TO VIEW PROPERLY YOU MAY NEED TO SET YOUR BROWSER'S CHARACTER ENCODING TO UNICODE 8 OR 16 AND USE YOUR BACK BUTTON TO RE-LOAD CRUISE REPORT: A12 (Updated JUN 2012) HIGHLIGHTS CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION WOCE Section Designation A12 Expedition designation (ExpoCodes) 06AQ20071128 Chief Scientists Ulrich Bathmann/AWI Dates Wed Nov 28, 2007 - Mon Feb 4, 2008 Ship r/v POLARSTERN Ports of call Cape Town - Cape Town 46° 29' 57" S Geographic Boundaries 3° 24' 40" W 3° 4' 55" E 70° 3' 58" S Stations 78 Floats and drifters deployed 0 Moorings deployed or recovered 0 Recent Contact Info.: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bathmann Alfred Wegener Institute Am Handelshafen 12 • D-27570 Bremerhaven • (Building E-2155) • Germany Phone: +49(471)4831-1275 • Fax: +49(471)4831-1149 Email: Ulrich.Bathmann@awi.de REPORTS ON POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2007/2008 (ANT-XXIV/2) Edited by Ulrich Bathmann with contributions of the participants HELMHOLIZ ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FOR GEMEINSCHAFT POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG In der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft D-27570 BREMERHAVEN Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 1866-3192 NOTICE The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of Germany. They appear in irregular intervals. They contain descriptions and results of investigations in polar regions and in the seas either conducted by the Institute (AWl) or with its support. The following items are published: • expedition reports (incl. station lists and route maps) • expedition results (incl. Ph.D. theses) • scientific results of the Antarctic stations and of other Awl research stations • reports on scientific meetings The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Institute. The "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" continue the former "Berichte zur Polarforschung" * Anschrift / Address Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Editor in charge: Polar- und Meeresforschung Dr. Horst Bornemann D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany Assistant editor: www.awi.de Birgit Chiaventone Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are only available as web based open-access-publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de) THE EXPEDITION OF THE RESEARCH VESSEL "POLARSTERN" TO THE ANTARCTIC IN 2007/2008 (ANT-XXIV/2) Edited by Ulrich Bathmann with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this item using the identifier hdl:10013/epic.34024 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.34024 ISSN 1866-3192 ANT-XXVI/2 28 November 2007 - 4 February 2008 Cape Town - Cape Town Weddell Sea Chief Scientist: Ulrich Bathmann Koordinator I Coordinator Eberhard Fahrbach Fig. 1.1: Fahrtverlauf/ Cruise Track ANT-XXIV/2 ITINERARY AND SUMMARY The cruise departed from Cape Town on 28 November 2007 headed south to Neumayer performed research in the Lazarev Sea, steamed back to Neumayer and had another 14 days research on its way north. In total we sailed more than 7,600 nautical miles. From the 68 days (= 1632 hours) at sea, we used 456 hours to deploy instruments, the rest was steaming time, transit or logistics. The cruise ended on 4 February 2008 in Cape Town. Our federal Minister for Science and Technology A. Schavan visited the ship with her South African counterpart N.C. Dlamini Zuma on 5 February in the afternoon. The scientific programme centred on the IPY core programme ICED that provided the umbrella for 3 IPY projects performed during this cruise. SCACE In combination with SYSTCO and LAKRIS contributed during the ANT-)XIV/2 expedition of Polarstern to a better understanding of upper ocean physical and biological processes influenced by sea ice and their linkage through the water column to the deep-sea abyss and its biogeochemistry and impact on biodiversity. Main achievements were reached despite the intense constrains set by logistic operation of Polarstern: The main results are: • Determination of 700.000 km2 large ice-edge bloom; its physical causes and biological effects, e.g. the draw down of pCO2 in surface ocean waters from 380 to 300 ppmv (units). • First biogeochemical in-situ measurement repeated after 7 weeks to investigate the effect of phytoplankton bloom on benthos and demonstration that surface productivity is linked to the seafloor biogeochemistry in the high Antarctic. • First biogeochemical sampling of deep-sea stations 12 nm apart in order to look at small-scale heterogeneity in the sediment. • Worldwide southernmost in-situ benthic flux measurement at 69°40.4'S (Polynia station), with indication of high benthic activity. • First sampling through the complete water column in the Southern Ocean from surface and ice flora and fauna down to bathyal or abyssal depths (5 stations, partly incomplete) as precursor for later programmes. • Completion of year round sampling to study life cycle patterns of Antarctic krill indicate strong correlation of krill abundance and success to sea ice occurrence. In detail We observed an ice edge phytoplankton bloom. The bloom that Polarstern crossed in the eastern Weddell Sea was also clearly visible from space. As recorded by satellite-mounted ocean colour sensors it covered an area of about 700.000 km2, roughly two times the size of Germany. Measurements performed in the upper water column by a Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) probe revealed that the bloom developed in lenses of melt water left behind the seasonally retreating sea ice cover. Together with the chemical measurements made, the new data set will allow for a better quantification of the controversially debated role of ice edge blooms for the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Better understanding of the physical control of the regional distribution of marine life and of biological processes that influence the uptake of carbon from the atmosphere and its transport to the ocean interior and underlying sediments is also the aim of the IPY project SCACE, led by AWl oceanographer Volker Strass. For this project, the Synoptic Circum-Antarctic Climate-processes and Ecosystem study, physical, biological and chemical data where collected down to 1,000 m depth every 55.6 kilometres (30 nautical miles) along a transect that extends over more than 2,600 km. The transect ran northward along the Greenwich Meridian from the Antarctic coast and crossed the major hydrographic features of the Southern Ocean, the Coastal Current, the Weddell Gyre and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The SCACE transect represents a major German contribution to an international endeavour to perform in the Polar Year similar meridional transects in all sectors of the Southern Ocean, aimed at a circumpolar assessment of the present status of its climate and ecosystem. The ANDEEP-SYSTCO team led by Prof. Angelika Brandt, University Hamburg investigated 5 deep-sea locations in detail. At 52°S the deep sea at the Southern Polar front is characterised by low diversity and abundance, in the macrofauna even after a slight plankton bloom in spring (revisit of stations after 7 weeks). The Eastern Weddell Sea and Lazarev Sea is generally poorer in species and abundance of organisms in the deep sea. Maud Rise (seamount) differs completely in taxon composition from the abyssal stations, perhaps due to the unique physical ocean characteristics including Taylor column influencing localised entrainment of larvae. Brooders, on the contrary, occur only as a minor fraction in the macrobenthic sample. The LAKRIS project lead by Prof. Ulrich Bathmann, AWl, investigates the life cycle patterns of Antarctic Krill in the Lazarev Sea that is part of the Southern Ocean facing the Neumayer Station. Krill abundance was rather poor this spring, especially compared to the 2006 winter situation. Only in the regions north of 62°S abundant swarms of adult krill occurred and attracted many top predators, especially Minke and Humpback Whales. One Blue Whale was seen in the ice, where it should not occur. The logistic operation to free the shelf ice for unloading the cargo vessel Naja Arctica that contained construction material for Neumayer III station is reported in detail in special reports. On 4 February, all cargo had been unloaded and the construction of the new base was up to full speed to secure the site before the next winter. 2. SCACE: SYNOPTIC CIRCUM-ANTARCTIC / CLIMATE-PROCESSES AND ECOSYSTEM STUDY - A PROJECT OF THE IPY - Volker Strass(1), Ulrich Bathmann(1), (1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut Richard Bellerby(2) (not on board), Bremerhaven, Germany Graham Hosie(3) (not on board) (2)Bjerknes Centre University Bergen, Norway (3) Australian Antarctic Division, Australia Objectives The overarching goal of SCACE is to use the outstanding chance provided by the International Polar Year (IPY) to collect in international collaboration a unique data set that can serve as a benchmark for comparison with existing and future data to identify and quantify polar changes. SCACE is listed as IPY project number 16 by the International Polar Year Programme Office (http://classic.irw.orq/development/eoi/details.php?id=16; for a German description of SCACE please see http://www polarjahr.de/The-project.263+M54a708de802.0.html) SCACE aims at welding together a broad range of ocean science disciplines in order to address currently elusive questions such as: • Which physical, biological and chemical processes regulate the Southern Ocean system and determine its influence on the global climate development? • How sensitive are Southern Ocean processes and systems to natural climate change and anthropogenic perturbations? The Southern Ocean is critically involved in the machinery driving earth's climate. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects all the other oceans. Thus, it plays a major role in the global transports of heat and fresh-water and the oceanwide cycles of dissolved substances. It harbours a series of distinct ecosystems that displace each other with changing climate regimes. Upwelling of deep water masses results in an extraordinary high supply of plant macronutrients, which could sustain much higher phytoplankton primary production and hence CO2 uptake than normally observed. While the Southern Ocean exerts a control on earth's climate, it is itself sensitive to climatic changes, which may occur on various time scales and affect the biota. There are, however, also direct anthropogenic influences on the ecosystem, for instance by harvesting marine living resources such as krill. Although much progress has been made during the last decades in documenting the Southern Ocean hydrographic and biographic features, in quantifying fluxes and in understanding the dominating forcing, there is still a big gap in knowledge, especially with regard to the interaction of physical, chemical and biological processes. While this gap in knowledge is basically due to the remoteness of the area and its inhospitality for humans, it is also due to the fragmentation of research as carried out usually. Collaboration across the traditional boundaries between the physical, chemical and biological disciplines of the marine sciences is hence an essential element of SCACE. By cooperation with the ocean circulation IPY lead project CASO (Climate in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean) and by coordination under the umbrella of the biogeochemistry lead project ICED (Integrated Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics), SCACE strives for performing in the same season and year meridional sections that extend from the Antarctic continent and cross the ACC at several key longitudes. Such synoptic circumpolar assessment is the only way to document the current state of the environment without bias introduced by interannual variability. With regard to the processes that potentially exert a control on global climate, SCACE is aimed at obtaining new insights into the coupling between atmospheric forcing of the mixed layer dynamics, phytoplankton primary production in the nearsurface euphotic zone, the flow of energy from the primary producers through the food web, and subsequently the transport of biogenically fixed carbon to the deep ocean layers and the sea floor. Assessing the vertical transport of biogenic carbon, hence providing an indication of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere, is one of the particular objectives of SCACE. By cooperation with the IPY biodiversity lead project ANDEEP-SYSTCO (chapter 14) and the related DFG project DOMINO (chapter 16), which are focused on benthic biology and sediment geochemistry, respectively, SCACE is extending the investigation of the vertical carbon flux into the benthic biota and the sediment. Vice versa, SCACE provides ANDEEP-SYSTCO with information about processes and fluxes from the atmosphere- ocean interface through the whole watercolumn overlaying the seafloor. Work at sea A significant part of the measurements performed during Polarstern cruise ANT- XXIV/2 constitutes the German contribution to SCACE. The SCACE data set comprises physical measurements made with a CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) probe at hydrographic stations, from which vertical profiles of the state variables temperature, salinity and density are derived. The CTD range of variables is extended by accessory instruments such as a chlorophyll-sensitive fluorometer to provide an indication of the abundance of phytoplankton, a transmissiometer to measure the attenuation of light, which in the open ocean is determined by the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), and an oxygen sensor. The CTD measurements are described in more detail in section chapter 3. Samples taken from the carousel bottle water sampler attached to the CTD were used for chemical analyses performed to give the concentrations of the plant nutrients nitrate and silicate, of dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, and of oxygen. A more rigorous description of the chemical measurements is provided in chapter 16. Also biological data, such as the concentration of phytoplankton pigments, of POC, and occasionally of the phytoplankton species composition, were collected from the CTD bottles. For details of the biological measurements see chapter 5. Hydrographic stations pertinent to SCACE are aligned at half a degree of latitude intervals along the Greenwich Meridian between the Antarctic continental shelf edge at 69.6°S and the northern flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at 46.5°S. Stations south of 62°S along the Greenwich Meridian also constitute a contribution to LAKRIS, the BMBF-funded Lazarev Sea Krill Study, while all hydrographic stations along the 3°E and 3°W meridians constitute a contribution to both SCACE and LAKRIS. For a map of the station positions see Fig. 2.1. Fig. 2.1: Positions of CTD stations performed as a contribution to SCACE and, south of 62°S, as a contribution to SCACE as well as to LAKRIS The majority of the biological measurements for SCACE were obtained with different types of plankton nets, deployed for vertical hols as well as for horizontal tows near the hydrographic stations. The various nets, their deployment position and the suite of data collected by them are described in chapter 7. Overall, only less than half of the planned measurements at hydrographic stations could however be performed because ten days of shiptime had to be sacrificed by marine science for the sake of ice breaker support by Polarstern for a freighter carrying construction material for the new German Antarctic Base Neumayer III. In consequence, the CTD was mostly lowered just to 1,000 m depth instead of down to the sea floor; the section worked southward along 3°E had to be stopped before the continental shelf break was reached; the Greenwich Meridional section could not be conducted northward enough to extend to the north of the Subantarctic Front, i.e. to fully cover the width of the ACC; and plankton nets could not be deployed as frequently as originally intended. Less affected by the rededication of shiptime than the hydrographic station work was the collection of data in quasi continuous mode. Physical data, consisting of vertical profiles of ocean currents down to about 250 m, were obtained almost continuously with the vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP; detailed description in chapter 3 'underway measurements of ocean currents') while operating outside of national Exclusive Economic Zones (South African EEZ in case of this cruise). Other physical data, such as sea-surface temperature and salinity as well as various meteorological variables were collected and stored by the Polarstern Data Acquisition System, PODAS. Quasi continuous data of the zooplankton assemblage have been obtained from the vessel-mounted multi- frequency echosounder Simrad EK-60 (details in chapter 35). Quasi continuous measurements of the zooplankton assemblage at a nominal depth of 10 m have also been obtained with a continuous plankton recorder (CPR; for details see chapter 6). The CPR was towed during periods of long-distance steaming, at the begin of the cruise after leaving the South African EEZ on the way towards Neumayer Base and at the end of the cruise after the final CTD station on the way back to the South African EEZ. Preliminary results A scientific highlight contained in the SCACE data set certainly is the documentation of an ice edge bloom that occupied an area of approximately 700,000 km2 as revealed by satellite remote imaging (chlorophyll concentration from the official ESA MERIS satellite data algal-I level-2 product composed to maps by 1. Dinter (Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen) and A. Bracher (Awl, Bremerhaven); personal communication). For a first impression of the collected data see chapter 3 'hyd rogra hic station work' and chapter 4 'underway measurements of ocean currents'. 3. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: MEASUREMENTS AT HYDROGRAPHIC STATIONS Volker Strass(1), (1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Silvia Maßmann(1), Bremerhaven, Germany Falk Richter(1), (2)University of Liverpool, Daniela Ewe(1), United Kingdom Mark Olischläger(1), (3)Optimare Sensorsysteme AG, Harry Leach(2) Bremerhaven Timo Witte(3) Objectives and work at sea Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and density were derived from measurements made by lowering a CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth) probe at hydrographic stations. The CTD used was of type Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 plus, supplemented by an oxygen sensor type SBE 43 and additional instruments such as an altimeter (Benthos PSA-916) to measure the distance to the sea floor, a transmissiometer type Wet Labs C-Star (660 nm wavelength) to measure the attenuation of light, which in the open ocean is indicative of the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), and a chlorophyll-sensitive fluorometer (Dr. Haardt BackScat). The temperature and conductivity sensors (two pairs of sensors) were calibrated at the factory prior to the cruise to an accuracy of better than 0.001°C and 0001 S m(^-1), respectively. They will be sent to the manufacturer after the cruise for recalibration. The CTD data, as well as the data taken by the additional sensors and instruments, at present are thus to be considered preliminary, subject to a later correction for possible temporal drifts and to calibration in absolute units. The CTD was mounted with a multi-bottle water sampler type Sea-Bird SBE 32 Carousel holding 24 12-liter bottles. Salinity derived from the CTD measurements will later be re-calibrated by comparison to salinity samples taken from the water bottles, which were analyzed by use of a Guildline-Autosal-8400A salinometer to an accuracy generally better than 0001 units on the practical salinity scale, adjusted to IAPSO Standard Seawater. The water bottles also served to supply several other working groups on board with samples. Water samples have, for instance, been taken to be analyzed for the concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC) and of phytoplankton pigments such as chlorophyll (see chapter 5). The bottle data of oxygen, POC and chlorophyll will, once finally analyzed, be also used for the calibration of the respective CTD sensors and instruments. All together, 95 CTD casts were carried out (see Table 3.1). Of these, 24 extended to full ocean depth while the others were limited mostly to the upper 1,000 m of the water column, including 17 at which the CTD was lowered to just 250 m. The CTD stations were distributed along three meridional sections (see Table 3.2) running along 3°W, 0°E and 3°E. The distance between stations along the meridional sections was nominally 30 nm. Tab. 3.1: List of CTD Stations minimum distance NBS to Start at depth Stop Latitude Longitude depth bottom Pmax [dd.mm.yy [dd.mm.yy [dd.mm.yy Stn Cast [°] [°] [m] [m] [dbar] hh:mm] hh:mm] hh:mm] --- ---- ---------- --------- ----- -------- ------ -------------- -------------- -------------- 13 4 -52.035900 -0.016883 - - 252 05.12.07 13:56 05.12.07 14.06 05.12.07 14:20 13 6 -52.037300 -0.016633 2995 16.00 2993 05.12.07 17:00 05.12.07 18:00 05.12.07 19:21 13 10 -52.036783 -0.017083 2996 - 2999 05.12.07 22:45 05.12.07 23.52 06.12.07 01:17 17 5 -70.066200 -3.411083 - - 2038 22.12.07 02:09 22.12.07 03:00 22.12.07 03:49 17 8 -70.055933 -3.430400 - - 253 22.12.07 06:41 22.12.07 06:50 22.12.07 07:04 18 1 -69.536983 -2.889333 - - 1003 23.12.07 07:35 23 12.07 07:57 23.12.07 08:24 19 4 -69.071867 -3.011317 3641 8.99 3656 23.12.07 19:42 23.12.07 20:55 23.12.07 22:23 20 1 -68.486217 -2.905000 - - 1000 24.12.07 06:47 24 12.07 07:10 24.12.07 07:46 21 2 -67.930367 -2.952183 4151 8.28 4186 25.12.07 08:39 25.12.07 10:00 25.12.07 11:18 21 5 -67.918167 -2.873000 - - 251 25.12.07 14:39 25.12.07 14:48 25.12.07 15:03 22 1 -67.515683 -3.002933 - - 1002 25.12.07 20:23 25.12.07 20:49 25.12.07 21:15 23 1 -66.972867 -3.074867 4486 9.30 4534 26.12.07 05:01 26.12.07 06:26 26.12.07 07:50 24 1 -66.477733 -2.956167 - - 1001 26.12.07 13:58 26 12.07 14:21 26.12.07 14:47 25 3 -66.010233 -3.044800 4785 8.91 4854 26.12.07 20:22 26.12.07 21:56 26.12.07 23:30 25 6 -66.002400 -3.005617 - - 250 27.12.07 02:48 27.12.07 02:57 27.12.07 03:12 26 1 -65.500217 -3.004117 - - 1002 27.12.07 06:17 27.12.07 06:42 27.12.07 07:06 27 1 -65.003283 -2.999300 5047 9.01 5122 27.12.07 11:07 27.12.07 12:45 27.12.07 14:11 28 2 -64.503650 -3.001250 - - 1001 27.12.07 20:03 27.12.07 20:26 27.12.07 20:54 29 1 -63.975850 -2.951083 5190 8.90 5272 28.12.07 01:47 28.12.07 03:28 28.12.07 05:03 29 6 -63.966333 -2.935700 - - 251 28.12.07 10:00 28.12.07 10:09 28.12.07 10:20 30 1 -63.520817 -3.023683 - - 1001 28.12.07 13:44 28.12.07 14:06 28.12.07 14:33 31 1 -63.001000 -2.999633 5274 9.60 5360 28.12.07 19:24 28.12.07 21:03 28.12.07 22:39 32 1 -62.499950 -2.997717 - - 1001 29.12.07 05:43 29.12.07 06:06 29.12.07 06:36 33 4 -62.011433 -2.966967 5335 8.50 5425 29.12.07 13:27 29.12.07 15.07 29.12.07 16:39 33 6 -62.010933 -2.962333 - - 252 29.12.07 19:07 29.12.07 19.16 29.12.07 19:31 34 2 -62.000050 3.000433 5378 8.30 5470 01.01.08 10:34 01.01.08 12:18 01.01.08 14:08 34 4 -61.999933 3.000367 - - 253 01.01.08 16:28 01.01.08 16:36 01.01.08 16:48 35 2 -62.487150 3.005250 - - 1002 01.01.08 22:17 01.01.08 22:41 01.01.08 23:06 36 3 -63.014750 2.980617 5358 9.82 5448 02.01.08 04:43 02.01.08 06:26 02.01.08 07:58 37 2 -63.488550 3.007700 - - 1001 02.01.08 14:42 02.01.08 15:05 02.01.08 15:30 38 2 -63.995500 2.986163 2831 8.69 2823 02.01.08 20:17 02.01.08 21:14 02.01.08 22:11 39 3 -64.491083 2.848433 2141 9.67 2122 03.01.08 04:32 03.01.08 05:15 03.01.08 05:57 39 8 -64.476333 2.983833 - - 251 03.01.08 13:52 03.01.08 14:01 03.01.08 14:14 40 1 -65.000200 2.998300 2410 9.70 2395 04.01.08 13:14 04.01.08 14:02 04.01.08 14:47 41 1 -65.502617 2.995500 - - 1002 04.01.08 19:50 04.01.08 20:12 04.01.08 20:41 42 2 -66.001917 2.986283 3351 6.90 3497 05.01.08 01:37 50.01.08 02:47 05.01.08 03:54 42 4 -66.008117 2.980200 - - 251 05.01.08 06:23 05.01.08 06:31 05.01.08 06:43 43 2 -66.512200 3.081967 - - 1002 05.01.08 14:20 05.01.08 14:43 05.01.08 15:11 44 2 -67.005167 3.015183 3232 7.13 3234 05.01.08 20:24 05.01.08 21:25 05.01.08 22:24 45 1 -67.490167 2.995083 - - 1001 06.01.08 03:31 06.01.08 03:53 06.01.08 04:18 46 3 -67.999650 2.996567 4526 9.99 4576 06.01.08 10:10 06.01.08 11:42 06.01.08 13:05 49 3 -69.09183 0.001583 1509 9.00 1493 17.01.08 08:52 17.01.08 09:30 17.01.08 10:03 49 6 -69.588850 -0.045567 - - 251 17.01.08 11:52 17.01.08 12:01 17.01.08 12:16 50 2 -69.004450 -0.012000 3378 9.80 3387 17.01.08 17:50 17.01.08 18:54 17.01.08 19:56 50 6 -69.012267 0.025583 - - 256 17 01.08 23:12 17.01.08 23:21 17.01.08 23:31 51 2 -68.486900 0.028017 4258 8.70 4298 18.01.08 05:37 18.01.08 06:58 18.01.08 08:17 52 3 -67.992517 -0.084950 - - 1002 18.01.08 13:16 18.01.08 13:38 18.01.08 14:03 52 5 -68.002550 -0.105583 - - 251 18.01.08 16:35 18.01.08 16:44 18.01.08 16.57 53 2 -67.508433 0.005083 - - 1001 18.01.08 21:42 18.01.08 22:05 18.01.08 22:33 54 1 -67.000700 -0.009000 - - 1002 19.01.08 02:33 19.01.08 02:55 19.01.08 03:19 55 1 -66.499400 0.004633 - - 1002 19.01.08 08:50 19.01.08 09:12 19.01.08 09:41 56 2 -66.002650 -0.001833 - - 2003 19.01.08 14:34 19.01.08 15:14 19.01.08 16:04 56 4 -66.005067 0.002150 - - 252 19.01.08 18:29 19.01.08 18:37 19.01.08 18:49 57 2 -65.513800 -0.002167 - - 1001 19.01.08 23:55 20.01.08 00:21 20.01.08 00:49 58 3 -65.004383 -0.007250 3744 9.50 3765 20.01.08 05:56 20.01.08 07:08 20.01.08 08:16 58 6 -65.003500 -0.014033 - - 252 20.01.08 09:55 20.01.08 10:03 20.01.08 10:15 59 1 -64.501867 -0.001583 - - 1001 20.01.08 13:26 20.01.08 13:48 20.01.08 14:16 60 1 -64.003850 -0.002633 - - 1003 20.01 08 20:28 20.01.08 20:50 20.01.08 21:15 61 1 -63.501717 -0.000917 - - 1001 21.01.08 02:49 21.01.08 03:10 21.01.08 03:39 62 3 -62.998017 0.014000 - - 2003 21.01.08 09:10 21.01.08 09:52 21.01.08 10:37 62 5 -62.995650 -0.246600 - - 251 21.01.08 15:28 21.01.08 15:37 21.01.08 15:53 63 2 -62.502683 -0.005433 - - 1001 21.01.08 20:53 21.01.08 21:07 21.01.08 21:38 64 4 -62.019883 -0.073767 - - 2002 22.01 00 80253 22.01.08 03:32 22.01.08 04:15 64 6 -62.021050 -0.077450 - - 251 22.01.08 06:40 22.01.08 06:48 22.01.08 07:00 65 1 -61.500917 -0.002150 - - 1002 22.01.08 11:43 22.01.08 12:06 22.01.08 12:37 66 1 -60.998550 0.000317 - - 1001 22.01.08 16:37 22.01.08 16:58 22.01.08 17:23 67 1 -60.502333 0.000033 - - 1002 22.01.08 22:07 22.01.08 22:31 22.01.08 22:56 68 1 -59.998300 0.004017 5355 9.10 5447 23.01.08 02:41 23.01.08 04:25 23.01.08 06:17 69 1 -59.500350 0.004200 - - 1002 23.01.08 17:42 23.01.08 18:07 23.01.08 18:32 70 1 -59.004083 0.001417 - - 1002 23.01.08 21:41 21.01.08 22:04 21.01.08 22:27 71 1 -58.499267 -0.001217 - - 1003 24.01.08 02:19 24.01.08 02:40 24.01.08 03:07 72 1 -58.008633 -0.006100 - - 1001 24.01.08 06:24 24.01.08 06:47 24.01.08 07:14 73 1 -57.504733 0.002133 - - 1001 24.01.08 11:42 24.01.08 12:08 24.01.08 12:36 74 1 -57.000150 -0.001317 - - 1001 24.01.08 16:36 24.01.08 16:58 24.01.08 17:22 75 1 -56.500950 0.005050 - - 1002 24.01.08 21:34 24.01.08 21:57 24.01.08 22:25 76 1 -55.999783 0.003100 - - 1004 25.01.08 01:35 25.01.08 01:58 25.01.08 02:27 77 1 -55.499750 0.001650 - - 1002 25.01.08 06:17 25.01.08 06:39 25.01.08 07:03 78 1 -55.001600 0.000317 - - 1003 25.01.08 10:11 25.01.08 10:32 25.01.08 10:56 79 1 -54.493500 -0.003267 - - 1002 25.01.08 14:49 25.01.08 15:12 25.01.08 15:43 80 1 -53.999800 -0.001383 - - 1003 25.01.08 18:49 25.01.08 19:10 25.01.08 19:35 81 1 -53.503333 0.007100 - - 1003 25.01.08 23:30 25.01.08 23:53 26.01.08 00:28 82 1 -53.000833 0.001950 - - 1002 26.01.08 03:47 26.01.08 04:08 26.01.08 04:37 83 1 -52.500983 0.003017 - - 1003 26.01.08 08:47 26.01.08 09:13 26.01.08 09:44 84 3 -52.196550 -0.107917 3001 11.00 3004 26.01.08 16:00 26.01.08 16:58 26.01.08 18:30 85 4 -52.019983 0.006833 - - 503 26.01.08 22:16 26.01.08 22:29 26.01.08 22:44 86 1 -51.010250 -0.063067 - - 1001 28.01.08 14.15 28.01.08 14:36 28.01.08 15:03 87 1 -50.501317 0.000933 - - 1001 28.01.08 18:45 28.01.08 19:17 28.01.08 19:41 88 1 -50.006350 0.022300 - - 1004 28.01.08 23:12 28.01.08 23:44 29.01.08 00:08 89 1 -49.498817 -0.002383 - - 1002 29.01.08 03:41 29.01.08 04:03 29.01.08 04:32 90 1 -49.004983 -0.001850 3946 8.80 3981 29.01.08 07:37 29.01.08 09:08 29.01.08 10:20 91 1 -48.496667 -0.004783 - - 1001 30.01.08 00:24 30.01.08 00:52 30.01.08 01:27 92 1 -48.000633 0.001300 - - 1003 30.01.08 05:16 30.01.08 05:41 30.01.08 06:06 93 1 -47.500383 -0.003167 - - 1028 30.01.08 09:15 30.01.08 09:38 30.01.08 10:05 94 1 -47.003317 -0.000683 - - 1003 30.01.08 14:12 30.01.08 14:34 30.01.08 15:04 95 1 -46.499283 0.005100 - - 1003 30.01.08 18:24 30.01.08 18:50 30.01.08 19:18 Tab. 3.2: Nominal Geographic Distribution of CTD Stations (Station Numbers) Latitude Longitude ----------- ---------------------------- °S 3°W 0°E 3°E ----------- --- ---------- ---------- 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 95 47.0 94 47.5 93 48.0 92 48.5 91 49.0 90 49.5 89 50.0 88 50.5 87 51.0 86 51.5 52.0 13, 84, 85 52.5 83 53.0 82 53.5 81 54.0 80 54.5 79 55.0 78 55.5 77 56.0 76 56.5 75 57.0 74 57.5 73 58.0 72 58.5 71 59.0 70 59.5 69 60.0 68 60.5 67 61.0 66 61.5 65 62.0 33 64 34 62.5 32 63 35 63.0 31 62 36 63.5 30 61 37 64.0 29 60 38 64.5 28 59 39 65.0 27 58 40 65.5 26 57 41 66.0 25 56 42 66.5 24 55 43 67.0 23 54 44 67.5 22 53 45 68.0 21 52 46 68.5 20 51 69.0 19 50 69.5 18 49 70.0 17 70.5 An impression of the collected data is provided by Figs. 3.1 and 3.2. Fig. 3.1 shows the horizontal distribution of vertical profiles of potential temperature, light transmission and oxygen concentration along the Greenwich meridian. Fig. 32 portrays a horizontal map of the temperature at the depth of the temperature maximum. Fig. 3.1: Horizontal distribution of vertical profiles of potential temperature, light transmission and oxygen concentration along the Greenwich Meridian. The lowest values of light transmission, revealing high concentrations of phytoplankton, and highest concentrations of oxygen, indicative of high photosynthesis rates, were centered around 63°S where sea ice melt and warming stabilized the water column and created a shallow mixed layer that is generally favourable for phytoplankton primary production. This ice edge phytoplankton bloom extended over an area of approximately 700.000 km2 as revealed by satellite remote imaging (chlorophyll concentration from the official ESA MERIS satellite data algal-1 level-2 product composed to maps by T. Dinter (Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen) and A. Bracher (AWI, Bremerhaven); pers. comm.). Fig. 3.2: Horizontal distribution of temperature at the temperature maximum 4. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: MEASUREMENTS OF CURRENTS AND BACKSCATTER STRENGTH WITH THE VESSEL-MOUNTED ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (ADCP) Volker Strass(1), Timo Witte(2) (1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Boris Cisewski(3) (not on board) Bremerhaven, Germany (2)Optimare Sensorsysteme AG, Bremerhaven (3)Universität Bremen, Bremen Objectives and work at sea Vertical profiles of ocean currents down to 335 m depth were measured with a Vessel Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (type 'Ocean Surveyor'; manufacture of RDI, 150 kHz nominal frequency), installed 11 m below the water line in the ship's keel behind an acoustically transparent plastic window for ice protection. The transducer emits/receives the acoustic signals from its flat face, which is composed of an array of about 1,000 ceramic elements, covered in urethane. These elements are arranged in a fixed pattern and are each wired to transmit a specific signal, identified by its phase. The phase shift, with which the ceramic elements emit their acoustic signals, is arranged in a way such that the signals interfere to form beams in four distinct directions, slanted at 30 degrees from the vertical. The transducer also records the echoes returned from particles in suspension in the water. Echoes reflected by particles moving relative to the ADCP return with a change in frequency. The ADCP measures this change, the so-called Doppler shift, as a function of depth to obtain water velocity at a maximum of 128 depth levels. The instrument settings for this cruise were chosen to give a vertical resolution of current measurements of 4 m in 80 depth bins and a temporal resolution of 2 min for short time averages. Determination of the velocity components in geographical coordinates, however, requires that the attitude of the ADCP transducer head, its tilt, heading and motion is also known. Heading, roll and pitch data are read by the ADCP deck- unit from the ship's gyro platforms. The ship's velocity was calculated from position fixes obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) or Differential GPS if available, and was taken over from the ship's navigation system. Accuracy of the ADCP velocities mainly depends on the quality of the position fixes and the ship's heading data. Further errors stem from a misalignment of the transducer with the ship's centre-line and a constant angular offset between the transducer and the GPS antenna array, and a velocity scale factor. The ADCP data processing was done by using the CODAS3 software package (developed by E. Firing and colleagues, SOEST, Hawaii). The ADCP also recorded the echo intensity, or backscafter strength, which will be analyzed in order to provide an estimate of zooplankton abundance. This estimate will be compared with the zooplankton abundance indicated by the dedicated Simrad EK6O zooplankton-echosounder, and abundance data derived from net catches. Fig. 4.1: ADCP current vectors in the depth range 200 -250 m at hydrographic stations along the 3°W and 3°E meridians. The shown currents are not finally calibrated, hence to be considered preliminary ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincere thanks again go to Uli Bathmann for his keen interest in furthering the SOCPR programme by incorporating CPR sampling into the voyage schedule, and of course again to Master Uwe Pahl, boatswain Burkhardt Clasen and crew of Polarstern, for their willing assistance and faultless deployment and retrieval of gear in all weather conditions. A.1 BETEILIGTE INSTITUTE / PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES Adresse / Address ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ AAD Australian Antarctic Division Department of the Environment and Water Resources 203 Channel Highway 7050 Kingston, Tasmania Australia AWI Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Postfach 1201 61 27515 Bremerhaven Germany DFZ Universidad de Sevilla Departamento Fisiologia Animal y Zoologia Facultad de Biologia Avenida Reina Mecedes Spain DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst Geschäftsbereich Wettervorhersage Seeschifffahrtsberatung Bernhard Nocht Str. 76 20359 Hamburg Germany DZMB German Centre of Marine Biodiversity Senckenberg Institute Südstrand 44 46382 Wilhelmshaven Germany FIS Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany Helilransair Heli Transair GmbH Flugplatz 63329 Egelsbach Germany I.R.Sc.N.B. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (IR.Sc.N.B./K.B.I.N.) Departement des Invertébrés Laboratoire de Carcinologie Rue Vautier, 29 B-1000 Brussels / Belgium IMARES IMARES Marine and Coastal Zone Research PO Box 167 1790AD Den Burg (Texel) The Netherlands LAEISZ Reederei F. Laeisz GmbH Brückenstr. 25 27568 Bremerhaven Germany LMU, Uni München Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Biozentrum, Department Biologie II, Systematische Zoologie Großhaderner Str. 2 D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany OPTIMARE Optimare Sensorsyteme AG Am Luneort 15A 27572 Bremerhaven Germany RUB Ruhr Universität Bochum Zoologie Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany UiB University of Bergen Allégaten 55 5007 Bergen Norway Uni HB Marine Zoologie Universität Bremen Postfach 33 04 40 28334 Bremen Germany Uni Geneva University of Geneva 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet Genève4, 4,1211 Switzerland U Gent Gent University Biological Department / Marine Biology Krijgslaan 281 - Building S8 Gent, 9000 Belgium ZIM, Uni HH Zoological Institute and Zoological Museum University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 20146 Hamburg Germany Uni L. University of Liverpool Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences 4 Brownlow Street Liverpool L69 3GP, UK United Kingdom UTC University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa v.T.I. Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut Institut für Seefischerei Herrn Dr. Gerd Kraus Palmaille 9 22767 Hamburg Germany A.2 FAHRTTEILNEHMER / PARTICIPANTS Fahrtleiter/Chief Scientist: Ulrich Bathmann Cape Town - Cape Town Vorname/ Institut/ Beruf/ Name First Name Institute Profession ---------------- ----------- ---------------- --------------- Bathmann Ulrich AWI Biologist chief scientist Brandt Angelika ZIM, Uni HH Biologist Brauer Jens HeliTransair Technician Brenke Nils DZMB Biologist Brix Saskia DZMB Biologist Brown Kelly UiB Chemist Büchner Jürgen HeliTransair Pilot Dorssen Michiel van IMARES Biologist Ebbe Brigitte DZMB Biologist Edinger Jens v.T.I. Student Ewe Daniela AWI Student Feij Bram IMARES Ornithologist Flores Hauke IMARES Biologist Fontaine Delia Uni Geneva Biologist Franeker Jan van IMARES Biologist Friedt Wolfgang HeliTransair Pilot Guilini Katja U Gent Biologist Haraldsson Matilda v.T.I. Student Hauck Judith UiB Chemist Heckmann Markus HeliTransair Technician Henche Annika DZMB Biologist Herrmann Sarah AWI Biologist Hofmann Oliver UiB Student Janussen Dorte FIS Biologist Kitchener John AAD Biologist Krägefsky Sören AWI Biologist Kramer Lydia ZIM, Uni HH Biologist Kruse Svenja AWI Biologist Leach Harry Uni Liverpool Physicist Maßmann Silvia AWI Student Meijboom Andre IMARES Biologist Neill Craig UiB Chemist Müller Eugen DWD Meteorologist Sonnabend Hartmut DWD Technician Olischläger Mark AWI Student Pey Frank UiB Chemist Richter Falk AWI Student Riehl Torben ZIM, Uni HH Biologist Robert Henri I.R.Sc.N.B. Scientist Sachs Oliver AWI Geologist Sauter Eberhard AWI Geochemist Schrödl Michael LMU, Uni München Biologist Schüller Myriam RUB Biologist Schwabe Enrico LMU, Uni München Biologist Strass Volker AWI Physicist Stürmer Karoline v.T.I. Biologist Veith-Köhler Gritta DZMB Biologist Vortkamp Martina v.T.I. Technician Wadley Victoria AAD Biologist Wend Britta AWI Biologist Witte Timo OPTIMARE Physicist Würzberg Laura ZIM, Uni HH Biologist Zapata Guardiola Rebeca DFZ Biologist A.3 SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW No. Name Rank --- ---------------------- ----------- 1. Pahl, Uwe Master 2. Grundmann, Uwe 1. Offc. 3. Ziemann, Olaf Ch. Eng. 4. Bratz, Herbert 2. Offc. 5. Fallei, Holger 2. Offc. 6. Hering, Igor 2. Offc. 7. Kapieske, Uwe Doctor 8. Koch, Georg R. Offc. 9. Kotnik, Herbert 2. Eng. 10. Schnürch, Helmut 2. Eng. 11. Westphal, Henning 2. Eng. 12. Holtz, Hartmut ElecEng. 13. Dimmler, Werner ELO 14. Feiertag, Thomas ELO 15. Fröb, Martin ELO 16. Rehe, Lars ELO 17. Clasen, Burkhard Boatsw. 18. Neisner, Winfried Carpenter 19. Burzan, Gerd-Ekkeh. A.B. 20. Hartwig-Lab., Andreas A.B. 21. Kreis, Reinhard A.B. 22. Kretzschmar, Uwe A.B. 23. Moser, Siegfried A.B. 24. Pousada Martinez, S. A.B. 25. Schröder, Norbert A.B. 26. Schultz, Ottomar A.B. 27. Beth, Detlef Storek. 28. Dinse, Horst Mot-man 29. Fritz, Günter Mot-man 30. Kliem, Peter Mot-man 31. Krösche, Eckard Mot-man 32. Watzel, Bernhard Mot-man 33. Fischer, Matthias Cook 34. Tupy, Mario Cooksmate 35. Völske, Thomas Cooksmate 36. Dinse, Petra 1. Stwdess 37. Wöckener, Martina Stwdess/Kr. 38. Deuß, Stefanie 2. Stwdess 39. Hu, Guo Yong 2. Steward 40. Schmidt, Maria 2. Stwdess 41. Streit, Christina 2. Stwdess 42. Sun, Yong Sheng 2. Stwdess 43. Yu, Chung Leung Laundrym. 44. Henning, Marcus Apprent. 45. Seifert, Bruno Apprent. CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES Date Person Data Type Action Summary ---------- -------- -------------- --------------- --------------------------------- 2012-02-08 Bob Key BTL/CTD Submitted to go online I may still get CFC, ChloroA, and POC data for this cruise. I haven't yet found the final cruise report, but it should exist. CTD file included, but it will need a reformat and forward to Argo. When finished, I'd like a copy of the Exchange format CTD data 2012-02-09 Bob Key CrsRpt Submitted to go online Cruise report for data submitted yesterday 2012-03-16 C. Berys BTL/CTD/CrsRpt Website Updated Available under 'Files as received' File 06AQ20071128.exc.csv containing bottle data, submitted by Bob Key on 2012-02-08, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. File ANT-XXIV_2_phys_oce.tab.tsv containing CTD data, submitted by Bob Key on 2012-02-08, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. File cruise report 2010.pdf containing cruise documentation, submitted by Bob Key on 2012-02-09, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. 2012-06-20 J. Kappa CrsRpt Website Update PDF & Text Versions online Converted PDF to text Added CCHDO summary pages and Data Processing Notes