TO VIEW PROPERLY YOU MAY NEED TO SET YOUR BROWSER'S CHARACTER ENCODING TO UNICODE 8 OR 16 AND USE YOUR BACK BUTTON TO RE-LOAD A. CRUISE REPORT: A12 (Updated JUL 2008) A.1. HIGHLIGHTS WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION WOCE section designation A12 Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 06AQ199901_2 Chief Scientist & affiliation Dr. Eberhard Fahbach/AWI* Dates 1999 JAN 09 - 1999 MAR 16 Ship R/V Polarstern Ports of call Cape Town Number of stations 133 46°09.41'S Geographic boundaries of the stations 61°08.89'W 01°00.55'E 76°43.02'S Floats and drifters deployed 10 Floats, 00 Drifters Moorings deployed or recovered 07 Deployed, 07 recovered *Dr. Eberhard Fahrbach • Alfred-Wegener Inst. fur Polar und Meeresforschung • Postfach 1201061 Columbusstrasse Bremerhaven D-27515 • GERMANY • Tel: 49-471-4831-501 • Fax: 49-471-4831-149 or -425 Email: efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de Contributing Authors J. Ams G. Birnbaum A. Brehme H. Brix T. Büβerlberg D. Dommenget C. Drücker D. Dzubil H. Eggenfellner S. El Naggar E. Fahrbach W. Förster U. Frieβ R. Gladstone G. Hargreaves S. Harms H.W. Jacobi J. Janneck A. Jenkins A. Jones W. Kaiser F. Kallweit E. Kohlberg H. Köhler A. Köhnlein S. Krull W. Krüger N. Lensch J. Lieser B. Loose W. Mack J. Meyer U. Neumann K. Pedersen J. Pogorzalek M. Prozinski M. Reise K. Riedel G. Rohardt C. Sacker H. Schmid M. Schurmann L. Sellmann O. Skog D. Steinhage G. Stoof F. Thiel E. Vike J. Wehrbach R. Weller H. Weiland F. Wilhelms A. Wille R. Witt H. Wohltmann A. Ziffer 2. LEG ANT XVIl2 CAPE TOWN - CAPE TOWN (9 January 1999 - 16 March 1999) 2.1. SUMMARY AND ITINERARY E. Fahrbach (AWI) On 9 January 1999 at 20:OO POLARSTERN put to sea from Cape Town with 43 Crew members and 43 scientists on board. The cruise track is reproduced in Fig. 2. At the border of the South African 200-nautical-mile Zone, the oceanographic measurements began, with the dropping of XBTs (expendable Bathythermographs), used to measure the temperature of the seawater down to a depth of 700 m. Hydrosweep and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data were logged. The first iceberg crossed the path of POLARSTERN at 50°S. At 55°S we reached the Greenwich Meridian and deployed floats at intervals of 30 or 60 nautical miles up to 60°S These so-called ALACE (Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorers) sink to a depth of approximately 700 m and will indicate the currents at this depth over the next one to two years. The deployments were carried out in the southern Part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the northern Weddell Gyre. In order to trace the inflow, the drifters come up to the surface at weekly intervals, where they can be located by satellites, before sinking again to their nominated depth. As they rise to the surface they record a temperature profile that is transmitted via the satellites. In order to measure the convection and the longer-term changes in the water mass properties that are dependent on the ice coverage, 7 moored Instrument strings, equipped with temperature and salinity Sensors, current meters and upward looking Sonars, have been maintained on the Greenwich Meridian since 1996. These measurements are a contribution to the "Climate Variability and Predictability Programme" (CLIVAR) of the "World Climate Research Programme" (WCRP). On the outward journey, three moorings were recovered south of Maud Rise and four new ones deployed. With winds of force 7 to 8 and the consequent sea state, the weather conditions were not very favourable, and the new fill-in section over the Stern ramp proved to be advantageous. In the northern part of the Weddell Gyre we began the deployment of positioning buoys on icebergs, which are then tracked by satellites. Throughout the cruise 11 iceberg buoys were deployed. These will record the drift tracks of the icebergs, in order to ascertain where the freshwater originating on the continent feeds into the ocean. After reaching the Antarctic coast, we steamed to the South African Sanae Station in order to deliver a generator. It was transferred with a South African Oryx helicopter from the POLARSTERN to the ice shelf, from where it was transported further on a sledge. Our helicopter took two South African colleagues to the coastal station, from where they were taken to the main station, which lies further inland. The journey along the coast to Neumayer Station passed quickly, because the sustained easterly wind, having an offshore component, drove the ice to the west into the open ocean. When we arrived in Atka Bay, on 21 January, it was filled from the east with a thick ice cover, that consisted in part of large, old floes. An attempt to carry out the unloading at the northern ice front had to be suspended, because a strong swell arose and an iceberg strayed towards the landing site. Further into the Bay the unloading could commence late On the Thursday afternoon. On the Friday evening around 10 o'clock the equipment and fuel for the station had been delivered and the tools for the salvage of Filchner Station had been taken on board. The station had been located on the Ronne ice Shelf and went adrift into the Weddell Sea when the giant iceberg A-38 broke off the ice shelf in October 1998. The iceberg A-38 fell into several pieces, the largest ones were A-38A and A-38B. The Filchner Station was located on top of the latter. It was our task to dismantle the station on the floating iceberg in the southern Weddell Sea before it would drift in the perennial ice out of reach. Seventeen wintering personnel and summer visitors stayed at the station and four members of the salvage team came on board. After midnight, with some trouble, we broke out of Atka Bay, and steamed to the southwest. On 24 January we reached Drescher Inlet, a bay cut deeply into the front of Riiser- Larsen Ice Shelf. There we established a fuel depot for our aircraft and replaced an automatic weather station that has been operating since 1992. In the afternoon the aeroplane POLAR4 landed with the last two members of the salvage team. They had been on a traverse 1,300 km south of Neumayer Station and had been unable to return sooner on account of bad weather. In the meantime the weather had improved, so that POLAR4 was able to fly from Neumayer Station to the traverse and transport the two men from there to Drescher Inlet. With the team complete, we steamed further south, in order to drop off a group of Norwegians at "Blåenga", a summer station established by Monica Kristensen. The station has been taken over by the Norwegian Polar Institute and served as a base for the project of the four Norwegians. During the Passage we made a visit by helicopter to the British Halley Station, while POLARSTERN steamed on in the broad coastal polynya. On 25 January, we met at 76°37'S, 31°19'W a barrier of icebergs. South of this, a solid cover of fast ice had developed that extended over the Filchner Depression and formed for us an insurmountable obstacle. As a result the disembarkation of the Norwegians and their equipment had to take place over a distance of 65 nautical miles. This was a time-consuming operation because the fuel had to be transported underslung beneath the helicopters. We were unable to retrieve a sea level recorder of our English colleagues, because it lay seaward of the polynya in a band of thick ice. We had to Cross this ice field, which appeared very difficult to navigate, in order to proceed westward. Therefore, we sailed back to the north, as far as 74°30'S, where the ice cover was looser and we were able to make westerly progress. Once we had turned west-southwest in the direction of Filchner Station, the ice cover became ever more compact. Nevertheless, a wide area of open water over the Filchner Depression, to the West of the fast ice barrier, was visible in the satellite pictures. We wanted to reach the front of Ronne Ice Shelf in this polynya, and from there make further westerly progress in the coastal polynya. However, we then noticed in the satellite pictures a line of fractures in the ice that extended about 90 nautical miles east from the northeastern corner of the Filchner iceberg (Fig. 7). On 28 January an advance party landed on the iceberg with the helicopter. The mighty iceberg could be Seen from a distance of 70 nautical miles and filled the horizon. At the northeastern corner we came to the calving edge, which towered more than 50 m above the sea ice pressed against its base. We flew along the northern edge to the station, which lay about 3 km south of the ice cliffs. A quick inspection revealed that the station was in good condition. We continued the exploration along the iceberg's northern edge, which was about 36 m high. At many points there were impressive scars, formed through collisions with other icebergs. On the western side we found ice cliffs of around 26 m height. For POLARSTERN the route to A-38B proved to be troublesome. About 20 nautical miles distant from the sought-after channel, we were stuck fast in the ice for the first time. Only the turning of the tide during the course of the night reduced the pressure of the ice, so that we were able, using all our power, to break free. We sailed round the shear Zone and reached the sought- after channel. Because it consisted of a succession of leads that lay oblique to our course, time and again we had to break through the intervening pressure ridges, so that we only arrived at iceberg A-38B on 30 January. On 31 January the equipment needed for the dismantling and removal of Filchner Station was unloaded on the western side of the iceberg A-38B (Fig. 8). Just 30 km away from the station, we had found a section of the former ice front with 18 m high cliffs. Sunny weather and light winds made the work easier. At midday the equipment was unloaded and the salvage team set out for the station with three trains of sledges towed by Pisten-Bullys. At the station an advance party was already busy getting the heating, the melt water tank, the kitchen and the radio-room in working order. Once the operation of the station had been checked, the dismantling could begin. The equipment that was distributed around the station platform, and had been buried by the previous years' snowfall, was uncovered. A generator, a number of depots with both full and empty fuel drums, which lay under 1 to 2 m of snow, a further Pisten-Bully and a tanker sledge, which had to be recovered from 4 m of snow, were dug out. The freed drums and other miscellaneous items were loaded onto sledges. At the Same time work on the station was proceeding. The station consisted of a platform supported by 14 legs at a height of about 4 m above the current snow surface, so as to prevent the accumulation of snow around it. Containers for living, dining and storage were secured to the platform. The storage container was cleared out and loose items on the platform were packed ready for transport. The storage container was then dismantled and the other containers were unfastened from the platform. The work proceeded well, so that on 7 February the first 20 tonnes of material were taken on board POLARSTERN. This first load comprised miscellaneous cargo, including the dangerous goods such as fuel drums, gas bottles and old batteries and was transported to the ship with Pisten-Bullys and sledges. An anti-cyclone brought weak northerly winds and comparatively warm temperatures (between -1 and -2°C). Linked with the warm air masses was a constant covering of low cloud and occasional Snow showers, which greatly hindered the pilots and permitted only short helicopter flights. On 10 February the dismantling of the station was completed. A snow ramp had been pushed up around the station platform, and the station containers were pulled down this and placed on sledges or simple runners. The overnight transportation of everything to the ship had already begun. While the Pisten- Bullys were still in use during the day for dismantling the last of the station and loading the sledges, the first two loads were removed overnight, On 11 February at 20:00, all 120 tonnes of material from the station and 50 tonnes of equipment used for its transport (Pisten- Bullys, sledges, containers, etc) had been brought to the POLARSTERN and loaded on board. All that remained of the station was the steel support structure, buried in the snow. Despite the hard conditions and the speed at which the work was undertaken, no serious incident occurred. The ice conditions were difficult and allowed only a restricted set of measurements. The ice islands, surrounded by numerous icebergs, formed a barrier, against which a band of pack ice built up according to wind direction and tide. The sea ice hardly broke out at all this summer, so that the floes and pressure ridges of last winter were still present. During the outward journey the south wind opened up the ice Cover a little, but the temperatures dropped to -15°C and new ice formed immediately between the floes. The water was almost everywhere close to the freezing point, so that even with milder temperatures new ice was forming. The change of the wind from southerly to northerly led to new ice pressure. Because of the low wind speeds, of less than force 6, the ice pressure increased only in moderation, but, under the influence of tidal currents, it was time and again sufficient to hold POLARSTERN fast for several hours. until the tide had turned. The south wind had opened the coastal polynya in front of Ronne Ice Shelf (Fig. 8), so we were able to carry out a hydrographic section from A-38B, west along the ice front to within a few miles of the Lassiter Coast. In an inlet, on 2.5 m thick fast ice, we deployed a buoy that is equipped with a 486 m long wire with 3 current meters and 10 temperature and salinity sensors. The measurements from these sensors were transmitted via satellite. After a few days the data transmission ended due to a unknown reason. The hydrographic section running along the ice front from the Antarctic Peninsula had to be terminated south of the iceberg A-38B, because the iceberg had in the meantime changed its direction of motion and was drifting southwest with a velocity of about one kilometre per day. As a result, the distance between the ice shelf and the iceberg was decreasing, so that the polynya, which had been created on the southern side of the iceberg by the continual northerly winds, was gradually shrinking. In the southeast, between the ice shelf and the iceberg, an insurmountable barrier of ice had built up, so we turned and headed northeast along the western side of the iceberg. A polynya had developed in the lee of the northern part of the iceberg, but the sea ice was being packed up against the Ronne Ice Front and a collection of smaller icebergs. As a result much power, patience and fuel were required to reach this polynya from the south. Once we had made it, we were able to reach our old landing site. The continual (if also weak) northerly wind drove the ice from the north against the iceberg, and a broad belt of pack ice developed, consisting partly of ground up floes and partly of floes that had been heaped up into impressive ridges. It was obvious that this ice field could only be penetrated with great difficulty, and that a return to the iceberg would be equally difficult. We therefore gave up our plan to head around east of the iceberg and continue our hydrographic section along the new calving front of the ice shelf, and instead waited in the polynya until the dismantling of Filchner Station had been finished. We occupied the time with taking biological samples, using Bongo nets, Agassiz trawls and fish traps, and with measuring a sequence of oceanographic profiles, that is a yo-yo CTD. Under these conditions we were unable to retrieve either of the bottom pressure recorders that had been deployed last year in front of Filchner- Ronne Ice Shelf. We did however set up further marker buoys on icebergs and three meteorological buoys on ice floes. The buoys are a contribution towards the maintenance of a network, for which the "International Programme for Antarctic Buoys" (IPAB) of the WCRP is responsible. A buoy with oceanographic Sensors (SUSI) was deployed close to the iceberg A-38B, in order to investigate delivery and effects of melt water from the iceberg over a longer time. This buoy however had to be retrieved on account of a malfunction. The continual northerly wind had driven the sea ice into the southern Weddell Sea, so after our departure from A-38B, we were often held fast by the ice, because our four engines were incapable of overcoming the combined forces of wind and tide. With the turning of the wind, cracks opened up that, nevertheless, ran from south to north and therefore oblique to our direction of travel. Therefore, and with difficulty, we had to break through the high pressure ridges between the cracks, in order to Progress to the northeast. Our course out of the region of ice pressure to the north of the pieces of iceberg A-38 was thus determined more by the ice than by the scientific objectives. When the wind finally turned and blew with increasing strength towards the north, it created sufficient room between the floes that we could once again follow a course aimed at making specific measurements. Following the departure from A-38B, work related to the biological and oceanographic research programmes became the top priority. Biologists from the University of Oldenburg collected samples to investigate and evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in Antarctic crustaceans. Elevated levels of cadmium were of particular interest. The aim is to develop a conceptual model of the uptake and transmission of heavy metals within the Antarctic food chain. In order to judge the levels of pollution in the water, the heavy metal concentrations are determined not only in the water but also in the creatures that live in the water, which effectively integrate the conditions of their surroundings over a long period of time. As a result there are higher concentrations in their tissues, that are more easily measured, and the short-term fluctuations that occur in the water cannot distort the picture. From the water samples taken on earlier expeditions it is known that no detectable increase in the heavy metal content of the south polar seas is attributable to the impact of mankind. Therefore, Antarctic crustaceans can be taken as examples of an unpolluted state and serve as a standard against which to judge the degree to which other waters are polluted. Now it appears that the heavy metal concentrations found in different types of animal can vary significantly. For instance, there are crustaceans in the Antarctic, like NOFOCRANGON ANFARCTICUS, that, with a cadmium content of over 10 mg/kg, would be regarded as polluted if they were caught in the North Sea. They were caught together with amphipods of the type GLYPTONOTUS ANTARCTICUS that, with a tenfold lower concentration, would be classified as unpolluted. Now the biologists would like to know the cause of the differing up-takes, and how, for example, NOFOCRANGON ANFARCTICUS can live with such high concentrations of heavy metals, which would have to be classified as poisoning. In order to find answers to these questions, the biologists catch organisms for investigation using a variety of nets. In free water, the catches are made with a Bongo net that is either hauled vertically or towed alongside, while for the layers of water near the seabed, an Agassiz trawl that is dragged along the bottom or a fish trap is used. Some of the creatures are frozen, because the heavy metal concentrations cannot be measured On board. With the others the up-take rates are determined through experiments, in which the animals live for various periods of time in water containing heavy metals, before being likewise frozen for later measurement. The results of these investigations will be available once the measurements have been carried out in Oldenburg. At the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression, the so-called Ice Shelf Water drains into the deep sea. This water mass forms because water of high salinity flows in beneath the ice shelf. Its outflow contributes to the formation of Weddell Sea Bottom Water, which feeds into the circumpolar ocean to the north, from where it flows further into the three ocean basins as Antarctic Bottom Water. It is the objective of our work to quantify the transport of Ice Shelf Water into the deep sea, reckoned at about 1 million cubic metres per second, using direct measurements of the currents made with moored instruments. These investigations are taking place as a cooperation between the AWI, the British Antarctic Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University Bergen, Norway and Earth and Space Research, Seattle, USA in the framework of the "Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf Programme" (FRISP) of "Scientific Committee On Antarctic Research" (SCAR). The recovery of the moorings called for much patience. The mooring F3, belonging to a group of four moorings on the continental slope to the northwest of the Filchner Depression, was lying, at the time of the first attempt at recovery, under D11, a giant iceberg 8 nautical miles in width and 30 nautical miles in length. With the other three moorings and the Bottom Pressure Recorder C2 we had more luck. F4 lay just to the north of the iceberg in a polynya. Nevertheless, thick fog had developed over the open water, turning the recovery into an exciting game of hide and seek. The moorings F1 and F2 were situated in the thick band of ice to the south of the iceberg, but with some patience and the use of acoustic position finding during the ascent, we were able to locate both moorings amongst the ice. Over the night leading up to 21 February we left our work area to the north of the Filchner Depression and steamed south in a wide coastal polynya (Fig. 9) to pick up the Blåenga group. The sea smoke that, with air temperatures down to -20°C was forming over the polynya, had thickened into a bank of fog that compelled us to reduce our speed, At the fast ice edge, at 76°44'S, 30°26'W the sun broke through, so the four Norwegians with their skidoos and sledges were quickly brought On board with the helicopters. Afterwards we went to the bottom pressure recorder M2 of the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. On our journey south M2 had been lying under thick ice, but now it had to surface within of a broad expanse of new ice. The southerly wind was constantly creating Open water, but because of the low temperatures a compact covering of new ice was rapidly forming. Under these conditions M2 put our patience to the test, because it first only rose to the sea surface after repeated attempts at release, then was practically invisible between the compacted floes of new ice. Meanwhile, D11 shifted sufficiently to leave F3 clear. The route back there led through such strong ice pressure that we were often held fast, and the detour required more than two days. Our efforts were rewarded with the successful retrieval of F3. On 26 February, on the way to Neumayer Station we cleared away the fuel depot from Drescher Inlet that we had established for the planes at the start of the cruise. The loading work lasted longer than expected, because the ferrying of empty drums to the ship could not be done by helicopter, on account of the bad weather, but had to be completed with a Pisten-Bully and two sledges. During the night of 26 to 27 February we arrived at Neumayer Station, accompanied by winds of force 8. We had to wait until the following afternoon, until the wind abated enough for us to be able to move alongside the ice shelf edge and begin the relief work. The pieces of the former Filchner Station, the Pisten-Bullys and the sledges had been stowed on the forward hatch Covers and in the hold, and these first had to be unloaded before the final loading for the homeward journey could begin. Atka Bay was covered with several layers of rafted pancake ice, which was forming quickly in temperatures of -15°C and being pushed together at the ice shelf edge by the wind. The ice Cover dampened the oncoming swell, which was, however, still sufficient to keep the ship in motion. On the Sunday morning we had to get out the ice anchors, before we were able to continue the unloading operation. These were needed to hold the ship steady enough to safeguard the pipeline used to fill the fuel tanks of the station. Meanwhile the wind had almost completely died down. Therefore, everyone who was not busy with the loading work could use the Sunday afternoon, with its glorious weather and bright sunshine, to enjoy a game of football or a walk on the ice shelf. It was also possible to visit the station. In addition to the routine work in the meteorological, geophysical and chemical observatories of Neumayer station, comprehensive reconstruction of the station was carried out. The main construction work was the set up of a ground radio station providing a permanent data connection at 64 kbits/s between Neumayer Station and the AWI, via the INTELSAT satellites. The connection is made to a radio station at Raisting. This project has been designed and realized by Deutsche Telekom and its subsidiary company DeTeSat in collaboration with AWI. The permanent connection makes it possible to transmit new data directly to the AWI. The data can then be used more efficiently and maintenance of the systems becomes easier. With the permanent connection the station can be reached via telephone or fax in the same way as any subsection of AWI. The atmospheric chemistry work at Neumayer Station was aimed at the extraction of fundamental information about the climate and composition of the palaeoatmosphere from profiles of trace materials deposited in the firn and ice. This requires a detailed knowledge of the chemical processes in the atmosphere and the physical and chemical interactions of the trace materials with the firn layer. Investigations into the photochemistry of the Antarctic troposphere and the special role of the firn layer as a temporary store for reactive trace gases have been the work of the PEAN'99 campaign (Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer), which has been carried out by the AWI in collaboration with the British Antarctic Survey. These investigations concentrated on nitric oxides, ozone, peroxides, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide and were in addition to the routine measurements made at the tracer observatory. The investigations verify the complex influence of meteorological and photochemical conditions and the firn layer on the observed concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere. For example, there seems to be a no clear relationship between nitrate profiles in the firn and atmospheric concentrations of nitric oxide. Both the aeroplanes POLAR2 and POLAR4 took part in two campaigns of geophysical measurements during the flight programme based out of Neumayer Station from the 18 December 1998 to the 14 February 1999. These campaigns involved a total of 235 hours of flying. In addition POLAR4 was involved in an emergency medical evacuation. The Indian patient was brought to Neumayer Station by South African colleagues and was flown out via the British Halley Station to the American Amundson-Scott Station at the south pole. During the first part of the flight programme, which was a contribution to the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica) preliminary survey of Dronning Maud Land (southeast of Neumayer Station), the existing grid of ice thickness measurements was supplemented by new profiles covering a total distance of 18,500 km. Among them was a flight along the ice divide in the direction of Dome Fuji. This flight opens up the possibility of a tie up with the ice core that has been drilled there and already dated, by tracing the internal layering of the ice between the two sites. This is possible, because the technique of radio-echo sounding reveals not only the sub-glacial relief but also the internal structure of the ice. The concluding Part of the airborne campaign involved flights for EMAGE (Eastern Antarctic Margins Geophysical Experiment). The objective of this geophysical project, which has been planned over a number years, is to explore the earliest geological and tectonic structures left by the opening of the Weddell Sea in the area between the Antarctic stations of Halley in the west and Novolazarevskaya in the east. This is achieved through the use of airborne magnetic and gravimetric measurements. The area already covered by measurements, to the north of Neumayer Station, was extended westward along the coast of Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf by approximately 50,000 km^2. The profiles obtained during this part of the programme reach a total length of 17,500 km. On 1 March the wind slowly picked up again, but it remained sunny, so conditions remained favourable during the loading of the material for the return journey. In the evening the loading work was finished. We were able to take our leave from the 2 women and 7 men of the 19th overwintering party and to celebrate the end of the season on the ice and the completion of the relief with a barbeque on board. Because the wind had reached again force 8, we could not stay at the ice shelf edge, but went into the Open water of Atka Bay. During the night we returned to the ice edge and, to the accompaniment of fireworks and atmospheric music, Set the winterers onto the ice shelf with the crane. They drove back to the station in Pisten- Bullys. The next morning POLARSTERN was made ready for sea. We took another lap of honour past the waving winterers, who had come to the ice shelf edge for the final farewell, and steamed away to the northeast. The wind had again abated and the sun shone from a bright blue sky. After the completion of the relief, there were 49 scientists on board, including the former wintering party and the Summer visitors. By the afternoon we were already passing through a loose field of ice, consisting of either newly-formed pancakes or heavily-melted older floes. Therefore, we began the XBT section that extended to the South African continental slope. On Wednesday morning we reached the Greenwich Meridian at 66°30'S, where the Station work continued with a CTD and a hau1 of the Bongo net. Southerly winds of force 4 gave rise to a moderate swell. From there we headed north along the Greenwich Meridian to 48'S, where we turned to the northeast. On this northerly journey we were able to carry out a CTD section, with 22 stations, extending to 46°10'S, 01°02'E. Along this section we recovered and redeployed three moorings. On 6 March we crossed the 60th parallel and left the Antarctic. Following our departure from Atka Bay, southerly winds of force 6 assisted our journey to the north. Then a ridge of high pressure, lying between two depressions situated in the western and eastern Weddell Sea, swung over us, so that we came into a region of northwesterly winds, which brought us temperatures above the freezing point and poor visibility. After that the wind varied between force 6 and 8 and maintained a northwesterly direction. When we arrived On 10 March at the planned position for the deployment of a bottom pressure recorder, at 48°S, the wind was gusting to force 10. We had to discontinue all work and steam onwards to 47°03'S, 00°30'E where we recommenced the CTD and XBT work. Because of the continuing heavy seas, we could only deploy the bottom pressure ecorder at 46°S, 1°E, where the last CTD station was also completed. The XBT section was finished at the continental slope of South Africa. On 16 March 1999, as planned, POLARSTERN entered Cape Town. 2.2. WEATHER CONDITIONS H. Weiland und H. Köhler (DWD) 2.2.1. From Cape Town to Neumayer Station On 9 January 1999 POLARSTERN started from Cape Town to its 16th research-cruise into the Antarctic. At first the heading was to the 55°S on the Greenwich Meridian and from there on to the south. At the beginning of the cruise there was a low south of the Cape, on its rear side the ship had southerly winds between 5 and 7 Bft. At about 11 January there was developing a large storm-depression which stayed until 15 January. The wind force was Bft 6 to 8, Bft 9 at times, coming from north to northwest. On the following days the Westwind Drift became prevailing, with strong easterly wind on the coasts of the Antarctic continent. On 20 January POLARSTERN reached the South African Sanae Station. On the next day she arrived at the ice shelf edge near Neumayer Station. For one day the easterly wind decreased and turned to the southeast, the conditions increased due to dry air from the ice. Helicopter flights became possible. But on the next day the wind increased again und snowfall began, that flights were no more possible and loading work more difficult. 2.2.2. From Neumayer Station to Filchner Station On 23 January POLARSTERN started towards the Weddell Sea. We reached Drescher Inlet on 24 January and passed the British Halley Station on 25 January. As low pressure still remained north of Neumayer Station, high pressure influence was prevailing over the Weddell Sea with weak southerly winds. On 26 January POLARSTERN continued towards Filchner Station through the ice. Northeasterly winds, induced by a low pressure system east of the Antarctic Peninsula built up ice ridges which reduced the ship's speed, Later on, the wind turned from northeast to east and then to the south providing more favourable ice conditions. On 30 January we reached the iceberg A-38B. 2.2.3. In the southern Weddell Sea On 31 January the dismantling of the Filchner Station began. On 1 February POLARSTERN went along the shelf-ice coast to the west through a polynya and reached the most westerly point of the trip On the eastern shore of the Antarctic Peninsula. A strong katabatic wind from southwest came from the ice shelf. On 2 February a low approached from the north and went into the eastern Weddell Sea with increasing southerly winds. Two days later another low arrived at the Antarctic Peninsula causing a northeasterly wind and severe ice conditions again. On 5 February POLARSTERN returned to the loading area. On 11 February the dismantling of the station was finished. Since the beginning of the month there had been a continuous cover of low clouds over the whole area. Due to these conditions helicopter-flights were only possible near the ship and along the ice shelf front. 2.2.4. From Filchner Station to Neumayer Station On 12 February POLARSTERN started its way back, suffering severely under the ice conditions. As the wind turned to southeast on the following days due to a developing low over the Weddell Sea, the ice began to move to the northwest and the conditions improved. Later, a high pressure ridge built up with light southerly winds. On 21 February we arrived at "Blåenga" where southerly katabatic wind blow with temperatures to -21°C and intensive sea smoke. On 22 February the weather situation changed again, a low from the Antarctic Peninsula was responsible for northeasterly winds, providing difficult ice conditions. But On 24 February POLARSTERN reached Open water. With strong northeasterly winds we arrived at Drescher Inlet on the 25 February. The helicopter flights were difficult further On, especially over the ice shelf due to white out-conditions. Over Open water and over loose ice floes however, flights were possible for the most time. On 27 February we reached Neumayer Station. The strong northeast winds changed to a light south, which remained during the next days. Due to the katabatic winds, the temperatures decreased to -11°C. 2.2.5. From Neumayer Station to Cape Town On 2 March POLARSTERN left Neumayer Station and went along the Greenwich Meridian to the north with moderate southerly winds due to a large low extending from South Africa to the Antarctic. Later on the Westwind Drift developed again and POLARSTERN arrived on the northern flanks of the lows after crossing 60°S with strong winds coming prevailingly from westerly directions. During the last days, the subtropical high was dominating. The westerly winds decreased, later on we had a moderate wind from southeast. On the 16 March POLARSTERN arrived at Cape Town. The frequency distributions of wind direction and force are displayed for the time periods during which POLARSTERN operated between 45° and 66°S (Fig. 3), 66° and 72°S (Fig. 4) and south of 72°S in Fig. 5. Two examples for typical surface air pressure distributions which determined by southerly (top) or northerly winds (bottom) the ice situation are shown in Fig. 6. 2.3. SEA ICE CONDITIONS G. Birnbaum, H. Brix, D. Dommenget, R. Gladstone, S. Harms and A. Jenkins (AWI, BAS) POLARSTERN is equipped with a satellite data receiver (SeaSpace-TeraScan). It provides a means of producing sea ice charts on the basis of two types of satellites: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program). During ANT XVI/2 data were received from NOAA-12, NOAA-14, NOAA-15 and DMSP F-12, F-13, F-14 (Figs. 7 to 9). On NOAA satellites a AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) system is operated. It uses five channels in the visible and infrared spectrum with a resolution of approx. 1 km (depending on the earth's curvature). DMSP's SSMII (Special Sensor Microwave I Imager) offers a seven-channel, four frequency, linearly-polarized, passive microwave radiometric System. Its resolution is in the range between 13 and 69 km. In addition data is supplied from the OLS (Operational Linescan System) Sensor including a visible and an infrared channel with approx. 0.5 km resolution. Satellite data analysis on board POLARSTERN consisted of choosing appropriate satellite passes for data transmission. The received data was transformed onto suitable map projections (mainly Mercator and polar stereographic) applying the TeraScan and TeraVision software packages. Coastlines and the ship's track were added. Because microwave data are not influenced by clouds, they show the sea ice distribution directly. Combining the different channels allows conclusions On the ice types (first year or multi-year ice), however only with coarse resolution. The high resolution visible and infrared data allow detailed presentations of the ice cover given favourable weather conditions. Limitations arise from the availability of the visible channels (daylight only) and from the cloud cover. Appropriate combination of several channels may well minimize the optical filtering properties of some clouds (especially cirriform types). Nevertheless massive cloud cover reduces those channels to meteorological use. In-situ sea ice observations were conducted hourly from the bridge of POLARSTERN as part of the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) Program, a multi-disciplinary initiative of Antarctic sea ice zone research within SCAR's Global Change (GLOCHANT) Program. The overall aim of ASPeCt is to understand and model the role of Antarctic sea ice in a coupled atmosphere-ocean system. One of the major projects of SCAR is to develop a seasonal and regional climatology of sea ice thickness and characteristics around Antarctica. The obtained data were submitted to the ASPeCt after the cruise for further analyses. Pack ice conditions in the immediate vicinity of the ship (about 1 km radius) were observed. For each observation, the time (GMT), latitude and longitude, and meteorological parameters (e.g. air and water temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud coverage, visibility, etc.) were recorded together with the sea ice Information. The following sea ice parameters were documented: • total ice concentration, to the nearest 10% (Fig 10) • concentration of the three dominant ice types present in the pack (thickest = primary ice type; thinnest = tertiary ice type) • ice types (e.g. frazil, shuga, grease, nilas, pancakes, young grey ice, young white ice, first year ice, multiyear ice, brash, fast ice) • ice thickness in cm (Fig. 10) • floe size in m • ice topography (level ice, rafted pancakes, cemented pancakes, ridged ice, Fig.ll) • Snow type and thickness in cm. POLARSTERN entered the pack ice Zone on 22 January 1999 15:OO at 69 37'S, 00 00'. In the eastern Weddell Sea near the ice shelf the total sea ice concentration remained below 40%, both for the southbound and the northbound track, and the ice thickness rarely exceeded 40 cm. In the southern Weddell Sea, north of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, POLARSTERN encountered mainly first year pack ice which was strongly ridged. The sea ice concentration frequently exceeded 90%. Average ice thickness of 1 m and more was observed frequently. The ridge height often exceeded 1 m. Some multi-year ice floes were sighted in the southeastern and the southwestern regions of the southern Weddell Sea. POLARSTERN left the pack ice Zone on 2 March 1999 14:OO at 69 45's. 07 01'W. 2.4. RESEARCH, SUPPLY AND CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS AT THE NEUMAYER STATION 2.4.1. Supply operations S. EI Naggar (AWI) Material and fuel were supplied to the Neumayer Station via POLARSTERN in the time period from 21 to 22 January 1999. The offloading took place at the northern ice shelf edge about 15 km away from the station. The height of the ice edge was about 11 m. The 19th overwintering team (2 women and 7 men) replaced the former one (9 men). They partly arrived On board of the South African RV AGULHAS on 15 December 1998 and partly on POLARSTERN. Besides routine maintenance work of the meteorological, geophysical and chemical observatories, major constructions On the building facilities were carried out. Three men from the company of J. Kramer in Bremerhaven participated at the work. The participants of the Dronning-Maud-Land-Travers arrived with AGULHAS. The travers was prepared at the Neumayer Station and supplied with vehicles, material and personal (see 2.5). The flight programme occurred with POLAR2 and POLAR4 The weather conditions were rather unfavourable. Strong winds and drift prevailed. During the five weeks duration of the Summer field season only two weeks had weather conditions which permitted work outside the station. On 17 February AGULHAS visited the station for a second time and took 9 persons and some containers on board. On 27 February the station was handed over to the 19th overwintering team. The field season ended on 3 March 1999. 2.4.2. General Logistics A. Brehme, D. Dzubil, S. EI Naggar, W. Förster J. Janneck, F. Kallweit, W. Kaiser, E. Kohlberg, W. Krüger, W. Mack, J. Meyer, M. Prozinski, M. Reise, R. Witt, H. Wohltmann, A. Ziffer (AWI, GL, KR, LAEISZ) The main operations were: The safety System of the Neumayer Station was tested and certified by the Germanische Lloyd (GL). The roof of the vehicle hangar was lifted by about 80 cm. The main generator was replaced. A new antenna (3.7 m in diameter) was installed, to allow for a continuous data and voice link between the Neumayer Station and the AWI by INTELSAT satellites. This project was realized by the German Telecom and its subsidiary company DeTeSat together with the AWI. This permanent link allows a continuous data transfer from the observatories to the AWI. This will increase the efficiency of data application and facilitate the maintenance of the systems. By this link, the Neumayer Station is also directly connected by phone or fax to the AWI. 2.4.3. Research programme and observatories 2.4.3.1. Geophysical observatory T. Büßelberg, . Krull, U. Neumann, C. Sacker (AWI) One part of the geophysical observations of Neumayer Station is a seismological network of 22 stations (28 channels). 16 of these stations are configured to a detection array, which is installed on the Halvfar Ridge (Watzmann), 50 km southeast of Neumayer Station. Additionally, there is a station on the Sörasen Ridge, 80 km southwest of Neumayer Station. On the Ekström Ice Shelf 5 stations ("West", "Sud", "GvN", "D15", "Obs") are located in a radius up to 14 km around the Neumayer Station, in the past this stations are used to detect and locate local seismicity like ice quakes. All the seismological data are transferred to the Neumayer Station by telemetry and stored on hard disk for further data processing. The detected events were analysed to locate their hypocenter. Monthly, the picked times of the phases were send to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), The ability of the array to detect events could be seen by the detection of earthquakes with small magnitudes of 3 and a epicentral distance of 300 km. These events could be detected by the new broadband station (also AWI) at Sanae Station, too. They show, that there is still a seismic activity on the Antarctic continent. Another part of the geophysical observations is the investigation of the magnetic field. For this, there are two Proton magnetometers for the measurement of the total intensity of the magnetic field and two fluxgates to determine the components of the magnetic field. In certain times the inclination and declination of the earth magnetic field (the difference of the field from the north and vertical direction) were measured. Changes in the gravity field and the tides were observed by an Askania gravimeter. All the seismological, magnetic and gravimeter data were observed continually and digital stored on tape or disk. The overwinterers Udo Neumann and Stefan Krull were instructed to continue the observations. Various maintenance operations were carried out on geophysical stations as done every year. The ice shelf stations "West" and "GvN" were built up for the next season. Additionally, at "GvN" some old "Saft" batteries were installed for the winter, It was planed, that the other ice shelf stations obtain "Saft" batteries after the field party to Olymp and Watzmann, too. Due to the bad weather conditions the field party was stopped and came back to Neumayer Station after 6 days. The service work for the Watzmann and Olymp stations has to be done later. On 28 February a transceiver at the Watzmann could be exchanged with a helicopter flight. Consequently the new overwinterers received the seismological network in good conditions. Both magnetometers were lifted. At this occasion the DC-supply of one instrument was exchanged which improved the data quality. The magnetic data of Neumayer Station are needed for further interpretation of the EPICA and EMAGE programmes. The PRARE ground station to observe the ERS-2 satellite passes was repaired and is now fully active. Due to a defect motor the station was passive since May 1998. The Dronning Maud Land (DML) field party was supported by geophysical personal and instruments of the Neumayer Station. For this purpose C. Sacker joined the field party in the Kottas hills. 2.4.3.2. Meteorological observatory S. EI Naggar, A. Köhnlein, J. Lieser, B. Loose, H. Schmid and A. Wille (AWI) The meteorological observatory was successfully operated during the last year, and a complete data set was delivered. The new overwintering team was introduced to the routine work and took over after a few weeks. Major maintenance was done of all instruments, sensors, data acquisition systems and the radio sonde system. The following work was done in addition to the routine maintenance. A new humidity Sensor (HMP 233-VAISALA) was installed in addition to validate the present hair based one. The pyranometer array of the BSRN (Baseline Surface Radiation Network), the meteorological mast and the platform of the solar tracker were lifted to compensate the new snow accumulation. A test pyranometer array was installed and parallel measurements were made to validate the present instruments. A new data recording system based on a PC was installed for the radio sonde system (DIGI-CORA) to avoid data loss. The spectral photometer (SPM1A) was mounted on the solar tracker to provide continuous measurements. A new decoding and encoding system (HAMCOMM) based on a simple PC interface for weather information was installed and tested in the radio room. The system could receive and transmit via HF weather data and charts. It is planned to distribute weather information from Neumayer Station via HF to other Antarctic stations. 2.4.3.3. Air Chemistry Observatory U. Frieß, A. Jones und R. Weller (AWI, BAS, IUP) A comprehensive technical and scientific programme was performed at the Neumayer Air Chemistry Observatory during this summer season. The routine work included servicing of the scientific equipment, calibration of all measuring devices and finally training of the new overwintering Crew. The scientific programme includes mainly accompanying measurements for the nitrogen oxide and peroxide project. Basically, the snow and firn analyses and the low volume aerosol sampling measurements have been intensified and immediate ion chromatographic analyses of the filter and snow samples were performed during the campaign. Finally, the NO(y) apparatus was installed in the Air Chemistry Observatory at the end of the summer season and will continuously measure NO(y) during this overwintering period. 2.4.3.4. Computersystem and network T. Büßelberg, S. Krull, U. Neumann, and C. Sacker (AWI) Apart from training the new overwinterers in the computers and network, new equipment was installed. 10 Mbit hubs were changed against 10/100 Mbit switches. Therefore a new fiberoptics cable was installed between the two tubes. The old RG58 cabling was totally deactivated. The new media converter, dedicated for the glass fiber line to the obs, does not work with the old optical repeater. Therefore the old equipment was installed in the rack in the east tube. In the west tube rack a router was installed. It connects the Neumayer Station network to the AWI network in Bremerhaven over a new permanent link. The full bandwidth of 6-1 1 kbytes/s is not reached yet. At present the bandwidth amounts to 1.5-3.0 kbyte/s. The new link is used for email exchange and data transfer. Two new PCs were installed, the operating System is Windows NT Workstation respectively Server. The SUN workstations (gvnsll, gvns7), working with large amounts of data, obtained an upgrade with memory and 100 Mbit network cards. The TeraScan satellite data acquisition SUN gvns6 did not work as expected with an additional S-bus card, so the upgrade with a 100 Mbit network card was not successful. Two DLT tape drives with 40 Gbyte capacity are now used for data storage in seismology and satellite data acquisition. The old SUN workstation (gvns9, SUN IPX) from the station office and the old radio Operator PC (Compaq Prolinea 486133) were removed and sent back to Bremerhaven. A SUN memory was sent directly to Sanae Station, where an old equivalent SUN is used for seismology data acquisition. 2.4.3.5. UV-B-Dosimetry S. EI Naggar (AWI) The UV-B personal dosimetry programme will be continued and extended with a new biological dosimeter (VIOSPOR). It is planned, to determine the UV-B dose per person during the year by means of the different systems. Due to the bad weather conditions, a part of the summer programme had to be cancelled. The AWI-UV-B spectrometer Land 5, which continuously records the solar UV-B radiations, was replaced by a newly calibrated one, Land 3. 2.4.4. PEANY99 C: Nitrogen oxides, hydroperoxides, and formaldehyde in the Antarctic troposphere and their interaction with the firn layer H.W. Jacobi, A. Jones, K. Riedel and R. Weller (AWI, BAS) 2.4.4.1. Introduction The aim of the PEAN'99 campaign (Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer) was to study the photo-chemistry of the Antarctic troposphere and the special role of the firn layer as a reservoir and reactive surface for photochemically active trace gases. The measuring programme comprised reactive nitrogen oxides (NO(y) = NO, NO(2), HNO(3), PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate), alkyl nitrates, ...), photo-oxidants (ozone and hydroperoxides), formaldehyde, and CO. Nitrate is one of the dominant ions to be found in firn- and ice cores. It is believed that deposition of particulate nitrate and HNO(3) are the main sources for nitrate in the Snow pack. Intrusions of nitrogen oxide rich stratospheric air masses and long range transport of nitrogen oxides formed by lightning and biomass burning can be advanced as potential nitrate sources. Thus, nitrate profiles in ice cores might be expected to provide information about the strengths of the above mentioned sources in the palaeo- atmosphere. An understanding of the NO(y) budget at high latitudes is desirable from the point of view of ice core interpretation. While there is an abundance of data on concentrations of nitrate in ice cores, it is not a simple step to translate this into an understanding of past atmospheric composition, partly due to the lack of knowledge of present day nitrogen chemistry at high latitudes, and partly because the physical and chemical interactions of these compounds with the firn layer is not yet clarified. For this reason the main part of the PEAN'99 activities was dedicated to assess the budget of reactive nitrogen oxides and to study their interactions with the snow layer. For this purpose NO/NO(2)/NO(y), PAN, organic nitrates, gaseous HN03, and particulate nitrate were determined during the campaign from 28 January to 28 February. To study the interaction of these species with the snow layer, we performed gradient measurements of NO, NO(2), and PAN at 5 cm and 250 cm height above the Snow surface and studied the interaction of ambient air drawn through a 0.015 m^3 snow block. Another goal was to elucidate the photochemistry of peroxides (H(2)O(2)/ROOH) and formaldehyde in the polar troposphere. Atmospheric peroxides, hydrogen peroxide(H(2)0(2)) and organic peroxides (ROOH) are important photo-oxidants and reservoirs for hydroxyl radicals that initiate the decomposition of many different trace gases. Formaldehyde (HCHO), an intermediate of the photooxidation of miscellaneous hydrocarbons, also plays an important role as a free radical source in the polluted and unpolluted atmosphere. Previous HCHO and peroxide measurements revealed distinct differences between observed concentrations and model predictions. From HCHO and H(2)0(2) profiles in firn and ice-core samples it might be possible to derive information on the oxidation potential of the palaeo-atmosphere. Due to technical problems the H(2)0(2) and HCHO measurements during the summer campaign 1997 were limited. Therefore, investigation of the seasonality of tropospheric H(2)O(2) and HCHO mixing ratios were continued during the '99 summer season and the determination of H(2)O(2) and HCHO concentrations in firn and snow was intensified. 2.4.4.2. NO, NO(2) and NO(y) measurements We measured NO/N02/NO(y) using two chemiluminescence detectors coupled with a photolytical NO2 and a Au/CO catalysed NO(y) convertor, respectively. The basic technique of the chemiluminescence method is the gas phase reaction of NO with O(3) and the subsequent detection of the resulting electronically excited NO2* by fluorescence. In order to measure NO2 and NO(y) by this method, these compounds have to be reduced to NO, which was done by selective photolysis of NO2, and by passing the ambient air stream, in presence of CO over a solid gold catalyst thermostated at 300°C, respectively. This apparatus worked continuously and the NO/NO2/NO(y) data are available as 20- minutes averages for the whole campaign. However, some technical problems with the NO convertor (impurities in the CO reactant gas) caused significant gaps in the NO time series (approximately for 50% of the campaign). A preliminary evaluation of the raw data set revealed that the back ground NO mixing ratios were well below 100 pptv (parts per trillion by volume), typically between 20-40 pptv, while the NO/N02 mixing ratios remained below 10 pptv. While the gradient measurements did not show a significant net NO flux into or out of the snow layer, the Snow block experiment indicated a distinct NO2 production from within the snow layer most pronounced during sunlight. 2.4.4.3. PAN, 0(3) and CO measurements Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is a nitrogen containing compound, which is generated in continental regions during the oxidation of higher organic compounds in the presence of NO2. The most important sink is thermal decomposition. Because this decay is strongly temperature dependent, PAN has a life time of several weeks in cold, polar regions. Results of several field experirnents show that PAN can constitute a major contribution to the sum of reactive nitrogen compounds (NO(y)) in the Arctic troposphere. Up to now no PAN measurements in Antarctica have been published. Therefore, within the frame of the PEAN'99 campaign, continuous in situ measurements of PAN were performed by electron capture gas chromatography combined with a cryogenic pre-concentration technique. The time resolution of the measurements was 10 min and a detection limit around 5 pptv was achieved. The mixing ratios of PAN showed maxima of 60 pptv, but most of the time the values were less than 20 pptv. In addition, carbon monoxide was measured, because again long-range transport of continental air masses is the dominant CO source for Antarctica. PAN measurements were also continued during the cruise of POLARSTERN from Neumayer Station to Cape Town. Because one main focus of PEAN'99 was to investigate interactions between the atmosphere and the Snow surface, PAN and 0(3) measurements were performed at two different heights (0.05 m and 2.5 m above the Snow surface). The results were used to determine gradients, from which deposition or emission rates can be derived. A detailed evaluation of the results, considering the meteorological data of the Neumayer Station will be done after the campaign. 2.4.4.4. Alkyl nitrates and inorganic nitrate measurements The alkyl nitrates (RONO(2)) are a relatively stable component of NO(y), with known sources from combustion and from the atmospheric photo oxidation of organic compounds in the presence of NO(x). Evidence is also emerging of an oceanic source for these compounds, with measurements in equatorial regions showing latitudinal profiles similar to compounds with a known marine origin. The southern ocean is a highly productive region during the polar summer and autumn, and measurements made from Neumayer Station two years ago indicated high concentrations of methyl and ethyl nitrates in the ambient air. Their role in nitrogen chemistry at these southern polar latitudes thus becomes of interest. Our previous campaign also revealed significant diurnal variability in NO(y) concentration, which raised the question, which component of NO(y) was responsible for this signal. Studies in Greenland have suggested that deposition of ambient inorganic nitrate (HNO(3) and particulate nitrate) cannot be the sole route whereby nitrate enters the snow/firn, and this probably affects the ice core signal. In order to address these issues, whole air samples were collected every 3 hours on a number of days and under various weather conditions in order to look for a diurnal variation in RONO(2) and to compare concentrations with NO(y) measurements. When wind speeds were suitably low, sampling was carried out at two heights simultaneously, in order to detect gradients. The samples will be analysed in the UK using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The filter programme to sample inorganic nitrate was continued this summer, using the permanent pump system at the air chemistry observatory. A 3-stage filter pack of Teflon/nylon/nylon was used to sample particulate nitrate and HN0(3). The data from this will be used to assess the budget of NO(y). Furthermore, on days when diurnal sampling for RONO(2) was carried out, filter changes were made at higher frequency in an attempt to detect a diurnal variation in HNO(3)/p-NO(3)-concentrations. Surface snow samples were also taken coincidentally. The aim of these diurnal variation studies is to investigate the exchange processes between NO(y) compounds in the ambient air and in the snow/firn. Ultimately such knowledge is necessary in order to correctly interpret nitrate data from ice cores. 2.4.4.5. Peroxide and formaldehyde measurements During the summer campaign "98/99, peroxides (H(2)O(2)/ROOH) and formaldehyde (HCHO) were continuously monitored at Neumayer Station. These observations were part of the PEAN-Project and continue on from time series measurements made during the overwintering season of 1997. The planned measuring programme was performed successfully. A preliminary evaluation of the data shows atmospheric hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios between 100 and 400 pptv, and for methyl hydroperoxide, the most common organic peroxide, of approximately 200 pptv, while the formaldehyde mixing ratios ranged between 50 and 400 pptv. In addition, snow samples were analysed during the summer campaign in order to compare concentrations of these reactive trace gases in the air and snow. An understanding of the exchange processes of these oxidants between the atmosphere and the snow/firn holds the potential for reconstructing the oxidation potential of palaeo- atmospheres. 2.4.5. Installation of a ground- based DOAS instrument at the Neumayer Station air chemistry observatory U. Frieß (IUPH) A dual channel DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) spectrograph has been installed at the Neumayer air chemistry observatory. The instrument was developed at the Institut für Umweltphysik, Heidelberg. It measures zenith scattered sunlight, covering the wavelength ranges 320-435 nm (UV) and 400-650 nm (visible). The light is spectrally dispersed by two holographic gratings and detected with cooled photo diode arrays. Using the absorption structure of several atmospheric constituents (Ozone, NO2, OCIO and BrO), the instrument is able to detect the column amount of those trace gases. These species are involved into the ozone depleting mechanisms in the Antarctic stratosphere. To examine chemical and physical processes in the stratosphere, the DOAS measurements will be compared with photochemical model calculations. The data will also be used to validate satellite borne measurements, e.g. GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer), and the ozone soundings regularly performed at Neumayer Station. Chlorine and bromine compounds are the major cause for the ozone depletion in the Antarctic polar stratosphere. Another halogen compound, iodine oxide, can contribute to the ozone depletion even when present in small amounts. A further goal of the DOAS measurements is the possible detection of iodine oxide or at least the estimate of an upper limit for the concentration of this trace gas. Continuous DOAS measurements were performed at Neumayer Station since 1994. It is planned to operate the new instrument for several years. Beside the study of the diurnal and seasonal variation of the various trace gases, those measurements supply information about long- term trends of the stratospheric trace gas budget. 2.5. LANDOPERATIONS AND FLIGHT PROGRAMMES 2.5.1. Airborne programme D. Steinhage, M. Schürmann, F . Thiel, T. Büßlberg (AERODATA, AWI, DLR) The airborne programme of the austral summer 1998/99 consists of three different projects (EPICA, EMAGE, APIS) carried out between 15 December 1998 and 14 February 1999. During that time some of logistic flights have been done which are related to a distinct project, e.g. the participation in the evacuation of an Indian patient from RV POLAR BIRD with POLAR4 via the Neumayer-Halley-Amundsen Scott stations as well as the maintenance of three automatic weather stations of the University of Utrecht. A fourth project, airborne RES with Filchner Station as base, had to be cancelled due to the fact that the station did no longer exist. The station had to be removed after the calving of iceberg A-38 from Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. All three projects started in the past. Therefore, see for a detailed description the report of ANT XIVl3 (W.Jokat and H. Oerter (ed.), 1998: Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-XIV mit FS POLARSTERN 1997, Bericht vom Fahrtabschnitt ANT XIV/3, Berichte zur Polarforschung, Nr. 267). The following section will only describe the work of the season 1998/99. PS the ferry flights of POLAR2 and POLAR4 have become routine and just minor changes of the flight tracks have been applied compared to those in the past, as well as the fact that no scientific measurements have been carried out on them, a detailed description will not be given. They lasted 260 hours for both airplanes. Within the geophysical programmes of EPICA and EMAGE several GPS and magnetic reference stations have been deployed by POLAR4 The data collected by these stations completed by data of the geophysical observatory at Neumayer Station. The ground based RES traverse also maintained from time to time some (DML05). The total measuring equipment which is not integrated in POLAR2 has been shipped on board of the RV AGULHAS from Cape Town to Neumayer Station and with POLARSTERN back to Cape Town. EPICA (EUROPEAN PROJECT FOR ICE CORING IN ANTARCTICA) Within the EPICA pre-side survey another 18,500 km of airborne RES (radio echo sounding) have been measured in the fourth season in a row in Dronning Maud Land (DML) for the determination of ice thickness and magnetic properties. The flights of this austral summer, with the DML ground traverse as logistic base, enlarged the investigated area further to the southeast. In total 25 flights with together 96 hours of flight time, including logistic flights, have been carried out. Fig. 12 shows a map of all measuring flights, the dotted lines mark the ice divides in DML. A flight towards Dome Fuji will most likely allow to connect the obtained profiles to the dated ice core drilled there, because the RES system also reveals the internal structures of the ice in addition to the ice thickness. For this flight POLAR4 had to deploy a fuel depot at B33 (DML17) and to collect the empty drums afterwards. Due to unfavourable Snow conditions and later in the season general bad weather conditions four flights from the Kottas Camp had to be cancelled. Additionally technical problems led to some problems with the schedule. But all problems could be solved with the available spare parts for the planes and the measuring system. The maintenance of three weather stations of the University of Utrecht, at Camp Victoria, at B32 as well as at Svea Cross south-west of Kottas Camp, could be combined with logistic flights. EMAGE (EASTERN ANTARCTIC MARGIN AEROGEOPHYSICAL EXPERIMENT) The aim of this long term geophysical project is to detect first geological- tectonical structures of the opening of the Weddell Sea in the region between the Antarctic stations Halley in the West and Novolazarevskaja in the East. The area of investigation could be enlarged by 50,000 km^2 in this austral summer with 18 flights. Included are two flights for static and dynamic compensation. All compensations as well as those of the last seasons have been carried out at 71°S, 9°30'W. To extend the investigated area in front of the Rijser-Larsenisen POLARSTERN deployed a fuel depot at the edge of the Drescher inlet. Fig. 13 shows a map with all flown profiles. Nearly all flights above the sea could be flown with 130 kts in 600 feet barometric altitude. During all flights the measuring system consists of two Trimble GPS receiver, a modified LaCoste-Romberg gravimeter, a laser altimeter and an airborne Geometrics magnetic system with 'He Sensors. The line spacing was 5 nm, the total length of all profiles 17,500 km. To achieve the necessary precision of the positioning for the evaluation of the gravity data post differential GPS processing will be used. The necessary GPS reference stations are the Neumayer Station and a GPS station set up at Halvfarryggen, close to the central point of there installed seismological array "Watzmann". To allow the correction of the airborne gravity data for the tides, the continuous registration of the gravimeter of the geophysical laboratory at Neumayer Station is available. To eliminate the daily variations of the magnetic data also registrations of the geophysical laboratory are available. Parallel to the registrations at Neumayer Station also a magnetic reference station on base of a Geometrics G856, had been installed on Skjoldet, an ice rumple in the Rijser-Larsenisen. APIS (ANTARCTIC PACK ICE SEALS) As in the past, for the APIS programme a digital video camera had been installed on all EMAGE flights, but this time just in the vicinity of sea ice recordings have been done. The map in Fig. 14 shows all sections with video monitoring. Gaps are due to clouds and missing sea ice coverage. On 14 flights 17 hours of video in total have been collected, covering 4,000 km of profiles. The video camera has been handled by the operator on board (M. Schürmann, F. Thiel (both AERODATA), D. Steinhage (AWI)). Responsible for the APIS project at AWI is Dr. Jochen Plötz. For further information see report ANT XIV/3. 2.5.2. Glaciology F. Wilhelms, C. Drücker, G. Stoof, H. Wohltmann, J. Wehrbach, A. Schmid, J. Pogorzalek, C. Sacker, F. Kallweit, D. Steinhage (AWI) In this season glaciological studies have been carried out afresh, for the prereconnaissance of a deep drilling site within EPICA. In the period from 15 December 1998 to 16 February 1999 several EMR-profiles (EMR: electromagnetic reflection method), were recorded connecting the sites of the 100-m- to 150- m-long ice cores drilled last year. The aim is to enable a correlation between the different ice cores and to extend the information gathered at points to the EMR-sections. The EMR-measurements are part of a DFG funded project managed by Dr. Uwe Nixdorf. For the first time, two standard EMR-systems from the company Mala Geoscience, Sweden, have been put in use. The 1,000-km-long section with the measured profiles (Fig. 15) is the same route along which three 100-m- to 150-mlong ice cores and numerous firn cores have been drilled last season. Another 1,000 km have to be added for the roundtrip Neumayer-Kottas Camp- Neumayer. Arrival and departure of the traverse participants, as long as they were not participants of the overwintering team, were organized with the South African RV AGULHAS. The ship also transported the scientific equipment and provisions. The logistic equipment, three Kässbohrer Pisten-Bullys, six sleds with diverse superstructures, two skidoos and several Nansen sleds could be taken over from the Neumayer Station. The span was put together such that it was possible to work in the container during the trip. This enabled the use of the Ramac-apparatus from the Pisten-Bully Span. Several antennae in the frequency range between 50 MHz and 800 MHz were used. With a shielded 500-MHz aerial some uppermost 20 m of firn coverage and using a 100-MHz antenna the range to a depth of 100 m to 150 m were mapped. Thus, the data basis for the correlation between the ice core drill sites as well as between firn core drill sites are available. In addition several Common Mid Point (CMP) measurements were carried out using different aerials to determine the velocity-depth-function at different drill sites. Especially at DML05 two satellite drillings were connected by several profiles using different aerials. At the Same time, the GPS measurements of stakes were repeated in order to determine the surface flow velocity of ice, a firn core was drilled and a snow pit was dug. Besides the main scientific questions numerous other tasks could be performed. Thus the traverse served as a temporal base for aero-EMU- measurements and therefore provided, in addition to a tank container of kerosene, further material for airplane support. Besides that, it also installed and maintained GPS and magnetic reference stations at Kottas Camp and other locations along the track for some periods of time. 2.5.3. The Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 98/99, NARE 98/99 H. Eggenfellner, K. Pedersen, 0. Skog und E. Vike (NPI) The goals for the expedition were to bring home four automatically recording weather stations (and the data) from the area, to remeasure the movement and snow accumulation of 36 aluminium stakes placed in a glaciological monitoring network On the Bailey Ice Stream and across the Filchner Ice Shelf to the Berkner Island (two stake lines), and finally - to bring home any environmental harmful products and equipment remaining at the summer-base Blåenga. The same group had participated on the NARE 96/97 to do the same work, but unfortunately the ice conditions at that season where too heavy and made it impossible to reach the summer base. Because of very good international cooperation in the Antarctic the group could join POLARSTERN from Cape Town to the most southern part of the Weddell Sea. After 16 days of sailing the group was put ashore at the summer base (77°30'43"S, 34°12'37"W) the 25 January 1999. All the huts where under the snow-surface and only bamboos showed that there was something under the snow. After two days of digging and 10 days with very bad weather the group started off towards the Theron Mountains 220 km inland (79°00'00"S 27°55'44"W). They used four snow-mobiles as transportation. Here the group divided in two. In the Theron Mountains Pedersen and Skog established a communication base (HF radio and Inmarsat C) to communicate with the field party and the "outer world" (POLARSTERN and Norway). They also mounted a GPS receiver on a nunatak as reference station for the measuring of the glaciological monitoring network. On 7 February Vike and Skog drove to the weather station "Delta", 170 km northeast of Theron base (at 78°00'00"S 22°31'43"W). The weather station is four meter high but only two meter of it were visible over the snow. They demounted the station (after three hours of digging) and brought it back to the Theron base. They also found some old gasoline which they brought back. At the Same time the weather station in the Theron Mountains was demounted by Eggenfellner and Pedersen. On 9 February Vike and Eggenfellner started out on the "stake round". During the season 91/92 36 stakes where accurate positioned with the help of differential GPS. One line followed the 80th parallel and one line followed the 79°15'-parallel across the Filchner Ice Shelf, plus four lines across the Bailey Ice Stream. The network was again measured during the 92/93 season, so the movement of the stakes during one year was already known. The total driving distance on this round is 800 km, but because of good conditions and no serious problems the "stake-round" this season took only a short week. However, not all the stakes where measured because they where covered by snow. On each stake the Snow accumulation during the period was also measured. Close to Berkner Island (80°06'02"S, 41°52'55"W), the third weather station was demounted. On 16 February the Norwegians left the Theron Mountains. Because of very good driving conditions and nice weather, the trip out to the summer base (220 km) took only 7 hours. All environmental harmful goods (oil, batteries etc.) were removed from the base. Most of the material was still in good condition and was handed over to the Argentineans at the Belgrano base. Also the left-over gasoline, oil and food from this seasons work was given to Belgrano. To make the pick-up operation as less time consuming for POLARSTERN as possible, the Norwegians drove with all their equipment 150 km northeast of the summer base to the ice-edge. On 21 February 1999, they where picked up after a very successful season. 2.6. DISMANTLING OF THE FILCHNER STATION J. Ams, A. Brehme, J. Janneck, W. Kaiser, N. Lensch, J. Porgarzalek, R. Witt, A. Ziffer (AWI, KG, LAEISZ) In October 1998 the large tabular iceberg A-38 calved from the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and broke into several pieces. Filchner Station (Figs. 17 and 18) was situated on one of them A-386 with an area of 2980 km^2 (Fig. 16). It became necessary to dismantle and remove the station, and for this reason a salvage team of nine people sailed on board POLARSTERN. On 31 January 1999 the salvage team was disembarked and the equipment needed for the work on the station unloaded on the western side of the iceberg A-38B, where the ice cliffs were 18 m high (Figs. 19 and 20). The landing site was just 30 km away from the station. An advance party got the heating, the melt water tank, the kitchen and the radio room up and running. The salvage work began on 1 February. First, the covering of snow was removed from the equipment that was distributed around the station platform. A generator, a number of depots with both full and empty fuel drums, which lay under 1 to 2 m of snow, a further Pisten-Bully and a tanker sledge, which had to be recovered from 4 m of snow, were dug out (Fig. 21). The freed drums and other miscellaneous items were loaded onto sledges. At the Same time work on the station was proceeding. The station consisted of a platform supported by 14 legs at a height of about 4 m above the current snow surface, so as to prevent the accumulation of snow around it. Containers for living, dining and storage were secured to the platform. The storage container was cleared out and loose items on the platform were packed ready for transport. The storage container was then dismantled and the other containers were unfastened from the platform. On 7 February the first 20 tonnes of material were taken on board POLARSTERN. This first load comprised miscellaneous cargo, including the dangerous goods such as fuel drums, gas bottles and old batteries and was transported to the ship with Pisten-Bullys and sledges. On 10 February the dismantling of the station was completed. A snow ramp had been pushed up around the station platform, and the station containers were pulled down this and placed on sledges or simple runners. The overnight transportation of everything to the ship had already begun. While the Pisten- Bullys were still in use during the day for dismantling the last of the station and loading the sledges, the first two loads were removed overnight. On 11 February at 20:00, all 119.8 tonnes of material from the station and 48 tonnes of equipment used for its transport (Pisten- Bullys, sledges, containers, etc) had been brought to the POLARSTERN and loaded on board (Fig. 22, Tab. 1 and 2). The cargo included 30,200 | of fuel, comprising 8,000 | of kerosene, 9,800 | of Arctic diesel and 12,400 | of petrol. During the salvage operation 5,200 | of fuel were consumed. The kerosene and Arctic diesel were used for fuel on POLARSTERN and the petrol was unloaded at Neumayer Station. All that remained of the station is the steel support structure, buried in the snow (Fig. 23). Despite the hard conditions and the speed at which the work was undertaken, no serious incident occurred. ORDER OF WORK 31 January 1999 06:OO Start of unloading, 06:15 First flight of members of the salvage team to the station, in order to get the motor, snow-melt tank and crane up and running. The engine heater was switched on and the main switch of the crane was closed. The water level in the melt-tank was raised with 150 l of water brought from POLARSTERN. 10:OO Return flight to the ship to unload the remaining equipment. 12:OO End of unloading. 12:30 Departure for the station. Everything except the separate runners was taken to the station. A cold store was set up and the provisions were stowed away. The station was established. The radio equipment (VHF and short wave) was sei up in working order. 1 February 1999 The satellite communications were started up. It was necessary to repair a plug. Test calls to AWI and Neumayer Station followed. The skidoos and starter unit were taken from the platform and set down on the ice. Snow was bulldozed away from the reserve diesel generator (90 KVA). Work started to clear snow from the Pisten-Bully garage. Snow was bulldozed away from the petrol depot and the drums were put on sledges. Clearing out of kitchen, mess, radio room and scrap store started. The winches and the uppermost stage of the platform supports were dismantled. Further dismantling of the supports proved not to be possible, because the last extension pieces had been cut down to size and the crank handles were resting against the grating. Therefore, snow later had to be pushed up to the level of the platform, so that the containers could be pulled off. 2 February 1999 The last piece of the Pisten-Bully garage was freed with a chainsaw. The Bully was completely iced up, but the motor started without problems after preheating. Because the roof of the garage had slumped, it was lifted with a Bully crane and propped up with beams. After this the vehicle could be driven from the garage without problem. The Bully was made in good working order. 14:OO The Bully was Set to work. From this time three Pisten-Bullys with snow shovels were available. The snow was bulldozed away from the depot of Arctic diesel and the drums were put on sledges. Clearing of snow from the sledges and tank container began. The steel parts used for raising the station were dismantled and stowed in a container. The store was cleared out and the shelves were taken down. The antenna mast was disassembled. 3 February 1999 The 10 foot tank container and the bivouac huts were cleared of snow. The wooden boards between the kitchen and dormitory containers, which formed the store, were removed. Clearing of the container rooves started. The fastenings and stays of the workshop container were detached. Assorted pieces of steel were packed up. The batteries of the reserve generator were installed. The test run was successful. 4 February 1999 Snow was bulldozed from around the freight sledges and the 900-kg sledge. The sledges were shovelled free of snow. The winches and heavy duty shackle were removed from the station and stowed in containers. The wooden boxes with bolts, nuts, washers and shackles were taken from the station and placed in containers. Clearing of snow from the 20 foot tank container started. Clearing of the container roofs was completed. Removal of the planks and beams from the support structure of the platform. Loading of the empty drums, which had contained kerosene belonging to BAS, on the sledges with the petrol drums. The bivouac huts were prepared for occupation. 5 February 1999 Snow was cleared from the 20-foot tank-container. Steel items were stowed in container 202. Zarges boxes and miscellaneous items were stowed in container 246. Boxes that were no longer required were transferred from the supply container 204 to container 246. Zarges boxes that were not yet needed were placed on the platform. A freight sledge was loaded with rubbish, special waste, dangerous items and loose cargo for Neumayer Station. Fixing brackets of the former store between the kitchen and dormitory containers were dismantled. Container bridge fittings were dismantled. All the container fastenings that were welded onto the longitudinal girders were cut off. The cable fastenings on the container roofs were dismantled. On the south side of the station snow was bulldozed up to the level of the platform. 6 February 1999 Old sanitary material was packed away. Tools from the workshop container that were no longer required were packed away. Spare parts for the 90-KVA generator and melt tank were packed away. Freight containers 202 and 246 were loaded with return freight. Remaining freight (Bully spares, etc) in the supply container 204 were transferred to container 246. On the west and east sides of the station Snow was bulldozed up to the level of the platform. Construction of the new camp, consisting of folding container W 209, container 204 for provisions and two bivouac huts. 7 February 1999 Remaining provisions were removed from folding container W 209 and stowed in empty container 204, Transport of petrol drums, freight sledges with miscellaneous items (skidoos, starter unit, empty drums) and sledges with waste to the loading site at the edge of the iceberg. Loading of POLARSTERN. Empty sledges were taken back to the station. The transport and loading operation lasted all day. The camp power supply was connected up to the reserve diese1 generator. The kitchen fittings were removed from the station and arranged in the folding container W 209. The radio equipment was dismantled and installed in the folding container W 209. The inferior fittings of the container from the kitchen, mess and radio room were removed. On the north side of the station Snow was bulldozed up to the level of the platform. 8 February 1999 The mess fittings were placed in the folding container W 209. The first members of the salvage team moved into a bivouac hut. The crane was disassembled. The top shute of the melt tank was dismantled. The extensions to the exhaust pipes of the burner and 90-KVA generator were dismantled. The radio container, the mess container and the kitchen container were lifted from the platform and placed on runners. 17:30 The main motor was taken out of service. The remaining station containers were connected up to the power supply of the reserve diesel generator. The container fittings were stowed in the radio room and the container was closed with wooden boards. 9 February 1999 The water supply to the toilet container was shut off. The water and waste water pipes in the dormitory containers were disassembled. The dormitory containers were lifted from the platform, placed on runners and reconnected to the power supply in the camp. The workshop container was packed up and placed on a sledge. The provisions that were no longer required were stowed in a heated bivouac hut. Because both hut and provisions were going to Neumayer Station, repacking was unnecessary. Because of the ice situation, speed was important, and the first transport of material to POLARSTERN took place during the night. 10 February 1999 The melt-water container was drained and placed on a sledge. The toilet container was drained, dismantled water pipes were stored inside it, and the container was placed on a sledge. The remaining material (tools, strops, shackles, etc) were packed away in the return freight container. The folding container W 209 was cleared out and folded up. 12:30 The diesel unit was taken out of service, and all cables were removed and packed away. 13:OO The chilled provisions were taken to the ship by helicopter. 15:OO An attempt to tow container 202, which was full of pieces of steel and wood, with three Bullys failed, because the container was too heavy. Some of the wood was reloaded onto a sledge. The container could then be pulled with two Bullys. 15:30 Three members of the group flew back to POLARSTERN in the helicopter. 17:30 The remainder of the group drove to POLARSTERN with four Pisten- Bullys and freight. A further load was transported to the ship during the night. 11 February 99 08:OO The last load, comprising two bivouac huts towed by two Pisten- Bullys, was brought to ship. At the site of the former Filchner Station, only the central Supports, anchored in the ice and the platform, consisting of longitudinal and transverse girders and the welded-on grating, which had served as a walkway, remained. 20:OO The last sledge was loaded and POLARSTERN Cast off from the loading site on iceberg A-38B. TABLE 1. Load taken on board on 7 February 1999 ________________________________________________________________________ 26 empty drums (kerosene) Dangerous cargo 20 empty drums (Arctic diesel) Dangerous cargo 1 tank container 10 foot T101 with leftover kerosene Dangerous cargo 1 dum used oil (half full) 14 batteries Dangerous cargo power unit heating unit 1 heating unit 2 skidoos 62 dums filled with 12,400 l petrol Dangerous cargo 9 Zarges boxes for Neumayer Station 6 Pisten-Bully wheels for Neumayer Station 2 Pisten-Bully cog wheels for Neumayer Station 1 rope which for Neumayer Station 2 oxygen gas bottles Dangerous cargo 2 acetylene gas bottles Dangerous cargo 17 propane gas bottles Dangerous cargo 8 live extinguishers Dangerous cargo misc. cleangn material 1x net of various rubbish (kitchen waste, plastic, paper, etc.) ________________________________________________________________________ Total weight 20.31 TABLE 2. Load taken on board on 10 and 12 February 1999 ________________________________________________________ Weight --------------------------------------- ------- 90 KVA generator 2.21 t 2x Nansen sledges 0.1 t Cont. AWI 202 12.1 t Cont. AWI 204 4.0 t Stat. cont. toilet 3.0 t Cont. AWI 246 7.0 t Stat. cont. kitchen 4.0 t Pisten-Bully No. 15 7.5 t Pisten-Bully No. 16 7.5 t Cont. motor No. 10 foot 3.8 t Cont. melt tank 10 foot 2.1 t Cont. AWI T 210 with 8,000 I kerosene 11.5 t Stat. cont. dormitory 3.0 t Stat. cont. dormitory 3.0 t Workshop cont. 1.0 t Stat. cont. radio 3.0 t Stat. cont. mess 2.0 t Bivouac hut 4.3 t Bivouac hut 3.0 t Stat. cont. mess 2.0 t 10x cont. sledges 28.0 t 1x small sledges 1.5 t 6x pairs of runners 1.5 t Brace for 10 foot container 1.0 t 65 drums of Arctic diesel (of which 49 drums filled with 9.800 l) 7.8t ________________________________________________________ 2.7. CIRCULATION AND WATER MASS FORMATION IN THE ATLANTIC SECTION OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN G. Birnbaum, H. Brix, D. Dommenget, E. Fahrbach, R. Gladstone, G. Hargreaves, S. Harms, A. Jenkins, G. Rohardt und L. Sellmann (AWI, BAS, POL) OBJECTIVES The field work aimed to measure circulation and water mass properties in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, to investigate the contribution of the Weddell Sea to the ocean's role in climate. In this respect water mass modification plays an important role, because it leads to the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water which is an essential part of the global thermohaline circulation. With the aim to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the water masses and the ocean currents, vertical temperature and salinity profiles were measured from the ship, moored instruments were recovered and deployed and drifting platforms were launched. At the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression, the so-called Ice Shelf Water drains into the deep sea. This water mass forms because water of high salinity flows in beneath the ice shelf. At a depth of 1,000 m, the freezing point of seawater is lowered to -2.5°C. As a result the inflowing water, even if it has already reached the freezing temperature at the sea surface, can be further cooled at the base of the ice shelf through melting. In this manner, the coldest water found anywhere in the ocean is formed. Part of this supercooled water freezes at the underside of the ice shelf on its way back out, so forming marine ice. Another part comes out at the front of the ice shelf as supercooled water. In the Filchner Depression it flows to the north, where with a temperature of -2.1°C it crosses a low saddle at the edge of the continental shelf, and as a result of its high density, caused by its low temperature, drains into the deep sea. This outflow contributes to the formation of Weddell Sea Bottom Water, which feeds into the circumpolar ocean to the north, from where it flows further into the three ocean basins as Antarctic Bottom Water. It is the objective of our work to quantify the transport of Ice Shelf Water into the deep sea, reckoned at about 1 million cubic metres per second, using direct measurements of the currents made with moored instruments. The mixing of the Ice Shelf Water with the lighter surrounding water determines the depth to which the outflow can sink. This can be derived from the temporal fluctuations of the Ice Shelf Water flow, that are measured with the moored instruments, and the spatial distribution, that can be learnt from CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) sections. For this reason, four moorings were placed in the outflow last year by HMS ENDURANCE. In order to record the distribution of water masses, we carried out a CTD section from the iceberg A-38B, extending onto the continental slope, a second section in the region of the descending flow of Ice Shelf Water and a third along the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression. These investigations are taking place as a cooperation between the AWI, the British Antarctic Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University Bergen, Norway and Earth and Space Research, Seattle, USA in the framework of the "Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf Programme" (FRISP) of "Scientific Committee On Antarctic Research" (SCAR). The objective of the investigations in the eastern Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is to detect, if there are correlations between the fluctuations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the properties of the Weddell Sea Bottom Water. Furthermore it should be shown, if the variations in the deep and bottom water of the Weddell Sea affect the Antarctic Bottom Water in the South Atlantic. To determine the origin of the variations, it is planned to measure the fluctuations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of South Africa, in particular the intensity and location of the southernmost current bands and the transition to the northern part of the Weddell gyre. In case of the formation of a large Weddell Polynya west of Maud Rise, the measurements should allow to determine, if an increased inflow of Circumpolar Deep Water contributes to the polynya development or, if the local atmospheric forcing dominates. Furthermore the occurrence of deep convection and the change of water mass properties as a consequence of the polynya will be detected. The measurements continue the time series in the Weddell Sea covering the past decade. They will allow to determine the dominant time scales and the spatial distribution of observed changes of the water mass properties. It is planned to identify a minimum set of measurements which is sufficient to determine the state of the water mass formation in the Weddell Sea, which can be applied as a long term monitoring System with an as small as possible logistical effort. These measurements are a contribution to the "Climate Variability and Predictability Programme" (CLIVAR) of the "World Climate Research Programme" (WCRP). To investigate the contribution of icebergs to the fresh water cycle in the Weddell Sea, 11 of them were tagged with satellite transmitters (Fig. 31, Tab. 4). The icebergs originate at the Antarctic coast or ice shelf edge, when the ice masses from the inland reach the ocean and break off. With a typical velocity of 15 km per day they might drift for several years in the Weddell Sea until they finally break into small pieces and supply continental fresh water to the ocean. If they encounter shallow water during their drift they can stay at a fixed location for years until they melted enough or broke to smaller bergs which can drift freely. By iceberg melt the Weddell Sea receives about 410 Gt of fresh water per year. Large icebergs can be followed on satellite images. However, a large part of the icebergs is too small to be detected by satellites, but they might contribute significantly to the fresh water input. Therefore, the tracks of relatively small bergs should be measured. The results will be used to determine the appropriate parameters in a numerical model of the iceberg drift which is run in AWI. This model includes atmospheric driving forces, ocean currents and sea ice. It takes into account that iceberg motion can be determined by surrounding sea ice, if the sea ice cover is ridged enough. The observed and the model trajectories will be compared to optimize the model parameters. In a final state it will be possible to determine with the validated models the variations in the iceberg drift and consequently of the regional fresh water input due to climate changes, because iceberg motion determines where the fresh water from the Antarctic continent is supplied to the ocean. Together with the other components of the fresh water budget, as precipitation minus evaporation and differential freezing and melting of sea ice, the fate of the icebergs can locally affect the stability of the water column and consequently the formation of deep and bottom water. WORK AT SEA On the way towards the Neumayer Station and back to Cape Town expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs) were launched to measure the ocean temperature to a depth of 700 m. The data were directly inserted in the GTS. However the tracklines did no correspond completely on the way south and north (Figs. 24, 25 and 26, Annex 1). Measurements with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and the thermosalinograph were carried through the complete cruise. The thermosalinograph records are presented in Figs. 25 and 26. To determine the water mass properties 257 vertical profiles were measured with a CTD sonde along the Greenwich Meridian and in the southern Weddell Sea (Fig. 27, Annex 2). In the southern Weddell Sea a CTD section was done from iceberg A-38B over the continental slope (Fig. 27) and a detailed survey was carried out between the Ronne Ice Shelf up to Lassiter Coast and the iceberg A-38B (Figs. 27 and 28 top). The distribution of the water masses sinking along the continental slope and at the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression was measured (Figs. 27 and 28 bottom). In the vicinity of the Southwest Indian Ridge between 55°S and 61°S in the transition zone from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Weddell Gyre, a set of 10 ALACEs (Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer) were launched in a distance of 30 or 60 nm (Fig. 29, Tab. 3). These floats sink to a depth of approximately 700 m and return every 7 days to the surface, where they transmit their position and a temperature profile via Service Argos. During the drift the floats supply information about the injection of Circumpolar Deep Water into the Weddell Gyre. This warm and salty water mass represents the major heat and salt source which limits the ice thickness and permits the formation of deep and bottom waters. In addition to the ALACEs, a meteorological buoy (ODAS) with a drogue at 200 m was deployed. To measure the low period variability of the water mass properties and the sea ice thickness, seven moorings were recovered and deployed along the Greenwich Meridian with temperature and salinity Sensors, current meters and upward looking Sonars (ULS) (Fig. 30, Tabs. 5 and 6). On the way south, three moorings were recovered and four redeployed south of Maud Rise. On the way north, three moorings were exchanged in the northern part of the Weddell gyre. Additionally two sea level recorders were deployed in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. A set of four moorings and two sea level recorders of the Proudman Oceanographic laboratory, which were deployed in 1998, were recovered on the continental slope northwest of the Filchner Depression (Tab. 7). The mooring F3 was lying, at the time of the first attempt at recovery, under D1 1, a giant iceberg 8 nautical miles in width and 30 nautical miles in length (Fig. 28 bottom). With the other three moorings and the bottom pressure recorder C2 we had more luck. F4 lay just to the north of the iceberg in a polynya. Nevertheless, thick fog had developed over the open water, turning the recovery into an exciting game of hide and seek. The moorings F1 and F2 were situated in the thick band of ice to the south of the iceberg, but with some patience and the use of acoustic position finding during the ascent, we were able to locate both moorings amongst the ice. The bottom pressure recorder M2 was recovered on the way back because on our journey south, M2 had been lying under thick ice. The southerly wind was constantly creating open water, but because of the low temperatures a compact covering of new ice was rapidly forming. The Bottom Pressure Recorder was held on the sea floor by an anchor weight, from which it could be detached by means of a release that would be activated on receipt of an acoustic signal. However, M2 put our patience to the lest, because it first only rose to the sea surface after repeated attempts at release, then was practically invisible between the compacted floes of new ice. Meanwhile, D11 shifted sufficiently to leave F3 clear. The route back there led through such strong ice pressure that we were often held fast, and the detour required more than two days. Our efforts were rewarded with the successful retrieval of F3. Three buoys were deployed on ice floes for the "International Programme for Antarctic Buoys" (IPAB) in the framework of the WCRP, to observe meteorological parameters and sea ice drift. A buoy with oceanographic instruments was deployed in an inlet, on 2.5 m thick fast ice at the Ronne ice front within a few miles of the Lassiter Coast. It was equipped with a 486 m long wire with 3 current meters and 10 temperature and salinity sensors. The measurements from these sensors were transmitted via satellite. After a few days no more data were transmitted. CTD DATA PROCESSING Hydrographic observations were made with a Falmouth Scientific Triton Integrated CTD (FSI-ICTD) combined with a 24 bottles water sampler. The CTD contained three temperature channels: Fast Response (FT), Platinum with 100 ms time constant (PT1) and Platinum with 400 ms time constant (PT2). The sample rate was 21 Hz. Connected to the CTD was a Benthos Altimeter Mod. 2110. A FSI data terminal DT 1050WS was used as deck unit. The water sampler consisted of a frame from General Oceanics and a Falmouth Scientific Sure Fire water sampler release unit. The water sampler was equipped with 12 liter bottles from Ocean Test Equipment with stainless steel springs. CTD SN 1360 was used for the first 151 casts. Then, we switched to instrument SN 1347 because frequent spikes occurred in the pressure record. However, it appeared that the perturbations were not due to the CTD and consequently we switched back after 25 casts to the initial CTD. Altogether 257 profiles were taken (Annex 2) The pre-cruise calibration had demonstrated the perfect status of the system. However, the comparison of the final data with those of previous cruises which were measured with a Neil Brown Mark IIIB evidenced that the 100 ms temperature probe (PT1) did not work properly in both instruments, Further investigation indicated that both PT1 were subject to a systematic error. The data set was reprocessed by use of the records from the 400 ms Sensor (PT2). CTD-CALIBRATION TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE The pre- and post-calibrations were made at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO). No significant time drift occurred between the two calibrations. Thus the correction based on the SI0 calibration from August 1998 was applied to all data. The corrections were determined by use of all calibration points as: Correction = A + B*N + C*N2 + D*N3 + E*N4 (N = instruments reading). The coefficients for the two CTDs are presented in the table below. Coefficients for ICTD SN 1347 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Kanal A B C D E ---------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------- ------------ PT1 0.00192750 0.000367769 5.98102E-006 -1.73705E-006 3.92021E-008 PT2 -0.00296646 0.000105862 1.00638E-005 -1.12480E-066 2.20040E-008 Press loading 1.62150000 0.000766727 -2.36597E-007 -5.02071E-011 8.88206E-015 Press unloading 1.22939000 0.000835985 -5.34279E-007 4.41770E-011 1.33893E-015 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Coefficients for ICTD SN 1360 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Kanal A B C D E ---------------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ PT1 0.00448876 -4.55829E-005 3.83954E-005 -2.45250E-006 3.92021E-008 PT2 -0.00332538 -0.000208227 3.21668E-005 -1.67948E-006 2.20040E-008 Press loading -0.64126400 -0.000848879 3.51877E-007 -7.04156E-011 8.88206E-015 Press unloading -0.70612700 -0.000846957 2.60004E-007 -3.95838E-011 1.33783E-015 _________________________________________________________________________________________ The accuracy of the data was estimated as the mean difference between the correction and the calibration points. The pressure data are better than ±0.2 dbar for loading pressure and ±1dba for unloading pressure. The temperature is better than ±0.001K. T68 temperature scale is used to maintain a consistent basis for later salinity and density calculations. SALINITY/CONDUCTIVITY Water samples were taken from the bottles for salinity/conductivity correction. The samples were measured with a Guildline Autosal 8400B using IAPSO Standard Seawater from Ocean Scientific International; Batch No. P134. The Autosal measurements were controlled and logged by PC and software (SIS Softsal Package). The conductivity differences between CTD and Autosal measurements did neither show a pressure or nor a time dependence. Thus the ICTD conductivity was corrected by a constant offset of: C(corrected) = C(ICTD) + COR While ICTD SN 1347 was used, 89 salinity samples were taken and measured. The conductivity correction was determined from 61 samples taken deeper as 100 m and resulted in: COR = 0.0053 mS/cm with a standard deviation of 0.001 mS/cm. 1278 salinity samples were taken and measured while ICTD SN 1360 was used. The conductivity correction was determined from 952 samples. Here 966 samples were taken from depth below 100 m, 14 samples of them were rejected because they were off by up to 0.03 mS/cm. The correction resulted in COR = 0.0154 mS/cm with a standard deviation of 0.001 mS/cm. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING The raw data from the CTD down- and up-casts were recorded using a PC and FSI's acquisition software (W95-ICTD, Version 1.5). The binary formatted raw data were transferred to a SUN UNIX Workstation for post-processing. These software routines are written in FORTRAN and are essentially based on the formerly used PC-based post-processing package from EG&G (Oceansoft) which was used since 1989 for the processing of the Neil Brown CTD Mark IIIB data. THE POST-PROCESSING PROCEDURED FOR THE DOWN-CAST: Editing spikes using a graphical editor: All parameters are plotted versus scan number on the screen. Questionable parts of the profiles were enlarged. Spikes were removed with a minimum/maximum filter, a difference filter or manually by setting markers with the mouse pointer. Removed values were replaced by linear interpolation. Pressure averaging: The output of this program is an ASCII formatted file containing the cast header and the CTD record on 2dbar steps with pressure, temperature, conductivity, and computed parameters like salinity, potential temperature, and density. The program executes the following tasks: (a) Apply corrections for PT1, PT2 and the loading pressure based on the SIO calibration (b) Combine Fast Response and Platinum temperatures; select one of the two channels (PT1 or PT2) (c) Apply time lag correction for the conductivity (d) Eject pressure reversals (keep monotonely increasing pressure) (e) Average conductivity and temperature for 2-dbar-intervall (f) Apply conductivity cell correction (consider temperature- and pressure effect on the cell ceramic) (g) Compute salinity (h) Interpolate pressure, temperature, and salinity on the center of the pressure interval (i) Compute conductivity from pressure, temperature, and salinity. Details are documented in the EG&G software manual Oceansoft from 1989 as well as in Falmouth Scientific ICTD Operation Manual. THE POST-PROCESSING PROCEDURES FOR THE UP-CAST: CREATE A BOTTLE FILE Check bottle firing: The up-cast data were acquired in the same way as the down-cast data. While taking a water sample (bottle firing), the acquisition software changes a specific bit ("marker") within an additional byte which is added to the standard CTD record. Thus it is possible to identify water sample records in the up-cast and create a bottle file. In this first step, the taken number of samples is compared with the "markers" in the up-cast with a program similar to the graphical spike editing program. It allows to erase or insert "markers". Reduce number of records: To accelerate further processing superfluous records were ejected. Thus, 200 records before and after the "marker" were kept. Editing spikes using a graphical editor: The same routine as described in the down-cast processing was applied. Create the bottle file: The average of pressure, PT1 or PT2, and the conductivity was calculated from 50 records before and after the "marker". Temperatures FT & PT1 or FT & PT2 were not combined. The cell correction (see pressure averaging) was applied to the conductivity values, and the SI0 corrections to PTl/PT2 and the unloading pressure. The standard deviation of PTl/PT2 (STDDEV) was added to each bottle record as a control value to identify by small values samples which were taken in layers homogenous enough to be used for the conductivity correction on the basis of the comparison between CTD-conductivity and Autosal measurements. SUMMARY OF DATA PROCESSING: Due to the SI0 pre- and post-calibration and Autosal measurements on board the Instruments accuracy is much better than the manufacturers specification: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Accuracy ---------------------------- ----------------------------- Parameter ANT XVIl2 manufacturers specifications Pressure (dbar) ±0.2 loading, ±1.0 unloading ±0.03% of full scale (±2.0 dbar at 6.500 dbar) Temperature ±0.001 ±0.003 (Conductivity (mS/cm) ±0.001 ±0.003 Salinitv ±0.001 ____________________________________________________________________________________ PRELIMINARY RESULTS A hydrographic section was carried out in the coastal polynya in front of the Ronne Ice Shelf from iceberg A-38B to the west up the Lassiter Coast (Figs. 28 top and 32). An outflow of Ice shelf Water was observed at the eastern boundary of the Ronne Depression, which formed a strip along the ice shelf front of more than 100 km length with temperatures in the water column below the surface freezing point. The coldest temperatures of -2.12°C were observed at station 29 and even at the sea surface temperatures around -2°C were encountered indicating upwelling of supercooled water. The outflow of Ice Shelf Water was surveyed on a three-dimensional grid. The temperature minimum at the eastern slope of the depression decreases clearly to the north (Fig. 33). It remains to explain, why the northward directed outflow of Ice Shelf Water follows the eastern slope whereas due to the effect of Coriolis force it is expected at the western slope. To the southwest of iceberg A-38B another iceberg laid at the ice shelf front (Fig. 28 top) which prohibited measurements along the ice front. The section had to be finished at the southeast corner of A-38B, because of the heavy sea ice. Two sections were obtained perpendicular to the ice shelf front towards iceberg A-38B. They show by increasing temperature and salinity with increasing distance from the ice shelf front, the decreasing influence of the Ice Shelf Water (Fig. 34). At the loading site of A-38B two series of CTD yoyos were achieved (Figs. 35 and 36). The descending plume of former Ice Shelf Water, now transformed to Weddell Sea Bottom Water, was surveyed at three transects. (Figs. 28 bottom and 37). The core of cold water with low salinity is located at the northern threshold of the Filchner Depression in 400 m to 500 m depth (Fig. 39). After crossing the sill, the plume turns under the influence of the Coriolis force to the left and sinks between the eastern (Fig. 37b) and the western (Fig. 37a) section from 1,500 m to 2,500 m depth. On this path the temperature increases significantly due to mixing with ambient water masses. However, the core can still be clearly identified. On a section along the 2,800 m depth contour (Fig. 38) higher temperatures are found as in shallower parts of the slope, suggesting that the cold core did not exit seaward between the eastern and western sections (Figs. 37a and b). The evaluation of the current meter data (Tab. 7), which can occur only after the return, will allow to estimate the volume transport of the cold plume. The vertical distributions of temperature and salinity along the Greenwich Meridian display the typical structure of a cold dome with low salinity which is centred at approximately 61°S (Fig. 40) and is formed by the cyclonic circulation of the large scale Weddell gyre. At the southern side over the slope of Maud Rise Warm Deep Water is carried to the west and creates temperature and salinity maxima of 1.2°C and 34.69. In the northern part of the gyre significantly cooler Warm Deep Water and Weddell Sea Bottom Water is carried to the east. In the past years a gradual warming and increase of salinity was observed in the Warm Deep Water and the Weddell Sea Bottom Water. The preliminary data suggest that the warming and salinity increase continues in the Warm Deep Water. However, conclusions can only be drawn of the final processing of the data set. 2.8. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE METAL METABOLEM IN POLAR AMPHIPODS AND DECAPODS J. Ritterhoff and J. Kahle (ICBM) 0BJECTIVES In recent years high metal concentrations (especially regarding Cadmium) were reported in marine amphipods and decapods from polar regions. In particular, hyperiid amphipods from the Arctic and Antarctic showed extremely high cadmium levels up to 100 mg kg^(-1) d.w., deep sea amphipods EURYTHENES GRYLLUS from the Canada Basin levels up to 360 mg kg^(-1). Decapod crustaceans from polar oceans also display elevated cadmium levels. The observed metal accumulation is in contrast to the low soluble metal concentration normally found in Antarctic sea water. Without efficient mechanisms of storage and detoxification, the metal ions taken up by the organisms would be toxic. Thus, uptake and detoxification strategies as well as mechanisms of the metal metabolism are essential issues for those organisms accumulating high amounts of metals. The corresponding physiological and biochemical mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The main goal of the current project is to develop and improve a conceptual model of the metal metabolism in marine amphipods and decapods from polar waters, based on investigations On the accumulation strategies and related storage and detoxification mechanisms. This would be a precondition to assess the importance of trophic transfer of metals, for example, to seabirds and marine mammals. To achieve this goal integrated field studies and toxicokinetic and bioaccumulation experiments On board ship are necessary. METHODS Mesozooplankton for determination of metals was mainly sampled at 12 stations by vertical bongo hauls (200 - 0 m), mesh sizes 500 µm and 700 µm, hauling at 0.4 ms^(-1) and by towed bongo hauls (0 - 200 - 0 m), trawled with 1 knot. Macrozoobenthos was collected at 5 stations using a trap (400 m) with fish pieces as a bait to get a selective catch of necrophorous organisms. Although 5 times the Agassiz trawl (200 - 400 m) was trawled for 10 min to get a broader variety of taxa. Organisms were identified to species level (if possible), sexed and sorted according to developmental stage and body size. The samples were shortly rinsed with double-distilled water, dried on good quality filter paper and immediately frozen at -27°C. Special care was taken to avoid contamination, e.g. by maintaining animals always in water or closed containers. Occurrence of paint particles or other materials was excluded by close visual inspection of each specimen collected using a binocular microscope. More than 1,000 field samples of 44 Antarctic crustaceans and some other taxa were collected during the cruise, Sampled material included 2 decapod species, 23 amphipod, 6 isopod, 4 copepod, 4 euphausiid, 1 cumacea, 2 pteropod and 5 fish species. Thus this field studies will give a first overview on the metal levels in Antarctic marine organisms from different trophic levels. Furthermore 13 toxicokinetic experiments were done as a tool for calibration of monitor organisms to follow the time Course of uptake (8 to 20 d) and depuration (8 to 14 d) of water born cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt, chrome, copper and zinc in the decapod species NOTOCRANGON ANTARCTICUS, the amphipods WALDECKIA OBESA, ORCHOMENE PLEBS (adult and juveniles), ORCHOMENE SPEC., AMPELISCA BOUVIERI, and the copepods METRIDIA GERLACHEI and CALANOIDES ACUTUS. Nominal exposure concentrations were 5 µg Cd I^(-1), 5 µg Co I^(-1), 20 µg Pb I^(-1), 20 µg Ni I^(-1), 20 µg Cr I^(-2), 30 µg Cu I^(-1) and 60 µg Zn I^(-1). Furthermore toxicokinetics experiments were done to follow the uptake (20 d) and depuration (10 d) of metals via the food path in 0. PLEBS using artificial contaminated fish and naturally polluted snails. Finally, three uptake experiments were performed using a wide range of 6 exposure levels to investigate accumulation strategies of 0. PLEBS, A. BOUVIERI and C. ACUTUS and to validate model predictions based on the compartment models which will be developed from the results of the toxicokinetic experiments. During all experiments no elevated mortality due to metal exposure were noted. POTENTIAL RESULTS Since the metal analysis and the statistical evaluation will be done in our laboratories at the Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the marine environment (ICBM) in Oldenburg, the results of our project could not presented here. However the experiments and field work will result in a set of data about the (i) water borne uptake and depuration of metals, (ii) uptake of metals via the food path (iii) their binding to specific, soluble, ligands, (metallothioneins and hemocyanin), (iv) the formation and sequestration of insoluble precipitates in concretions or granules and probably (V) their compartmentalisation within membrane-limited vesicles (lysosomes) and (vi) the influence of life-history and abiotic factors. These results will be the basis for the modelling of a conceptual model at the end of the project. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The extraordinary achievements during the cruise which were obtained under some times difficult conditions were only possible because of an effective and heartful cooperation between the ship's Crew and the scientific party. We are grateful to Master Keil and his Crew for another example of the traditionally good cooperation on board. We want to thank as well to all those, even if we are not able to call them all by name, who contributed to the success of the cruise by their support on shore during planning, preparation and while we have been at sea. PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS ____________________________________________________________________ ANT XVI/2 ------------ Germany ------------ AERODATA Aerodata Flugmesstechnik Hermann-Lenk-Str. 36 38108 Braunschweig AWI Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Columbusstraße 27568 Bremerhaven AWIP Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Forschungsstelle Potsdam Telegrafenberg A43 14473 Potsdam DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Flugbetrieb, Flugabteilung Braunschweig Postfach 3267 38022 Braunschweig DPA dpa Außenbüro Bremen Parkallee 30 DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst Geschäfsfeld Seeschiffahrt Jenfelder Allee 70 A 22043 Hamburg GL Germanischer Lloyd Bremerhaven Bartelstr. 1 27570 Bremerhaven HSW Helicopter Service Wasserthal GmbH Kätnerweg 43 22393 Hamburg ICBM Institut f. Chemie und Biologie des Meeres Carl v. Ossietzky Univeritat Oldenburg Carl b. Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg IUP Institut für Umweltphysik der Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 366 69120 Heidelberg KG Kässbohrer Geländefahrzeug AG Postfach 1507 89244 Senden JHK J.H. Kramer Labradorstr. 5 27572 Bremerhaven LAEISZ Reederei F. Laeisz (Bremerhaven) G.m.b.H. Barkhausenstraße 37 25768 Bremerhaven MPI Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Bundesstr. 55 20146 Hamburg Norway ------------ NPI Norsk Polarinstitutt Storgata 25A Box 399 N-9001 Tromsoe South Africa ------------ SANARP South African National Antarctic Research Program Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Directorate: Antarctica and Islands Pretoria Street 315 Pretoria UK ------------ BAS British Antarctic Survey High Cross Madingley Road Cambrigde CB3 OET POL Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Birkenhead, Merseyside L 437 RA UEA School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ ____________________________________________________________________ PARTICIPANTS ANT XVI/2 The participants are listed according to three sub-legs: 1) Cape Town to Neumayer Station 2) Neumayer Station to Filchner Station and back to Neumayer Station 3) Neumayer Station to Cape Town 1) Cape Town - Neumayer Station ------------------------------------------------ Birnbaum, Gerit (AWI) Brix, Holger (AWI) Buitendag, Ernest (SANARP) bis Sanae Buchner, Jurgen (HSW) Dinkeldein, Wolfgang (HSW) Dommenget, Dietmar (MPI) Eggenfellner, Heinrich (NPI) EI Naggar, Saad (AWI) Fahrbach, Eberhard (AWI) Feldt, Oliver (HSW) Friess, Udo (IUP) Gladstone, Ruppert (UEA) Hargreaves, Geoffrey William (POL) Harms, Sabine (AWI) Jocobi, Hans Werner (AWI) Jenkins, Adrian (BAS) Jones, Anna (BAS) Kahle, Jens (ICBM) Kohler Herbert (DWD) Krause, Peter (HSW) Kruger, Wolfgang (GL) Krull, Stefan (AWI) Lensch, Norbert (AWI) Loose, Bernd (AWI) Mack, Werner (JHK) Meyer, Jorg (JHK) Neumann, Udo (AWI) Pedersen, Kare (NPI) Prozinski, Mark (JHK) Riedel, Katja (AWI) Ritterhof, Jurgen (ICBM) Rohardt, Gerd (AWI) Schmid, Heidemarie (AWI) Sellmann, Lutz (AWI) Skog, Ottar (NPI) Valentine, Henry R. (SANARP) bis Sanae Vike, Erik (NPI) Weiland, Hans (DWD) Weller, Rolf (AWI) Wille, Andrea (AWI) Witt, Ralf (AWI) Wöste Hans-Christian (DPA) Ziffer, Albert (AWI) 2. Neumayer Station - Filchner Station - Neumayer Station ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ams, Jochen (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station Birnbaum, Gerit (AWI) Brehme, Andreas (LAEISZ) von und bis Filcher-Station Brix, Holger (AWI) Buchner, Jurgen (HSW) Dinkeldein, Wolfgang (HSW) Dommenget, Dietmar (MPI) Eggenfellner, Heinrich (NPI) bis und von Blåenga Fahrbach, Eberhard (AWI) Feldt, Oliver (HSW) Gladstone, Ruppert (UEA) Hargreaves, Geoffrey William (POL) Harms, Sabine (AWI) Janneck, Jurgen (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station Jenkins, Adrian (BAS) Kahle, Jens (ICBM) Kaiser, Wolfgang (LAEISZ) von und bis Filchner-Station Köhler Herbert (DWD) Krause, Peter (HSW) Lensch, Norbert (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station Pedersen, Kare (NPI) bis und von Blåenga Pogarzalek, Joachim (LAEISZ) von und bis Filchner-Station Ritterhof, Jurgen (ICBM) Rohardt, Gerd (AWI) Sellmann, Lutz (AWI) Skog, Ottar (NPI) bis und von Blåenga Vike, Erik (NPI) bis und von Blåenga Weiland, Hans (DWD) Werbach, Johann (KG) von und bis Filchner-Station Witt, Ralf (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station Woste, Hans-Christian (DPA) Ziffer, Albert (AWI) von und bis Filchner-Station 3. Neumayer Station - Cape Town -------------------------------------- Ams, Jochen (AWI) Birnbaum, Gerit (AWI) Brehme, Andreas (LAEISZ) Brix, Holger (AWI) Buchner, Jurgen (HSW) BuBelberg, Thorsten (AWI) Dinkeldein, Wolfgang (HSW) Dommenget, Dietmar (MPI) Eggenfellner, Heinrich (NPI) El Naggar, Saad (AWI) Fahrbach, Eberhard (AWI) Feldt, Oliver (HSW) Forster, Winfried (LAEISZ) Fries, Udo (AWI) Gladstone, Ruppert (UEA) Hargreaves, Geoffrey William (POL) Harms, Sabine (AWI) Jacobi, Hans Werner (AWI) Janneck, Jurgen (AWI) Jenkins, Adrian (BAS) Jones, Anna (BAS) Kahle, Jens (ICBM) Kaiser, Woifgang (LAEISZ) Kohler, Herbert (DWD) Kohnlein, Andreas (AWI) Krause, Peter (HSW) Lensch, Norbert (AWI) Lieser, Jan (AWI) Loose, Bernd (AWI) Mack, Werner (JHK) Meyer, Jorg (JHK) Pedersen, Kare (NPI) Pogarzalek, Joachim (LAEISZ) Prozinski, Mark (JHK) Riedel, Katja (AWI) Ritterhof, Jurgen (ICBM) Rohardt, Gerd (AWI) Sacker, Karsten (AWI) Sellmann, Lutz (AWI) Skog, Ottar (NPI) Steinhage, Daniel (AWI) Vike, Erik (NPI) Weiland, Hans (DWD) Weller, Rolf (AWI) Werbach, Johann (KG) Witt, Ralf (AWI) Woste, Hans-Christian (DPA) Wohltmann, Holger (AWI) Ziffer, Albert (AWI) 6. SHIP'S CREW ANT XVI/2 Master Keil, Jürgen Offc. Grundmann, Uwe 1. Offc. Rodewald, Martin Ch. Eng. Schulz, Volker 2. Offc. Fallei, Holger 2. Offc. Peine, Lutz Doctor Dehof, Stefan R. Offc. Hecht, Andreas 2. Eng. Delff, Wolfgang 2. Eng. Folta, Henryk 2. Eng. Simon, Wolfgang Electron Baier, Ulrich Electron Dimmler, Werner Electron Fröb, Martin Electron Holtz, Hartmut Electron Piskorzynski, Andreas Boatsw. Loidl, Reiner Carpenter Neisner, Winfried A.B. Bäcker, Andreas A.B. Bindernagel, Knuth A.B. Bohne, Jens A.B. Hagemann, Manfred A.B. Hartwig, Andreas A.B. Moser, Siegfried A.B. Schmidt, Uwe A.B. Winkler, Michael Storekeeper Beth, Detlef Mot-man Arias Iglesias, Enr. Mot-man Dinse, Horst Mot-man Fritz, Günter Mot-man Giermann, Frank Mot-man Krösche, Eckhard Cook Silinski, Frank Cooksmate Fischer, Matthias Cooksmate Tupy, Mario 1. Stwdess Dinse, Petra Stwdess/KS Kampfhenkel, Ute 2. Stwdess Schmidt, Maria 2. Stwdess Silinski, Carmen 2. Stwdess Streit, Christina 2. Steward Tu, Jian-Min 2. Steward Wu, Chi Lung Laundrvm. Yu, Chu Leung TABLE 2. ANT XVI/2 CTD Stations ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 011 01 18/01/99 06:09 S66˚00.22' E00˚09.80' 3451 1101D(U).raw upcast profile spiky when bottles were closed; bottle #7 didn't close despite of BAF message; triple samples for practice; position near mooring AWI 230 2 012 03 18/01/99 20:32 S66˚30.29' E00˚01.86' 4503 1203D(U).raw upcast profile spiky when bottles were closed; double samples for practice; position near mooring AWI 231 3 013 02 19/01/99 19:16 S68˚59.76' W00˚03.91' 3320 1302D(U).raw discontinuity in T and C at bottle #20; BAF at bottle #14; reset; bottle file starts at bottle #14; double samples for practice; position near mooring AWI 232 4 014 01 20/01/99 04:05 S69˚24.00' W00˚02.45' 1950 1401D(U).raw double samples for practice; position near mooring AWI 233 5 015 02 20/01/99 22:55 S70˚15.95' W02˚47.33' 268 1502D(U).raw double samples for practice; 6 016 01 23/01/99 01:21 S70˚29.41' W08˚08.98' 275 1601D(U).raw hydrosweep wasn't working; lids of sample bottles were not rinsed 7 017 02 24/01/99 06:46 S72˚52.22' W19˚05.67' 409 1702D(U).raw hydrosweep wasn't working; altimeter problems; bottles #3 and 4 didn't close; 8 018 01 26/01/99 00:17 S76˚36.65' W31˚18.84' 378 1801D(U).raw 9 019 01 31/01/99 16:11 S75˚16.95' W53˚44.76' 402 1901D(U).raw first cast of 24th JoJo CTD; bottle #6 leaked slightly 10 019 02 31/01/99 17:06 S75˚16.79' W53˚43.97' 403 1902D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 11 019 03 31/01/99 17:26 S75˚16.79' W53˚43.84' 404 1903D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 12 019 04 31/01/99 17:41 S75˚16.76' W53˚43.72 404 1904D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 13 019 05 31/01/99 17:58 S75˚16.73' W53˚43.56' 405 1905D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles stopped at 17.5 m during upcast due to ice 14 019 06 31/01/99 18:18 S75˚16.73' W53˚43.40' 407 1906D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 15 019 07 31/01/99 18:38 S75˚16.69' W53˚42.95' 405 1907D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles CTD lifted out of water after upcast for correction of position 16 019 08 31/01/99 19:02 S75˚16.71' W53˚42.96' 405 1908D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 17 019 09 31/01/99 19:21 S75˚16.75' W53˚43.22' 406 1909D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- 18 019 10 31/01/99 19:41 S75˚16.71' W53˚42.05' 406 1910D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 19 019 11 31/01/99 20:00 S75˚16.71' W53˚42.52' 409 1911D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 20 019 12 31/01/99 20:28 S75˚16.90' W53˚42.72' 404 1912D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles; downcast file corrupted 21 019 13 31/01/99 20:48 S75˚16.93' W53˚42.55' 405 1913D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 22 019 14 31/01/99 21:15 S75˚17.01' W53˚42.36' 408 1914D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 23 019 15 31/01/99 21:34 S75˚17.07' W53˚42.45' 408 1915D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 24 019 16 31/01/99 21:54 S75˚17.18' W53˚42.75' 406 1916D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles Computer reboot at the end of downcast' no downcast file 25 019 17 31/01/99 22:22 S75˚17.37' W53˚42.90' 409 1917D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 26 019 18 31/01/99 22:44 S75˚17.47' W53˚43.12' 410 1918D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 27 019 19 31/01/99 23:07 S75˚17.57' W53˚43.47' 412 1919D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 28 019 20 31/01/99 23:27 S75˚17.69' W53˚43.62' 413 1920D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 29 019 21 31/01/99 23:46 S75˚17.77' W53˚43.78' 412 1921D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 30 019 22 01/02/99 00:01 S75˚17.87' W53˚43.92' 411 1922D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 31 019 23 01/02/99 00:22 S75˚17.91' W53˚44.22' 411 1923D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 32 019 24 01/02/99 00:40 S75˚17.87' W53˚44.57' 407 1924D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 33 019 25 01/02/99 00:57 S75˚17.96' W53˚44.58' 411 1925D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 34 019 26 01/02/99 01:15 S75˚18.02' W53˚44.61' 410 1926D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles; Discontinuity in upcast data at 100 dbar 35 019 27 01/02/99 01:33 S75˚18.00' W53˚44.74' 414 1927D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 36 019 28 01/02/99 01:50 S75˚18.04' W53˚44.74' 412 1928D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 37 019 29 01/02/99 02:10 S75˚18.06' W53˚44.78' 412 1929D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 38 019 30 01/02/99 02:26 S75˚18.08' W53˚44.86' 411 1930D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 39 019 31 01/02/99 02:46 S75˚18.07' W53˚44.87' 400 1931D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 40 019 32 01/02/99 03:11 S75˚17.90' W53˚44.33' 408 1932D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles; downcast spiky; CTD lifted out of water after upcast due to ice 41 019 33 01/02/99 03:28 S75˚17.83' W53˚44.14' 408 1933D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- 42 019 34 01/02/99 03:44 S75˚17.77' W53˚43.98' 409 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 43 019 35 01/02/99 04:01 S75˚17.70' W53˚43.76' 412 1935D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 44 019 36 01/02/99 04:17 S75˚17.64' W53˚43.67' 412 1936D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 45 019 37 01/02/99 04:34 S75˚17.56' W53˚43.51' 412 1937D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 46 019 38 01/02/99 04:51 S75˚17.49' W53˚43.31' 414 1938D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 47 019 39 01/02/99 05:07 S75˚17.41' W53˚43.18' 411 1939D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 48 019 40 01/02/99 05:25 S75˚17.32' W53˚42.93' 408 1940D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 49 019 41 01/02/99 05:39 S75˚17.27' W53˚42.79' 414 1941D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 50 019 42 01/02/99 05:55 S75˚17.20' W53˚42.62' 410 1942D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 51 019 43 01/02/99 06:12 S75˚17.13' W53˚42.44' 409 1943D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 52 019 44 01/02/99 06:29 S75˚17.07' W53˚42.26' 408 1944D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 53 019 45 01/02/99 06:45 S75˚17.01' W53˚42.10' 410 1945D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 54 019 46 01/02/99 07:02 S75˚16.95' W53˚41.94' 409 1946D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 55 019 47 01/02/99 07:19 S75˚16.91' W53˚41.82' 415 1947D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 56 019 48 01/02/99 07:35 S75˚16.87' W53˚41.63' 410 1948D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 57 019 49 01/02/99 07:53 S75˚16.83' W53˚41.46' 416 1949D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 58 019 50 01/02/99 08:08 S75˚16.81' W53˚41.42' 412 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 59 019 51 01/02/99 08:28 S75˚16.79' W53˚41.37' 412 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 60 019 52 01/02/99 08:47 S75˚16.78' W53˚41.32' 412 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 61 019 53 01/02/99 09:05 S75˚16.78' W53˚41.20' 412 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 62 019 54 01/02/99 09:23 S75˚16.79' W53˚41.18' 412 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 63 019 55 01/02/99 09:43 S75˚16.80' W53˚41.23' 412 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 64 019 56 01/02/99 10:07 S75˚16.84' W53˚41.48' 411 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 65 019 57 01/02/99 10:28 S75˚16.88' W53˚41.59' 409 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 66 019 58 01/02/99 10:47 S75˚16.91' W53˚41.69' 410 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 67 019 59 01/02/99 11:05 S75˚16.96' W53˚41.60' 410 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 68 019 60 01/02/99 11:23 S75˚17.00' W53˚42.03' 410 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 69 019 61 01/02/99 11:42 S75˚17.04' W53˚42.26' 411 1934D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ --------------------------------------------------------- 70 019 62 01/02/99 12:02 S75˚17.08' W53˚42.48' 408 1962D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 71 019 63 01/02/99 12:20 S75˚17.10' W53˚42.61' 410 1963D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 72 019 64 01/02/99 12:38 S75˚17.12' W53˚42.75' 410 1964D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 73 019 65 01/02/99 12:55 S75˚17.16' W53˚42.95' 407 1965D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 74 019 66 01/02/99 13:12 S75˚17.16' W53˚43.06' 410 1966D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 75 019 67 01/02/99 13:30 S75˚17.19' W53˚43.33' 405 1967D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles; discontinuity at start of upcast data 76 019 68 01/02/99 13:47 S75˚17.18' W53˚43.40' 406 1968D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 77 019 69 01/02/99 14:05 S75˚17.19' W53˚43.53' 407 1969D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 78 019 70 01/02/99 14:21 S75˚17.17' W53˚43.52' 408 1970D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 79 019 71 01/02/99 14:37 S75˚17.16' W53˚43.65' 407 1971D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles; spiky upcast data 80 019 72 01/02/99 14:55 S75˚17.13' W53˚43.63' 408 1972D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 81 019 73 01/02/99 15:10 S75˚17.10' W53˚43.67' 408 1973D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 82 019 74 01/02/99 15:27 S75˚17.08' W53˚43.69' 406 1974D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 83 019 75 01/02/99 15:44 S75˚17.03' W53˚43.63' 405 1975D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 84 019 76 01/02/99 15:59 S75˚16.98' W53˚43.51' 404 1976D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 85 019 77 01/02/99 16:18 S75˚16.93' W53˚43.49' 409 1977D(U).raw JoJo CTD near SUSI; no bottles 86 019 78 01/02/99 16:38 S75˚16.87' W53˚43.43' 409 1978D(U).raw last cast of 24th JoJo CTD near SUSI 87 020 01 02/02/99 16:43 S74˚42.59' W53˚43.58' 610 2001D(U).raw stopped at 10 m during upcast due to ice; all bottles were closed but only the first 9 were sampled 88 021 01 02/02/99 18:23 S74˚46.16' W53˚43.09' 628 2101D(U).raw 89 022 01 02/02/99 21:43 S74˚42.86' W53˚43.89' 611 2201D(U).raw deck reading in te protocol was taken at the surface, bottle #1 not closed, skipped on purpose; position near ACSYS-buoy 90 023 01 03/02/99 00:24 S74˚50.07' W53˚43.76' 638 2301D(U).raw bottles were frozen 91 024 01 03/02/99 02:13 S74˚55.72' W53˚43.60' 625 2401D(U).raw bottles were frozen 92 025 01 03/02/99 04:17 S74˚02.40' W53˚43.45' 604 2501D(U).raw bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water; problems with sample bottle #1 at salinometer; bottle empty before measurement was completed __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------ 93 026 01 03/02/99 06:12 S75˚08.66' W58˚46.62' 609 2601D(U).raw bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water 94 027 01 03/02/99 07:32 S75˚11.58' W58˚30.67' 602 2701D(U).raw bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water 95 028 01 03/02/99 08:54 S75˚14.49' W58˚14.32' 586 2801D(U).raw bottles were frozen; hosed off with warm water 96 029 01 03/02/99 10:06 S75˚17.90' W58˚00.13' 578 2901D(U).raw conductivity spiky in upper 100 m due to ice platelets; no bottles 97 030 01 03/02/99 11:51 S75˚21.29' W57˚40.22' 536 3001D(U).raw conductivity spiky in upper 100 m due to ice platelets; no bottles 98 031 01 03/02/99 13:05 S75˚17.28' W57˚29.87' 533 3101D(U).raw conductivity spiky in upper 20 m due to ice platelets; no bottles 99 032 01 03/02/99 14:10 S75˚14.52' W57˚45.72' 558 3201D(U).raw conductivity spiky in upper 20 m due to ice platelets; no bottles 100 033 01 03/02/99 15:18 S75˚11.16' W58˚00.41' 571 3301D(U).raw no bottles 101 034 01 03/02/99 16:39 S75˚08.10' W58˚16.27' 588 3401D(U).raw no bottles 102 035 01 03/02/99 18:02 S75˚05.13' W58˚31.51' 590 3501D(U).raw no bottles 103 036 01 03/02/99 19:14 S75˚01.29' W58˚20.97' 577 3601D(U).raw no bottles 104 037 01 03/02/99 20:36 S75˚03.83' W58˚04.29' 573 3701D(U).raw no bottles 105 038 01 03/02/99 21:48 S75˚06.88' W57˚47.95' 559 3801D(U).raw no bottles 106 039 01 03/02/99 23:25 S75˚09.90' W57˚34.84' 552 3901D(U).raw no bottles; computer reboot after downcast 107 040 01 04/02/99 00:54 S75˚13.22' W57˚18.80' 528 4001D(U).raw no bottles 108 041 01 04/02/99 02:51 S75˚29.33' W57˚18.30' 493 4101D(U).raw no bottles 109 042 01 04/02/99 04:30 S75˚30.41' W56˚48.88' 423 4201D(U).raw no bottles; 110 043 01 04/02/99 06:43 S75˚23.97' W56˚12.29' 413 4301D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth; bottle #5 didn't close 111 044 01 04/02/99 08:00 S75˚22.55' W55˚51.35' 402 4401D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 112 045 01 04/02/99 10:53 S75˚21.09' W55˚24.11' 409 4501D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 113 046 01 04/02/99 12:06 S75˚21.19' W55˚05.06' 404 4601D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 114 047 01 04/02/99 18:49 S75˚21.14' W54˚41.75' 395 4701D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth; winch stopped for a few minutes at 240 dbar 115 048 01 05/02/99 06:26 S75˚31.11' W55˚00.69' 426 4801D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------ winch stopped for a few minutes at 3 m; bottle #4 said it closed but didn't close; bottle #14 said BAF on first click but closed 116 049 01 05/02/99 07:58 S75˚38.05' W55˚00.74' 468 4901D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth; bottles #1 and 2 were closed at bottom before start of upcast file; upcast file started late at 430-440 m 117 050 01 05/02/99 09:36 S75˚58.53' W54˚58.53' 473 5001D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth; bottle #14 said it closed but didn't close; bottle #16 was never fired but closed 118 051 01 05/02/99 13:03 S75˚19.64' W56˚19.64' 350 5101D(U).raw no bottles 119 052 01 05/02/99 14:51 S75˚43.82' W55˚43.82' 456 5201D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 120 053 01 05/02/99 17:02 S75˚01.45' W55˚01.45' 472 5301D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth bottle #3 didn't close 121 054 01 05/02/99 19:14 S75˚29.95' W54˚29.95' 503 5401D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 122 055 01 05/02/99 21:05 S75˚48.98' W53˚48.98' 482 5501D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 123 056 01 05/02/99 22:45 S75˚28.31' W53˚28.31' 497 5601D(U).raw 2 bottles were closed at each depth 124 057 01 06/02/99 06:54 S75˚59.16' W55˚59.16' 415 5701D(U).raw P,T guage at bottle #2 turned before CTD went into the water 125 058 01 06/02/99 08:38 S75˚19.61' W56˚19.61' 350 5801D(U).raw 126 059 01 06/02/99 10:03 S75˚38.08' W56˚38.08' 373 5901D(U).raw conductivity spiky in upper 20 m due to ice platelets 127 060 01 07/02/99 08:02 S75˚22.94' W54˚22.94' 431 6001D(U).raw downcast information lost due to computer problems; couldn't close bottles during upcast; cast was repeated 128 060 02 07/02/99 08:30 S75˚22.62' W54˚22.62' 433 6002D(U).raw 129 061 01 07/02/99 11:33 S75˚58.32' W53˚58.32' 400 6101D(U).raw fist cast of JoJo CTD; no bottles 130 061 02 07/02/99 11:54 S75˚58.45' W53˚58.45' 400 6102D(U).raw JoJo CTD; no bottles 131 061 03 07/02/99 12:10 S75˚58.70' W53˚58.70' 398 6103D(U).raw last cast of JoJo CTD; no bottles 132 062 01 07/02/99 21:55 S75˚09.00' W54˚09.00' 392 6201D(U).raw 133 063 01 07/02/99 23:52 S75˚18.33' W54˚18.33' 420 6301D(U).raw _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------------- 134 064 01 07/02/99 23:33 S75˚27.25' W54˚22.63' 423 6401D(U).raw T,P guage at bottle #2 turned before CTD went into the water 135 065 01 08/02/99 00:35 S75˚24.32' W54˚11.45' 412 6501D(U).raw 136 066 01 08/02/99 02:15 S75˚21.48' W54˚02.33' 401 6601D(U).raw 137 067 01 08/02/99 03:24 S75˚20.48' W54˚00.13' 398 6701D(U).raw fist cast of JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg 138 067 02 08/02/99 04:30 S75˚20.50' W54˚00.34' 397 6702D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 139 067 03 08/02/99 05:30 S75˚20.79' W54˚00.58' 393 6703D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 140 067 04 08/02/99 06:30 S75˚20.70' W54˚01.98' 395 6704D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 141 067 05 08/02/99 07:29 S75˚20.45' W54˚01.85' 395 6705D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 142 067 06 08/02/99 08:32 S75˚20.44' W54˚01.89' 396 6706D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 143 067 07 08/02/99 09:32 S75˚20.26' W54˚01.53' 394 6707D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 144 067 08 08/02/99 10:31 S75˚20.16' W54˚00.74' 395 6708D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 145 067 09 08/02/99 11:29 S75˚20.23' W54˚00.85' 392 6709D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 146 067 10 08/02/99 12:31 S75˚19.62' W54˚02.19' 391 6710D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 147 067 11 08/02/99 13:33 S75˚19.31' W53˚57.02' 392 6711D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles 148 067 12 08/02/99 14:32 S75˚19.52' W53˚58.02' 391 6712D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles; Error COM 1 port; wrong port setup for water sampler 149 067 13 08/02/99 15:29 S75˚19.64' W53˚57.93' 393 6713D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles; Error COM 1 port; wrong port setup for water sampler 150 067 14 08/02/99 19:35 S75˚19.55' W53˚58.38' 385 6714D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles; first cast after 4 hours; new altimeter; problems with water sampler; many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 151 067 15 08/02/99 20:35 S75˚19.48' W53˚56.40' 397 6715D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles; problems with water sampler; many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 152 067 16 09/02/99 00:41 S75˚19.23' W53˚55.68' 386 6716D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Flichner iceberg; no bottles; first cast after 4 hours; new CTD, serial number 1347; new water sampler, original altimeter; _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ --------------------------------------------- still many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 153 067 17 09/02/99 01:34 S75˚19.26' W53˚55.54' 390 6717D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 154 067 18 09/02/99 02:31 S75˚19.29' W53˚55.36' 389 6718D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 155 067 19 09/02/99 03:31 S75˚19.31' W53˚55.17' 395 6719D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 156 067 20 09/02/99 04:30 S75˚19.37' W53˚55.29' 387 6720D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347 many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 157 067 21 09/02/99 05:28 S75˚19.35' W53˚55.20' 390 6721D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347 many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 158 067 22 09/02/99 06:30 S75˚19.31' W53˚55.12' 393 6722D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347 many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 159 067 23 09/02/99 07:28 S75˚19.25' W53˚54.94' 396 6723D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347 many pressure jumps in up- and downcast 160 067 24 09/02/99 09:30 S75˚19.13' W53˚55.12' 389 6724D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; 08:30 CTD skipped; CTD serial number 1347; many pressure jumps in up- and downcast; problems closing bottles 161 067 25 09/02/99 12:55 S75˚19.20' W53˚55.14' 394 6725D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; 09:30 and 10:30 CTDs skipped; CTD serial number 1347; ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------ tried a different wire (winch EL31) no more pressure jumps; still problems closing bottles 162 067 26 09/02/99 12:36 S75˚19.31' W53˚55.52' 393 6726D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 163 067 27 09/02/99 13:33 S75˚19.44' W53˚56.20' 393 6727D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 164 067 28 09/02/99 14:30 S75˚19.56' W53˚55.96' 396 6728D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 165 067 29 09/02/99 15:30 S75˚19.69' W53˚55.66' 393 6729D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 166 067 30 09/02/99 16:30 S75˚19.82' W53˚55.36' 395 6730D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 167 067 31 09/02/99 17:28 S75˚19.93' W53˚55.13' 395 6731D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 168 067 32 10/02/99 08:30 S75˚19.86' W53˚53.84' 400 6732D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; first CTD after 16 hours; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31 Problems closing bottles 169 067 33 10/02/99 09:42 S75˚19.81' W53˚54.17' 398 6733D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles 170 067 34 01/02/99 10:30 S75˚19.86' W53˚54.47' 397 6734D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------- no P,T readings at bottles 171 067 35 10/02/99 11:30 S75˚19.85' W53˚54.42' 398 6735D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; problems closing bottles; once again pressure jumps in up- and downcast 172 067 36 10/02/99 12:37 S75˚19.85' W53˚54.26' 391 6736D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; pressure jumps; problems closing bottles 173 067 37 10/02/99 13:30 S75˚19.84' W53˚55.42' 395 6737D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; no bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; pressure jumps; problems closing bottles 174 067 38 10/02/99 14:29 S75˚19.93' W53˚55.30' 395 6738D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; Pressure jumps; problems closing bottles 175 067 39 10/02/99 15:30 S75˚20.04' W53˚54.09' 405 6739D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; pressure jumps; problems closing bottles; bottles # 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13,. 18, 22, 23 didn't close 176 067 40 10/02/99 16:27 S75˚20.18' W53˚54.87' 402 6740D(U).raw JoJo CTD at Filchner iceberg; with bottles; CTD serial number 1347; winch EL31; pressure jumps; problems closing bottles; bottles # 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 22 didn't close' P,T guage at bottle #2 turned before CTD went into the water 177 068 01 11/02/99 20:36 S75˚20.83' W53˚54.23' 407 6801D(U).raw back to original setup; CTD serial number 1360; winch EL32; original water sampler and altimeter; no more pressure jumps; water sampler ok 178 069 01 12/02/99 22:45 S75˚01.80' W53˚54.40' 365 6901D(U).raw bottle #9 closed instead of #1` 179 070 01 13/02/99 14:07 S74˚44.55' W53˚54.15' 386 7001D(U).raw bottles #10 and 24 closed for biologists; ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------- ----------------------------------------------- no samples taken from #10 to 25; no bottle #2 180 071 01 13/02/99 20:53 S74˚33.46' W50˚18.94' 425 7101D(U).raw 181 072 01 14/02/99 06:48 S74˚24.14' W48˚41.57' 521 7201D(U).raw 182 073 01 14/02/99 14:33 S74˚13.33' W47˚11.71' 548 7301D(U).raw 183 074 01 14/02/99 20:35 S74˚01.67' W45˚44.31' 513 7401D(U).raw 184 075 01 14/02/99 01:05 S75˚05.21' W44˚00.69' 554 7501D(U).raw bottles #9 and 13 were closed at same depths as bottles #2 and 3 to sort out bottle #2 problem; bottle #2 did close correctly 185 076 01 15/02/99 07:25 S73˚49.54' W42˚33.29' 530 7601D(U).raw 186 077 01 15/02/99 17:05 S73˚55.96' W40˚57.17' 816 7701D(U).raw no P,T reading at bottle #2 187 078 01 15/02/99 22:48 S73˚55.48' W39˚47.53' 925 7801D(U).raw 188 079 01 16/02/99 00:25 S73˚54.55' W39˚41.54' 1173 7901D(U).raw 189 080 01 16/02/99 03:21 S73˚52.31' W39˚04.00' 1480 8001D(U).raw 190 081 01 16/02/99 04:59 S73˚50.19' W38˚50.93' 1704 8101D(U).raw 191 082 01 16/02/99 08:12 S73˚45.48' W38˚25.99' 2027 8201D(U).raw 192 083 01 16/02/99 10:43 S73˚42.33' W38˚11.09' 2193 8301D(U).raw 193 084 01 16/02/99 13:15 S73˚34.98' W37˚53.09' 2433 8401D(U).raw 194 085 01 16/02/99 17:01 S73˚21.38' W37˚16.07' 2741 8501D(U).raw 195 086 01 16/02/99 20:02 S73˚25.45' W36˚43.96' 2743 8601D(U).raw 196 087 01 16/02/99 23:20 S73˚24.91' W36˚17.60' 2913 8701D(U).raw 197 088 01 17/02/99 03:21 S73˚30.39' W35˚51.04' 2857 8801D(U).raw 198 089 01 17/02/99 07:02 S73˚35.91' W35˚23.24' 2536 8901D(U).raw bottle #10 was released but not closed; bottle #14 was closed but not released 199 090 01 17/02/99 09:50 S73˚38.62' W35˚06.37' 2857 9001D(U).raw 200 091 01 17/02/99 13:37 S73˚41.48' W34˚36.50' 2795 9101D(U).raw bottles #1 to 5 were not sampled since the upper valves were not closed 201 092 01 17/02/99 21:12 S73˚52.54' W35˚00.32' 2507 9201D(U).raw 202 093 01 17/02/99 23:47 S73˚58.27' W35˚13.50' 2362 9301D(U).raw 203 094 01 18/02/99 02:20 S74˚04.35' W35˚26.37' 2171 9401D(U).raw wrong P,T reading at bottle #5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------- --------------------------------------------------- 204 095 01 18/02/99 04:46 S74˚08.47' W35˚39.58' 2025 9501D(U).raw 205 097 01 18/02/99 12:00 S74˚12.90' W36˚22.50' 1704 9701D(U).raw 206 098 01 18/02/99 14:11 S74˚20.55' W36˚34.65' 1250 9801D(U).raw 207 099 02 18/02/99 19:06 S74˚25.08' W36˚22.54' 1199 9901D(U).raw wrong P,T readings at bottles #2 and 5; bottle #3 said BAF, but wasn't closed 208 100 01 18/02/99 20:22 S74˚24.04' W36˚21.83' 1240 10001D(U).raw 209 101 01 18/02/99 22:37 S74˚24.07' W36˚04.27' 1282 10101D(U).raw 210 102 01 18/02/99 01:24 S74˚22.44' W35˚43.75' 1377 10201D(U).raw 211 103 01 18/02/99 03:38 S74˚20.39' W35˚26.71' 1435 10201D(U).raw 212 104 01 18/02/99 06:50 S74˚16.38' W35˚16.36' 1624 10401D(U).raw 213 105 02 18/02/99 14:00 S74˚30.76' W36˚36.95' 658 10502D(U).raw 214 106 01 18/02/99 16:02 S74˚28.88' W36˚27.95' 968 10601D(U).raw bottles #7 and 8 didn't close; bottle #1 was fired for test purposes at 965 m; bottle #1 closed ok; not sampled 215 107 01 18/02/99 17:31 S74˚31.96' W36˚38.48' 481 10701D(U).raw bottle #3 was fired for test purposes at 477 m; bottle #3 closed ok; not sampled 216 108 01 18/02/99 18:42 S74˚33.89' W36˚45.34' 391 10801D(U).raw bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 390 m; bottle #2 didn't close 217 109 01 18/02/99 22:30 S74˚37.76' W36˚06.78' 416 10901D(U).raw bottle #1 was fired for test purposes at 416 m; bottle #1 closed ok; not sampled 218 110 01 18/02/99 01:10 S74˚35.36' W35˚31.28' 462 11001D(U).raw 219 111 01 18/02/99 03:20 S74˚36.33' W34˚52.75' 505 11101D(U).raw 220 112 01 18/02/99 06:28 S74˚36.04' W34˚13.58' 541 11201D(U).raw bottle #7 said BAF on first release; closed; bottle #1 was fired for test purposes at 538 m; bottle #1 didn't close 221 113 01 18/02/99 09:47 S74˚37.85' W33˚58.69' 585 11301D(U).raw 222 114 01 18/02/99 12:25 S74˚38.63' W33˚00.42' 612 11401D(U).raw 223 115 01 18/02/99 14:05 S74˚39.42' W32˚22.04' 595 11501D(U).raw 224 116 01 18/02/99 15:55 S74˚44.21' W31˚48.91' 605 11601D(U).raw bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 608 dbar; Bottle #2 closed at 567 dbar; not sampled _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------- 225 117 01 20/02/99 17:40 S74˚48.79' W31˚15.49' 567 11701D(U).raw bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 570 dbar; bottle #2 closed at 420 dbar; not sampled 226 118 01 20/02/99 19:29 S74˚53.82' W30˚42.85' 491 11801D(U).raw bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 489 dbar; bottle #2 closed at 420 dbar; not sampled 227 119 01 20/02/99 21:20 S74˚58.71' W30˚08.00' 416 11901D(U).raw bottle #2 was fired for test purposes at 417 dbar; bottle #2 closed at 15 dbar; sampled; bottle #9 closed at wrong depth (400 dbar) 228 120 01 20/02/99 22:58 S75˚03.63' W29˚34.14' 398 12001D(U).raw 229 121 01 21/02/99 10:39 S76˚43.02' W30˚26.01' 359 12101D(U).raw 230 122 01 21/02/99 17:39 S76˚34.87' W32˚00.09' 386 12202D(U).raw 3 bottles closed at each depth for biologists; only 1 bottle/depth sampled; samples may be corrupted due to ice 231 123 01 22/02/99 12:06 S74˚37.58' W33˚40.12' 584 12301D(U).raw 232 124 01 22/02/99 13:25 S74˚33.39' W33˚47.71' 592 12401D(U).raw 233 125 01 23/02/99 17:26 S74˚17.80' W36˚05.18' 1636 12501D(U).raw 234 126 01 25/02/99 13:13 S72˚34.12' W19˚04.45' 410 12601D(U).raw 235 127 01 27/02/99 08:59 S70˚34.12' W08˚00.49' 157 12701D(U).raw 236 128 01 03/03/99 10:52 S66˚29.42' E00˚00.04' 4488 12801D(U).raw position near mooring AWI 231; P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth 237 129 01 03/03/99 16:27 S66˚00.10' W00˚01.47' 3409 12901D(U).raw position near mooring AWI 230 P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth 238 130 01 03/03/99 22:53 S65˚00.09' E00˚00.09' 3687 13001D(U).raw 239 131 01 04/03/99 05:51 S63˚57.74' E00˚05.20' 5175 13101D(U).raw position near mooring AWI 229; P,T gauges at bottles #5 and 13 show wrong depth; bottle #13 was fired but didn't close; bottle #17 wasn't fired but closed 240 132 01 04/03/99 21:22 S62˚59.95' E00˚00.09' 5286 13201D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #5 shows wrong depth; several spikes in upcast 241 133 01 05/03/99 05:21 S61˚59.93' E00˚00.43' 5344 13301D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2. (continued) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. Station Cast Date(dd/mm/yy) Time(GMT) Latitude Longitude Depth(m) Filename Comments --- ------- ---- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 242 134 01 05/03/99 12:42 S60˚59.90' W00˚00.19' 5362 13401D(U).raw 243 135 01 05/03/99 20:05 S59˚59.85' W00˚00.30' 5333 13501D(U).raw 244 136 01 06/03/99 03:05 S59˚04.12' E00˚06.34' 4615 13601D(U).raw P,T gauges at bottles #5 and 9 show wrong depth 245 137 01 07/03/99 02:07 S57˚59.90' E00˚00.46' 4469 13701D(U).raw 246 138 02 07/03/99 11:47 S56˚58.28' E00˚03.70' 3696 13802D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #13 shows wrong depth 247 139 01 07/03/99 21:16 S56˚00.09' W00˚00.19' 3795 13901D(U).raw bottle #10 didn't close 248 140 01 08/03/99 03:44 S54˚59.98' E00˚00.20' 1699 14001D(U).raw 249 141 02 08/03/99 10:06 S54˚29.18' E00˚01.90' 1823 14102D(U).raw 250 142 01 08/03/99 14:49 S54˚00.18' E00˚00.09' 2539 14201D(U).raw 251 143 01 08/03/99 20:00 S43˚00.18' W00˚00.27' 2473 14301D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth 252 144 01 09/03/99 05:19 S51˚59.98' E00˚00.21' 2944 14401D(U).raw P,T gauges at bottles #5 and 9 show depth; last station with EL 32; very high seas and big swell 253 145 01 09/03/99 12:46 S51˚00.15' E00˚00.24' 2230 14501D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth; first station with EL 31; very high seas and big swell 254 146 01 09/03/99 20:17 S50˚00.02' E00˚00.23' 3610 14601D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth; high seas; big swell; EL 31 255 147 01 10/03/99 03:54 S49˚00.12' E00˚00.30' 3944 14701D(U).raw P,T gauges at bottles #5, 9, and 13 show wrong depth; high seas; big swell; EL 31 256 148 01 11/03/99 06:39 S47˚03.36' E00˚30.00' 4123 14801D(U).raw bottles #5-8 didn't close; P,T gauges at bottle #9 and 13 show wrong depth; high seas; big swell; EL 31 257 149 02 11/03/999 15:21 S46˚09.41' E01˚00.55' 3571 14902D(U).raw P,T gauge at bottle #9 shows wrong depth; high seas; big swell; EL 31; last CTD station ANT XVI/2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unless otherwise note: CTD serial number 1360. Unless otherwise noted: winch EL32 During the later part of the cruise, on the Greenwich Meridian, the P,T racks at the bottles tipped over at wrong depths due to high seas and strong swell. *Recurring problem: According to the pressure gauge, bottle #2 closed at the same depth as bottle #3. Starting at station 105/02 the first 4 bottles were skipped on purpose. CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES DATE CONTACT DATA TYPE SUMMARY ---------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------------------------- 2004-04-20 Bartolacci, Danie CTD/SUM Detailed Notes • Added quality bytes for all values (2 if valid value was present, -999. if value was missing) and associated comment lines in header. • Added CTDOXY and flag column with missing values and missing value flag. This was done in order to convert files into netcdf (our in-house code requires all columns be present). • Renamed all station files to CCHDO format. • Converted files to netcdf with no apparent errors. 2004-04-15 Bartolacci, Danie CTD/SUM EXCHANGE Format, No Qual Values Detailed Notes CTD files are in .csv format, but at present have no quality bytes associated with values and therefore cannot be converted to netCDF at this time. A directory and web page files have been created for this cruise. All station track and data files link. This cruise will not link to the website until web-generating code is working and run. Notes on sumfile reformatting: 2004.04.13 DMB I have reformatted the A12_1999a sumfile: • Changed expocode from 06ANTXVI_2 to 06AQ199901_2 • Changed date format from yyyymmdd to mmddyy • Added event code as UN • Changed position format from DD.dd to DD MM.mm • Added hemisphere alphabetic • Added NAV as UNK • Realigned all columns to conform with WOCE standards • Added name/date stamp • ran sumchk with no errors file was renamed a12_1999asu.txt and put online. 2004-04-13 Bartolacci, Danie SUM Data Reformatted/OnLine Detailed Notes Notes on sumfile reformatting: 2004.04.13 DMB I have reformatted the A12_1999a sumfile: • Changed expocode from 06ANTXVI_2 to 06AQ199901_2 • Changed date format from yyyymmdd to mmddyy • Added event code as UN • Changed position format from DD.dd to DD MM.mm • Added hemisphere alphabetic • Added NAV as UNK • Realigned all columns to conform with WOCE standards • Added name/date stamp • ran sumchk with no errors DATE CONTACT DATA TYPE SUMMARY ---------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------------------------- 2004-02-17 Witte, Hannelore CTD/SUM 1999a, 2000a, 2002a Data Submitted Together Detailed Notes This is information regarding line: A12 ExpoCode: 06ANTXVI_2, ANTXVIII_3, ANTXX_2 Cruise Date: 1999/01/18 - 2003/01/15 From: WITTE, HANNELORE Email address: hwitte@awi-bremerhaven.de Institution: AWI Country: GERMANY The file: AWICTD.tar - 4248576 bytes has been saved as: 20040217.052429_WITTE_A12_AWICTD.tar in the directory: 20040217.052429_WITTE_A12 The data disposition is: Public The file format is: WHP Exchange The archive type is: Other: Tar/Zip/Tar The data type(s) is: Summary (navigation) CTD File(s) The file contains these water sample identifiers: Cast Number (CASTNO) Station Number (STATNO) WITTE, HANNELORE would like the following action(s) taken on the data: Merge Data