A. Cruise Narrative: WOCE Section P01 A.1. Highlights WHP Cruise Summary Information WOCE section designation P01 Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 31TTTPS47 Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation Lynne Talley/SIO* Dates 1985.08.04 - 1985.09.07 Ship R/V Thomas G. Thompson Ports of call Hakodate, Japan to Seattle, Washington, USA Number of stations 115 CTD/rosette stations A.2. Cruise Summary Information 47° 00.00' N Geographic boundaries of the stations 145° 27.30' E 124° 59.30' W 39° 41.30' N Floats and drifters deployed none Moorings deployed or recovered none Contributing Authors: L. Talley, M. Martin, P. Salameh, The Oceanographic Data Facility, John Lupton ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego Phone: 619-534-6610 9500 Gilman Drive Fax: 619-534-9820 La Jolla CA 92093-0230 e-mail: ltalley@ucsd.edu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- A.3. List of Principal Investigators TABLE 1: List of Principal Investigators and Measurements --------------------------------------------------------------- Measurement Principal Investigator Institution --------------------------------------------------------------- Salinity, oxygen Lynne Talley SIO nutrients, CTD/O2 Chlorofluorocarbons Ray Weiss SIO Helium John Lupton NOAA/PMEL Tritium Gote Ostlund U. Miami Alkalinity/TCO2 Richard Feely/Paul Quay NOAA/PMEL Manganese Gary Massoth NOAA/PMEL Chlorophyll/productivity Elizabeth Venrick SIO Chlorophyll Bob Bidigare TAMU Plutonium Hugh Livingston WHOI Rare elements Donald Piepgras Harvard Transmissometer Wilf Gardner TAMU Meteorology Kern Kenyon SIO ADCP Terrence Joyce WHOI Towed salt-bridge GEK Tom Sanford UW/APL Bathymetry Lynne Talley SIO Thermosalinograph Lynne Talley SIO Table 2: List of Institutions ------------------------------------------------------------ NOAA/PMEL NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115-0700 SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California of San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093 U. Miami University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Miami, FL 33149 TAMU Texas A&M University Department of Oceanography College Station, TX 77843 WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Woods Hole, Ma 02543 Harvard Harvard University Department of Geological Sciences Hoffman Laboratory, 20 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 U. Washington University of Washington School of Oceanography Seattle, WA 98195 A.4. Scientific Programme and Methods The following paragraphs are condensed from Scripps Technical Report SIO-88-9, by L. Talley, M. Martin, P. Salameh and the Oceanographic Data Facility, entitled: Transpacific Section in the Subpolar Gyre (TPS47) Physical, Chemical, and CTD Data R/V Thomas Thompson TT 190 4 August 1985 - 7 September 1985 March, 1988 A nearly zonal CTD/hydrographic section across the subpolar North Pacific was occupied from August 4, 1985 to September 7, 1985 on cruise TT 190 of the RIV Thomas Thompson. The cruise track was primarily along 47¡N except at the western boundary. The section consisted of 115 high quality, full water-column CTD/hydrographic stations. Additional components of the physical oceanographic program were: continuous acoustic doppler current profiling (T. Joyce, WHOI), towed salt-bridge GEK (P. Spain and T. Sanford, Univ Wash), and XBTs (P. Spain and T. Joyce). Each station consisted of a CTD lowering with a rosette carrying 36 10-liter Niskin bottles. Water samples were collected on the upcast. Salinity, oxygen, and nutrient analyses were performed at sea by the Oceanographic Data Facility at SIO. Initial CTD processing was accomplished at sea by ODE. In addition to this standard suite of measurements, water samples from the same casts were made available for analyses by other investigators. Chlorofluorocarbons (freons) F-11 and F-12 were analyzed at sea by R. Weiss' group from SIO with the assistance of K Kelly-Hansen (NOAA/PMEL); their results are included in this data report and are also available in a separate data report. Samples for tritium and alkalinity analyses were collected for processing by the tritium laboratory of the University of Miami (G. Ostlund and R. Fine) and by R. Feely at NOAA/PMEL, respectively. A separate, complete tritium data report is available (Ostlund, 1987) Chlorophyll-a and phaeopigment measurements were made by E. Venrick's group at SIO. High-performance liquid chromatography pigment measurements were made by R. Bidigare's group at Texas A&M University; results are available in a separate data report (Bidigare, et al., 1987). Samples were collected for helium-3, carbon-14 (AMS), manganese, plutonium, and rare earth elements for analyses by other investigators. In addition to the basic CTD/hydrographic stations included in this report, approximately one shallow bottle cast was made per day for primary productivity measurements by E Venrick's group at SIO. A.5. Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved: none A.6. Other Incidents of Note: none A.7. List of Cruise Participants Ships' Captain: C. W. Clampitt - R/V THOMAS THOMPSON Personnel participating in collection of data at sea: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Talley, Lynne Chief Scientist, Assistant Professor, SIO Joyce, Terrence Co-Chief Scientist, Associate Scientist, WHOI Beaupre, Marie Staff Research Associate, SIO Costello, James Staff Research Associate, SIO Cummings, Sherrie Staff Research Associate, SIO Delahoyde, Frank Principal Programmer, SIO Dunworth, Jane Research Assistant, WHOI Field, Timothy Marine Technician, SIO Hamann, Ilse Graduate Student, Univ of Washington Kelly-Hansen, Kim Oceanographer, NOAA/PMEL Martin, Margie Staff Research Associate, SIO Mattson, Carl Electronics Technician, SIO Pierce, Stephen Graduate Student, WHO/MIT Schnitzer, Michelle Research Associate, Texas A & M Univ. Spain, Peter Graduate Student, Univ. of Washington Sweet, Paul Staff Research Associate, SIO Vanwoy, Rick Staff Research Associate, SIO Warner, Mark Graduate Student, SIO Wells, James Marine Technician, SIO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Additional personnel participating in analysis of CTD/hydrographic data: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bos, David Staff Research Associate, SIO Johnson, Mary Staff Research Associate, SIO Muus, David Staff Research Associate, SIO Patrick, Ronald Staff Research Associate, SIO B. Underway measurements B.1. Navigation and bathymetry Navigation was pre-GPS, and included Loran-C near coastlines. Bathymetry was logged manually from the shipboard PDR every five minutes while underway. B.2. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler The underway ADCP was operated continuously throughout the cruise. B.3. Towed salt-bridge GEK A GEK was towed behind the ship between stations. B.4. Expendable bathythermograph observations: none. B.5. Meteorology. Weather was logged on the bridge. C. DISCRETE DATA - METHODS C.1. Temperature and Salinity Pressure and temperature for the discrete hydrographic tabulations was taken from the calibrated CTD data; calibrations are discussed in the following section. Reversing thermometers were mounted on 4 to 5 Niskin bottles on each cast to be used to resolve shifts in the CTD temperature calibration. As there was at most a 001 deg. C shift in temperature calibration from the beginning to the end of the cruise and as the reversing thermometers had not been calibrated in some time, the reversing thermometer information was not required. Depths were calculated from CTD pressures (Saunders,1981). Salinity samples were analyzed at sea using one of two Guildline Autosal inductive salinometers. All salinities were calculated from conductivity using the 1978 practical salinity scale (UNESCO, 1981) and are tabulated to three decimal places. Wormley standard seawater batch P96 was used for calibration at the beginning and of each station's analyses; hydrographic and CTD salinities are reported herein relative to P96 and have not been adjusted further. Mantyla (1987) reported differences between various other batches of standard seawater and P96. Deep salinities from TPS47 relative to P96 have been compared with deep salinities on a prior cruise in 1984 at 152 W on which standard seawater batch P92 was used. The average difference in deep salinities between the cruises using stations from the intersecting region was about 0.003 ppt with P92 salinities lower than P96; this is in agreement with Mantyla's finding. Precision of the bottle salinities is +/- 0.002 ppt. Bottle salinities were compared with CTD salinities to identify leaking bottles or salinometer malfunctions. Calibrated CTD salinities replace bottle salinities in the event of problems and are indicated by the letter "D" in this data report. CTD values were used on 27 stations, almost exclusively at one level only. Exceptions are stations 25 and 83 where three CTD values were required due to faulty sample drawing, and at stations 104, 105, 106, l l0, and l l l, where 3 to 5 samples drawn for detailed vertical profiling of helium-3 and manganese were not analyzed for salinity, oxygen, or nutrients. The spread in deep bottle salinities is approximately +/-0.001 ppt. C.2. Oxygen and Nutrients Dissolved oxygen content was determined by the Winkler method as modified by Carpenter (1965), using the equipment and procedures outlined by Anderson (1971). Oxygen measurements are given in ml STP per liter of water at 1 atmosphere and at the potential temperature of the sample. A small number of oxygen outliers was discarded. The precision of the oxygen measurements within a single cast is 0.01 ml/I and the accuracy is 1%. Silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite were analyzed using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer. The procedures are similar to those described in Atlas et al. (1971). Nutrient measurements are reported here in micromoles/liter at 1 atmosphere and 25 deg. C, which is assumed to be the laboratory temperature. A failure of the nitrate channel power supply at station 91 resulted in loss of measurements below 800 m. The precision of nutrient measurements (within a single cast) is better than 0.5% and the station-to-station, cruise-to-cruise accuracy is 2% to 3%. C.3. Chlorofluorocarbons Concentrations of the dissolved atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons F-l l (trichlorofluoromethane) and F-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) were measured by shipboard electron-capture gas chromatography, according to the methods described by Bullister and Weiss (1988). The results have been corrected for sampling and analysis blanks, the statistical variations of which are responsible for occasional negative values near the detection limit. It is important to emphasize that the data have been edited to remove serious "flyers" and contaminated samples, and to correct gross numerical errors. However, the data have not yet been subjected to the level of scrutiny associated with careful interpretive work. Readers are therefore requested to contact R. Weiss' group at SIO for any revisions in the data which may post-date this report, and to draw to their attention any suspected inconsistencies. The results are reported on the SIO 1986 calibration scale. The precision (+/- one s.d.) of the measurements is about 1% or about 0.005 pmol/kg, whichever is greater, for both chlorofluorocarbons, except during the first 29 stations, where the low-level F- 12 measurements had a larger error of about 0.01 pmol/kg caused by large sampling contamination blanks. The estimated accuracy of the calibrations is about 1.3% for F-l l and 0.5% for F-12. C.4. Tritium Tritium was measured by electrolytic enrichment and low level gas counting, according to Ostlund and Dorsey (1977) The listed TU81N values are the tritium ratios (T/H x E-18) in the "new NBS scale" based on the NBS standard #4926 as on 1961/09/03, with the new half-life of 12.43 years, i.e., a decay rate of 5.576% per year. All values are age corrected back to the reference date of 1981/01/01. All TU81N data are directly comparable without further age correction. Negative TU values are reported as such for the benefit of allowing the user unbiased statistical treatment of sets of the data. For other applications, 0 TU should be used. The errors are 3.5% or 0.05, whichever is larger. C.5 Alkalinity Water samples for alkalinity measurements were transferred from the 10-L Niskin bottles into 1-L glass-stoppered bottles containing 1.0 mL of a saturated solution of Hg2Cl2 to decrease bacterial oxidation of organic matter. The samples were stored in a dark, cold storage room at 4 deg. C. The samples were analyzed by the potentiometric method using a Brinkman E636 titroprocessor linked to a Hewlett-Packard 85 computer. The data from the titroprocessor were automatically fed into the computer and processed using the nonlinear, least squares fitting program of Dickson (1981) with the modifications suggested by Johansson and Wedborg (1982). Alkalinity contributions from boric, silicic, and phosphoric acid were computed from equations similar to those presented by Takahashi, at al. (1982) in the GEOSECS Pacific Expedition report. Total borate concentration was computed using the relation given by Culkin (1965). The dissociation constants of carbonic acid and boric acid are from the work by Almgren, et. al. (1977). Potassium chloride was used to adjust the ionic strength of the sodium carbonate standards to 0.7. At each station a blank was determined by titrating aliquots of a KCI solution containing no sodium carbonate. The average blank was 4 µeq/L The results have been corrected for sampling and analysis blanks. The data have been edited to remove "flyers" resulting from bottle contamination. The precision of the measurements is about 0.1 % (+/- one S. D). C.6 Helium-3 (WOCE P01 and P03) (John Lupton) Samples for helium analysis were drawn directly from the rosette bottles and sealed into copper tubing by cold-welding the copper using a special hydraulic press (see Young and Lupton, 1983). This method hermetically seals each sample into an all-metal container, thereby allowing long term storage of the sample without loss of integrity. In order to avoid contamination with atmospheric helium, special care was taken to eliminate any air bubbles from each sample before it was sealed into the copper tubing. Samples were then returned to the laboratory and processed on a shorebased high-vacuum system which extracts the dissolved gases from the water. The extracted gases are sealed into glass ampoules. The extracted gas samples were then analyzed on a special 21-cm radius, dual collector mass spectrometer designed for the analysis of helium and rare gas isotopes. This instrument is fitted with a low temperature charcoal trap (38\370K) which separates He from Ne so that the helium isotope ratio can be determined in the absence of neon. This eliminates a troublesome interference which occurs when He and Ne are analyzed together. The instrument response was determined by analyzing aliquots of marine air of known size. For each sample, the 3He/4He ratio as well as the absolute concentration of 4He was determined. Because air is used as a standard, the helium isotope ratio is reported as \353(3He), which is the percentage variation of 3He/4He from the 3He/4He ratio in air. The precision for the 3He/4He ratio and 4He concentration averages 0.2% and 0.5% (1 sigma), respectively. For the WOCE P1 and P3 sections, essentially every sample which was collected at sea was analyzed for helium isotopes in the laboratory. Because the primary focus of this work was mapping the distribution of the deep helium signal introduced by hydrothermal venting, the sampling was restricted mainly to depths between 1000 m and the bottom. For the WOCE P3 section, the sampling was rather sparse and helium samples were collected at 15 stations spaced fairly evenly across the Pacific. For WOCE P1, helium sampling was carried out at 31 separate stations, with a higher sampling density at the eastern end of the section in the vicinity of the hydrothermal sources on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Reference Young, C. and J.E. Lupton, An ultratight fluid sampling system using cold-welded copper tubing, EOS Transactions AGU 64, 735, 1983. C.7 Total CO2 (text not available; see Data Processing Notes: 1/6/00 and 7/17/00) C.8. CTD DATA C.8.1. Processing Summary 116 CTD casts were completed using a 36-bottle rosette sampling system. ODF CTD #l (a modified NBIS Mark 3) was employed exclusively for all CTD casts. The CTD data were initially processed into a filtered, I-second average time-series during-data acquisition. The pressure and PRT temperature channels were corrected using laboratory calibrations. The conductivity channel was calibrated to salinity check samples acquired on each cast. The CTD time-series data were then pressure-sequenced into two decibar pressure intervals. C.8.2. CTD Laboratory Calibrations C.8.2.1. Pressure Transducer Calibration The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled bath to the ODF Ashcroft to (pre-cruise) and Ruska (post-cruise) deadweight-tester pressure standards. Thermal response-time, thermal hysteresis and mechanical hysteresis were measured. The mechanical hysteresis loading curves were measured at 0/1 deg. C and 24/22 deg. C (pre-/post-cruise) and at maximum loadings of 1530 and 8830 PSI. The transducer thermal response-time was derived from the pressure response to a thermal step-change from 23 to 0 C. C.8.2.2. PRT Temperature Calibration The CTD PRT temperature transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled bath to a Leeds and Northrup standard PRT (pre-cruise) and to a Rosemont standard PRT (post-cruise). Seven calibration temperatures, spaced across the range of 0 to 27 C, were measured both pro and post-cruise. C.8.3. CTD DATA PROCESSING C.8.3.1. CTD Data Acquisition Seven channels (pressure, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, elapsed time, altimeter and voltage) were acquired at a data rate of 31.25 FPS. The FSK CTD signal was demodulated by an ODF-designed deck unit and output to an IEEE- 488 bus interface. An IBM CS-9000 served as the real-time data acquisition processor. Data acquisition consisted of storing all raw binary data on hard disk (and later on nine-track magnetic tape) and generating a corrected and filtered one- second average time-series. Data calculated from this time series were reported and plotted during the cast. A ten-second average of the time-series data was calculated for each water sample collected during the data acquisition. Generating the one-second time-series involved applying single-frame absolute value and gradient filters, then performing a two-pass standard-deviation test to all channels, rejecting points exceeding 4 standard deviations from the mean on the first pass, then repeating the rejection using 2 standard deviations as the criterion. The pre-cruise laboratory calibration data were applied to pressure and temperature. Pressure and conductivity were lagged to match the thermal response of the PRT temperature transducer. The conductivity channel was corrected for thermal and pressure effects. C.8.3.2. CTD Dissolved Oxygen Data The dissolved oxygen channel was not processed beyond averaging the raw oxygen current Raw CTD oxygen data were continuously examined for signal quality. There is moderate noise in much of the oxygen data, with occasional large spikes. Stations 6 through 8 had severe spiking problems, and stations 91 through 93 had spiking/drifting problems which remained to a smaller extent until the end of the cruise. Small-scale oxygen noise was evident in the data beginning at station 78, and re-appeared intermittently until the end of the cruise. The oxygen transducer was replaced several times during the cruise because of cracked sensor holders. C.8.3.3. Pressure, Temperature, and Conductivity Corrections A maximum of 36 salinity check samples and 4 to 5 thermometric pressure and temperature measurements were collected on each cast. A ten-second average of the CTD time-series was calculated for each water sample. Differences between bottle and CTD data were then used to verify the pro- and post-cruise pressure and temperature calibrations and to derive CTD conductivity calibrations C.8.3.3.1. CTD Pressure Corrections The pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations were compared. The post-cruise calibration was applied to the CTD data because newer, more accurate pressure standard equipment and techniques were used to collect the data, and because its calibration date was three months closer to the time of the cruise. The shipboard processing pressures differ from the revised pressures by up to 3 dbar due to the new calibration data was well as improvements to the pressure correction model. No significant drift was apparent in comparisons between CTD and thermometric pressures. C.8.3.3.2. CTD Temperature Corrections A comparison of the pre- and post-cruise laboratory PRT temperature transducer calibration curves indicated a difference of 1 millidegree at 1 C up to 3 millidegrees at 25 C. The pre-cruise data is very scattered at each calibration temperature due to bath instability and the cumbersome manual method used to collect the information. The post-cruise calibration was able to take advantage of a new, very stable temperature bath and a new resistance-measuring system which can collect data more rapidly and accurately. Since there was no apparent drift or shift in the CTD and thermometric temperature differences over the time scale of the cruise, and because of less scatter in the data and its close proximity to the cruise, the post-cruise calibration was applied to the temperature data. C.8.3.3.3. CTD Conductivity Corrections Check sample conductivities were calculated from the sample salinities and from corrected CTD pressures and temperatures The differences between sample and CTD conductivities were fit to CTD conductivity using a linear least-squares fit. Values greater then two standard deviations from the fit were rejected. The resulting conductivity correction slopes for each east were fit to station number, giving a continuous smoothed conductivity slope correction as a function of station number. Conductivity correction slopes were then derived from this smoothed fit. Conductivity differences were calculated for each cast after applying the conductivity slope correction. These differences were fit to station number at various pressure ranges. Conductivity correction offsets were then generated individually for each east, weighted more toward deep and/or mixed-layer differences. Some offsets were manually fine-tuned to compensate for discontinuous shifts in the conductivity transducer response and for bottle salinity problems, as well as to insure a consistent deep T-S relationship from station to station. Less than 10% of the casts were manually adjusted from 0.001 to 0.0025 psu. Conductivity offset corrections for shallow casts were checked against adjacent deep casts for consistency. C.8.3.4. Additional Processing A filter was used on 12 percent of the stations to remove conductivity spikes larger than 0.1 above 1000 dbar and 0.01 below 1000 dbar Less then 0.1% of the time-series data in those stations were affected. Temperature and pressure did not required filtering. The down cast portion of each time-senes was then pressure-sequenced into two decibar pressure intervals. A ship-roll filter was applied to disallow pressure reversals. C.8.4. General Comments/Problems There were 119 CTD rosette casts. Three were aborted and were neither processed nor included on the tape. One pressure-sequenced CTD data set exists for each CTD station, with an extra shallow cast included for station 98. All data was simultaneously recorded on audio cassette tape. Due to deck-unit malfunction, station 97 was redigitized from the audio tape following the cruise, with no degradation of quality. Up-cast thermocline data were typically noisier than the corresponding downcast data, possibly due to the positioning of the CTD near the bottom of the large rosette package. Nine up-casts were used as final data instead of down-casts because of conductivity offsets or other instrument-related problems on the down- casts. The up-casts are: 1-1, 8-1, 9-1, 16-1, 18-1, 28-2, 31-1, 77-2, and 84-1. Because ship-roll effects cause more severe thermocline density inversions on the up-casts, some down-casts were included despite deep ca. 0.002 psu salinity offsets, apparently caused by an intermittent CTD malfunction. The following casts are affected: 19-1, 25-1, 26-1, 42-1, 62-1, 76-1, 78-1, 81-1, 82-1, 83-1, and 87-1. Salinity offsets at stations 25, 26, 36, 42, 47, and 76 were removed individually. On several casts, the CTD was held at one pressure or cycled up and down in mid- cast ("yoyo"). The effect after pressure-sequencing is a discontinuity in the pressure-series data. Yoyos larger than 10 dbar occurred on stations 8, 18, 32 and 58. Intermittent single-level gaps in the data are due to the removal of ship-roll effects and filtering. Two groups of stations had a significantly larger percentage of single-level data gaps than the rest of the stations (up to two percent versus less than 0.2 percent gaps) The weather log for stations 28 through 36 and stations 104 until near the end of the cruise indicates that the majority of these casts occurred in 20+ knot winds and/or 8 to 12 foot waves, both much larger than recorded for the other casts. Multi-level data gaps where data were not recorded occurred at stations 8, 12 and 97. The deep T-S relationship was examined for calibration problems and consistency Instrument problems have been corrected where possible and otherwise documented. Remaining density inversions in high-gradient regions cannot be accounted for by a mismatch of pressure, temperature, and conductivity sensor response. Detailed examination of the raw data shows significant mixing occurring as a consequence of ship roll. The ship-roll filter, applied to most casts to disallow pressure reversals, resulted in a reduction in the amount and/or size of density inversions in the upper 500 dbar of the water column. D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The acquisition and publication of this data set was funded by the National Science Foundation, Ocean Sciences Division, under Grants OCE84-16211, OCE8740379 (hydrographic and CTD work), OCE 83 16602 (chlorofluorocarbons), and OCE85-10842 (tritium), and by a grant from the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of NOAA (alkalinity) E. REFERENCES Almgren, T., D Dyrssen, and M Stranberg, 1977. Computerized high precision titrations of some major constituents of sea water onboard the R/V/Dmitry Mendeleev. Deep Sea Res., 24, 325-364 Anderson, G.C., compiler, 1971 "Oxygen Analysis " Marine Technician's Handbook SIO Ref. No 71-8, Sea Grant Pub. No. 9 Atlas, E.L., 1.C. Callaway, R.D Tomlinson, L l. Gordon, L. Barstow, and P.K. Park, 1971 A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer Nutrient Analysis; Revised Oregon State University Technical Report 215, Reference No 71-22 Bidigare, R. R. M. Ondrusek, S. Sweet and J.M Brooks, 1987 Transpacific data report Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University Bullister, I.L and R. F. Weiss, 1988 Determination of CC13P and CC12F2 in seawater and air Deep. Sea. Res., 35, in press Carpenter, 1 H. 1965 The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method Limnol. Oceanogr., 10: 141-143 Culkin, F., 1965 The major constituents of seawater, in Chemical Oceanography, vol. 1, edited by J P. Riley and G. Skirrow, pp 121-158, Academic, Orlando, FL Dickson, A.G, 1981. An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data Deep Sea Res., 38A, 609-623 Johansson, D., and M Wedborg, 1982 On the evaluation of potentiometric titrations of sea water with hydrochloric acid. Oceanol. Acta., 5(2),209-218 Mantyla, A W., 1987. Standard seawater comparisons updated. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 543-548. Ostlund, H. G. 1987, Tritium Laboratory Data Release #87-33: TPS47-Transpacific Cruise 1985, Tritium Results RSMAS Tritium Laboratory, University Of Miami Ostlund, H. G., and H. G Dorsey, 1977 Rapid electrolytic enrichment and hydrogen gas proportional counting of tritium In Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications, Proceedings of the International Conference on Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications, 6-10 October 1975 The High Tatras, Czechoslovakia, Slovenske Pedagogicke Nakladatel'stvo, Bratislava Saunders, P. M, 1981. Practical conversion of pressure to depth J Phys. Oceanogr., It, 573-574 Takahashi, T. R.T. Williams, and D.L Bos, 1982. Carbonate chemistry in GEOSECS Pacific Expedition, vol. 3, Hydrographic Data, edited by W.S Broecker, D W Spencer, and H. Craig, pp 78-82, National Science Foundation, Washington, D C Talley, L., M. Martin, P.Salameh, 1988. Transpacific section in the subpolar gyre (TPS47), Physical, chemical and CTD data, R/V Thomas Thompson TT190, 4 August 1985- 7 September 1985. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO Reference 88-9. UNESCO, 1981 Background papers and supporting data on the International Equation of Slate 1980 UNESCO Tech Pap in Mar. Sci., No 38 ======================== DATA QUIALITY EVALUATION ======================== FINAL CFC DATA QUALITY EVALUATION (DQE) COMMENTS ON TPS47 (P01). (David Wisegarver) Dec 2000 During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number of samples were given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial QUALT1 flags assigned by the PI. After discussion, the PI concurred with the DQE assigned flags and updated the QUAL1 flags for these samples. The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale (Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on a common calibration scale. For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC PI for this section (R. Weiss, rfw@gaslab.ucsd.edu) or David Wisegarver (wise@pmel.noaa.gov). Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc. ***************************************************************************** Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold, F. N. Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, R. H. J. Wang, D. E. Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P. M. Midgley, and A. McCulloch, A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000. ***************************************************************************** ===================== Appendix A ===================== The salinity comments in the table below refer to the original version of the bottle data file from this pre-WOCE cruise. Some bottle salinities were deleted because they were bad, and replaced with a CTD salinity value. In the original data file, the data provider (SIO ODF) differentiated between the two, CTD vs bottle, with a D code where the CTD value was reported. The WOCE program does not support this annotation feature for salinity. In the copy of the data provided to the WOCE Hydrographic Program Office CTD salinities have already been substituted for bad bottle salinities. This table provides information about the substitutions that were made. SAMP STA # DEPTH REMARKS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 007 129 3094 Salinity was not analyzed; therefore CTD salinity reported 025 109 237 Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level. 025 111 356 Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level. 025 113 506 Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level. 029 125 2001 Drawing error, no bottle salinity from this level. 039 124 1795 Deleted high Salinity. 040 110 283 Salinity appears to have come from 109 level. 043 213 446 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 050 133 1779 Deleted low Salinity. 057 107 156 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 059 120 1206 Deleted low Salinity. 062 115 606 Deleted high Salinity. 065 110 287 Deleted Salinity, does not agree with CTD trace. 065 120 1203 Deleted Salinity, does not agree with CTD trace. 065 122 1603 Deleted Salinity, does not agree with CTD trace. 066 119 1001 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 067 110 287 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 071 133 4692 Deleted high Salinity. 078 107 128 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 083 129 3182 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 083 131 3776 Sampler bottle lost; therefore, no water samples. 083 132 4072 Sampler bottle lost; therefore, no water samples. 084 121 1253 Deleted Salinity, drawing error. 090 106 128 Deleted Salinity, sampling error. 090 133 4094 Salinity bottle broken during analysis. 097 134 3672 Deleted salinity, inconsistent with CTD. 097 135 3971 Deleted salinity, inconsistent with CTD. 101 113 336 Deleted Salinity, sampling error. 104 127 1835 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 104 129 2048 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 104 137 2243 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 104 138 2332 Salinity bottle broken during analysis. 104 133 2515 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 105 128 1893 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 105 130 2091 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 105 138 2287 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 105 133 2388 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 105 135 2588 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 106 129 1874 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 106 137 2073 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 106 133 2273 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 108 130 2085 Deleted low Salinity. 110 129 1900 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 110 137 2098 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 110 133 2297 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 110 135 2497 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 111 130 1998 Deleted low Salinity. 111 129 1899 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 111 137 2096 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 111 133 2289 Salinity not drawn per sampling schedule. 112 124 704 Deleted Salinity, sampling error. 114 108 34 Deleted high Salinity. ===================== DATA PROCESSING NOTES ===================== Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8/15/97 Uribe DOC Submitted, See Note: 2000.12.11 KJU File contained here is a CRUISE SUMMARY and NOT sumfile. Documentation is online. 2000.10.11 KJU Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper cruise. All of them are sum files. Received 1997 August 15th. 7/7/98 Lupton HELIUM Submitted for DQE 1/12/99 Talley CFCs Submitted I am ftping a file with the CFC data from Ray Weiss, courtesy of Peter Salameh, for the two old cruises TPS47 (P01) and TPS24 (P03). I will have Danie merge them and then the final files should be placed in the WHPO public site. I will also contact John Lupton about helium data and the Miami lab about tritium data for the same cruises. 1/25/99 Talley TRITUM Submitted 2/8/99 Feely ALKALI/CO2 Data Requested by Talley 2/16/99 Bartolacci CFCs/He/Tr available by request The bottle data for P01 has been updated. CFCs, He and Trit are now available by request. CFCs He/Tr are non-public, but merged into the non-public bottle file. All tables have been updated. The public file has columns for CFCs, He/Tr, but they have been masked out pending word from their respective PIs. 2/17/99 Diggs BTL Data Update I have re-done the bottle data file so that the ODF bottle numbers are included and the pressures now match the station, cast and sample numbers. For those of you who are unfamiliar with this situation, WHPO-WHOI made and error when they translated the NODC-SD2 formatted file into WOCE format and had the deepest bottle as the lowest bottle number. According to the original ODF data, it was the other way around. All flags have been retained and the table entries and website files have been updated accordingly. 2/23/99 Talley DOC Data Update 3/30/99 Bartolacci He/Tr/CFCs Website Updated: data OnLine, encrypted now has an encrypted version of the bottle data file that contains cfc-11/12, helium, and tritium (these parameters were not in the public bottle file before) in addition to the public version of the bottle file. Also, it has been confirmed that no C14 measurements were made. 9/22/99 Swift CFCs Data are Public CFCs for the two 1995 cruises (P1 & P3?) are public. 9/22/99 Talley CFC/TRITUM Data are Public I've been corresponding with Ray Weiss and sent email to John Lupton about releasing the TPS47 CFC and helium data. The tritium data are public. Charlene at RSMAS told me that a year ago or so. I'm attaching Ray's correspondence. "The CFC data are public. Since the data set that you've merged in the WHPO file was obtained from Peter Salameh just recently, I think it must be the latest version. I'm trying to call John Lupton today. Still working on figuring out how to reach Dick Feely about his alkalinity data. 9/27/99 Talley He/Tr Data are Public new data file needs to be merged & put online. Here is the word from John Lupton on helium data for P1.: "It is all public. The tritium are also public. Therefore the complete data set should be public." Caveat though - John here sends a revised helium data set. I suggest that this be merged and the few problems sorted out that he mentions, and THEN the complete data set be moved into public. 11/5/99 Diggs CFCs/he/tr Website Updated CFCs public, He/Tr encrypted P01 (31TTTPS47) CFCs are now public, but I'm leaving the He/Tr non-public pending merging of the new values from Lupton, which we have received and are in the "queue" to be merged. I know that Lupton has released them, but I'd rather be on the safe side until we are able to have the most up-to-date values online. All tables and files have been updated. 1/6/00 Feely ALKALI/CO2 No Data Submitted: Problems with data: I really don't recommend using that alkalinity data set in the Atlas. The data were obtained before properly calibrated alkalinity reference materials were available to the carbon community and I don't trust some of the results. All hydrographic and carbon data are listed, including DIC and Talk. My understanding from you is that the DIC data should either be flagged as '3' (questionable measurement), '4' (bad measurement), or eliminated altogether. The plot of Talk has many bullseyes, so perhaps it should be flagged as well?? At this point, the Epic data has no flags associated with it. Mar 1/6/00 Bartolacci DOC Website Updated: latest version from L. Talley 6/30/00 Bartolacci HELIUM Data Merged: HE data merged into BTL file, 2000.06.30 DMB Merging Lupton's helium and delta he3 into existing (encrypted) p01 woce file. NOTES: -data sent by Leigh Evans was comma separated values. Used quick perl script to convert data into uniform 8byte fields. Also converted missing data to -9.0 missing data values. -used David Newton's mrgsea program to merge helium, delhe3 and associated flags. -ran wocecvt with following warnings: fndsum: found stn=10 . can't find cast= 2 main: cast 2 not found. will try cast 1 main: will use .SUM info from cast 1. fndsum: found stn=10 . can't find cast= 2 main: cast 2 not found. will try cast 1 main: will use .SUM info from cast 1. fndsum: found stn=98 . can't find cast= 1 main: cast 1 not found. will try cast 1 fndsum: found stn=98 . can't find cast= 1 main: cast 1 not found either. main: stn= 98 cast= 1 skipping. Station 10, cast 2 is in sumfile, but not bottle file. No helium data was sent for this station/cast. Station 98, cast 1 and 2 are in bottle file but only cast 2 is in sumfile. No data was sent for either cast. -Added date/name stamp. Renamed file p1hy_complete_mrg.txt and copied to parent directory and re-encrypted. 6/30/00 Bartolacci HELIUM Data Merged into BTL file, encrypted I have remerged most recent helium and delta helium3 values into existing bottle file. Notes are in README file in the "original" subdirectory. Re- encrypted bottle file version (complete file) and masked out helium values in second version (public file) and replaced both files on current website. Updated front table to reflect this change. 7/3/00 Talley HELIUM Data Update: BTL file updated and reformatted Hi John - you sent the helium file for tps47 last September. We just got the values merged in. You had several questions about bottles, which I just sorted out today with Kristin Sanborn. 1) 31 and 32 replaced by 37 and 38 - correct 2) Sta. 89 bottle 22: this was tripped with bottle 23. All values for 23 have long since been deleted. So what we should do is take your helium values for bottle 22, duplicate the line in the sea file for bottle 23, call it 22 (remove all bottle analyses - just keep CTD values) and put your helium values in there. 3) Sta. 89 bottle 35 - tripped with bottle 24. Same procedure as bottle 22 4) Sta. 109 bottle 26 - notes are that the sampler leaked, so values were deleted. 5) Sta. 111 bottle 26 - notes are that the sampler leaked, so values were deleted. So could you please send the two sets of values for station 89 that we can now insert in the file? I'm not sure we should reconstitute the sta. 109 and 111 lines. Once we get your values inserted we can go ahead and make the whole file public. -- Lynne 7/17/00 Key CO2 No Data Submitted: precision/accuracy problems On TPS cruises which were sampled for TCO2, there were problems with precision and accuracy. These data have never been reported to either me or CDIAC. Feely's group did what sampling there was for the various carbon parameters. I believe that he does have alk values for at least one of the three TPS lines. Note that carbon data from the Japanese zonal line(s) is available from Feely (at least he has the data) and permissions. 7/21/00 Lupton HELIUM Data are Public helium 4 concentrations subject to revision To: Lynne Talley Subject: Re: tps47 heliums the answer is yes, they can be made public. only proviso is that the helium 4 concentrations are subject to revision when we (Schlosser, Jenkins, Top, Lupton and Roether) complete our intercalibration and data synthesis exercise. cheers, -- JL 7/26/00 Diggs He/Tr Website Updated: files unencrypted Bottle: (tritum, helium, delhe3, triter, qualt1) As per Lynne Talley, I have unencrypted the helium/tritium and delhe3 parameters in the p01 data file. All data are now public. All table references have been edited to reflect this change. 10/12/00 Kappa DOC Doc Update: pdf, txt versions created 10/13/00 Huynh DOC Website Updated: pdf, txt versions online 6/22/01 Uribe CTD/BTL Website Updated: CSV File Added CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online. 7/11/01 Talley NITRIT Correct nitrit value: station 34, bottle 9 I just placed the corrected p01hy.txt and p01_hy1.csv files in my ftp area at whpo.ucsd.edu (in FTP/TALLEY). I added a line in the .csv header indicating what I did, since it looks like you might prefer to regenerate the csv file from the hy.txt file given all the dates and times in the original header. The single corrected value is NITRIT at station 34, bottle 9, which was corrected from 0.86 to 0.01 per email from Kristin Sanborn today (7/11/01) indicating that there was a typo in the original data entry. 7/11/01 Talley NO2+NO3 Update Needed: all values changed to -9 I got an email from Arnold Mantyla who said that somehow all of the 0.0 nitrites and nitrates in the p01hy.txt file have been changed to -9. this definitely needs to be corrected. Can we have Sarilee or David take care of it if your time is short? meanwhile I'll check to see if anything else was inadvertently changed to -9 in the same file. Lynne 8/21/01 Bartolacci CFCs Submitted, need to be merged into BTL file I have placed the new file containing updated CFC values into the P01 subdirectory called original/20010702_CFC_WISEGARVER_P01. These data are in need of merging into the current bottle file as of this date. 8/23/01 Bartolacci CFCs Data Merged into BTL file New BTL file contains CFC data merged by D. Muus I have replaced current online bottle files with new files containing merged updated CFC values. Data was sent by Wisegarver and merged by D. Muus. All table entries reflect this replacement. previous files moved to original subdirectory. A copy of merging notes will be sent to J. Kappa under separate email. Notes on P01 CFC merging Aug 22, 2001. D. Muus 1. New CFC-11 and CFC-12 from: /usr/export/htmlpublic/data/onetime/pacific/p01/original/20010702_CFC_ WISEGARVER_P01/20010702.143520_WISEGARVER_P01_tps47_CFC_DQE.dat merged into web SEA file as of Aug 21, 2001 (20000630WHPOSIODMB) SEA file had no QUALT2 word and new CFCs have quality 2 codes so added QUALT2 identical to QUALT1 prior to merging. Changed DELHE3 missing data value from -9.00 to -999.00. 2. SUMMARY file from web Aug 21, 2001 (no version code) has no Station 10 Cast 2 and no Station 98 Cast 1. SEA file contains data from these casts. Sta 10/2 is a 3 bottle wire cast and Sta 98/1 is the deepest 12 bottles of the first Rosette cast. Sta 98/2 is the shallowest 24 bottles of the Rosette cast. NAV has the 3 entries for each station BO, EN & BE instead of BE, BO & EN. Time and position for each entry are identical. NAV has both "INT" and "UNK" entries. Added 10/2 and 98/1 to SUMMARY file and corrected 98/2 entries. Changed all NAV "INT"s to "UNK". Changed BO to BE EN BO BE EN 3. Exchange file checked using Java Ocean Atlas. 8/28/01 Kappa Doc Updated PDF and TXT Doc files Added Data Processing Notes, linked appropriate text blocks to table of contents in PDF file.