WHP Cruise Summary Information WOCE section designation I06 Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 35MFCIVA_1 Chief Scientist(s) Alain Poisson Dates 1993.01.23 - 1993.03.09 Ship R/V Marion Dufresne Ports of call La Réunion (France) to Durban (Republic of South Africa) Number of stations 133 Geographic boundaries 30°00.54'S of the stations 28°56.59'E 31°09.00'E 68°59.71'S Floats and drifters deployed None Moorings deployed or recovered None Contributing Authors M. Fieux and T. Huck J.F. Minster and J. Escalier B. Schauer C. Brunet WOCE Designation: I06 Expedition Designation: 35MFCIVA_1 Chief scientist: Alain Poisson Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, case 134 4, place Jussieu 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France Telephone: 33 1 4427 4869 Telefax: 33 1 4427 4993 Internet: apoisson@ccr.jussieu.fr Ship: R/V Marion Dufresne Ports of call: La Réunion (France) to Durban (Republic of South Africa) Cruise dates: January 23 to March 9, 1993 CRUISE SUMMARY Cruise track: The track of the cruise is shown in Figure 1. Type and number of Stations: Two types of stations were occupied: _ Long stations: 3 CTD/rosette casts to get 36 water samplings from the surface to the bottom. _ short stations: 2 CTD/rosette casts to get 24 water samplings from surface to 1600m, but with CTD down to the bottom.. _ 28 long stations and 21 short stations were occupied from 69°S to 44°S at 30°E. The other stations were adapted to the depth, especially near the antarctic continent. The location of the CTD stations are shown in Figure 2. _ 113 XBT probes, T6 and T7 type, were launched along the track of the cruise between the stations. Their locations are indicated in Figure 3 and in the summary Table 1. Sampling accomplished. Salinity, Temperature, Pressure and Oxygen concentration were measured using a CTD probe and Temperature also with XBT; The location in the water column of the measurement of these parameters all along the section is shown in Figure 4. Water bottle samples were collected, using a 12 bottle rosette with 12 litres Niskin/General Oceanic water sampling bottles; shipboard measurements of Salinity, Oxygen, Nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrites, Phosphate and Silicate), Total Inorganic Carbon, Total Alkalinity as well as the CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations were made on all the bottles collected. The locations in the water column of the bottle samplings of these parameters are shown in Figure 5a. Additional samples were collected for shore based laboratory measurements: Tritium, Helium-3, Carbon-14 (small samples), Oxygen-18, Carbon-13 and Barium. The locations in the water column of these samplings are respectively shown in figure 5b, 5c, 5d, and 5e. List of Principal Investigators. Names Responsibility Affiliation ----------------------------------------------------------- Arnold M. Carbon 14 CFR/CEA/CNRS Dehairs F. Barium LVAS/VUB Fieux M. CTD, S, XBT, ADCP LODYC/UPMC/CNRS Jean-Baptiste P. Helium/Tritium LMCE/CEA Minster J.F. Nutrients GRGS/CNES Pierre C. Oxygen 18, Carbon 13 LODYC/UPMC/CNRS Poisson A. O2, CFCs, TCO2, pCO2, AT LPCM/UPMC/CNRS Scientific programme and methods. The aim of the CIVA programme was to study the circulation and the ventilation of the Antarctic ocean in the Indian sector, especially in the western zone of this sector. The principal objectives of this programme were to study: _ the flux at the Atlantic/Indian ocean boundary _ the zonal circulation in this region _ the evolution of the Weddell Antarctic bottom water _ the air-sea flux of CO2 in this region The Marion Dufresne being also a supply ship for the French Indian ocean subantarctic islands, she departed La Réunion for Kerguelen archipelago on January 23, and occupied the station Kerfix (WOCE station SRS1), 60 nautical miles south of Kerguelen, to test the CTD and the rosette. The CTD used was a Niel Brown Mark III instrument equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor. The rosette, manufactured by General Oceanics, was equipped with 12 Niskin bottles of 12 litres manufactured by General Oceanics and a 10 kHz location pinger. The cable was a 8.6mm steel rope and the winch was built by Kley France. After each cast the rosette was secured on the deck and washed with fresh water, especially the sensors which were then covered with protective housings; samples were collected following the order recommended in the WOCE operations manual: CFC, Helium, Oxygen, TCO2+TA, Carbon-14, Tritium, Carbon-13, Oxygen-18, Nutrients, Salinity, Barium. The temperature, pressure and conductivity sensors of the CTD were calibrated at IFREMER in Brest before and after the cruise. The conductivity and oxygen sensors were also calibrated using data collected during the cruise on the bottles taken at all the stations: Salinity was measured with a 8400 type Guildline salinometer in a constant temperature laboratory and Oxygen by an automatic potentiometric titration system (Metler DL21). Samples were collected from each Niskin bottle for shipboard measurements of nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrites, Silicate and Phosphate) with two automatic Technicon AAII analysers, Total Alkalinity and Total Inorganic Carbon with a semi-automated potentiometric titration system (Radiometer) and Total Inorganic carbon with a coulometer UIC Coulometrics 5011. Samples were also collected with Pyrex 100ml syringes directly on all the Niskin bottles to measure CFC-11 and CFC-12 with a Shimadzu GC8A gas chromatograph in a portable laboratory located on the deck of the ship. All the samplings were performed on the deck. The methods of measurement are reported later in this report. Underway measurements: XBTs were launched between the stations every about 10 nm using a Sippican system. Acoustic Dopler Current Profiler measurements were made with a R.D. Instruments ADCP only on the way from Antarctica to Durban; It was the first time that this instrument was used on the R/V Marion Dufresne and some problems arose especially during the transits, due to the instrument itself and the roughness of the sea. Underway measurements of Temperature and Salinity were made by a Bisset-Berman thermosalinograph; Depth was recorded all along the track of the cruise on thermal paper using an EDO system. Fugacity of carbon dioxide was measured all along the track of the cruise with a Siemens IR analyzer, together with fluorescence with a Turner fluorometer and Oxygen with an Orbisphere Laboratory sensor. TABLE 1: Location of XBTs XBT DATE TIME UTC POSITION CODE PROBE MAX BOTTOM NBR CODE LATITUDE LONGITUDE TYPE DEPTH DEPTH (m) (m) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- X01 020693 1411 DE 67 42.25 S 30 00.28 E GPS T7 460 3525 X02 020693 2042 DE 67 18.24 S 30 00.12 E GPS T7 780 3953 X03 020693 2131 DE 67 09.42 S 30 00.18 E GPS T7 350 4088 X04 020793 0829 DE 66 41.69 S 30 00.13 E GPS T6 400 4260 X05 020793 1519 DE 66 19.19 S 30 00.47 E GPS T6 420 4350 X06 020793 1618 DE 66 10.11 S 30 00.33 E GPS T7 510 4530 X07 020893 0129 DE 65 49.29 S 30 00.36 E GPS T6 480 4725 X08 020893 0232 DE 65 37.71 S 30 00.03 E GPS T6 430 4755 X09 020893 1042 DE 65 17.70 S 30 00.07 E GPS T6 440 4845 X10 020893 1131 DE 65 09.19 S 30 00.18 E GPS T6 430 4875 ET1 020893 1256 DE 65 00.10 S 30 00.19 E GPS T6 440 4890 X11 020993 0635 DE 64 48.33 S 30 00.43 E GPS T6 440 4988 X12 020993 0715 DE 64 38.66 S 29 59.68 E GPS T6 130 5048 X13 020993 0756 DE 64 28.94 S 30 00.13 E GPS T6 480 5048 X14 020993 1715 DE 64 08.57 S 30 00.47 E GPS T7 750 5115 X15 020993 1811 DE 63 55.28 S 29 59.88 E GPS T7 750 5138 X16 021093 0515 DE 63 07.17 S 29 59.99 E GPS T7 790 5183 X17 021093 1114 DE 62 48.33 S 29 59.94 E GPS T7 800 5175 X18 021093 1148 DE 62 40.26 S 30 00.28 E GPS T7 800 5175 X19 021093 1230 DE 62 30.53 S 29 60.00 E GPS T7 730 5175 X20 021093 2130 DE 62 10.11 S 30 00.01 E GPS T7 700 5175 X21 021093 2211 DE 62 00.40 S 30 00.11 E GPS T7 800 5213 X22 021093 2253 DE 61 50.31 S 29 59.96 E GPS T7 770 5213 X23 021193 0615 DE 61 25.43 S 29 59.93 E GPS T7 700 5258 X24 021193 0648 DE 61 17.56 S 29 59.77 E GPS T7 810 5258 X25 021193 0728 DE 61 07.71 S 30 00.20 E GPS T7 830 5265 X26 021193 1555 DE 60 48.26 S 30 00.42 E GPS T7 800 5258 X27 021193 1631 DE 60 39.78 S 30 00.28 E GPS T7 800 5265 X28 021193 1713 DE 60 30.35 S 30 00.61 E GPS T7 270 5243 X29 021193 2342 DE 60 10.55 S 30 00.24 E GPS T7 160 5213 X30 021293 0034 DE 59 59.75 S 30 00.29 E GPS T7 140 5220 X31 021293 0123 DE 59 49.97 S 30 00.04 E GPS T7 350 5231 X32 021293 2024 DE 59 30.45 S 30 01.13 E GPS T7 230 5258 X33 021393 2241 DE 59 08.75 S 29 59.94 E GPS T7 310 5408 X34 021393 0548 DE 58 48.12 S 30 00.34 E GPS T7 370 5385 X35 021393 0641 DE 58 39.48 S 30 00.04 E GPS T7 180 5400 X36 021393 0740 DE 58 29.92 S 29 59.89 E GPS T7 190 5438 X37 021393 1709 DE 58 08.01 S 30 00.97 E GPS T7 640 5445 X38 021393 1821 DE 57 55.30 S 30 00.79 E GPS T7 420 5453 X39 021493 0146 DE 57 29.68 S 29 59.93 E GPS T6 470 5453 X40 021493 0235 DE 57 19.75 S 30 00.13 E GPS T7 660 5460 X41 021493 0332 DE 57 08.23 S 30 00.13 E GPS T7 750 5468 X42 021493 1149 DE 56 48.51 S 30 00.14 E GPS T7 800 5468 X43 021493 1222 DE 56 40.94 S 30 00.04 E GPS T6 480 5460 X44 021493 1310 DE 56 29.89 S 30 00.33 E GPS T6 440 5464 X45 021493 1902 DE 56 08.40 S 30 01.07 E GPS T6 480 5468 X46 021493 1935 DE 56 00.76 S 30 01.37 E GPS T6 450 5468 X47 021493 2019 DE 55 50.75 S 30 01.05 E GPS T6 480 5468 X48 021593 0528 DE 55 28.86 S 30 00.05 E GPS T7 750 5468 X49 021593 0630 DE 55 15.03 S 30 00.07 E GPS T6 230 5468 X50 021593 0702 DE 55 07.73 S 30 00.34 E GPS T7 600 5475 X51 021593 1325 DE 54 50.53 S 30 00.30 E GPS T7 760 5490 X52 021593 1411 DE 54 40.38 S 29 59.89 E GPS T6 500 5498 X53 021593 1457 DE 54 30.41 S 29 59.99 E GPS T6 480 5505 X54 021693 0543 DE 54 02.51 S 29 59.75 E GPS T6 440 5498 X55 021693 0941 DE 53 53.19 S 30 00.49 E GPS T6 440 5505 X56 022893 1306 DE 53 20.48 S 30 00.37 E GPS T7 800 4883 X57 022893 1407 DE 53 09.98 S 30 00.54 E GPS T7 800 5535 X58 030193 1120 DE 52 37.41 S 30 00.26 E GPS T6 260 4320 X59 030193 1219 DE 52 29.52 S 30 00.25 E GPS T6 480 4598 X60 030293 1030 DE 51 25.46 S 30 00.31 E GPS T7 320 4605 X61 030393 2320 DE 50 10.08 S 30 01.45 E GPS T7 280 4733 X62 030593 2001. DE 49 29.90 S 30 00.59 E GPS T7 760 5708 X63 030693 0204 DE 49 09.17 S 30 00.58 E GPS T7 780 4275 X64 030693 1055 DE 48 49.88 S 30 01.43 E GPS T7 560 3233 X65 030693 1137 DE 48 39.25 S 30 00.01 E GPS T7 600 4208 X66 030693 1839 DE 48 20.51 S 30 00.28 E GPS T7 710 4793 X67 030693 1936 DE 48 10.42 S 30 00.17 E GPS T7 740 4830 X68 030793 0549 DE 47 48.82 S 30 00.07 E GPS T7 700 5288 X69 030793 0639 DE 47 40.24 S 30 00.22 E GPS T7 460 5115 X70 030793 1340 DE 47 18.07 S 30 00.13 E GPS T7 790 4665 X71 030793 1414 DE 47 09.94 S 30 00.09 E GPS T7 760 4403 X72 030793 2140 DE 46 50.27 S 30 00.08 E GPS T7 750 4680 X73 030893 0351 DE 46 30.52 S 29 59.41 E GPS T7 760 4635 X74 030893 1145 DE 46 10.29 S 30 00.02 E GPS T7 760 4635 X75 030893 1947 DE 45 49.70 S 30 00.16 E GPS T7 800 5145 X76 030993 0540 DE 45 30.16 S 30 00.01 E GPS T7 800 5813 X77 030993 1222 DE 45 08.40 S 29 59.98 E GPS T7 700 5160 X78 030993 1824 DE 45 00.18 S 29 59.66 E GPS T7 800 5340 X79 030993 2123 DE 44 50.43 S 30 00.00 E GPS T7 800 5168 X80 030993 2209 DE 44 39.82 S 30 00.10 E GPS T7 760 5145 X81 031093 0703 DE 44 20.17 S 30 00.13 E GPS T7 740 5408 X82 031093 0749 DE 44 09.91 S 30 00.09 E GPS T7 750 5490 X83 031093 1912 DE 43 31.06 S 30 03.73 E GPS T7 750 5130 X84 031093 2119 DE 42 59.53 S 30 07.43 E GPS T7 690 5760 X85 031093 2243 DE 42 38.47 S 30 09.40 E GPS T7 780 5370 X86 031093 2356 DE 42 19.93 S 30 11.42 E GPS T7 680 5243 X87 031193 0116 DE 41 59.52 S 30 13.96 E GPS T7 770 5228 X88 031193 0308 DE 41 30.36 S 30 15.53 E GPS T7 790 4718 X89 031193 0503 DE 41 00.18 S 30 15.23 E GPS T7 770 4530 X90 031193 0701 DE 40 30.28 S 30 18.35 E GPS T7 740 4688 X91 031193 0834 DE 40 07.80 S 30 21.95 E GPS T7 700 4815 X92 031193 0953 DE 39 49.91 S 30 24.46 E GPS T7 750 4740 X93 031193 1121 DE 39 30.29 S 30 26.66 E GPS T7 640 4575 X94 031193 1352 DE 39 00.00 S 30 29.60 E GPS T7 800 4680 X95 031193 1628 DE 38 27.95 S 30 29.42 E GPS T7 610 4133 X96 031193 1837 DE 38 00.36 S 30 28.10 E GPS T7 600 4200 X97 031193 2058 DE 37 30.23 S 30 30.08 E GPS T7 830 4275 X98 031193 2324 DE 37 00.00 S 30 32.61 E GPS T7 790 4433 X99 031293 0158 DE 36 30.26 S 30 36.03 E GPS T7 820 4515 X100 031293 0425 DE 35 59.84 S 30 39.47 E GPS T7 750 4538 X101 031293 0639 DE 35 30.02 S 30 42.62 E GPS T7 860 4478 X102 031293 0918 DE 34 53.68 S 30 44.48 E GPS T7 800 4395 X103 031293 1128 DE 34 21.67 S 30 45.28 E GPS T7 830 4208 X104 031293 1307 DE 33 57.98 S 30 48.48 E GPS T7 810 3930 X105 031293 1507 DE 33 27.74 S 30 54.16 E GPS T7 790 3848 X106 031293 1658 DE 33 02.38 S 30 59.22 E GPS T6 510 3773 X107 031293 1856 DE 32 35.86 S 30 59.03 E GPS T6 520 3578 X108 031293 2119 DE 32 01.20 S 30 58.18 E GPS T6 410 3248 X109 031293 2336 DE 31 29.62 S 30 59.92 E GPS T6 500 2918 X110 031393 0204 DE 31 00.02 S 31 04.03 E GPS T6 490 2993 X111 031393 0432 DE 30 30.68 S 31 06.05 E GPS T6 500 1845 X112 031393 0654 DE 30 00.54 S 31 09.00 E GPS T6 370 390 Major Problems encountered during the cruise. Several technical problems arose during the cruise and a sanitary evacuation imposed to go directly to Durban when the ship was at 54S. Twelve days were lost and the section expected to be occupied was not entirely completed. When the cast was at a depth greater than 4500/5000m the General Oceanics rosette presented a malfunctioning from time to time: either there was no back signal but the bottle closed, or there was a back signal but the bottle did not close, or there was a double-trigging of the bottles. Although the tension of the trigging lanyards was reduced this problem remained until the end of the cruise for the deep casts. We had problems with the pumps of the "Autosal" salinometer, although this apparatus was new, especially when the sea was rough: it was difficult or at least very long to fill the cell with seawater. The instrument was disassembled and the cell was cleaned and the pumps were checked. Nevertheless the problem was not entirely resolved. We also had a problem with the winch, the wheel of which broke down; it was repaired but the cheeks were not exactly parallel and the wire could not be rewound well and the deep casts took a longer time than usually. TABLE 2: Cruise participants Name Responsibility Affiliation --------------------------------------------------------- POISSON Alain Chief Scientist LPCM/UPMC CHARRIAUD Edwige CTD, XBT LOP/MNHN BOUFFARD Brice CTD, Salinity LODYC/UPMC KESTENARE Elodie CTD LODYC/UPMC DOUCELANCE Régis Sampling LODYC/UPMC SARAGONI Gilles Sampling LODYC/UPMC LACAZE Thomas Sampling LODYC/UPMC NIZARD Gaëlle Salinity, Oxygen LPCM/UPMC HUCK Thierry CTD, Salinity LPO/UBO LOUANCHI Ferial Data managing LPCM/UPMC BROTONS Pascal Oxygen LPCM/UPMC MANGALO Raymond Oxygen LPCM/UPMC LEROUX M-Madeleine Oxygen LPCM/UPMC SCHAUER Bernard CFCs LPCM/UPMC REVERT Ludovic CFCs LPCM/UPMC THOMAS Fabienne CFCs LPCM/UPMC ESCALIER Jocelyne Nutrients GRGS/CNES LEMOINE Jean-Michel Nutrients GRGS/CNES SARTHOU Géraldine Nutrients GRGS/CNES BOURGOIN Pascal TCO2/coulometry LPCM/UPMC CLAVEL Olivier TCO2/coulometry LPCM/UPMC RAILLON Raphaële TCO2/coulometry LPCM/UPMC BRUNET Christian AT+TCO2/potentiometry LPCM/UPMC CABON Suzane AT+TCO2/potentiometry LPCM/UPMC MAURICE Laurence AT+TCO2/potentiometry LPCM/UPMC BLANC Christine pCO2 LPCM/UPMC YIOU Pascal C14+He/Tritium LMCE/CEA PICOT Gabriel Sampling LPCM/UPMC LAGARDE Jean-Philippe Sampling LPCM/UPMC MORTIER Laurent Sampling LPCM/UPMC OLLIVIER Bernard Hardware, electronics IFRTP BOUCHARD Olivier Software IFRTP KLEIN Christophe Electronics IFRTP Measurement Techniques and Calibrations. Salinity (M. Fieux and T. Huck) Salinities were measured with a Guildline Autosal Model 8400B Laboratory salinometer. It was calibrated for each set of measurements (about daily) with IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P-121. The cell was rinsed and filled with distilled water after each set of measurements. Before the standardization, the cell was rinsed at least ten times with seawater from previous set of samples, then at least 3 times with Standard Seawater and 5 measurements were made on this Standard Seawater in order to calibrate the instrument. The cell was rinsed 3 times between each sample and 3 measurements were made; All the measurements were made between 24 and 48H after the samplings. The reported salinity data are the arithmetic means of the 3 measurements. The apparatus was located in a laboratory container, the temperature of which was stabilized at about 1°C below the temperature of the salinometer water bath. This was 18°C when the atmospheric temperature was low and 21°C when the outside temperature was greater than about 15°C. At each station at least 2 or 3 duplicate samples were collected; the differences of the two measurements are shown in Table 4. The samples were collected in IAPSO bottles which were stored in the same laboratory container at least 10 hours before the measurements. Oxygen: (B. Schauer) An automated potentiometric titration system (Mettler DL21) was used to measure oxygen on the samples collected in all the Niskin bottles, according to the Winkler method revised by Carpenter (1969). Samples were collected in special Pyrex flasks with a grounded stopper designed in such a way that approximately a volume equivalent to the one of the titrant to add was preserved for the titration. The flask was rinsed three times with seawater and filled in order to overflow three times its volume. The concentration of the titrant (Na2S2O3,5H2O) was measured with a potassium iodate (KIO3) solution prepared by weight in a shore based laboratory before the cruise and stored in recycled standard seawater ampoules. Duplicate measurements were made on several samples; the differences are shown in Table 4. Nutrients: (J.F. Minster and J. Escalier) The measurements of nutrients were made using two automatic Technicon AAII analysers. Nitrates were reduced according to the Woods method (1967), adapted to the automatic systems by Grasshof (1983) and Tréguer and Le Corre (1974). Nitrites obtained are titrated with the colorimetric technique described by Benschreider and Robinson (1952). The cadnium column was a U-shaped Pyrex tube filled with Cd granulates whose diameters were 0.315 and 0.715 µm; the reduction occurred at room temperature. Phosphates were measured using the Murphy and Riley method (1962), modified by Tréguer (1976); The reaction occurred at 37°C.Silicates were measured according to the Mullin and Riley technique (1962) revised by Grasshoff (1983) and Treguer (1976); the reaction occurred at 37°C.Samples were collected in 125 ml prolypropylene flasks after three rinsings. Analyses were performed immediately after the sampling of the water. Replicate samples were taken at all the stations The difference between the two measurements are shown in Table 4.Standard solutions were prepared by diluting NO3, PO4 and SiO2 standards with surface seawater collected near la Réunion island, filtered on 0.45 µm filter and stored at room temperature. _ NO3 standard was a 5000 µmol/kg KNO3 solution _ PO4 standard was a 500 µmol/kg KH2PO4 solution _ SiO2 standard was a 17000 µmol/kg Na2SiO3 solution. Concentrations of standard solutions (mmol/litre): Sdt 0 Sdt 1 Sdt 2 Sdt 3 Sdt4 ------------------------------------ NO3 0 5 10 20 30 PO4 0 0.5 1 2 3 SiO2 0 34 85 136 170 Wavelength for NO3 : 540 nm PO4 : 880 nm SiO2 : 660 nm length of the cell for NO3 : 1.5 / 50 mm PO4 : 2 / 50 mm SiO2 : 1.5 / 1.5 mm CFC-11 and CFC-12 (B. Schauer): The measurement of CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) and CFC-12 (dichloro- difluoromethane) were performed by a Shimadzu GC8A electron -capture gas chromatograph, according to the method described by Bullister and Weiss (1988); The peacks were integrated using a Spectra Physics SP4920 integrator during the measurements; they will be checked in a shore-based laboratory using the Winner programme. Seawater was collected in 100 ml glass syringes, with a metal tap, directly on the Niskin bottles when the rosette arrived on the deck. The Niskin bottles were previously cleaned with Decon detergent and the O-rings and taps were cleaned and put in an oven under low pressure at 60°C during 24H. The syringes were stored in an open tank where a flow of surface water was continuously running. All the measurements were done in the 5 hours following the samplings. The ECD detector signal was calibrated at each station with an air from Kerguelen Island, whose CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations (close to the ones in seawater) were previously calibrated relatively to SIO standards with a precision of 0.5% for both the CFC. The precision of the method was tested at station 12 and duplicate samples were collected at all the stations. the results of these measurements are shown in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. At station 12, measurements were made on 9 Niskin bottles; the precision were 0.4% for CFC-11 and 1.1% for CFC-12, including the blank correction which was not taken into account for all these preliminary data. The signals were checked using Winner program in a base laboratory after the cruise. TABLE 3: Replicate measurement of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in surface water at station 12. Depth CFC-11 CFC-12 (m) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) -------------------------- 10 7,297 3,075 10 7,367 3,030 10 7,334 3,027 10 7,375 3,002 10 7,386 3,079 10 7,359 3,022 10 7,369 3,010 10 7,360 3,002 10 7,353 2,977 mean 7,356 3,025 std dev 0,36% 1,11% Total Alkalinity, TA p and Total Inorganic Carbon, TCO2 p (C. Brunet): Samples were collected in 500 ml Pyrex flasks with a screw stopper; the flask was rinsed twice with seawater and filled in order to overflow twice its volume. A potentiometric titration derived from the method developed by Edmond (1970) was used to estimate Total Inorganic Carbon (TCO2 p) and Total Alkalinity (TA p). The titration system was composed of a Radiometer ABU 80 burette, a Radiometer PHM80 pHmeter and a PC/AT Tandon micro-computer to drive the burette and record the data. The titration curve was used as recommended in the US Department of Energy report (DOE, 1991) to determine TCO2 and TA. The acid (HCl, 0.1N) used for the titration was calibrate once or twice a day with the Reference Material prepared by A. Dickson from Scripps Institution for the JGOFS programme. The measurements were made between 12 and 48H after the sampling. To test the precision of the method, replicate samples were taken at all the stations The difference between the two measurements are shown in Table 4. Another way to estimate the precision of the measurements is to calculate the regression curve of TCO2 versus potential temperature in deep water. the calculation was made on the 460 samples whose temperature is between -0.8°C and 0.4°C; 14 data of TA and 22 of TCO2 were rejected because very far from the regression curve. This is possibly due to bad samplings or any problem during the titration. The standard deviation was 2.4µeq./kg for TA and 3.7 µmol/kg for TCO2. Total Inorganic Carbon, TCO2 c (B. Schauer): Samples were collected in 500 ml Pyrex flasks with a screw stopper; the flask was rinsed twice with seawater and filled in order to overflow twice its volume. A coulometric titration described by Johnson et al (19) was used with a 5011 UIC Coulometrics coulometer. Phosphoric acid was used for the titration and nitrogen for the bubbling in the stripper. A micro-computer drive the coulometer and the device used for the titration. The calibration of the method was made using sodium carbonate solutions prepared under nitrogen atmosphere whose concentrations were between 0 and 2200 mmol/kg. To test the precision of the method, replicate samples were taken at all the stations The difference between the two measurements are shown in Table 4. CTD The pressure and temperature sensors of the CTD probe were calibrated at the IFREMER standard laboratory in Brest before the cruise. As the CTD was used also by the cruise following CIVA-1 (ANTARES-1) on board the Marion Dufresne, the probe was calibrated a second time in the same laboratory after the cruise Conductivity and oxygen sensors were calibrated using salinity and oxygen concentrations measured on the Niskin bottles of the rosette. TABLE 4: Differences of replicate measurements. STN Uncorrected SALNTY OXYGEN SILICAT NITRAT PHSPHT CFC-11 CFC-12 TA TCO2 p TCO2 c NBR depth (m) PSS-78 µMOL/KG µMOL/KG µMOL/KG µMOL/KG pMOL/KG pMOL/KG mEQ/KG mMOL/KG mMOL/KG --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 250 0,000 0,2 4,63 0,07 0,04 0,001 0,016 0,001 0,004 0,008 3 255 0,000 0,76 0,14 0,02 0,059 0,001 0,001 3 1255 0,000 1,9 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,004 0,009 0,008 0,002 0,008 4 250 0,002 0,5 0,00 0,14 0,12 0,028 0,009 0,059 0,055 0,017 4 2177 0,000 0,2 0,00 0,14 0,02 0,393 0,028 0,000 0,005 0,003 5 250 0,002 0,5 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,056 0,036 0,001 0,010 0,001 5 3055 0,005 2,1 1,67 0,29 0,03 0,008 0,005 0,000 0,010 0,003 6 250 0,002 1,1 0,84 0,00 0,00 0,011 0,006 0,006 0,011 0,002 7 250 0,002 0,3 1,64 0,17 0,01 0,041 0,009 0,014 0,018 0,001 7 1600 0,002 1,5 0,82 0,00 0,03 0,000 0,011 0,001 8 250 0,004 0,2 0,81 0,00 0,00 0,013 0,008 0,004 0,005 0,000 8 1300 0,001 0,2 1,56 0,00 0,00 0,015 0,012 0,003 0,008 0,003 8 3987 0,001 0,4 1,55 0,00 0,01 0,035 0,008 0,012 0,001 0,001 9 250 0,003 0,8 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,070 0,023 0,003 0,001 0,000 9 1600 0,002 0,0 0,80 0,15 0,00 0,045 0,038 0,007 0,006 0,005 10 250 0,000 0,8 0,00 0,13 0,09 0,034 0,010 0,000 0,007 0,002 10 1350 0,001 1,5 0,81 0,13 0,01 0,006 0,002 0,004 10 4000 0,004 2,3 0,80 0,06 0,02 0,214 0,077 0,004 0,018 0,001 11 1600 0,000 0,2 0,00 0,13 0,02 0,001 0,002 0,004 0,005 0,001 12 250 0,004 1,1 0,00 1,41 0,02 0,066 0,015 0,000 0,007 0,009 12 1350 0,001 0,3 2,46 0,16 0,00 0,005 0,003 0,003 0,006 0,003 12 3000 0,001 0,1 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,009 0,011 0,009 0,009 0,000 13 250 0,001 1,1 0,92 0,16 0,00 0,008 0,026 0,002 13 1600 0,000 0,2 1,38 0,08 0,02 0,000 0,007 0,012 0,003 13 4000 0,002 2,8 2,20 0,23 0,19 0,017 0,014 0,007 0,007 0,003 14 250 0,000 0,1 0,00 0,00 0,03 0,031 0,009 0,000 0,002 0,001 14 1350 0,000 0,8 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,005 0,021 0,002 0,002 0,001 14 4000 0,002 1,8 7,67 0,00 0,02 0,178 0,080 0,001 0,018 0,001 15 250 0,000 0,5 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,005 0,004 0,001 0,002 0,003 15 1600 0,002 0,2 0,84 0,00 0,00 0,009 0,010 0,001 0,003 0,002 16 250 0,001 0,0 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,017 0,010 0,001 0,001 0,005 16 1350 0,000 3,1 0,42 0,00 0,02 0,024 0,013 0,000 0,004 16 4000 0,000 0,4 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,003 0,002 0,014 0,012 17 250 0,000 0,7 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,006 0,007 0,002 17 1600 0,000 0,1 0,85 0,09 0,00 0,001 0,001 0,003 0,004 0,004 18 250 0,000 0,1 2,17 0,00 0,01 0,002 0,032 0,003 0,000 0,002 18 1350 0,001 0,1 1,73 0,00 0,01 0,012 0,020 0,001 0,005 0,003 18 4000 0,001 0,3 1,73 0,00 0,01 0,114 0,042 0,012 0,001 0,001 19 250 0,001 0,8 0,41 0,00 0,03 0,019 0,027 0,001 0,001 0,001 19 1600 0,002 0,3 0,83 0,08 0,04 0,035 0,020 0,003 0,033 0,005 20 250 0,003 0,7 0,81 0,15 0,03 0,001 0,010 0,000 0,000 0,001 20 1350 0,000 0,4 0,00 0,08 0,02 0,000 0,005 0,001 0,007 0,006 20 4000 0,000 0,5 0,82 0,15 0,02 0,006 0,019 0,000 0,001 0,025 21 250 0,002 0,4 0,82 0,23 0,02 0,064 0,012 0,001 21 1600 0,007 0,1 0,82 0,07 0,02 0,000 0,000 0,002 0,001 0,003 22 250 0,001 0,2 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,035 0,024 0,002 0,005 0,002 22 1350 0,000 0,6 0,84 0,07 0,01 0,041 0,033 0,001 0,001 0,001 23 250 0,002 0,2 0,41 0,00 0,01 0,006 0,010 0,003 0,001 0,000 23 1600 0,001 0,7 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,008 0,007 0,001 0,004 0,045 24 250 0,011 2,4 2,08 0,16 0,02 0,123 0,062 0,001 24 1350 0,000 0,5 0,41 0,00 0,02 0,029 0,005 0,005 0,001 0,003 25 250 0,006 0,00 0,00 0,01 0,062 0,021 0,000 0,004 0,000 25 1600 0,000 0,2 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,004 0,004 0,000 0,006 0,002 26 250 0,000 0,7 0,00 0,08 0,01 0,006 0,002 0,001 0,002 0,004 26 1350 0,002 0,1 0,42 0,00 0,01 0,016 0,034 0,004 0,003 0,003 27 250 0,000 1,1 0,00 0,08 0,00 0,091 0,001 0,002 0,000 0,006 27 1600 0,001 0,3 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,007 0,014 0,000 0,001 0,014 28 250 0,002 1,2 0,00 0,00 0,01 0,032 0,042 0,002 0,002 0,033 28 1350 0,000 0,7 0,43 0,00 0,03 0,030 0,054 0,004 0,002 0,001 29 250 2,82 0,40 0,05 0,558 0,264 0,003 0,002 0,007 29 1600 0,001 0,2 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,005 0,031 0,004 0,003 0,003 30 250 0,002 0,6 0,00 0,08 0,00 0,061 0,013 0,001 0,000 0,003 30 4000 0,000 0,0 0,90 0,08 0,00 0,006 0,006 0,003 0,004 0,001 31 250 0,001 0,4 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,011 0,018 0,002 0,003 0,003 31 0,000 0,5 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,033 0,000 0,013 0,029 0,011 32 250 0,001 0,1 0,00 0,00 0,01 0,063 0,044 0,001 0,008 0,002 32 1350 0,001 1,2 0,42 0,07 0,01 0,048 0,009 0,001 0,003 0,001 32 4000 0,000 0,4 0,84 0,22 0,00 0,006 0,021 0,005 0,002 0,004 33 250 0,000 6,1 0,82 0,39 0,03 0,313 0,052 0,003 0,004 0,002 33 1600 0,000 0,2 0,00 0,00 0,03 0,057 0,059 0,005 0,000 0,009 34 250 0,000 0,0 0,42 0,15 0,00 0,043 0,045 0,003 0,015 0,001 34 1350 0,000 0,1 1,26 0,08 0,02 0,033 0,000 0,001 0,002 0,002 35 250 0,000 0,3 0,00 0,08 0,00 0,043 0,004 0,000 0,001 0,003 35 1600 0,000 0,3 0,44 0,08 0,00 0,013 0,000 0,001 0,002 0,005 36 250 0,010 3,7 1,35 0,33 0,00 0,177 0,085 0,001 0,001 0,003 36 1100 0,000 0,5 0,46 0,08 0,01 0,027 0,103 0,001 0,001 0,002 36 3865 0,000 0,4 0,00 0,08 0,00 0,061 0,083 0,002 0,005 0,003 37 250 0,004 1,4 0,91 0,07 0,01 0,000 0,048 0,000 0,003 0,001 37 1600 0,001 0,1 0,00 0,08 0,02 0,022 0,000 0,006 0,003 0,002 38 250 0,000 0,0 0,45 0,00 0,03 0,055 0,010 0,002 0,002 0,001 38 1350 0,001 0,1 0,00 0,07 0,01 0,012 0,040 0,004 0,000 0,002 39 250 0,000 0,3 0,00 0,23 0,01 0,014 0,052 0,002 0,005 0,001 39 1600 0,000 0,00 0,16 0,01 0,054 0,043 0,008 0,001 0,005 40 250 0,002 0,6 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,003 0,004 0,002 0,001 0,002 40 1350 0,002 0,43 0,00 0,05 0,011 0,010 0,001 0,010 0,002 40 3500 0,001 0,2 0,00 0,07 0,00 0,063 0,015 0,005 0,001 0,020 41 250 0,012 3,3 0,00 0,47 0,03 0,144 0,040 0,003 0,002 0,002 41 1600 0,002 0,4 0,89 0,15 0,02 0,008 0,018 0,007 0,006 0,001 42 250 0,004 0,7 0,45 0,08 0,03 0,016 0,049 0,006 0,002 0,001 42 1350 0,001 0,0 0,00 0,39 0,06 0,007 0,084 0,007 0,003 0,002 43 250 0,005 0,6 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,013 0,010 0,005 0,004 0,001 43 1600 0,001 1,0 0,00 0,30 0,00 0,006 0,029 0,000 0,014 0,007 44 250 0,000 0,42 0,00 0,02 0,011 0,011 0,001 0,003 0,001 44 1000 0,001 0,3 0,00 0,31 0,02 0,021 0,034 0,002 0,000 0,008 45 250 0,003 4,0 0,00 1,68 0,07 0,128 0,133 0,004 45 1600 0,000 0,6 0,00 0,00 0,01 0,029 0,034 0,002 0,003 0,000 46 250 0,007 0,5 0,00 0,22 0,03 0,094 0,065 0,002 0,005 0,006 46 1350 0,004 0,4 0,88 0,56 0,05 0,075 0,071 0,000 0,000 0,002 46 4000 0,000 0,6 0,44 0,07 0,00 0,091 0,052 0,001 0,004 0,001 47 250 0,000 0,5 0,00 0,15 0,03 0,002 0,009 0,002 0,002 0,004 47 1000 0,000 3,3 0,44 0,00 0,01 0,034 0,025 0,001 0,001 0,003 47 1600 0,002 8,4 0,88 0,22 0,00 0,000 0,034 0,002 0,002 0,004 48 250 0,005 0,4 0,00 0,15 0,02 0,014 0,035 0,001 0,003 0,003 48 1350 0,005 0,0 0,00 0,00 0,04 0,006 0,027 0,001 0,005 0,005 49 250 0,001 0,2 0,00 0,07 0,00 0,009 0,028 0,000 0,002 0,000 49 1600 0,005 0,1 0,00 0,15 0,03 0,002 0,056 0,001 0,001 0,006 50 250 0,004 0,0 0,52 0,07 0,01 0,005 0,005 0,001 0,004 0,000 50 1350 0,001 0,2 0,54 1,34 0,02 0,016 0,001 0,001 0,003 0,016 51 250 0,000 0,7 0,49 0,00 0,02 0,000 0,008 0,003 0,001 0,002 51 1350 0,001 0,1 0,52 0,00 0,01 0,059 0,010 0,001 0,004 0,002 52 250 0,000 1,8 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,044 0,047 0,003 0,007 0,003 52 1350 0,002 0,4 0,00 0,37 0,06 0,004 0,007 0,003 0,002 0,004 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mean 0,002 0,8 0,59 0,13 0,02 0,043 0,027 0,003 0,005 0,004 sdt dev 0,002 1,2 1,00 0,25 0,03 0,077 0,034 0,006 0,007 0,006 *All figures are shown in PDF file. WHPO DATA PROCESSING HISTORY Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary Notes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2/3/98 Anderson BTL/SUM Reformatted by WHPO, See Note: Files i06_sum.txt and i06_hyd.txt were reformatted to conform with what is, at this time, the WHP formats. This consisted mostly of adding spaces and shifting data. The following are other discrepancies that were found. Some that were obvious were "corrected" others were left as is for someone else to determine what should be done.--Sarilee Anderson, 3 Feb. 1998 i06_sum.txt: --record 136 longitude input as 29 60.0 - changed to 30 00.0 --record 420 max. pressure input as 288?2 - changed to 288.2 --records 516, 517, and 518 all had the date as 31393 - changed to 031393 i06_hyd.txt: --SAMPNO - these are strange numbers 10, 20 30,40,1750,2000, as if they were desired depths (pressure) for sample. Doesn't cause a problem, just strange. There are even some that have F-20 as a sample no, these are usually the deepest sample(s). --Station 12, cast 1 and cast 4 - these casts do not have CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL, CTDOXY, THETA, SILCAT, NITRAT or PHSPHT. But they do have SALNY, OXYGEN, CFC-11, CFC-12, and TCARBN. WOCECVT will not convert them because there are no pressures (depths) --Station 25, records 720 to 731, sample 325 bottle 12 to sample 1600 bottle 1. data screwed up. THETA, SALNY, OXYGEN, and SILCAT columns do not have the correct values. QUALT1 flags not much help in determining what the problem might be. Values aren't even close to what they should be. Some values might be in the wrong columns, but that does not account for everything. --Station 28, record 811 (last record in file) is incomplete. The .hyd file stops at sta. 28, but the .sum file indicates there should be 52 stations. In the following stations the cast number in the .sum file does not agree with the cast number in the .hyd file. Station cast #s cast #s #s in .sum in .hyd --------------------------- 2 1 and 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 3 1 and 2 7 1 and 3 1 and 2 9 1 and 3 1 and 2 11 1 and 3 1 and 2 15 1 and 3 1 and 2 17 1 and 3 1 and 2 19 1 and 3 1 and 2 21 1 and 3 1 and 2 23 1 and 3 1 and 2 25 1 and 3 1 and 2 27 1 and 3 1 and 2 I'm guessing the .hyd is correct and the .sum is incorrect. But I did not change either of them. WHPO DATA PROCESSING HISTORY Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary Notes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2/5/98 Poisson CTD/BTL Data are Public; only have 22 of 58 stas 7/14/98 Anderson SUM Reformatted by WHPO The .sum file now conforms with our new format EXCEPT for the max press. The original file had the maximum pressure to tenths (xxxx.x). I left it that way. 9/14/98 Fieux CTD/Sal Data are Public Request permission to use data on IO cd rom 9/15/98 Talley CTD Update Needed; see note Station 25 on I06S has columns out of order (temperature and salinity switched etc etc). Can you please regrid all properties for I06S, leaving out station 25? It's too much trouble for me to correct the data set right now. Steve and Jerry - PLEASE keep this email in your comments for I06S which would be forwarded to a DQE or given to Dave Muus or Sarilee to fix before the data set is sent to a DQE. The data set should definitely be fixed before it is released to anyone else. The problem is in station 25 cast 1, where the columns are in a different order from all other casts on the section. 9/15/98 Fieux CTD/Sal Data are Public; "YES" to Permission Request 9/16/98 Minster NUTs Data are Public in view of the age of the data you are mentioning, I consider that they should be made available in the largest possible form, provided their origin is described in the data files, CD Roms or plots, and to the largest possible population of scientists, provided it is asked to them they refer to the initial origin of the data when they use them. -- Sincerely yours, JF Minster 9/18/98 Anderson CTD Reformatted by WHPO; See Note: Completed reformatting the ctd files. Only the headers needed information to make them complete. Added NO. RECORDS= value, and changed the station and cast numbers. The originator had all casts set to 1 and the station numbers as pointed out by Lynne) were numbers like 11, 21, 33 where the first number is the station number and the second is the cast number, i.e. 33 is station 3, cast 3, etc. In most cases the originator reported more than one cast. There is not a standard in the files naming convention for this. I named the files i06sxxxx.wct for the deepest cast - usually cast 1. The other files were named i06sxxxx.x.wct, xxxx being the station number and the .x being the cast number. WHPO DATA PROCESSING HISTORY Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary Notes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9/22/98 Poisson CTD Submitted on CD I received the I06S (1996 version) which is complete from Alain Poisson today on CDROM. This CDROM also contains all of the CTD data for I06-1993, so we can get Sailee/Dave Muus to correct the truncated stations from the aborted effort. 10/12/98 Anderson CTD Reformatted by WHPO notes file included CTD stations 6, 10, 13.3, 14.2, 18, 21, 32, 40, 45, 47, 47.3, 48, 49, and 52 were truncated in transfer in the original files. They are now complete and have been reformatted. 11/17/98 Poisson BTL Data Update replace station 25 12/23/98 Muus CTD Data Update i06ssu.txt - MAX PRESS given in tenths of decibars (f6.1) instead of i5. Consequently header adjusted to put extra space between WIRE OUT and MAX PRESS.MAX PRESS values unchanged. EXPOCODES not yet changed. 3/10/99 Diggs CTD Submitted 49 ctd stations rcvd at N. Orleans conference 3/11/99 Baptista HELIUM Submitted for DQE 6/4/99 Kappa DOC PDF version created Needs new figs; txt needs reformatting 9/29/99 Falkner BA No Data Submitted; See note: The quality of the Ba data from most WOCE legs in the Indian Ocean turned out to be quite poor; far worse than attainable analytical precision (+/-20% as opposed to 2%). We recorded many vials which came back with loose caps and evaporation associated with that seems to be the primary problem. The only hope I have of producing a decent data set is to run both Ba and a conservative element simultaneously and then relating that to the original salinity of the sample. We will be taking delivery on a high resolution ICPMS here at OSU sometime this winter which would make the project analytically feasible and economical. I do not presently have the funds in hand to do this and so have archived the samples for the time being. I don't think the WHPO would derive any benefit from the present data set. KKF 8/25/00 Key DELC14 Final Data Rcvd @ WHPO; See Note: The data file I just submitted, "I6S.C14" is NOT my data. I sent on request from Piers. I received the original file from V. Leboucher. This data is public and has been published: Leboucher, et al., 1999, Radiocarbon, 41(1), 51-73. In the original file, the casts were identified by a letter code. I replaced the letters with numbers corresponding to the hyd file at WHPO and then merged. The replacement scheme was: "S"=3 "I"=2 "P"=1 There was one id error in the original file which I fixed prior to merging. The errors are as reported with the original data. I carried out QC and assigned all flag values. WHPO DATA PROCESSING HISTORY Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary Notes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11/21/00 Muus CTD Reformatted by WHPO; See Note: I've reformatted the I06S CTD data files CIVA2_0491.csv through CIVA2_9991.csv I06S EXPOCODE 35MF103_1 CTD Stations 49-96 plus 998 & 999. 1. Changed comma separated value files received from Steve Diggs November 15, 2000, to WOCE format CTD files. CIVA2_0491.csv to i06sb0049.wct CIVA2_0501.csv to i06sb0050.wct etc. etc. CIVA2_0951.csv to i06sb0095.wct CIVA2_0961.csv to i06sb0096.wct CIVA2_9981.csv to i06sb0998.wct CIVA2_9991.csv to i06sb0999.wct 2. Plotted all files and ran wctcvt. No apparent errors. 3. Sarilee Anderson has already reformatted Stations 1 - 48. The two sets of reformatted CTD files should be put in to on zipped file for posting to the web. Dave Muus, November 21, 2000 2/7/01 Mantyla NUTs/S/O DQE Begun I would be glad to look over the Indian Ocean data for you. Sarilee has started plotting up I01 for me to start on. - Arnold 3/12/01 Diggs BTL Data Merged into BTL file btl file now has correct flags, needs radiotracers merged in. The final bottle data that was in Excel format from Poisson is in and has the corrected flags. It's all set to have the radiotracers merged in. I finally finished getting the CIVA2 (I06-1996) Bottle data reformatted into (near) WOCE. It's in the following directory: ../indian/i06/i06sb /original/2001.03.07 _I06SB_BOTTLE_POISSON in the file called: I06S_Niskin_ CIVA_2_20010309.txt 3/13/01 Poisson BTL Data Update: BTL file is correct as submitted Thank you for your timely reply to our request for an updated bottle data file for the 1996 I06S cruise. We have everything figured out and are currently in the process of updating all of our online files. Best Regards, - Steve Diggs +------> It is not always "2" which has to be put for the bottle number flag. Forget the first sentence of my message. The table is (should be!) OK. I hope you are able to read the table; if not, let me know. Best regards - Alain Poisson 4/27/01 Kappa DOC Doc Update: Caroline reformatting report complete report with graphics found in notebook, need to create pdf & txt versions. 6/12/01 Anderson CTD/SUM Reformatted by WHPO The cast numbers in the .sum files in the stations listed above agree with the cast numbers in the .ctd files. Therefore I will change the .hyd file.