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CRUISE REPORT: AR28_1975
(Updated SEP, 2007)


A.  HIGHLIGHTS

A.1.  CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

               Section Designation  AR28_1975
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  74CH19750501
                  Chief Scientists  D.J. Ellett
                             Dates  1 May to 6 May 1975
                              Ship  RSS Challenger
                     Ports of call  Greenock, UK - Oban, UK

                                               57.5000 N
                Station boundaries  -12.2500 W            8.9667 W
                                               56.9917 N

                          Stations  11 CTD stations
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  1
                            Author  D.J. Ellett



INTRODUCTION 

Documentation for the STD data collected on RRS Challenger Cruise 7/75 (May 
1975) by the Scottish Marine Biological Association, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, 
UK, under the direction of D. J. Ellett. 

Note that SMBA commented that for cast C775/027 (BODC Series Reference 90035) 
             that the salinity from bottle sample was doubtful. 

S.N.B.A., Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory
Cruise_Report: RRS CHALLENGER Cruise 7A/1975 (a.k.a. C775)
Duration:      1444h 1 May to 1200h 6 May 1975. All times BST.
Locality:      Rockall Channel, 57° to 58°N.
Staff:         D.J. Ellett    A. Edwards
               G.G. Coghill   N. Pascoe
               A.M. Souter    G. Tuttle
               H. Valicente (UCW, Aberystwyth)


AIMS:


1) To moor current meters at 57°N, 9°W for the duration of the cruise.
2) To make hourly STD lowerings at the current meter site over a period 
   of 14 hours.
3) To work bydrographic sections across the shelf-edge at 57°N to Anton 
   Dohrn Seamount and Rockall Bank.
4) To obtain bottom samples for the Dept. of Geology, UCW, Aberystwyth.
5) Further developments of the casette tape data-logging system for the STD.
6) To obtain 50 litres surface water samples for 137Cs analysis by the 
   Fisheries Radiobiological Laboratory.
7) To transmit messages to Bracknell of vertical temperature profiles.



NARRATIVE

CHALLENGER sailed from James Watt Dock, Greenock at 1445h, 1 May, clearing 
Customs at the Tail of the Bank at 1600h. A heavy head swell caused speed to be 
reduced after rounding the Mull of Kintyre, and the first station of the Anton 
Dohrn Seanount section was reached at 2000h, 2 May. Faults in the pen recorder 
of the STD led to the first four stations being worked with reversing water-
bottles. Shipek grab samples were obtained and unsuccessfully attempted at a 
deeper fifth station at 0400h, 3 May.

At 0930h, 3 May the current meter rig was successfully launched in calm sea 
conditions with force 3 southerly winds. In view of nearby trawling by East 
German and other vessels it was deemed prudent to make the series of 14 hourly 
STD observations alongside the buoy at this time, the series being completed at 
0022h, 4 May.

Stations on the section were resumed at 0158h, 4 May and continued in fine 
weather, until 0230h, 5 May, when a further 10 stations had been worked using 
the STD. Shipek grab samples were obtained from the flanks and top of Anton 
Dohrn Seamount.
Retrieval of the buoy and current meters took place at 1300h, 5 May in calm 
conditions. Apart from initial difficulties in detaching the spar buoy from the 
buoy wire, due to fouling of the latter by the chains ballasting the buoy, the 
recovery was completed without incident. At 1630h a section on to the shelf 
from deep water with 8 STD stations spaced at 2-1/2 n. ml. intervals was begun. 
On completing this at 2225h the ship set course for the Sound of Null, surface 
samples for 137Cs being taken en route. CHALLENGER berthed at South Pier, Oban 
at 1200h, 6 May.


RESULTS 

Aim 1) Current meters were successfully moored over four tidal cycles at 57°N, 
       9°W. Modification of the weighting of the spar buoy may be advisable to 
       avoid entangling the buoy-wire when hauling. Navigational warnings had 
       been broadcast by Oban and Malta Head Radios on this occasion, and steps 
       had been taken to increase the visibility of the spar buoy on radar and 
       to the eye.
Aim 2) Hourly STD lowerings beside the buoy showed fluctuations of properties 
       in the lower water-column over 14 hours which will be analysed.further.
Aim 3) The bydrographic section to Anton Dohrn Seanount was worked, repeating 
       observations made at the Scottish shelf-edge in March. Lack of time 
       curtailed the extension of the section to Rockall, but observations were 
       obtained in the deep water to the west of the Seamount.
         As there were no problems in locating and recovering the current 
       meters, time was available for a detailed STD section across the shelf-
       edge with stations spaced at 2-1/2 n.ml. intervals in order to examine 
       conditions in the vicinity of the buoy station more closely.
Aim 4) Good Shipek grab samples were obtained at seven stations to depths of 
       800m. Attempts at two deeper stations were unsuccessful.
Aim 5) Data-logging to casette tapes via the HewlettPackard 9620k calculator 
       was carried out at all STD stations. Plots could be generated within a 
       few minutes of the STD reaching the bottom, and this proved a valuable 
       facility whilst the STD pen recorder was out of action. Further 
       programme development can now be carried out ashore.
Aim 6) Surface samples for 137Cs analysis were taken at ten positions between 
       the buoy station and Ardmore Point, repeating stations sampled in March.
Aim 7) Six messages were coded from the STD profiles for transmission to 
       Bracknell.



INSTRUMENTATION 

The instrument used was a Bissett Berman STD system and the data were logged on 
a Hewlett Packard 9820. Instrument lowering and raising speeds between 0.5 m/s 
and 1 m/s. An acoustic pinger was placed above the STD to give an accurate 
depth measurement, this could then be used to check the STD pressure 
calibration. An NIO bottle with reversing thermometers was placed above the 
pinger, within 2m of the STD system. A bottle sample was taken at the bottom of 
the cast providing the temperature and salinity are uniform at that point. If 
large temperature or salinity gradients were present then the bottle sample was 
triggered at a suitable site on the upcast. A surface salinity sample was also 
taken at the start of the dip. 

CALIBRATION 
The STD was not calibrated in the laboratory. The manufacturer's calibration 
was used and water samples taken to check the calibration and apply corrections 
where necessary. 

TEMPERATURE 
The manufacturer's calibration was used to convert the raw data to physical 
units using the equation below: 

                   Temperature (°C) = (10 6 /Pt - 2238.68)/55.84

where Pt is the temperature period in microseconds 

These values were then plotted against the water bottle (i.e. reversing 
thermometer) temperatures and a regression line fitted to the data such that: 

                    Temperature(WB) = m x Temperature(STD) + c

Then the regression coefficients (m and c) were applied to correct the STD 
temperature data - these are given in the table below. 

SALINITY 
The manufacturer's calibration was used to convert the raw data to physical 
units using the equation below: 

                   Salinity (ppt) = (10 6 /Ps - 4995)/290.6 + 30 

where Ps is the salinity period in microseconds

These values were then plotted against the STD salinity and a regression line 
fitted to the data such that: 

          Salinity(WB) = m x Salinity(STD) + c + (m1 x Pressure + c1)/1000

Then the regression coefficients were applied to correct the STD salinity data. 
The data showed a salinity - pressure dependency, this was corrected by 
plotting delta-S (i.e. calibrated salinity - calculated salinity) against 
pressure to determine the slope (m1) and intercept (c1). These were then 
incorporated into the equation as shown above. The regression coefficients are 
given in the table below. 

PRESSURE 
The depths from the acoustic pinger were noted where the bottle samples were 
taken and then used to check the calibration of the pressure sensor - unless 
calibration values were available from the reversing thermometers. The equation 
below was used to convert the pressure period to physical units. 

                       Pressure = (10 6 /Pd - 9712)/0.26267 

where Pd is the pressure period in microseconds 

A regression fit was carried out using the calibration values and the slope and 
intercept determined. The pressure values could then be corrected using: 

                       Pressure (CORR) = m x Pressure(STD) + c

The fit of the STD data to the water bottle calibration data is given in the 
table below: 

       Variable          Slope (m)  Intercept (c)  Standard Deviation
       ----------------  ---------  -------------  ------------------
       Temperature (°C)   0.9993       0.0561           0.009 
       Salinity (ppt)     0.8674       4.6819           0.013 
       Pressure (dbar)    0.5031      -4.0269           2.792 
       Delta-S           -0.0042      11.8581          10.043 


DATA PROCESSING 

Obvious wild points were edited out of the calibration file and the calibration 
programs run to obtain values for the slopes and intercepts for temperature, 
pressure and salinity. These were then applied to the uncalibrated data and 
sigma-t was calculated. The data values were then sieved to ensure a minimum 
separation between pressure values of 1 dbar. The data were then visually 
inspected and major spikes flagged. 



REFERENCES 

Sharples, F. (1987).  A new data bank of SMBA STD/CTD observations in the 
    Rockall Trough 1975-84. SMBA Marine Physics Group Report No. 36. 
Graham, J.M., Sharples, F., Meldrum, D.T. and Edwards, A. (1987).  STD 
    observations in the Rockall Trough 1975-77. SMBA Marine Physics Group 
    Report No. 39. 


 
DML ROCKALL TROUGH (ANTON DOHRN SEAMOUNT) CTD SECTION STATIONS

                Dist.                          Approx.
      Station  to next  Latitute   Longitude  depth (m)  Comment
      -------  -------  ---------  ---------  ---------  --------------
         A      10.0'   57 35.0 N   13 38 W      130     near Rockall
         B      10.0'   57 34.0 N   13 20 W      210   
         C       5.0'   57 33.0 N   13 00 W      330   
         D       7.5'   57 32.5 N   12 52 W     1000   
         E      12.5'   57 32.0 N   12 38 W     1658   
         F      12.5'   57 30.5 N   12 15 W     1817   
         G      10.0'   57 29.5 N   11 51 W     1812   
         H       7.5'   57 29.0 N   11 32 W     2020   
         I       7.5'   57 28.0 N   11 19 W      750   
         J       7.5'   57 27.0 N   11 05 W      550     seamount crest
         K       7.5'   57 24.0 N   10 52 W      850   
         L      10.0'   57 22.0 N   10 40 W     2076   
         M      12.0'   57 18.0 N   10 23 W     2340   
         N      12.0'   57 14.0 N   10 03 W     2100   
         O      10.0'   57 09.0 N   09 42 W     1900   
         P       7.5'   57 06.0 N   09 25 W     1050   
         Q       7.5'   57 03.0 N   09 13 W      350   
         R       8.0'   57 00.0 N   09 00 W      135     shelf-edge
         S      10.0'   56 57.0 N   08 47 W      125   
         15G     6.25'  56 53.0 N   08 30 W      125   
         T       5.75'  56 50.2 N   08 20 W      120   
         14G     5.75'  56 48.5 N   08 10 W              surface only
         13G     5.75'  56 47.0 N   08 00 W      110   
         12G     5.75'  56 45.5 N   07 50 W              surface only
         11G            56 44.0 N   07 40 W       55     Barra Head
         Distance Barra Head to station A is 203 nautical miles. 

Stations R to 11G are an overlap with the Sound of Mull to Shelf-edge section 
(see list c, BODC document reference number 77367). 


DML ROCKALL TROUGH (ADDITIONAL) CTD SECTION STATIONS
DML CTD Sections Across the Shelf-Edge 

  a) Extra Stations Inserted Between Anton Dohrn Stations 

                Dist.                          Approx.
      Station  to next  Latitute   Longitude  depth (m)
      -------  -------  ---------  ---------  ---------
         N      12.0'   57 14.0 N  10 03.0 W    2100
         O       5.0'   57 09.0 N  09 42.0 W    1900
         P1      5.0'   57 07.5 N  09 33.5 W    1375
         P       3.7'   57 06.0 N  09 25.0 W    1050
         Q1      3.7'   57 04.5 N  09 19.0 W     800
         Q       3.7'   57 03.0 N  09 13.0 W     350
         R1      3.7'   57 01.5 N  09 06.5 W     155
         R       8.0'   57 00.0 N  09 00.0 W     135
         S        -     56 57.0 N  08 47.0 W     125

  b) NE-SW section, crossing at R 

                Dist.                          Approx.
      Station  to next  Latitute   Longitude  depth (m)
      -------  -------  ---------  ---------  ---------
         L10     5.0'   57 05.0 N  08 45.0 W     123 
         L9      5.0'   57 02.5 N  08 52.5 W     125 
         R       2.7'   57 00.0 N  09 00.0 W     135 
         L8      2.7'   56 58.5 N  09 04.0 W     145 
         L7      2.7'   56 57.0 N  09 08.0 W     343 
         L6      2.7'   56 55.5 N  09 12.0 W     960 
         L5      5.5'   56 54.0 N  09 16.0 W    1286 
         L4      5.5'   56 51.0 N  09 24.0 W      
         L3      5.5'   56 48.0 N  09 32.0 W    1720
         L2      5.5'   56 45.0 N  09 40.0 W      
         L1      5.5'   56 42.0 N  09 48.0 W    1820 

 
BODC QUALITY CONTROL FLAGS
The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or 
more individual parameters with a data cycle: 

        Flag   Description
        Blank  Unqualified
        -----  ---------------------------------------------------
          <    Below detection limit
          >    In excess of quoted value
          A    Taxonomic flag for affinis (aff.)
          B    Beginning of CTD Down/Up Cast
          C    Taxonomic flag for confer (cf.)
          D    Thermometric depth
          E    End of CTD Down/Up Cast
          G    Non-taxonomic biological characteristic uncertainty
          H    Extrapolated value
          I    Taxonomic flag for single species (sp.)
          K    Improbable value - unknown quality control source
          L    Improbable value - originator's quality control
          M    Improbable value - BODC quality control
          N    Null value
          O    Improbable value - user quality control
          P    Trace/calm
          Q    Indeterminate
          R    Replacement value
          S    Estimated value
          T    Interpolated value
          U    Uncalibrated
          W    Control value
          X    Excessive difference
 
 

CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES


DATE        CONTACT  DATA TYPE  EVENT
----------  -------  ---------  -------------------
09/04/2007  Muus     CTD        Reformatted, online

Notes for ELLETT data (ar28 1975-1992)

1. Original data from 2004.03.02_AR28_CTD_HOLLIDAY
   No quality flags.

2. Justin Fields & Danie Kinkade  converted to Exchange format:

   2006.06.16_AR28_CTD_RFMT_DBK  (ar28_1975a)
   2006.08.04_RFMT_AR28_CTD_DBK  (ar28_1975b)
   2006.08.06_RFMT_AR28_CTD_DBK  (ar28_1975c)
   2006.08.08_RFMT_AR28_CTD_DBK  (ar28_1976a - ar28_1977a)
   2006.08.10_RFMT_AR28_CTD_DBK  (ar28_1977c - ar28_1992a)

   2007.07.12_AR28_CTD_RFMT_JFIELDS (ar28_1975a - ar28_1992a)

   Added quality flags: "2"
   CTDPRS formated F9.1
   CTDTMP    "     F9.4
   THETA     "     F9.4
    
3. dm modified July-August 2007:

 a)  Changed Expocodes to new format (CCSSYYYYMMDD)
     See n)  for list of Expocodes.

 b)  Left originator's THETA in file. Normally not in CTD Exchange files.
     Compared to theta calculated with JOA. Near surface values vary +/- .003 
     and deep values vary +/- .001

 c)  Changed quality flags for ar28_1975c_00008_00001_ct1.csv:

      CTDPRS,    CTDSAL,      CTDTMP,     THETA,   
      1111.0,2,  35.2266,2,   7.4700,2,   7.3549,2
      1113.0,2,  35.2270,2,   7.4700,2,   7.3547,2
      1115.0,2,  35.2285,2,   7.4650,2,   7.3495,2
      1117.0,2,  35.2237,2,   7.4567,2,   7.3411,2
      1119.0,2,  35.2193,2,   7.4483,2,   7.3326,2
      1121.0,2,  35.2150,2,   7.4400,2,   7.3241,2
      1123.0,2,  35.4610,3,   7.4300,2,   7.3135,2 CTDSAL FLAG 3 vs 2
      1125.0,2,  35.3800,3,   7.4267,2,   7.3101,2 CTDSAL FLAG 3 vs 2
      1127.0,2,  35.2990,3,   7.4233,2,   7.3068,2 CTDSAL FLAG 3 vs 2
      1129.0,2,  35.2180,2,   7.4200,2,   7.3034,2
      1131.0,2,  35.2165,2,   7.3950,2,   7.2784,2
      1133.0,2,  33.9363,4,   7.3792,2,   7.2646,2 CTDSAL FLAG 4 vs 2

      1135.0,2,  32.6560,4,   7.3633,2,   7.2509,2 CTDSAL FLAG 4 vs 2
      1137.0,2,  35.2110,3,   7.3200,2,   7.2033,2 CTDSAL FLAG 3 vs 2
      1139.0,2,  35.2180,2,   7.3200,2,   7.2031,2
      1141.0,2,  35.2170,2,   7.2967,2,   7.1797,2
      1143.0,2,  35.2177,2,   7.2833,2,   7.1663,2
      1145.0,2,  35.2185,2,   7.2700,2,   7.1528,2
      1147.0,2,  35.2173,2,   7.2700,2,   7.1526,2
      1149.0,2,  35.2160,2,   7.2700,2,   7.1524,2


 d)  Changed quality flags for ar28_1976a_00007_00001_ct1.csv:

       217.5,2,  35.3047,2,   9.3400,2,   9.3157,2
       222.5,2,  35.3015,2,   9.3300,2,   9.3051,2
       227.5,2,  35.2990,2,   9.3300,2,   9.3046,2
       232.5,2,  33.4022,4,   9.3300,2,   9.3047,2 CTDSAL FLAG 4 vs 2
       237.5,2,  35.2930,2,   9.3300,2,   9.3034,2
       242.5,2,  35.3020,2,   9.3000,2,   9.2729,2
       247.5,2,  35.2995,2,   9.2900,2,   9.2624,2
       252.5,2,  34.8453,4,   9.2700,2,   9.2420,2 CTDSAL FLAG 4 vs 2
       257.5,2,  35.2923,2,   9.2500,2,   9.2213,2
       262.5,2,  35.2923,2,   9.2367,2,   9.2075,2
       267.5,2,  35.2907,2,   9.2267,2,   9.1969,2
       272.5,2,  35.2860,2,   9.2000,2,   9.1697,2
       277.5,2,  35.2910,2,   9.1850,2,   9.1542,2
       282.5,2,  35.2920,2,   9.1800,2,   9.1486,2

       597.5,2,  35.2660,2,   8.6900,2,   8.6247,2
       602.5,2,  35.2690,2,   8.6800,2,   8.6142,2
       607.5,2,  35.2620,2,   8.6700,2,   8.6037,2
       612.5,2,  34.8323,4,   8.6533,2,   8.5869,2 CTDSAL FLAG 4 vs 2
       617.5,2,  35.2630,2,   8.6233,2,   8.5561,2
       622.5,2,  35.2660,2,   8.6200,2,   8.5522,2
       627.5,2,  35.2580,2,   8.6033,2,   8.5350,2
       632.5,2,  35.2640,2,   8.5900,2,   8.5212,2
       637.5,2,  35.2603,2,   8.5775,2,   8.5082,2
       642.5,2,  35.2600,2,   8.5500,2,   8.4803,2

 e)  ar28_1976a_00012_00001_ct1.csv has different T-S pattern from
     adjacent stations. Is on slope and was done on April 2. May be
     spring time effect. Left as is.  
 
 f)  ar28_1978b 2006.08.10_RFMT_AR28_CTD_DBK has file names with 1987b 
     instead of 1978b. Left original files as is and corrected on-line files.

 g)  ar28_1978c and ar28_1978d have same cruise dates in HOLLIDAY 00_README
     files, July 11 -  Sept 17, 1978. First has originator expocode of
     74c11b78 (Stations 167-187, Aug 9-11) and second has 74c11d78
     (Sta 369-380, Sept 11-13).
     Cannot find a cruise report in Documentation directory.
     
     Combined into one cruise with new Expocode 74CH19780711.

 h)  ar28_1981b cruise report(ch6_81.pdf) says this cruise departed April 6 and
     returned to Stornoway April 15 at 0740(called Leg A in cruise report) and
     departed April 16 at 1130(called Leg B). Personnel changes were made.
     This cruise was originally reported with one expocode (74c681) for 
     Stations 2-11 and 37-56. I split them into 2 cruises with expocodes:
     74CH19810406 for Stations 2-11 and
     74CH19810416 for Stations 37-56

 i)  Changed file names for ar28_1981c and ar28_1983b from
       ar18_198..... to ar28_198..... to match all other exchange file names.



 j)  ar28_1983a has cruise dates "11 May - 30 Jun 1983" in HOLLIDAY 00_README.
     Cruise report ch7_83.pdf has Leg A "May 11-23, 1983"
                                  Leg B "May 23-June 2, 1983"
     All ctd data is from Leg B so used 74CH19830523 for EXPOCODE.

 k)  Changed quality flags for ar28_1983b_00066_00001_ct1.csv:

     602.5,2,  35.3925,2,   9.3000,2,   9.2313,2
     607.5,2,  35.3860,2,   9.2900,2,   9.2208,2
     612.5,2,  35.3660,3,   9.2700,2,   9.2003,2 CTDSAL FLAG 3 vs 2
     617.5,2,  50.9697,4,   9.2500,2,   9.1656,2 CTDSAL FLAG 4 vs 2
     622.5,2,  35.3725,3,   9.2350,2,   9.1643,2 CTDSAL FLAG 3 vs 2
     627.5,2,  35.3745,2,   9.2200,2,   9.1488,2
     632.5,2,  35.3730,2,   9.2200,2,   9.1482,2

 l)  ar28_1983b Stations 55 and 56 have exactly the same date, time 
     position and bottom depth. Sta 55 20-115db and Sta 56 45-745db.
     Left as is.

 m)  ar28_1992a Stations have 1 decibar intervals. All previous
     data was 2 decibar data.  Left as is for now.

     ar28_1992a Station 30 has temperature but no salinity for 2-6db.
     Used quality flag 9 for CTDSAL & THETA.

      3.0,2,-999.0000,9,  10.8565,2,-999.0000,9
      4.0,2,-999.0000,9,  10.8515,2,-999.0000,9
      5.0,2,-999.0000,9,  10.8535,2,-999.0000,9
      6.0,2,-999.0000,9,  10.8511,2,-999.0000,9
      7.0,2,  35.2356,2,  10.8517,2,  10.8508,2

     00_README flle in ar28_1992a/original/2004.03.02_AR28_CTD_HOLLIDAY
     has info from a Feb 1991 cruise, not ar28_1992a.

 n)  Following is a comparison of cruise indentifiers:



ELLETT name comparisons    20070824/dm
 
Vessel         Cruise Dates                       Cruise Names                   EXPOCODE         Cruise       Missing
                                    _____________________________________  ______________________ Report       Info
                                    CCHDO             Cruise    00_README  CCHDO         HOLLIDAY  
                                                      Report

Challenger Leg May 1-6, 1975        ar28_1975a        7A/1975     C775     74CH19750501  74c775   ch7a_75.pdf
     "         Jul 4-10, 1975       ar28_1975b        10A/1975    C1075    74CH19750704  74c1075  ch10a_75.pdf
     "         Nov 7-12, 1975       ar28_1975c        14B/1978    C1475    74CH19751107  74c1475  ch14b_75.pdf
     "         Mar 29-Apr 5, 1976   ar28_1976a        5a/1976     C5a76    74CH19760329  74c5a76  ch5a_76.pdf 
     "         May 19-Jun 1, 1976   ar28_1976b        8/1976      C876     74CH19760519  74c876   ch8_76.pdf

     "         Feb 25-Mar 11, 1977  ar28_1977a        4/1977      C477     74CH19770225  74c477   ch4_77.pdf
     "         Apr 14-19, 1977      ar28_1977b        6B/1977     C677     74CH19770414  74c677   ch6b_77.pdf
     "         Aug 20-Sep 3, 1977   ar28_1977c        13/1977     C1377    74CH19770820  74c1377  ch13_77.pdf
     "         Apr 11-21, 1978      ar28_1978a        6/1978      C678     74CH19780411  74c678   ch6_78.pdf
     "         May 31-Jun 10, 1978  ar28_1978b        9/1978      C978(?)  74CH19780531  74c978   ch9_78.pdf

     "         Jul 11-Sep 17, 1978  ar28_1978c        NONE        11B78    74CH19780711  74c11b78 NONE            YES
     "         Jul 11-Sep 17, 1978  ar28_1978d        NONE        11D78    74CH19780711  74c11d78 NONE            YES
     "         Nov 4-11, 1978       ar28_1978e        14B/1978    C1478    74CH19781104  74c1478  ch14b_78.pdf
     "         May 10-23, 1979      ar28_1979a        7/1979      C779     74CH19790510  74c779   ch7_79.pdf
     "         Sep 11-16, 1979      ar28_1979b        13/1979     C1379    74CH19790911  74c1379  ch13_79.pdf

     "         Oct 28-Nov 11, 1979  ar28_1979c        16/1979     C1679    74CH19791028  74c1679  ch16_79.pdf
     "         Apr 21-May 6,1980    ar28_1980a        7/1980      C780     74CH19800421  74c780   ch7_80.pdf
     "         Jan 26-Feb 4,1981    ar28_1981a        2/1981      C281     74CH19810126  74c281   ch2_81.pdf
     "      A  Apr  6-15, 1981      ar28_1981b_leg_a  6/1981      C681     74CH19810406  74c681   ch6_81.pdf
     "      B  Apr 16-21, 1981      ar28_1981b_leg_b  6/1981      C681     74CH19810416  74c681   ch6_81.pdf

     "         Jul 4-14, 1981       ar28_1981c        NONE        C1081    74CH19810704  74c1081  NONE            YES
     "         Oct 6-20, 1981       ar28_1981d        15/81       C1581    74CH19811006  74c1581  ch15_81.pdf
     "      A  May 11-23, 1983      ar28_1983a        7/1983      C783     no data       74c783   ch7_83.pdf
     "      B  May 23-Jun 2, 1983   ar28_1983a        7/1983      C783     74CH19830523  74c783   ch7_83.pdf
     "         Aug 10-24, 1983      ar28_1983b        NONE        C1183    74CH19830810  74c1183  NONE            YES

     "         Nov 16-Dec 6, 1984   ar28_1984a        NONE        C1084    74CH19841116  74c1084  NONE            YES
     "         Jan 20-Feb 5, 1985   ar28_1985a        1/1985      C185     74CH19850120  74c185   ch1_85.pdf
     "         May 2-16, 1985       ar28_1985b        4/1985      C485     74CH19850502  74c485   ch4_85.pdf
     "         Aug 14-28, 1985      ar28_1985c        8/1985      C885     74CH19850814  74c885   ch8_85.pdf
     "         Jan 8-22, 1987       ar28_1987a        9/87        C987     74CH19870108  74c987   ch9_87.pdf

     "         Apr 24-May 7, 1987   ar28_1987b        14/1987     C1487    74CH19870424  74c1487  ch14_87.pdf
     "         Nov 23-Dec 5, 1987   ar28_1987c        22/1987     C2287    74CH19871123  74c2287  ch22_87.pdf
     "         Jun 6-23, 1988       ar28_1988a        30/1988     C3088    74CH19880606  74c3088  ch30_88.pdf

Discovery      Jan 20-Feb 4, 1989   ar28_1989a        180         D18089   74E319890120  74d18089  d180.pdf

Lough Foyle    May 5-11, 1989       ar28_1989b        1/1989      LF189    74__19890505  74lf189   lf1_89.pdf     YES 
  "     "      UNK(Sta:Aug5-6,1989) ar28_1989c        NONE        LF289    74__1989____  74lf289   NONE           YES
               NODC says 74LF is "Loch Fada". No NODC shipcode for Lough Foyle  

Charles Darwin Nov 24-Dec 2, 1989   ar28_1989d        44/89       CD4489   74AB19891124  74cd4489  cd44.pdf

Challenger     Jun 21-Jul 5, 1990   ar28_1990a        67/1990     C6790    74CH19900621  74c6790   ch67_90.pdf
     "         Aug 29-Sep 17, 1990  ar28_1990b        71/1990     C7190    74CH19900829  74c7190   ch71_90.pdf
     "         Sep 25-Oct 6, 1992   ar28_1992a        97/92       _____    74CH19920925  74c9792   ch97_92.pdf    YES