0.52 24.59 23.85 147 134 187.23 0.01 187.23 187.22 147 136 191.99 0.16 192.10 191.87 148 126 26.72 0.05 26.76 26.69 148 128 53.43 0.01 53.44 53.42 148 130 62.78 0.08 62.83 62.72 148 132 64.65 0.15 64.75 64.54 148 134 103.40 0.01 103.41 103.40 148 135 187.27 0.04 187.30 187.25 148 136 194.12 0.15 194.23 194.02 149 209 116.29 0.25 116.47 116.11 149 221 47.99 0.05 48.03 47.96 149 236 200.25 0.01 200.26 200.25 150 101 147.88 0.08 147.94 147.83 150 119 46.98 1.26 47.88 46.09 150 136 202.01 0.12 202.10 201.93 151 136 203.53 0.18 203.66 203.40 152 117 52.88 0.19 53.01 52.74 152 119 52.44 0.12 52.52 52.35 152 129 47.72 0.30 47.93 47.51 153 309 99.22 0.06 99.26 99.17 153 311 85.23 0.09 85.29 85.17 153 336 202.78 0.04 202.81 202.75 154 101 148.89 0.31 149.11 148.67 154 117 62.92 1.07 63.68 62.16 154 136 203.26 0.06 203.30 203.22 155 111 92.69 0.08 92.75 92.64 155 123 29.02 0.66 29.48 28.55 155 136 202.17 0.05 202.20 202.13 156 103 148.21 0.24 148.37 148.04 156 111 90.56 0.04 90.59 90.54 156 136 205.51 0.11 205.59 205.43 157 301 149.32 0.51 149.68 148.96 157 305 133.26 0.27 133.45 133.07 157 331 60.76 0.10 60.84 60.69 158 101 148.52 0.56 148.92 148.13 158 109 112.57 0.06 112.61 112.53 158 136 198.82 0.02 198.83 198.81 159 115 63.75 0.07 63.80 63.69 159 123 2.89 0.14 2.99 2.79 159 127 34.83 0.05 34.87 34.80 161 101 137.12 0.45 137.45 136.80 161 121 1.45 0.32 1.68 1.22 161 135 197.56 0.04 197.59 197.54 162 105 130.14 0.15 130.24 130.03 162 119 8.17 0.08 8.22 8.11 162 130 10.82 0.41 11.11 10.53 163 103 140.70 0.11 140.78 140.62 163 113 81.49 0.52 81.86 81.12 163 129 30.66 0.04 30.70 30.63 164 105 130.53 0.05 130.56 130.50 164 113 55.49 0.06 55.53 55.45 164 127 27.49 0.29 27.69 27.28 165 107 117.18 0.09 117.24 117.12 165 111 97.59 0.04 97.62 97.56 165 133 41.69 0.29 41.90 41.49 166 107 108.03 0.11 108.11 107.95 166 111 68.51 0.32 68.74 68.28 166 136 198.18 0.03 198.19 198.16 167 103 130.15 0.13 130.24 130.06 167 121 6.17 0.22 6.32 6.01 167 131 14.55 0.01 14.56 14.55 168 305 115.46 0.09 115.53 115.40 168 315 36.08 0.10 36.16 36.01 168 331 5.35 0.04 5.38 5.33 169 103 128.09 0.06 128.13 128.05 169 109 85.41 0.18 85.53 85.28 169 113 51.20 0.20 51.34 51.06 170 105 114.24 0.50 114.59 113.88 170 107 98.85 0.60 99.27 98.43 170 135 197.79 0.13 197.88 197.70 171 107 96.57 0.03 96.59 96.55 171 122 2.72 0.10 2.79 2.65 171 131 154.06 0.09 154.13 154.00 172 303 137.35 0.10 137.42 137.28 172 309 113.58 0.27 113.77 113.38 172 335 198.28 0.20 198.42 198.14 173 103 132.63 0.10 132.70 132.56 173 105 125.30 0.01 125.31 125.30 173 135 198.77 0.14 198.87 198.67 174 110 71.57 0.06 71.62 71.53 174 121 5.16 0.06 5.20 5.11 174 123 1.30 0.04 1.32 1.27 175 106 117.08 0.04 117.11 117.05 175 123 0.93 0.13 1.03 0.84 175 131 8.54 0.13 8.63 8.45 176 105 125.69 0.04 125.72 125.67 176 109 100.47 0.14 100.56 100.37 176 135 203.14 0.09 203.20 203.07 177 103 127.93 0.04 127.95 127.90 177 105 121.02 0.13 121.11 120.93 177 115 23.51 0.07 23.56 23.46 178 111 62.90 0.22 63.06 62.74 178 121 0.55 0.15 0.65 0.44 179 102 121.45 0.12 121.53 121.36 179 107 111.53 0.64 111.98 111.08 179 126 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.50 180 101 122.62 0.05 122.66 122.59 180 121 0.74 0.28 0.94 0.54 180 131 42.70 0.17 42.82 42.58 181 111 75.05 0.43 75.36 74.75 181 115 24.91 0.16 25.03 24.80 181 129 0.61 0.26 0.79 0.42 182 106 108.51 0.12 108.60 108.43 182 114 32.66 0.14 32.76 32.56 182 132 214.37 0.01 214.38 214.36 183 107 108.97 0.17 109.09 108.85 183 123 1.34 0.29 1.54 1.14 184 102 119.24 0.01 119.25 119.23 184 122 0.86 0.42 1.16 0.56 184 134 222.53 0.11 222.61 222.46 185 105 115.62 0.01 115.62 115.61 185 115 17.86 0.20 18.00 17.72 185 135 214.99 0.47 215.32 214.66 186 109 71.19 0.07 71.24 71.15 186 135 223.33 0.04 223.36 223.30 187 115 17.60 0.02 17.62 17.58 187 129 3.54 0.06 3.59 3.50 188 309 82.56 0.08 82.61 82.50 188 317 10.89 0.13 10.98 10.79 188 331 27.36 0.02 27.37 27.35 189 105 112.91 0.45 113.23 112.59 189 115 22.57 0.13 22.66 22.48 189 125 1.38 0.42 1.67 1.08 190 101 115.69 0.15 115.79 115.59 190 121 4.19 0.03 4.21 4.17 191 107 64.78 0.11 64.85 64.70 191 115 1.43 0.01 1.44 1.42 192 103 61.19 1.11 61.98 60.41 192 111 10.17 0.19 10.31 10.04 192 123 21.75 0.06 21.79 21.70 193 101 11.38 0.17 11.50 11.26 193 109 1.21 0.05 1.25 1.18 193 115 51.30 0.30 51.51 51.09 194 105 25.13 0.33 25.36 24.90 194 109 153.84 1.47 154.82 152.15 APPENDIX 7. Bottle Salinity Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) Bottle salinity measurements on section P18 were made by Gregg Thomas (NOAA- AOML). The salinity analysis was accomplished using two Guildline Model 8400A inductive autosalinimoters standardized with IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P114. The instruments were located in a temperature controlled van. The autosalinometer in use was standardized before each run and either at the end of each run or after no more than 48 samples. The drift between standardizations was monitored and the individual samples were corrected for that drift by linear interpolation. Duplicate samples taken from the deepest bottle on each cast were analyzedon a subsequent day. Bottle salinities were compared with preliminary CTD salinities to aid in identification of leaking bottles as well as to monitor the CTD conductivity cells' performance and drift. The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an accomplished operator is 0.001 pss, with an accuracy of 0.003. To assess the precision of discrete salinity measurements on this cruise, a comparison is made for data from the instances in which two bottles were tripped within 10 dbar of each other at the same station below a depth of 2000 dbar. For the 138 instances in which both bottles of the pair have acceptable salinity measurements, the standard deviation of the differences is 0.0012 pss. This value is very close to the expected precision. APPENDIX 8. Nutrient Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) Nutrients by KA Krogslund and C. W. Mordy (8 May, 1996) Equipment and Analytical Methods An Alpkem RFA/2(trademark) autoanalyzer was used to determine dissolved concentrations of silicate (Si(OH)4), phosphate (HPO4-3) nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-). Measurements were made in a temperature controlled laboratory which was maintained at 21(±)1°C. The following analytical methods were employed: Silicate was converted to silicomolybdic acid and reduced with stannous chloride to form silicomolybdous acid or molybdenum blue (Armstrong, 1967). Phosphate was converted to phosphomolybdic acid and reduced with ascorbic acid to form phosphomolybdous acid in a reaction stream heated to 37°C (Bernhardt and Wilhelms, 1967). Nitrite was diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with NEDA to from a red azo dye. Nitrate+Nitrite was measured by first reducing nitrate to nitrite in a copperized cadmium coil, and then analyzing for nitrite. Nitrate was determined from the difference of nitrate+nitrite and nitrite (Armstrong, 1967). Sampling Procedures Nutrient samples were collected from 10-liter Niskin bottles in aged 20 ml high density polyethylene scintillation vials closed with teflon lined polyethylene caps. All vials and caps were rinsed with 10% HCl and deionized water prior to each station, and rinsed at least three times with sample before filling. Samples were usually analyzed immediately after collection; however, some samples were stored for up to 12 hours at 4-6°C. Calibrations and Standards Standard material for dissolved silicate was sodium fluorosilicate which had been referenced against a fused-quartz standard. Primary standards were prepared by dissolving standard material in deionized water, and working standards were prepared in low nutrient seawater. At each station, seven concentrations of working standard were freshly prepared and analyzed prior to sample analysis, and the highest standard was again analyzed after the last sample. This allowed for regular monitoring of the response, drift and linearity of each chemistry. All analysis were within the linear range of the instrument. Concentrations were converted to µmoles/kg by calculating sample densities using the laboratory temperature of 21°C and the practical salinity scale (UNESCO, 1981). Precision Analytical precision was determined by replicate measurements (usually 4-5 measurements) on 46 samples from depths greater than 100 m. The average standard deviations of these precision tests were (micromoles/kg) 1.1 silicate, 0.015 phosphate, and 0.22 nitrate; and the average percent deviations were 0.56% silicate, 0.84% phosphate, and 0.59% nitrate. References Armstrong, FAJ, Stearns, CR, Strickland, JDH (1967) The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res 14: 381-389. Bernhardt H, Wilhelms, A (1967) The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symposia, Vol I, 385-389. UNESCO (1981) The practical salinity scale 1978 and the international equation of state of seawater 1980. Tenth report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 36, 144 p. APPENDIX 9a. Responses to WOCE DQE of CTD data Dear Mark, Thank you for your DQE evaluation of CTD data collected along WOCE section P18. We considered each of your suggestions and the following is an itemized explanation of what we did or didn't change in our data files, as well as answers to your questions. Kristy McTaggart and Greg Johnson *************************************************************************** STATION SUMMARY FILE (.sum) .sum files here were ammended to contain the same maximum pressure values for stations 25, 27, 32, 46, 61, and 78 as you listed. The PDR sound speed used for sounder readings was 1500 m/s. The readings were not corrected for transducer depth below the waterline. The depth of the transducer would've been about 5.5 ± 0.6 m. We would prefer to use the PDR depths as listed and correct them using Carter's tables so that they serve as independent measurements and can be used as a check on CTD pressure. SALINITY Regarding suspicious CTD salinity data listed in Table 4: station 24 2-6 dbar flags not changed to 3 station 51 84 dbar flag changed to 3 station 52 74 dbar flag changed to 3 station 53 70 dbar flag changed to 3 station 55 flags not changed to 3 station 67 46 dbar flag changed to 3 'Scatter of salinity residuals' There is an incompatibility between the General Oceanics rosette sampler and the Sea-Bird 911plus CTD system that generates a spike in the data stream at the moment a bottle is confirmed as tripped. Because of this, upcast CTD burst data had to be averaged prior to the bottle confirm bit. Two-second averages were chosen over a longer interval because the CTD operators did not always let the package sit at bottle depth for at least 10 seconds before firing the rosette. Hence no changes were made. 'Biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations' Of course one can seemingly make a (very slight) improvement in the CTD-bottle residual statistics by allowing more degrees of freedom in the fit as the DQE has suggested (that is, breaking up the fit into small station groupings). One could get the best statistics by individually fitting each station to its bottles, but most experts would argue that this would be a bad choice, because one would not be taking advantage of the CTD calibration as a way to average out station-to-station bottle salinity noise. We believe that the SBE-9/11 CTD conductivity slope drifts gradually, and is actually more stable than the day-to-day fluctuations in the autosal- inometer salinities owing to small temperature drifts in the laboratory and the fact that severe budgetary constraints on these cruises forced us to economize even on such things as standard sea water. We suspect that the "biasing of the CTD salinity data" mentioned in the DQE evaluations is actually noise in the bottle data. Somewhat suspicious is that the station groupings recommended by the DQE of the correct size (most often 3-5 stations per group) that they could easily be owing to daily drift problems in the autosalinometer. For our original calibrations we deliberately chose to model the conductivity slope adjustments of the entire data sets for P14S/P15S and P18 using 4th-order polynomial functions of station number to average out bottle salinity noise. We did this because we saw no obvious jumps in the CTD calibration for either cruise, just gradual drifts. Statistical support for our philosophy over that of the DQE is given by the following exercise: The 2°C potential isotherm is well within the oldest Pacific Deep Water, and has some of the tightest Theta-S relation- ships in the Pacific Ocean (and probably the world). For both P18 and P14S/P15S, we looked at the absolute values of station-to-station changes in CTD salinity on Theta=2.0°C (Figure 1) for our original calibration, creating a histogram of station-to-station differences for each cruise in 0.001 bins. We then applied the DQE's suggested ad-hoc calibrations for smaller station groupings to the data and conducted the same analysis. When the histograms are differenced (Figure 2), one can see that the Theta-S relations at 2°C after the DQE's corrections are noisier for both cruises. For P18, after the DQE's suggested correction there are four less station pairs in the 0.000 difference bin and one less in the 0.001 difference bin whereas there are three more in the 0.002 difference bin and two more in the 0.003 difference bin. For P15S/P15S there are four less stations in the 0.000 difference bin after the DQE's suggested correction, with one more in the 0.001 difference bin and three more in the 0.002 difference bin. Since the DQE's "corrections" actually introduce more noise in the CTD Theta-S relation at 2°C than our original calibration, we decline application of them. The small groups do not improve the calibraiton, they degrade, perhaps by introducing auto- salinometer drift noise. OXYGEN Rankings for stations as listed in Table 6 were complied with except for station 160, which is closer to a rating of 2 than 1 and was flagged as 3 not 4. A cutoff of 3750 dbar was used to reflag the deep data of stations 21 and 22; 3400 dbar for station 65; 3200 dbar for station 67; and 2200 dbar for station 85. Note all flags of 6, 7, or 8 were preserved in the reflagging. Poor oxygen data were owing to poor sensor performance not to the data processing or curve fitting. A few worst case groupings were reexamined using two sets of fit coefficients blended near the oxygen minimum as was done for P14S/P15S. However, there was no significant improvement. Unfortunately, only one oxygen module was available for this cruise due to severe budgetary constraints, and it was not a good one. Suspicious oxygen data listed in Table 5 were examined and near surface data were reflagged as 3 as suggested. Note that data files submitted before and after the DQE evaluation are 1 dbar averages, not the 2 dbar averages referenced. For suspicious oxygen data deeper in the water column, these were interpolated over and flagged as 6 (stations 30, 69, 70, 71-74, 128, 153, and 180). The shift in oxygen data between 2084 and 2384 dbar for station 188 was flagged as 3 and not interpolated over. Again, all flags of 6, 7, or 8 were preserved in the reflagging. Stations 26, 89 and 160 were viewed with adjacent profiles and their bottles. Station 26 and 89 oxygen profiles were flagged as 4 as suggested in Table 6. Station 160, however, looked to be closer to a rating of 2 than 1 and was flagged as 3 not 4. CTDOXY flags in the .sea file were changed to 4 for all the station samples you listed. Also, CTDOXY flags were changed to 4 where profiles were recently interpolated as a result of DQE suggestions: station 30 sample 121 70 107 73 108 180 111 TEMPERATURE There is a typo in the data report. The value of the drift for temperature sensor T1461 is -0.0006 C. Temperature calibrations were applied to the data using Seasoft processing module DATCNV which reads the sensor's .con file for coefficients. DESPIKING, INTERPOLATION AND FLAGS The flag value of 8 used near the surface in the .ctd files represent data that were continued to the surface from the first assumed good value. For P14S/P15S we used 7. For P18, this procedure was done in program POSTCAL where temp, cond, oxc and oxt were copied back and flagged as 8, then salinity was recomputed and flagged as 2 in most cases. Despiking done after POSTCAL changed some flags to 6. Flags of 8 were left in the data files for this cruise. As for the large blocks of interpolated data (mostly oxygen) listed in Table 2, we maintain that this is the best way to deal with these data from a poor and failing sensor. Flags of 6 (as well as 7 and 8) have been preserved even when reflagging the entire oxygen profile as suggested in Table 6. DENSITY INVERSIONS Original data submitted for P18 were not examined for small density inversions. In response to the DQE evaluation, program DELOOP, as applied to P14S/P15S, with an N^2 criteria of -3x10e¯6 was applied to P18 profiles. Over 82% of the density inversions listed in Table 7 were interpolated over. Delooped 1 dbar averaged data files with all the changes noted above are resubmitted along with this reply to the DQE. DOCUMENTATION Again, the PDR sound speed was 1500 m/s, and the readings have not been corrected for transducer depth (5.5 ± 0.6 m) below the waterline. Station groupings used for oxygen calibrations and final values of fit parameters are given in a separate oxygen calibration table. Oxygen calibration problems were owing to poor sensor performance. Temperature pre- and post-cruise calibration difference for sensor T1461 was a typo in the documentation and should read -0.0006°C. More frequent flagging of surface temperatures compared to surface salinities is explained in the previous section, DESPIKING, INTERPOLATION AND FLAGS. Data files submitted to the WOCE office were 1 dbar averages, not 2 dbar. APPENDIX 9b. Responses to WOCE DQE of nutrient data P18 Data Quality Control: Nutrients C.W. Mordy response to Mantyla Evaluation Edits Resulting from Mantyla's Comments: Sta 23: Silicates flagged as uncertain. Same and Mantyla Sta 86 & 87: Deep PO4s and NO3s are higher than surrounding stations (85 & 88). Flagged Sta 87 bottles 101-119 PO4 & NO3 as uncertain, flagged Sta 86 bottles 101-118 PO4 & NO3 as uncertain. Mantyla suggested deep PO4s be flagged 3. Sta 88: Nitrates flagged as "ok" except for bottles 117 & 101. Same as Mantyla. Sta 148: Bottle 126 NO2 flagged as uncertain, same as Mantyla. Sta 191: Bottle 113 NO2 flagged as uncertain, same as Mantyla. Zero Silicates: ND would be perhaps more appropriate. Note that P4, P21 and P6 all have zero values in the region. P17E has values of 2-3 uM near the crossing while P18 data has lots of scatter. 99 bottles with zero silicates were given an uncertain flag. Other edits: Silicic Acid The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 11:118, 18:103, 31:116, 32:121-124, 113:135, 117:104, 189:103. Nitrate The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 10:323, 12:123, 13:117, 21:113, 31:116, 75:102-103, 91:102, 95:136, 107:106, 120:104, 140:101, 156:106, 179:111, 180:114, 186:113, 188:303, 190:113, 190:103. The suggestion to flag Sta 163:107 as uncertain was not taken as the measurement was within the scatter of the profile. Phosphate The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 18:102, 26:317, 31:122 & 116, 35:102, 56:209, 79:101-116, 83:101-119, 86:103, 94:301-318, 95:136, 135:119, 140:101-118, 144:112, 155:114, 156:106, 166:123 & 131, 179:106- 116, 190:113. The following suggested changes from flag 2 to 3 were not taken: 31:116, 56:209, 83:120, 117:101, 132:101, 166:132. Nitrite The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 11:116, 88:18-101. Sta 49:107, 55:335, 117:109, 125:107, 142:119, 148:126, 191:114 were flagged as 4 (in agreement with all other nuts). APPENDIX 9c. Responses to WOCE DQE of oxygen data All of the flag changes and sample changes suggested by A. Mantyla were accepted. For station 169, samples 105 to 108 were shifted to one depth shallower, samples 108 and 109 averaged and sample 105 set to -9, flagged as 5. SO, for station 169 sample 108 averaged with 109 as sample 109 sample 107 becomes sample 108, sample 106 becomes sample 107, sample 105 becomes sample 106, sample 105 is set to -9, flag = 5. For station 192: no sample for # 104, samples 105 to 107 should be one bottle deeper and no listing for sample 107, SO, for station 192 sample 105 becomes sample 104, sample 106 becomes sample 105, sample 107 becomes sample 106, sample 107 is set to -9, flag = 5. In addition, the following flags were changed: sta samp oldflag newflag 16 104 2 3 22 105 2 3 90 304 2 3 92 115 2 3 93 117 2 3 95 102 2 3 96 109 2 3 96 107 2 3 103 135 2 3 115 135 2 3 116 108 2 3 119 111 2 3 126 226 3 2 148 126 6 3 152 113 2 3 152 110 2 3 155 101 2 3 157 303 2 3 163 107 2 3 164 111 3 2 191 114 2 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DQE Evaluation of CTD data for RV Discoverer Cruise along WOCE Section P18 (S and N) Expocode 31DSCG94_2 and 31DSCG94_3 Mark Rosenberg, November 1998 This report contains a data quality evaluation of the CTD data files for the Pacific sector cruise along WOCE meridional section P18 (S and N) (*Figure 1) on the RV Discoverer in February to April, 1994. Bottle data are evaluated by Arnold Mantyla in a separate report. The data provide a useful contiguous meridional section from Antarctic through to tropical waters. P18 (1994) and P14S/P15S (1996) CTD data were collected by the same group, and several of the problems noted here are shared with the 1996 cruise, and are already described in the P14S/P15S DQE report (most notably the biasing of salinity data for whole stations). Some of the problems found in the P18 data are much improved in the later P14S/P15S cruise data (most notably CTD oxygen data quality). 2 dbar CTD data were examined for stations 10 to 194. CTD files for stations 2 to 7 from the East Blanco Depression were not available. Upcast CTD burst data in the .sea file were examined for all stations. In general, salinity data are of good quality, while CTD oxygen data quality is mixed. Station Summary File (.sum) • The maximum pressure value for several stations was missing in the .sum file. The following values were obtained from the .ctd files, and inserted into the .sum file: station max press 25 4648 27 4832 32 4608 46 3914 61 3866 78 3410 • Sound speed and transducer depth information for the ship's sounder were not provided in the documentation. "Corrected depth" (.sum file) was therefore calculated from the CTD at the bottom of the cast i.e. altimeter reading + maximum CTD pressure recalculated in meters (using the method of Saunders and Fofonoff, 1976). For stations with no altimeter reading, no corrected depth was calculated. These corrected depth values are in an ascii file corrdepth.dat, and have not been merged into the .sum file. SALINITY In the following discussion, only CTD and bottle values with a quality flag of 2 are considered (i.e. QUALT1=2 for CTDSAL and SALNTY in the .sea file). See Table 4 for a station by station summary of salinity data problems. Scatter of salinity residuals The salinity residual data Delta-S (where Delta-S = bottle - CTD salinity difference) for all depths is shown in Figure 2. Outliers were rejected iteratively by the data processors, as described in the cruise report. Below 500 dbar, scatter of Delta-S is greatly reduced (Figure 3). In steep gradients above 500 dbar, the sign of the residual appears to be consistent in most cases with the salinity gradient direction (assuming CTD sensors are below the bottles on the rosette package). As for P14S/P15S, I recommend increasing the averaging period for CTD burst data to 10 seconds. Obviously there will still be a residual in the steepest gradients, however the increased averaging period may help decrease residuals in less dramatic gradients when the ship is rolling during bottle stops. Biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations Standard deviations for Delta-S for the whole cruise were calculated from data in the .sea file ("uncorrected data" in Table 1). The value of 0.0017, calculated using all sampling depths and |Delta-S| < or equal to 0.008, is a reasonable estimate of the salinity accuracy for the cruise. The same biasing problem for individual stations exists as described in the P14S/P15S DQE report. When the cruise is viewed as a whole, the salinity accuracy meets WOCE requirements and Delta-S varies about a mean of zero (Figures 2 and 3). However when individual stations are examined, there is a clear biasing of CTD salinity data (e.g. stations 113 to 115 in Figure 3, where Delta-S clearly negative). This biasing is a direct result of the conductivity calibration method, where the whole cruise is fitted in one group and the fourth order station dependent slope correction fails to fully track the variation of conductivity sensor behaviour over the cruise. Breaking down the stations into smaller calibration groups is strongly recommended - this would allow the station dependent slope correction to remove the bias for individual stations. I've repeated the exercise performed on the P14S/P15S data, doing an extra fit to the Delta-S data to demonstrate the advantages of refining station grouping for the conductivity calibration - see the P14S/P15S DQE report for the method. The resulting Sbtl - Scor residuals for depths below 500 dbar are plotted in Figure 4. Standard deviation calculations for these "corrected" data are shown in Table 1. There is only a small improvement to standard deviations calculated for the whole cruise (Table 1), however there is a marked improvement to the biasing of individual stations (Figure 5 shows some examples). Clearly, breaking down a cruise into smaller station groups for the calibration of CTD conductivity significantly improves the calibration. As for P14S/P15S, the correction done here is only a rough version - for a real calibration on selected station groups, groups would be selected with a linear variation of station mean Delta-S, allowing the station dependent slope correction to take effect within each group and giving even better calibration results. Table 1:Standard deviations for salinity residuals Delta-S (using only bottle and CTD data for which the quality flag=2), where "uncorrected data" are as submitted to WHPO, and corrected data are with additional Delta-S fit applied. data standard deviation of standard deviation of Delta-S, uncorrected data Delta-S, corrected data all depths 0.0034 0.0033 deeper than 500 dbar 0.0010 0.0009 all depths, |Delta-S| 0.0017 0.0016 < or equal to 0.008 Deepwater theta-S curves Comparing adjacent stations on deepwater theta-S curves, no outlying stations were found. OXYGEN Oxygen residual data (i.e. bottle - CTD oxygen difference) are plotted in Figure 6, noting that large outliers lie beyond the axis limits on the graph. CTD oxygen data quality is in general not good, particularly when compared with the excellent quality for P14S/P15S. From examination of oxygen residual profiles for all stations, the calibration is acceptable for only ~40% of stations. The curve- fitting results are often poor when compared to bottle profiles, and constant offsets also occur. In many cases oxygen features which persist in the bottle data for a number of consecutive stations are not well described by the CTD oxygen traces e.g. the feature around 2000 dbar for stations 125 to 148; and the feature around 2500 dbar for stations 184 to 191 (Figure 7 shows examples). Table 6 ranks the calibration quality of each station on a scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (good). I suggest the following flagging for the entire CTD oxygen data in the .ctd files: • stations ranked 5 or 4 are acceptable (accurate to within ~1%) • stations ranked 3 or 2 should be flagged as 3 (accurate to within ~2.5%) • stations ranked 1 should be flagged as 4 It is hard to tell from the data set whether the poor CTD oxygen data quality is due to poor oxygen sensor performance, or else due to the data processing and curve fitting. From the data report, the processing methodology appears simpler than for the later P14S/P15S cruise - notably, there isn't the blending of 2 sets of fit coefficients as for P14S/P15S. I'd be interested in a comment from the data processors about the source of the problem. Other relevant notes are as follows: • The near surface (top ~100 dbar) CTD oxygen data is often unreliable; the top ~40 dbar should be treated with particular caution. • Many stations appear to have suspicious oxygen data for the top few bins, due to transient sensor errors as the instrument enters the water and the pump winds up. Stations where these errors are greater than ~4 µmol/kg, and where there is no matching T/S feature, are summarised in Table 5. The table also includes suspicious data from deeper down, and a flag of 3 is recommended where these glitches are greater than ~4 µmol/kg. • For stations 168 to 189, the oxygen sensor has trouble responding to the rapid fall of oxygen concentration towards zero below the thermocline, a problem common to membrane type sensors in the oxygen depleted layer. • Stations 26, 89, 111 and 160 have no oxygen bottle samples. CTD oxygen data does not compare well with surrounding stations for 26, 89 and 160, and a flag 4 is recommended for the entire CTD oxygen profile; surprisingly, station 111 does compare well with surrounding stations. • In some cases where CTD oxygen data have been "despiked" in the .ctd file, the unspiked data have been transferred to the CTDOXY value in the .sea file. This occurs for the following samples: station sample station sample 15 128 171 136 13 136 172 336,335 20 129,128,126 173 136 22 127 184 136 35 136 185 136,135 48 124 190 136,133 166 136 167 136,135 168 336 169 108,107,106,105 170 136,135 CTDOXY values for these samples should all be flagged as 4 in the .sea file. TEMPERATURE The data report states that data from temperature sensor T1461 were used for stations 9-194, and that "post-cruise calibrations showed T1461 to be drifting (offset only) by approximately -0.006°C". I am confused about this statement, as the report goes on to say that "T1460 had jumped by 0.002°C, warranting repair". If the pre and post cruise calibrations for sensor T1461 indeed differ by .006°, this is of great concern: is this the correction done by the program POSTCAL? I'd appreciate if the data processors would clarify this. DESPIKING, INTERPOLATION AND FLAGS A flag value of 8 has often been used near the surface in the .ctd files. This is an unassigned value. I assume that this was supposed to be the "despiking" flag 7, akin to the flag used for near surface data in the P14S/P15S data, where data has been continued to the surface from the first assumed good value. Note that for P18 data, this occurs more often for temperature than for salinity data (vice versa for P14S/P15S) - I'd be interested in a comment from the data processors here i.e. I would have expected both parameters to be simultaneously flagged out in most cases. Large blocks of interpolated data (flag 6 in the .ctd files) occur, often in steep gradients, and over intervals up to 200 dbar. Linear interpolation is really only justified over small vertical intervals, and preferrably not in steep gradients. The worst instances are listed in Table 2 below. In all the cases listed, it's better to either leave a data gap and flag as 5 (my recommendation), or else leave the bad data in and flag as bad. Table 2:Linear interpolations over large vertical blocks, or over large spans of parameter value. station parameter pressure interval comment (dbar) 13 T 90-96,100-118, 130-156 13 O 352-422 large gap 18 O 314-512 large gap 20 O 102-308 large gap 22 O 374-558 large gap 81 O 274-432 large gap 90 O 376-420 large gap 175 O 128-152 large data span, ~90µmol/kg 178 O 86-102 large data span, ~60µmol/kg 179 O 70-94 large data span, ~60µmol/kg 180 O 82-110 large data span, ~100µmol/kg 180 O 116-136 large data span, ~90µmol/kg 183 O 82-110 large data span, ~70µmol/kg 183 O 116-140 large data span, ~60µmol/kg 184 O 90-118 large data span, ~90µmol/kg 185 O 78-88 large data span, ~100µmol/kg 186 O 62-94 large data span, ~100µmol/kg 190 O 74-86 large data span, ~80µmol/kg 193 O 8-24 large data span, ~80µmol/kg DENSITY INVERSIONS Locations of unstable vertical density gradients are shown in Figure 8; only gradients more unstable than -0.003 kg/m3/dbar are shown. Density gradient values for these instabilities are summarised in Table 7. The vertical profiles were inspected for the 5 worst cases (more unstable than -0.015 kg/m3/dbar): in these cases, the instabilities are due to wake water from the package passing the sensors. Many of the smaller instabilities may be due to the same effect. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER CRUISES Deepwater theta-S and theta-oxygen curves were compared for P18 stations coincident with other cruise data sets (Table 3), as follows. Note that only a limited number of stations occur at the crossovers. In general, theta-S agreement lies within the expected inter-cruise accuracy of 0.002. Oxygen agreement is within 2% of deepwater oxygen values. Table 3:Stations from different cruises used for comparison with P18. P18 stn P18 approx. position other cruise stn other cruise approx. position 167 9.5°N 110.08°W P4E 182 9.5°N 110.33°W P4E 183 9.5°N 109.5°W 105 17°S 103°W P21 76 16.75°S 102.67°W 106 16.5°S 103°W P21 77 16.75°S 103.33°W 74 32.5°S 103°W P6E 57 32.5°S 102.67°W P6E 58 32.5°S 103.33°W 35 53.17°S 103°W P17E 192 52.8°S 103.33°W 36 52.5°S 103°W P17E 193 52.88°S 102.25°W 10 67°S 103°W S4P 712 67°S 103.5°W P18N and P4E (P.I. H. Bryden on eastern leg) (Figure 9) P4E salinity is higher than P18 by ~0.0015 Oxygen data compare well below theta=2.2° P18N and P21 (P.I. M. McCartney on eastern leg) (Figure 9) P21 salinity is higher than P18 by ~0.002. Oxygen data compare well below theta=2.2° for the two P21 stations and one of the P18 stations; the second P18 station is lower by ~3 µmol/kg above theta=1.55°, and agrees below this. P18S and P6E (P.I. H. Bryden on eastern leg) (Figure 9) P6E salinity is lower than P18 by ~0.001. Oxygen comparison is inconclusive: P6E is ~2.5 µmol/kg higher than P18, but converges at the bottom. P18S and P17E (P.I. J. Swift) (Figure 10) P17E salinity is higher than P18 by ~0.001 to 0.002 below the deepwater salinity maximum. Oxgen data compare fairly well below theta=1.3° P18S and S4P (P.I Koshlyakov) (Figure 10) S4P salinity is lower than P18 by ~0.002. Oxygen data for S4P at the crossover is too noisy for a fair comparison. DOCUMENTATION CTD data processing methodology is in general well described. It would be useful to add the following information: • sound speeds used for sounder readings, and whether or not readings have been corrected for transducer depth below the waterline; • station groupings used for oxygen calibration, and final values of fit parameters. Comments on the following would be appreciated, as discussed in previous sections: • oxygen calibration problem (i.e. sensor, or fitting problem); • temperature pre and post cruise calibration difference for sensor T1461; • more frequent flagging of surface T data compared to surface S data (opposite to cruise P14S/P15S). Lastly, the methodology in the report discusses 1 dbar averaging. Are the 2 dbar data submitted to the WOCE office derived from the same raw data level, or are they somehow extracted from 1 dbar data? REFERENCE Saunders, P.M. and Fofonoff, N.P., 1976. Conversion of pressure to depth in the ocean. Deep Sea Research, 23:109-111. Table 4:Suspicious CTD salinity (Sctd) data. *Indicates calibration improved by additional correction described in the text (i.e. using smaller station groupings). station comment recommendation 3 Sctd high by ~0.003 below 1500 dbar 4 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1200 dbar * 6 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 2000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 9 Sctd low by ~0.0015 at surface use smaller station groupings * 11 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station groupings 12 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2500 dbar * 13 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 14 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 15 Sctd high by ~0.001 200-2200 dbar, use smaller station groupings high by ~0.002 below 2200 dbar * 16 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 200 dbar use smaller station groupings * 17 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station groupings * 18 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 20 Sctd low by ~0.001 above 1000 dbar, use smaller station groupings high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar * 21 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar use smaller station groupings * 22 Sctd low by ~0.001 at surface, use smaller station groupings high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar, high by ~0.002 below 4000 dbar * 23 Sctd mostly high by ~0.001 below 3000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 24 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 800 dbar use smaller station groupings suspicious S feature at 2 to 6 dbar flag as 3 in .ctd file * 25 Sctd low by ~0.001 above 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings 28 Sctd low by ~0.001 above 1000 dbar 30 Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile * 31 Sctd low by ~0.002 above 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 33 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar use smaller station groupings * 34 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 35 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 36 Sctd mostly high by ~0.0015 for whole profile use smaller station groupings * 37 Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 2000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 39 Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1500 dbar use smaller station groupings * 41 to 43 Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 45 to 48 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings 51,52,53,55 S glitch between 50 and 100 dbar, due to spiking in steep T gradient * 52 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 54 to 55 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings 57 Sctd high by ~0.0008 below 1000 dbar * 58 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 60 to 62 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 63 Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 500 dbar use smaller station groupings * 64 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1300 dbar use smaller station groupings * 66 Sctd low by ~0.002 near surface use smaller station groupings 67 large S spike at 46 dbar flag as 3 in .ctd file * 69 to 72 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings 74 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1000 dbar 75 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar 76 Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1000 dbar 78 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1000 dbar 79 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar 80 Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1000 dbar * 85 Sctd low by ~0.0015 below 1500 dbar use smaller station groupings 90 Sctd high by ~0.002 below 500 dbar * 92 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings * 94 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station groupings 104 Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 3800 dbar *105 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings 107 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar *108 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings *110 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station groupings 111 no bottles, but compares well with surround- ing stations *112 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 200 dbar use smaller station groupings *113 Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile use smaller station groupings *114 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station groupings *115 Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile use smaller station groupings 116 Sctd high by ~0.001 for 500 to 3500 dbar *121 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar use smaller station grouping *123 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station groupings *125 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar use smaller station grouping 132 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 500 dbar *133 Sctd low by ~0.0008 below 1000 dbar use smaller station grouping *144 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar use smaller station grouping *146 Sctd high by ~0.0008 for whole profile use smaller station grouping *148 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar use smaller station grouping *149 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station grouping 152 Sctd high by ~0.001 above 3000 dbar 155 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile *169 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 200 dbar use smaller station grouping *172 Sctd high by ~0.0008 below 500 dbar use smaller station grouping *182 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 750 dbar use smaller station grouping *185 Sctd low by ~0.001 below 500 dbar use smaller station grouping *187 Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile use smaller station grouping *188 to 189 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 100 dbar use smaller station grouping *191 Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar use smaller station grouping *192 Sctd high by ~0.001 above 1500 dbar use smaller station grouping Table 5:Suspicious CTD oxygen data. For recommended flag changes, original flags in data are 2 unless specified otherwise. station comment recommendation comment 15 little step from 4226 to ~4400 dbar 18 little step at 4412 dbar 25 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 30 100 to 108 dbar oxygen spike flag as 3 in .ctd file 52 0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 66 0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 68 ~2245 dbar small oxygen glitch 69 2360 to 2374 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 70 0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 70 2236 to 2246 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 71 0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 71 2378 to 2392 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 72 2348 to 2366 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 73 2244 to 2260 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 74 2300 to 2316 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 75 0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 75 ~2070 dbar small oxygen glitch 76 0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 76 ~2355 dbar small oxygen glitch 77 2362 to 2380 dbar small oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 78 ~2650 dbar small oxygen glitch 79 much noisier over top 1200 dbar than surrounding stations 80 ~2360 dbar small oxygen glitch 91 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 0-6 dbar currently flag 8 92 0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 94 0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 0-4 dbar currently flag 8 97 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 4-6 dbar currently flag 6 98 0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 6 dbar currently flag 7 12 dbar currently flag 6 99 0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 100 ~4100 dbar small oxygen glitch 103 0 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 107 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 6 dbar currently flag 7 113 0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 118 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 2-6 dbar currently flag 6 123 0 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 124 0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 6 dbar currently flag 7 125 0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 6 dbar currently flag 7 128 1720 to 1726 dbar oxygen spike flag as 3 in .ctd file 140 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 141 0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 142 0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 144 0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 145 0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 0-2 dbar currently flag 8 4-10 dbar currently flag 6 153 40 dbar oxygen spike flag as 3 in .ctd file 160 0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 163 0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 170 0 to 16 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 0-14 dbar currently flag 8 174 0 to10 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 4,10 dbar currently flag 6 6 dbar currently flag 7 177 0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 2 dbar currently flag 6 6 dbar currently flag 7 180 1792 to 1800 dbar oxygen spike flag as 3 in .ctd file 182 0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 6 dbar currently flag 7 184 0 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 188 2084 to 2384 oxygen glitch flag as 3 in .ctd file 190 0 to 14 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 0 dbar currently flag 8 2-14 dbar currently flag 6 193 0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error flag as 3 in .ctd file 2 dbar currently flag 7 Table 6:CTD oxygen data calibrations. Quality of calibration is rated from 1 (bad) to 5 (good) as follows: 5=good 4=moderately good (residual < 2µmol/kg) 3=a bit poor (residual up to 3 µmol/kg, or a constant small bias) 2=fairly poor (residual up to 6 µmol/kg) 1=poor (residual >6 µmol/kg) stn calibration stn calibration stn calibration rating rating rating 10 1 above 3000 50-56 5 111 4 dbar 11 2 57 3 112-113 3 12 3 58 4 114 2 13 5 59 5 115 5 14 3 60-62 4 116 4 15 5 63 3; 2 at bottom 117-118 5 16 1 64 4 119-120 3 17 2 65 4; 3 at bottom 121-122 2 18 5; 3 above 1000 66 4 123 3 dbar 19 2 67 5; 3 at bottom 124 2 20 3 68-69 3 125 1 below 1300 dbar 21 5; 2 at bottom 70 2 126-137 1 22 5; 2 at bottom 71-72 3 138-139 2 23 5 73-75 5 140 1 24 2 76 1 141-152 2 25 4 77-78 4 153-155 3 26 1 79-82 5 156 5 27 5 83-84 3 157 3 28 3 85 5; 1 at bottom 158 5 29 5 86-87 4 159 4 30 3 88 2 160 1 31 3 89 1 161 2 32 5 90-91 2 162-163 3 33 3 92-93 5 164 4 34 5 94 4 165-171 3 35 5; 1 above 400 95 5 172 2 dbar 36 4 96 3 173-178 3 37 5 97-100 5 179-180 2 38 5 101 3 181 3 39 4 102 4 182 2 40-44 5 103-106 5 183-184 3 45 3 107 4 185-191 2 46-48 5 108 5 192 3 49 1 109-110 3 193-194 5 Table 7:Density inversions < -0.003 kg/m3/dbar, and quality flag for salinity in .ctd file for the pressure bin. stn pressure density sal. stn pressure density sal. stn pressure density sal. (dbar) gradient flag (dbar) gradient flag (dbar) gradient flag 10 6 -0.0067 2 77 460 -0.0041 2 107 98 -0.0037 2 13 112 -0.0046 2 78 58 -0.0097 2 110 6 -0.0059 2 13 114 -0.0059 2 78 92 -0.0089 2 116 80 -0.0110 2 13 154 -0.0031 2 78 98 -0.0031 2 118 6 -0.0034 2 16 6 -0.0038 2 78 160 -0.0050 2 118 152 -0.0131 2 30 106 -0.0074 2 78 166 -0.0031 2 121 6 -0.0078 2 32 8 -0.0044 2 78 194 -0.0122 2 122 200 -0.0039 2 32 702 -0.0038 2 78 266 -0.0077 2 126 170 -0.0044 2 34 114 -0.0345 2 78 276 -0.0102 2 126 578 -0.0037 2 34 118 -0.0256 2 78 364 -0.0039 2 126 602 -0.0036 2 40 14 -0.0031 2 79 110 -0.0065 2 126 688 -0.0031 2 40 16 -0.0077 2 79 116 -0.0077 2 127 62 -0.0033 2 43 6 -0.0037 2 79 130 -0.0050 2 127 72 -0.0114 2 49 10 -0.0031 2 79 200 -0.0084 2 127 122 -0.0039 2 53 6 -0.0030 8 79 258 -0.0070 2 128 140 -0.0127 2 54 6 -0.0041 2 79 284 -0.0042 2 129 38 -0.0043 2 54 54 -0.0031 2 79 328 -0.0033 2 129 64 -0.0258 2 55 74 -0.0077 2 79 472 -0.0031 2 129 442 -0.0037 2 56 82 -0.0069 2 82 302 -0.0040 2 130 152 -0.0032 2 56 182 -0.0053 2 82 380 -0.0039 2 133 348 -0.0048 2 56 188 -0.0054 2 83 6 -0.0071 2 134 318 -0.0095 2 58 98 -0.0081 2 84 134 -0.0054 2 134 430 -0.0048 2 58 104 -0.0070 2 84 164 -0.0033 2 136 6 -0.0039 2 58 132 -0.0047 2 88 288 -0.0037 2 136 66 -0.0170 2 58 146 -0.0061 2 88 390 -0.0032 2 136 326 -0.0033 2 58 156 -0.0082 2 88 406 -0.0073 2 142 8 -0.0035 2 58 166 -0.0102 2 90 262 -0.0044 2 144 10 -0.0043 2 58 170 -0.0070 2 90 326 -0.0055 2 146 8 -0.0048 2 58 206 -0.0046 2 91 198 -0.0031 2 152 6 -0.0083 2 60 84 -0.0086 2 91 422 -0.0041 2 155 66 -0.0105 2 62 136 -0.0090 2 92 144 -0.0053 2 157 6 -0.0100 2 62 226 -0.0052 2 92 208 -0.0067 2 159 62 -0.0104 2 62 286 -0.0033 2 92 216 -0.0054 2 163 6 -0.0046 2 64 226 -0.0034 2 93 66 -0.0076 2 164 136 -0.0039 2 75 272 -0.0040 2 93 316 -0.0085 2 174 10 -0.0033 2 77 8 -0.0046 2 93 322 -0.0051 2 174 12 -0.0115 2 77 56 -0.0082 2 94 218 -0.0035 2 175 170 -0.0045 2 77 64 -0.0204 2 94 270 -0.0040 2 176 130 -0.0067 2 77 116 -0.0047 2 96 6 -0.0045 2 177 10 -0.0061 2 77 214 -0.0055 2 100 6 -0.0068 2 178 6 -0.0051 2 77 232 -0.0049 2 102 12 -0.0042 2 183 6 -0.0094 2 77 332 -0.0113 2 104 6 -0.0032 2 184 10 -0.0065 2 77 344 -0.0065 2 104 84 -0.0057 2 188 86 -0.0055 2 77 352 -0.0082 2 105 116 -0.0041 2 191 8 -0.0067 2 105 232 -0.0043 2 193 14 -0.0036 2 107 68 -0.0048 2 194 10 -0.0050 6 Table 8:Summary of flag and other changes recommended. station parameter recommendation 96 T,S,O at 0 dbar remove bad first data line with 0's in .ctd file (done) and change number of records to 2003 in header 25,72,32, maximum pressure add value into .sum file (done) 46,61,78 24,67 S flag changes in .ctd files recommended in Table 4 numerous O flag changes in .ctd files recommended in Table 5 numerous O reflag oxygen data in .ctd files according to calibration ranking in Table 6: reflag as 3 for ranking of 2 or 3 reflag as 4 for ranking of 1 numerous O change CTDOXY flags to 4 in .sea file for samples listed in the section on oxygen. all T,S,O change all 8 flags to 7 13 T remove blocks of interpolated data listed in Table 2, and change flags from 6 to 5 numerous O remove blocks of interpolated data listed in Table 2, and change flags from 6 to 5 *Figure 1 *Figure 2 *Figure 3 *Figure 4: "Corrected" salinities *Figure 5 *Figure 6 *Figure 7 *Figure 8 *Figure 9 *Figure 10: Comparison of P18 with P17E and S4P ------------------------------------------------------- DQ EVALUATION OF WOCE P18S AND P18N HYDROGRAPHIC DATA Arnold W. Mantyla WOCE line P18 began in the southern Amundson Basin at the same latitude as WOCE line S04 and then extended northward, mostly along the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise, ending near Cabo San Lucas at the tip of Baja California, Mexico. The cruise resulted in an excellent section across the frontal zones of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and through the very low oxygen minimum zones of the Eastern Pacific on both sides of the equator. About 85% of the 185 stations from the two legs (P18S and P18N) were done with a 35 place rosette that provided good full water column water sample coverage. Except for one station where no water samples were recovered, the rest were done with a 24 place rosette system, usually at times of rough weather. The latter stations had a higher data loss than the fair weather stations done with the larger system. The cruise track crossed 5 other WOCE lines: S04, P17E, P06, P21, and P04, as well as the two classical Scorpio lines. Comparison of data at the crossings indicated the P18 cruise tended to be slightly lower in salinity, oxygen, silicate, phosphate, and nitrate than the other WOCE cruises, but the differences were within the combined expected precision of the cruise pairs. Overall, the data looks quite good, and the data originators have done a thorough job in checking the data. However, some of the data rejection may have been overly zealous, particularly with the salinity flags. About a third of the doubtful salinities were clearly due to sample collection errors, usually off by one depth. These were not rosette trip errors, as revealed by the oxygen and nutrient profiles. They would be ok if shifted to their CTD verified depths. Of the remaining questioned salinities, about 40% were within one depth of the primary nitrite maximum in the upper thermocline (the secondary NO2 max is associated with the deeper very low O2's). The primary NO2 max is usually in the maximum stability zone, or in the strongest density gradient below the surface layer. Both temperature and salinity can also have strong vertical gradients there and it is in that area that the CTD and the water samples often have trouble in seeing the same answer, for a variety of reasons. The fact that the two measurements often differ does not mean that either is bad and some judgement should be used before rejecting data that in all likelihood is ok. I have changed a few of the flags to ok, but for the most part have left the flags as done by the data originators. Also, water samples collected near a sharp salinity minimum or maximum at times seemed to be more extreme than the CTD and therefore flagged questionable, but I believe that they shouldn't be flagged, so I changed some of the flags to ok. There appears to be a small CTD salinity bias that varied with depth, the surface CTD being about .001 too low at the surface, and about .001 too high at the bottom. Mark Rosenberg has noted the problem in his CTD DQE evaluation, so the CTD salinities should be corrected at the rosette trip levels also. Five stations had sample collection errors by being off one level for part of the sample drawing of the salinities (sta.'s 107, 112, and 140), O2 (sta. 169), and nutrients (sta. 23). Since the CTD verifies the correct depths for the salinity and oxygen samples, I can't see why the samples couldn't be shifted to the correct depths, as long as that was noted in the cruise report. The nutrient offset is apparent from comparison with the nutrient vs density profile on the adjacent stations. Many stations had surface layer silicates listed as zero, unlike any in the bracketing WOCE lines P17E and P19, or most other recent expeditions. I flagged the first station (32) zero silicates uncertain, but did not flag any of the other 27 stations that had unlikely zero surface silicate values. It seems the autoanalizer baseline correction may have been too large on many stations, or perhaps there was a problem with low level detection. I don't believe the zero values, but have decided to let them go as is. There were a number of curious isolated depths where only oxygen was listed, but no salinity or nutrients. Salinities should always be collected and listed, as that is the essential sample in verification of the correct tripping of the rosette bottle. The following are comments on specific stations with problems that should be looked into: Sta. 23: 1995-4740db - silicates are higher than adjacent stations at the same density, it looks like they belong one depth deeper. Phosphate and nitrate gradients are too weak to tell, they would look ok at wither depth. Suspect a sample drawing error similar to those later (S and O2) verified by the CTD. As listed, the silicates should be flagged "uncertain", they would look ok if listed one depth deeper. Sta. 40: 9-363db - Water sample salinity and oxygen data compared to the CTD indicate that samples 326-335 belong one depth deeper. Looks like samples 326 and 325 both tripped at 363db, with subsequent trips then one depth deeper than intended, and then only one trip at 9db (sample 336) instead of a double trip there. Suggest re-list the data with the correct pressures and temperatures and change the questionable salinity flags to data ok flags. Sta.'s 85-88 PO4's: The deep phosphate for the last two stations of P18S appear high compared to station 85 and to the first station on P18N (sta. 88) The calculations should be checked, and if ok I recommend that stas 86 and 87 deep PO4's be flagged uncertain. Also, the deep nitrites on sta. 88 were flagged "bad", but they look OK, so I changed the flags to OK, except for two slightly high values which were flagged uncertain. Sta. 107: 200-1303db - The salinity samples from bottles 114 to 128 clearly belong one depth shallower. Numerous salinities were flagged "bad", but if moved up one level (and average 128 and 129), the data would be all ok. This is a clear sample collection error, as the O2 and nutrients confirm they were not a mis-trip. Sta 112: 1800-2200db - Salinity samples 113 and 114 clearly belong one depth deeper, the missing salinity should be at 1801db, rather than at 2201db. Data would be ok if moved. Oxygen confirms not a mis-trip. Sta 117: 123db - Salinity listed as .0000, should change it to -9.000. Sta. 140: 602-3748db - As on sta. 107, many salts flagged either questionable or bad. The CTD verifies that samples 103 to 119 are from one depth shallower and both 119 and 120 are from 602db. If moved, all of the salts would be ok. Not a mis-trip, per O2 data. Sta. 148: 301db - This level is clearly a mis-trip or a leaker, and the water did not come from here. Therefore, the oxygen and nitrite should also be flagged uncertain, even though they would seem to "fit" at this depth. Sta. 169: 1998-3001db - Clear oxygen sampling error, samples 105 to 108 belong one depth shallower (108 and 109 are both from 1998db), as confirmed by the CTD. If moved, the data would be ok, otherwise they are clearly "bad". Sta. 190: 99 and 1800db - It looks like the salinity samples 110 and 132 belong in reverse order, but I don't have a clue how that error could have happened. Sta. 191: 699db - A clear mis-trip or leaker, so O2 and NO2 must be flagged uncertain also. The samples are not from this depth. Sta. 192: 100-1601db - There is no oxygen listed form sample 104 at 1601db; the CTD verifies that samples 105 to 107 belong one depth deeper, and no O2 listed for sample 107. If moved, the data would be ok. *Figures shown in pdf file.