Revised 2001.05.03 A. Cruise Narrative A.1 Highlights A.1.a WOCE designation P13J A.1.b EXPOCODE 49HH932_1 A.1.c Chief Scientist Keisuke Taira (ORI, Univ. of Tokyo) Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo 15-1 Minami-Dai 1 Chome Tokyo, Japan 164 email: taira@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp phone: 81-3-5351-6471 Fax: 81-3-5351-6418 A.1.d Ship R/V Hakuho Maru A.1.e Ports of call A.1.f Cruise dates May 13 to May 30, 1993 (Leg 1) A.2 Cruise Summary Information Figure 1 shows the track of this cruise A.2.a Geographic boundaries 50N 159 165 29N A.2.b Stations occupied CTD02 casts with 24-place 12-liter rosette water sample were carried out at 19 stations. One of them was done at 29 04 N, 158 32 E as a test of the CTD system, and the others were occupied on 165E (Figure 2). CTD02 casts without water samplers were carried out at three stations on 165E (36N, 37N, 42N). Removing the samplers is due to wavy seas. The interval of CTD stations was basically 60 nautical miles. It was shortened to 30 nautical miles between 30N and 31N and between 32N and 33N, but was extended to 120 n. miles between 37N and 41N and between 42N and 44N because of stormy weather. A.2.c Floats and drifters deployed A.2.d Moorings deployed or recovered We recovered five moorings of current meters at 27N, 29N, 31N, 33N and 35N on 165E, which were deployed in August 1991 in the cruise of KH-91-5 (P13C). A.3 List of Principal Investigators Table 1: List of Principal Investigators Name Measurement responsibility Affiliation ----------------------------------------------------------------- K. Taira CTD02, Salinity, Oxygen ORI, U. of Tokyo Mooring S. Watanabe Nutrients, CFCs, Tritium Hokkaido Univ. Other chemical properties ----------------------------------------------------------------- A.4 Scientific Programme and Methods The CTD is Sea-Bird Electronics instrument equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor. The temperature and conductivity sensors were calibrated at the Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. before the cruise. The conductivity data were moreover calibrated at sea using data from the analysis of the salinity samples collected at each station. Water samples were collected from twelve-liter Niskin bottles mounted on a General Oceanics Rosette Sampler. All of the water sample conductivity measurements and oxygen titrations were made with Portable Salinometer and an automated titration instrument soon after each cast was completed. Samples for the analysis of nutrients were collected at all CTD stations. Samples for CFCs, tritium, total carbon, alkalinity, pH, C-13, CH4, and C-14 were also collected. Vertical distributions of potential temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and potential density are shown in Figures 3 to 6. A.5 Major Problems and Goals not Achieved We planned initially to do CTD02 casts within the exclusive economic zone and the territorial waters of Russia to near the Kamchatka Peninsula, but could not get a permission to do it. We, then, changed the cruise plan into the observation south of 51 20 N, 165 E. However, the weather did not make us to complete even the shortened plan. The latitude of the northernmost CTD station was 48N. CTD cast at Sta. C10 (34N, 165E) could not be lowered deeper than 3000 db because of strong current. The General Oceanics rosette tripping mechanism was much better than our previous WOCE cruise (P13C). There were much less mis-firing and double-tripping of the water sampling bottles. To confirm the exact closing depths of Niskin bottles, we mounted ten or twelve reversing meters of pressure and temperature on the bottles. The check of the bottle-closed depth was much easier than in the previous cruise. Another point different from our previous WOCE cruise is to almost disappear noises of CTD02 signal, due to reconstruction of the end portion of CTD wire connecting to a slip ring and renewal of the CTD system. A.6 Other Incidents of Note A.7 List of Cruise Participants Table 2: List of Cruise participants NAME RESPONSIBILITY AFFILIATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Keisuke Taira Chief Scientist/CTD Hardware/Mooring ORI Shoji Kitagawa CTD Hard- and Software/Current Meter ORI Masaki Kawabe Assistant to Chief Scientist/CTD Processing ORI Shinzou Fujio Watch Stander/ADCP ORI Shuichi Watanabe Oxygen/Nutrients/CFCs/Tritium Hokkaido Univ. Toshio Suga Watch Stander Tohoku Univ. Syoichi Kizu Watch Stander Tohoku Univ. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Twenty-one graduate students, two scientists from Meteorological Agency and one WESTPAC scientist were joined this cruise for CTD watch and chemical analysis. B. Underway Measurements B.1 Navigation and bathymetry B.2 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) B.3 Thermosalinograph and underway dissolved oxygen, etc B.4 XBT and XCTD B.5 Meteorological observations B.6 Atmospheric chemistry C. Hydrographic Measurements C.1 CTD Measurements Data Collection Full signals of frequency, digitized 24 times per second, sent from the underwater CTD unit SBE 9 plus (Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.) were received with the onboard unit SBE 11 plus, and were converted to output sequences of IEEE-488 (GPIB). The data collection was made with the Sea-Bird Electronics CTD operating software, SEASOFT Version 4, using an IBM-compatible personal computer JD1994DX2-66 (PROSIDE CORP.) with a 215 MByte hard disk, which was connected to the onboard unit by a GPIB cable. In addition, the signals of frequency were recorded in a SONY digital audio tape as backup data. Calibrations and Processing The CTD temperature sensor used during the cruise is manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE 3) who claim a resolution of 0.0002¯C and an initial accuracy of +0.002 C. The sensor was calibrated at the Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. before the cruise. The obtained calibration coefficients were used in the CTD operating software SEASOFT. The CTD pressure sensor used during the cruise is manufactured by Paroscientific Digiquartz (Model 4xK), and have a resolution of 0.001% of full scale and an accuracy of +0.015 % of full scale (6000 db range). The conductivity sensor is manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE 4) who claim a resolution of 0.0004 mmho/cm and an accuracy of +0.003 mmho/cm. The sensor was calibrated at the Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. before the cruise. The obtained calibration coefficients were used in the CTD operating software SEASOFT. Cell factors (i.e., the ratio of conductivity from water sample to that from CTD) were calculated to over calibrate the conductivity data furthermore. The cell factor is nearly 1 with a small vertical change. The depth dependence is expressed by quadratic polynomial of Pressure: CF = 1.000019 - 0.7583737x10**-7 x P + 0.9613456x10**11 x P**2 The oxygen sensor is manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE 13). The data were calibrated with the method shown in the WOCE Operations Manual (WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, WOCE Report No. 68/91). C.2 Salinity measurement The water sample salinities were measured with a Guildline Portasal Model 8410 salinometer that was standardized daily with IAPSO Standard Sea Water Batch P-114. All of the salinity measurements during this cruise were made within a temperature controlled (+ 1C) laboratory maintained a little below that of the salinometer water bath. D. Acknowledgments E. References F. WHPO Summary Bottle Oxygen are not available therefore figures 3 and 4 (showing deloxy) are not available. Several data files are associated with this report. They are the 49HH932_1.sum, 49HH932_1.hyd, 49HH932_1.csl and *.wct files. The 49HH932_1.sum file contains a summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent information regarding each hydrographic station. The 49HH932_1.hyd file contains the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station. The *.wct files are zipped into one file called 49HH932_1wct.zip. The 49HH932_1.csl file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels. The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values were derived for the 49HH932_1.csl file: Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels. using the following binomial filter- t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1 When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering. Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4. Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the interval. The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential temperature. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level and the two closes values. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local acceleration of gravity. Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990). Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94. G. DQE REPORTS 22 May 1996 G.1 CTD DQE (Michio Aoyama) General: The data quality of WOCE P13J CTD data (EXPOCODE: 49HH93/2) and the CTD salinity found in dot sea file are examined. The individual 1 dbar profiles were observed in temperature, salinity and oxygen by comparing the profiles obtained in the same basin. The CTD salinity and oxygen calibrations are examined using the water sample data file p13j.mka. Since DQE could not get the information on 'OXYGEN' and 'OXYGN2', DQE used values at 'OXYGEN'. DQE used the water sample data flagged "2" only for the DQE work. DQE put serial number from 100 to 121 for the original stations C00 -C21 for the convenience of data treatments by DQE. Then in some of the figures presented by DQE, the station numbers are shown in serial number by DQE. Details CTD profiles CTD temperature, salinity and oxygen look good. Evaluation of CTD calibrations to water samples Salinity calibration; The onboard calibration for salinity looks good in general. The histogram of Ds, Ds = CTD salinity in dot sea file - bottle salinity, for deeper than 2000 dbar shows an acceptable symmetric distribution. The standard deviation of Ds is 0.0024 PSS for deeper than 2000 dbar. DQE thinks that standard deviation of 0.0024 PSS is a little bit larger than one would expect from good salinometer operation and CTD salinity calibrations. DQE found some of the bottle salinity flagged "2" by the data originator should be flagged "3" or "4". These questionable/bad bottle salinity data clearly increase the standard deviation of Ds.(See DQE comments for P13J hydrographic data.) DQE observed no significant pressure dependency, however, observed station dependency. DQE suggests that further correction using a few station groupings will improve the quality of CTD salinity. Oxygen calibration; The onboard calibration for CTD oxygen looks good in general. The histogram of Dox, Dox = CTD oxygen in CTD files - bottle oxygen, for deeper than 2000 dbar shows an broad distribution. The standard deviation of Dox is 5.18 µmol/kg for deeper than 2000 dbar. DQE thinks that standard deviation of 5.18 µmol/kg is relatively larger than that we considering the WHP one-time survey standards for CTD data. DQE observed weak pressure dependency and clear station dependency. DQE suggests that further correction using a few station groupings or a station-depending linear trend will improve the quality of CTD oxygen. The following are some specific problems that should be looked at: st. C04 at bottom: Oxygen looks very high. Suggest flg. "3". St. C05 at bottom: Oxygen shows unreasonable increase. Suggest flg. "3". G.2 Hydrographic DQE (Michio Aoyama) The data quality of the hydrographic data of the WOCE P13J cruise (EXPOCODE: 49HH93/2) are examined. Since the nutrient data are not submitted yet at the time of DQE, DQE was done using only salinity and oxygen. The data files for this DQE work were P13J.sum and P13J.mka (this P13J.mka file is created for DQE, then it has a new column of quality 2 word) provided by WHPO. General The station spacing ranged from 30 nautical miles to 120 nautical miles and the sampling layer spacing was kept ca. 500 dbar in the deeper layers during this P13J cruise. Although P13J data does not meet the WOCE WHP cruise requirements on station spacing and the vertical sampling interval, P13J data will be an important part of the dataset of "WOCE one time line P13". DQE used the data flagged "2" by data originator for this DQE work. DQE examined 2 profiles and 3 property vs. property plots as listed below: - salinity and oxygen profiles - theta vs. salinity plot - theta vs. oxygen plot - salinity vs. oxygen plot Salinity; Bottle salinity profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. salinity plots also look reasonable. DQE thinks that most of the flags of the bottle salinity data are reliable. Oxygen; Bottle oxygen profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. oxygen plots also look reasonable. DQE thinks that the flags of the bottle oxygen data are reliable. The following are some specific problems that should be looked at: STNNBR XX/CASTNO X/SAMPNO XX at XXXX dbar: st. COO/1/6 at 3497 dbar: Bottle salinity looks high. Suggest flg. "3". st. C01/1/6 at 3496 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C01/1/2 at 5498 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C03/1/2 at 5500 dbar: Bottle salinity looks high. Suggest flg. "3". st. C05/1/7 at 2999 dbar: Bottle salinity and oxygen look high. Suggest flg. "3". st. C05/1/8 at 2496 dbar: Bottle salinity looks high. Suggest flg. "3". st. C07/1/5 at 3999 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C08/1/3 at 4994 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C11/1/5 at 3999 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C11/1/6 at 3497 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C14/1/6 at 35007 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C18/1/2 at 5002 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". st. C20/1/6 at 3499 dbar: Bottle salinity looks high. Suggest flg. "3". st. C21/1/7 at 2999 dbar: Bottle salinity looks low. Suggest flg. "3". WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES: Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary Notes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7/6/93 Baba DOC Cruise Rpt Rcvd @ WHPO preliminary 11/26/93 Yamada CTD Submitted for DQE 12/6/93 Yamada SEA Data rcvd @ WHPO 5/22/96 Aoyama CTD/S/O DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO 5/22/96 Aoyama CTD/S/O DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO 6/12/96 Taira CTD/S/O DQE Report sent to PI 6/12/96 Taira CTD/S/O DQE Report sent to PI 5/8/00 Taira DELC14 Not Measured See note: Samples for C-14 were also collected, but we cannot measure them in Japan and don't have any plan to do it. (from cruise report for p13c: Chief Scientist Taira/ORI) 5/11/00 Kawabe CTD/BTL Data are Public See note: I and my colleagues in the Ocean Research Institute (U. of Tokyo) made WHP cruises twice: WHP P13C (1991) and P13J (1993). I already opened (at least, I believed I opened) the calibrated CTDO2 data and sample data (not including nutrients and chemical data) in P13C and P13J several years ago, by submitting the data to the WHPO and the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC). I don't remember that the WHPO asked me whether "not public" or "public". This question may have sent to Dr. Taira who was the chief scientist of the cruises. Anyway, I hope to open our data in the WOCE community with non-encrypted usual style. (NB) All figures are available in the PDF version.