A. CRUISE NARRATIVE: A08 A.1. HIGHLIGHTS WHP Cruise SUMMARY Information WOCE section designation A08 |AR15 Expedition designation 06MT28_1 |06MT28_2 Chief Scientists Thomas Müller/IfMK |Walter Zenk/IfMK Dates 1994.MAR.29-1994.MAY.12 |1994.MAY.15-1994.JUN.14 Ship RV METEOR | Ports of call Recife/Brazil - |Walvis Bay/South Africa- Walvis Bay/South Africa| Buenos Aires/Argentina Number of stations 110 |44 08º16.31'S | 21º00.06'S Geographic boundaries 05º45.08'W 13º32.42'E|48º38.97'W 10º34.44'W 11º40.50'S | 39º54.19'S | Floats & drifters deployed 8 drifters |20 drifters, 29 Floats Moorings none |7 recovered, 2 deployed Contributing Authors (in order of appearance) U. Beckmann R. Meyer K. Wills T. Knutz J. Funk P. Beining S. Müller D. Hydes C. Zelck R. Rieger C. Dieterich A. Putzka G. Siedler H.-Ch. John M. Schneider U. Koy K. Bulsiewicz O. Boebel J. Brinkmann K. Ballschmiter P. Meyer H. Düßmann C. Schmid G. Schebeske K. Flechsenhar W.H. Pinaya W. Plep W. Zenk W. Emery W. Roether D.J. Hydes J. Sültenfuß J. Pätzold M. Suarez J.C. Jennings S. Kohrs K. Johnson W. Krauß R. Cordes L.I. Gordon TABLE OF CONTENTS: Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Research Objectives 2 Participants 3 Research Programme 3.1 WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP): Section A8 3.2 WOCE Deep Basin Experiment (DBE) 3.3 Near-Surface Circulation from Drifters 3.4 GEK Observations 3.5 Taxonomy and Distribution of Fish Larvae in the Tropical South Atlantic 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Plankton Sampling 3.6 Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry 3.7 Radiative Physics - Skin Sea Surface Temperature Investigation 3.8 Marine Geology 3.9 Environmental Chemistry 4 Narrative of the Cruise 4.1 Leg M 28/1 (T.J. Müller) 4.2 Leg M 28/2 (W. Zenk) 5 Preliminary Results 5.1 The WHP Section A8 along 11°30'S 5.1.1 Hydrography and Currents (T.J. Müller, U. Beckmann, P. Beining, C. Dieterich, U. Koy, P. Meyer, W.H. Pinaya) 5.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients (D.J. Hydes, S. Kohrs, R. Meyer, S. Müller) 5.1.3 Tracers (A. Putzka, K. Bulsiewicz, H. Düßmann, W. Plep, J. Sültenfuß) 5.1.4 CO2 -Measurements (K. Johnson, K. Wills) 5.1.5 First Results from WHP A8 (T.J. Müller, P. Beining, D. Hydes, K. Johnson, A. Putzka, G. Siedler) 5.2 Deep Basin Experiment 5.2.1 Water Mass Distribution in the Subtropical South Atlantic (O. Boebel, C. Schmid, W. Zenk) 5.2.2 Water Exchange through Hunter Channel (T.J. Müller, J. Pätzold, G. Siedler, C. Schmid, W. Zenk) 5.3 Near Surface Circulation from Satilite Tracked Drifters (W. Krauß) 5.4 GEK Observations (T. Knutz) 5.5 Biological Oceanography and Taxonomy along 11°30'S (C. Zelck, H.-Ch. John) 5.5.1 Quantitative Data 5.5.1.1 General 5.5.1.2 Taxonomy 5.5.1.3 Cross-slope Ecological Patterns 5.5.1.3.1 Abundance Patterns 5.5.1.3.2 Diversity and Species Composition 5.5.1.3.3 Vertical Distribution and Implication for Cross - slope Zonations 5.5.2 The Plankton Material from the Central Atlantic to Angola: Findings, Hints and Expectations 5.5.2.1 General 5.5.2.2 Plankton Biomass Volumes and Micronekton Numbers 5.5.2.3 The Juvenile Life Stage of Bathylagus argyrogaster 5.6 Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry along 11°30 S (J. Brinkmann, G. Schebeske) 5.7 Radiative Physics (W. Emery, M. Suarez) 5.8 Marine Geology (R. Cordes, J. Funk) 5.8.1 Sediment Sampling 5.8.2 Water Sampling 5.9 Environmental Chemistry (R. Rieger, M. Schneider, K. Ballschmiter) 5.9.1 Compounds of Interest 5.9.2 Sampling Methods 5.9.2.1 Sampling of Surface Seawater 5.9.2.2 Sampling of Surface Micro Layer 5.9.2.3 High Volume Air Sampling 5.9.2.4 Low Volume Sampling 5.9.3 Analytical Methods 5.9.4 Preliminary Results 5.9.4.1 Chlorinated Paraffins 5.9.4.2 Alkyl Nitrates in Air Samples 5.9.4.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) 6 Ship's Meteorological Station (K. Flechsenhar) 6.1 Weather and Meteorological Conditions during Leg M 28/1 6.2 Weather and Meteorological Conditions during Leg M 28/2 7 Lists 7.1 Leg M 28/1 7.1.1 List of Stations 7.1.2 List of XBT Drops 7.1.3 List of Drifter Launches 7.2 Leg M 28/2 7.2.1 CTD Stations 7.2.2 List of XBT Drops 7.2.3 List of Drifter Launches 7.2.4 Mooring Activities 7.2.5 List of RAFOS Float Launches and MAFOS Deployments 7.2.6 List of Plankton Stations during M 28 and Respective Haul Numbers 7.2.7 Sample List of Sediment- and Water Samples for Geological Investigations 7.2.8 List of Surface Seawater Samples (sampled on XAD-2) 7.2.9 List of Surface Seawater Samples (sampled on XAD-7) 7.2.10 List of Micro Layer Samples 7.2.11 List of High Volume Air Samples 7.2.12 List of Low Volume Air Samples 8 Concluding Remarks 9 References Appendicies Tritium-Helium CFC DQE Reports CTD Nutrients Data Status Notes ABSTRACT From 29 March to 14 June 1994 the German research vessel METEOR performed its 28th cruise, a journey in the subtropical South Atlantic divided into two legs. The main objectives were hydrographical and tracer observations in the frame work of the internationally coordinated World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The cruise contributed to the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) and to the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE) in the Brazil Basin. Physical observations were supplemented by biological, air and environmental chemical and geological components, including a contribution to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS). The present cruise report contains a summary of the research objectives and comprises the research programme, a cruise narrative and preliminary observational results. The report was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung and Technologie (BMBF). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Vom 29. März bis 14. Juni 1994 fand die 28. Reise des deutschen Forschungsschiffes METEOR statt. Die Reise führte in den subtropischen S0datlantik, und sie war in zwei Abschnitte unterteilt. Der Schwerpunkt lag bei hydrographischen und Spurenstoffbeobachtungen. Sie wurden im Rahmen des international koordinierten Programms "World Ocean Circulation Experiment" (WOCE) durchgeführt. Die Expedition lieferte Beiträge zum "WOCE Hydrographic Programme" (WHP) und zum "Deep Basin Experiment" (DBE), einer Studie im Brasilianischen Becken. Die physikalischen Untersuchungen wurden ergänzt durch biologische, luft- und umweltchemische sowie geologische Beobachtungen, zu denen auch Beiträge zur "Joint Global Ocean Flux Study" (JGOFS) gehören. Der vorliegende Expeditionsbericht enthält eine Zusammenfassung der wissenschaftlichen Ziele und des Programms. Außerdem enthält er die Fahrtbeschreibung sowie vorläufige Beobachtungsergebnisse. Der Bericht umfaßt ferner ausführliche Tabellen zu allen Stationsarbeiten. Die Reise wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), sowie vom Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) gefördert. 1 Research Objectives The German research vessel METEOR operated under the auspices of the World Ocean Experiment (WOCE) from March 29 - June 14, 1994 in the subtropical South Atlantic (Fig. 1, Tab. 1). WOCE is a major component of the World Climate Research Programme, which was established in 1979 by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in cooperation with the UNESCO and the Scientific Committee in Oceanic Research (SCOR). WOCE encompasses planning, implementing and coordinating the global fieldwork and extensive modeling studies. The information gained will allow to better understand the ocean's role in climate and its changes resulting from both natural and anthropogenic causes. The WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) includes a large set of sections in all oceans, with measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and anthropogenic tracers. Its aim is the determination of global water mass distribution and geostrophic mass and heat transports. The zonal WHP section A8 on 11°S was selected for leg 1, Recife - Walvis Bay. In the beginning and at the end of this transatlantic CTD-section additional measurements were conducted in the source region of the Brazil Current and in the Angola Dome. The hydrographic investigations were supplemented by observations of the carbonate system as a contribution to the Joint Global Flux Study (JGOFS), by the biological sampling for the determination of near-surface plankton, and by measurements of aerosols and precipitation analyses. During leg 2 studies of the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), a subprogramme of WOCE was continued between Walvis Bay and Buenos Aires. The main subject dealt with water mass distribution and spreading within the Brazil Basin. The advection of Antarctic Intermediate Water on its west- and northward paths was investigated in combination with the southward transport of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water. Special attention was given to the overflow phenomenon across the Rio Grande Rise at the Hunter Channel. Direct current observations by moored instruments and drifting buoys near the surface and at 1000 m depth were initiated. Seven deep-sea current meter and thermistor chain moorings had been deployed by METEOR in December 1992. The programme included the recovery of this instrument array in the Hunter Channel region. The investigation further included radiative measurements at the sea surface, an environmental chemistry component and sediment sampling in combination with CTD. Tab. 1: Legs and Chief Scientists of METEOR cruise no. 28 Leg M 28/1 29 March - 12 May 1994, Recife/Brazil - Walvis Bay/South Africa Chief scientist: Dr. T.J. MülIer Leg M 28/2 15 May - 14 June 1994, Walvis Bay/South Africa - Buenos Aires/Argentina Chief scientist: Dr. W. Zenk Coordination: Dr. W. Zenk Master: Leg M 28/1: Captain H. Andresen Leg M 28/2: Captain H. Papenhagen Fig. 1a: Track and working area of METEOR cruise no. 28 Fig. 1b: Detailed cruise track Fig. 1c: Detailed cruise track 2 Participants Tab. 2: Participants of METEOR cruise no. 28 Leg M 28/1 Name Speciality Institute --------------------------------------------------------------------- Müller, Thomas J., Dr. Marine Physics IfMK (Chief scientist) Bassek, Dieter, T.A. Meteorology SWA Beckmann, Uwe, T.A. Marine Physics IfMK Beining, Peter, Dr. Marine Physics IfMK Brinkmann, Jutta, Dipl.-Met. Atmospheric Physics UMZ Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Dipl.-Phys. Tracer Physics IUOB Campos, Ricardo, Cap. Ten. Observer Brazil DHN Dieterich, Christian, student Marine Physics IfMK Düßmann, Heiko, student Tracer Physics IUOB Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met. Meteorology SWA Hydes, David, Dr. Marine Chemistry IOS John, Hans-Chr., Dr. Marine Taxonomy BAH Johnson, Kenneth M., M.Sc. CO2-Group BNL Kohrs, Stephan, B.Sc. Marine Chemistry IfMK Koy, Uwe, T.A. Marine Physics IfMK Meyer, Peter, Dipl.-Ing. Marine Physics IfMK Meyer, Ralf, student Marine Chemistry IfMK Müller, Sabine, student Marine Chemistry IfMK Neill, Craig, B.Sc. CO2-Group BNL Pinaya, Walter H., student Marine Physics IOUSP Plep, Wilfried, T.A. Tracer Physics IUOB Putzka, Alfred, Dr. Tracer Physics IUOB Schebeske, Günther, Dipl.-Ing. Atmospheric Physics MPI Schneider, Wilhelm, T.A. Atmospheric Physics UMZ Sültenfuß, Jürgen, Dipl.-Phys. Tracer Physics IUOB Thomas, Rüdiger, Dipl.-Ing. Marine Physics IAPK Welter, Alexander, student Marine Physics IfMK Wills, Kevin, B.Sc. CO2-Group BNL Zelck, Clementine, Dipl.-Biol. Marine Taxonomy BAH Leg M 28/2 Name Speciality Institute --------------------------------------------------------------------- Zenk, Walter, Dr. Marine Physics IfMK (Chief scientist) Bassek, Dieter, T.A. Meteorologie SWA Berger, Ralf, T.A. Marine Physics IfMK Boebel, Olaf, Dr. Marine Physics IfMK Carlsen, Dieter, T.A. Marine Physics IfMK Cordes, Rainer, student Sedimentology UBG Emery, William, Prof. Radiation Physics CCAR Flechsenhar, Kurt, Dipl.-Met. Meteorology SWA Funk, Jens, student Sedimentology UBG Hauser, Janko, student Marine Physics IfMK Kipping, Antonius, T.A. Marine Physics IfMK Möller, Karsten, student Applied Physics IAPK Onken, Rainer, Dr. Marine Physics IfMK Riger, Roland, Dipl.-Chem. Environm. Chem. UUM Roese, Martin, B.Sc. Marine Physics IAA Romaneeßen, Ezard, Dipl.-Oz. Marine Physics IfMK Schmid, Claudia, Dipl.-Oz. Marine Physics IfMK Schneider, Manfred, Dipl.-Chem. Environm. Chem. UUM Snarez, Manuel, B.Sc. Radiation Physics CCAR Wehrend, Dirk, T.A. Marine Physics IfMK Tab. 3: Participating Institutions BAH Taxonomische Arbeitsgruppe der Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland (TAG) c/o Zoologisches Institut und Museum Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 20146 Hamburg Germany BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory Associated Universities, Inc. Upton, NY, 11973 U.S.A. CCAR University of Colorado Box 431 Boulder, CO, 80309 U.S.A. DHN Diretoria Hidrografia e Navegacao Niteroi, RJ Brazil IAA Instituto Antarctico Argentino Cerrito 1248 1010 Capital Federal Argentina IAPK Institut für Angewandte Physik der Universität Kiel Leibnitzstr. 11 24118 Kiel Germany IfMK Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany IOS Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory Wormley, Godalming Surrey, GU8 5UB UK IOUSP Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Oceanográfico Cidade Universitária CEP 055 08 P.O. Box 9075 Sao Paulo Brazil IUOB Universität Bremen Institut für Umweltphysik und Ozeanographie Postfach 33 04 40 28334 Bremen Germany MPI Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie B.-B.-Becherweg 27 55099 Mainz Germany SWA Deutscher Wetterdienst - Seewetteramt - Bernhard-Nocht-.Str. 76 20359 Hamburg Germany UBG Universität Bremen Fachbereich 5 - Geowissenschaften Postfach 33 04 40 28334 Bremen Germany UMZ Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Johannes -Gutenberg-Universität Saarstr. 21 55122 Mainz Germany UUM Universität Ulm Abt. Analytische Chemie und Umweltchemie Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89069 Ulm Germany 3 RESEARCH PROGRAMME 3.1 WOCE HYDROGRAPHIC PROGRAMME (WHP): SECTION A8 The main programme of leg M 28/1 was devoted to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) which is internationally coordinated by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). Within the fieldwork of WOCE, for the first time in history the present state and dynamics of the ocean will be observed world wide within less than ten years. Closely related to WOCE is the Joint Ocean Global Flux Studies (JGOFS) within which sampling of CO2 components is requested on WOCE hydrographic sections. One major component of WOCE is the Hydrographic Programme (WHP). German institutes took responsibility to occupy three zonal transatlantic hydrographic sections in the South Atlantic: Sections A9 along 19°S and A10 along 30°S were obtained during METEOR cruises no. 15/3 in 1991 and no. 22/5 in 1993, respectively. During the present METEOR cruise no. 28/1, section A8 along nominal 11°20 S was occupied with a total of 110 hydrographic stations with CTD and up to 40 small (10 l) volume rosette samples per station. The nominal station spacing was decreased down to 10 p.m. and 5 n.m. over the shelf and continental breaks, to 24 n.m. over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and increased to 38 n.m. over the deep Pernambuco Basin and Angola Basin. Bottle samples to analyze for oxygen, nutrients and salinity were taken on each station, samples for anthropogenic tracers and CO2 on every other station. In addition, four test stations and a survey with ADCP were performed off the Brazilian shelf before the WHP section began, and a box around the eastern tail of the section was occupied. Underway measurements of currents down to 200 m with a ship borne Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and with a Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph (GEK), satellite tracked drifting buoys and expendable current profilers as well as near-surface temperature and salinity and meteorological parameters supplemented the station work. As part of a long-term Atlantic wide survey on the distribution and ecology of fish larvae, biological stations with 69 plankton hauls from the surface and in 5 levels between the surface and 200 m depth were performed. Aerosols determine the formation of clouds. Over the South Atlantic several sources may be expected: Aerosols of sea salt and remainders of continental aerosols of mostly desertal origin as well as particles which result from decomposition of dimethylsulfide (DMS) formed by chlorophyll in the sea. All types of these aerosols were filtered from air and are to be correlated to DMS concentrations in seawater and air. 3.2 WOCE DEEP BASIN EXPERIMENT (DBE) During leg M 28/2 earlier work, performed in the Brazil Basin by METEOR in 1991 and 1992, was continued and extended towards a larger area. These activities contributed to the Deep Basin Experiment of WOCE implemented by scientists from Brazil, France, Germany and the USA. Certified knowledge of the regional water mass circulation as well as the distribution of horizontal divergence and convergence zones are essential for appropriate modelling, one of the research targets of WOCE. Besides XBT, CTD and GEK measurements (chap. 3.4) circulation studies of the near- surface Central Water were conducted on a quasi-meridional section through the Brazil Basin across the Rio Grande Rise towards the northern Argentine Basin. Among other instrumentation satellite tracked drift buoys from Kiel were used for these observations (chapter 3.3). Within the deeper levels (800 - 1000 m) of the Antarctic Intermediate Water Lagrangian current observation with RAFOS floats were performed. Results from the previous METEOR cruise No. 22 have impressively confirmed the westward circulation pattern above the Rio Grande Rise. However, we definitely still need more observations of the Intermediate Water in the central part of the Brazil Basin and near the Subtropical Convergence in the Argentine Basin. The RAFOS sound array has been enlarged by two more sound sources moored at the northern rim of the Argentine Basin. In fact, the whole array in the South Atlantic consists of nine American and six German sound sources (status: Nov. 1994). We deployed 27 floats, built and ballasted by the Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel. The recovery of seven current meter and thermistor chain moorings in the Hunter Channel was another research topic. These Eulerian long-term observations began during METEOR cruise No. 22 in December 1992. The obtained data supplement an existing set of observations monitoring the more westerly part of the water exchange between the Argentine and the Brazil Basin. Near-bottom CTD casts were utilized for taking bottom samples by means of a minicorer of the University of Bremen (chapter 3.8). Results are analyzed in terms of paleoceanographic objectives. 3.3 NEAR-SURFACE CIRCULATION FROM DRIFTERS Within the framework of WOCE about 135 satellite tracked drifting buoys (drogue depth 100 m) have been deployed in the South Atlantic by the Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel since 1990. The objective is to deduce near-surface circulation properties in the South Atlantic. Analysis of the eddy statistics was already started in selected areas. But up to now the data density is insufficient for a basin-wide determination of physical parameters like mean velocity and eddy kinetic energy. Therefore the data set has been supplemented by deploying 80 new buoys - 30 of them during M 28. 3.4 GEK OBSERVATIONS During both legs GEK (Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph) observations were taken (Fig. 2). Motion induced electrical potential difference is recorded, representing ocean currents perpendicular to the cruising ship. Developments over the past five years have made the GEK set an easy to use instrument. The new measurements supplement earlier records from RV RESEARCHER and RV POLARSTERN obtained in 1987. Due to its simple handling the GEK set could be used without additional ship time. GEK current registrations will be correlated with meteorological and hydrographical data sets. We aimed the question, in how far it is possible to use a GEK system as an online aid for advanced planning of XBT drops and CTD stations. The post-cruise analysis is expected to evaluate the effectiveness of a low cost and easy to handle GEK in terms of future XBT operations. 3.5 TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH LARVAE IN THE TROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC 3.5.1 INTRODUCTION The zonal transect surveyed during the M 28/1 is part of a long-term programme to describe fish larvae (taxonomy), investigate their distribution (ichthyogeography) and their environmental requirements (ecology) in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Ichthyogeography can be studied more easily and more economically by larval catches (ichthyoplankton) than by fisheries on adult fish. Larvae cover a vertically more restricted space, are much more abundant, are less capable of escape movements and can be stored more easily (e.g. LASKER, 1981). Some potential disadvantages may be seasonality in occurrence (JOHN, 1979) and the still limited knowledge of larvae taxonomy. World wide the knowledge is most restricted in tropical seas (AHLSTROM and MOSER, 1981). Quantitative plankton samples can, even after coarse taxonomic analysis only, reveal large scale regional differences in biogeography (JOHN, 1976/77). The spatial resolution increases with taxonomic precision. Additionally such quantitative studies can indicate those environmental parameters limiting the specific distributions (JOHN, 1985). The ranges of most vulnerable youngest stages generally conform with optimum conditions for reproduction, whilst gradients of abundance and age indicate the paths of dispersal and areas of decay (JOHN, 1984). Combining results of other marine sciences, parameters of relevance can be revealed and quantified (e.g. HAMANN et al., 1981). In spite of many uncertainties, fish are among the best investigated marine organisms and provide some regional comparative data covering decades. Comparison of such data can allow an assessment of the effects of climatic changes (e.g. EHRICH et al., 1987). Therefore, in light of the recent discussion concerning Global Change, such quantitative studies should be continued and intensified. Fig. 2: GEK current measurements by a cruising ship. E1, E2 are electrodes. - E1, E2: electrodes - B: earth magnetic field, vertical component - U: induced potential - v: velocity 3.5.2 PLANKTON SAMPLING Samples were taken on a total of 69 biological stations, strictly following the box or lines of the CTD stations shown in the reports above, which made the hydrographical parameters available. However, distances between plankton tows in the biologically somewhat more uniform oceanic realm were wider than for CTD stations. Nevertheless, at the continental slopes off Brazil and Angola smaller scale hydrographical features, particularly bottom depths and bottom types, were anticipated to cause small scale heterogeneities in species composition and abundance. There a finer resolution of sometimes only 3 n.m. between stations could be achieved, neglecting likely diurnal differences in light-sensitive neustonic organisms. In the open ocean daylight and nighttime stations were taken in similar numbers. Samplers deployed were a David Neuston net NEU (modified, see HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 1972) and a Multiple-opening-Closing Net (MCN) after BÉ (for modifications see KLOPPMANN, 1990). Both samplers had an identical mesh size of 300 µm and were towed simultaneously at net speeds of 1.1 - 1.5 m/s for about 30 minutes. While the NEU provided strictly two- dimensional samples 0 - 8 cm, the MCN yielded 5 strata 200 m - 150 m (net no. 1), 150 - 100; 100 - 50; 50 - 25, and 25 - 0 m (net no. 5). The entire catch was transferred to the laboratory immediately after the catch and preserved in buffered 4% formaldehyde seawater solution. Technical problems early in the cruise caused a delayed availability of the MCN and a few malfunctions, resulting in inconsecutive haul numbers for both gears. Chapter 7.2.6 provides the respective station data and indicates MCN-haul quality. The sample statistics are given in Table 4. Tab. 4: Volumes or areas filtered by NEU and MCN (successful tows only). Sampler NEU MCN MCN -net 1 net 2 net 3 net 4 net 5 TOTAL ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Mean Vol. (m3) - 226.9 208.8 207.9 128.2 90.5 173.0 SD (m3) - 67.6 49.5 53.7 40.1 34.8 73.4 Mean Area (m2) 830.3 4.5 4.2 4.2 5.1 3.6 4.3 SD (m2) 58.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 N 68 61 59 59 58 59 296 ----------------------- SD - standard deviation N - Numbers of samples 3.6 ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY Aerosol particles over the subtropical South Atlantic are mainly influenced by two sources: The sea salt aerosol and aged continental background aerosol with a contribution of the Sahara or Namib desert. During M 28/1 the size distribution of the marine aerosol particles ranged from 0.005 µm to about 50 µm radius. The ocean is an important source of biological aerosol particles. These are able to contribute to cloud forming processes. Thus particles of this type were determined in the radius range > 0.2 µm. Measurements during METEOR cruise no. 9/2-4 and 22/5 showed discrepancies in the biological content. Therefore dimethylsulfide (DMS) was measured additionally during M 28/1. In presence of sun light marine phytoplancton is able to produce a compound which decomposes in seawater and enters the atmosphere as DMS. This component in turn is unstable in the atmosphere and oxidizes to sulfate which forms particles and thus influences the cloud condensation nuclei density. The DMS concentration will be correlated with the concentration of the biological aerosol particles on one hand and with the concentration of the aerosol particles on the other hand. The latter were measured continuously during leg 1. Additional information will be given by filter samples that were done simultaneously. The filters will be analyzed in order to determine the carbonaceous part of the aerosol. 3.7 RADIATIVE PHYSICS - SKIN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATION The purpose of the measurements collected during M 28/2 in the South Atlantic ocean is to examine the radiative skin sea surface temperature (SST) and its relationship to simultaneous measurement of bulk SST. It is the radiative skin SST that is viewed by satellite infrared radiometers and we wish to develop new calibration procedures for the satellite sensors. We have used systems similar to that to be installed on METEOR for cruises in the North Atlantic (on the old METEOR in the fall of 1984), in the Arctic (from VALDIVIA in 1988) in the South Pacific (RV M BALDRIGE in 1990) and in the tropical Pacific (RV VICKERS in spring 1993). Thus measurements from the South Atlantic compliment some of our other measurements of skin and bulk temperature. We have yet to collect a set of skin, bulk SST measurements in the North Pacific. The new radiometer (Fig. 3) has only been used once before in the tropical Pacific last year. It is a unique system designed for this measurement and the radiometer has 6 different infrared channels for the measurement of skin SST. Four of these 6 channels are the same channels that are available from the satellite radiometer. The housing is cooled with seawater and there is a reference bucket system to continuously calibrate the radiometer every 2.3 minutes. As the goal was to collect as many contributing measurements as possible we had also installed a pair of upward looking Eppley radiometers measuring solar input in the long and short wave lengths. We used the ship's systems to collect data on wind (speed and direction), air temperature, bulk temperature (at 2 m depth), and position. In addition the meteorological data set is also very useful as it includes not only subjective observations of clouds it also has twice daily radiosonde profiles useful for our studies of the air-sea heat flux associated with the skin-bulk SST difference. Finally the shallow (upper 20 m) CTD profiles will be used to initialize our numerical model of the skin-bulk temperature differences. Fig. 3: Apparatus for the continuous registration of the skin sea surface temperature (a) and details of the new radiometer (b). Using previous data we have been able to parameterize the night relationship between skin and bulk SSTs which at that time are strictly a function of the local wind speed driving the ocean turbulence. During the day a more complex numerical model must be coupled to our paratermization to model conditions when solar insolation occurs along with the local wind stress. 3.8 MARINE GEOLOGY During leg 2 sediment samples up to 20 cm depth as well as water samples were taken on the whole profile across the Atlantic. A minicorer with four sampling tubes has been used to sample the sediment. The aim of the geological sampling during the second leg is to obtain core material for paleoceanographic studies of the time span from the last glacial to recent times. Furthermore the expressiveness of the proxy parameter should be improved. On the water samples measurements of the stable oxygene-isotopes 18O/16O and of nutrients as well as measurements of the 13C/12C compositions of total-CO2 have been carried out. These measurements will enlarge the Geochemical Ocean Section Study (GEOSECS) data set of the Atlantic. 3.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry joined M 28/2 to investigate the global occurrence and distribution of organic xenobiotics. These persistent compounds are mainly produced in the northern hemisphere and reach the environment, where they are transported and distributed in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere by the global mass flow of these compartments. The inter- hemispheric exchange however occurs very slowly resulting in very low concentrations of xenobiotics in the southern hemisphere. Thus data of persistent organic compounds in the southern hemisphere reflect the global distribution of these compounds. Level and pattern of multi-component mixtures of xenobiotics indicate formation or global translocation. During M 28/2 samples from the surface seawater, micro layer and air from the lower troposphere were sampled for analysis of organic xenobiotics, namely chlorinated paraffins (PC) and alkyl nitrates. Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all seawater samples and surface micro layer samples in ng/l concentrations, whereas in air samples CP were not detectable. These data confirm the global occurrence and distribution of chlorinated paraffins. High volatile as well as long- chain alkyl nitrates were detected in air samples of the lower troposphere. Levels and patterns can be discussed in order to investigate the origin of these xenobiotics. 4 NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE 4.1 LEG M 28/1 (T.J. MÜLLER) METEOR sailed from Recife on March 29, at 14:15 lt (19:15 UTC), T.J. Müller being chief scientist. Heading eastwards (see Fig. 1), outside the 12 n.m. zone of Brazil at position 8°17 S/34°30 W the continuously re-coding systems were switched on: The integrated system DVS to acquire navigational data, the ship borne 150 KHz ADCP, and the towed GEK. The first two days were designed to test both CTD systems, each equipped with a 24x10 I rosette sampler, on four deep water stations (Sta. 165 to 168). Also, the analyzing systems for oxygen, nutrients, freons and CO2 were set up. At 11°20 S/34°W we began a section along A8 shore-wards with XBT and XCP thereby achieving a box with ADCP and GEK in the divergence zone of the western branch of the South Equatorial Current. On April 1, WHP section A8 started on position 10°03 S/35°46 W on the 200 in depth contour outside the 12 n.m. zone of Brazil normal to the continental break with Sta. 169. On each of the following stations, together with the first CTD rosette, a 150 kHz self-containing ADCP was lowered (LADCP) to maximal 1000 in depth. The bottles were used to increase the number of samples up to 40, where the bulk came from the main CTD which always went down until 10 m above the bottom. At 34°W the nominal latitude 11°20 S was reached again (Sta. 181), 13 stations at 5 n.m. to 20 n.m. spacing were obtained. Station spacing now was increased to 30 n.m. until 32°W (Sta. 185). Here, outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil, measurements with the multi-beam echo-sounding system Hydrosweep, surface meteorological data, and sampling of aerosols began. Over the Pernambuco Basin, station spacing was increased to 38 n.m. with XBTs of type T5 (nominal depth 1800 m at 6 kn) launched halfway in between. Until Sta. 190 at 25°20 W, all stations were biological, too. From then on, spacing for biological hauls was 70 to 90 n.m. Four satellite tracked surface drifters which are drogued at 100 m depth were launched between 20°W and 15°45 W. Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, from 22°W on (Sta. 200) spacing was decreased to 30 n.m. until 17°W (Sta. 210) and down to 24 n.m. over the ridge until 12°W (Sta. 222). Spacing was increased again towards the Angola Basin to 28 n.m. until 1°W where the section ran close to the Dampier Seamount. Expecting higher hydrographic variability and different species of fish larvae, two extra CTD stations (Sta. 245, Sta. 247, no bottles) and plankton hauls were obtained. From 0°E on station spacing increased over the Angola Basin to 38 n.m. until we reached the African continental break at 8°E (Sta. 260). Again, on this wider spaced part of the section XBT T5 probes were launched halfway between stations. Also, four more satellite drifting buoys were launched between 1°20 E and 5°20 E. With 28 n.m. station spacing we reached 10°E (Sta. 264) where we entered the 200 n.m. economic zone of Angola. Since no clearance had been applied for plankton hauls, XBT, XCP, and GEK, we had to continue with CTD measurements only. Station spacing was reduced first to 25 n.m. and then to 10 n.m. until we reached the 50 n.m. zone at 12°57 E (Sta. 274). Waiting for an extension of the clearance to 12 n.m. and plankton hauls within 200 n.m. which was to be arranged by the German Embassy in Luanda, Angola, we surveyed the northern part of a box around the eastern tail of A8 using the CTD/LADCP system down to 1000 in depth (Sta. 275 to 281 along 11°S). We completed this box in the south (Sta. 282 to Sta. 286 along 11°40 S) after the extension of the clearance came with plankton hauls as well. We joined A8 again after two days interruption on 11°20 S at 13°05 E (Sta. 287) and completed it on the 200 m depth contour at 13°33 E with Sta. 290 on May 07, 1994. 4.2 LEG M 28/2 (W. ZENK) In Walfish Bay, Namibia, W. Zenk took over as chief scientist at midday of May 13, 1994. Previously Captain H. Papenhagen and both chief scientists had briefed the press on board the ship. This meeting had been carefully arranged by H. Hoffmann from the German Embassy in Windhoek. In addition to the Regional Governor of the Erongo Region, Mr. A. Kapere, we enjoyed the company of Mayor B. Edwards and Mayor D. Kambo, representing the cities of Walfish Bay and Swakopmund, respectively. In his introductory remarks H. Hofmann remembered the days 68 years ago, when METEOR's predecessor, the old METEOR, made a port call in Walfish Bay during her famous cruise, the "Deutsche Atlantische Expedition". W. Zenk welcomed the guests on behalf of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and T.J. Müller introduced some of the very first results of the WOCE section A8 that the METEOR had just completed. Initiated by a press release issued by the coordinator's office in Kiel and the German Embassy in Windhoek, the arrival of the METEOR was well received in Namibia. The city and habour of Walfish Bay had been peacefully incorporated by the Republic of Namibia only 74 days earlier. A respectable number of German speaking inhabitants visited METEOR informally. Among them were a few elderly guests who enthusiastically reported their unforgotten impressions of the old METEOR they had visited as school kids. Our port call at Walfish Bay exceeded everybody's expectation. We highly recommend this efficient port for future needs of the German research fleet. Early Sunday morning on May 15, METEOR left Namibia and sailed directly towards target point "A" at 21°S/10°W, situated on the eastern flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Until early February 1994, we had planned to reach "A" coming from Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo, passing the island of St. Helena. However, due to official travel warnings from the American Secretary of State and the German Foreign Ministry we were forced to reorganize the cruise track on short notice. On May 21, METEOR crossed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and occupied the first stations in the eastern Brazil Basin. Until then, all continuously recording systems, i.e. Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph (GEK), ADCP, radiation and environmental chemistry loggers, had become and remained fully operational for most of the expedition time. The first surface drifters and RAFOS floats were launched at the corner Sta. 295. All drifters were equipped with drogues at a depth of 100 m. The course then changed to 223°. Further CTD/RO stations partly in combination with minicorer deployments, more float and drifter deployments and zodiac based chemical sampling followed till we reached mooring "R", at Sta. 305 on the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise on May 25. This as all other mooring had been deployed by METEOR in mid December 1992 as a component of the 'Deep Basin Experiment', a subprogramme of WOCE. On May 27, we reached the western side of the 200 km wide zonal cross Hunter Channel array at moorings "H1-6", being 200 km wide. Favoured by excellent weather conditions all moorings were recovered (Sta. 309-319, 27-30 May) after a 17 month deployment duration. The remaining time in the region was utilized for Hydrosweep surveys and GEK tracks at night. The systematic survey of the bottom topography of the Hunter Channel is a long-term project of the Alfred -Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, the University of Bremen and the Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel. Selected CTD stations with minicorer deployments will allow more precise hydrographic and sedimentological descriptions of this important passage for Antarctic Bottom Water on its equatorward drift. We expected serious problems with mooring "K0". This sound source rig broke loose in mid February 1994, when signals from the watch dog top buoy were reported by Service ARGOS. Upon several release commands no remainders showed up at the mooring site of "K0" in the Hunter Channel. However, to our greatest surprise we were able to locate the sound source's shifted position at approximately 35°22 S/28°28 W by listening with two MAFOS monitors on the hydrographic wire. The listening procedure was repeated five nights from different spots resulting in a search radius of < 8 n.m. Despite of a 36 hour intensive search METEOR was unable to find the lost mooring on the sea surface. On June 1, the search was discontinued. The ship returned to the Hunter Channel and set the replacement sound source mooring "K0 2" (Sta. 322). After a final hydrosweep leg across the Hunter Channel a narrowly spaced deep CTD-section was occupied at the eastern and northern exits of the channel area (Sta. 323-332). Because of rough weather conditions we had to skip further minicorer deployments, which were otherwise performed regularly under the CTD probe on deep stations. Chemical samples from the surface (University of Ulm) were taken regularly from the zodiac during CTD operations whenever the weather conditions allowed. On June 4, METEOR left the well measured Hunter region and headed for its southernmost position at 40°S/35°W. Here sound source mooring "K4" was launched at Sta. 338. Sound sources are an integral component of the RAFOS system. Their signals are sensed by drifting floats. Arrival times of the coded transmissions are recorded in the floats. After the floats surface, typically after 10-15 months, the stored information is transmitted by a satellite link and converted in Kiel into a series of float positions. The sound source "K4" was a brand-new instrument that had been shipped from the manufacturer WRC directly to METEOR in Hamburg. It was only the qualified assistance of the ship's electronic technician B. James that we were able to solve a problem that remained undiscovered until we unpacked the instrument on board of METEOR. The passage towards "K4" was combined with more float and drifter launches and GEK observations, resulting in a quasi -continuous section from the centre (21°S) of the subtropical gyre to its southern extend north of the confluence region (35°S). On station 338 an extended CTD cast was taken. Samples include, as in other selected cases, probes of helium, tritium, nutrients (University of Bremen) and sulfurhaxaflouride (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). After METEOR had occupied this southern corner station she cruised northwestward towards the outer Vema Channel. Additional drifters and floats were launched between shallow CTD station 338 and 344. After the last drifter and float were deployed on Sta. 342 and 343, respectively, the ship cruised to the final position at the 200 n.m.- zone off the Brazilian coast line. Here, at Sta. 34S more water samples were taken in the western boundary current system before METEOR called at Buenos Aires on 14 June 1994. When approaching the South American shelf METEOR had occupied 44 CTD stations, 23 of them included joint minicorer deployments. 89 XBT probes were dropped. Seven moorings had been recovered, two were deployed. 27 RAFOS floats, two MAFOS monitors and 20 satellite tracked surface drifters with drogues at 100 m depth could be launched. Quasi-continuous measurements of solar radiation and skin sea surface temperature as well as nearly uninterrupted GEK records were collected. Fig. 4a: Participants of M 28/1 Fig. 4b: Participants of M 28/2 5 PRELIMINARY RESULTS In this chapter, methods of sampling and calibration, and preliminary results are discussed from the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) section A8 along 11°20 S, from the Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), and other projects of the cruise. 5.1 The WHP Section A8 along 11°20'S The backbone of the station work were two MKIIIB CTDs to measure continuous profiles of pressure, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. Attached to the main CTD was a General Oceanic rosette sampler with 24x10 l Niskin bottles. With this main CTD, all stations were profiled down to 5 m to 10 m above the bottom to achieve a consistent set of high resolution hydrographic data along the section. To take samples for chemical analysis, during the all upcasts the first two bottles were closed at nominally 10 m above the bottom, and the last two bottles were closed in the mixed layer at nominally 10 m depth. This, together with the remaining bottles closed in between assured full depth calibration values for the CTD. The remaining bottles in between were closed according to a sampling scheme that took into account that zonal variations along this zonal section were expected to be small: During two successive stations, bottles were closed at fixed depths, during the next two stations the closing depths were set midth between those of the preceeding two profiles. Then the scheme was repeated. In order to fulfill the WHP requirements for high resolution sampling in the vertical, over the deep basins bottles from a second CTD/Rosette with up to 18x10 I bottles were added. When on deck after a profile, samples were drawn in the following order: CFCs, helium, oxygen, CO2, nutrients, tritium, salinity. The second CTD/Rosette system carried a self contained 150 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that was lowered (LADCP) down to 1000 m on all but two stations to measure currents in the upper ocean. These LADCP data together with data from a ship borne 150 kHz ADCP and 8 profiles taken with Expandable Current Profilers (XCP) in the western boundary, will provide estimates of absolute currents. Due to reasons mentioned in chapter 4, underway measurements of near- surface temperature and salinity, the multibeam echo sounding system Hydrosweep, and continuously recorded meteorological parameters are available only outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil. Table 5 summarizes the most important events of the WHP section A8. Chapters 5.1.1 to 5.1.4 describe methods, calibrations and instruments used for analysis on board in more detail while in chapter 5.1.5 we present sections of hydrographic and tracer parameters as measured along A8. Table 5: Events on WHP section A8 Date Time Station Latitude Longitude Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1994 UTC-3 29.03. 13.18 sail Recife, local time UTC-3 17.30 164 08°07.5S 34°16.6W start test stations with N132, NB3 start GEK start ADCP start DVS (no Hydrosweep) 23.00 165 08°16.4S 33°27.4W start tests N132, NB3, MSN, NEU 30.03. 22.28 11°14.1S 34°08.3W start XBT/XCP section normal to Brazilian coast 01.04. 14.22 169 10°03.6S 35°45.1W start WHP section A8 05.04. 22.45 185 11°20.0S 32°00.0W leave 200 nm economic zone of Brazil start Hydrosweep 1994 UTC-2 08.04. 01.05 190 11°19.9S 28°39.9W local time UTC-2 19.50 192 11°20.0S 27°20.0W W03 broke, NB2 and NB3 on W02 09.04. 16.22 194 11°20.0S 26°00.0W NB3 on W10/12, NB2 on W02 13.04. 14.53 204 11°19.9S 20°00.0W W03 repaired, NB3 on W03 UTC-1 15.04. 01.31 208 11°18.6S 17°57.6W local time UTC-1 UTC 0 22.04. 03.15 233 11°20.0S 06°30.0W local time UTC 0 25.04. 20.18 245 11°20.0S 00°45.0W extra station DAMPIER Seamount 26.04 08.59 247 11°20.0S 00°15.0W extra station DAMPIER Seamount UTC+1 29.04. 01.00 254 11°20.0S 04°00.0E local time UTC+1 30.04. 10.55 258 11°20.0S 06°40.0E test ICTD 02.05. 18.48 265 11°20.0S 10°25.0E stop GEK, MSN, NEU enter 200 nm Angolan economic zone 04.05. 12.36 274 11°20.0S 12°57.0E break WHP A8 at 50 nm Angolan zone, wait for extension of Angolan clearance, start eastern box with NB2 05.05. 19.50 282 11°40.0S 11°00.0E continue with MSN and NEU, continue eastern box 06.05. 17.40 287 11°20.0S 13°05.0E continue WHP A8 07.05. 05.49 290 11°20.0S 13°32.4E last station on WHP A8, calibration course for ADCP 10.05 08.00 Walvis Bay Notations: ADCP shipmounted 150 KHz acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, RDI DVS ship's online data acquiring system GEK towed Geomagnetic Electro Kinetograph NB3 combined CTD°O2, 24 x 10 l rosette NB2 combined CTD°O2, 20 x 10 l rosette, 150 KHz ADCP MSN towed multiple opening and closing net, maximum depth 200 m NEU Neuston plankton surface net DR satellite tracked surface drifter W02/03 CTD winches 2 and 3 W10/12 winches 10 and 12 5.1.1 HYDROGRAPHY AND CURRENTS (T.J. MÜLLER, U. BECKMANN, P. BEINING, C. DIETERICH, U. KOY, P. MEYER, W.H. PINAYA) The measurements to be made and controlled were: Two CTD/Rosette systems and two salinometers; XBT and XCP drops; Lowered Acoustic Doppler Profiling (LADCP) for vertical profiling of currents deeper than 300 in. Support came from the crew's electronic group running the ship borne ADCP and other underway measurements: Near- surface temperature (T0) and salinity (S0) which were distributed by the ship's data collection and distribution system DVS along with data from the ship's navigation and echo sounding system and from the automatic weather station. CTD/ROSETTE Two MKIIIB CTDO2/Rosette systems were used with the sampling scheme described in chapter 5.1 above. Both CTDs were made by Neil Brown Instruments (NBIS) (BROWN and MORRISON, 1978). No technical changes were made, because the instruments were known to have relative smooth outputs. Thus, precision and fast temperature have a combined output resulting in a priori weak salinity spiking, pressure is measured with a strain gauge sensor which is capsulated in steel and which is temperature compensated. Attached to both CTDs were Clark type oxygen sensors. The main CTD (IfMK code NB3) was used on all stations along with a 24x10 l bottle General Oceanics rosette down to the bottom. The second CTD (IfMK code NB2) went down to 1000 in on almost each station to increase bottle samplings depths to WHP requirements. Attached to this second system was a 150 kHz LADCP to measure vertical current profiles. Pre-cruise calibrations of both CTDs were performed in November 1993 at IfMK's calibration laboratory before shipping the instruments (SAUNDERS et al., 1991; MOLLER et al., 1994, for details in the procedure). First, the correction of the CTD's temperature output to the international temperature scale of 1990 (ITS90) was determined with a Rosemount Pt25 resistance as part of a high precision bridge made by 'Sensoren Instrumente Systeme' SIS in Kiel. Two triple point cells of water and two melting point cells of gallium defined the fix-points of the reference bridge at 0.01°C and close to 28°C. The quadratic term for the Pt25 was taken from the original calibration certificate. The drift between the two calibrations of the main CTD (N133) was less 1 mK (Fig. 5). Comparisons made during the cruise with the main CTD (NB3) and three electronic reversing thermometers which have 1 mK resolution and were turned on the same frame (depth) on almost each station also showed no drift or jump. Thus, the accuracy for A8 over the whole range is better than 2 mK. For both CTDs, the pressure sensors static correction at three different temperatures (ca. 0.5°C, 10°C, and 25°C) were determined over the whole range, 0 dbar to 6000 dbar, in loading mode, and in unloading mode with three maximum pressures at 6000 dbar, 4000 dbar and 2000 dbar. A Budenberg dead weight tester with certified masses corresponding to 500 dbar increments served as reference. The drift for both sensors is less 1 dbar (Fig. 6), the accuracy for the static calibration is better than 1.5 dbar over the whole range. For both sensors, fast temperature changes at fixed pressure result in sensor responses of order 0.3 dbar/K with time constants of the order of 1.5 h. A simple model can reduce this error to less than 30% (MÜLLER et al., 1994). Observing static and dynamic corrections, the overall accuracy of pressure measurements during A8 is better 2 dbar. Fig. 5: Pre-, post-cruise temperature calibrations of the main CTD (NB3). The drift between pre- and post-cruise calibration is less 1 mK. Fig. 6: Pre-, post-cruise and cruise static calibrations at low temperatures of the main CTD (NB3) pressure sensor. The drift between pre- and post-cruise calibration is less 1 dbar. Conductivity is calibrated using the salinity of water samples taken during each cast and analyzed on an Guildline Autosal salinometer along with calibrated CTD temperature and pressure. The salinometer was calibrated with standard seawater batch P120. Double samples from two rosette bottles were taken 10 in above the bottom and within the mixed layer. All other samples for calibration stem from weak gradient layers at 2000 m, 3000 m, 4000 m and 5000 in depth giving a total of 1000 samples for CTD calibration. At stations 165 and 166, the bottles of the main rosette were closed at same depths to achieve an estimate of 0.0005 as mean precision of reference salinities. The drift of the Autosal was less 0.0005 over the whole cruise, if some obvious instabilities due to noise in the power supply and radio operations are ignored. After full evaluation we expect an accuracy of better 0.0015 in salinometer salinity and better 0.002 in CTD salinity. Since the response of the oxygen sensor is known to be sensitive to uniform flow conditions, the calibration procedure at IfMK uses oxygen sensor and CTD values from the down cast and compares them to titrated values from the upcast on potential density surfaces in high gradient levels up to a pressure of 2000 dbar, and on pressure surface for higher pressures where oxygen gradients are weak. The formula for conversion of the sensor output to physical units is essentially that of OWENS and MILLARD (1985). LOWERED ADCP A 150 kHz self-contained ADCP made by RD Instruments was attached to the second CTD/Rosette system to measure the vertical distribution of currents down to 1000 m depth on stations. The instrument worked on all stations except stations 181, 209, and 270. Data processing follows the method described by FISCHER and VISBEK (1993). As a result, we hope to be able to adjust geostrophically calculated currents to directly measured currents below the Ekman layer. SHIP BORNE ADCP Like the LADCP, the 150 kHz ship borne ADCP may serve to adjust geostrophically calculated currents to directly measured, at least in its deeper part. After station 208 the transducer mounted on the ship's hull broke and had to be replaced by a spare transducer mounted in the moon poole. Major problems to be solved with data processing, are to compensate for misalignment and scaling error of the transducers with respect to the ship's main axis (course) and to remove high frequency fluctuations from the measurements like semidiurnal and diurnal tides. To determine the engineering constants, two calibration courses during the proceeding leg M 27/3 and at the end of M 28/1 were performed in bottom track mode over the shelves of Brazil and Angola (JOYCE, 1989; POLLARD and READ, 1989). XBT AND XCP MEASUREMENTS Both, 16 XBT probes T5 and Deep Blue (T7), and 8 XCP probes were used to measure the thermal and velocity structure on the continental break off Brazil westward along the western most part of WHP section AS before the section started on the shelf. While XBTs were dropped at full speed of the ship, during XCP measurements the ship's speed 30 s after dropping an XCP probe was dropped to 2 kn, in order to receive properly the radio transmitter's signal. The XCP measurements will be merged with the hydrographic measurements. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS (DVS) Underway measurements consisted of several parts. Common is that all these data are merged and distributed by the vessel's data distribution system DVS. Sampled were in 2 minute recording intervals information on navigation (mostly GPS), the ship's echo sounding systems Hydrosweep and Parasound (outside the 200 n.m. economic zone of Brazil from station 185 on only, see section 3), near-surface (4 m depth) temperature at the ship's hull (T0), nearsurface salinity (4 m depth inlet, S0), and meteorological parameters from the ship's automatic meteorological station as measured on both sides of the ship, leeward and windward (also outside the Brazilian economic zone). T0 and S0 are calibrated on CTD stations to better 0.05 K and 0.05 in salinity, respectively. The multibeam echo-sounding system Hydrosweep which is mostly to record depth, is a self-calibrating system, and on METEOR provides water depths, and no soundings. The meteorological station is operated during the cruise and checked on a pre-cruise basis by the German Maritime Weather Service (SWA). No in-cruise calibrations are available. 5.1.2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS (D.J. Hydes, S. Kohrs, R. Meyer, S. Müller) Samples to measure dissolved oxygen and the nutrients phosphate, nitrate and silicate were taken from each bottle closed on A8, and amount to more than analyzed 3700 probes not including double probes to determine precision. Whereas the measurements of oxygen, nitrate and silicate are of high quality, it was not possible to measure phosphate because of irreparable malfunction of the apparatus. DISSOLVED OXYGEN Bottle oxygen sub-samples were taken in calibrated clear glass bottles with ground glass stoppers from all WOCE section water samples collected on the cruise. Samples were taken immediately after the rosette was on deck or following the drawing of tracer samples of CFCs and helium. At the time of chemical fixation the temperature of the water was measured on a separate sample collected in the same manner as the oxygen samples themselves. This information was used to correct the change in density of the sample between the closure of the rosette bottle and the fixing of the dissolved oxygen. Duplicate samples were taken on every cast. These were the first four bottles on the deep rosette, and the first two bottles on the shallow rosette. Analysis followed the Winkler whole bottle method. The thiosulphate titrations were carried out in an air conditioned laboratory, the temperature varied between 25°C and 21°C over the period of the cruise. Potassium Iodate standards were determined in conjunction with most of the analytical runs. A mean value of the standard measurement was used to calibrate the titration of oxygen. The titration was controlled at the end point using a Metrohm Titrino (a combined automated burette and micro-processor unit). The end point was determined amperometrically titrating to a dead stop (CULBERSON and HUANG, 1987). The concentration of the thiosulphate was 25 g/l this gives a titration volume close to 1 ml for oxygen saturated water. The thiosulphate solution is dispensed from a 5 ml exchange unit on the Titrino. The calculation of oxygen concentration in the solutions followed the procedure outlined in the WOCE Manual of Operations and Methods (CULBERSON, 1991) committing the unnecessary intermediate conversion to volumetric units. Appropriate corrections for density of samples and reagents and volumes of glass- ware were applied as well as for impurities in the reagents (as outlined in CULBERSON, 1991). Bottle oxygen titrations are calibrated against a Potassium Iodate standard solution. These were prepared on board by dissolving amounts of the dried salt weighed to a precision of 0.0001 g, in a calibrated volumetric flask. Before weighing the salt was dried over night in an oven at 110°C. The dried salt was cooled over silica gel before weighing. The accuracy of these solutions was checked against a Sagami Potassium Iodate standard which is certified to be a 0.0100 normal solution. These comparisons agreed within the precision of the titrations. The precision of the measurements as indicated by the determination of the difference between duplicate samples taken from the same Niskin bottle were calculated as the mean of the absolute difference between duplicate measurements for groups of ten stations. The results are presented in Table 6, which includes the number of observations in each group of stations and the number and percent of the duplicate differences greater than 1 µmol and greater than 2 µmol. NUTRIENTS Nutrient samples were drawn from all the Niskin bottles closed on the WOCE section stations. Sampling followed that for oxygen and CO2 on those stations where CO2 samples were taken. Samples were collected into virgin polystyrene 30 ml Vials (Coulter Counter type). These were rinsed three times before filling. The samples were then stored in a refrigerator at 4°C, until they were analyzed. The tests carried out on WOCE leg A11 showed that samples from all depths stored for a week in a refrigerator at 4°C were not detectably effected by storage. Actual storage times on M 28/1 were up to 12 hours before being analyzed. The nutrient analyses were performed on a Chemlab AAII type Auto Analyser, coupled to a Digital-Analysis Microstream data capture and reduction system. Due to problems with noise in the ship's electricity, supply the Chemlab Colorimeter was modified at the start of the cruise so that the detectors and light source were driven from stabilized DC supplies. For silicate, the standard AAII molybdate- ascorbic acid method with the addition of a 37°C heating bath was used (HYDES, 1984), and for nitrate the standard AAII method using sulphanilamide and naphtylethylenediamine-dihydrochloride was applied (GRASSHOFF, 1976), with a Cadmium-Copper alloy reduction column (HYDES and HELL, 1985). As for phosphate it was intended to use the standard AAII phosphate method (HYDES, 1984) which follows the method of MURPHY and RILEY (1962). However, when the apparatus was set up the sensitivity of the method was so low as to make measurements meaningless. The calibration of all the volumetric flasks and pipettes used on the cruise were checked before packing and were rechecked on return to the laboratory. Nutrient primary standards were prepared on board from weighed dry salts. The salts were dried at 110°C for two hours and cooled over silica gel in a desiccator before weighing. Precision of the weighings was better than 1 part per thousand. For nitrate 0.510 g of potassium nitrate was dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water in a calibrated glass volumetric flask. Four different solutions were prepared in three different flasks. No detectable difference could be found between these solutions. For silicate 0.960 g of sodium silica fluoride was dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water in a calibrated plastic (PMP) volumetric flask. No detectable difference could be found between this solution and a standard solution which had been prepared on shore. Table 6: Precision of oxygen measurements on WHP section A8 from duplicate samples within groups of 10 stations. N is the number of double samples within batches of 10 stations. D1 and D2 denote the number of pairs with differences greater 1 µmol and greater 2 µmol, respectively. | mean | | differences | Station | dif. | mean | D1 D1/% D2 D2/% | N --------|------|------|--------------------|--- 169-175 | 4.33 | 1.90 | 21 88 16 67 | 24 176-180 | 2 | 0.90 | 16 50 13 41 | 32 181-190 | 0.89 | 0.43 | 18 32 13 23 | 56 191-200 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 13 22 2 3 | 59 201-210 | 0.88 | 0.47 | 12 24 7 14 | 51 211-220 | 0.62 | 3.00 | 11 19 3 5 | 59 221-230 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 14 25 2 4 | 57 231-240 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 6 11 0 0 | 54 241-250 | 0.58 | 0.29 | 8 19 1 2 | 42 251-260 | 0.84 | 0.41 | 14 25 6 11 | 57 261-270 | 0.94 | 0.52 | 13 25 5 10 | 52 271-274 | 0.6 | 0.30 | 3 19 0 0 | 16 All analytical runs were calibrated on the basis of four mixed secondary standards measured in duplicate at the start of the run. Drift samples and blanks were measured after the standards, halfway though the run and at the end of the run. The concentrations of the standards were for silicate 125, 100, 50, 25 µmol in the western basin, and 100, 75, 50, and 25 µmol in the eastern basin; for nitrate the concentrations were 40, 30, 20, and 10 µmol in both basins. Calibration was on the basis of a linear fit by the least squares method forced though the origin. The gains on the colorimeter channels were not altered after being established at the start of the cruise. The apparent sensitivity of each run was recorded along with the standard error estimated from the least squares fit. The secondary standards were prepared in 40 g/l Analar Sodium Chloride solution. The blank in this solution was checked daily against OSI-Low Nutrient Seawater, and was undetectable throughout the cruise (less than 0.05 µmol nitrate and less than 0.1 µmol for silicate). The apparent sensitivity of the methods used in Sodium Chloride solution were checked against standards prepared in OSILow Nutrient Seawater at the start of the cruise. There were no detectable differences. Duplicate samples were collected from the first four bottles on the deep CTD-3 rosette and the first two bottles on the shallow CTD-2 rosette. All samples were then measured once by the analyzer. e results for the reproducabilty of measurements of the duplicates were assessed on the basis of the variation over groups of ten stations (see Table 7). Table 7: Precision of nutrient measurements on WHP section A8 | Silicate | Nitrate | mean mean mean | mean mean mean Station | µmol dif. dif.% | µmol dif. dif.% --------|----- ---- ----- | ---- ---- ----- 171-180 | 52.4 0.13 0.25 | 24.7 0.06 0.25 181-190 | 87.2 0.27 0.30 | 32.3 0.10 0.32 191-200 | 86.5 0.24 0.28 | 31.9 0.08 0.24 201-210 | 65.1 0.32 0.49 | 28.8 0.11 0.38 211-220 | 35.7 0.12 0.34 | 21.3 0.07 0.31 221-230 | 37.1 0.11 0.30 | 24.4 0.07 0.31 231-240 | 41.0 0.09 0.22 | 27.7 0.05 0.17 241-250 | 46.3 0.12 0.26 | 27.5 0.07 0.27 251-260 | 45.5 0.12 0.25 | 27.9 0.09 0.33 261-270 | 41.4 0.11 0.27 | 26.9 0.11 0.41 271-274 | 28.4 0.11 0.37 | 26.1 0.13 0.48 287-290 | 25.1 0.11 0.45 | 35.4 0.06 0.18 Overall the mean difference for silicate was 0.2 µmol with a standard deviation of 0.3 µmol (N=594 duplicate samples) and for nitrate the mean difference was 0.1 µmol (stdev 0.1 µmol, N=594). The standard deviations on the differences are similar to the means of the standard errors of the least squares calculation of the calibration equations Si-0.28 µmol and NO3-0.097 µmol. The accuracy of measurements was monitored through the cruise by measurements of Sagami Chemical Co. Nutrient Standard Solutions. New bottles of these solutions were opened each week. The results were for: Nitrate in a nominally 10.0 µmol Sagami Standard Solution, the mean value determined was 9.76 µmol stdev 0.14 µmol (N=36). Silicate in a nominally 50.0 µmol Sagami Standard Solution, the mean value determined was 49.70 µmol stdev 0.40 µmol (N=27). 5.1.3 TRACERS (A. PUTZKA, K. BULSIEWICZ, H. DÜßMANN, W. PLEP, J. SÜLTENFUß) The investigated tracers are helium, tritium and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) F-11, F-12, F-113 and carbon tetrachloride CCl4. The main part of tritium, the unstable hydrogen isotope which decays to 3He, and the CFCs are anthropogenic. Their time dependent input at the ocean surface is known. The tracer concentration is altered by mixing processes and as for tritium by radioactive decay while the water descends to deeper levels of the ocean. Measuring the concentration of the tracers provides information about time scales of ventilation processes of subsurface water. The atmospheric F-11 and F-12 contents increase monotonously with different rates since 1940, CCl4 increases since 1920 while F-113 began to increase 1970. Hence the concentration ratios of different tracers vary over wide ranges and can be used to indicate the 'age' of water masses, i.e. the time since they had their last contact with the surface. 'Younger' water is tagged with higher CFC concentration compared with 'older' water. Combining concentrations and concentration ratios in the ocean with corresponding input functions at the sea surface provides information about mixing processes in the ocean. SAMPLING Samples were taken according to the WOCE scheme. About 1700 samples for CFC analysis were taken from all bottle depths of each other station over the deep ocean and of each station close to the continental margins. Samples were stored in glass syringes and measured on board. Helium samples were extracted on board from 630 glass pipets. Another 520 helium samples in copper tubes and 645 tritium samples in glass tubes were taken for later shore based analysis. Therefore, in chapter 5.1.5, only the CFC and CCl4 measurements are discussed. ONBOARD MEASUREMENTS OF CFCS The Bremen system measures the CFCs F-11, F-12, F-113 and carbon tetrachloride CCl4 concentrations of seawater samples. It consists of a gas chromatograph made by Hewlett Packard which is equipped with a capillary column and a special non commercial sample preparation unit. The latter is to prepare gas aliquots for calibration purposes and to handle water samples, especially the stripping of essentially all gases from water samples of about 30 cc. The gases are transferred to a trap which is cooled with liquid CO2 down to -40°C. The trap is filled with a special packing material to accumulate the compounds we are interested in. During the next step these compounds are released by heating the trap to about (100°C) and transferred through the capillary column by a steady carrier gas flow to separate the compounds. The gases are detected using an electron capture detector (ECD). Temperature programming facilities of the gas chromatograph is applied to accelerate the whole analytic procedure. All main parts of the system are controlled by a standard PC driven by self developed software while the acquisition and integration of the chromatograms is done using commercial software on the same PC. The preparation unit is equipped with a multi sampler device which allows to analyze 7 water samples without further attendance together with one gas standard and two blanks within about 3 hour. Within 24 hours, 50 water samples can be processed. Every other day a calibration curve has to be measured, since the detector is non-linear and its sensitivity might change with time. This has to be taken into account for the evaluation of the raw data. The measurements for F-11, F-12 and CCl4 cover the range from the detection limit of 0.002 pmol/kg to about 2 pmol/kg. While the reproducibility of gas standards is below 0.5% standard deviation the values for the water measurements is slightly greater of about 0.8% or 0.003 pmol/kg whichever is greater. The analytic resolution for F-113 was not as sufficient as for the other compounds, but further evaluation of the chromatograms will recover some reasonable figures for this parameter. 5.1.4 CO2-MEASUREMENTS (K. JOHNSON, K. WILLS) Research cruise M 28/1 (WOCE section A8) continues a tradition whereby personnel from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y., U.S.A., have made CO2 measurements aboard METEOR. This cruise is the fourth WOCE line involving the Brookhaven group and the Institut für Meereskunde at Kiel. The A8 section data join the results for WOCE sections A9 (M 15) and A10 (M 22) completed by the CO2 group, and with its completion Brookhaven is now in possession of data from three contiguous latitude lines 11°S, 19°S, and 30°S, respectively. This gives Brookhaven chemical oceanographers and oceanographic co-workers from Kiel, Warnemünde, and Wormley a unique opportunity to validate the calculation of CO2 transport in a manner analogous to that done for heat transport. During M 28/1 two parameters of the carbonate system were measured. The first, total carbon dioxide (CT), was measured by continuous gas extraction of acidified seawater with the resultant CO2 determined by coulometric titration. The second, the discrete partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), was measured by equilibrating known volumes of a liquid phase (seawater) and a gas phase (air of known CO2 concentration) by shaking for three hours at constant temperature. Following equilibration, the CO2 in the gas phase was determined on a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) after the catalytic conversion of CO2 to CH4. The pCO2, at the in situ temperature and the sample alkalinity were calculated from the ancillary nutrient and oxygen data and from the thermodynamic considerations and constants of the carbonate system. Unlike previous cruises where continuous underway pCO2, was determined in the surface waters, the discrete method above was used to measure the pCO2 throughout the water column, and to our knowledge this is the first WOCE section for which a complete set of pCO2 data exits. The precision of the total carbon dioxide duplicate analyses during the cruise was 0.80 mol/kg (0.04%), while preliminary calculations indicate that the precision of the pCO2 determinations was 1.0%. In addition, 76 samples of 'Certified Reference Materials' (CRM) were analyzed for total carbon dioxide as a check on accuracy. The CRM, seawater samples spiked with sodium bicarbonate, were analyzed before the cruise for CT in the laboratory of Dr. C.D. Keeling at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) by vacuum extraction and manometry. The certified mean of 9 samples was 1991.94 mol/kg. For the 76 samples CRM analyzed by coulometry during M 28/1, the mean was 1991.37 mol/kg with standard deviation 1.27 mol/kg. As a further precaution, forty (40) samples were collected during the cruise and preserved for later analysis in the laboratory of Dr. Keeling at SIO. During M 28/1 some 51 stations (nearly 50% of the WOCE stations) were sampled for the CO2 parameters. Approximately, 1,588 individual total carbon dioxide samples and 1,549 individual pCO2 samples (duplicates not included) were drawn and analyzed. Counting the duplicates adds another 200 samples and analyses. Because the data set is very large and there are still some uncertainties in the final depths and associated nutrient values, analysis of the data set in chapter 5.1.5 still is preliminary. 5.1.5 FIRST RESULTS FROM WHP A8 (T.J. MÜLLER, P. BEINING, D. HYDES, K. JOHNSON, A. PUTZKA, G. SIEDLER) We show zonal sections along 11°20 S of preliminary WHP standard parameters: Potential temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, silicate, the CFCs F-11, F-12, and CCl4, and potential density (Figures 7 to 15, respectively). Potential density is referred to the surface for the depth range 0 dbar to 1000 m, to 2000 dbar for the 1000 m to 3000 in range, and to 4000 dbar for depths greater 3000 m. Some parameters will not be or are not yet available: Phosphate was not measured because of the insensitivity of the apparatus used on board (see chapter 5.1.2). The measurements of the CFC F-113 did not provide high enough resolution and need special post cruise analysis of spectograms (see chapter 5.1.3). Samples of the tracers tritium and helium are still to be analyzed ashore. Also, the carbon measurements still need final adjustment. Fig. 7: WOCE Hydrographic Programme Section A8 along 11°20'S, occupied with METEOR during cruise M 28/1 from April 01 to May 07, 1994. Distribution of potential temperature. Fig. 8: As fig. 7, salinity (uncalibrated) Fig. 9: As fig. 7, dissolved oxygen Fig. 10: As fig. 7, nitrate Fig. 11: As fig. 7, silicate Fig. 12: As fig. 7, CCl4 Fig. 13: As fig. 7, F-11 Fig. 14: As fig. 7, F-12 Fig. 15: As fig. 7, potential density referred to the surface until 1000 m depth, to 2000 dbar between 1000 and 3000 m depth, and to 4000 dbar for depths greater 3000 m. Dots indicate the more than 3700 spots where bottles were closed. The sections in figures 7 to 15 are based on preliminary data from the more than 3700 depths where bottles were closed (dots in the density section, Fig. 15). Temperature, salinity and density are from upcast CTD values at depths where bottles were closed. For tracers and CO2 over deep ocean basins, each second station is sampled only. Samples from some 10% of all bottles showed obvious misalignment to water mass structures due to malfunctions of the rosette. They were rearranged subjectively to appropriate depths. The contouring procedure uses a Kriging algorithm for smoothing, and the colours for contouring are chosen to appropriately resolve the main structures of water masses. The different water masses below the warm and high saline surface water and the low oxygen South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) show up in minima and maxima of characteristic parameters. These extrema usually are most pronounced at the western boundary current regime and they gradually decay and eventually vanish eastward. Especially the anthropogenic tracers show a sharp frontal structure over the Mid- Atlantic Ridge with low values down to the detection limits in the eastern Angola Basin denoting weak ventilation in that basin. Near the surface, both, temperature and salinity decrease in the well- known manner from west to east. At 9°E, we find the isohalines doming to the surface and bowling down to 250 m. The SACW is characterized by low oxygen with lowest values in the east. In the eastern basin this minimum also is reflected in the highest pCO2 and CT values (not shown here) we have observed in the Atlantic. Commencing at 3°E to 4°E in the Angolan Basin, pCO2 and CT reached 2000 µatm and 2263 µmol/kg, respectively, at depths of 400 m to 600 m. Below the SACW, two cores of waters of antarctic origin are identified: At 800 m depth the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) with its salinity minimum, and at 1000 m depth the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCPDW) with its temperature minimum and silicate maximum. They can be traced throughout the section until the African shelf break. While these water masses origin from the south, note that, both, the tongues of the AAIW and of the UCPDW are cut by the above mentioned fronts in anthropogenic tracers F-11 and CCl4 at about 5°W which indicates their relatively weak renewal rates in the eastern basin as compared to that in the western basin. Next, all three components of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) are identified: At 1300 m depth the core of the Upper North Atlantic Deep Water (UNADW) with its temperature maximum, at 1900 m the Mid North Atlantic Deep Water (MNADW) with its salinity maximum and silicate minimum, and at 3200 m the oxygen rich Lower North Atlantic Deep Water (LNADW). Note some lenses of NADW just east of the western boundary; they may indicate re-circulation cells discussed recently (De MADRON and WHEATHERLY, 1994). In the west, the CFC values are relatively low within the UNADW because of its 'old' components of Mediterranean origin. A maximum in CFCs is found in the MNADW, and they still have high values in the LNADW. Again, a front in CFC values separates the NADWs in the western from those of the eastern basin. Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCPDW) is formed when Weddell Sea Deep Water mixes with Circumpolar Deep Water on its way north. Formerly denoted as Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) (PETERSON and WHITWORTH, 1989), it carries low temperature and salinity bottom water along the western boundary northward. Because of its Weddell Sea compound, it is also marked by relatively high CFC values. A slight increase of the F-11 concentration at the western slope of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge seems to indicate a re-circulation cell of bottom water. LCPDW also was clearly distinguishable in the CO2 parameters (not shown here). Two further interesting result are found in the deep Angola Basin. First, we observe an increase of, both, CCl4 and F-11 values at the bottom which is intensified at the western side of the basin. Thus there is evidence that the bottom water of the Angola Basin is ventilated by a western boundary current (WARREN and SPEER, 1991) which carries compounds of bottom waters that have been at the surface within the last 30 years. While other hydrographic and chemical parameters indicate a fairly homogenous water mass below 4000 m, F-11 and CCl4 outline a structure that indicates a circulation and slow upwelling of bottom waters within the basin. Only very few samples measured at about 3000 m depth in the eastern part of the Angola Basin show CCl4 concentrations below their detection limit. The second interesting feature in the Angola Basin is observed at 4000 m depth on the continental break: A low oxygen and high silicate water mass with a small increase of CCl4 and extremely slight increase only of F-11. Whereas in the CFCs the signal is confined to only very few samples just above the bottom, it is broader and therefore significant in oxygen and silicate. Maybe the idea of a Congo River turbidity plume is evident here (BENNEKOM and BERGER, 1984). 5.2 DEEP BASIN EXPERIMENT 5.2.1 WATER MASS DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBTROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC (O. BOEBEL, C. SCHMID, W. ZENK) The data base for this paragraph consists of two quasi-meridional hydrographic sections (Fig. 16) occupied between 21° and 39°S during M 28/2. The longer section (Fig. 17) contains 21 CTD stations covering the east side of the Brazil Basin, crossing Hunter Channel, running right into the central Argentine Basin. The supplementing shorter section (Fig. 18), featuring 7 CTD stations, connects the southern end of the long section between the Subtropical Convergence at roughly 40°S with the southern extend of Vema Channel. Thermosalinograph records also shown in Fig. 17 and 18, are reproduced without further corrections. Comparisons with near- surface CTD data revealed no systematic differences for temperature data. However, a significant shift of 0.038 ± 0.050 PSU between 35 salinity samples (taken during CTD stations) and the displayed continuous salinity record was determined. The shown surface salinity needs to be reduced by the calculated offset for future analyses. CTD stations were taken (a) for a detailed investigation of the vertical structure and zonal flow of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) at approximately 900 m depth and (b) for the determination of in situ density at float launch sites (see chapter 7.2.5). Due to ship time limitations both sections had to be compiled from CTD profiles not exceeding 1500 dbar. Only selected stations cover tile whole water column. Their complete data are processed in our theta/S-diagram (Fig. 19). Nominally all deep stations were taken with a sediment sampler as described in chapter 5.8. Both CTD-sections are shown jointly with continuous thermosaIinograph data and their belonging bottom profiles. Gaps in these data (DVS) were linearly interpolated, or in case of bathymetry eliminated by soundings from CTD stations (Profile 36-33, 32- 16). Fig. 16 shows the track lines of the long (Profile 37-2) and the short section (Profile 37-43) embedded in the local bathymetry. Please note, station notation is given by CTD profile numbers. An equivalence Stat. No. vs Profile contains chapter 7.2.1. The central box in Fig. 46 contains CTD stations at Hunter Channel as displayed in Fig. 20 and described further down. Fig. 16: During M 28/2 METEOR occupied two quasi-meridional hydrographic sections in the Brazil Basin and in the Argentine Basin. Numbers indicate CTD profiles, corresponding station numbers are listed in chapter 7.2.1. Most of the CTD stations cover only the upper 1500 dbar, sufficiently deep enough for the investigation of the Antarctic Intermediate Water. Stations in the box were taken in the Hunter Channel region as described in chapter 5.2.2. Fig. 17a-b: CTD-sections (p ¾ 1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical gyre of the western South Atlantic. The long section (A2) was taken en route to Hunter Channel and farther to the Subtropical Convergence. a) Potential temperature (°C), b) Salinity (PSU), Fig. 17c-f: CTD-sections (p ¾ 1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical gyre of the western South Atlantic. The long section (A2) was taken en route to Hunter Channel and farther to the Subtropical Convergence. c) Density sigma-1 (kg m-3), d) thermosalinograph records of temperature, e) uncorrected salinity, f) bathymetry recorded simultaneously by METEOR. Fig. 18a-f: CTD-sections (p ¾ 1500 dbar) through the southern subtropical gyre of the western South Atlantic. The short section (A3) was taken on the north-westbound track towards the Vema Channel extention. a) Potential temperature (°C), b) Salinity (PSU), c) Density sigma-1 (kg m-3), d) thermosalinograph records of temperature, e) uncorrected salinity, f) bathymetry recorded simultaneously by METEOR. Fig. 19: Potential temperature (°C) vs salinity (PSU) from all deep stations of M 28/2 (chapter 7.2.1). Lines of equal densities (kg m-3) are referred to 1000 dbar (sigma-1). The most pronounced structure of both sections shown in Figs. 17 and 18, is given by the Subtropical Convergence at their common southern end (<- 38° = > 38°S). North of 38°S thermosalinograph records with their strong fluctuations (horizontal interleaving) confirm the abrupt transition between the southern rim of the subtropical gyre of the South Atlantic at 38°S and the northern extend of the Southern Ocean (see Fig. 18e). The deep reaching front at the convergence is most developed in the upper 500 dbar. Nevertheless, it can be traced down to the bottom of our sections (1500 dbar), though with reduced horizontal gradients. Sloping isopygnals associated with the frontal region, represent the dynamical signature of the eastward flowing South Atlantic Current (STRAMMA and PETERSON, 1990). Farther north we identify the well-known variety of water masses in the subtropical South Atlantic: In the centre of the subtropical gyre, i.e., north of 28°S, we find the characteristic shallow salinity maximum at approximately 60 dbar. The next deeper extremum on the theta/S-diagram (Fig. 19) occurs below the main thermocline. It is marked by the salinity minimum of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). The Smin core at approximately sigma-theta = 27.18 or sigma-1 = 31.75 kg m3 drops from < 600 dbar at the Subtropical Convergence to almost 1000 dbar between 36' and 37°S, from where on we observe a slow decrease of the pressure level to 700 dbar at the northern end of the long section. The core salinity is lowest in the frontal region (< 34.2 PSU). It increases up to 34.4 PSU towards the north. Temperatures range from 3-4°C in the south , where 3.5-4°C are more characteristic for the northern end. In terms of potential density Intermediate Water ranges from 27.00 < sigma- theta < 7.35 kg m3 or 31.50 < sigma-1 < 31.90 kg m3. Three different low temperature gradient regions were observed. The first at 36°S reaches down to 400 dbar at 14°C. It resembles Maderia Mode Water (SIEDLER et al., 1987) found in the eastern North Atlantic. This thermocline mode water is formed at the northern boundary of the subtropical gyre by deep wintertime convection and is degenerated during the course of the year. Deeper down at ~38°S (Fig. 17 and 18) we identify remainders of the upper Circumpolar Water (2.7°C, 34.4 PSU) beneath the deep core of Antarctic Intermediate Water. Unfortunately no oxygen data for further identification of this water mass are available from M 28/2. The third and most extended thermostat (~3.4°C) layer is found between 21° and 26°S (Fig. 17a) at pressures >1000 dbar. The concurrent increase of salinity from 34.40 to > 34.80 PSU indicates a mixture of upper Circumpolar Water with North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). While vertical mixing in this water mass cannot have much effect on the temperature since the vertical temperature gradient is small, strong fluxes of salinity presumably exist between layers (K. SPEER in SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992). Finally we point out two submesoscale pygnocline depressions (Profiles 11, 14) and/or three domes (Profiles 12, 13, 16, 34) which cannot be interpreted by the available CTD data (Fig. 17c) alone. Perhaps RAFOS floats launched every degree of latitude concurrently with CTD stations along both sections, will allow a conclusive analysis of these dynamical signals. Float deployment locations are summarized in chapter 7.2.5. 5.2.2 WATER EXCHANGE THROUGH HUNTER CHANNEL (T.J. MÜLLER, J. PÄTZOLD, G. SIEDLER, C. SCHMID, W. ZENK) Under the auspices of the Deep Basin Experiment of WOCE a large fraction of observations has been focused on the bottom water exchange across the Rio Grande Ridge. During two METEOR cruises (M 15 and M 22) we concentrated our efforts in close cooperation with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution primarily on the inflow of Weddell Sea Deep Water and of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) through Vema Channel (ZENK et al., 1993). Cruise M 28/2 put special emphasis on the recovery of a moored current meter at the Hunter Channel, deployed in December 1992. Logistical constrains (see chapter 4.2) allowed a modest extent of bathymetric work started jointly with the University of Bremen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, during M 15 in 1991 (K. HEIDLAND in SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992). Fig. 20 shows the course of the 4000 m isobath according to a digitized chart of the South Atlantic (NGCD, 1993) together with CTD stations and mooring locations (H1-H6, R). Fig. 21 depicts a partial view of the sill region in the central Hunter Channel prepared from all available METEOR Hydrosweep data (M 15, M 22, M 28). HYDROGRAPHY As in Fig. 16 CTD stations in Fig. 20 are labeled by their profile numbers (see chapter 7.2.1). Fig. 22 and 23 display two hydrographic sections of deep and bottom water (p > 3000 dbar) distribution at Hunter Channel. The quasi-zonal section (Fig. 22) was obtained as a byproduct of the work on the moored current meter array. Unfortunately ship time did not allow for a higher spatial resolution of this section. Nevertheless, previous results such as a significant through flow of Antarctic Bottom Water (SPEER et al., 1992) are impressively confirmed. As in the survey in February 1991 (M 15) we recognize a queezing of property lines in the east near the bottom of Fig. 22. Geostrophic speeds of 0 (+1 cm s- 1) relative to the depth of the 2°C (potential) temperature isoline were calculated. Furthermore it is worth mentioning that in 1991 the lowest temperature above the sill at the same location was approximately 0.2°C higher. A similar trend towards higher bottom temperature at the entrance of the Brazil Basin was observed already between Lower Santos Plateau and Vema Channel farther to the west of Hunter Channel two years earlier (ZENK and HOGG, subm.). Fig. 20: Zoomed distributions of stations from the Hunter Channel region in the center box of Fig. 16. Isolines represent the 4000 m line as available in digital form (NGDC, 1993). Crosses denote deep CTD stations labeled by their profile numbers. Station numbers are listed in chapter 7.2.1. H1-6 stands for a moored current meter array across Hunter Channel. Mooring R was situated in the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Ridge. Fig. 21: 3-dimensional representation of the Hunter Channel. The synthesis of the bathymetry was compiled according to three METEOR surveys (M 15, M 22, M 28) by Hydrosweep in cooperation with the University of Bremen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven (SIEDLER and ZENK, 1992). Fig. 22a-d: Deep CTD-section (p „ 3000 dbar) of the outflow of Antarctic Bottom Water through the Hunter Channel. This section 1 was obtained during the recovery work on mooring sites H1-6. Due to DVS failure no detailed bathmetry between stations is available. Note the pintching of property lines on the lower right side. These compressions represent the dynamics of the bottom water flow entering the Brazil Basin. a) Potential temperature (ºC) b) Salinity (PSU) c) Density sigma-4 (kg m-3) referred to 4000 dbar d) Geostrophic current speed (cm/s) relative to the depth of the 2ºC potential temperature isoline. Negative speeds (of Antarctic Bottom Water) are directed towards the North. Fig. 23a-d: Deep CTD-section (p „ 3000 dbar) of the outflow of Antarctic Bottom Water just north of the Hunter Channel. This section 2 was plotted from profiles 31-22. Bathmetry between stations was measured by METEOR. The main outflow across the Hunter Sill into the Brazil Basin was obtained between profiles 27, 26 and 25, 24. a) Potential temperature (ºC) b) Salinity (PSU) c) Density sigma-4 (kg m-3) referred to 4000 dbar d) Geostrophic current speed (cm/s) relative to the depth of the 2ºC potential temperature isoline. Negative speeds (of Antarctic Bottom Water) are directed towards the North (Profiles 31-26) or towards the East (Profiles 26-22). The second deep hydrographic section (Fig. 23) consists of a nearly meridional (Profile 31-26) and a zonal part (Profile 26-22) north, respectively, east of the inner Hunter Channel. It was planned according to the known bottom hydrography (Fig. 20), focussing on the region where the through flow of the bottom water still appears to be topographically constrained, but where station spacing (nominally 25 km) allows for sufficient resolution of transport calculations. Fig. 23 contains the actual bottom contours measured during M 28/2. Unfortunately major deficits in station coverage occurred afterwards such as the deep channels (or blind troughs ?) between Profile 31-30 and 25-26. Unfavourable weather conditions did not allow us to fill these gaps during the remaining ship time. Apparently the majority of bottom water leaves the Hunter region towards the east between Profile 25-24. Only minor contributions at more intermediate depths (< 4000 m) are advected northward through Profile 27-26, which at least partially seems to recirculate between Profile 28-27. During M 28/2 we have observed no significant deep northward flow west of Profile 29. Such a flow has previously been suggested as part of an anticyclonic circulation around Rio Grande Rise (see Fig. 9 in SPEER and ZENK, 1993). Actually mooring R (Fig. 20) at Profile 13 (Stat. 306) had been launched in December 1993 with the intention to monitor this interior western boundary current. Results from moored current meters are shown in the following paragraph. Moored Current Meter Array Between 1991 and 1992 (M 15, M 22) an array of current meters had monitored deep advection along the western segment of the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin. A joint data report by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel summarizes the obtained results (TARBELL et al., 1994). After the recovery of this large array parts of it were re-moored farther to the east in the Hunter Channel and on the Rio Grande Ridge (Fig 24). Data presented here are complimentary to the former data set from the Vema Channel and the other more westerly regions. A total of 25 Aanderaa Current Meters, two 200 m long thermistor chains and an Acoustic Doppler Current Meter operated in seven moorings (Code H1-6 for Hunter Channel, R for Rio Grande Rise). Chapter 7.2.4 contains all mooring durations and locations. The latter are also displayed in Figs. 20 and 21. Locations of related CTD stations from the deployment (M 22) and the recovery cruises (M 28) are summarized in Table 6. The table contains three different estimated depths which must be explained by the rough bottom topography, characteristic for the Hunter Channel (see Fig. 22). In selected cases we therefore give two numbers for the vertical position of our instruments: Clearance from bottom and instrument depth. The more reliable vertical distance relative to the surface or to the bottom is labeled by bold numbers. Data from moored instruments were processed in the usual fashion (MOLLER, 1981). Problems occurred with larger numbers of Aanderaa Current Meters (RCM8): Both vector averaged components in slow current regimes appeared to have a stronger uncorrelated tendency towards zero. In order to conserve a rough estimate of the recorded direction, zeros in calculated speed series were artificially set to 1 cm s-1, the threshold speed of the instruments. Besides other operational details, Table 7 displays the percentage of changed threshold values of the Aanderaa Current Meters. Since we were forced to shift identical instruments from the Vema to the Hunter regime during METEOR cruise M 22/4, time did not allow for a detailed ship borne analysis of the obtained data sets. Unfortunately this did not prevent us from running into problems we had encountered before with vector averaging Aanderaa Current Meters. (TARBELL et al., 1994). The data from the moored Acoustic Doppler Current Meter (ADCP) in H6 were downloaded from the instrument to a personal computer aboard METEOR. These binary data later were transferred to the VAX of the Institut für Meereskunde computer centre in Kiel, where they were converted into time series of MK4 and ASCII coded vertical current profiles. The processing of auxiliary parameters like pitch, roll, heading and instrument depth followed. The latter quantity is displayed in Figs. 25-54. It represents a pseudo-pressure time series inferred from the strongest bin echo of the ADCP. A detail comparison of the upper real pressure record with the calculated depths reveals an excellent agreement between both methods (VIESBEK and FISCHER, 1995). All thermistor chain data from H4 and H5 in Fig. 37 and 39 were adjusted to the available CTD profiles. Since these moored instruments stopped due to a lack of data storage capabilities earlier then the adjacent Aanderaa Current Meters, their temperature time series were used as transfer standards for the recovery calibration checks of the thermistor chains. The biggest problem with this calibration fine tuning appeared to be the determination of equal observation levels of the thermistor chains and the CTD profiles. As is shown in Table 6 and Fig. 21 the Hunter Channel is full of strong gradients in the bottom topography. A pre-cruise laboratory calibration of both thermistor chains did not deliver accuracies desirable and necessary for abyssal applications. The complete set of time series of all available Aanderaa Current Meters together with selected ADCP data (see overview in Fig. 55) are displayed in Figs. 24-54. With expectation of the displayed pressure and pseudo-pressure filtered, daily averaged means are shown. All progressive vector diagrams from the H-mooring are shown in not more then two different scales. Thermistor chain data were shifted by -0.2°C, referenced to the upper sensor. Tab. 6: Moorings with corresponding CTD stations during launch (M 22) and recovery cruises (M 28). Mooring M22 M28 December 1992 May 1994 Nearest CTD Launch Estim. Recovery Nearest CTD ID Station Profile Depth Station Depth Station Station Profile Depth # # (m) # # (m) # # (m) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hunter Channel 353 H1 603 46 4031 602 4112 309 309 16 4115 354 H2 - - - 604 4292 313 313 18 4390 355 H3 - - - 605 (4436) 312 - - - 356 H4 608 48 4319 606 4336 318 318 20 4370 357 H5 607 47 4301 607 (4836)2)316 316 19 4235 358 H6 609 49 4326 609 4303 315 (325 24 4530)3) Rio Grande Rise 363 R 612 50 3806 612 3719 306 306 13 3780 Remarks:( ) Questionable data 1) Rough estimate. For details see cruise report M 22 by SIEDLER et al. (1993) 2) According to bridge log, log sheet of mooring group shows 4485 m. - no CTD data available 3) Station downstream of Hunter array in core of bottom water Tab. 7: Performance of moorings in Hunter Channel (H1-6) and on Rio Grande Rise (R). RCM_ = Aanderaa Current Meter, V = current vector, T = thermistor, MAFOS = sound recorder, ADCP = Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. Mooring Instrument Serial Instr. Clearence Max. k Notes # ID Typ # Depth from Cycles % (m) Bottom (m) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 353101 H1 RCM8/VTP 8412 175 6380 0 353102 H1 MAFOS 10 875 - - no data 353103 H1 RCM8/VT 8295 925 - - no data 353104 H1 RCM8/VT 9730 2025 6380 38.9 353105 H1 RCM8/VT 10077 3125 6380 36.8 353106 H1 RCM8/VT 6159 3830 6380 49.5 353107 H1 RCM8/VT 6160 4105 6380 47.1 354101 H2 RCM5/VTC 8365 4000 6382 32.4 354102 H2 RCM5/VT 7624 4335 6382 16.1 355101 H3 RCM8/VTP 9323 905 6376 20.4 Pres = no data 355102 H3 RCM8/VT 10502 2005 6376 20.3 355103 H3 RCM8/VT 10504 3155 6376 23.7 355104 H3 RCM5/VT 8575 4310 6304 - Dir = no data 355105 H3 RCM5/VT 4562 4530 - - no data 356101 H4 RCM5/VT 4354 4100 6380 13.8 356102 H4 Aa Recorder 1293 4102- 5180 - Th Chain 1259 4302 356103 H4 RCM5/VT 8411 4315 - - no data 357101 H5 RCM8/VT 9832 252 6367 13.1 357102 H5 Aa Recorder 1294 250-50 5216 - Th Chain 1960 357103 H5 RCM8/VT 9728 15 6367 8.9 358101 H6 ADCP 389 (4-147) 5818 - 358102 H6 RCM8/VTC 9732 900 6357 38.5 358103 H6 RCM8/VTC 10663 2000 6357 75.6 358104 H6 RCM8/VTC 9313 3100 6357 53.6 358105 H6 RCM5/VT 4563 3980 6357 - Temp only 358106 H6 RCM5/VT 7927 4310 6357 55.0 363101 R RCM8/VTP 10501 3485 6308 8.2 363102 R RCM8/VTC 10664 3705 6308 14.2 Fig. 24: Typical mooring configurations of the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel. Mooring H6 is on the left side. On the right side the thermistor chain mooring H5 is displayed. Fig. 25: Pressure (top) and temperature times series from mooring H1 on the west side of the Hunter Channel. Only pressure data were not low-pass filtered. Fig. 26: Time series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H1. Fig. 27: Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H1. Fig. 28: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H1. North is upward. Fig. 29: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H1. Starting points are given by asterisks. Tics separate 30 days intervals. Fig. 30: Times series of temperature (top), zonal current components (UC), and meridional current components (VC) from mooring H2. Fig. 31: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H2 (top). North is upward. Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H2 (bottom). Tics are separated by 30 days. Fig. 32: Salinity (S) and temperature time series from mooring H3. Fig. 33: Times series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H3. Fig. 34: Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H3. Fig. 35: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H3. North is upward. Fig. 36: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H3. Tics separate 30 days intervals. Fig. 37: In situ temperature times series from thermistor chain mooring H4. For better readability individual temperature curves are shifted by - 0.5ºC, the uppermost curve serves as reference. Only the current meter on the top of the 200 m long thermistor chain recorded for the total mooring deployment (top). The data storage capacity of the thermistor chain below expired earlier. Gaps under the second curve stand for two sensors without records. The lower gap represents an additional sensor that failed. Temperature were adjusted to the nearest CTD station (see Table 6). Numbers on the right side indicate sensor depths. Fig. 38: Times series of the zonal (UC) and the meridional (VC) current components together with the stick plot diagram (North is upward) from mooring H4. Fig. 39: Preliminary temperature time series from thermistor chain mooring H5. Due to extreme bottom roughness at the sill of Hunter Channel depth determinations of sensors are difficult. On the right side distances from the bottom for individual sensors are displayed, which were 20 m apart except for the top curve. This contains the temperature record of the upper current meter. The data storage capacity of the thermistor chain expired early. For better readability individual temperature curves are shifted by -0.5ºC, the uppermost curve serves as graphical reference. Gaps in the vertical stand for missing records of defect sensors. Fig. 40: Time series of zonal (UC) and meridional (VC) current components together with stick plot diagrams (North is upward) from mooring H5. The interrupt in the time series of the 4240 m level is caused by technical problems of the used Aanderaa Current Meter. Fig. 41: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H5. From the upper level only the first sub-series (see Fig. 40) is shown. This indicates 30 days intervals. Fig. 42: Temperature (top) and auxiliary parameters of the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on the top of mooring H6. Only the temperature time series has been low-passed filtered. Fig. 43: Time series of zonal current components (UC) at selected depths from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of the mooring H6. Bin size was 8.7 m. Fig. 44: Time series of meridional current components (VC) at selected depths from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of mooring H6. Bin size was 8.7 m. Fig. 45: Uncorrected time series of vertical current components (W) at selected depths as recorded by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler on top of mooring H6. Bin size was 8.7 m. Fig. 46: Pseudo-pressure (PRESS) time series for the ADCP in mooring H6 as inferred from the backscatter record (according to VIESBEK and FISCHER, 1995). Below PRESS stick plot diagrams of ADCP current vectors at selected depth above the top instrument (ADCP) of mooring H6 is displayed. North is upward. Fig. 47: Time series of pressure (top), salinity (S), and temperatures from mooring H6. As before all time series were low-press filtered, except for pressure. Fig. 48: Time series of zonal current components (UC) from mooring H6. Fig. 49: Time series of meridional current components (VC) from mooring H6. Fig. 50: Stick plot diagrams of current vectors from mooring H6. North is upward. Fig. 51: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring H6. Tics indicate 30 days intervals. Fig. 52: Time series of pressure (top), salinity (S), and temperatures from mooring R at the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rise. As before all time series were low-pass filtered, except for pressure. Fig. 53: Time series of zonal (UC) and meridional (VC) current components together with stick plot diagrams (North is upward) from mooring R. Fig. 54: Progressive vector diagrams of currents from mooring R. Tics were separated by 30 days. 5.3 NEAR SURFACE CIRCULATION FROM SATELLITE TRACKED DRIFTERS (W. KRAUß) During M 28/1 and M 29/2 a total of 30 satellite tracked buoys has been deployed in the central part of the South Atlantic in order to fill the gaps in the present pattern. Fig. 56 depicts the trajectories obtained until April 30, 1994. All deployments have been made from RV METEOR and RV POLARSTERN. After completion of the programme in 1995, mean values of the velocity field will be assimilated into a numerical model in order to simulate the 3-dimensional mean circulation of the South Atlantic. Fig. 55: Performance of moored instruments in the Hunter Channel (H1-6) and on the Rio Grande Rise (R). Temperatures are represented by light beams, current vectors by black beams. Other parameters are displayed by dark beams. More information on the individual records contains Table 7. Depths in {} indicate clearance from bottom. V=vector, C=electrical conductivity, T=temperature, p=pressure, ADCP=Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. Fig. 56: Trajectories of the WOCE drifting buoy data set (status: April 30, 1994) 5.4 GEK OBSERVATIONS (T. KNUTZ) On both legs of M 28 the GEK system operated without any failure. The only area the GEK could not be used was the eastern shelf area of Africa because of missing clearance. The GEK data were sampled with 50 kHz. Averaged data were recorded every minute. Environmental data from the ship's data acquisition system DVS were available in two minute intervals. There was a principal difference between both legs. On M 28/1 the time between two CTD stations was in the range of 1 to 3 hours. In contrast during M 28/2 long distances without interruptions could be used for continuous GEK operation. Before and after each station a GEK zero control had to be done. During this time no data for current interpretation could be recorded. In a previous data interpretation the GEK data had been linked together with position and meteorological data from the ship's DVS system. A course plot including GEK signals proportional to ocean currents has been constructed for both legs (Figs. 57-59). The vectors plotted rectangular to the ship's heading are GEK signals in mV. The numbers at the vectors are mean values. The registered signals in the range from 0.15 to 0.8 mV represent ocean currents in the range from 0.2 to 0.7 m/s. An exact calculation of ocean currents from the GEK signal will be realized in a second step of interpretation. The GEK signals shown in the plots are time averaged in dependence of the geographical scale of the plots. In addition to the GEK signals current arrows are plotted within Figs. 57-59. These current arrows were taken from the atlas, "Quarterly Surface Current Charts of the Atlantic Ocean" published by the Hydrographic Department of the Admirality (1945). The numbers at the butts of the arrows give the rate in miles per day representative for three month (February, March, April or May, June, July). 10 miles per day represents an averaged velocity of 0.2 m/s. The averaged currents described by the arrows are in the same scale as the GEK signals. In all plots a good correlation between the GEK signals and global current field is given. Differences can be caused by local effects as sudden wind changes or superimposed eddy motion. In Fig. 57 no significant current rectangular to the ship's heading could be recorded. The shown GEK signals represent currents in the range of 0.1 m/s. This is in good agreement with the global current in direction of the ship's course. In Fig. 58 is given a southern component by the 0.8 mV signal in the eastern area and a northern current (0.5 mV) component in the western part of the course plot. The signals plotted in Fig. 59 give a good example for GEK measurements as frontal zone detection system. The measurements have been taken in the area of subtropical convergence (United States Naval Oceanographic Office (1955)) with high seasonal variability. The reversing current as described by the arrows could be registrated with high geographical resolution by the GEK system. In the future data processing the GEK signals will be calculated with the earth magnetic field and compared with meteorological observations, ship drift, ADCP data and CTD measurements. Fig. 57: GEK, 20 April -24 April 1994 Fig. 58: GEK, 27 April - 02 May 1994 Fig. 59: GEK, 20 May - 02 June 1994 5.5 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND TAXONOMY ALONG 11°30'S (C. ZELCK, H.-CH. JOHN) 5.5.1 QUANTITATIVE DATA 5.5.1.1. GENERAL Microscopic analysis was possible on board for 25 NEU upper net samples and 10 complete MCN stations from the Brazilian slope and adjacent oceanic area (see chapter 7.2.6). Analysis includes quantitative extraction of taxa Gammaridea and Hyperiidae, Hexapoda and fish, plus a qualitative record on the coarse taxonomic composition of the remaining plankton. The following chapters will exclusively focus on fish from the station sequence 169 - 189 (see Fig. 60). From these samples, the total catch of fish amounts to 3843 specimens, and a still insufficient identification of 79 taxa. 5.5.1.2 TAXONOMY From this station sequence alone, larval forms of 4 taxa appear to be undescribed, further 10 taxa are known to science, but are new for the team and the larval collection of the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg. These species belong to the complex of coastal (neritic) species, which are extremely difficult to identify. It is anticipated that further analysis might yield additional taxonomic findings. 5.5.1.3 CROSS-SLOPE ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS 5.5.1.3.1 ABUNDANCE PATTERNS NEU and MCN samples provide conforming results, though there is very little overlap in the species composition obtained by each sampler (Scaridae type 1, parrot fish, making the only notable exception), and NEU samples are notorious for their diurnal changes in species composition (HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 1972), and catch per unit of effort (cpue). Oceanic NEU samples yielded the typical pattern of higher daytime cpue (Fig. 61a; compare LOPES and JOHN, 1986, and literature therein), with prevailing beloniform taxa (flying fishes Oxyporhamphus micropterus and several species of Exocoetidae). Upper slope and shelf stations off northeast Brazil might prove to differ in diurnal periodicity and lacked the typical oceanic nighttime species of family Myctophidae (Myctophum nitidulum, M. affine, Centrobranchus nigroocellatus). However, the latter micronektonic groups showed low abundances in off-shore waters, too. From NEU samples as well as MCN (Fig. 61b, columns divided into cpue per stratum) it becomes apparent that upper slope waters (Sta. 169 - 174) yielded much higher cpue than open ocean waters. Fig. 60: The location of ship station nos. 165 - 189. The consecutive series are Sta. 169 (coastal) to 189 (off-shore) discussed in text. Fig. 61: Abundance values of fish larvae and numbers of species identified. Top (61a): Neustonic fish. The shading of columns represents light conditions during catch. Middle (61b): MCN fish larvae per step, upper part of column (light) indicating upper 25 m, and lowest part (dark) 150 - 200 m. Sta. 169 is biased to low values Bottom (61c): Number of species per station in MCN (squares) and NEU (triangles). MCN Sta. 169 may be an underestimate. 5.5.1.3.2 DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION A similar relation is revealed by the number of species identified (the MCN-values are likely to be underestimates due to identification problems) shown in Fig. 61c, neritic ecosystems being more diverse than oceanic ones. The neustonic realm is, due to its environmental stress, a habitat suited only for especially adapted organisms (HEMPEL and WEIKERT, 1972), and has thus a lower diversity than the epipelagic and mesopelagic layer sampled by the MCN. It seems to be an advection- related ecological signal, that diversity in the MCN decreases further off-shore than in the NEU (see below). A preliminary calculation of the percentages of neritic and oceanic species among total catch (Fig. 62) yields some differences between NEU and MCN. For NEU there is a sharp decline of oceanic species from Sta. 178 - 176, while such a decline in MCN only amounts to some 20 % (there are less identification problems and consequently more precise values for oceanic elements). On the contrary, neritic species reach further off-shore in MCN samples than NEU samples (the entire neritic curve in Fig. 62b is likely to increase by some 20 % after better taxonomic analysis and inclusion of less conspicuous elements into the group). The boundary between the neritic and oceanic regime was much sharper and closer to the shore than found for the South Brazil Current, but there too oceanic elements are found in shelf waters (compare ANDRES et al., 1992; ZELCK, 1993). It is furthermore noteworthy, that species like tropical oceanic- ubiquitous Diogenichthys atlanticus or Vinciguerria nimbaria were expected, but in fact proved absent or rare off Brazil (and somewhat deeper than in the NE Atlantic). On the other hand, catches of Sudis atrox, Evermanella or tuna exceeded by far previous catches. 5.5.1.3.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION FOR CROSS-SLOPE ZONATIONS An overall relative vertical distribution of fish larvae is given in Fig. 63. Generally some 50 % of all larvae were caught in the upper 50 m, and almost consistently some 80 % were contributed in the upper 100 m (Sta. 169 is an exception and biased as only half the bottom depth was sampled due to opening-closing problems). As for the defined station sequence so far only about half of the samples with vertical resolution could be sorted, a detailed analysis on species level and differing individual depth preferences was hardly feasible. Differing vertical patterns are exemplified by species Scaridae type I, having an extended-shallow pattern (Fig. 64), and an oceanic deep group. Scaridae I occurred also in NEU samples seawards up to Sta. 175. However, in the MCN this species was encountered regularly up to and including Sta. 180, and with a shift towards deeper occurrences there. As we have a general pattern of a more restricted coastal regime in the NEU than in the MCN, we presume that off-shore displacement of surface plankton is restricted by the westward flowing South Equatorial Current, while at mid-depths an eastward transport (by a South Equatorial Undercurrent?) apparently takes place to some 120 n.m. from the shelf edge. Nevertheless, considerable advection of oceanic species also occurred up to the shelf edge (Fig. 62), and perhaps at depths of between 50 and 200 m (Fig. 64) by along-slope currents. Fig. 62: The relative percentages of neritic (triangles) respectively oceanic species (circles) among total catch of NEU (top) and MCN (bottom). MCN-neritic values may be underestimate. Fig. 63: The relative vertical distribution of total fish larvae in MCN-catches (shadings as for Fig. 61b). Fig. 64: The relative vertical distributions of oceanic-deep species group Alepisauroidei (left-hand, 7 hauls and 145 specimens) and coastal, extended-shallow species Scaridae I (right-hand, 4 hauls and 300 specimens). The interrupted lines connect median values. 5.5.2 THE PLANKTON MATERIAL FROM THE CENTRAL ATLANTIC TO ANGOLA: FINDINGS, HINTS AND EXPECTATIONS 5.5.2.1 GENERAL It was impossible to microscopically analyze any further plankton sample. All following statements are based on macroscopical investigation during preservation of the sample, though some individual species or specimens in question had been picked out for closer identification under the microscope. Any numerical estimates may become void after microscopical analysis of larval numbers. Hoping that the team can be maintained as it is, a thorough analysis of the entire, huge load of material will take about four years. The priority to work from the Brazilian coast eastwards was set a long time ago. 5.5.2.2 PLANKTON BIOMASS VOLUMES AND MICRONEKTON NUMBERS As already stated for Brazil, from Sta. 189 onwards and until having crossed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, plankton biomass and numbers of adult Myctophidae remained at a comparatively low level. Myctophids were mainly "slendertails" and Myctophum affine, considered by us as typical for the low productive central gyre zones. Immediately after crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, both values increased distinctly. Checking regularly adult Myctophidae (following a request of myctophid taxonomists demanding Lepidophanes specimens), we were able to identify and deep freeze 4 L. guentheri immediately after catch for genetical analysis (Sta. 242 and 247). These specimens were transferred from board directly to P.A. Hulley in Cape Town. Other Myctophidae (e.g. Diaphus sp.) were often identified to generic level only, as there was not enough time (and literature) for thorough identification. Somewhat down current of the Dampier/Cardno Seamount group we caught a tiny but adult dragonet (Callionymidae, Sta. 218, 200 - 150 m). Though not acquainted with this complex and difficult family, it might prove to become a new species. At Sta. 257 a beautiful larva of Loweina rara made a nice addition to our existing series of smaller larvae of this species, an amended description is in progress. In the samples adjacent to the mentioned seamounts, plankton biomass and numbers of micronekton increased furthermore. Apparently this was less a seamount effect than a general East Atlantic feature, as both values remained high towards the slope of Angola. We estimated both figures to be two orders of magnitude higher than in the Brazilian off-shore area, sometimes we had problems to hose down the plankton in the nets. Sta. 264 yielded high numbers of transforming V. nimbaria and will perhaps reveal even higher larval numbers. While high numbers of myctophids occurred until the very last and shallow station (Sta. 290) above the Angola shelf edge, plankton volumes decreased distinctly at stations 289 and 290. Angolan ichthyoplankton obtained a neritic characteristic (larvae of Serranidae, Scorpaenidae and Carangidae becoming abundant) from Sta. 285 onwards. These stations seemed to differ also in vertical distribution, as plankton biomasses decreased sharply below 50 in depth, conforming with sharp density gradients below 30 m. 5.5.2.3 THE JUVENILE LIFE STAGE OF BATHYLAGUS ARGYROGASTER Exciting results yielded Sta. 283. The MCN caught 3 juvenile specimens of Bathylagus argyrogaster (deep-sea smelt) at depths 150 - 100 m, 50 - 25 m, and 25 - 0 m. They were coloured unlike larvae or adults, but like typical epipelagic species, with blue dorsum and silver ventral side. According to literature the dorsal colour of adults is black or brown (BLACHE, 1964; NORMAN, 1930). The species is generally considered to be endemic of the Gulf of Guinea and bathypelagic (BLACHE, 1964), but KOBYLYANSKIY (1985) stated a mesopelagic range. BLACHE (1964) provided evidence that juveniles might have a shallower distribution than adults. Larvae have been described on the basis of METEOR material (HERMES and OLIVAR, 1987), and are known to be swept with the NE Atlantic Upwelling Undercurrent up to Cape Blanc. Three larvae have been reported from off Namibia (HERMES and OLIVAR, 1987), and at least one additional larger South Atlantic larva was caught now at M 28, Sta. 283. In the mean time we learned, that larvae are stenobathic 60 - 90 in, and follow deflections of the undercurrent caused by gyres like the Guinea Dome or the Mauritanian Central Gyre (own, unpublished data). We think this new finding might be connected with the Angola Dome plus the southward undercurrent, and it will shed new light upon a previously unknown epipelagic life stage of this otherwise deep-sea species. 5.6 ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY ALONG 11°30S (J. BRINKMANN, G. SCHEBESKE) Although needed for a better understanding of the atmosphere as well as input information for different theoretical models (for example on cloud formation and radiation balance) the amount of data on marine aerosol is very crude. During M 28/1 measurements of different physical and chemical properties of the marine atmosphere have been carried out. Furthermore investigations of the oceanic surface layer had been made. These measurements have to be seen in comparison to previous measurements made during the last few years in other areas of the Atlantic Ocean. As we did not have any permission to work within the 200 sm-zone off- shore from the Brazilian coast our measurements began on April 6, after having left that zone and were finished on May 6, near the Angolan coast. The preliminary conclusions are described below: 1 Two optical particle counters in combination with a diffusion box and two impactors were used to measure the number size distribution of the marine aerosol particles in the size range of 0.002 micrometer to about 50 micrometer radius. Initial results show relatively homogeneous concentrations during most of the time of the cruise. First investigations of our data in the lower particle size range are shown in Fig. 65. The spectrum is an average of all the measurements done during the cruise in that particular range of particle size. In correspondence with the model distribution of marine aerosole (JAENICKE, 1987) the spectrum is of bimodal nature. The absolute values of our mean size distribution have to be validated in further tests. However, the shift of both of the models seems to be of special interest. This phenomenon will be investigated in detail in future examination of our data. The particles in the super micrometer range show a clear diel behaviour with higher concentrations during the night. A noticeable increase in the concentrations measured next to the coast took place very late, i.e. about 500 km off-shore, which is probably due to the southerly winds next to the African coast. We also observed a slight rise in the aerosol particle concentration while crossing the shipping route South Africa - Europe. Besides these effects we also found an increase in the concentration in the upper size range of the particles from April 27 to April 28. Comparing Fig. 66a and 66b it can be seen that there had been a doubling of particle concentration in both of the two channels measuring the bigger particles while the channel counting the small ones remained indicating a relatively constant number concentration. This effect took place when we had a slight change in the weather conditions: The sky became more cloudy, the wind strengthened. So reasons might be the minor convection and an enhanced production of big particles due to the wind. Examinations of the filter samples will give more information of the nature of these additional particles. 2 Soot is a very effective absorber and thus of great importance for the radiation balance of the atmosphere. Nevertheless the amount of particulate carbon in an unpolluted area is poorly known, although recently some measurements have been made. We measured articulate carbon measured in various ways. Different sets of filters will be analyzed with optical and pyrolytic methods in order to get some information on the total and the black carbon. First investigations of the deposits on the filters, i.e. the degree of greyish-ness, showed an obvious dependence from the distance to the coast. The filters will also be used to compare the different analytical methods because up to now there is no standardized procedure for determining particulate carbon in the atmosphere. 3 During the period given above we sampled aerosol particles daily in three size classes by means of two different impactors. These specimens will be analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis and a protein dye technique in order to determine the amount of biological or biologically contaminated particles. The analysis can not be done on board in detail but, as expected, the relative amount of soil derived particles seems to be distinctly higher in front of the Angolan coast than in the middle of the South Atlantic. Analogous investigations had been made with samples got on two previous cruises showing differing results. At the moment we cannot explain this behaviour but hopefully these new measurements give some further information. The differences might be due to dimethylsulfide. 4 Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is unstable in air and oxidizes to sulfate to form particles. So it is of some interest to correlate DMS with the total particle concentration as well as with the particles of biological origin. DMS in air has been sampled and analyzed automatically. During the cruise 1400 samples have been analyzed. The concentration was between 150 ng and 400 ng per cubic meter air. It was found a slight increase in the concentration while approaching the African coast. The diurnal course of DMS with an afternoon minimum could be confirmed. 5 DMS in ocean water was sampled by means of a membrane pump four times a day at 00, 06, 12, and 18 local time. All together 120 samples were analyzed. The water contained between 120 ng and 480 ng DMS per liter. We also found a slight increase while getting closer to the Angolan coast. 6 The above mentioned samples had been analyzed for chlorophyll and phaeophytin, too. Because there had been no way to calibrate the measurements on board the absolute amounts can not given here but will follow. An increase of the measured signal of chlorophyll concentration in oceanic water increased parallel with the atmospheric DMS. Fig. 65: Marine aerosole; number size distribution of aerosol particles; symboles: Mean distribution, measured during M 28/1, South Atlantic; solid line: Model distribution, calculated by means of the parameters and equations given in JAENICKE, 1987. Fig. 66: Number concentration of aerosol particles in different size ranges, 10 min. means, measured during M 28/1; a) April 27, 1994; b) April 28, 1994. 5.7 RADIATIVE PHYSICS (W. EMERY, M. SUAREZ) The world's ocean serve as an vast reservoir of heat in the ocean/atmosphere engine. For this reason, it is impossible to accurately model global climate without first understanding the heat exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Since the advent of weather satellites, scientists have been allowed to gather data from around the world in a matter of hours or days. One of the key quantities measured in this fashion is global sea surface temperature (SST). In the past, satellite radiometric measurements have been calibrated using SST measurements taken from drifting buoys or ships which is not physically correct. These methods measure the temperature of the seawater at a depth of a meter or more, that is, bulk temperature. Satellites, however, only measure the radiation emitted from the upper few microns, or skin temperature. Due to the latent heat released by evaporation, sensible heat and the net long wave radiative emission, the skin temperature is generally cooler than the bulk temperature. It is possible though, during periods of high wind or strong solar insulation, that the skin may be of the same or higher temperature than the water below. The difference between the bulk and skin temperatures can occasionally be as large as 1°C or more (SCHLUESSEL et al., 1990; WICK et al., 1992). While this difference may seem negligible, ROBINSON et al. (1984) suggests that an accuracy of 0.2°C is necessary for satellite measurements to be useful in global climate prediction. For this reason a more accurate, radiometric method of sea surface temperature calibration has been developed. As part of M 28/2 we employed a prototype multi-channel infrared sea- truth calibration radiometer (MISTRC) designed and built by OPHIR Corp., Littleton, Colorado. The experimental set up was patterned after a system developed by scientists in Hamburg and Kiel, Germany. Key aspects of the system include a bucket of continuously circulating ocean water which serves as a continuous calibration reference, and that the radiometer views the ocean at approximately the Brewster angle in order to minimize reflected radiation. The radiometer has two independent optical trains, one operating in the short wave infrared (IR) and one operating in the thermal IR. The short wave head has filters at 3.7 and 4.0 µm and additional vertically polarized filters to further suppress the effects of reflected radiation. In the long wave region, the MISTRC has filters at 10.8 and 11.8 µm which are closer to the standard Barnes PRT-5 and Heimann KT-19 radiometers. These wave lengths are also similar to those on the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) flying on the NOAA satellites and the along track scanning radiometer (ATSR) flying aboard ERS-1. In addition to using the radiometric SST measurements to calibrate space borne radiometers, these measurements also give the opportunity to study the bulk-skin temperature difference. By understanding this difference, it may be possible to determine the bulk temperature from satellite measured skin temperature, or alternately to predict the temperatures calculated from satellites based on bulk measurements. In order to help better our understanding of the temperature difference and the heat fluxes involved, an entire suite of atmospheric, oceanographic and radiometric measurements are taken. Atmospheric variables include dry and wet bulb temperature, pressure and surface wind as well as the profiles taken by radiosonde balloons. The primary oceanographic variable used is the bulk temperature from the hull mounted sensors and the thermosalinograph, however salinity and temperature profiles are also taken for their importance in upper ocean stability. Upward looking pyranometers and pyrgeometers are used to measure the down-welling solar and terrestrial irradiance. Preliminary results from the first eight days of system operation are shown in Figs. 67-70 in the form of four bi-daily time series plots. The Julian day, 138 corresponds to May 18, 1994 and so forth. On each page, the top plot is of the bulk-skin temperature deviation using the short wave polarized radiometer channels, the middle plot is of surface wind speed and the bottom plot is of down-welling solar irradiance. Important things to note are that the surface temperature deviation is generally positive, that is, the skin temperature is cooler than the bulk temperature. Also note that this difference changes sign (i.e., a warm skin) during periods of intense insulation. A notable exception to the latter is at the beginning of Julian day 141, May 21, when the temperature deviation dips below zero shortly after midnight. This dip corresponds with a large wind event which may have disturbed the skin layer. Whether this was, in fact, the case or whether the wind simply caused an inaccuracy in the calibration is difficult to say, but this behavior is not typical. Towards the end of day 144, May 24, the data begins to behave poorly. This was approximately the time we began having mechanical and electrical problems with our data. Fig. 67: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance. Fig. 68: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance. Fig. 69: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance. Fig. 70: Plots of bi-daily time series of radiative parameters. On top bulk-skin temperature deviations using the short wave polarized radiometer channels (3,7 and 4,0 µm) are displayed. The middle part contains wind speed. The lower plot shows down-welling solar irradiance. For the last two weeks of M 28/2, the preliminary results of our data do not look good. Unfortunately, this is often the case with prototypical instruments. Our radiometer is currently back home at OPHIR for post- cruise inspection and recalibration. It is hoped that with the help of the scientists and technicians at OPHIR we may be able to salvage data from the final two weeks. It should be duly noted that this was the second experiment using the MISTRC radiometer and on its first voyage it performed flawlessly. Every time radiometric SST measurements are made, it adds to the wealth of knowledge about bulk-skin temperature deviation and improves the foundation for further research. 5.8 MARINE GEOLOGY (R. CORDES, J. FUNK) Sediment and water samples have been taken during the M28/2 (see chapter 7.2.7) on a section across the subtropical South Atlantic (Angola Basin, Brazil Basin, Hunter Channel and Argentine Basin). On 22 stations a minicorer was used to sample the sediment surface. The corer (Fig. 71) works similar to the multicorer which was successfully used on a number of cruises before. The minicorer, however, only has four tubes and is of low weight so that it is possible to use it below a CTD probe. The big advantage is only to need a few minutes extra time per station to get a deep water profile in combination with sediment samples from the uppermost 10 - 30 cm of the underlying sediments at the same time. The aim of the geological sampling during leg 2 was to obtain core material and water samples for paleo-oceanographic studies from the last glacial to recent times. The studies are carried out within the framework of the "Sonderforschungsbereich 261" at the Department of Geosciences of the University of Bremen. On the water samples, stable oxygen isotopes, isotope composition of …CO2 and nutrients will be measured to improve the GEOSECS-data set (Geochemical Ocean Section Study) of the Atlantic and to investigate the relationship between nutrients and the 12C/13C-ratio. Fig. 71: Scheme of the minicorer. It is fixed by a 10 in rope below the rosette. As the outrigger of the main crane is not high enough, it has to be fixed to an auxiliary crane by an additional rope. It is brought out before the rosette, the auxiliary rope is unhooked and fixed to the rosette as soon as the 10 m main rope comes tight. It is recovered the reversed way. Bringing out and recovering the rosette with the minicorer using the auxiliary crane takes about 10 minutes additional time per sampling station compared to the rosette without minicorer. 5.8.1 SEDIMENT SAMPLING The four tubes of the minicorer were sampled as follows: First tube: The uppermost 5 cm were cut in 1 cm thick slices, which were filled in Kautex-bottles and than preserved with Rose Bengal. Below that depth each 5 cm a one 1 cm thick slice was taken and filled up unpreserved. These samples will be used to determine the foraminiferal assemblage and the stable oxygen and carbon isotope-composition of the foraminifera. Second tube: These samples were completely frozen up. Diatom and radiolaria assembleges will be studied on the sediment. Third tube: Here also the uppermost 5 cm were cut in 1 cm slices. Each was filled into a petridish and then frozen to -20°C. The C/N-ratio of the organic material will be measured on these samples. Fourth tube: This tube was completely frozen for the archives. 5.8.2 WATER SAMPLING The water samples were taken with a CTD-rosette including 24 Niskin bottles (10 l) which were closed at different water depths. All water samples will be analyzed for the stable oxygen isotopes composition of the water and 13C/12C -ratio of the total-CO2. Besides measurements of nutrients are planned, to study the coupling between the 13C/12C-ratio of the total-CO2 and the nutrients. For the measurement of 13C/12C-ratio the water was carefully filled into 250 ml glass bottles to avoid contamination with air, and immediately poisoned with 1 ml of a saturated HgCl2 solution. Later the bottle was sealed air tight with wax and stored in the cooling storage at 4°C. The samples for the measurement 18O/16O-ratio were prepared in the same way but were not poisoned. Both samples were returned to the laboratory at the Department of Geosciences at Bremen for further preparation. Samples for nutrient measurements were taken twice from each depth to test different preservation methods. The water was filled into 10 ml scintillation bowls. One series was frozen to -20°C the other one was poisoned with HgCl2 and stored at 4°C. Both series were returned to the Department of Geosciences at Bremen and will be analyzed there. 5.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (R. RIEGER, M. SCHNEIDER, K. BALLSCHMITER) 5.9.1 COMPOUNDS OF INTEREST Chlorinated paraffins (CP) are known as complex mixtures of polychlorinated n- alkanes, which are characterized by the chain length of the food stocks and the grade of chlorination. These compounds are synthesized in industrial scale (100000 t/year Europe) for various products, i.e. lubricants, plasticizers and fire retardants. Thus a significant input into the environment occurs. Due to the high stability of CP under environmental conditions they are not biodegradable but persistent. Only less data is available about the global occurrence and distribution of CP. In sewage sludge of different European cities CP levels are known in the µg/kg range and in the ng/l range in the South Atlantic. This project aimed at the confirmation of the occurrence of CP in the marine environment of the South Atlantic. Furthermore a temporary change in the level and/or pattern of CP might be determined. Alkyl nitrates are, besides the more investigated molecules ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate, components of the photochemical smog. Their atmospheric occurrence is related to the photo oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons and the steady increase in NOX emission. The atmospheric life times are in the range of some weeks and allow therefore a long range transport to the unpolluted marine troposphere. Only little information is available about levels and pattern of alkyl nitrates in the South Atlantic region in relation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbon sources. Due to the relative high hydrolytic resistance of alkyl nitrates samples of surface water and water from the micro layer have been taken to investigate the distribution to these compartments. The micro layer possesses in order to higher temperatures increased activity of marine micro organisms. Biotic transformation of alkyl nitrates could be possibly seen by determining the enantiomeric ratios of chiral alkyl nitrates. Furthermore the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been analyzed as well as which serve as trace components. 5.9.2 SAMPLING METHODS 5.9.2.1 SAMPLING OF SURFACE SEAWATER For sampling of surface seawater a solid phase extraction technique was employed which enables sampling of volumes up to 1000 liters. Surface seawater was provided by a bulk water inlet at the bow of the ship, two meters below the sea surface, and was served directly by a water tap in the laboratory. The seawater sampling apparatus consisted of two glass cartridges with a volume of 200 ml which were connected to the seawater tap. For solid phase extraction various polymeric materials are available which are appropriate to the sampling of the different molecules. Chlorinated paraffins were extracted on "Amberlite XAD-2", a cross- linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with slight polar properties suitable for sampling chlorinated paraffins showing the same attributes. Alkyl nitrates contain more polarity and therefore "Amberlite XAD-7", an acryl ester polymer with medium polarity, has to be used. The cartridges were packed with 90 g of XAD-2 or XAD-7 respectively, conditioned with 4 liters of seawater and spiked for quantification with internal standards (1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloro propane, epsilon- hexachloro cyclo-hexane and tetrachloro naphthalene). A flow rate of approximately 400 ml per minute lead to sampling volumes of 300 to 550 liters which were determined by a water gauge. The first cartridge performs the sampling part, while the second should indicate the break through of the compounds. To exclude any contamination of the ship, no water samples were taken during stops. The essential blank tests were also carried out by performing the same procedures with an XAD cartridge (filling, conditioning, spiking with internal standard) except sampling, Chapter 7.2.8 and 7.2.9 schedules the sampling positions, dates and volumes for precise sample characterization. 5.9.2.2 SAMPLING OF SURFACE MICRO LAYER The surface micro layer is known for its ability to concentrate natural and man-made compounds, like hydrocarbons or pesticides, compared to the bulk water below the surface. The thickness of the sampled micro layer is about 30 µm. Several methods of sampling this particular layer were developed. In this study a simple screen technique (GARRET, 1965) was used. A rectangular steel framed screen (16-mesh) is lowered vertically into the water, oriented horizontally and raised through the micro layer yielding app. 50 ml of film water which is drained through an outlet tubing. Sampling was carried out on weather side of a rubber raft which cruised at least 100 m away from the vessel to minimize any contamination. A four liter sample was taken at every site which was extracted twice by a liquid phase extraction with 50 ml hexane (nanograde) using a high speed stirring device. In total 12 samples of micro layer were taken at 11 sampling sites (chapter 7.2.10). 5.9.2.3 HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLING High volume air sampling was performed using two High Volume Samplers (Ströhlein), which were placed on the upper deck of the ship. Air is sucked through an adsorbent bed where the components of interest are trapped. Activated silica gel or a mixture of charcoal and silica gel were used for the sampling of CP. In case of alkyl nitrate sampling silica gel covered with 10% ethylene glycol is known to be effective. The volume of a single air sample ranged from 300 -1200 m3. After sampling the material was sealed in glass flasks to avoid any contamination. Sampling efficiency is controlled by internal standard compounds, which are spiked in a well known amount. In total 44 air samples has been taken. Chapter 7.2.11 outlines the specific sampling data of the individual air samples. 5.9.2.4 LOW VOLUME SAMPLING The above described high volume sampling technique is only useful in the investigation of low volatile compounds such as chlorinated paraffins and alkyl nitrates with at least eight carbon atoms. Alkyl nitrates smaller than octyl nitrates cannot be retained quantitatively on the silica gel bed if amounts of approximately 300,000 liters of air are sampled. This is due to a general decrease in the break through volume with increasing volatility of the different compounds. The volatilities of methyl nitrate (C-1) up to heptyl nitrates (C-7) are in the range of dichloro methane and tetrachloro ethanes respectively. Low volume sampling technique of these compounds on a Tenax adsorption phase (phenylether polymer) is useful. The Tenax adsorption bed is packed in glass tubes (length 15 cm, inner diameter 0.4 mm). To avoid contamination during the transport and storage before sampling, the tubes were sealed by melting them in a second glass tube. On sampling date the outer tube is cracked with a glass cutter and the sampling tube is connected to a small air sampling pump. Diurnal volumes of 30 - 70 liters of air have been taken (see chapter 7.2.12). Air volumes were directly measured by connecting the outlet of the sampling pump with a gas counter. After sampling the tubes have been immediately resealed. The sampling efficiency can be proved, because most samples are taken using two Tenax glass tubes in a row. The first tube represents the sample while the second will show a possible break through. Moreover blanks of this sampling technique will be checked. Therefore two Tenax tubes were opened on the ship and sealed afterwards without sampling. On M 28/2 twenty one low volume air samples have been taken. Explicit sample characterization (position, date, volumes) is depicted in chapter 7.2.12. Sampling locations are displayed in Fig. 72. Fig. 72: Locations of environmental chemistry samples 5.9.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS All samples were spiked with internal standards, sealed and carried to Germany. Organic trace analysis requires high sensitive instrumentation (e.g. mass spectrometer) and the exclusion of any sample contamination. Several control samples (blanks) document the background level. Thus sample preparation and analysis were not carried out on METEOR but at the University of Ulm under controlled background conditions (clean benches). In cases of High Volume Air Sampling and Surface Seawater Sampling the adsorbents are eluted by organic solvents, cleaned-up and concentrated to a volume of 100 - 500 µl prior to analytical measurement. For analysis high resolution gas chromatography with electron capture detection (HRGC-ECD) and mass selective detection (HRGC-MSD) were applied. The sensitive detection of CP in negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NCI-MS) opens a classification into short-chain, intermediate and long-chain CP which gives more detailed information about the composition of a particular CP mixture. Analysis of alkyl nitrates in high volume air samples required high pre- concentration of the eluted samples. A new liquid chromatographic separation procedure has been developed using silica gel with defined activity and chromatographic solvent fractions of different polarity. This improved the detection limit by the separation of disturbing components before gas chromatographic analysis. The low volume air samples are analyzed using gas chromatographic separation with electron capture detection (ECD). The adsorbed molecules are not eluted from the Tenax material with a solvent. Due to their high volatility the glass tube is directly fitted into a special injector port of the gas chromatograph. Thermal desorption is carried out by heating the glass tube quickly up to 250°C. At the entrance of the chromatographic column the desorbed molecules are cold trapped with liquid nitrogen to enable a synchron starting of the separation. After separation, compound identification and quantification is carried out by comparison with reference compounds and internal calibration. 5.9.4 PRELIMINARY RESULTS 5.9.4.1 CHLORINATED PARAFFINS Chlorinated paraffins were detected in all seawater samples and surface micro layer samples in ng/l concentrations, whereas in air samples CP were not detectable. In seawater the total CP concentration varied between 0.5 ng/l and 10 ng/l. Short- chain CP ranged from 0.1 ng/l to 4.8 ng/l at a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 ng/l. Levels of intermediate CP were between 0.5 ng/l and 5.0 ng/l at a LOQ of 0.5 ng/l whereas long-chain CP were not detected at a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng/l (Fig. 73). Acceptable recoveries of the internal standards and traces of short- chain and intermediate CP in the break through samples document good sampling efficiencies. The course of short-chain and intermediate CP levels displays a ground level in the low ng/l range. The increased levels of sample W3 (21°S/0°E) and sample W11 (35°S/40°W) are effected by the South Equatorial Current and the Brazil Current gyre respectively. Sample W11 is influenced by effluents from the Rio de La Plata which are transported north-easterly by the Brazil Current gyre. The surface micro layer indicated total CP concentrations between 100 and 650 ng/l. Levels of short-chain CP ranged from 50 ng/l to 200 ng/l and intermediate CP from 75 to 500 ng/l at LOQ of 20 ng/l and 50 ng/l respectively (Fig. 74). Furthermore traces of long-chain CP were detected due to the effective accumulation of hydrophobic compounds by the micro layer which is in this case equivalent to a concentration factor of 100 compared with seawater. The course of CP levels in the micro layer is consistent to seawater and emphasizes the slightly increased levels at 15°W and 27°W. The ratio short-/intermediate CP however is different due to increased enrichment of more lipophilic intermediate and long-chain CP by the micro layer. Air samples of the lower troposphere were also investigated for chlorinated paraffins using the same analytical methods. At a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/m3 CP were not detected in any air sample. This fact is emphasized by calculating an expected concentration in air using the known seawater concentrations and the gas - water-distribution-coefficient (Kgw) derived from water solubility and vapor pressure. The expected concentrations in air are significantly below the limit of detection. These data confirm the occurrence of short-chain, intermediate and long- chain chlorinated paraffins in the hydrosphere of the South Atlantic ocean, which had been reported by KRAMER and BALLSCHMITER (1987), and document the global distribution of these anthropogenic compounds. These results also support the theory that chlorinated paraffins are mainly transported via hydrosphere primarily adsorbed on organic particulate matter rather than via atmosphere. Fig. 73: Levels of chlorinated paraffin in surface seawater Fig. 74: Levels of chlorinated paraffin in the micro layer 5.9.4.2 ALKYL NITRATES IN AIR SAMPLES Alkyl nitrates could be analyzed on Tenax as well as in high volume samples. In case of the low volume samples we detected the spectrum of methyl nitrate (C1) up to C6-nitrates (2M3C5, 2M4C5, 3C6, 2C6). In IUPAC nomenclature the nitrate group is called "nitroxy" group. For peak labeling we used here a much more simpler and in case of mono-functional nitrates already conventional nomenclature. The longest alkyl chain is taken for the skeleton of the molecule (e.g. C7 means longest chain has seven C-atoms). In case of branched alkyl nitrates the alkyl side chains possess higher priorities than the nitroxy group, what implies that the alkyl side chains receive the smaller numbers. This is important because alkyl nitrates are formed via photo-oxidation from hydrocarbons and so the hydrocarbon skeletons can be compared. If the nitroxy group would have the higher priority same alkyl skeletons would be named different. A general example is 2,4M5C7 what indicates a heptyl chain with to methyl groups at the 2 and 4 position and the nitroxy group at the 5 position. Figure 75 depicts the separation of a 52.2 liter low volume air sample (LOW15) with high resolution gas chromatography and electron capture detection (HRGC-ECD) after thermal desorption from the Tenax material. The detected alkyl nitrate peaks are marked by asterisks and painted black. Beside the alkyl nitrates we determined high volatile halogenated hydrocarbons especially tetrachloro methane, tetrachloro ethylene and bromoform. Following table explains the abbreviations used in Figure 75 for halogenated hydrocarbons. CH2BrCl Bromo-chloro methane CHCl3 Chloroform 111TCE 111-Trichloro ethane CC14 carbon tetrachloride Tri Trichloro ethylene CHBrCl2 Bromo-dichloro methane Per Tetrachloro ethylene CHBr2Cl Dibromo-chloro methane CHBr3 Bromoform TCP (Int.St.) 123Trichloro propane (internal standard) PCE Pentachloro ethane HCE Hexachloro ethane Nevertheless the sample includes several unknown components predominantly in the medium volatile region (C6 - C8 nitrates). In case of an immense increase in the complexity of possible branched alkyl nitrates, reference compounds have to be synthesized for further identification. The analysis of the high volume samples required intense effort in pre- separation before a possible gas chromatographic analysis of alkyl nitrates. Figure 76 exhibits an excellent high resolution gas chromatogram with mostly alkyl nitrates. We detected alkyl nitrates from C-6 up to C-14 with the typical separation pattern deriving from the n-alkanes, e.g. all n-nonyl nitrates are present in their correct relative concentrations. We obtained a maximum at C-11 nitrates. Interpretation of this result is yet very difficult. Detailed results are potential if the separation technique of C-15 - C-25 alkyl nitrates can be improved. It must be noted that Figure 76 only depicts a fraction of the high volume air sample. The whole air sample consists of a very complex composition. Gas chromatographic analysis without pre-separation would lead to no quantitative determination of alkyl nitrates. Furthermore we could prove that also the branched alkyl nitrates are present in this fraction. Hence, several of the unlabeled peaks should represent branched alkyl nitrates. Alkyl nitrates are not commercially available, therefore nearly all compounds have to be synthesized and reference standards have to be prepared for quantitative analysis. First quantitative estimations can be made. The concentrations of high volatile alkyl nitrates (low volume sampling) range in the medium to upper pg/m3, while the long-chain alkyl nitrates are present in the lower pg/m3 region. The much higher concentrations of short-chain alkyl nitrates are conform with present results. Only high volume sampling makes the detection of long-chain alkyl nitrates possible, because it involves an enrichment factor of approximately 100 relative to the low volume sampling technique. Figure 75 shows the whole low volume air sample (52.21), while Figure 76 represents an aliquot of 5,800 l of the sampled 975,000 l air. These first results hint to further conclusions of global distribution or formation of alkyl nitrates in "unpolluted" air masses of the southern hemisphere. Fig. 75: HRGC/ECD: Alkyl nitrates in a low volume air sample (LOW 15; aliquot 52.2 1) 5.9.4.3 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB) All seawater and micro layer samples were investigated for a set of 12 PCB; congeners (PCB 28, PCB 49, PCB 52, PCB; 87, PCB; 101, PCB 110, PCB, 118, PCB 138, PCB 149, PCB 151, PCB 153, PCB 180) which serve as trace components for environmental distribution effects. The total PCB level as the sum of 12 congeners in the seawater ranged between 60 pg/l and 140 g/l which documents a very low background level in the South Atlantic. However a significant elevated PCB burden was observed in sample W11 (35°S/40°W) due to the input from Rio de la Plata by the Brazil Current gyre. The micro layer again performs a concentration effect resulting in PCB; levels between 2,800 pg/l and 5,000 pg/l. Slightly increased levels at 15°W and 27°W are consistent to CP levels at these positions (Figs. 77-78). The composition of the PCB patterns in seawater and micro layer are very similar and correspond to a mixture of low chlorinated and high chlorinated technical PCB. The increase of highly chlorinated PCB congeners in sample W11 hints to an input from the hydrosphere (Rio de La Plata, Brazil Current gyre). Furthermore other organohalogen compounds of anthropogenic and biogenic origin were also detected and are under further investigation. Fig. 76: HRGC/ECD: Alkyl nitrates in a high volume air sample (Lp2; aliquot 5,800 1) Fig. 77: Level of total-12 PCB in surface seawater Fig. 78: Level of total-12 PCB in surface micro layer 6 SHIP'S METEOROLOGICAL STATION (K. FLECHSENHAR) 6.1 WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 28/1 METEOR left the northeast Brazilian harbor Recife on March 29, 1994, steered south to southeastward doing station operations in coastal waters and reached the position 11°20S/34°W, which is the starting point of the projected WOCE section, on April 4. From this position on it was to steer exactly east, doing all projected station operations on the same latitude. On April 4, the longitude 30°W was crossed. Until April 9, METEOR sailed through the region of weak pressure gradients, which lies between the subtropical South Atlantic high centered at 28°S/5°W and the equatorial low pressure zone. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC) was placed in the western Atlantic just north of the equator and curved eastward up to 15°N over Central Africa. Just south of the equator weak tropical disturbances moved westward, which could be noticed by some short showers near METEOR. Here weak easterly winds were dominating, height of swell 1.5 to 2 m. From April 10 on, the eastsoutheasterly winds increased up to Bft 5, temporarily 6 at the northern parts of the above mentioned high, swell 2 to -3 in. On April 13, 20°W and on April 19, 10°W was passed with east to southeast winds of 4 to 5 Bft and 2.5 m swell. On April 26, the Meridian 0 was crossed with southeast winds of 3 to 4 Bft and a long swell of about 3 in from the southeast. On May 2, METEOR passed the Meridian 10°E. Here the wind veered south to southwest and decreased, caused by a stationary low over the Congo Basin. The swell decreased to 1 m. On May 4, 11°20 S was left at 13°E in the coastal waters of Angola for the first time. Until May 7, METEOR cruised near the coast of Angola doing station operations and then started her voyage down to Walvis Bay, Namibia. In the last part of the voyage the dominating cold up-welling waters caused fog and low clouds. The wind increased too. On May 11, METEOR moored in Walvis Bay. 6.2 WEATHER AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 28/2 METEOR left the harbor of Walvis Bay, Namibia, on May 15, 1994, and sailed first to the position 21°S/10°W, where the station operations started. From this position on they steered west to southwest, doing all the projected station operations, and reached the Hunter Channel area (34°S/28°W) on May 27, where further station and mooring operations were done. Until May 25, the weather was fair, influenced by the stable subtropical South Atlantic high. But a steady 2 to 3 m high swell made the ship roll, specially at the stations, disturbing the participants and causing some lack of sleep. On May 25, a cyclogenetic process occurred near South Brazil, creating a storm centre, which moved eastsoutheast and caused winds Bft 6 to 7. After a rather calm period on May 28/29, another storm cyclone created in the same area, bringing gale Bft 9 with gusts of 11 to the heaving ship on May 30. From May 31 to the 3rd of June, a high was dominating, so the search operations for a trifting sound-producer on May 31/June I could be done under good weather conditions, good sight and clear sky, but with a swell of 2 to 3 m. On June 4, another storm cyclone approached from the Northwest, meeting METEOR at the position 33°S/27°W. After a while of high pressure influence with fair weather, METEOR reached the position 40°S/35°W on June 7. There the ship found itself at the edge of a large storm cyclone with centre between the Falkland Islands/Malvinas and the South Sandwich Islands. Here the wind increased to Bft 7 to 8, becoming 4 to 6 later, and the swell increased up to 4 m, causing heavy pitching and rolling. From June 6 on, the influence of a large high over Argentina was to be noticed by stable weather and a rather cool and steady southwest to west wind. This high moved gradually eastward. So from June 10 on, METEOR met winds (Bft 6 to 7) from ahead. On June 12, the wind became weak, on June 13, they arrived at the Rio de la Plata with moderate winds from southeast to east and a rainy weather. On June 14, METEOR moored in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 7 LISTS 7.1 LEG M 28/1 7.1.1 LIST OF STATIONS Station Date Time Device Activity Length Speed Winch Latitude Longitude No. of wire --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Station # 164 29.03.94 UTC-3 GEK z/W, Schiff ADCP 08°07.5S 34°16.6W 17.30 (Kontinuierliches Messen mit ADCP; GEK - Messungen zwischen den einzelnen Stationen) Station # 165 23.12 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4648m W 03 08°16.9S 33°28.0W 30.03.94 01.52 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 08°16.5S 33°27.4W 02.05 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 991m W 02 08°16.5S 33°27.4W 02.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 08°16.5S 33°27.4W 02.55 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 08°16.3S 33°27.3W 03.30 NEUSS a/D 08°14.7S 33°26.2W Station # 166 10.01 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m W 02 08°19.9S 32°29.9W 10.55 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 08°20.0S 32°29.7W 11.10 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4800m W 03 08°19.8S 32°29.9W 12.23 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 08°19.4S 32°29.8W 13.59 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 08°19.1S 32°29.7W 14.32 NEUSS a/D 08°17.5S 32°29.4W Station # 167 21.06 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4079m W 03 09°15.1S 33°00.0W 23.37 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 09°14.8S 32°59.9W 23.58 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m W 02 09°14.9S 33°00.0W 31.03.94 00.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 09°14.9S 33°00.0W 00.58 MSN z/W SL 400m V=2.3 Kn W 09 09°14.7S 32°59.9W 02.00 MSN a/D 09°11.2S 32°59.6W 01.18 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 09°13.4S 32°59.8W 01.44 NEUSS a/D 09°11.9S 32°59.7W Station # 168 08.52 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m W 02 10°15.1S 33°30.1W 09.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°15.1S 33°29.9W 10.00 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4801m W 03 10°15.0S 33°30.0W 12.46 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°15.3S 33°29.3W 13.01 MSN z/W SL 70m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°14.9S 33°29.3W 13.22 MSN a/D 10°14.1S 33°29.3W 13.04 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°14.8S 33°29.3W 13.36 NEUSS a/D 10°13.6S 33°29.2W 14.07 MSN z/W SL 375m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°13.2S 33°28.8W 14.53 MSN a/D 10°11.6S 33°28.3W Wetter: SE 4 See 2 1012.7hPa c L 27.7°W 28.9 Station # 169 01.04.94 14.22 CTD/R o/WS/ADCP z/W SL 80m W 02 10°03.6S 35°45.1W 14.29 CTD/R o/WS/ADCP a/D 10°03.6S 35°45.0W 14.37 CTD/R o/WS z/W SL 187m W 03 10°03.6S 35°44.9W 15.05 CTD/R o/WS a/D 10°03.6S 35°44.9W 15.09 MSN z/W SL 127m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°03.5S 35°44.9W 15.30 MSN a/D 10°02.8S 35°44.7W 15.12 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°03.3S 35°44.8W 15.42 NEUSS a/D 10°02.2S 35°44.4W Station # 170 16.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 499m W 02 10°06.2S 35°42.5W 17.06 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°05.9S 35°42.4W 17.28 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 763m W 03 10°06.2S 35°42.5W 18.51 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°05.1S 35°41.9W 18.58 MSN z/W SL 342m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°05.0S 35°41.8W 19.45 MSN a/D 10°02.9S 35°41.2W 19.03 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°04.8S 35°41.8W 19.33 NEUSS a/D 10°03.3S 35°41.4W Station # 171 21.00 MSN z/W SL 280m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°12.7S 35°38.3W 21.42 MSN a/D 10°11.0S 35°37.7W 21.04 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°12.8S 35°38.1W 21.33 NEUSS a/D 10°11.4S 35°37.8W 22.03 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m W 02 10°10.2S 35°36.9W 22.45 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°09.7S 35°36.5W 23.09 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2196m W 03 10°10.2S 35°37.0W 02.04.94 01.07 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°09.2S 35°36.0W Station # 172 02.03 MSN z/W SL 331m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°15.8S 35°33.6W 02.50 MSN a/D 10°14.0S 35°32.6W 02.10 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°15.4S 35°33.4W 02.50 NEUSS a/D 10°14.0S 35°32.6W 03.04 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1001m W 02 10°14.2S 35°32.5W 03.52 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°13.7S 35°32.0W 04.20 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2635m W 03 10°14.2S 35°32.5W 07.06 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°12.5S 35°31.4W Station # 173 08.08 MSN z/W SL 391m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°19.8S 35°27.0W 08.54 MSN a/D 10°17.5S 35°26.6W 08.13 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°19.6S 35°27.0W 08.43 NEUSS a/D 10°18.0S 35°26.8W 09.14 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1002m W 02 10°18.0S 35°26.4W 10.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°17.1S 35°28.8W 10.44 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3036m W 03 10°17.9S 35°26.5W 13.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°16.4S 35°26.0W Station # 174 14.10 MSN z/W SL 358m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°24.7S 35°21.6W 14.58 MSN a/D 10°22.8S 35°21.3W 14.17 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°24.3S 35°21.5W 14.49 NEUSS a/D 10°22.8S 35°21.3W 15.16 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1008m W 02 10°23.0S 35°20.0W 16.11 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°22.4S 35°19.8W 16.36 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3294m W 03 10°23.0S 35°20.0W 19.15 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°21.9S 35°19.7W Station # 175 20.32 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1002m W 02 10°28.2S 35°12.5W 21.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°27.6S 35°11.9W 22.12 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3713m W 03 10°28.0S 35°12.6W 03.04.94 00.47 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°26.7S 35°11.8W 00.51 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°26.5S 35°11.7W 01.24 NEUSS a/D 10°25.0S 35°11.5W Station # 176 02.48 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1004m W 02 10°34.5S 35°04.0W 03.44 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°34.4S 35°03.6W 04.07 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3975m W 02 10°34.5S 35°04.1W 06.56 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°33.4S 35°03.7W 07.00 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°33.1S 35°03.5W 07.33 NEUSS a/D 10°31.8S 35°02.9W Wetter: El 4 See 2 c 1013.OhPa L 27.6ø W 28.8ø Station # 177 08.54 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1011m W 02 10°39.9S 34°56.0W 09.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°39-6S 34°56.0W 10.11 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4051m W 03 10°39.9S 34°56.0W 12.47 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°38.8S 34°55.8W 12.54 MSN z/W SL 446m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°38.5S 34°55.9W 13.46 MSN a/D 10°36.6S 34°56.9W 12.57 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°38.4S 34°55.9W 13.27 NEUSS a/D 10°37.1S 34°56.7W Station # 178 15.34 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1004m W 02 10°48.0S 34°44.5W 16.32 CTD/Ro/wS/ADCP a/D 10°47.5S 34°44.5W 16.55 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4312m W 03 10°47.2S 34°44.8W 19.38 CTD/Ro/WS 10°46.5S 34°45.0W 19.48 MSN z/W SL 420m V=2.3 Kn W 09 10°46.1S 34°44.9W 20.35 MSN a/D 10°43.9S 34°44.4W 19.51 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°46.0S 34°44.9W 20.23 NEUSS a/D 10°44.5S 34°44.6W Station # 179 22.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1005m W 02 10°57.0S 34°30.9W 23.55 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 10°56.9S 34°30.9W 04.04.94 00.02 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4468m W 03 10°57.0S 34°30.9W 02.53 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 10°55.7S 34°30.6W 02.57 MSN z/W SL 522m V=2.3 Kn w 09 10°55.5S 34°30.5W 03.51 MSN a/D 10°53.1S 34°29.9W 02.59 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 10°55.4S 34°30.4W 03.32 NEUSS a/D 10°53.8S 34°30.4W Station # 180 06.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 644m W 02 11°08.0S 34°11.0W 07.23 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°07.7S 34°10.9W 07.30 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4571m W 03 11°07.6S 34°10.9W 10.15 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°06.3S 34°10.9W 10.22 MSN z/W SL 445m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°06.2S 34°10.8W 11.08 MSN a/D 11°04.2S 34°09.7W 10.24 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°06.1S 34°10.7W 10.55 NEUSS a/D 11°04.8S 34°10.0W Wetter: El 1/2 See 0 b/c 1011.1hPa L 27.4ø W 28.9ø Station # 181 13.10 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4618m W 03 11°20.0S 34°00.0W 16.09 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.2S 34°00.5W 16.15 MSN z/W SL 466m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.0S 34°00.4W 17.14 MSN a/D 11°16.7S 33°59.3W 16.18 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°18.9S 34°00.4W 16.51 NEUSS a/D 11°17.6S 33°59.8W 21.01 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 1511m 11°19.9S 34°00.0W 22.22 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.8S 34°00.0W Station # 182 05.04.94 01.20 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m W 02 11°20.0S 33°30.0W 02.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 33°30.0W 02.16 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4980m W 03 11°19.9S 33°30.0W 05.34 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.8S 33°29.9W 05.40 MSN z/W SL 453m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.6S 33°29.7W 06.35 MSN a/D 11°17.1S 33°28.8W 05.42 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.5S 33°29.7W 06.15 NEUSS a/D 11°18.0S 33°29.2W Station # 183 09.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 992m W 02 11°20.0S 32°59.9W 10.23 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 32°59.8W 10.27 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4766m W 03 11°20.0S 32°59.8W 13.18 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 32°59.9W 13.22 MSN z/W SL 413m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.7S 32°59.8W 14.05 MSN a/D 11°18.1S 32°58.8W 13.24 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.6S 32°59.8W 13.55 NEUSS a/D 11°18.4S 32°59.1W Station # 184 16.52 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4850m W 02 11°20.0S 32°30.0W 18.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.7S 32°30.2W 18.05 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4889m WT 4884m W 03 11°19.3S 32°30.3W 20.58 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°18.9S 32°30.3W 21.05 MSN z/W SL 458m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°18.6S 32°30.2W 21.57 MSN a/D V=2.3 Kn 11°18.6S 32°30.1W 21.40 NEUSS a/D 11°17.3S 32°29.4W Station # 185 06.04.94 00.44 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 5060m W 02 11°20.0S 32°00.0W 01.43 CTD/Ro/Ws/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 32°00.0W 01.47 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5067m WT 5060m W 03 11°20.0S 32°00.0W 04.58 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 31°59.6W 05.05 MSN z/W SL 466m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 31°59.5W 06.05 MSN a/D 11°17.3S 31°58.3W 05.07 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 31°59.4W 05.40 NEUSS a/D 11°18.3S 31°58.8W Station # 186 09.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 5220m W 02 11°20.0S 31°19.9W 10.44 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.7S 31°20.0W 10.49 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5256m WT 5220m W 03 11°19.6S 31°20.0W 13.57 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.3S 31°20.0W 14.02 MSN z/W SL 459m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.1S 31°19.9W 14.54 MSN a/D 11°17.2S 31°18.7W 14.02 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.1S 31°19.9W 14.36 NEUSS a/D 11°17.9S 31°19.1W Wetter: E'l 1/2 S 0 b/C 1010.6hPa L 27.1ø W 28.7ø Station # 187 18.55 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 5296m W 02 11°20.0S 30°40.0W 20.02 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 30°40.0W 20.09 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5327m WT 5296m W 03 11°20.0S 30°40.0W 23.05 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 30°40.0W 23.12 MSN z/W SL 474m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 30°39.8W 00.04 MSN a/D 11°17.2S 30°39.5W 23.16 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 30°39.9W 23.46 NEUSS a/D 11°18.1S 30°39.6W Station # 188 02.05.94 04.10 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 5382m W 02 11°20.0S 30°00.0W 05.22 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.1S 30°00.0W 05.32 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5412m WT 5382m W 03 11°20.1S 29°59.9W 08.33 CTD/RO/WS a/D 11°19.9S 29°59.9W 08.40 MSN z/W SL 491m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 29°59.9W 09.30 MSN a/D 11°17.4S 30°00.0W 08.42 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 29°59.9W 09.14 NEUSS a/D 11°18.1S 29°59.9W Station # 189 13.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 5480m W 02 11°20.0S 29°20.0W 14.39 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 29°20.0W 14.44 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5460m WT 5429m W 03 11°20.0S 29°20.0W 18.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.8S 29°19.8W 18.15 MSN z/W SL 532m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.3S 29°19.7W 19.17 MSN a/D 11°16.2S 29°18.9W 18.17 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.2S 29°19.6W 18.48 NEUSS a/D 11°17.6S 29°19.3W Station # 190 UTC-2 08.04.94 02.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m WT 5467m W 02 11°19.9S 28°40.0W 01.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 28°39.9W 03.10 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5503m WT 5520m W 03 11°19.9S 28°39.9W 04.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 28°39.8W 04.07 MSN z/W SL 534m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.7S 28°39.7W 05.25 MSN a/D 11°16.6S 28°39.0W 04.09 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.6S 28°39.7W 05.01 NEUSS a/D 11°17.8S 28°39.4W Station # 191 09.23 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5488m W 02 11°20.0S 28°00.0W 10.14 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 28°00.0W 10.19 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5526m WT 5489m W 03 11°20.0S 28°00.0W 13.23 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 28°00.0W Station # 192 17.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 5509m W 02 11°20.0S 27°20.0W 19.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 27°20.0W 19.04 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 650m WT 5510m W 03 11°20.0S 27°20.0W 19.50 CTD/Ro/WS a/D Messung abgebrochen, Winde defekt) 20.10 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5549m WT 5566m W 02 11°20.0S 27°20.0W 09.04.94 00.44 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 27°20.0W 00.48 MSN z/W SL 468m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 27°20.1W 01.42 MSN a/D 11°17.7S 27°19.2W 00.51 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 27°20.0W 01.23 NEUSS a/D 11°18.4S 27°19.5W Station # 193 05.50 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5581m WT 5537m W 02 11°20.0S 26°40.0W 09.12 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 26°40.0W 09.30 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5537m W 02 11°20.0S 26°40.0W 10.29 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 26°40.0W Wetter: SE'I 5 See 2 c 1013.0hPa L 27.0ø W 27.8ø Station # 194 15.16 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 5678m W 02 11°20.0S 26°00.0W 16.16 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 26°00.0W 16.22 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5607m WT 5601m W 10/12 11°20.0S 26°00.0W 20.10 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 26°00.0W 20.23 MSN z/W SL 622m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 25°59.8W 21.26 MSN a/D 11°17.2S 25°57.1W 20.23 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 25°59.7W 20.55 NEUSS a/D 11°18.6S 250583W Station # 195 10.04.94 01.32 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 998m WT 5702m W 02 11°20.0S 25°20.0W 02.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 25°20.0W 02.34 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5625m WT 5680m W 10/12 11°19.9S 25°20.0W 06.30 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 25°20.0W Station # 196 10.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 5399m W 02 11°10.0S 24°40.0W 11.44 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 24°40.0W 11.52 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5403m WT 5399m W 10/12 11°20.0S 24°40.0W 15.02 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 24°40.0W Station # 197 19.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m WT 4954m W 02 11°20.0S 24°00.0W 20.37 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 24°00.0W 20.56 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4931m WT 4928m W 10/12 11°10.0S 23°59.9W 11.04.94 00.12 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 24°00.0W 00.19 MSN z/W SL 410m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 24°00.0W 01.10 MSN a/D 11°17.8S 23°58.8W 00.22 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 23°59.9W 00.54 NEUSS a/D 11°18.5S 23°59.2W Station # 198 05.22 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m WT 5448m W 02 11°20.0S 23°20.0W 06.26 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 23°20.0W 06.34 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5453m WT 5459m W 10/12 11°20.0S 23°20.0W 10.07 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 23°20.0W 10.14 MSN z/W SL 569m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 23°19.9W 11.13 MSN a/D 11°17.5S 23°17.7W 10.46 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 23°19.8W 10.48 NEUSS a/D 11°18.5S 23°18.7W Station # 199 15.36 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1001m WT 5228m W 02 11°10.0S 22°40.0W 16.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 22°40.0W 16.48 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5140m WT 5240m W 10/12 11°20.0S 22°40.0W 20.19 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 22°40.0W Station # 200 12.04.94 00.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 4888m W 02 11°20.0S 22°00.0W 01.48 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.1S 22°00.0W 01.52 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4841m WT 4883m W 10/12 11°20.1S 22°00.0W 05.35 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.2S 21°59.7W Station # 201 08.51 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m WT 4979m W 02 11°20.0S 21°30.0W 09.47 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 21°30.0W 09.55 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4905m WT 4989m W 10/12 11°20.2S 21°30.0W 13.31 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 21°30.0W 13.37 MSN z/W SL 418m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 21°29.9W 14.28 MSN a/D 11°17.8S 21°29.6W 13.40 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 21°29.9W 14.11 NEUSS a/D 11°18.5S 21°29.7W Station # 202 17.29 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 992m WT 4916m W 02 11°20.0S 20°59.9W 18.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 21°00.0W 18.50 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4851m WT 4869m W 10/12 11°20.0S 21 °00.0W 22.23 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 21 °00.0W Station # 203 13.04.94 01.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 5039m W 02 11°20.0S 20°30.0W 02.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 20°29.9W 02.46 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4977m WT 5023m W 10/12 11°20.0S 20°29.9W 07.03 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 20°30.0W 07.12 MSN z/W SL 487m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 20°29.9W 08.05 MSN a/D 11°18.1S 20°28.3W 07.15 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.9S 20°29.9W 07.45 NEUSS a/D 11°18.8S 20°29.0W Station # 204 11.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 4753m W 02 11°20.0S 20°00.0W 12.07 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 20°00.0W Wetter E 4/5 See 2 c 1012.9hPa L 26.4ø W 27.5ø 12.18 Test mit Dummy SL 4415m WT 4710m W 03 11°20.0S 20°00.0W 14.48 Dummy a/D 11°19.9S 20°00.0W 14.54 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4713m WT 4751m W 03 11°19.9S 20°00.0W 18.15 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 19°59.9W 18.25 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°19.8S 19°59.7W Station # 205 21.32 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 4837m W 02 11°20.0S 19°30.0W 22.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 19°30.0W 22.39 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4743m WT 4796m W 03 11°20.0S 19°30.0W 14.04.94 01.39 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 19°29.9W 01.46 MSN z/W SL 485m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 19°29.9W 02.43 MSN a/D 11°17.2S 19°29.3W 01.49 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 19°29.8W 02.20 NEUSS a/D 11°18.1S 19°29.5W Station # 206 05.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1001m WT 4573m W 02 11°10.0S 19°00.0W 06.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 19°00.0W 06.50 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4542m WT 4565m W 03 11°20.0S 19°00.0W 09.47 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 18°59.9W 09.54 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.1S 18°59.8W Station # 207 12.48 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4115m W 02 11°20.0S 18°30.0W 13.45 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.1S 18°29.9W 13.54 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4083m WT 4114m W 03 11°20.0S 18°30.0W 16.40 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 18°29.8W Station # 208 19.30 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 4411m W 02 11°20.0S 18°00.0W 20.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 18°00.0W 20.34 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4326m WT 4417m W 03 11°20.0S 18°00.0W 23.55 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 17°59.8W UTC-1 15.04.94 00.00 MSN z/W V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 17°59.6W 00.45 MSN a/D 11°18.6S 17°57.6W 00.05 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.9S 17°59.5W 00.35 NEUSS a/D 11°18.9S 17°58.0W Station # 209 04.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 193m WT 3733m W 02 11°20.0S 17°30.0W 04.20 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 17°30.0W 04.25 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3724m WT 3743m W 03 11°20.0S 17°30.0W 07.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 17°29.9W 07.08 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.0S 17°29.8W Station # 210 10.05 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1018m WT 4265m W 02 11°20.0S 17°00.0W 10.53 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 17°00.0W 10.58 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3236m WT 4259m W 03 11°19.9S 17°00.0W 13.32 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 16°59.9W 13.38 MSN z/W SL 62m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 16°59.8W 13.42 MSN a/D (Kabelbruch im Gerdt) 11°19.7S 16°59.6W 13.41 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 16°59.7W 14.15 NEUSS a/D 11°18.4S 16°59.1W Station # 211 16.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4164m W 02 11°20.0S 16°35.0W 17.36 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 16°35.0W 17.43 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4120m WT 4148m W 03 11°20.0S 16°35.0W 20.25 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 16°35.0W 20.32 MSN z/W SL 581m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 16°34.9W 21.35 MSN a/D 11°16.5S 16°34.4W Station # 212 16.04.94 00.08 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 115m WT 3843m W 02 11°20.0S 16°10.0W 00.17 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 16°10.0W 00.19 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 3843m W 02 11°20.0S 16°10.0W 01.13 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 16°10.0W 01.17 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3743m WT 3819m W 03 11°20.0S 16°09.9W 04.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 16°10.0W Station # 213 06.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 3470m W 02 11°20.0S 15°45.0W 07.29 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 15°45.0W 07.34 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3434m WT 3472m W 03 11°20.0S 15°45.0W 09.45 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 15°45.0W 09.51 MSN z/W SL 486m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 15°44.9W 10.47 MSN a/D 11°17.4S 15°43.3W 09.54 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 15°44.8W 10.26 NEUSS a/D 11°18.3S 15°43.9W 10.54 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°17.2S 15°43.1W Wetter: E'l 5 See 2 c 1014.7hPa L 26.7ø W 26.3ø Station # 214 13.21 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 3476m W 02 11°20.0S 15°20.0W 14.18 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 15°20.0W 14.22 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3488m WT 3476m W 03 11°20.0S 15°20.0W 16.50 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 15°19.9W Station # 215 19.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 3269m W 02 11°20.0S 14°55.0W 20.19 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 14°55.0W 20.24 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3252m WT 3270m W 03 11°20.0S 14°55.0W 22.28 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 14°55.0W 22.35 MSN z/W SL 478m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 14°54.9W 23.40 MSN a/D 11°17.1S 14°53.4W 22.38 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 14°54.8W 23.09 NEUSS a/D 11°18.4S 14°54.1W Station # 216 17.04.94 02.02 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 3075m W 02 11°20.0S 14°30.0W 02.58 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 14°30.0W 03.02 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3014m WT 3047m W 03 11°20.0S 14°30.0W 05.20 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 14°29.9W Station # 217 07.45 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1061m WT 2935m W 02 11°20.0S 14°05.0W 08.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 14°05.0W 08.44 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2926m WT 2947m W 03 11°20.0S 14°05.0W 10.44 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 14°05.0W Station # 218 13.27 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 2937m W 02 11°20.0S 13°40.0W 14.21 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 13°40.0W 14.24 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2950m WT 2976m W 03 11°20.0S 13°40.0W 16.34 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 13°39.8W 16.40 MSN z/W SL 582m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 13°39.7W 17.40 MSN a/D 11°17.7S 13°37.6W 16.45 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 13°39.5W 17.19 NEUSS a/D 11°18.4S 13°38.2W Station # 219 20.05 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1001m WT 2535m W 02 11°20.0S 13°15.0W 20.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 13°15.0W 20.52 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2524m WT 2534m W 03 11°20.0S 13°15.0W 22.44 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 13°15.0W Station # 220 18.04.94 01.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 2863m W 02 11°20.0S 12°50.0W 02.16 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°50.1W 02.20 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2865m WT 2863m W 03 11°20.0S 12°50.0W 04.34 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°50.0W Station # 221 07.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 3398m W 02 11°20.0S 12°25.0W 08.06 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 12°25.0W 08.10 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3363m WT 3436m W 02 11°20.0S 12°25.0W 10.22 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°25.0W 10.29 MSN z/W SL 672m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 12°24.9W 11.31 MSN a/D 11°17.5S 12°22.5W 10.31 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 12°24.8W 11.03 NEUSS a/D 11°18.5S 12°23.5W Station # 222 13.53 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1004m WT 3604m W 02 11°20.0S 12°00.0W 14.46 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.1S 12°00.0W 14.49 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3579m WT 3602m W 03 11°20.1S 12°00.0W 17.41 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°00.0W Station # 223 20.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 3363m W 02 11°20.0S 11°30.0W 21.37 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 11°30.0W 21.41 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3347m WT 3357m W 03 11°20.0S 11°30.0W 23.53 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°19.9S 11°30.0W Station # 224 19.04.94 03.06 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1003m WT 3826m W 02 11°20.0S 11°00.0W 04.04 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 11°00.0W 04.10 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3771m WT 3848m W 03 11°20.0S 11°00.0W 06.56 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 11°00.0W 07.03 MSN z/W SL 502m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 10°59.9W 08.00 MSN a/D 11°18.0S 10°58.2W 07.06 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 10°59.8W 07.36 NEUSS a/D 11°18.6S 10°58.8W Station # 225 11.08 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 4373m W 02 11°20.0S 10°30.0W 12.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 10°30.0W 12.02 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4364m WT 4373m W 03 11°20.0S 10°30.0W 14.49 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 10°30.0W Station # 226 18.05 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4065m W 02 11°20.0S 10°00.0W 19.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 10°00.0W 19.20 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4054m WT 4070m W 03 11°20.0S 10°00.0W 21.50 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 10°00.0W Station # 227 20.04.94 00.47 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4040m W 02 11°20.0S 09°30.0W 01.57 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 09°30.0W 02.00 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4026m WT 4054m W 03 11°20.0S 09°30.0W 04.49 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 09°30.0W 04.56 MSN z/W SL 499m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 09°29.9W 05.50 MSN a/D 11°18.2S 09°27.9W 04.58 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 09°29.8W 05.32 NEUSS a/D 11°18.7S 09°28.6W Station # 228 08.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1002m WT 4211m W 02 11°20.0S 09°00.0W 09.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 09°00.0W 09.47 CTD/RO/WS z/W SL 4227m WT 4221m W 03 11°20.0S 09°00.0W 12.28 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 09°00.0W Wetter: SE 5 See 2 c 101 1.3hPa L 25.4ø W 26.5ø 15.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 4635m W 02 11°20.0S 08°30.0W 16.46 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 08°29.9W 21.01 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4535m WT 4647m W 03 11°20.0S 08°30.0W 24.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 08°30.0W Station # 230 21.04.94 03.06 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4553m W 02 11°20.0S 08°00.0W 04.18 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 08°00.0W 04.22 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4514m WT 4553m W 03 11°20.0S 08°00.0W 07.21 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 08°00.0W 07.27 MSN z/W SL 510m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 07°59.8W 08.20 MSN a/D 11°17.8S 07°58.0W 07.30 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 07°59.7W 08.00 NEUSS a/D 11°18.5S 07°58.8W Station # 231 11.24 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4464m W 02 11°20.0S 07°30.0W 12.22 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 07°30.0W 12.25 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4439m WT 4452m W 03 11°20.0S 07°30.0W 15.07 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 07°30.0W Station # 232 18.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 4999m W 02 11°20.0S 07°00.0W 19.26 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 07°00.0W 19.32 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4283m WT 4304m W 03 11°20.0S 07°00.0W 22.53 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 07°00.0W 22.59 MSN z/W SL 497m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 06°59.9W 23.54 MSN a/D 11°17.6S 06°58.7W 23.12 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.7S 06°59.9W 23.34 NEUSS a/D 11°18.3S 06°59.1W Station # 233 UTC 0 22.04.94 03.24 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 998m WT 4479m W 02 11°20.0S 06°30.0W 04.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 06°30.0W 04.35 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4469m WT 4477m W 03 11°20.0S 06°30.0W 07.31 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 06°30.0W Station # 234 10.38 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 998m WT 4514m W 02 11°20.0S 06°00.0W 11.26 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 06°00.0W 11.33 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4505m WT 4504m W 03 11°20.0S 06°00.0W 14.25 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 06°00.0W Station # 235 17.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 5002m W 02 11°20.0S 05°30.0W 18.37 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 05°30.0W 18.44 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5009m WT 5001m W 03 11°20.0S 05°30.0W 21.37 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 05°30.0W 21.45 MSN z/W SL 613m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.8S 05°29.8W 22.47 MSN a/D 11°17.7S 05°27.0W 21.48 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 05°29.7W 22.18 NEUSS a/D 11°18.7S 05°28.2W Station # 236 23.04.94 01.38 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1007m WT 4145m W 02 11°20.0S 05°00.0W 02.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 05°00.0W 02.41 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4131m WT 4166m W 03 11°20.0S 05°00.0W 05.32 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 05°00.0W Station # 237 08.37 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 5057m W 02 11°20.0S 04°30.0W 09.32 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 04°30.0W 09.37 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5061m WT 5062m W 03 11°19.9S 04°30.0W 12.46 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 04°30.0W Wetter: SSE 5 See 2 c 1015.51lPa L 24.7ø W 25.9ø Station # 238 16.48 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 4552m W 02 11°20.0S 04°00.0W 17.53 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 04°00.0W 17.58 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4528m WT 4554m W 03 11°20.0S 04°00.0W 20.49 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 03°59.9W 20.58 MSN z/W SL 585m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 03°59.5W 21.31 MSN a/D 11°18.8S 03°56.1W 21.00 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 03°59.4W 21.31 NEUSS a/D 11°19.3S 03°57.7W Station # 239 24.04.94 00.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 4762m W 02 11°20.0S 03°30.0W 01.38 CTD/ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 03°30.0W 01.41 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4770m WT 4762m W 03 11°20.0S 03°30.0W 04.49 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 03°30.0W Station # 240 07.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1002m WT 4650m W 02 11°20.0S 03°00.0W 08.47 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 03°00.0W 08.52 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4645m WT 4652m W 03 11°20.0S 03°00.0W 11.40 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 02°59.9W 11.46 MSN z/W SL 447m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 02°59.8W 12.37 MSN a/D 11°19.3S 02°57.6W 11.48 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.9S 02°59.6W 12.20 NEUSS a/D 11°19.5S 02°58.2W Station # 241 15.18 CTD/ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 5210m W 02 11°20.0S 02°30.0W 16.24 CTD/ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 02°29.7W 16.45 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5220m WT 5225m W 03 11°20.0S 02°30.0W 20.03 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 02°30.0W Station # 242 22.52 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m WT 5383m W 02 11°20.0S 02°00.0W 23.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°19.9S 01°59.7W 25.04.94 00.15 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5381m WT 5382m W 03 11°20.0S 01°59.9W 03.41 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 02°00.0W 03.46 MSN z/W SL 560m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 01°59.8W 04.40 MSN a/D 11°19.3S 01°56.9W 03.49 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.9S 01°59.6W 04.20 NEUSS a/D 11°19.5S 01°58.0W Station # 243 07.11 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 5211m W 02 11°20.0S 01°30.0W 08.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 01°30.0W 08.17 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5216m WT 5219m W 03 11°20.0S 01°29.8W 11.19 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 01°29.9W Station # 244 14.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1014m WT 5326m W 02 11°20.0S 01°00.0W 15.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 01°00.0W 15.15 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5327m WT 5322m W 03 11°20.0S 01°00.0W 18.37 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 01°00.0W Station # 245 20.18 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 4798m W 02 11°20.0S 00°45.0W 21.04 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 00°45.0W 21.09 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4720m WT 4780m W 03 11°20.0S 00°45.0W 23.53 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 00°45.0W 26.04.94 00.00 MSN z/W SL 455m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.0S 00°44.8W 00.53 MSN a/D 11°20.0S 00°42.3W 00.05 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.1S 00°44.5W 00.36 NEUSS a/D 11°20.1S 00°43.1W Station # 246 02.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4930m W 02 11°20.0S 00°30.0W 03.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 00°30.0W 03.16 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4916m WT 4930m W 03 11°20.0S 00°30.0W 06.30 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 00°30.0W 06.35 MSN z/W SL 572m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 00°29.8W 07.37 MSN a/D 11°18.0S 00°27.6W 06.38 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 00°29.7W 07.10 NEUSS a/D 11°18.7S 00°28.5W Station # 247 08.59 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 5462m W 02 11°20.0S 00°15.0W 09.47 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.1S 00°15.0W 09.51 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5469m WT 5473m W 03 11°20.1S 00°15.0W 13.06 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.2S 00°14.9W 13.13 MSN ZIW SL 471m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.2S 00°14.7W 14.00 MSN a/D 11°19.9S 00°12.4W 13.16 NEUSS ZIW V=2.3 Kn 11°20.1S 00°14.5W 13.48 NEUSS a/D 11°20.0S 00°13.1W Station # 248 15.35 CTD/RO/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 5701m W 02 11°20.0S 00°00.1W 16.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 00°00.0 16.44 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5697m WT 5694m W 03 11°20.0S 00°00.0 20.41 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 00°00.0 Station # 249 27.04.94 00.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 5605m WT 5608m W 02 11°20.0S 00°40.0E 04.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 00°40.0E 0433 MSN z/W SL 480m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 00°40.3E 05.22 MSN a/D 11°18.9S 00°42.6E 04.36 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.9S 00°40.4E 05.07 NEUSS a/D 11°19.2S 00°42.0E Station # 250 09.03 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1094m WT 5590m W 02 11°20.0S 01°20.0E 10.02 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 01°20.0E 10.06 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5590m WT 5627m W 03 11°20.0S 01°19.9E 13.23 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 01°20.0E 13.31 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°19.9S 01°20.0E Station # 251 19.20 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 5621m W 02 11°20.0S 02°00.0E 20.21 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 02°00.0E 20.25 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5589m WT 5574m W 03 11°20.0S 02°00.0E 23.48 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 02°00.0W 23.57 MSN z/W SL 525m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 02°00.0E 28.04.94 00.51 MSN a/D 11°18.2S 02°02.0E 00.01 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 02°00.0E 00.31 NEUSS a/D 11°18.8S 02°01.4E Station # 252 04.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 5570m W 02 11°20.0S 02°40.0E 05.55 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 02°40.0E 06.01 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5585m WT 5572m W 03 11°20.0S 02°40.0E 09.17 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 02°40.0E 09.24 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.0S 02°40.0E Station # 253 13.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5558m W 02 11°20.0S 03°20.0E 14.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 03°20.0E 14.32 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5588m WT 5566m W 03 11°20.0S 03°20.0E 18.08 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 03°20.0E 18.13 MSN z/W SL 512m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 03°20.2E 19.08 MSN a/D 11°18.6S 03°22.5E 18.16 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 03°20.3E 18.46 NEUSS a/D 11°19.0S 03°21.5E Station # 254 23.03 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1094m WT 5554m W 02 11°20.0S 04°00.0E UTC+1 29.04.94 01.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 04°00.0E 01.05 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5573m WT 5556m W 03 11°20.0S 04°00.0E 04.52 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 04°00.0E 05.00 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.2S 04°00.1E Station # 255 09.01 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5596m W 02 11°20.0S 04°40.0E 09.56 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 04°40.0E 10.00 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5560m WT 5590m W 03 11°20.0S 04°40.0E 13.17 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 04°39.9E 13.22 MSN z/W SL 470m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.1S 04°40.1E 14.13 MSN a/D 11°19.4S 04°42.5E 13.26 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.0S 04°40.3E 13.57 NEUSS a/D 11°19.6S 04°41.8E Wetter: S 4 See 2 c 1013.2hPa L 24.1ø W 25.5ø Station # 256 18.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5452m W 02 11°20.0S 05°20.0E 19.02 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 05°20.0E 19.08 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5403m WT 5452m W 03 11°20.0S 05°20.0E 22.10 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 05°20.0E 22.17 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.1S 05°20.1E Station # 257 02.15 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5190m W 03 11°20.0S 06°00.0E 03.11 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 06°00.0E 03.14 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5137m WT 5185m W 02 11°20.0S 06°00.0E 06.28 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 06°00.0E 06.31 MSN z/W SL 469m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.1S 06°00.1E 07.20 MSN a/D 11°20.0S 06°02.6E 06.35 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.0S 06°00.3E 07.06 NEUSS a/D 11°20.0S 06°01.9E Station # 258 10.55 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5228m WT 5256m W 03 11°20.0S 06°40.0E 14.08 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 06°40.0E 14.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1014m WT 5256m W 02 11°20.0S 06°40.0E 15.14 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 06°40.0E 15.19 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5217m WT 5259m W 03 11°20.0S 06°40.0E 18.34 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 06°40.0E Station # 259 22.33 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 5060m W 02 11°20.0S 07°20.0E 23.32 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 07°20.0E 23.36 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 5029m WT 5055m W 03 11°20.0S 07°19.9E 01.05.94 02.37 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 07°20.0E 02.43 MSN z/W SL 499m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 07°20.0E 03.35 MSN a/D 11°20.7S 07°22.9E 02.46 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.0S 07°20.3E 03.18 NEUSS a/D 11°20.5S 07°22.0E Station # 260 07.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 4864m W 02 11°20.0S 08°00.0E 08.10 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 08°00.0E 08.13 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4834m WT 4860m W 03 11°20.0S 08°00.0E 11.25 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 08°00.0E Wetter: SSE 3 See 1 c 1013.8hPa L 23.9ø W 26.8ø Station # 261 14.30 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4787m W 02 11°20.0S 08°30.0E 15.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 08°30.0E 15.31 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4775m WT 4786m W 03 11°20.0S 08°30.0E 18.32 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 08°30.0E 18.37 MSN z/W SL 525m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.0S 08°30.0E 19.32 MSN a/D 11°20.6S 08°32.8E 18.41 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.0S 08°30.3E 19.14 NEUSS a/D 11°20.4S 08°31.9E Station # 262 22.06 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 4589m W 02 11°20.0S 09°00.0E 22.56 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 08°59.9E 23.00 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4578m WT 4586m W 03 11°20.0S 09°00.0E 02.05.94 01.41 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 09°00.0E Station # 263 04.35 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 4406m W 02 11°20.0S 09°30.0E 05.38 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 09°30.0E 05.47 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4380m WT 4408m W 03 11°20.0S 09°30.0E 08.30 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 09°30.0E 08.39 MSN z/W SL 588m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.0S 09°30.2E 09.40 MSN a/D 11°20.0S 09°33.8E 08.41 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.0S 09°30.0E 09.13 NEUSS a/D 11°20.0S 09°32.1E Station # 264 12.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCO z/W SL 1007m WT 4153m W 02 11°20.0S 10°00.0E 12.57 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 10°00.0E 12.59 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4141m WT 4150m W 03 11°20.0S 10°00.0E 15.37 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 10°00.0E 15.44 MSN z/W SL 551m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.1S 09°59.9E 16.46 MSN a/D 11°22.4S 10°02.6E 15.47 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.2S 09°59.9E 16.20 NEUSS a/D 11°21.5S 10°01.6E Station # 265 18.48 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 999m WT 4069m W 02 11°20.0S 10°25.0E 19.54 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 10°25.0E 20.00 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 4039m WT 4063m W 03 11°20.0S 10°25.0E 22.25 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 10°25.0E Station # 266 03.05.94 00.46 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 996m WT 3861m W 02 11°20.0S 10°50.0E 01.45 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 10°50.0E 01.48 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3844m WT 3865m W 03 11°20.0S 10°50.0E 04.25 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 10°50.0E Station # 267 06.45 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 3666m W 02 11°20.0S 11°15.0E 07.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 11°15.0E 07.50 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3678m WT 3665m W 03 11°20.0S 11°15.0E 10.15 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 11°15.0E Station # 268 12.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1007m WT 3345m W 02 11°20.0S 11°40.0E 13.36 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 11°40.0E 13.39 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 3324m WT 3335m W 03 11°20.0S 11°40.0E 16.00 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.1S 11°40.0E Station # 269 17.55 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 2654m W 02 11°20.0S 12°00.0E 18.47 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°00.0E 18.51 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2638m WT 2654m W 03 11°20.0S 12°00.0E 20.41 CTD/Ro/Ws a/D 11°20.0S 12°00.0E Station # 270 22.44 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 2303m WT 2334m W 03 11°20.1S 12°20.0E 04.05.94 00.28 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°19.9E 00.42 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1286m WT 2335m W 02 11°20.1S 12°20.0E 01.38 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°20.0E Station # 271 02.46 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1001m WT 1728m W 02 11°20.0S 12°30.0E 03.26 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°30.0E 03.30 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 1701m WT 1739m W 03 11°20.0S 12°30.0E 05.02 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°30.0E Station # 272 06.08 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 1616m W 02 11°20.0S 12°40.0E 07.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°40.0E 07.03 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 1589m WT 1613m W 03 11°20.0S 12°40.0E 08.23 CTD/Ro/WS 11°20.0S 12°40.0E Station # 273 09.37 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 1004m WT 1519m W 02 11°20.0S 12°50.0E 10.21 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°50.0E 10.25 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 1491m WT 1520m W 03 11°20.0S 12°50.0E 11.42 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°50.0E Wetter: Umlfd. 1 See 0 c 1014.2hPa L 26.9ø W 28.0ø Station # 274 12.36 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 1277m W 02 11°20.0S 12°57.0E 13.19 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 12°57.0E 13.22 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 1249m WT 1276m W 03 11°20.0S 12°57.0E 14.27 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 12°57.0E Station # 275 16.36 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 1375m W 03 11°00.0S 12°50.0E 17.36 CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP a/D 11°00.0S 12°50.0E Station # 276 19.31 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 997m WT 1552m W 03 11°00.0S 12°30.0E 20.25 CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP a/D 11°00.0S 12°30.0E Station # 277 23.25 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 2476m W 03 11°00.0S 12°00.0E 05.05.94 00.10 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°00.1S 12°00.0E Station # 278 03.14 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 3401m W 03 11°00.0S 11°30.0E 04.00 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°00.0S 11°30.0E Station # 279 06.54 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 3855m W 03 11°00.0S 11°00.0E 07.45 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°00.0S 11°00.0E Station # 280 10.47 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 4057m W 03 11°00.0S 10°30.1E 11.33 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°00.0S 10°30.1E Station # 281 15.39 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 3558m W 03 11°40.0S 00°30.0E 16.23 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°40.0S 10°30.0E Station # 282 19.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 3690m W 03 11°40.0S 11°00.0E 20.34 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°40.0S 11°59.9E 20.46 MSN z/W SL 599m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°40.2S 10°59.9E 21.42 MSN a/D 11°42.7S 11°01.7E 20.49 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°40.3S 11°00.0E 21.20 NEUSS a/D 11°41.8S 11°09.0E Station # 283 06.05.94 00.23 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 994m WT 3520m W 03 11°40.0S 11°30.0E 01.05 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°40.0S 11°30.0E 01.09 MSN z/W SL 564m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°40.1S 11°30.1E 02.00 MSN a/D 11°42.1S 11°31.5E 01.12 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°40.2S 11°30.1E 01.45 NEUSS a/D 11°41.5S 11°31.0E Station # 284 04.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 993m WT 2171m W 03 11°40.0S 12°00.0E 05.38 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°40.1S 12°00.0E 05.46 MSN z/W SL 521m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°40.3S 12°00.2E 06.43 MSN a/D 11°41.7S 12°02.7E 05.49 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°40.4S 12°00.2E 06.21 NEUSS a/D 11°41.2S 12°01.7E Station # 285 09.12 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 1996m W 03 11°40.0S 12°30.0E 09.57 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°40.2S 12°29.9E 10.04 MSN z/W SL 480m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°40.3S 12°29.9E 10.57 MSN a/D 11°42.6S 12°31.1E 10.06 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°40.5S 12°30.0E 10.37 NEUSS a/D 11°41.8S 12°30.7E Station # 286 12.58 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 995m WT 1738m W 03 11°40.0S 12°50.0E 13.43 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°40.0S 12°50.0E 13.47 MSN z/W SL 499m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°40.1S 12°50.1E 14.39 MSN a/D 11°42.4S 12°49.1E 13.50 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°40.2S 12°49.9E 14.22 NEUSS a/D 11°41.6S 12°49.4E Station # 287 17.40 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 924m WT 1038m W 02 11°20.0S 13°05.0E 18.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 13°05.0E 18.34 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 1007m WT 1030m W 03 11°20.0S 13°05.0E 19.45 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 13°05.0E 19.50 MSN z/W SL 516m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.1S 13°05.0E 20.51 MSN a/D 11°22.6S 13°05.7E 19.53 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.2S 13°05.1E 20.25 NEUSS a/D 11°21.6S 13°05.4E Station # 288 21.53 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 800m WT 880m W 02 11°20.0S 13°15.0E 22.28 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 13°15.0E 22.31 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 862m WT 881m W 03 11°20.0S 13°15.0E 23.31 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 13°15.0E 23.37 MSN z/W SL 467m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.1S 13°15.1E 00.29 MSN a/D 11°21.6S 13°16.6E 07.05.94 23.39 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.1S 13°15.2E 00.10 NEUSS a/D 11°21.1S 13°16.1E Station # 289 02.50 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 578m WT 605m W 02 11°20.0S 13°25.0E 03.22 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 13°25.0E 03.25 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 572m WT 601m W 03 11°20.0S 13°25.0E 04.08 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 13°25.0E 04.25 MSN z/W SL 522m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°20.4S 13°25.4E 05.20 MSN a/D 11°20.7S 13°28.2E 04.28 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°20.4S 13°25.5E 04.58 NEUSS a/D 11°20.6S 13°27.0E Station # 290 05.49 CTD/Ro/WS/ADCP z/W SL 148m WT 156m W 02 11°20.0S 13°32.4E 06.03 CTD/Ro/WS7ADCP a/D 11°20.0S 13°32.4E 06.05 CTD/Ro/WS z/W SL 138m WT 159m W 03 11°20.0S 13°32.4E 06.32 CTD/Ro/WS a/D 11°20.0S 13°32.4E 06.58 MSN z/W SL 485m V=2.3 Kn W 09 11°19.9S 13°30.0E 07.50 MSN a/D 11°19.3S 13°32.5E 07.01 NEUSS z/W V=2.3 Kn 11°19.8S 13°30.1E 07.34 NEUSS a/D 11°19.4S 13°31.8E Abbreviations: z/W device into the water a/D device onto the deck SL length of wire 7.1.2 LIST OF XBT DROPS XBT Date Time Latitude Longitude No. -------------------------------------------------------- 31.03.94 22.28 XBT 11°14.1S 34°08.3W 23.57 XBT 11°08.0S 34°16.5W 01.04.94 00.47 XBT 11°02.5S 34°24.1W 01.44 XBT 10°57.0S 34°31.8W 02.35 XBT 10°51.5S 34°39.3W 03.29 XBT 10°46.0S 34°46.8W 04.25 XBT 10°40.0S 34°55.1W 05.25 XBT 10°34.0S 35°03.3W 05.58 XCP 10°31.0S 35°07.5W 06.50 XBT 10°28.0S 35°11.6W 07.22 XCP 10°26.0S 35°14.4W 07.58 XBT 10°24.0S 35°17.1W 08.32 XCP 10°22.0S 35°19.9W 09.09 XBT 10°20.0S 35°22.6W 09.44 XCP 10°08.0S 35°25.4W 10.24 XBT 10°16.0S 35°29.1W 10.50 XCP 10°14.5S 35°30.3W 11.20 XBT 10°13.0S 35°32.3W 11.45 XCP 10°11.5S 35°34.3W 12.17 XBT 10°10.0S 35°36.4W 12.41 XCP 10°08.5S 35°38.4W 13.09 XBT 10°07.0S 35°40.5W 13.34 XCP 10°05.5S 35°42.6W 14.01 XBT 10°04.0S 35°44.6W 06.04.94 16.50 XBT 11°20.0S 31°00.0W 16.52 XBT 11°20.0S 30°59.6W 07.04.94 02.05 XBT 11°20.0S 30°20.0W 11.37 XBT 11°20.0S 29°40.0W 21.08 XBT 11°20.0S 29°00.0W 21.14 XBT 11°20.0S 28°59.3W 08.04.94 07.25 XBT 11°20.0S 28°19.0W 15.21 XBT 11°20.0S 27°40.0W 09.04.94 03.40 XBT 11°10.0S 27°00.0W 12.54 XBT 11°20.0S 26°20.0W 23.19 XBT 11°20.0S 25°40.0W 23.21 XBT 11°20.0S 25°39.7W 23.23 XBT 11°20.0S 25°39.5W 23.27 XBT 11°20.0S 25°39.2W 10.04.94 08.35 XBT 11°10.0s 25°00.0W 17.13 XBT 11°20.0S 24°20.0W 11.04.94 03.11 XBT 11°20.0S 23°40.0W 13.18 XBT 11°20.0S 23°00.0W 22.37 XBT 11°20.0S 22°20.0W 12.04.94 08.29 XBT 11°10.0S 21°31.6W 14.29 XBT 11°17.7S 21°29.5W 22.40 XBT 11°19.9S 20°59.9W 13.04.94 10.51 XBT 11°19.9S 20°01.6W 10.54 XBT 11°20.0S 20°01.0W 18.30 XBT 11°19.8S 19°59.6W 14.04.94 05.23 XBT 11°19.9S 19°01.6W 26.04.94 22.40 XBT 11°20.0S 00°20.0E 27.04.94 07.01 XBT 11°20.0S 01°00.0E 08.42 XBT 11°20.0S 01°18.2E 13.35 XBT 11°20.0S 01°20.0E 15.36 XBT 11°20.0S 01°40.0E 19.06 XBT 11°20.0S 01°58.2E 28.04.94 02.38 XBT 11°20.0S 02°20.0E 04.24 XBT 11°20.0S 02°38.3E 11.20 XBT 11°20.0S 03°00.0E 20.55 XBT 11°20.0S 03°40.0E 29.04.94 06.55 XBT 11°20.0S 04°20.0E 08.40 XBT 11°20.0S 04°38.3E 16.00 XBT 11°20.0S 05°00.0E 30.04.94 00.12 XBT 11°20.0S 05°40.0E 08.59 XBT 11°20.0S 06°20.0E 20.27 XBT 11°20.0S 07°00.0E 01.05.94 05.13 XBT 11°20.0S 07°40.0E 7.1.3 LIST OF DRIFTER LAUNCHES Date Time Drifter Latitude Longitude 1994 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13.04. 18.25 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°19.8S 19°59.7W 14.04. 09.54 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.1S 18°59.8W 15.04. 07.08 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.0S 17°29.8W 16.04. 10.54 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°17.2S 15°43.1W 27.04. 13.31 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°19.9S 01°20.0E 28.04. 09.24 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.0S 02°40.0E 29.04. 05.00 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.2S 04°00.1E 29.04. 22.17 Drifter m.Segel z/W 11°20.1S 05°20.1E 7.2 LEG M 28/2 7.2.1 CTD STATIONS STATION DATE TIME PHI LAMBDA DEPTH ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 292/1 20-MAY-1994 8:15 21° 0.06'S 10°34.44'W 5.0 4300.0 295/2 21-MAY-1994 17:11 21° 0.08'S 15° 1.05'W 15.0 4000.0 296/3 22-RAY-1994 4:49 22° 0.02'S 16° 9.01'W 5.0 1565.0 297/4 22-MAY-1994 14:35 22°59.99'S 17°17.04'W 5.0 4310.0 298/5 23-MAY-1994 2:42 23°59.99'S 18°36.03'W 5.0 1495.0 299/6 23-MAY-1994 12: 4 24°59.98'S 19°44.02'W 5.0 4075.0 300/7 23-MAY-1994 23: 6 25°59.99'S 20°56.05'W 5.0 1495.0 301/8 24-MAY-1994 8:33 27° 0.06'S 22°10.05'W 5.0 4405.0 302/9 24-MAY-1994 20:21 28° 0.06'S 23°24.89'W 5.0 1515.0 303/10 25-MAY-1994 6: 2 29° 0.03'S 24°42.04'W 5.0 1505.0 304/11 25-MAY-1994 15:40 30° 0.03'S 25°58.63'W 5.0 4440.0 305/12 26-MAY-1994 2:50 30°49.07'S 27°23.04'W 5.0 1505.0 306/13 26-MAY-1994 14:10 31°37.47'S 28°49.09'W 5.0 3780.0 307/14 26-MAY-1994 21:55 32°29.94'S 28°47.98'W 5.0 1495.0 308/15 27-MAY-1994 4: 0 33°22.59'S 28°48.79'W 5.0 1500.0 309/16 27-MAY-1994 13: 6 34°15.52'S 28°52.46'W 5.0 4115.0 310/17 27-MAY-1994 18:30 34°18.91'S 28°29.49'W 5.0 4090.0 313/18 28-MAY-1994 15:45 34°25.15'S 27°52.08'W 5.0 4390.0 316/19 29-MAY-1994 17:55 34°35.19'S 27° 3.40'W 5.0 4235.0 318/20 20-MAY-1994 18:41 34°30.82'S 27°19.21'W 5.0 4370.0 320/21 31-MAY-1994 21: 0 35°24.34'S 28°27.39'W 5.0 4855.0 323/22 3-JUN-1994 0:46 34°24.48'S 26°20.05'W 5.0 3935.0 324/23 3-JUN-1994 5:29 34° 7.48'S 26°23.05'W 5.0 3800.0 325/24 3-JUN-1994 9:45 33°49.83'S 26°25.97'W 5.0 4530.0 326/25 3-JUN-1994 14:42 33°32.50'S 26°28.95'W 5.0 4290.0 327/26 3-JUN-1994 22:14 33°15.21'S 26°31.66'W 5.0 4665.0 328/27 4-JUN-1994 2:27 33°10.04'S 26°44.85'W 5.0 4570.0 329/28 4-JUN-1994 6:45 33° 4.82'S 26°57.85'W 5.0 4505.0 330/29 4-JUN-1994 12: 4 32°59.59'S 27°10.43'W 5.0 3550.0 331130 4-JUN-1994 16:24 32°54.64'S 27°23.58'W 5.0 3825.0 332/31 4-JUN-1994 21:45 32°51.79'S 27°46.94'W 5.0 3195.0 333/32 5-JUN-1994 22:16 35°47.91'S 30°39.96'W 5.0 4130.0 334/33 6-JUN-1994 8: 7 36°42.31'S 31°30.66'W 5.0 1500.0 335/34 6-JUN-1994 15:30 37°36.54'S 32°22.06'W 5.0 4525.0 336/35 7-JUN-1994 0:43 38°31.01'S 33°13.87'W 5.0 1495.0 337/36 7-JUN-1994 8:30 39°25.43'S 34° 6.50'W 5.0 1505.0 338137 7-JUN-1994 15:37 39°54.19'S 34°34.79'W 5.0 4865.0 339/38 8-JUN-1994 3:15 38°36.65'S 34°59.05'W 5.0 1495.0 340/39 8-JUN-1994 12:56 37°42.58'S 36°15.65'W 5.0 4985.0 341/40 9-JUN-1994 0: 6 36°48.39'S 37°31.28'W 5.0 1495.0 342/41 9-JUN-1994 9: 4 35°54.14'S 38°46.08'W 5.0 4950.0 343/42 9-JUN-1994 20: 5 34°59.97'S 40° 0.02'W 5.0 1505.0 344/43 10-JUN-1994 4:50 34° 5.93'S 41°13.16'W 20.0 1510.0 345/44 11-JUN-1994 17: 3 34°57.52'S 48°38.97'W 5.0 4540.0 7.2.2 LIST OF XBT DROPS STATION DATE TIME PHI LAMBDA DEPTH ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 20-MAY-1994 0: 0 21° 4.90'S 8°55.20'W 5.0 895.0 2 20-MAY-1994 1: 0 21° 3.90'S 9° 8.00'W 5.0 870.0 3 20-MAY-1994 2: 0 21° 3.00'S 9°20.60'W 5.0 895.0 4 20-MAY-1994 3: 0 21° 2.60'S 9°33.30'W 5.0 870.0 5 20-MAY-1994 4: 0 21° 1.10'S 9°46.10'W 5.0 895.0 6 20-MAY-1994 5: 0 21° 0.10'S 9°58.60'W 5.0 885.0 7 20-MAY-1994 6: 0 21° 0.00'S 10° 7.20'W 5.0 880.0 8 20-MAY-1994 7: 0 20°60.00'S 10°19.90'W 5.0 905.0 9 20-MAY-1994 8: 0 21° 0.10'S 10°32.80'W 5.0 875.0 10 20-MAY-1994 20: 1 20°59.90'S 10°45.50'W 5.0 905.0 11 20-MAY-1994 21: 0 20°60.00'S 10°57.70'W 5.0 895.0 12 20-MAY-1994 22: 0 21° 0.00'S 10°10.30'W 5.0 915.0 13 20-MAY-1994 23: 0 20°60.00'S 11°22.60'W 5.0 910.0 14 21-MAY-1994 0: 0 21° 0.00'S 11°34.90'W 5.0 890.0 15 21-MAY-1994 1: 0 21° 0.00'S 11°47.00'W 5.0 890.0 16 21-MAY-1994 3: 0 21° 0.00'S 12°19.40'W 5.0 865.0 17 21-MAY-1994 5: 0 21° 0.00'S 12°32.30'W 5.0 880.0 18 21-MAY-1994 6: 0 21° 0.00'S 12°44.40'W 5.0 885.0 19 21-MAY-1994 7: 3 21° 0.00'S 12°57.40'W 5.0 880.0 20 21-MAY-1994 8: 0 21° 0.00'S 13° 9.30'W 5.0 905.0 21 21-MAY-1994 9: 0 21° 0.10'S 13°20.90'W 5.0 900.0 22 21-MAY-1994 10: 0 21° 0.20'S 13°31.60'W 5.0 905.0 23 21-MAY-1994 11: 0 21° 0.00'S 13°44.10'W 5.0 880.0 24 21-MAY-1994 12: 0 21° 0.00'S 13°56.80'W 5.0 885.0 25 21-MAY-1994 13: 0 21° 0.20'S 14° 9.40'W 5.0 855.0 26 21-MAY-1994 14: 0 21° 0.10'S 14°22.40'W 5.0 895.0 27 21-MAY-1994 15: 0 21° 0.10'S 14°35.30'W 5.0 925.0 28 21-MAY-1994 16: 0 21° 0.10'S 14°48.00'W 5.0 900.0 29 21-MAY-1994 17: 0 20°59.80'S 15° 0.50'W 5.0 865.0 30 21-MAY-1994 22: 0 21° 6.10'S 15° 8.30'W 5.0 870.0 31 21-MAY-1994 23: 0 21°14.20'S 15°17.00'W 5.0 890.0 32 22-MAY-1994 0: 0 21°22.00'S 15°25.90'W 5.0 890.0 33 22-MAY-1994 1: 0 21°30.20'S 15°35.20'W 5.0 900.0 34 22-MAY-1994 2: 0 21°38.80'S 15°44.80'W 5.0 885.0 35 22-MAY-1994 3: 0 21°45.80'S 15°52.10'W 5.0 885.0 36 22-MAY-1994 4: 0 21°54.00'S 16° 2.20'W 5.0 890.0 37 22-MAY-1994 8: 0 22° 7.30'S 16°17.30'W 5.0 905.0 38 22-MAY-1994 9: 0 22°15.80'S 16°26.80'W 5.0 875.0 39 22-MAY-1994 10: 0 22°24.10'S 16°36.20'W 5.0 885.0 40 22-MAY-1994 11: 0 22°32.20'S 16°45.40'W 5.0 910.0 41 22-MAY-1994 12: 0 22°40.30'S 16°54.60'W 5.0 885.0 42 22-MAY-1994 13: 0 22°48.40'S 17° 3.80'W 5.0 885.0 43 22-MAY-1994 14: 0 22°55.80'S 17°12.40'W 5.0 900.0 44 22-MAY-1994 19: 0 23° 1.40'S 17°19.30'W 5.0 905.0 45 22-MAY-1994 20: 0 23° 8.70'S 17°28.60'W 5.0 895.0 46 22-MAY-1994 21: 0 23°16.70'S 17°38.90'W 5.0 900.0 47 22-MAY-1994 22: 0 23°24.90'S 17°49.70'W 5.0 890.0 48 22-MAY-1994 23: 0 23°32.70'S 17°59.90'W 5.0 865.0 49 23-MAY-1994 0: 0 23°40.50'S 18°10.20'W 5.0 900.0 50 23-MAY-1994 1: 0 23°48.20'S 18°20.40'W 5.0 910.0 51 23-MAY-1994 2: 0 23°55.90'S 18°30.60'W 5.0 900.0 52 23-MAY-1994 5: 0 24° 4.90'S 18°41.50'W 5.0 885.0 53 23-MAY-1994 6: 0 24°12.40'S 18°49.90'W 5.0 890.0 54 23-MAY-1994 7: 0 24°21.00'S 18°59.70'W 5.0 890.0 55 23-MAY-1994 8: 0 24°29.00'S 19° 9.00'W 5.0 875.0 56 23-MAY-1994 8:58 24°36.50'S 19°17.30'W 5.0 890.0 57 23-MAY-1994 10: 0 24°44.80'S 19°26.80'W 5.0 875.0 58 23-MAY-1994 11: 0 24°53.00'S 19°35.90'W 5.0 885.0 59 23-MAY-1994 17: 0 25°11.30'S 19°57.40'W 5.0 880.0 60 23-MAY-1994 18: 0 25°19.90'S 20° 7.90'W 5.0 895.0 61 23-MAY-1994 19: 1 25°28.10'S 20°17.70'W 5.0 895.0 62 23-MAY-1994 20: 3 25°36.70'S 20°27.90'W 5.0 900.0 63 23-MAY-1994 20:58 25°44.00'S 20°36.70'W 5.0 900.0 64 23-MAY-1994 22: 0 25°52.20'S 20°46.70'W 5.0 895.0 65 24-MAY-1994 1:56 26° 8.50'S 21° 6.40'W 5.0 895.0 66 24-MAY-1994 3: 0 26°16.50'S 21°16.40'W 5.0 895.0 67 24-MAY-1994 4: 0 26°24.50'S 21°26.10'W 5.0 880.0 68 24-MAY-1994 4:48 26°32.90'S 21°36.60'W 5.0 905.0 69 24-MAY-1994 5:59 26°41.00'S 21°46.50'W 5.0 900.0 70 24-MAY-1994 6:59 26°49.10'S 21°56.40'W 5.0 910.0 71 24-MAY-1994 8: 2 26°57.20'S 22° 6.50'W 5.0 900.0 72 24-MAY-1994 13: 0 27° 3.80'S 22°14.80'W 5.0 890.0 73 24-MAY-1994 14: 0 27°11.50'S 22°24.50'W 5.0 900.0 74 24-MAY-1994 15: 0 27°19.40'S 22°34.40'W 5.0 890.0 75 24-MAY-1994 16: 0 27°27.20'S 22°44.00'W 5.0 900.0 76 24-MAY-1994 16:58 27°35.10'S 22°53.80'W 5.0 875.0 77 24-MAY-1994 17:58 27°43.00'S 23° 3.80'W 5.0 895.0 78 24-MAY-1994 18:58 27°50.80'S 23°13.60'W 5.0 890.0 79 24-MAY-1994 20: 3 27°59.10'S 23°24.00'W 5.0 895.0 80 24-MAY-1994 23: 0 28° 7.60'S 23°34.60'W 5.0 895.0 81 25-MAY-1994 0: 0 28°15.10'S 23°44.10'W 5.0 880.0 82 25-MAY-1994 0:58 28°22.20'S 23°53.40'W 5.0 895.0 83 25-MAY-1994 2: 0 28°30.30'S 24° 3.50'W 5.0 905.0 84 25-MAY-1994 3: 0 28°37.80'S 24°13.00'W 5.0 900.0 85 25-MAY-1994 4: 0 28°45.40'S 24°23.00'W 5.0 900.0 86 25-MAY-1994 5: 0 28°53.00'S 24°33.00'W 5.0 890.0 87 25-MAY-1994 8:59 29° 8.60'S 24°53.90'W 5.0 885.0 88 25-MAY-1994 10: 0 29°16.90'S 25° 3.30'W 5.0 895.0 89 25-MAY-1994 11: 0 29°25.00'S 25°13.40'W 5.0 870.0 7.2.3 LIST OF DRIFTER LAUNCHES Sta. Drifter Date Time Latitude Longitude Temp Drogue Remarks No. (ARGOS) 1994 UTC South West (°C) (m) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291 00652 20/5 5:20 21°00.0 10°00.1 23.6 100 Drift Sta. only 292 00665 20/5 19:00 20°59.9 10°34.5 23.8 100 Test Sta. 293 00671 21/5 2:15 20°59.8 12°00.0 24.0 100 Drift Sta. only 294 00650 21/5 9:50 21°00.1 13°30.1 24.3 100 Drift Sta. only 295 00626 21/5 21:04 20°59.1 15°01.1 24.5 100 w2 Float Depl. 297 00670 22/5 18:34 22°59.9 17°17.0 24.2 100 w Float Depl. 299 00630 23/5 15:23 25°00.0 19°43.9 24.1 100 w Float Depl. 301 00654 24/5 12:22 26°59.2 22°09.9 22.2 100 w Float Depl. 303 00639 25/5 7:49 28°59.9 24°42.0 21.2 100 w Float Depl. 305 00668 26/5 4:26 30°48.8 27°22.9 21.4 100 w Float Depl. 307 00672 26/5 22:40 32°29.9 28°48.0 20.6 100 w Float Depl. 309 00673 27/5 21:48 34°19.2 28°29.8 19.2 100 H1 w Fl Dep. 313 00653 28/5 19:07 34°25.4 27°52.4 17.4 100 H2° Hunter Ch. 321 00669 1/6 13:59 35°29.8 28°21.4 17.7 100 search for K0 327 00628 3/6 00:46 33°15.4 26°31.9 18.6 100 Hunter Ch East 334 00663 6/6 5:05 36°42.3 31°30.6 16.7 100 SR im Subtr. Gyre 336 00624 7/6 1:46 38°31.0 33°14.0 16.2 100 SR im Subtr. Gyre 338 00647 7/6 19:17 39°54.2 34°34.8 11.5 100 Subtropr. Front 341 00649 8/6 1:20 36°48.1 37°31.3 17.0 100 towards Vema Ch. 343 00635 9/6 21:16 35°00.2 40°00.1 18.9 100 outer Vema Ch. 7.2.4 MOORING ACTIVITIES Sta. Ext Int Date Latitude Longitude Depth Instrum. Remarks No. No. No. dd/mm/yy South West (m) Type -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current Meter Moorings *612 R 363 16/12/92 31°37.1 28°48.6 3719 2ACM DWBC at Rio G Rise 306 26/05/94 CB 100% recvd *602 H1 353 11/12/92 34°15.5 28°52.3 4112 6ACM,CB Hunter West 309 27/5/94 IMAFOS 100% recvd *605 H3 355 12-14/12/92 approximately 1 (4436) 5ACM launch interrup, 34°23.5 27°42.7 dual release, no CB 312 29/5/94 100% recvd *604 H2 354 12/12/92 34°25.5 27°51.6 4292 2ACM, CB Hunter Cent 313 29/5/92 100% recvd *609 H6 358 15/12/92 34°32.6 26°58.5 4303 ADCP, CB Hunter East 5ACM, WD(#5506) 315 29/5/94 dual rel 100% recvd *607 H5 357 14/12/92 34°35.1 27°03.4 (4836) 2ACM Hunter Ch 200m CB lost ThCh 316 29/5/94 98% recovd *606 H4 356 14/12/92 34°30.8 27°19.2 4336 2ACM, Hunter Ch CB 200mThCh 30/5/94 100% recovd Sound Source Moorings *603 K0 352 11/12/92 34°18.9 28°30.0 4054 SoSo71 Window 1:30UTC WD alarm on 14-15/01/94 310 27/5/94 no resp. at mooring site NB: SoSo71 was located at ~35°20 28°30 on ?/5/94, however it was inaccessible for METEOR 322 K02 3522 2/6/94 34°13.36 28°38.37 4335 SoSo86 Window 1:35UTC MAFOS WD 9243 launched 338 K4 365 7/6/94 39°51.61 34°32.93 4707 SoSo89 Window 1:00UTC MAFOS WD 5513 launched ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ACM Aanderaa Current Meter CB Bouy Radio Transmitter (CB Radio) ThCh Thermistor Chain WD Watch Dog (ARGOS Bouy Transmitter with dimmer) SoSo Sound Source, Part of RAFOS System Station occupied during METEOR Cruise No.22, for details see G. Siedler et al. (1993) 7.2.5 LIST OF RAFOS FLOAT LAUNCHES AND MAFOS DEPLOYMENTS Sta. Float Date Time Latitude Longitude ARGOS Duration Remarks No. IfM 1994 UTC South West (DecNr) (month) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RAFOS FLOATS 295 37 21/5 20:56 20°59.5 15°01.1 4986 11 with #43 DBE 295 43 21/5 21:03 20°59.5 15°01.1 5462 18 with #37 DBE 296 47 22/5 6:55 21°59.9 16°09.0 5466 15 W Mid. Ad. RDBE 297 51 22/5 18:33 23°00.0 17°17.0 7462 10 Braz Bas DBE 298 57 23/5 4:16 24°00.0 18°36.0 5479 11 Braz Bas DBE 299 58 23/5 15:10 25°00.0 19°44.0 5480 13 Braz Bas DBE 300 62 24/5 00:49 26°00.0 20°56.1 12622 10 Braz Bas DBE 301 78 24/5 12:20 27°00.0 22°09.9 12612 11 Braz Bas DBE 302 85 24/5 21:52 28°00.0 23°24.9 7469 18 Braz Bas DBE 303 95 25/5 7:45 28°59.8 24°41.9 4984 10 Braz Bas DBE 304 96 25/5 19:08 29°59.9 25°59.1 12624 11 Braz Bas DBE 305 97 26/5 4:26 30°48.9 27°23.0 12613 15 Rio G Rise N 306 99 26/5 17:14 31°37.4 28°49.2 7467 10 R, RioGRise 307 103 26/5 23:00 32°30.1 28°48.1 7468 11 outer HunterCh 308 69 27/5 5:24 33°22.5 28°48.8 6843 13 outer HunterCh 310 100! 27/5 21:47 34°19.1 28°29.7 12616 10 K0, Hunter Ch. 320 98 1/6 2:14 35°25.2 28°27.1 5466 11 South of HCh 333 101 6/6 1:41 35°47.0 30°39.5 12617 18 South of HCh 334 102 6/6 9:00 36°42.2 31°30.5 12618 10 NE Arg Basin 335 104S 6/6 18:27 37°36.6 32°22.0 7466 11 NE Arg Basin 336 105 7/6 1:44 38°31.0 33°14.0 5461 15 NE Arg Basin 337 107 7/6 9:39 39°25.9 34°06.6 6835 10 NE Arg Basin 338 106 7/6 19:15 39°54.2 34°34.8 7465 11 southern comer 339 108 8/6 4:17 38°36.6 34°58.7 340 109 8/6 15:52 37°42.8 36°15.5 341 30 9/6 1:18 36°48.4 37°31.3 5463 11 towards Vema 342 110 9/6 12:37 35°54.3 38°46.1 5487 15 towards Vema 343 111 9/6 21:16 35°00.2 40°00.1 5488 10 towards Vema 344 112 10/6 5:53 34°05.7 41°13.3 5489 13 outer Vema Ch MAFOS MONITORS [K02] M5 1/6* 21:30* 34°13.7 28°38.4 N/A 21 SoSo86,4335m [K4] M7 6/6* 16:44* 39°51.6 34°32.9 N/A 22 SoSo89,4707m DBE - Deep Basin Experiment # - Float * Start Date/Time 7.2.6 LIST OF PLANKTON STATIONS DURING M 28 AND RESPECTIVE HAUL NUMBERS Station NEU MCN-OK Date Latitude Longitude Light Sorted # # # YYYYMMDD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165 1 19940330 8°16.2'S 33°27.3'W N NEU o 166 2 19940330 8°19.2'S 32°29.8'W T NEU o 167 3 1 * 19940331 9°13.3'S 32°59.8'W N NEU o 168 4 2 * 19940331 10°14.7'S 33°29.3'W T NEU o 169 5 3 + 19940401 10°03.2'S 35°44.8'W T NEU o, MCN 170 6 4 * 19940401 10°04.7'S 35°41.8'W N NEU o, MCN 171 7 5 + 19940401 10°12.7'S 35°38.2'W N NEU o 172 8 6 * 19940402 10°15.4'S 35°33.4'W N NEU o, MCN 173 9 7 + 19940402 10°19.5'S 35°27.0'W T NEU o 174 10 8 + 19940402 10°24.2'S 35°21.5'W T NEU o, MCN 175 11 19940403 10°26.5'S 35°11.7'W N NEU o 176 12 19940403 10°33.1'S 35°03.5'W T NEU o 177 13 9 - 19940403 10°38.5'S 34°55.9'W T NEU o 178 14 10 * 19940403 10°46.1'S 34°44.9'W N NEU o, MCN 179 15 11 * 19940404 10°55.5'S 34°30.5'W N NEU o 180 16 12 * 19940404 11°06.2'S 34°10.8'W T NEU o, MCN 181 17 13 - 19940404 11°18.4'S 34°00.1'W T NEU o 182 18 14 * 19940405 11°19.5'S 33°29.7'W T NEU o 183 19 15 * 19940405 11°19.5'S 33°00.0'W T NEU o, MCN 184 20 16 * 19940405 11°18.7'S 32°30.2'W N NEU o 185 21 17 * 19940406 11°19.8'S 31°59.5'W DT NEU o, MCN 186 22 18 * 19940406 11°18.9'S 31°19.9'W T NEU o 187 23 19 + 19940406 11°19.7'S 30°39.8'W N NEU o, MCN 188 24 20 * 19940407 11°19.6'S 30°00.0'W T NEU o 189 25 21 * 19940407 11°19.5'S 29°19.7'W N NEU o, MCN 190 26 22 * 19940408 11°19.6'S 28°39.7'W N 192 27 23 * 19940409 11°19.7'S 27°20.0'W N 194 28 24 * 19940409 11°19.7'S 25°59.5'W N 197 29 25 * 19940411 11°19.5'S 23°59.8'W N 198 30 26 * 19940411 11°19.7'S 23°19.8'W T 201 31 27 * 19940412 11°19.9'S 21°30.0'W T 203 32 28 * 19940413 11°19.9's 20°29.8'W T 205 33 29 * 19940414 11°19.7'S 19°29.9'W N 208 34 30 - 19940414 11°19.8'S 17°57.3'W N 210 35 31 - 19940415 11°19.6'S 16°59.7'W T 211 32 * 19940415 11°19.8'S 16°34.9'W N 213 36 33 * 19940416 11°19.7'S 15°44.8'W T 215 37 34 * 19940416 11°19.7'S 14°54.8'W N 218 38 35 * 19940417 11°19.8'S 13°39.7'W T 221 39 36 * 19940418 11°19.9'S 12°24.9'W T 224 40 37 * 19940419 11°19.7'S 10°59.8'W T 227 41 38 * 19940420 11°19.7'S 9°29.7'W DT 230 42 39 * 19940421 11°19.6'S 7°59.6'W T 232 43 40 - 19940421 11°19.6'S 6°59.8'W N 235 44 41 * 19940422 11°19.7'S 5°29.6'W N 238 45 42 * 19940423 11°19.8'S 3°59.9'W N 240 46 43 * 19940424 11°19.9'S 2°59.6'W T 242 47 44 * 19940425 11°19.8'S 1°59.5'W N 245 48 4S * 19940426 11°20.0'S 0°44.5'W N 246 49 46 * 19940426 11°19.8'S 0°29.6'W T 247 so 47 * 19940426 11°20.1'S 0°14.7'W T 249 S1 48 * 19940427 11°19.9'S 0°40.3'E N 251 52 49 * 19940428 11°19.8'S 2°00.2'E N 253 53 so * 19940428 11°19.8'S 3°20.3'E N 255 54 51 * 19940429 11°20.0'S 4°40.4'E T 257 55 52 * 19940430 11°20.0'S 6°00.4'E DT 259 56 53 * 19940501 11°20.0'S 7°20.2'E N 261 57 54 * 19940501 11°20.0'S 8°30.2'E DN 263 58 55 * 19940502 11°20.0'S 9°30.3'W T 264 59 56 * 19940502 11°20.2'S 10°00.0'E T 282 60 57 * 19940505 11°40.2'S 10°59.9'E N 283 61 58 * 19940506 11°40.2'S 11°30.1'E N 284 62 59 * 19940506 11°40.3'S 12°00.1'E DT 285 63 60 * 19940506 11°40.4'S 12°30.0'E T 286 64 61 * 19940506 11°40.2'S 12°50.0'E T 287 65 62 * 19940506 11°20.2'S 13°05.1'E N 288 66 63 * 19940506 11°20.1'S 13°15.1'E N 289 67 64 * 19940507 11°20.4'S 13°25.4'E N 290 68 65 * 19940507 11°19.8'S 13°30.1'E T Explanation of symbols: OK: * haul OK; + depth failure of individual net; - no quantitative catch. Light: T Tag (daylight), D Dämmerung (dusk & dawn), N Nacht (night). 7.2.7 SAMPLE LIST OF SEDIMENT- AND WATER SAMPLES FOR GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS GeoB METEOR Date Equip Bottom Latitude Longitude Water Core Remarks No. No. 1994 ment contact depth recovery (UTC) (m) (cm) (sample depths in dbar) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANGOLA BASIN (near MARTIN VAZ FRACTURE ZONE) TEST LOKATION 2601-1 292 20.05. MIC 9:54 21°00,1'S 10°34,4'W 4220 7 core recovery 1/4, 3 tubes washed out, 1 sample damaged 2601-2 20.05. ROS+CTD 21°00,1'S 10°34,4'W 4276 sample depths (4276, 4196,3593,3001, 2496, 2001,1801, 2602-1 295 21.05. MIC 18:38 21°00,1'S 15°01,1'W 3978 3 core recovery 2/4, foraminifere ooze, light yellowish brown 2602-2 21.05. ROS+CTD 21'00,1'S 15°01,1'W 3986 sample depths (3986,3909,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 900,750,600,500,400, BRASIL BASIN 2603-1 296 22.05. ROS+CTD 22°00,0'S 16°09,0'W 4908 CTD-profile up to 1500 m, sample depths (1500,) 1300,1200,1100,1000, 900,710,600,500,400, 200,150,100,80,70, 50, 30, 20, surface (10) 2604-1 297 22.05. MIC 16:00 23°00,0'S 17°17,1'W 4333 15 core recovery 3/4, foraminifere ooze, light yellowish brown 2604-2 22.05. ROS+CTD 23°00,0'S 17°17,1'W sample depths) (4295,4196,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 900,782,600,500,400, 200 100,50,30,surface (10) 2605-1 299 23-05. MIC 13:24 24°59,9'S 19°44,0'W 4047 - core recovery 0/4, MIC damaged 2605-2 23.05. ROS+CTD 24°59,9'S 19°44,0'W sample depths (4061,3949,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 850,750,600,500,400, 200,100,50,30) 2606-1 301 24.05. MIC 10:00 27°00,0'S 22°10,1'W 4374 - core recovery 0/4, MIC damaged TEST LOKATION 2606-2 24.05. ROS+CTD 27°00,0'S 22'10,1'W sample depths; (4377,4277,4200,3600, 3000,2500,2000,1800, 1500,1300,1200,1100, 1000,900,830,600,500, 400,200,100,50,30,10), He- and Tritium-samples 2607-1 304 25.05. MIC 18:38 29°59,9'S 25°58,0'W 4372 19 core recovery 3/4, pelagic clay, light brown 2607-2 25.05. ROS+CTD 29°59,9'S 25°58,0'W sample depths (4413,4200,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 980,900,800,600,500, 400,200,100,50,30,10) HUNTER CHANNEL 2608-1 306 26.05. MIC 15:30 31°37,5'S 28°49,1'W 3750 - core recovery 0/4, 2608-2 26.05. ROS+CTD 31°37,5'S 28°49,1'W sample depths (3751, 3650,3000,2500,2000, 1800,1500,1300,1200, 1100,1000,980,900, 800,600,500,400,200, 100,50, 50,30,10) 2609-1 310 27.05. MIC 18:30 34°12,1'S 28°29,46'W 4057 19 core recovery 3/4, pelagic clay,pale brown 2609-2 27.05. ROS+CTD 34°12,1'S 28°29,46'W Sample depths (4059, 3600,3000,2500,2000, 1800,1500,1300,1200, 1100,960,900,800, 600,500,400,200,100, 50,30,10) 2610-1 313 28.05. MIC 17:04 34°25,2'S 27°52,2'W 4357 21 core recovery 4/4, pelagic clay, grayish brown 2610-2 28.05. ROS+CTD 34°25,2'S 27°52,2'W sample depths (4374, 4200,3600,3000,2500, 2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 880,800,600,500,400, 200,100,50,30,10) 2611-1 316 29.05. MIC 19:08 34°35,1'S 27°03,4'W 4177 - core recovery 0/4 2612-1 318 30.05. MIC 19:48 34°30,8'S 27°19,2'W 4332 27 core recovery 4/4, pelagic clay, brown 2613-1 320 31.05. MIC 20:23 35°24,5'S 28°27,3'W 4770 28 core recovery 4/4, pelagic clay, olive brown TEST LOKATION 2613-2 31.05. ROS+CTD 35°24,5'S 28°27,3'W sample depths (4812, 4699,4200,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 875,800,600,500,400, 200,50,30,10),He- and Tritium-samples 2614-1 323 03.06. MIC 2:07 34°24,6'S 26°19,9'W 3881 11 core recovery 2/4, foram-rich fine-sandy silt, light grey (10YR7/2) 2614-2 03.06. ROS+CTD 34°24,6'S 26°19,9'W sample depths (3911, 3820,3599,2998,2501, 2000,1800,1498,1300, 1199,1099,1000,900, 800,600,499,399,200, 95,48,29,10) 2615-1 324 03.06. MIC 6:31 34°07,1'S 26°23,0'W 3795 10 core recovery 1/4, foram-rich fine-sandy silt, light grey (10YR7/2) 2616-1 325 03.06. MIC 10:58 33°49,9'S 26°25,9'W 4454 10 core recovery 2/4, pelagic clay, brown- very pale brown (10YR513-10YR7/4) 2616-2 03.06. ROS+CTD 33°49,9'S 26°25,91W sample depths (4488, 4400,4200,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 875,800,600,500,400, 200,50,30,10) 2617-1 326 03.06. MIC 16:09 33°32,6'S 26°28,9'W 4216 24 core recovery 4/4, pelagic clay with forams, brown(10YR5/3), pale brown (10YR6/3), light grey(10YR7/2) 2618-1 332 04.06. MIC 22:47 32°51,8'S 27°46,9'W 3170 - core recovery 0/4 ARGENTINE BASIN 2619-1 333 05.06. MIC 23:31 35°47,9'S 30°39,9'W 4157 18 core recovery 3/4, pelagic clay, brown, 1 tube lost TEST LOKATION 2619-2 05.06. ROS+CTD 35°47,9'S 30°39,9'W sample depths (4076, 4000,3600,3000,2500, 2000,1800,1500,1300, 1200,1100,1000,900, 800,600,500, 400, 200, 50, 30, 10) 2620-1 335 06.06. MIC 16:45 37°36,5'S 32°22,0'W 4480 22 2620-2 06.06. ROS+CTD 37°36,5'S 32°22,0'W sample depths (4500, 4399,4200,3600,3000, 2500,2000,1800,1500 1300,1200,1100,998, 900,800,600,500,400, 200,50,30,10) 2621-1 338 07.06. MIC 17:02 39°54,1'S 34°34,8'W 4808 25 2621-2 07.06. ROS+CTD 39°54,1'S 34°34,8'W sample depths (4839, 4699,4200,3600,3000, 2560,2000,1800,1500, 1300,1200,1100,1000, 900,700,600,500,400, 200,50,30,10) He- and Tritium-samples 2622-1 340 08.06. MIC 14:21 37°42,6'S 36°15,7'W 4906 2623-1 342 09.06. MIC 10:26 39°54,2'S 38°46,1'W 4873 2623-2 09.06. ROS+CTD 39°54,2'S 38°46,1'W 7.2.8 LIST OF SURFACE SEAWATER SAMPLES (SAMPLED ON XAD-2) Sample Date Time Latitude Longitude Volume Code 1994 (UTC) [l] ----------------------------------------------------------- M28RW1 05/16 09:00 22°25'S 08°48'E 500 19:00 22°15'S 06°44'E M28RW2 05/17 08:33 22°02'S 03°45'W 500 18:20 21°55'S 01°57'E M28RW3 05/18 08:33 21°42'S 00°43'W 300 22:45 21°29'S 03°37'W M28RW4 05/19 10:07 21°18'S 06°00'W 555 05/20 00:45 21°04'S 09°05'W M28RW5 05/21 09:10 21°00'S 13°22'W 550 10:30 22°28'S 16°40'W M28RW6 05/23 09:30 24°40'S 19°22'W 500 05/24 19:15 27°53'S 23°16'W M28RW7 05/25 09:25 29°11'S 24°57'W 316 05/26 00:45 30°37'S 27°02'W M28RW8 05/26 17:30 31°39'S 28°49'W 404 05/27 17:30 34°18'S 28°28'W M28RW9 06/05 10:30 34°01'S 28°54'W 387 22:35 35°35'S 30°27'W M28RW10 06/07 18:20 39°54'S 34°35'W 400 06/08 15:20 37°40'S 36°18'W M28RW11 06/09 13:20 35°49'S 38°46'W 458 06/10 11:45 34°15'S 42°53'W M28RW12 06/11 11:30 34°49'S 46°48'W 400 18:00 34°57'S 48°40'W 7.2.9 LIST OF SURFACE SEAWATER SAMPLES (SAMPLED ON Y.AD-7) Sample Date Time Latitude Longitude Volume Code 1994 (bord (l) time) -------------------------------------------------------------- WP1 05/16 10:46 22°26'S 09°15'E 250 21:00 22°04'S 04°17'E WP2 05/17 10:00 22°04'S 04°17'E 350 20:00 21°53'S 01°50'E WP3 05/18-19 08:30 21°42'S 00°37'W 518 08:10 21°19'S 05°36'W WP4 05/19 08:40 21°19'S 05°44'W 450 22:15 21°06'S 08°34'W WP5 05/22 08:45 22°17'S 16°28'W 757 05/23 20:10 25°45'S 20°38'W WP6 05/24 12:50 27°05'S 22°17'W 635 05/25 11:20 29°34'S 25°26'W WP7 05/26 18:50 31°58'S 28°48'W 500 05/28 08:00 34°34'S 26°42'W WP8 06/05 09:15 34°19'S 29°12'W 530 06/06 12:00 37°39'S 32°24'W WP9 06/09 12:40 35°34'S 39°12'W 460 06/10 08:00 34°14'S 42°21'W WP10 06/11 08:15 34°48'S 47°17'W 280 06/12 10:00 35°05'S 52°02'W 7.2.10 LIST OF MICRO LAYER SAMPLES Sample Date Station Latitude Longitude Volume Code 1994 No. [l] ---------------------------------------------------------------- M28MF1 05/20 292 21°00'S 10°34'W 2 x 4 M28MF2 05/21 295 21°00'S 15°01'W 2 x 4 M28MF3 05/22 297 23°00'S 17°17'W 2 x 4 M28MF4 05/23 299 25°00'S 19°44'W 2 x 4 M28MF5 05/24 301 27°00'S 22°10'W 2 x 4 M28MF6 05/25 304 30°00'S 25°58'W 2 x 4 M28MF7 05/26 306 31°37'S 28°49'W 2 x 4 M28MF8 05/28 313 34°25'S 27°52'W 2 x 4 M28MF9 06/02 322 34°10'S 28°36'W 2 x 4 M28MF10 06/06 335 37°37'S 32°23'W 2 x 4 M28MF11 06/06 342 35°54'S 38°46'W 2 x 4 7.2.11 LIST OF HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLES Sample Date Time Latitude Longitude Volume Code 1994 (UTC) [m-3] --------------------------------------------------------------- M28RL2P 05/16 07:50 22°26'S 09°14'E 1010 05/17 07:00 22°04'S 04°28'E M28RL3P 05/17 07:40 22°04'S 04°20'E 1075 05/18 07:00 21°43'S 00°22'W M28RL4P 05/18 09:40 21°38'S 00°56'W 1034 05/19 08:00 21°20'S 05°33'W M28RL5P 05/19 09:25 21°18'S 05°52'W 1000 05/20 06:45 21°00'S 10°17'W M28RL6P 05/20 07:15 21°00'S 10°23'W 1320 05/21 11:00 21°00'S 13°43'W M28RL7P 05/21 12:15 21°00'S 14°13'W 2520 05/23 16:40 25°09'S 19°55'W M28RL8P 05/23 17:13 25°13'S 20°00'W 1012 05/24 17:35 27°40'S 23°00'W M28RL9P 05/24 18:10 27°44'S 23°05'W 1008 05/25 19:00 29°60'S 25°60'W M28RL10P 05/26 09:20 31°20'S 28°18'W 420 05/27 09:30 34°00'S 28°50'W M28RL11P 05/27 09:45 34°08'S 28°52'W 952 05/28 09:05 34°20'S 27°56'W M28RL12P 05/28 15820 34°25'S 27°52'W 1012 05/29 12300 34°32'S 26°59'W M28RL13P 05/29 13:35 43°32'S 26°59'W 799 05/30 09:05 34°25'S 27°18'W M28RL14P 05/31 12:25 35°19'S 28°26'W 1007 06/01 11:50 35°31'S 28°19'W M28RI15P 06/01 15:00 35°22'S 28°30'W 1210 06/02 24:00 34°32'S 26°20'W M28RL16P 06/03 00:30 34°25'S 26°20'W 1257 06/04 10:00 33°04'S 26°57'W M28RL17P 06/05 10:45 34°19'S 29°12'W 1050 06/06 10:30 37°07'S 31°54'W M28RL18P 06/06 11:35 37°14'S 32°00'W 1022 06/07 17:30 39°54'S 34°35'W M28RL19P 06/08 11:10 37°53'S 36°01'W 1015 06/09 15:00 35°37'S 39°09'W M28RL20P 06/09 15:55 35°30'S 39°19'W 970 06/10 15:40 34°20'S 43°17'W M28RL21 06/10 16:10 34°21'S 43°23'W 1010 06/11 18:00 34°57'S 48°40'W Lp1 03/15 14:35 22°26'S 13°03'E 267 19:50 22°26'S 11°20'E Lp2 05/16 09:00 22°26'S 09°15'E 975 05/17 09:00 22°04'S 04°17'E Lp3 05/17 09:00 22°04'S 04°17'E 325 18:30 21°55'S 02°21'E Lp4 05/18 09:00 22°04'S 01°05'W 1082 05/19 18:30 21°55'S 05°48'W Lp5 05/19 10:20 06°00'W 07°41'W 307 -18:00 21°10'S 21°10'S Lp6 05/20 08:40 21°00'S 10°34'W 1447 05/21 08:40 20°59'S 13°29'W Lp7 05/21 11:15 21°00'S 13°59'W 324 18:15 20°59'S 15°01'W Lp8 05/22 09:30 22°26'S 16°39'W 886 05/23 09:05 24°44'S 19°26'W Lp9 05/23 12:50 25°00'S 19°44'W 134 16:45 25°17'S 20°05'W Lp10 05/24 09:35 27°00'S 22°10'W 915 05/25 08:20 29°11'S 24°56'W Lp11A 05/25 10:00 29°18'S 25°05'W 77 12:00 29°40'S 25°33'W Lp11B 05/25 12:20 29°42'S 25°35'W 70 14:15 29°58'S 25°56'W Lp11C 05/25 14:35 29°59'S 25°57'W 76 17:00 29°59'S 25°58'W Lp12 05/26 09:20 31°24'S 28°26'W 1054 05/27 10:40 34°15'S 28°51'W Lp13 05/28 11:00 34°22'S 27°42'W 298 19:40 34°30'S 27°54'W Lp14 05/29 10:15 34°32'S 26°58'W 886 05/30 08:10 34°25'S 27°18'W Lp15 05/31 08:40 35°23'S 28°39'W 315 19:00 35°24'S 28°27'W Lp16 06/01 09:15 35°24'S 28°23'W 842 06/02 10:00 34°17'S 27°48'W Lp17A 06/03 08:30 33°49'S 26°25'W 73 11:00 33°47'S 26°26'W Lp17B 06/03 11:15 33°47'S 26°26'W 77 14:40 33°32'S 26°28'W Lp17C 06/03 14:50 33°32'S 26°28'W 141 19:30 33°18'S 26°31'W Lp18 06/05 08:20 34°13'S 29°06'W 931 06/06 08:30 37°17'S 32°04'W Lp19 06/06 10:20 37°17'S 32°04'W 304 18:05 37°58'S 32°43'W Lp20 06/07 08:40 39°42'S 34°23'W 855 06/08 09:00 37°49'S 36°06'W Lp21 06/08 09:15 37°47'S 36°08'W 305 18:15 37°47'S 37°03'W Lp22 06/09 09:50 35°54'S 38°46'W 869 06/10 08:45 34°14'S 42°26'W Lp23 06/10 09:05 34°14'S 42°28'W 521 23:20 34°35'S 45°30'W Lp24 06/11 09:30 34°50'S 47°35'W 108 12:30 34°54'S 48°16'W 7.2.12 LIST OF LOW VOLUME AIR SAMPLES Sample Date Time Latitude Longitude Volume Code 1994 (bord (l) time) -------------------------------------------------------------- LOW1 05/16 13:35 22°21'S 08°17'E 37 18:40 22°18'S 07°28'E LOW2 05/17 08:00 22°04'S 04°28'E 40 13:50 21°59'S 03°17'E LOW3 05/17 14:00 21°59'S 03°17'E 35 21:00 21°53'S 01°50'E LOW4 05/18 10:15 21°38'S 00°50'W 40 18:20 21°32'S 02°43'W Blind 4 05/18 18:30 21°38'S 00°50'W 0 18:40 21°32'S 02°43'W LOW5 05/19 10:30 21°17'S 06°04'W 65,8 20:50 21°18'S 07°25'W LOW6 05/20 08:20 21°00'S 10°34'W 47 15:45 21°00'S 10°34'W LOW7 05/21 12:35 21°00'S 14°16'W 31,5 18:35 20°59'S 15°00'W LOW8 05/23 09:00 24°44'S 19°26'W 40 16:00 25°07'S 20°04'W LOW9 05/24 09:20 26°59'S 22°10'W 121 05/25 08:50 29°10'S 24°55'W LOW10 05/25 11:10 29°33'S 25°24'W 35 18:10 30°00'S 25°59'W LOW11 05/26 09:35 31°27'S 28°31'W 34,5 16:05 31°37'S 28°49'W LOW12 05/29 09:55 34°22'S 26°58'W 49,9 18:20 34°35'S 27003'W LOW13 05/31 08:50 35°23'S 28°39'W 37,5 18:50 35°24'S 28°27'W LOW14 06/01 09:00 35°24'S 28°23'W 47,9 18:50 34°35'S 27°54'W LOW15 06/03 08:45 33°49'S 26°25'W 52,2 19:30 33°18'S 26°31'W LOW16 06/05 08:35 34°16'S 29°09'W 48,7 19:15 35°40'S 30°32'W BLIND16 06/05. 8:40 34°16'S 29°09'W 0 LOW17 06/06 10:10 37°16'S 32°03'W 44,8 18:05 37°58'S 32°43'W LOW18 06/08 09:20 37°45'S 36°11'W 42,4 18:30 37°06'S 37°05'W LOW19 06/10 08:40 34°14'S 42°23'W 20 23:30 34°35'S 45°30'W LOW20 06/11 09:55 34°50'S 47°41'W 70 19:55 34°58'S 49°16'W LOW21 06/12 09:10 35°13'S 52°02'W 36,5 16:30 35°15'S 55°23'W 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS Foremost we thank the captains and the crew of RV METEOR for their skilled work. Special thanks go to Mrs. S. Drews. She run the coordinator's office in Kiel with great competence and patience. We all appreciate the professional travel services provided by Mrs. I. Weigert of Contiways Reisen, Hamburg. Not forgotten are the excellent co-operations with the staff of the German diplomatic representatives in Brasilia, Luanda, Walfish Bay, and Buenos Aires. Financial support for the cruise and the scientific data analysis come from the 'Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft' (DFG) (Ze 145/7-1) and the 'Bundesministerium Bir Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie' (BMBF) (FKZ 03F0121A). 9 REFERENCES AHLSTROM, E. and H.G. MOSER (1981): Systematic's and development of early life history stages of marine fishes: Achievements during the past century, present status and suggestions for the future. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. CIEM 178, 541 - 546. ANDRES, H.G., H.-Ch. JOHN and C. ZELCK (1992): Biologische Ozeanographie und marine Taxonornie. In: SIEDLER, G. and W. ZENK (1992): WOCE Sildatlantik 1991, Reise Nr. 15, 30. Dezember 1990 - 23. März 1991. METEOR -Berichte, Universität Hamburg 92-1, 74 - 85. BENNEKOM, A.J. and G.W. BERGER (1984): Hydrography and silica budget of the Angola Basin. Netherl. Journ. Sea Res. 17, 149-200. BLACHE, J. (1964): Le genre Bathylagus dans I'Atlantique tropical oriental sud (Teleostei, Clupeiformi, Opistoproctoidei, Bathylagidae). Cah. ORSTOM (océanogr.) 2 (1), 7-16. BROWN, N. and G.K. MORRISON (1978): WHOI/Brown Conductivity, temperature, and depth profiler. Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Techn. Rep. No. WHOI-78-23. CULBERSON, C.H. (1991): 15 pp in the WOCE Operations Manual (WHP Operations and Methods) WMPO 91/1, Woods Hole. CULBERSON, C.H. and S. HUANG (1987): An automated amperometric oxygen titration. Deep Sea Research, 34, 875-880. De MADRON, X.D. and G. WHEATHERLY (1994): Circulation, transport and bottom boundary layers of the deep currents in the Brazil Basin. Journ. Mar. Res. 52, 583-638. EHRICH, S., H.-Ch. JOHN and P. WESTHAUS-EKAU (1987): Southward extension of the reproductive range of Macroramphosus scolopax in the up-welling area off North-West Africa. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 5, 95 - 105. FISCHER, J. and M. VISBEK (1993): Deep Profiling with Self-contained ADCPs. Journ. Atmos. Oean. Techn., 10, 5, 764-773. GARRETT, W.D. (1965): Surface chemistry of the sea. Limnol. and Oceanogr., 10, 602- 610. GRASSHOFF, K. (1976): Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 305pp HAMAN, I., H.-Ch. JOHN and E. MITTELSTAEDT (1981): Hydrography and its effect on fish larvae in the Mauritanian up-welling area. Deep-Sea Res. 28 A(6), 561 - 575. HEMPEL, G. and H. WEIKERT (1972): The neuston of the subtropical and boreal Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. A review. Mar. Biol. 13 (1), 70 - 88. HERMES, R. and M.P. OLIVAR (1987): Larval development of Bathylagus argyrogaster Norman 1930 (Teleostei, Bathylagidae). Pesq. 51 (4), 483 - 489. HYDES, D.J. (1984): A manual of methods for the continuous flow determination of ammonia, nitrate-nitrite, phosphate and silicate in seawater. Institute of oceanographic Sciences Report No. 177, 40pp. HYDES, D.J. and N.C. HILL. (1985): Use of Copper Cadmium Alloy in the determination of dissolved nitrate. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. 21, 27-31. Hydrographic Department of the Admirality (1945): Quarterly Surface Current Charts of the Atlantic Ocean. Prepared in the Marine Branch of the Meteorological Office and published by the authority of the Meteorological Committee, 25. JAENICKE, R. (1987): Aerosol physics and chemistry. In: G. FISCHER (ed.): Landolt Bbrnstein, Volume 4 'Meteorology', 391-457, Springer Verlag, Berlin. JOHN, H.-Ch. (1976/77): Die Hdufigkeit des Ichthyoplanktons an der Oberfldche des mittleren und südlichen Atlantischen Ozeans. Meeresforsch. 25 (1-2), 23 - 36. JOHN, H-Ch. (1979): Regional and seasonal differences in ichthyoneuston off Northwest Africa. "METEOR" Forsch.-Ergebn. D 29, 30 - 47. JOHN, H.-Ch. (1984): Drift of larval fishes in the ocean: Results and problems from previous studies and a proposed field experiment. P. 39-60 in: MCCLEAVE, J.D.; G.P. ARNOLD, J.J. DODSON and W.H. NEILL (eds): Mechanisms of migration in fishes. Plenum Publ. Corp., New York, 574 pp. JOHN, H.-Ch. (1985): Horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of fish larvae off NW Africa in relation to the environment. P. 489-512 in: BAS, C., R. MARGALEF and P. RUBIES (eds.): Simposio internacional sobre las areas de afloramiento mas importantes del oeste africano (Cabo Blanco y Benguela). Vol. 1. Inst. In. Pesqueras, Barcelona. JOYCE, T.M. (1989): On in situ "calibration" of shipboard ADCP. Journ. Atmos. and Ocean. Techn. 6, 169-172. JOYCE, T., C. CORRY and M. STALCUP (1991): Requirements for WOCE hydrographic programme data reporting, WHPO 90-1, 71pp. KLOPPMANN, M. (1990): The sampling efficiency of a horizontally towed BE multiple- opening-closing-net. ICES 1990, C.M. 1990/L, 97, 11 pp. KOBYLYANSKIY, S.G. (1985): Material for the revision of the genus Bathylagus Giinther (Bathylagidae): The group of "light" deep sea smelts. J. Ichthyol. 25 (1), 1 - 17. KRÄMER, W. and K. BALLSCHMITER (1987): Detection of a new class of organochlorine compounds in the marine environment: The chlorinated paraffins. Fresenius z. Anal. Chem., 327, 47-48. LASKER, R. (1981): Marine fish larvae. Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, 131 pp. LOPES, P.C. and H.-Ch. JOHN (1986): Ichthyoplankton at the surface of the Equatorial Atlantic. Bol. Soc. Port. Cienc. Nat. 23, 83 - 111. MOLLER, T. (1981): Current and temperature measurements in the North-East Atlantic during NEADS. Ber. Inst. Meereskunde, Nr. 90, 98 pp. MOLLER et al. (1994): Improving MKIII measurements. In: WOCE Operations Manual, Part 3.1.3: WFIP Operations and methods. WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (update July 1993 in press). MURPHY J. and J.P. RILEY (1962): A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta, 27, 31-36. NGCD (1993): Global relief data, CD-ROM, National Geophysical Data Center. NORMAN, J.R. (1930): Oceanic fishes and flatfishes collected in 1925 - 27. Discovery Rep. 2, 261 - 370. OWENS, B. and R. MILLARD (1985): A new algorithm for CTD Oxygen calibration. Journ. Phys. Oceanogr. 15, 621-631. PETERSON, R.G. and T. WHITWORTH 111 (1989): The Subantarctic and Polar Fronts in relation to deep water masses through the Southwestern Atlantic. Journ. Geophys. Res. 94, 10817-10838. POLLARD, R. and J. READ (1989): A method for calibrating ship-mounted acoustic Doppler profilers and the limitations of gyro compasses. Journ. Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 6, 6, 859-865. ROBINSON, I.S., N.S. WELLS and H. CHARNOCK (1984): The sea surface thermal boundary layer and its relevance to the measurement of sea surface temperature by airborne and space-borne radiometers. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 5, (n1), 19-45. SAUNDERS, P.M., K.-H. MAHRT and R.T. WILLIAMS (1991): Standards and laboratory calibrations. In: WOCE Operations Manual, Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and methods. WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (update July 1993 in press). SCHLUESSEL, P., W.J. EMERY, H. GRASSL, and T. MAMMEN (1990): On the bulk-skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(C8), 13341-13356. SIEDLER, G., A. KUHL and W. ZENK (1987): The Madeira Mode Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17 (10), 1561-1570. SIEDLER, G. and W. Zenk (1992): WOCE Sddatlantik 1991, Reise Nr. 15, 30. Dezember - 23. März 1991. METEOR -Berichte, Universität Hamburg, 92-1, 126 S. SIEDLER, G., W. BALZER, T.J. MOLLER, R. ONKEN, M. RHEIN and W. ZENK (1993): WOCE South Atlantic 1992, Cruise No. 22, 22 September 1992 - 31 January 1993. METEOR -Berichte, Universität Hamburg, 93-5, 131pp. SPEER, K.G., W. ZENK, G. SIEDLER, J. PATZOLD and C. HEIDLAND (1992): First resolution of flow through the Hunter Channel in the South Atlantic. Earth and Planeary Science Letters, 113, 287-292. SPEER, K.G. and W. ZENK (1993): The flow of Antarctic Bottom Water into the Brazil Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 2667-2682. STRAMMA, L. and R.G. PETERSON (1990): The South Atlantic Current, J. Phys. Oc., 20, 846-859. TARBELL, S., R. MEYER, N. HOGG and W. ZENK (1994): A moored array along the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin for the Deep Basin Experiment - Report on a joint experiment 1991-1992. Ber. Inst. f. Meereskunde Kiel, Nr. 243. UNITED STATES NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE, 1955: Atlas of Pilot Charts Central American Waters and South Atlantic Ocean. Published by the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center, Washington D.C. VIESBEK, M. and J. FISCHER (1995): Sea surface conditions remotely sensored by upwardlooking ADCPs. J. Atmos. a. Oceanic Techn., in press. WARREN, B.A. and K.G. SPEER (1991): Deep circulation in the eastern South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 38 (Suppl. 1), 5281-5322. WICK, G.A., W.J. EMERY and P. SCHLUSSEL (1992): A comprehensive comparison between skin and multi-channel sea surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(C4), 5569-5595. ZELCK, C. (1993): Biological oceanography and marine taxonomy. In: SIEDLER, G., W. BALZER, T.J. MÜLLER, R. ONKEN, M. RHEIN and W. ZENK (1993): WOCE South Atlantic 1992. Cruise No. 22, 22 September 1992 - 31 January 1993. METEOR- Berichte, Universitdt Hamburg 93-5, 73 - 76. ZENK, W. and N.G. HOGG (1994): Climate changes of Antarctic Bottom Water flowing into the Brazil Basin? Deep-Sea Res. (submitted). ZENK, W., K.G. SPEER and N.G. HOGG (1993): Bathymetry at the Vema Sill. Deep- Sea Res. 40(9), 1925-2933. FINAL TRITIUM HELIUM ISOTOPE DATA (Wolfgang Roether) 1. Most samples were taken in the usual manner with pinched- off copper tubes. After the gas extraction in Bremen they were measured in the Laboratory with a dedicated Helium - Neon Isotope Mass Spectrometer. 2. Another set was sampled into glass-pipettes and extracted at sea. The glass ampoules with the extracted gas were then transported back to Bremen for measurement. All samples were calibrated using an air standard (regular air) in the Bremen laboratory. The Copper tube samples are now corrected for tritium decay during storage time! Because of the very low tritium concentrations in the South Atlantic the tritium correction was very small. For samples from the upper layer, the maximum reduction in delta 3He of about 0.24% and on average 0.05%. The samples which had been extracted at sea did not need a correction for delhe3 because their storage time was zero. Tritium data: Tritium was sampled in 1l glass bottles which were analyzed after the cruise in the laboratory at bremen. Tritium was measured through in-growth of helium3 from radioactive decay. For this procedure the water samples are degassed and transferred into special glass containers which are sealed off and placed into freezers. After a storage time of 6 month to about a year to allow for sufficient in-growth of helium3 the samples are measured with a special noble gas spectrometer. Tritium concentrations are scaled to 1 April 1994 and individual errors have been assigned. The quality flags follow WOCE standard. The data was aquired by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Roether ~ Tracer-Ozeanographie ~ FB1 ~ Universitaet Bremen PO Box 330 440 ~ 28334 Bremen ~ Tel: 0421-218-3511/4221 ~ Fax: 0421/218-7018 email: wroether@physik.uni.bremen.de For questions about measurement and data processing please contact Birgit Klein ~ Tel: 0421/210-2931 ~ email: bklein@physik.uni-bremen.de CFCs: CFC11, CFC12, CFC113 and CCL4 have been measured on the cruise. A capillary column (mega bore) has been used. CFC measurements have been calibrated against the SIO93 scale. CFC measurements have been assigned individual errors. Error flags follow Woce standards. The overall performance is decribed below: REPRODUCIBILITY: F-11: 0.3 % or 0.004 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) F-12: 0.7 % or 0.003 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) F-113: 7.4 % or 0.006 pmol/KG (whichever is greater) CCl4: 0.8 % or 0.006 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) PRECISION: F11: 0.004 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.3% relative error F12: 0.003 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.3% relative error F-113: 0.004 pmol/kg corresponding to 3% relative error CCl4: 0.002 pmol/kg corresponding to 0.1% relative error MEAN WATER BLANK, DETECTION LIMIT: F-11: 0.004 pmol/kg +/- 0.004 F-12: 0.004 pmol/kg +/- 0.004 F-113: 0.005 pmol/kg +/- 0.004 CCl4: 0.004 pmol/kg +/- 0.004 AIR MEASUREMENTS: ALE/GAGE values for 1994 (southern hemisphere) (SIO-1993 Scale): F-11 F-12 F-113 CCl4 261.0 511 81.0 100 MEAN OF AIR MEASUREMENTS (SIO93) performed during the cruise: F-11 F-12 F-113 CCl4 pptV pptv pptv ptpv ------------------------------------------------------------- 259.0(+/-2.0) 501.(+/-4.5) 80.8(+/-13.5) 108.0(+/-4.5) A08 DATA QUALITY EVALUATION (Robert Millard) 22 Jun 2000 CTD AND BOTTLE SALINITY The WOCE A08 section was collected South in the South Atlantic along latitude 11 degrees 30 minutes on METEOR Cruise 28, Leg 1 during April and May of 1994 and consists of stations numbers 165 to 290. A map of beginning station position, created from data in the summary file, is displayed in the upper panel of figure 1 with a plot of bottom depth versus station number shown in the lower panel. The rise in topography ending at station 219 is associated with the mid-Atlantic ridge and has a minimum bottom depth of less than 3000 meters which blocks (except for flow through deep channels) most of the AABW from reaching the Eastern Basin. The CTD data of A08 has no oxygen and only roughly one quarter of the observations in the bottle file have either water sample salinity or oxygen observations. The water sample salinity data comparisons are sparse compared to most WOCE cruises previously examined but the lack of bottle salinities does not appear to limiting the CTD salinity (conductivity) calibration. A salinity versus potential temperature plot (figure 2) shows all water sample file salinities (Water sample and CTD up cast) along with the 2 decibar down-profile CTD data from section A08. The salinities are well matched to the bottle salinities at the scales resolved by the plot. There are a number of stations with fresh surface salinities compare to most of the surface layer (one stations surface salinity (270) is less than 28 psu while most mixed layer salts of the station are over 35.0 psu). Attention is called to stations with fresh surface salinities later. As indicated in the lower part of figure 1, below 3000 meters the mid-Atlantic ridge separates the deep waters into two basins with different water mass characteristics as indicated by comparing salinity versus potential temperature at depth for the Western part of the 11 South section in figure 3 (stations 165 to 219) with the Eastern part shown in figure 4 containing stations 220 through 290. At least one station in the western basin of figure 3 appears to be slightly salty compared to neighboring profiles. The deep water range of salinity is much narrower in the Eastern Basin shown in figure 4 since most of the cold and fresh Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is cut off by the Mid- Atlantic Ridge. The expanded salinity scale of figure 4 reveals that the down-profile 2-dbar CTD salinities appear to be fresher than corresponding water sample salinities (o). This discrepancy is examined further. Another odd feature seen in figure 4 is the salinity freshing of roughly 0.003 psu at the bottom of each profile as can be seen by examining salinities around 1.9 C and 34.88 psu. Each profile shows a tailing off of salinity towards fresher values by 0.003 psu at the bottom for every cast examined. This ubiquitous salinity anomaly at the bottom of each cast seems an artifact of either the instrument or the data processing methodology. A comparison of the up-profile CTD and water sample salinity data in the water sample file (A08.hyd) is shown in figure 5. The up-cast CTD salinities are very well matched to the water sample salinities both overall (upper panel) and below 1000 dbars (center panel) with a standard deviation for the salt differences of 0.00178 psu. No variation in the vertical can be seen in the plot of differences versus pressure in the bottom panel of figure 5. The down-profile CTD salinity interpolated at the pressure of the up- profile water sample bottle positions (figure 6 a, b, & c), on the other hand, shows systematic differences between the CTD salinity and water sample salinity values at all depths including the bottom of the cast. The CTD salinity is underestimated with a mean difference (CTD-WS) of - 0.003 psu for all depths. The differences below 2000 dbars (center figure 6) middle panel) show a fairly uniform deep salinity offset across all deep stations while the salinity differences versus pressure (bottom figure 6) indicates that the differences with depth are larger near the surface. The deepest values of the down-profile CTD salinity are fresh compared to the up profile which seems odd since the down and up cast should match at the bottom but as noted before the salinity of the lowest 15 meters of the down profile tails off towards lower values of salinity. Figure 7 is histograms of interpolated down-profile CTD salinity minus bottle salt broken up into 1500 dbar pressure intervals below 1500 dbars and 500 dbar intervals above 1500 dbars. Below 1500 dbars, this summary shows a reasonably small scatter of from 0.002 to 0.0033 psu but a mean differences that progressively increases from - 0.0018 to -0.0046 psu between the bottom and 1500 dbars. In the interval between 500 and 1500, the mean salt differences have grown to - 0.0084 psu. Some surface salinities of the CTD 2 decibar down profiles look suspect as they are fresh by .5 to 8 psu compared with the salinity at 2 decibars or subsequent depths in an otherwise nearly homogeneous upper layers down to 30 to 70 meters. Some of these anomalous surface salinities may be the result of CTD stations taken during a rainy intervals or coastal stations near rivers but others are probably associated with surface observations that have conductivity values biased low due to air trapped in conductivity cell in the first pressure interval. It would be useful to identify those stations with a fresh upper layer from rain or river discharge. The following 20 stations have surface salinities where the salinity of the first interval is greater than 0.25 psu/dbars with the first interval salinity gradient also ten times that of the third pressure interval. The vertical profiles of stations 179, 187*, 189, 190, 194, 197*, and 203 are shown in figure 8. Stations with an (*) also have an a surface salinity less than 34.9 psu. Other than the near surface fresh layer, the salinity profiles are nearly homogeneous to 50 dbars or deeper. The vertical profiles of stations 212*, 221, 233, 249*, 252, 255, and 263 are given in figure 9. Again except for upper few meter, the salinity is well mixed down to nearly 50 dbars except for 263. The vertical profiles of stations 265, 266, 267, 269*, 270*, and 290* are plotted in figure 108. Some of the West African coastal stations may see river discharge. As noted earlier in figure 4, the lowest portion of every profile examined shows anomalous low salinities. They run lower by about -0.002 to -0.003 psu than salinity values immediately above. The extent of this data artifact is between 14 to 16 decibars from the bottom of the profile as can be seen in the near bottom vertical profiles of salinity shown in figures 11 for stations 194 to 202 and figure 12 for stations 247 to 254. WOCE line A15 intersects A08 at 19°30 W and 11°30 S. A potential temperature versus salinity plot in figure 13 shows station 68 of A15 (black line with squares) along with stations 205 to 207 from A08. There is good agreement between stations 205 & 206 and A15 station 68 at the 0.002 psu level but station 207 appears to be +0.004 psu saltier than neighboring stations. Another salinity versus potential temperature plot (Figure 14) shows station 204 to have a high salinity similar to station 207. The high deep water salinity for both of these stations is noted in the earlier salinity versus potential temperature plot of figure 3 for data West of the mid-Atlantic ridge. STABILITY The stability of the CTD data is checked by looking at the first differences of the potential density anomaly values of the 2 decibar data within a station. Unstable density anomaly differences (i.e. denser above lighter) that exceed -0.0075 kg/dbar and a more stringent - 0.005 kg/dbar are plotted in figure 15. The table below indicating stations with observations failing the -0.0075 kg/dbar criteria with additional values failing -0.005 kg/dbars following. All of the density unstable observations are in the upper 4 decibars except for one 10 meter observation. Most seem to be associated with slightly colder temperatures (perhaps associated with a temperature lag from readings on deck ???). A salinity versus potential temperature plot (see figure 16) of the upper waters shows the surface value colder (which produces salty for a given conductivity) for stations 272 and 273 but not found in the up cast CTD and water sample salinities. Station Dsg/dp Pres. Salt Dt/dp dsg/dp < -0.0075 kg/dbar 170 -0.03629 2.0 37.0360 0.12320 171 -0.02821 2.0 37.0730 0.05430 171 -0.00893 4.0 37.0628 0.01540 172 -0.05794 2.0 37.0655 0.19270 172 -0.01649 4.0 37.0689 0.05320 174 -0.01208 2.0 36.9688 0.02605 177 -0.03260 2.0 37.1166 0.08810 177 -0.00985 4.0 37.1142 0.02695 180 -0.07184 2.0 37.1375 0.10445 180 -0.02533 4.0 37.1028 0.03695 184 -0.01956 2.0 37.0712 0.13935 184 -0.00803 4.0 37.0906 0.04565 195 -0.02482 2.0 36.9019 0.05975 198 -0.04874 2.0 36.9977 0.14355 202 -0.25224 2.0 36.8708 0.39230 202 -0.03987 4.0 36.8189 0.06255 206 -0.07383 2.0 36.7953 0.46225 206 -0.03339 4.0 36.8793 0.20250 208 -0.12524 2.0 36.7671 0.26340 208 -0.02346 4.0 36.7489 0.05140 209 -0.05500 2.0 36.7277 0.16895 209 -0.00866 4.0 36.7296 0.02915 210 -0.03844 2.0 36.7094 0.11920 210 -0.00996 4.0 36.7090 0.03065 216 -0.01100 2.0 36.8047 0.08445 217 -0.05139 2.0 36.7909 0.12430 217 -0.01413 4.0 36.7809 0.03255 226 -0.17850 2.0 36.7325 0.25360 226 -0.04088 4.0 36.6737 0.05905 239 -0.02082 2.0 36.4632 0.21400 239 -0.00772 4.0 36.4974 0.06580 240 -0.07849 2.0 36.4817 0.11485 240 -0.01570 4.0 36.4594 0.02325 241 -0.03716 2.0 36.5250 0.09210 241 -0.00805 4.0 36.5193 0.01880 243 -0.20325 2.0 36.6036 0.34510 243 -0.05331 4.0 36.5428 0.09700 246 -0.30014 2.0 36.8635 0.50015 246 -0.08295 4.0 36.7579 0.13830 247 -0.17031 2.0 36.7966 0.31570 247 -0.04303 4.0 36.7492 0.08065 253 -0.01081 2.0 36.4233 0.02170 254 -0.01719 2.0 36.4392 0.18220 254 -0.01117 4.0 36.5115 0.12425 257 -0.13990 2.0 36.7304 0.36680 257 -0.03223 4.0 36.7132 0.08400 258 -0.00920 2.0 36.7128 0.02050 261 -0.01449 2.0 35.7359 0.05175 262 -0.04595 2.0 35.7187 0.11445 262 -0.01129 4.0 35.7088 0.02390 272 -0.29981 2.0 36.0977 0.55450 272 -0.06197 4.0 36.0367 0.12040 273 -0.26208 2.0 35.9994 0.38260 273 -0.05137 4.0 35.9276 0.07470 Station Dsg/dp Pres. Salt Dt/dp observations in additional to above. with dsg/dp< -0.005 170 -0.00720 4.0 37.0373 0.02310 212 -0.00553 8.0 36.7923 0.00100 212 -0.00742 10.0 36.7725 0.00010 219 -0.00548 2.0 36.7635 0.05165 Examination of th water sample salinities turned up a mismarking of duplicate level water sample salinities plus a series of salinities with "-9.0" values but labelled as good "2" in QUALT1. Water sample salinities are quality controlled by comparing them to up cast CTD salinities. In the deep water two water sample salinity values were found to be mismarked in the Qual1, both at the same depth of 3762 dbars in station 209. Scans in the water sample data file with Qualt1 and modified Qualt2 flags are listed below. STN CAST SAMP BTL CTD NBR NO NO NBR RAW CTDPRS CTDTMP CTDSAL THETA SALNTY OXYGEN SILCAT NO2+NO3 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC113 CCL4 HELIUM HELIER DELHE3 DELHER NEON NEONER QUALT1 QUALT2 DBAR ITS-90 PSS-78 ITS-90 PSS-78 UMOL/KG UMOL/KG UMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG NMOL/KG NMOL/KG PERCNT PERCNT NMOL/KG NMOL/KG *** ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* 209 2 2233 301 3759 3762.5 1.9124 34.8410 1.6070 35.1667 -9.0 17.70 21.42 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2229229999999 2249229999999 209 2 2235 302 3759 3762.5 1.9119 34.8415 1.6065 34.8406 -9.0 58.14 22.79 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2249229999999 2229229999999 The following 30 water sample salinities observations have -9 data values indicating missing data but the bottle quality flag QUALT1 is set ='2'. The QUALT2 data flag is changed to ='9'. EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 WHP-ID A08 DATES 03/29/94 - 05/12/94 20000313WHPOSIODMN STN CAST SAMP BTL CTD NBR NO NO NBR RAW CTDPRS CTDTMP CTDSAL THETA SALNTY OXYGEN SILCAT NO2+NO3 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC113 CCL4 HELIUM HELIER DELHE3 DELHER NEON NEONER QUALT1 QUALT2 DBAR ITS-90 PSS-78 ITS-90 PSS-78 UMOL/KG UMOL/KG UMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG PMOL/KG NMOL/KG NMOL/KG PERCNT PERCNT NMOL/KG NMOL/KG *** ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* ******* 174 4 360 302 3310 3312.6 2.4941 34.9070 2.2219 -9.0000 246.1 31.56 18.73 0.018 0.012 0.012 0.177 1.8210 0.0070 3.55 0.24 7.944 0.025 2222222222222 2292222222222 175 2 385 301 3703 3706.2 1.9565 34.8503 1.6560 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222999999999 2292999999999 176 1 382 221 9 10.6 28.6973 36.9762 28.6947 -9.0000 190.7 0.77 0.00 1.401 0.882 0.172 1.635 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222222242999 2292222242999 181 4 635 220 10 11.0 28.8284 37.1699 28.8257 -9.0000 190.6 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 181 4 686 209 600 600.4 5.8574 34.5013 5.8052 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222999999999 2292999999999 184 1 834 220 10 11.0 28.7890 37.0700 28.7863 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999 188 1 1063 223 10 11.1 28.3398 36.9102 28.3372 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999 189 1 1149 222 10 10.6 28.2832 36.9548 28.2807 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999 193 2 1363 223 10 11.1 27.9284 37.0076 27.9258 -9.0000 193.9 0.67 0.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222249999999 2292249999999 205 2 2035 323 599 596.2 5.9908 34.5221 5.9383 -9.0000 118.0 19.87 32.29 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 208 2 2165 322 650 647.6 5.3354 34.4802 5.2815 -9.0000 135.4 24.83 33.04 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 211 2 2317 323 12 16.3 26.9478 36.7285 26.9440 -9.0000 192.5 0.96 0.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2229999999999 2299999999999 211 2 2360 317 1300 1297.8 4.0397 34.7934 3.9376 -9.0000 181.8 26.65 26.18 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 213 2 2415 314 1199 1195.0 4.0098 34.7277 3.9171 -9.0000 172.1 29.24 27.81 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 214 1 2499 212 1001 1000.2 4.0244 34.5642 3.9485 -9.0000 155.6 33.46 31.56 0.005 0.002 0.006 0.065 1.8030 0.0070 1.76 0.25 7.828 0.026 2222222222666 2292222222666 217 1 2589 208 69 68.7 23.9479 36.7077 23.9333 -9.0000 212.7 0.86 0.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999 218 1 2686 213 8 8.0 26.8101 36.8619 26.8083 -9.0000 192.8 -9.00 -9.00 1.574 0.901 0.087 1.779 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222222242999 2292222242999 219 1 2706 207 59 59.3 23.1982 36.6394 23.1860 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999 221 1 2778 208 99 99.8 20.2712 36.2921 20.2525 -9.0000 196.0 1.29 1.63 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999 222 1 2847 208 250 250.1 11.3156 35.0824 11.2841 -9.0000 76.3 10.53 27.14 0.625 0.344 0.019 0.971 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222222224999 2292222224999 222 2 2873 303 3614 3618.4 2.4908 34.8895 2.1858 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 223 1 2929 209 99 99.4 19.4608 36.2041 19.4427 -9.0000 181.7 1.82 4.31 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2242229999999 2292229999999 224 2 2999 303 3811 3815.2 2.4362 34.8875 2.1107 -9.0000 219.2 45.24 21.42 0.003 0.001 -0.001 0.012 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222222222999 2292222222999 248 1 788 207 1000 998.7 4.1558 34.5758 4.0790 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 250 1 935 207 1100 1098.8 4.0501 34.6434 3.9655 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 261 1 2254 208 750 749.6 5.0944 34.5137 5.0327 -9.0000 91.3 29.54 38.23 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222229999999 2292229999999 262 2 2408 323 651 647.5 5.7099 34.5432 5.6541 -9.0000 68.0 25.98 40.02 0.005 0.002 -0.001 0.032 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222222242999 2292222242999 268 2 2937 324 2 5.4 27.7854 35.8506 27.7842 -9.0000 198.3 0.48 0.10 1.523 0.923 0.114 1.708 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2222222222999 2292222222999 282 1 3498 211 1001 999.7 4.1895 34.5943 4.1123 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2229999999999 2299999999999 287 2 3601 318 10 11.5 27.7035 35.7232 27.7008 -9.0000 -9.0 -9.00 -9.00 1.505 0.933 0.101 1.411 -9.0000 -9.0000 -999.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 2239992222999 2299992222999 Figure number with file names (_.jpg) and figure caption (figures shown in pdf) Fig.1 CTD DQE Plot of annotated beginning station positions with bottom topography plotted versus station number in lower panel. Fig.2 CTD DQE Overall plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x). Fig.3 CTD DQE Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature West of the mid-Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x). Fig.4 CTD DQE Deep water plot of Salinity versus Potential temperature East of the mid-Atlantic ridge for all down profile 2-decibar CTD salinities plus QUAL1 "good bottle file water sample (o) and CTD (x). Fig.5 CTD DQE 3 Plot panels of up cast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu versus station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) versus pressure. Fig.6 CTD DQE 3 Plot panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu versus station number (a) all pressures (b) below 1000 dbars and (c) versus pressure. Fig.7 CTD DQE 6 histogram panels of downcast salinity differences Ds=(CTD-WS) psu for various pressure intervals as labeled. Fig.8 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 179, 187, 189, 190, 194, 197, & 203 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at surface. Fig.9 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 212, 221, 233, 249, 252, 255, & 263 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at surface. Fig.10 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure for stations 265, 266 267, 269, 270 & 290 in upper 100 decibars for stations with low salt at surface. Fig.11 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure near the bottom for stations 194 to 202 showing odd low salinity characteristic in lower 15 dbars. Fig.12 CTD DQE Plot of salinity versus pressure near the bottom for stations 247 to 254 showing odd low salinity characteristic in lower 15 dbars. Fig.13 CTD DQE A comparison of salinity on potential temperature at 11.3S and 19W of A15 stations 68 versus WOCE line A8 stations 205 to 207. Salinity of A8 is approximately 0.002 psu saltier than A15. Station 207 is 0.004 psu saltier than other neighboring A08 deep stations. Fig.14 CTD DQE salinity versus potential temperature shows station 204 to be saltier than neighboring stations by 0.004 psu as is station 207. Fig.15 CTD DQE A plot of pressure versus station indicating unstable values of density change with pressure: b) x exceeding -0.005 kg/M3/dbar a) * exceeding - 0.0075 kg/M3/dbar Fig.16 CTD DQE A08 DATA QUALITY EVALUATION Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen (Joe C. Jennings, Jr. and Louis I. Gordon) 17 Nov 2000 The WOCE A08 section is a South Atlantic transect along the nominal latitude of 11°30' South. The data was collected in April/May 1994 during METEOR Cruise 28, Leg 1, and consists of stations numbered 169 - 290. There is no nutrient or oxygen data for stations 165 - 168 or stations 271 - 290. Dissolved oxygen, silicate, and nitrate plus nitrite were reported, but phosphate, nitrite and CTD oxygen were not reported. Overall, the data quality appears to be very high. There is a number of obvious bottle and/or sampling problems, particularly with the dissolved oxygen; and a number of what are probably typographic errors (typos). These latter are all oxygen concentrations reported as < 5 µM/Kg when the water column should be ca 200 µM/Kg. Many of these should be correctable by the data originator. At several stations, a number of the oxygen values appear to have been assigned to incorrect pressures. These series of oxygen concentrations appear either too high or too low as reported, but would fit well if they were shifted by one bottle. The data originator may be able to check and possibly correct these stations. Comments on specific stations are listed below and a complete list of questionable data points is appended. STATION 172: Sample 257 @ 1700.4 db looks like a double trip with sample 258 except for the salinity. Possible sampling error? STATION 175: The oxygen values from 1089.2 db to 1698.8 db all look high. These may have been assigned to the wrong depths. STATION 176: Sample 382 @ 10.6 db appears to be out of order in the data file. It is listed between samples 430 and 431 rather than between samples 381 and 383. STATION 183: Sample 843 @ 3838.7 db looks like a double trip with sample 842. STATION 186: Sample 995 @ 1598 db looks like a possible double trip with sample 996 @ 1394.9 db. STATION 192: Nutrient and oxygen values for samples 1375 (3858.2 db) and 1374 (4107.8 db) look as though they've been reversed. STATION 200-106: There is a substantial decrease in deep-water oxygen concentrations between station 202 and 203. These stations are close to the western rise of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the changes are probably real. Several high oxygen values at station 203-206 have not been flagged because they lie within the oxygen/theta envelope of stations 200-202. STATION 212: Samples 2380 (2599 db) and 2381 (2599.1 db) are very poor replicates and I expect that the pressure of one of these samples has been incorrectly assigned. Sample 2380 also has an oxygen value so low it must be a typo. The value of 2.30 should probably be ca. 223 uM/Kg. STATION 214: Sample 2450 (130.3 db) has oxygen so low that it may be a typo. The value of 1.80 should probably be 180 uM/Kg. STATION 218: Oxygen values for samples 2675 (49 db) and 2714 (2951 db) are both so low that they are probably typos. STATION 220: Oxygen values for samples 2808 (1296.3 db) and 2800 (2850.4 db) are both so low they are probably typos. STATION 242: Silicate values for samples 268 (3101 db) and 269 (2856.3 db) may have been reversed. As assigned, 268 looks low and 269 looks high. STATION 256: Sample 1624 (1598 db) has an oxygen value of -0.7. This must be a typo. STATION 262: Oxygen values from 921 db to 2098.3 db (samples 2398, 2400 - 2405) all look as though they have been mis-assigned pressures by one bottle. If shifted up, they would fit well. STATION 263: Oxygen values from 496.8 db to 996 db all look low. If shifted up by one bottle they would fit well. Could be a sampling error or a data entry error. Cruise A08 METEOR Cruise 28 / Leg 1 Comments Sta. Samp. Press. O2 O2 Si Si N+N N+N No Phosphate or nitrite data Flag Flag Flag 172 257 1700.4 Low y High y High y Looks like double trip except for salt. 253 2480 High y 175 384 3707.5 V Low y 342 1089.2 High y 335 1298 High y 397 1497.3 High y 398 1698.8 High y 176 382 10.6 Looks like surface sample but doesn't fit tripping sequence. 434 452.9 High y 178 490 397.6 High y 179 575/576 650.8 y Poor replicates of O2, flagged both 180 650 2351.6 Low y 599/600 650.8 High y Low y Low y Poor replicate. 181 676 199.6 Low y High y High y 675 2249.5 Low y High y High y 685 600.4 Low y Poor replicate of O2 182 711 696.7 High y 712 698.6 Low y Compare with 711, poor replicates. 766 1997.7 High y 752-766: O2 looks high vs Z and theta. 765 2250 High y O2 looks high vs Z and theta. 764 2500.2 High y " " " " " " 763 2749.5 High y " " " " " " 762 3001.5 High y " " " " " " 761 3252.6 High y " " " " " " 760 3550.2 High y " " " " " " 759 3754.6 High y " " " " " " 758 4005.5 High y " " " " " " 757 4254.2 High y " " " " " " 756 4504.8 High y " " " " " " 755 4754.5 High y " " " " " " 754 4936 High y " " " " " " 753 5005.9 High y " " " " " " 752 5038.6 High y 183 843 3838.7 Low y High y High y Looks like double trip with sample 842, except for salinity. 184 875 2600.7 Low y 185 905 1997.7 Low y 186 991 2499.1 High y 995 1598 Low y y High y Looks like dbl-trip with 996 @1394.9, except for salinity. 188 1099 3101.6 Low y No nutrient shift 1106 1496.7 High y 1110 924.1 Low y 1157 4605.9 Low y No nutrient shift 189 1140 398.5 High y Ok y Low y Sil flagged due to O2 & N+N 190 1227 500.7 Low y 1225 699 High y 1224 847.7 High y 1222 1003.8 High y 192 1375 3858.2 High y High y Looks like nutrients reversed 1374 4107.8 Low y Low y Looks like nutrients reversed 195 1545 4606.6 Low y 196 1561 4607.2 High y 198 1674 1003.6 Low y 202 1871 600 High y Offset between Stns 200-202 and 203-205. 203 1930 2603 Low y 205 2027 1997.5 Low y Could be real. 2024 2247.9 Low y 206 2101 3754.3 Low y High y High y 209 2233 3762.5 Low y Low y 2245 1797.2 High y 211 2361 1698.4 Low y High y 212 2380 2599 Low y High y Low y Poor Duplicate. 2381 2599.1 Low y Low y Poor Duplicate. 213 2462 3371.4 High y 214 2450 130.3 Low y 216 2611 920.5 High y 218 2675 49 Low y Typo? 2714 2951 Low y Typo? 220 2808 1296.3 Low y Probably decimal place errors 2800 2850.4 Low y 224 2956 497.1 Low y More obvious vs theta than z 2959 201.1 High y 2960 199 Low y High y High y 231 3346 40.5 Low y High y High y Salt too low. Looks like a pre-trip 232 3417 400.4 Low y 235 3594 696 High y Differs from replicate by 15 µM/Kg 237 3657 2599.6 Low y 3656 2850.5 High y 238 3678 349.5 High y 3707 2349.3 High y 239 3713 2500.9 High y 240 3807 2500.3 High y 242 269 2856.3 High y Possibly reversed with 268 268 3101 Low y Possibly reversed with 269 244 481 995.8 High y Possibly reversed with 478 478 1196.2 Low y Possibly reversed with 481 251 1091 4756.1 Low y 255 1493 1002 Low y Low y Low y 256 1624 1598 Low y Typo? 1628 1000.5 Low y Low y High y Poor replicate of 1629. 261 2326 3102.1 High y 262 2405 921 Low y 2512 - 2516 all look one depth too low. 2404 1095.6 Low y If shifted up by one depth they look good. 2403 1296.1 Low y 2402 1496.2 Low y 2401 1697.8 Low y 2400 1899.1 Low y 2398 2098.3 Low y 263 2468 397.5 High y 2516 496.8 Low y 12512 - 2516 all look one depth too low. 2515 597.2 Low y If shifted up by one depth they look good. 2514 696.5 Low y 2513 846.1 Low y 2512 996 Low y 2506 1997.8 High y 2557 2248.7 Low y 2542 3252.6 High y 2549 3753 High y 269 3051 1095.2 Low y High y High y 3060 248.1 High y WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 10/02/96 Mueller TSO/NUTs/CFCs Submitted for DQE 1. General remarks ------------------ The bottle data file has STNNBR, CASTNO, SAMPNO, BTLNBR, CTDRAW, CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL, THETA0, SALNTY, OXYGEN SILCAT, NITRAT, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113, CCL4. Units are as requested by the WHP (dbar, ITS90, ISS78 and mass units. ***************** The CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113 and CCL4 still need qualification by the PI (A. Putzka, Bremen) and are not public. ***************** The carbonate system data are still with the PI's (K. Johnson & D. Wallace, BNL). The -SUM file is pending. W. Erasmi has been asked to prepare it for the WHP-O soon; Jane is aware of this. The CTD-files are pending. The calibration coefficients are ready. W. Erasmi will be asked to prepare the files. See also the blue cover cruise report: METEOR-Berichte 95-1, 1995. 2. The bottle data ------------------ 2.1 Non WHP stations included in bottle file: Stat. 164 - 168: Test stations 165, 166 : multiple bottle closing at large depths 245, 247 : extra CTD's for biological measurements; no bottles 275 - 286 : CTD/LADCP only; no bottles; waiting for clearance for Angola 2.2 About STNNBR, CASTNO, SAMPNO, BTLNBR The data cycles are organized to increasing STNNBR. CASTNO's are counted consecutively (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...) regardless which CTD was used; one station may have several casts (mostly two). BTLNBR's are within 301 and 324 for the rosette with the main (deep) CTD NB3, and within 201 and 224 for the shallow CTD NB2. Within a STNNBR, cycles are organized to increasing CTDPRS. Therefore, the CASTNO needs not to be a monotonically increasing function in the file. The SAMPNO is counted with time for each CTD separately (with an offset which makes them unique). 2.3 Oxygen Conversion from Umol/l to Umol/Kg using potential temperature at depth where bottles were closed. 2.4 Nutrients Phosphate not measured due to problems with standardization (see report above).Conversion of units from Umol/l to Umol/Kg with mean laboratory temperature (20šC) to calculate density. T.J. Mueller Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 09/24/97 Klein He/Tr Submitted for DQE 02/19/98 Mueller CTD/OXY/NUTs Preliminary until DQE'd The CTD, oxygen and nutrient data are 'public' and 'preliminary until evaluation of the WHPO'. As with A10, please ask Wolfgang Roether and Doug Wallace for public availability of tracers and CO2, respectively. 03/06/98 Holfort HELIUM Website Updated 07/21/98 Mueller DOC Cruise Plan Requested 08/07/98 Mueller CTD/O/NUTs Website Updated Status changed to Public * CTD, O2, nutrient data: responsible PI: T.J. Mueller, IfM Kiel (R. Onken is no longer at Kiel and has handed this to me). Free access to these data for everybody (public data); data should be flagged however 'preliminary' as long as they are not through the DQE process of the WHPO. * Tracer data: PI's are Wolfgang Roether & Alfred Putzka, both Bremen.Access to these data only with permission by them (if not yet given). * CO2 data: PI is Doug Wallace, BNL (now at Kiel)=20Access to these data only with his permission (if not yet given). 02/11/99 Kozyr TCARBN/fCO2 Data Update 02/12/99 Diggs SUM Reformatted by WHPO 02/12/99 Anderson CTD/BTL/SUM Data Update needed will check files for formatting errors 02/19/99 Diggs HELIUM/NEON Data Merged into OnLine File; encrypted A08 (Mueller: 06MT28_1) now has Helium and Neon (and associated parameters)in the bottle data file. Since we have no word on (public status) these data, they are masked out of the on-line file pending approval from the Chief Scientist. 03/11/99 Klein CFCs Data are Public I have submitted CFC data at 1999/03/11 and declared them public. Helium data have been submitted at 1997/09/24 and are also public. I assume that the CFC data are in the state of being merged because the columns contain only -9.000. I have tritium data for this cruise which I will submit soon. Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 03/11/99 Diggs He/Tr Website Updated Status changed to Public Helium and Neon for A08 (06MT28_1) are now public per Birgit Klein in Bremen. All table and file have been updated. 03/17/99 Klein CFCs Submitted I have another data set ready for you. This time it is the CFC measurements (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4) for Meteor cruise M28 (A8). The data Þle is called M28_1.woc, the corresponding documentation is in Þle m28doc.txt. Helium and neon measurements from this cruise have been submitted earlier and have been declared public. Our lab has also been responsible for the tritium measurements from the cruise. The measurements have been Þnished, but the tritium data still need a Þnal qulaity controll. I will send the tritium data to you as soon as possible. CFC data for the cruise can be public. 05/11/99 Anderson SUM Reformatted by WHPO CASTNOs in hyd file now conform to CASTNOs in sum file a08hy_merged_all_values.19990219.txt Changed the cast numbers from consecutive throughout the file to conform with the cast numbers in the .sum file and reordered the file into station and cast order. Used information given by the PI in the .doc file. (See 10/02/96 Müller) above. Ran over wocecvt with no errors, but I don't guarantee that there are no errors. 05/13/99 Diggs BTL Reformatted BTL file now online I have replaced the A08 bottle file with a new one from Sarilee. I have updated all tables and related files and include the notes from Sarilee (above). 06/04/99 Kappa DOC PDF DOC Dir. Assembled 06/25/99 Klein He/Tr Final Data Submitted Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 08/17/99 Anderson SUM/HYD Data Check I have checked the .sum and .sea/.hyd files for linesA08, A12, I08S/I09S, and P14S. The files on the web page for A08 and I08S/I09S adhere to the WHP format specifications, and I have run them over the programs wocecvt and sumchk without any errors. 12/13/99 Mueller CTD/SUM Update Needed: Numbering problems I received the below msg of Robert Key while I'm working in Brazil for a week. It concerns with a problem that arose earlier with A9, and may arise with A8, too. The problem maybe identified as Robert Key suspected: On all 3 sections A9, A10 and A8, the Kiel CTD group on-board counted casts increasingly, starting with 1 and ending with some high number. All other groups on-board were asked to keep these cast numbers for identification. To my knowledge, and J. Holfort may confirm this, the cast numbers as created on-board have been used in the CTD and SUM files we sent to the WHPO. Later (I do not exactly remember when) I got to know that someone at the WHPO changed the cast numbers in the SUM and CTD files to start with 1 for each station (as it is usual for the rest of the world). However, changing the cast numbers in the CTD and SUM files will cause problems with the rosette file as it will be completed with additional data flowing in. It seems to me that this is the problem the WHPO now is facing. The way out of it would be as recommended by Robert Key: DO NOT CHANGE CAST NUMBERS BUT KEEP THEM KEEP THEM AS THEY ARE SENT IN BY THE PIs (besides obvious mistakes). To solve the problem, you may have to reconstruct the original cast numbers from the original SUM and CTD files as they were sent in by the PIs. Juergen Holfort who has sent the CTD, SUM and part of the HYD files for A8, A9 and A10, and myself will assist if neccessary. 12/28/99 Millard CTD DQE Begun Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 02/14/00 Kozyr TCARBN/FCO2 Final Data Submitted; DQE Complete I've just put a total of 13 files [carbon data measured in Indian (6 files) and Atlantic (7 files) oceans] to the WHPO ftp area. Please let me know if you get data okay. I have put the Þnal CO2-related data Þle for the Atlantic Ocean WOCE Section A8 (R/V Meteor Cruise 28) to the WHPO ftp INCOMING area. There are two CO2 parameters: Total CO2 and fCO2 with quality þags. Please note that all fCO2 measurements are given at 20 deg. C. It is very important to have this in WHPO Þle header as it is in carbon Þle. 03/08/00 Huynh DOC Website Updated pdf, txt docs online 03/13/00 Newton CFCs Data Merged Notes on merging CFC11, CFC12, CFC113+ CCL4 to A08 06MT28_1 filename a08_cfc_1999.03.17.data system timestamps: Feb 12 1999 a08su.txt May 12 1999 a08hy.txt a08hy.txt had these exact duplicate samples. stn=202 cast=1 btlnbr=207 sampno=1869 deleted 1 dupe. stn=211 cast=2 btlnbr=309 sampno=2354 + sampno=2353 left asis. stn=216 cast=1 btlnbr=207 sampno=2609 deleted 1 dupe. stn=226 cast=2 btlnbr=323 sampno=3077 deleted 1 dupe. corrected this error in a08hy.txt stn=268 cast=1, two records have btlnbr=208. the one with sampno=2986 and press=70. should be btlnbr=209. corrected. couldn't merge in new data from stn=264, btlnbr=221 at 69.8 dbars. this probably should be btlnbr=321 at 71dbars. couldn't merge in new data from stn=270, btlnbr=223 at 39.4 dbar. this should probably be btlnbr=323 at 41 dbar. couldn't merge in new data from stn=274 btlnbr=220 at 11.2 dbar. this should probably be btlnbr=320 at 12dbar. resolution of 3 probs directly above: using originators labels and numbers. stnnbr=264 cast=2 btlnbr=21 changed to cast 3. stnnbr=270 cast=2 btlnbr=23 changed to cast 3. stnnbr=274 cast=2 btlnbr=20 changed to cast 3. Cast and bottle number and sample number were incompatible between the existing .hyd file and the originators new cfc file. So I had to use the following proceedure. Multiply originators CASTNO by 100 and add to originators BTLNBR. This sum can be matched with the .hyd file's BTLNBR. Temporarily swap the SAMPNO and BTLNBR column labels in the .hyd file. Use mrgsea program to merge keying on STNNBR and SAMPNO. Swap back column labels after all merging done. David Newton 13 March 2000 Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 03/14/00 Muus CTD Data Reformatted/OnLine 03/15/00 Bartolacci CTD/CFCs added to website 03/15/00 Muus CTD Data Reformatted EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 (WHP-ID A08) CTD data files were reformatted March 11 - 14, 2000: 1) Cast numbers in CTD data files were changed to match cast numbers in SUMMARY file. 2) The six header lines were reformatted to match the WHPO manual format. An WHPOSIO version-stamp was added. 3) A "NUMBER OBS." column was added with "-9.0"s. 4) CTD data file names were changed from M28sss.WHP to a08_0sss.wct where sss is Station Number. 5) EXPOCODE in data file was changed from 06MT28/1 to 06MT28_1. 6) TEMP label changed from "DEC C" to "ITS-90" based on description of calibration in CTD documentation. 03/20/00 Muus CTD Data Update errors corrected Additional changes March 20, 2000 /D. Muus 1) Ran wctcvt on March 14th files. Made following corrections: a) a08_0165.wct: Line 4 "CTDPRES" changed to "CTDPRS" b) a08_0167.wct: Line 2 "2917" changed to "2017" c) a08_0187.wct Dates do not match SUMMARY file dates. a08_0192.wct In most cases .wct file used BE date a08_0197.wct rather than BO date. Changed all dates a08_0198.wct to match SUMMARY file. a08_0259.wct 2) Ran wctcvt again. no errors. 03/28/00 Bartolacci CTD Corrected files online 04/14/00 Millard CTD/Sal DQE Begun Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 05/09/00 Mueller CTD/BTL/TRACER Status on website changed to Public Again, I would like to declare all CTD and all bottle data including the tracer-data of the WHP one-time cruises A9/M15-3, A10/M22-5 and A8/M28-1 as ,public'. Also please note, all CTD-data from repeat hydrography cruises / mooring cruises with chief scientists / PIs T.J. Mueller, W. Zenk, and / or O. Boebel / C. Schmid are ,public'. Viel Glueck Thomas J. Muller (speaking also for G. Siedler/M15-3; R. Onken/M22-5 and W. Roether/Tracers) 06/22/00 Millard CTD DQE Report Submitted I've finished a report on A08 CTD data with some jpeg figure files. - Bob S. Diggs asked Millard to resubmit figs. 06/29/00 Huynh DOC CTD dqe report added to pdf & txt docs 06/30/00 Newton He/Tr Data merged into btl file, online Notes on merging A08 06MT28_1 DELHE3 TRITUM DELHER TRITER New file: Jun 25 1999 Whpa8tri.dat in directory a08/original/1999.06.25_A08_TRIT_KLEIN Merged into a08hy.txt with this datestamp: 20000313WHPOSIODMN Changed delhe missing values from -9 to -999 with this command: sed 's/ -9.00 /-999.00 /' *.dat > tt Had to use same bizarre scheme for merging as I did with CFC's for this cruise. Couldn't merge in stn=264 btlnbr=221 at 69.8 dbar. left as is. Rearranged cols into 90-1 order. New a08hy.txt datestamp is: 20000630WHPOSIODMN David Newton 30 June 2000 07/05/00 Millard SALNTY DQE Report Submitted Examination of the water sample salinities turned up a mismarking of duplicate level water sample salinities plus a series of salinities with "-9.0" values but labelled as good "2" in QUALT1. Water sample salinities are quality controlled by comparing them to up cast CTD salinities. In the deep water two water sample salinity values were found to be mismarked in the Qual1, both at the same depth of 3762 dbars in station 209. Scans in the water sample data file with Qualt1 and modified Qualt2 flags are listed below. Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 07/07/00 Bartolacci He/Tr newly merged data file online Bottle: (tritum, delhe3, triter, delher, qualt1, qualt2) Replaced current A8 bottle file with new merged file from D. Newton File contains new values for delhe3/ tr and associated errors. All table entries have been updated. 09/14/00 Huynh DOC Website Updated ctd dqe report added to pdf, txt versions online 06/20/01 Uribe BTL Website Updated EXCHANGE File Added Bottle file in exchange format has been linked to website. 06/21/01 Uribe CTD/BTL Website Updated CTD EXCHANGE File Added, BTL EXCHANGE file modified. The exchange bottle file name in directory and index file was modified to lower case. CTD exchange files were put online. 12/18/01 Uribe CTD Website Updated EXCHANGE File Updated CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put online 12/19/01 Hajrasuliha CTD Internal DQE completed *check.txt created for this cruise. No sal and oxy .ps files created for this cruise. 08/19/02 Diggs BTL Netcdf and inventory needed Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 08/19/02 Bartolacci TCARBN Data merged into online file Total carbon (TCARBN) and FCO2 were merged into online bottle file. Previous file was renamed and moved to original directory. Exchange file was created. Merging CO2 parameters into A08 bottle file: CO2 bottle file obtained from: A08/original/2002_CO2_CFC_KOZYR_KLEIN_DATA/CARBON/a08.dat WOCE bottle file obtained from parent A08 directory a08hy.txt Copied a08.dat to current directory and renamed a08_cpy.dat edited out text at top of file. Used mrgsea program to merge TCARBN and FCO2. Two measurements for FCO2 were taken (FCO2@EQTMP and FCO2@20C). FCO2@EQTMP was used because it had corresponding flag whereas FCO2@20C did not. Mrgsea did not change the carbon files missing values from -999.9 to -9.0 as indicated it would, so these missing values were edited to correspond to WOCE standards. Added date/name stamp. Ran wocecvt on file with no errors (pressures are inverted though). Final output file (output3_edt.txt) was renamed a08hy.txt and copied to parent directory. Previous online file was renamed and moved to original directory. Exchange file was subsequently created. Program forced FCO2 to be renamed PCO2. Because FCO2 was a separate measurement from PCO2 in the carbon data file, this header was changed back to FCO2 in the exchange file. Units were unchanged and remain the same (PPM@EQ). Also exchange code did not include parameter EQTMP which was included in merge of WOCE bottle file. All actions were RCS'd. Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 03/19/03 Anderson BTL Website Updated, QUALT2 flags Updated Made some changes to the QUALT2 flags. See notes file for full details. Made new exchange file. Notes on a08 06MT28_1 changes. March 13, 2003 While checking the Data History I noted an entry by Millard about salinity quality code changes. I found a file with his notes, A08WSDQE.TXT in ...original/2000.07.05_A08_DQE_HYD. I checked the online file and these corrections had not been made. While making the salinity changes I noted that there were also a lot of incorrect quality flags for oxygen. The problem was not just that values for salinity and oxygen of - 9.0 had quality flags of 2, but also that there were legitimate values for these parameters that had quality flags of 9. On the stations where these problems occurred there was always a - 9.0 value with a Q flag of 2 (or 4) and a legitimate value with a Q flag of 9 at approximately the same pressure. So I used the Q flag for the -9.0 value for the Q flag for the legitimate value. I made lists of these inconsistencies, copied the QUALT1 flags to the QUALT2 flags and CHANGED ONLY the QUALT2 flags. SALINITY PROBLEMS: | OXYGEN PROBLEMS: | EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 WHP-ID A08 | EXPOCODE 06MT28_1 WHP-ID A08 CTDPRS SALNTY | CTDPRS OXYGEN STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO DBAR PSS-78 Q Q | STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO DBAR UMOL/KG Q Q ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- - - | ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- - - 174 4 359 3312.1 34.9089 9 9 | 175 2 385 3706.2 -9.0 2 2 174 4 360 3312.6 -9.0000 2 2 | 175 2 386 3706.7 235.8 9 9 175 2 385 3706.2 -9.0000 2 2 | 180 1 601 649.0 -9.0 2 2 175 2 386 3706.7 34.8510 9 9 | 180 2 599 647.5 164.4 9 9 176 1 382 10.6 -9.0000 2 2 | 181 4 686 600.4 -9.0 2 2 176 2 383 13.8 37.0066 9 9 | 181 1 684 598.8 130.7 9 9 181 4 635 11.0 -9.0000 2 2 | 184 1 834 11.0 -9.0 2 2 181 4 634 11.0 37.1807 9 9 | 184 1 835 13.8 193.7 9 9 181 4 686 600.4 -9.0000 2 2 | 187 1 1025 923.8 -9.0 2 2 181 4 685 600.4 34.4980 9 9 | 187 2 1024 922.2 171.1 9 9 184 1 834 11.0 -9.0000 2 2 | 188 1 1063 11.1 -9.0 2 2 184 1 835 13.8 37.0776 9 9 | 188 2 1064 14.0 194.1 9 9 188 1 1063 11.1 -9.0000 2 2 | 189 1 1149 10.6 -9.0 2 2 188 2 1064 14.0 36.9146 9 9 | 189 2 1150 13.8 195.6 9 9 189 1 1149 10.6 -9.0000 2 2 | 205 1 2037 599.2 125.2 9 9 189 2 1150 13.8 36.9535 9 9 | 205 1 2036 599.4 -9.0 2 2 193 2 1363 11.1 -9.0000 2 2 | 206 1 2061 500.4 112.7 9 9 193 1 1364 12.6 36.9925 9 9 | 206 1 2060 500.5 -9.0 2 2 205 1 2037 599.2 34.5257 9 9 | 209 1 2203 10.5 191.0 9 9 205 2 2035 596.2 -9.0000 2 2 | 209 2 2204 13.3 -9.0 2 2 208 1 2166 650.6 34.4860 9 9 | 211 1 2306 550.7 -9.0 2 2 208 2 2165 647.6 -9.0000 2 2 | 211 1 2307 550.8 120.1 9 9 211 2 2317 16.3 -9.0000 2 2 | 211 2 2317 16.3 192.5 9 9 211 2 2318 16.3 36.7309 9 9 | 211 2 2318 16.3 -9.0 2 2 211 2 2360 1297.8 -9.0000 2 2 | 214 1 2501 1000.2 -9.0 2 2 211 2 2293 1297.9 34.7990 9 9 | 214 1 2498 1000.3 156.3 9 9 213 2 2415 1195.0 -9.0000 2 2 | 217 1 2578 69.3 -9.0 2 2 213 2 2416 1195.1 34.7279 9 9 | 217 2 2590 71.8 211.8 9 9 214 1 2499 1000.2 -9.0000 2 2 | 218 1 2677 8.4 -9.0 2 2 214 1 2498 1000.3 34.5621 9 9 | 218 1 2688 9.1 192.8 9 9 217 1 2589 68.7 -9.0000 4 4 | 219 1 2706 59.3 -9.0 2 2 217 2 2590 71.8 36.7486 9 9 | 219 2 2707 62.5 217.7 9 9 218 1 2686 8.0 -9.0000 2 2 | 220 1 2810 999.7 -9.0 2 2 218 1 2687 9.0 36.8609 9 9 | 220 1 2811 999.7 148.0 9 9 219 1 2706 59.3 -9.0000 4 4 | 222 2 2871 3618.3 219.5 9 9 219 2 2707 62.5 36.6580 9 9 | 222 2 2873 3618.4 -9.0 2 2 221 1 2778 99.8 -9.0000 4 4 | 226 2 3077 448.9 79.6 9 9 221 2 2790 100.0 36.2776 9 9 | 226 1 3078 450.3 -9.0 2 2 222 1 2847 250.1 -9.0000 2 2 | 227 1 3116 9.8 194.3 9 9 222 2 2848 250.3 35.0424 9 9 | 227 2 3117 12.3 -9.0 2 2 222 2 2871 3618.3 34.8845 9 9 | 228 1 3203 400.4 -9.0 2 2 222 2 2873 3618.4 -9.0000 2 2 | 228 2 3202 399.3 76.3 9 9 223 1 2929 99.4 -9.0000 4 4 | 229 1 3225 824.0 131.3 9 9 223 2 2930 101.1 36.3031 9 9 | 229 1 3211 824.0 -9.0 2 2 224 2 2997 3815.2 34.8892 9 9 | 248 1 734 998.6 138.0 9 9 224 2 2999 3815.2 -9.0000 2 2 | 248 1 788 998.7 -9.0 2 2 248 1 734 998.6 34.5755 9 9 | 250 1 936 1098.6 147.2 9 9 248 1 788 998.7 -9.0000 2 2 | 250 1 935 1098.8 -9.0 2 2 250 1 936 1098.6 34.6421 9 9 | 256 1 1627 1000.5 -9.0 2 2 250 1 935 1098.8 -9.0000 2 2 | 256 1 1628 1000.7 120.2 9 9 261 1 2254 749.6 -9.0000 2 2 | 257 1 1691 10.5 -9.0 2 2 261 2 2302 747.5 34.5195 9 9 | 257 2 1693 13.1 201.3 9 9 262 1 2410 650.2 34.5478 9 9 | 259 1 2045 700.7 -9.0 2 2 262 2 2408 647.5 -9.0000 2 2 | 259 1 2046 700.7 76.9 9 9 268 1 2936 2.7 35.8405 9 9 | 262 1 2410 650.2 65.7 9 9 268 2 2937 5.4 -9.0000 2 2 | 262 1 2409 650.3 -9.0 2 2 282 1 3498 999.7 -9.0000 2 2 | 264 1 2582 49.7 -9.0 2 2 282 1 3499 999.7 34.5935 9 9 | 264 1 2618 200.2 -9.0 2 2 287 1 3599 10.5 35.7279 9 9 | 264 2 2583 50.1 50.7 9 9 287 2 3601 11.5 -9.0000 3 3 | 264 2 2617 200.1 42.0 9 9 | 266 1 2769 10.2 -9.0 2 2 | 266 2 2768 12.6 199.2 9 9 Sarilee Anderson Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- 04/22/03 Kappa DOC Cruise reports updated PDF Version Added these Data Processing Notes Reformatted text Updated figs and tables Linked figs and tables to related text Text (ASCI) Version Added these Data Processing Notes Minor reformatting