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CRUISE REPORT: I08S_2003 and I09S_2004
(Updated July 2007)
A. HIGHLIGHTS
A.1. Cruise Summary Information
Section designation I08S I09S
ExpoCode 09AR20030103 09AR20041223
Chief Scientists JOHN CHURCH/CSIRO STEVE RINTOUL/CSIRO
STEVE NICOL/Antarctic Div.
Dates 03 JAN 2003-17 MAR 2003 23 DEC 2004-17 FEB 2005
Ship RSV Aurora Australis RSV Aurora Australis
Ports of call Hobart-Mawson-Davis-Mawson Hobart-Davis
55°21.62S 33°26.12S
Station boundaries 61°54.68E 104°54E 74°30.61E 142°3.59E
67°36.06S 67°52.8S
Stations 64 115
Floats & drifters 0 19 Argo floats,
1 met-bouy deployed
Moorings 8 deployed 8 recovered
Authors: M. Rosenberg, C. Moy, N. Johnston, B. Wake, K. Berry, A. Moy
Chief Scientists' Contact Information:
JOHN CHURCH • CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia • Phone: 03-6232 5222
John.Church@csiro.au
STEVE RINTOUL • CSIRO Division of Oceanography • CSIRO Marine Laboratories
P.O. Box 1538 • Castray Esplanade • Hobart, Tasmania, 07001 AUSTRALIA
Phone: 61-02-32-5393 • Steve.rintoul@csiro.au
STEVE NICOL • Australian Antarctic Marine Living Resources Prog.
Australian Antarctic Division Department of Environment and Heritage
Channel Highway • Kingston 7050, Tasmania • AUSTRALIA
Phone: 03 6232 3324 • steve.nicol@aad.gov.au
Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current Experiment and CLIVAR I9 Transect,
Marine Science Cruises AU0304 and AU0403
- Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis
MARK ROSENBERG
ACE CRC, Hobart, Australia
Project Principal Investigators:
YASU FUKAMACHI
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
STEVE RINTOUL
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia
JOHN CHURCH
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia
ABSTRACT
Oceanographic measurements in the Southern Ocean Indian Sector to the
southwest of Australia were conducted on two cruises, during the southern
summers of 2002/2003 and 2004/2005. A CTD transect up the northeastern flank
of the Kerguelen Plateau, south across the Princess Elizabeth Trough and
onward to the Antarctic continenl shelf was occupied on both cruises.
Additional CTD stations were occupied around an experimental krill survey
area in the vicinity of Mawson on the first cruise. A full occupation of
CLIVAR meridional section I9S was completed on the second cruise. A total of
179 CTD vertical profile stations were taken over the two cruises, most to
within 30 m of the bottom. Over 3500 Niskin bottle water samples were
collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients,
CFC's, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, 18O, methane, selenium and
biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. Full depth current
profiles were collected by an LADCP attached to the CTD package, while near
surface current data were collected by a ship mounted ADCP. An array of 8
moorings comprising current meters and thermosalinographs were deployed up
the northeastern slope of the Kerguelen Plateau in February 2003 during the
first cruise, and retrieved on the second cruise in January 2005. A summary
of all data and data quality is presented in this report.
PART 1 OCEANOGRAPHIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Two Southern Ocean oceanographic projects were undertaken and completed
aboard the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV Aurora Australis on
marine science cruises AU0304 and AU0403.
The first project was the Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC)
Experiment, a joint Australian/Japanese project comprising of mooring and CTD
work, and conducted over both cruises. The primary oceanographic aim of this
experiment is:
• to estimate the transport of the Kerguelen Western Boundary Current,
including the northward transport of Antarctic Bottom Water east of the
Kerguelen Plateau.
The second project was a reoccupation of CLIVAR-I9S meridional CTD transect.
This transect was initially occupied by the RV Knorr ten years previously
(P.I. Mike McCartney, WHOI). The primary oceanographic aims of the I9S repeat
are:
• to measure changes in water mass properties and inventories throughout the
full ocean depth between Australia and Antarctica along 115E;
• to estimate the transport of mass, heat and other properties south of
Australia, and to compare the results to previous occupations of the I9S
line and other sections in the Australian sector;
• to identify mechanisms responsible for variability in ocean climate south
of Australia;
• to use repeat measurements to assess the skill of ocean and coupled
models.
Part 1 of this reports describes the CTD, Niskin bottle, hull mounted ADCP
and underway data and data quality. Part 2 describes the mooring data.
AU0304
Cruise AU0304 took place from January to March 2003 (Figure 1.2a), commencing
the Kerguelen DWBC Experiment. The first major constituent of the cruise was
a krill flux survey north of Mawson (principal investigators Steve Nicol,
Graham Hosie and Tim Pauly, Australian Antarctic Division). CTD profiles were
measured as part of the survey (Figure 1.2b) (see Voyage 4 2002/2003 Voyage
Leader's report for a summary of the programs and work completed on the
cruise). The second major constituent of the cruise was the Kerguelen DWBC
program. An array of 8 current meter/thermosalinograph moorings was deployed
in a line commencing to the northeast of the Kerguelen Plateau, then
traversing up the slope to the plateau (Figure 1.1). A CTD transect was done
over the mooring array, and then continuing south across the Princess
Elizabeth Trough to the Antarctic continental shelf, approximating the WOCE-
I8S transect from 1994 (P.I. Mike McCartney, WHOI).
AU0403
Cruise AU0403 took place from December 2004 to February 2005 (Figure 1.3).
Two CTD transects were completed: CLIVAR-I9S, and a repeat of the Kerguelen
Plateau/Princess Elizabeth Trough transect initially done on cruise AU0304.
The Kerguelen DWBC mooring array was successfully recovered.
1.2. CRUISE ITINERARIES AND SUMMARIES
CTD station details are summarised in Table 1.3; sampling at each station is
summarised in Table 1.4; mooring deployment and recovery details are
summarised in Table 1.5; drifter deployment details are summarised in Table
1.6. Principal investigators for CTD and water sampling measurements are
listed in Table 1.7, while cruise participants are listed in Table 1.8.
AU0304
The ship departed south from Hobart on January 3rd 2003, with 3
test/calibration CTD casts taken en route at ~62° 15'S. The first test cast
was aborted just below 600 dbar due to an electrical fault in the
termination. After retermination, a second test was taken to 1000 dbar. For
both these casts an RDI LADCP was fitted to the rosette frame. The third CTD
cast, down to 4300 dbar, was a calibration cast for 12 of the microcats to be
deployed on the Kerguelen DWBC mooring array. These 12 microcats were
attached to the rosette frame, and 6 calibration stops of 30 minutes duration
each were made on the upcast, to provide calibration correction data for the
microcat temperatures. A Sontek LADCP was also fitted to the rosette frame
for this cast to provide a deep water test for the instrument prior to
commencement of the scientific programs.
The krill/hydroacoustics survey work commenced in the vicinity of Mawson,
with a series of repeated north/south transects across a survey box ~50
nautical miles north to south by ~60 miles east to west (Figure 1.2b). Two
small CTD transects of 5 stations each were completed along the eastern and
western sides of the box. A floating sediment trap (P.I.'s Stéphane Pesant
and Anya Waite, University of Western Australia) was deployed on three
occasions, doing a CTD at both the deployment and recovery locations. CTD's
were repeated around the southeastern part of the box, upstream and
downstream from a large iceberg, then the ship proceeded to Mawson.
The ship was not supplied with sufficient fuel in Hobart prior to sailing, so
additional fuel was taken on from the Polar Bird, also at Mawson. While at
anchor in Horseshoe Harbour, a cold water calibration of the sounders was
completed, including a shallow CTD to 46 dbar. The ship departed Mawson after
four and a half days, and the krill/hydroacoustics was recommenced ENE of
Mawson, with a fine scale survey around a krill swarm. A further 9 CTD's were
done around this survey area, including CTD's at the deployment and recovery
locations of a third floating sediment trap deployment. During this work, 4
of the acoustic releases (the Kaiyo Denshi units) required for the mooring
deployments were tested - for each of 2 CTD casts, 2 of the acoustic releases
were attached to the CTD package and tested when the package was at depth. On
one of the hydroacoustic transects a whale acoustics "ARP" mooring was
deployed (P.I. John Hildebrand, Scripps Institution of Oceanography), to be
recovered the following season. After completion of the krill program, the
ship steamed north to the Kerguelen Plateau region for commencement of the
Kerguelen DWBC program.
Mooring and CTD work were interleaved over the next few days. Prior to
commencement of the mooring work, bathymetry information from the mooring
locations was sent to the ship from the RTV Umitaka Maru (P.I. Takashi
Ishimaru, Tokyo University of Fisheries). For 2 of the mooring locations in
particular, these depths showed significant variation from the Smith and
Sandwell topography (Smith and Sandwell, 1997) used for pre cruise planning.
Mooring deployments commenced at the southwestern end of the array (Figure
1.1, Table 1.5), with a bathymetric survey conducted at each location prior
to deployment. Final adjustments were made to mooring line lengths according
to depths found from these surveys. CTD casts were also taken at each mooring
location.
By this stage of the cruise, significant time had been lost to bad weather,
so it was decided to leave the 3 northeasternmost CTD stations (Figure 1.2a)
for the transit home. CTD work was continued along the transect line,
completing all stations along the mooring array and onto the plateau. Several
planned CTD stations on the southward leg across the plateau then across the
Princess Elizabeth Trough were omitted due to time constraints. The section
was completed on the shelf to the northeast of Davis. After retrieving
personnel and cargo from Davis then Mawson, the ship returned to Hobart. En
route the 3 CTD's were completed at the northeastern end of the transect.
AU0403
The ship departed Fremantle on December 23rd 2004. After a test CTD to ~1000
dbar, the CLIVAR-I9S transect was commenced south of Cape Leeuwin (Figure
1.3). Station 10 down to 5675 dbar was the deepest CTD done by the Aurora
Australis to date. No significant time was lost to weather during the
transect, however some time was lost due to equipment malfunction, including
CTD winch spooling problems and CTD communication problems. 11 Argo floats
were deployed on the transect (Table 1.6). Additional instruments were
deployed from the trawl deck at some of the CTD stations, including a
"fluoromap" fluorometer (P.I. Mark Doubell, Flinders University), a
turbulence probe (P.I. Kevin Speer, Florida State University), and 10x10
bacteria/virus sampler (P.I. Justin Seymour, Flinders University) (Table
1.4b). Weather conditions during the transect south were mostly good enough
for CTD operations, however conditions were frequently unsuitable for the
fluoromap and turbulence probe work. The number of turbulence profile
measurements in particular was not as high as desired. The transect was
finished ~6 miles into the pack ice, in ~460 m water depth. The heavy pack
ice prevented further CTD's to the south.
After completion of the I9S transect, the ship steamed northwest to the
Kerguelen Plateau region for commencement of the Kerguelen DWBC work. A
window of good weather allowed successful and complete recovery of the 8 DWBC
moorings in three and a half days. CTD's were done at each mooring location,
and the transect was continued to the station at 59°S. At this stage the
forecast showed some bad weather approaching, so it was decided to steam back
to the northeast to complete the stations at the northeast end of the
transect. After completing these, the transect was resumed south of 59°S,
continuing southward across the Kerguelen Plateau and Princess Elizabeth
Trough, completing all planned stations down to 65.6°S. Heavy pack ice
prevented further CTD's along the planned transect. 3 CTD's were done up the
slope and onto the shelf ~60 nautical miles west of the planned transect, and
an additonal shallow CTD was done on the way in to Davis for the
phytoplankton program. Fluoromap and turbulence probe deployments were done
at several stations along the whole transect (Table 1.4b), and an ARP mooring
was deployed on the northern slope of the Princess Elizabeth Trough (P.I.
Jason Gedamke, Australian Antarctic Division).
By this stage of the cruise the ship was over a week ahead of schedule, due
to the generally good weather conditions and timely recovery of the moorings,
and so the port call to Davis was rescheduled to an earlier date. After
retrieving personnel and cargo from Davis, a second ARP mooring was deployed
on the way out, on the southern slope of the Princess Elizabeth Trough at
~66.2°S. After deploying the ARP, 5 krill trawls were done to catch live
krill for return to Hobart. En route back to Hobart, a further 8 Argo floats
were deployed. At the last Argo deployment location, close to the proposed
"PULSE" mooring site (P.I. Tom Trull) to the southwest of Tasmania, the Argo
float included an oxygen sensor. A final CTD was done here for comparison
with the Argo oxygen data.
Figure 1.1: Kerguelen DWBC Experiment mooring locations, and
Kerguelen/Princess Elizabeth Trough CTD stations for cruises
AU0304 and AU0403.
Table 1.1: Summary of cruise itineraries
AU0304 AU0403
Expedition AU0304, voyage 4 2002/2003 AU0403, voyage 3 2004/2005
Designation (cruise acronym KAOS) (cruise acronym )
Chief John Church (CSIRO) Steve Rintoul (CSIRO)
Scientists Steve Nicol (Antarctic Div.)
Ship RSV Aurora Australis RSV Aurora Australis
Ports of Call Hobart Hobart
Mawson Davis
Davis
Mawson (again)
Cruise Dates Jan 3rd-Mar 17th, 2003 Dec 23rd 2004-Feb 17th 2005
1.3. FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS
1.3.1. CTD instrumentation
AU0304
This was the first cruise on the Aurora Australis using the newly purchased
Sea-Bird CTD system. SBE9plus CTD serial 703, with dual temperature and
conductivity sensors and a single SBE43 dissolved oxygen sensor (on the
primary sensor pump line), was used for the entire cruise, mounted on a Sea-
Bird 24 bottle rosette frame, together with a SBE32 24 position pylon (Table
1.2). 10 litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles were used for sample
collection. Benthos model PSA-900 altimeters, serials 1007 and 1008, were
used one at a time throughout the cruise. A Wetlabs fluorometer serial 013
was also mounted on the frame for all casts. CTD data were transmitted up a 6
mm seacable to a SBE11plusV2 deck unit, at a rate of 24 Hz, and data were
logged simultaneously on 2 PC's using Sea-Bird data acquisition software
"Seasave". Two LADCP's, an RDI and a Sontek, were used in different
combinations throughout the cruise, attached to the rosette frame. The Sontek
had two transducer sets, looking upward and downward, while the RDI had a
single downward looking set. Both LADCP's were powered by a separate battery
pack, and data were logged internally and downloaded after each CTD cast. For
casts with the Sontek LADCP fitted, 2 Niskin bottles had to be removed for
the upward looking transducer set. When both LADCP's were fitted (Table 1.4a)
2 additional Niskin bottles had to be removed, due to weight limitations for
the rosette package, leaving 20 bottles. For station 33 onwards, the package
was stopped for 5 minutes on the upcast at ~100 m above the bottom, for
logging of LADCP bottom track data. LADCP data from the 2 instruments are
compared in Thurnherr (2003a and b).
Figure 1.2a: CTD station positions and cruise track for cruise AU0304.
Figure 1.2b: Cruise track and CTD station positions for krill survey on
cruise AU0304.
Figure 1.3: CTD station positions and cruise track for cruise AU0403.
With the new pumped CTD system, the CTD deployment method was changed from
previous cruises. The new deployment method for both cruises AU0304 and
AU0403 was as follows:
• CTD initially deployed to ~20 m
• after confirmation of pump operation, CTD returned to just below the
surface (depth dependent on sea state)
• after returning to just below the surface, downcast proper commenced
Bottle samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (phosphate,
nitrate+nitrite, silicate) were collected on most stations (Table 1.4).
Samples for various biological parameters were collected from Niskin bottles
throughout the cruise.
AU0403
SBE9plus CTD serial 703, with the same setup as for AU0304, was used for
stations 1 to 41 (Table 1.2); CTD serial 704 was used for station 42 onwards.
The frame, pylon and fluorometer were as for AU0304. OIder model Benthos 2110
altimeters were used for most of the cruise (Table 1.2) due to unreliability
of the newer PSA-900 model. For station 115, the the PSA-900 was tested again
through the fluorometer channel (i.e. no fluorescence data). A Sontek LADCP
was fitted to the package for most casts (Table 1.4), with both the upward
and downward looking transducers fitted up to station 25. With both
transducers fitted, only 22 Niskin bottles were on the package, as for
AU0304. After station 35 the upward looking transducers were removed
(discussed later in the report), and there were 24 bottles on the package for
the remainder of the cruise. For most casts, the package was stopped for 5
minutes on the upcast at ~50 m above the bottom, for logging of LADCP bottom
track data.
The various bottle samples collected at each station are listed in Table 1.4.
CTD sensor calibrations
Pre cruise manufacturer supplied calibrations were used for all CTD sensors
(March and September 2002 for AU0304, July to August 2004 for AU0403),
including the fluorometer (Table 1.10). Complete conductivity and dissolved
oxygen calibrations derived from in situ Niskin bottle samples are listed
later in the report. Hydrochemistry laboratory methods are discussed in
Appendix 1.1. Full details of CTD processing and calibration techniques are
given in Appendix 1.2.
Table 1.2: CTD sensors, serial numbers and manufacturer specifications.
parameter sensor accuracy resolution
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------- -----------
AU0304
CTD underwater unit SBE9plus serial 703
pressure Paroscientific Digiquartz serial 88903 1.5 dbar 0.1 dbar
primary temperature SBE3plus serial 4208 0.001°C 0.0002°C
primary conductivity SBE4C serial 2788 0.003mS/cm 0.0004mS/cm
primary pump SBE5T serial 3456 - -
oxygen SBE43 serial 0191 - -
secondary temperature SBE3plus serial 4245 0.001°C 0.0002°C
secondary conductivity SBE4C serial 2821 0.003mS/cm 0.0004mS/cm
secondary pump SBE5T serial 3471 - -
fluorometer Wetlabs ECO-AFL serial 013 - -
altimeter (station 1-39, 52) Benthos PSA-900 serial 1007 - 0.1 m
altimeter (station 40-51, 53-64) Benthos PSA-900 serial 1008 - 0.1 m
parameter sensor accuracy resolution
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------- -----------
AU0403
station 1 to 41
CTD underwater unit SBE9plus serial 703
pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen, pump as above for AU0304
station 42 to 115
CTD underwater unit SBE9plus serial 704
pressure Paroscientific Digiquartz serial 89084 1.5 dbar 0.1 dbar
primary temperature SBE3plus serial 4248 0.001°C 0.0002°C
primary conductivity SBE4C serial 2977 0.003mS/cm 0.0004mS/cm
primary pump SBE5T serial 3478 - -
oxygen SBE43 serial 0178 - -
secondary temperature SBE3plus serial 4246 0.001°C 0.0002°C
secondary conductivity SBE4C serial 2808 0.003mS/cm 0.0004mS/cm
secondary pump SBE5T serial 3951 - -
fluorometer Wetlabs ECO-AFL serial 013 - -
altimeter (station 1-6, and 115) Benthos PSA-900 serial 137 - 0.1 m
altimeter (station 7-40) Benthos 2110 serial 115 ±5% 0.1 m
altimeter (station 41-115) Benthos 2110 serial 142 ±5% 0.1 m
Table 1.3a: Summary of station information for cruise AU0304. All times are UTC. In the station naming,
"cat" is the cast with microcats attached, "krill" is the krill survey area, "sed" is the
floating sediment trap, "swarm" is the krill swarm study, "cal" is the cold water acoustic
calibration at Mawson, and "DWBC/PET" is the Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current experiment
and the Princess Elizabeth Trough section. Note that "maxP" is the maximum pressure of each
CTD cast. Values in brackets in the altimeter column are derived from LADCP data.
| START | | BOTTOM | END
station | depth| maxP | depth altim.| depth
number | date time latitude longitude (m) |(dbar)| time latitude longitude (m) (m) | time latitude longitude (m)
--------------|----------------------------------------------- |------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------
001 test | 11 Jan 2003 0715 61 14.28S 106 01.04E 4240 | 627 | 0740 61 14.09S 106 01.39E - - | 0740 61 14.09S 106 01.39E -
002 test | 11 Jan 2003 1111 61 15.05S 104 53.47E 4250 | 1008 | 1142 61 14.94S 104 53.78E - - | 1218 61 15.15S 104 54.00E -
003 cat | 11 Jan 2003 1642 61 15.84S 103 20.83E 4280 | 4307 | 1807 61 15.65S 103 19.88E 4280 (<4) | 2150 61 15.78S 103 18.94E 4280
004 krill | 15 Jan 2003 1730 66 55.03S 064 30.13E 341 | 313 | 1751 66 55.06S 064 29.73E 336 17.9 | 1819 66 55.05S 064 28.94E 326
005 krill | 15 Jan 2003 2044 66 42.55S 064 29.40E 2199 | 2185 | 2136 66 42.55S 064 28.35E 2221 27.8 | 2249 66 42.46S 064 26.86E 2178
006 krill | 16 Jan 2003 0120 66 29.95S 064 29.83E 2687 | 2678 | 0217 66 29.98S 064 29.76E 2690 23.7 | 0318 66 29.99S 064 29.41E 2697
007 krill | 16 Jan 2003 0459 66 16.66S 064 30.21E 2637 | 2610 | 0553 66 16.51S 064 29.99E 2600 26.8 | 0640 66 16.33S 064 29.93E 2570
008 krill | 16 Jan 2003 0806 66 05.05S 064 30.00E 2805 | 2810 | 0858 66 05.02S 064 29.62E 2820 26.2 | 0954 66 05.03S 064 29.17E 2800
009 sed | 16 Jan 2003 1925 66 44.26S 064 29.85E 1789 | 502 | 1935 66 44.22S 064 29.81E 1808 - | 2003 66 44.21S 064 29.58E 1858
010 sed | 19 Jan 2003 0914 66 43.76S 064 15.54E 2111 | 502 | 0935 66 43.59S 064 15.24E 2090 - | 0958 66 43.49S 064 15.27E 2094
011 sed | 21 Jan 2003 1412 66 04.88S 062 33.69E 2970 | 510 | 1428 66 04.96S 062 33.72E 2976 - | 1505 66 04.92S 062 33.40E 2980
012 krill | 24 Jan 2003 1026 66 17.53S 061 55.65E 2772 | 2762 | 1124 66 17.45S 061 55.43E 2770 28.0 | 1233 66 17.46S 061 55.05E 2794
013 krill | 24 Jan 2003 1545 66 05.01S 061 55.98E 3086 | 3059 | 1638 66 05.10S 061 55.22E 3069 27.8 | 1754 66 05.26S 061 54.68E 3062
014 krill | 25 Jan 2003 0119 66 54.93S 061 56.04E 454 | 421 | 0127 66 54.94S 061 56.13E 448 23.1 | 0205 66 54.95S 061 55.81E 464
015 krill | 25 Jan 2003 0358 66 42.50S 061 56.27E 359 | 363 | 0406 66 42.48S 061 56.15E 373 18.1 | 0433 66 42.51S 061 55.61E 399
016 krill | 25 Jan 2003 0625 66 30.04S 061 55.85E 1370 | 1336 | 0658 66 30.31S 061 55.58E 1303 17.4 | 0741 66 30.54S 061 55.27E 1204
017 sed | 25 Jan 2003 1206 66 04.30S 062 11.50E 3061 | 503 | 1222 66 04.29S 062 11.69E 3063 - | 1249 66 04.33S 062 11.83E 3061
018 krill | 30 Jan 2003 1248 66 29.94S 064 30.50E 2682 | 2655 | 1340 66 29.74S 064 31.06E 2650 22.4 | 1444 66 29.75S 064 31.27E 2641
019 krill | 30 Jan 2003 1652 66 42.95S 064 28.68E 2183 | 1003 | 1719 66 42.95S 064 28.56E 2193 - | 1756 66 42.90S 064 28.29E 2194
020 krill | 30 Jan 2003 1933 66 48.24S 064 27.58E 924 | 935 | 1955 66 48.29S 064 27.57E 928 29.2 | 2043 66 48.00S 064 27.60E 912
021 krill | 30 Jan 2003 2205 66 55.01S 064 29.97E 340 | 312 | 2212 66 54.99S 064 29.98E 339 18.6 | 2230 66 54.97S 064 29.84E 341
022 swarm | 31 Jan 2003 0041 66 47.17S 064 59.77E 1605 | 1559 | 0114 66 47.34S 064 59.75E 1557 18.5 | 0202 66 47.52S 065 00.00E 1481
023 cal | 04 Feb 2003 1428 67 36.06S 062 51.95E 36 | 46 | 1430 67 36.05S 062 51.95E 36 5.9 | 1433 67 36.05S 062 51.95E 37
024 swarm/sed | 08 Feb 2003 2002 66 31.00S 069 45.72E 1974 | 1937 | 2040 66 31.02S 069 45.20E 1957 19.5 | 2133 66 31.17S 069 44.57E 1938
025 swarm | 09 Feb 2003 0023 66 30.46S 069 36.16E 1881 | 505 | 0033 66 30.41S 069 36.07E 1894 - | 0104 66 30.30S 069 35.85E 1891
026 swarm | 09 Feb 2003 0415 66 30.99S 069 55.96E 2034 | 507 | 0428 66 30.95S 069 55.75E 2034 - | 0458 66 30.87S 069 55.57E 2038
027 sed | 12 Feb 2003 0608 66 38.49S 069 10.13E 1629 | 502 | 0623 66 38.48S 069 10.06E 1633 - | 0645 66 38.42S 069 09.78E 1639
028 swarm | 12 Feb 2003 1130 66 34.27S 069 36.01E 1761 | 608 | 1150 66 34.20S 069 35.59E - - | 1222 66 34.38S 069 35.22E -
029 swarm | 12 Feb 2003 1740 66 34.37S 069 44.28E 1839 | 503 | 1757 66 34.43S 069 43.89E - - | 1821 66 34.29S 069 43.17E 1821
030 swarm | 12 Feb 2003 1932 66 31.08S 069 45.59E 1965 | 1925 | 2012 66 31.07S 069 44.88E 1945 19.0 | 2053 66 31.24S 069 44.24E 1926
031 swarm | 12 Feb 2003 2159 66 27.80S 069 47.80E 2130 | 504 | 2215 66 27.84S 069 47.94E 2129 - | 2237 66 27.72S 069 48.03E 2131
032 swarm | 12 Feb 2003 2339 66 24.33S 069 48.68E 2192 | 507 | 2356 66 24.27S 069 48.82E 2194 - | 0017 66 24.24S 069 48.91E 2201
033 DWBC/PET | 16 Feb 2003 0128 57 54.61S 082 57.00E 2842 | 2851 | 0229 57 54.44S 082 57.58E 2853 17.6 | 0356 57 53.82S 082 58.35E -
034 DWBC/PET | 16 Feb 2003 1146 57 47.02S 083 13.28E 3821 | 3927 | 1257 57 46.72S 083 13.11E 3873 12.0 | 1502 57 46.02S 083 13.51E 3985
035 DWBC/PET | 16 Feb 2003 1756 57 45.19S 083 24.30E 4495 | 4571 | 1927 57 44.55S 083 24.36E 4479 18.6 | 2115 57 44.61S 083 24.90E 4445
036 DWBC/PET | 17 Feb 2003 1510 57 39.32S 083 37.71E 4277 | 4415 | 1700 57 38.52S 083 38.94E - 12.8 | 1903 57 37.55S 083 39.52E -
037 DWBC/PET | 18 Feb 2003 1228 57 32.16S 083 51.84E - | 4503 | 1350 57 32.42S 083 52.45E - 12.5 | 1520 57 32.52S 083 53.10E -
038 DWBC/PET | 19 Feb 2003 0013 57 18.16S 084 19.92E 4632 | 4725 | 0141 57 18.87S 084 21.52E 4631 (<4) | 0342 57 19.12S 084 23.12E 4632
039 DWBC/PET | 21 Feb 2003 0720 56 59.71S 084 46.77E 4720 | 4706 | 0902 56 58.95S 084 47.22E 4721 (108)| 1116 56 58.39S 084 47.66E 4717
040 DWBC/PET | 21 Feb 2003 1322 56 53.23S 085 08.70E 4530 | 4599 | 1436 56 53.21S 085 08.62E 4541 13.0 | 1606 56 53.08S 085 08.96E 4517
041 DWBC/PET | 21 Feb 2003 1849 56 41.41S 085 32.65E 4752 | 4832 | 2010 56 42.28S 085 34.33E 4752 17.7 | 2210 56 43.36S 085 36.65E 4749
042 DWBC/PET | 22 Feb 2003 0030 56 26.28S 085 58.46E 4739 | 4827 | 0152 56 26.33S 085 59.20E 4739 18.0 | 0352 56 26.71S 086 00.20E 4739
043 DWBC/PET | 22 Feb 2003 0626 56 10.85S 086 27.07E 4741 | 4824 | 0801 56 10.11S 086 27.59E 4739 13.9 | 1017 56 09.09S 086 28.01E 4735
044 DWBC/PET | 23 Feb 2003 1134 58 06.09S 082 40.10E 2330 | 2321 | 1219 58 05.91S 082 39.60E 2323 8.0 | 1320 58 05.61S 082 39.24E 2317
045 DWBC/PET | 23 Feb 2003 1516 58 19.57S 082 18.77E 2141 | 2130 | 1543 58 19.37S 082 18.85E 2142 14.6 | 1640 58 19.02S 082 19.07E 2151
046 DWBC/PET | 23 Feb 2003 1858 58 29.43S 081 59.71E 1653 | 1623 | 1933 58 29.46S 081 59.76E 1653 26.1 | 2042 58 29.05S 082 00.08E 1663
047 DWBC/PET | 23 Feb 2003 2237 58 37.19S 081 43.11E 1465 | 1425 | 2310 58 37.17S 081 43.83E 1458 (28) | 0006 58 37.25S 081 44.64E 1447
048 DWBC/PET | 24 Feb 2003 0423 59 19.67S 081 38.52E 1813 | 1774 | 0501 59 19.59S 081 38.74E 1814 - | 0608 59 19.32S 081 39.13E 1813
049 DWBC/PET | 24 Feb 2003 1024 60 03.04S 081 32.14E 1575 | 1537 | 1055 60 03.05S 081 32.08E 1573 30.3 | 1153 60 02.87S 081 32.09E 1573
050 DWBC/PET | 24 Feb 2003 2118 61 06.93S 081 25.48E 2100 | 2101 | 2159 61 06.62S 081 25.95E 2102 0.0 | 2308 61 06.32S 081 26.56E 2103
051 DWBC/PET | 25 Feb 2003 0534 61 50.64S 081 23.06E 2100 | 2083 | 0618 61 50.55S 081 23.09E 2100 20.0 | 0718 61 50.30S 081 23.29E 2100
052 DWBC/PET | 25 Feb 2003 1118 62 33.09S 081 14.22E 2003 | 1971 | 1152 62 33.12S 081 14.21E 2002 (36) | 1253 62 32.90S 081 14.21E 2008
053 DWBC/PET | 25 Feb 2003 1533 62 59.66S 081 07.31E 3283 | 3304 | 1643 62 59.87S 081 07.63E 3285 14.1 | 1825 63 00.35S 081 08.28E 3294
054 DWBC/PET | 25 Feb 2003 2248 63 34.73S 080 56.13E 3645 | 3670 | 2358 63 34.99S 080 55.88E 3651 25.5 | 0136 63 35.04S 080 56.81E 3655
055 DWBC/PET | 26 Feb 2003 0420 64 03.83S 080 48.68E 3670 | 3700 | 0537 64 04.17S 080 48.03E 3671 15.6 | 0723 64 04.74S 080 47.19E 3678
056 DEBC/PET | 28 Feb 2003 0622 64 36.04S 080 38.99E 3638 | 3668 | 0737 64 36.27S 080 39.07E 3639 16.3 | 0915 64 36.43S 080 39.51E 3640
057 DWBC/PET | 28 Feb 2003 1205 65 07.83S 080 30.80E 3509 | 3523 | 1306 65 07.97S 080 31.44E 3510 17.9 | 1451 65 08.18S 080 32.24E 3510
058 DWBC/PET | 28 Feb 2003 1858 65 39.56S 080 21.55E 2533 | 2503 | 1935 65 39.62S 080 21.30E 2555 (132)| 2052 65 39.93S 080 20.93E 2612
059 DWBC/PET | 28 Feb 2003 2303 65 55.13S 080 17.65E 1122 | 1081 | 2323 65 55.19S 080 17.50E 1109 24.5 | 0007 65 55.53S 080 17.45E 1112
060 DWBC/PET | 01 Mar 2003 0240 66 11.31S 080 12.48E 358 | 342 | 0249 66 11.28S 080 12.51E 360 11.5 | 0319 66 11.12S 080 12.82E 362
061 DWBC/PET | 01 Mar 2003 0558 66 24.87S 080 03.79E 228 | 208 | 0602 66 24.87S 080 03.74E 226 13.6 | 0625 66 24.71S 080 03.79E 228
062 DWBC/PET | 09 Mar 2003 0041 55 50.74S 087 00.08E 4716 | 4835 | 0209 55 50.16S 087 01.62E - 19.2 | 0351 55 49.32S 087 03.62E 4759
063 DWBC/PET | 09 Mar 2003 0637 55 36.80S 087 29.45E 4554 | 4741 | 0810 55 36.28S 087 30.23E - 17.7 | 1001 55 36.09S 087 30.15E 4670
064 DWBC/PET | 09 Mar 2003 1217 55 21.62S 087 52.24E 4457 | 4543 | 1347 55 22.11S 087 52.84E - 18.0 | 1538 55 22.47S 087 52.95E 4470
Table 1.3b: Summary of station information for cruise AU0403. All times are UTC. In the station naming,
"I9S" is the CLIVAR I9S transect, "DWBC/PET" is the Kerguelen Deep Western Boundary Current
experiment and the Princess Elizabeth Trough section, "fluoro" is a cast for fluorescence
data, and "PULSE" is near the future PULSE mooring site. Note that "maxP" is the maximum
pressure of each CTD cast.
| START | | BOTTOM | END
station | depth| maxP | depth altim.| depth
number | date time latitude longitude (m) |(dbar)| time latitude longitude (m) (m) | time latitude longitude (m)
--------------|------------------------------------------------|------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------
001 test | 24 Dec 2004 0535 33 26.12S 114 14.69E 980 | 974 | 0601 33 26.24S 114 14.45E 985 20.2 | 0702 33 26.27S 114 14.02E 992
002 I9S | 24 Dec 2004 1827 34 49.15S 114 59.74E 144 | 131 | 1831 34 49.17S 114 59.70E 144 17.1 | 1901 34 49.15S 114 59.01E 143
003 I9S | 24 Dec 2004 2125 34 57.58S 114 59.78E 274 | 261 | 2134 34 57.62S 114 59.74E 283 17.8 | 2204 34 57.68S 114 59.35E 323
004 I9S | 24 Dec 2004 2349 35 02.87S 114 59.96E - | 575 | 0006 35 02.88S 114 59.89E - - | 0040 35 02.90S 114 59.67E -
005 I9S | 25 Dec 2004 0212 35 11.81S 115 00.08E 1507 | 1471 | 0243 35 11.66S 114 59.96E 1481 75.4 | 0342 35 11.59S 114 59.73E 1461
006 I9S | 25 Dec 2004 2020 35 30.71S 114 59.90E 2380 | 2455 | 2117 35 30.93S 114 59.48E 2405 0.0 | 2245 35 31.10S 114 59.07E 2433
007 I9S | 26 Dec 2004 0148 35 38.95S 115 00.40E - | 5180 | 0337 35 39.31S 114 59.65E 5099 18.1 | 0543 35 39.31S 114 59.20E 5040
008 I9S | 26 Dec 2004 0931 36 00.37S 114 59.21E 5197 | 5348 | 1122 36 01.19S 114 59.15E 5249 6.2 | 1325 36 01.73S 114 58.92E 5212
009 I9S | 26 Dec 2004 1828 36 31.85S 114 59.81E 5334 | 5118 | 2017 36 33.64S 114 59.57E 5023 3.8 | 0103 36 37.46S 114 58.74E 4687
010 I9S | 27 Dec 2004 0456 37 02.42S 115 00.93E - | 5675 | 0714 37 03.09S 115 01.25E 5596 37.0 | 1122 37 04.52S 115 02.62E 5440
011 I9S | 27 Dec 2004 1549 37 29.92S 115 00.43E 5056 | 5273 | 1742 37 30.38S 115 00.87E 5161 40.2 | 0016 37 32.33S 115 01.20E 5190
012 I9S | 28 Dec 2004 0442 38 00.02S 114 59.60E 4786 | 4909 | 0616 38 00.17S 114 59.94E 4786 35.5 | 0927 38 00.60S 115 00.42E 4799
013 I9S | 28 Dec 2004 1420 38 29.75S 115 00.37E 4665 | 4760 | 1534 38 29.41S 115 00.29E 4683 36.4 | 1820 38 28.68S 115 00.22E 4696
014 I9S | 28 Dec 2004 2252 39 06.44S 115 00.19E 4721 | 4862 | 0027 39 05.65S 114 59.89E 4681 28.2 | 0250 39 04.63S 114 59.71E 4594
015 I9S | 29 Dec 2004 0737 39 41.91S 114 59.95E 4743 | 4813 | 0909 39 42.02S 114 59.68E 4712 15.9 | 1120 39 42.50S 114 59.57E 4665
016 I9S | 29 Dec 2004 1501 40 17.77S 115 00.03E 4665 | 4861 | 1636 40 17.51S 115 00.36E 4727 23.5 | 1855 40 16.97S 115 00.55E 4721
017 I9S | 30 Dec 2004 0018 40 52.79S 115 00.38E 4612 | 4711 | 0131 40 52.81S 115 00.31E 4612 21.8 | 0429 40 52.63S 115 00.34E 4620
018 I9S | 30 Dec 2004 1407 41 31.16S 115 00.27E 4569 | 4662 | 1529 41 31.44S 115 00.40E 4563 18.8 | 1724 41 31.75S 115 00.71E 4529
019 I9S | 30 Dec 2004 2049 41 59.89S 115 00.30E 4454 | 4642 | 2211 41 59.44S 115 00.53E 4532 23.0 | 0022 41 58.76S 115 00.78E 4459
020 I9S | 31 Dec 2004 0339 42 30.13S 114 59.87E 4304 | 4403 | 0444 42 30.08S 114 59.82E 4301 25.0 | 0633 42 30.34S 114 59.68E 4282
021 I9S | 31 Dec 2004 0958 42 59.82S 115 00.10E 4286 | 4473 | 1111 42 59.85S 115 00.20E 4281 8.1 | 1304 43 00.02S 114 59.92E 4278
022 I9S | 31 Dec 2004 1613 43 29.75S 115 00.03E 4433 | 4451 | 1746 43 29.66S 115 01.18E 4353 41.6 | 1940 43 29.62S 115 02.44E 4294
023 I9S | 31 Dec 2004 2342 43 59.59S 115 00.20E 4299 | 4403 | 0055 43 59.56S 115 01.36E 4350 19.1 | 0235 43 59.62S 115 02.80E 4270
024 I9S | 01 Jan 2005 0552 44 29.59S 115 00.29E 4307 | 4460 | 0711 44 29.35S 115 01.33E 4400 16.6 | 0911 44 28.96S 115 02.37E 4314
025 I9S | 01 Jan 2005 1225 45 00.44S 114 59.27E 4188 | 4312 | 1341 45 00.14S 114 59.27E 4179 18.0 | 1519 44 59.33S 114 59.50E 4242
026 I9S | 01 Jan 2005 1833 45 30.05S 114 59.77E 4164 | 4242 | 1946 45 29.90S 114 59.51E 4167 28.3 | 2138 45 30.07S 114 58.75E 4221
027 I9S | 02 Jan 2005 0045 46 01.19S 115 02.58E 4119 | 4246 | 0155 46 01.03S 115 02.95E 4093 27.0 | 0322 46 00.63S 115 03.34E 4132
028 I9S | 02 Jan 2005 0637 46 31.09S 114 59.63E 4008 | 4067 | 0804 46 31.09S 115 00.91E 4002 19.0 | 0958 46 30.74S 115 02.41E 3966
029 I9S | 02 Jan 2005 1340 47 00.34S 114 59.33E 3848 | 3873 | 1450 47 00.03S 114 59.90E 3832 22.8 | 1617 46 59.76S 115 00.26E 3868
030 I9S | 02 Jan 2005 1946 47 30.61S 115 00.12E 3788 | 3912 | 2056 47 30.29S 115 00.23E 3726 25.6 | 2238 47 30.07S 115 00.55E 3718
031 I9S | 03 Jan 2005 0213 48 00.12S 115 01.04E 3597 | 3654 | 0335 47 59.44S 115 01.84E 3628 25.8 | 0459 47 58.60S 115 02.08E 3618
032 I9S | 04 Jan 2005 0645 48 28.52S 115 01.75E 3948 | 4022 | 0803 48 28.10S 115 01.83E 3908 19.0 | 0944 48 27.80S 115 01.81E 3887
033 I9S | 04 Jan 2005 1352 48 59.99S 115 00.47E 3830 | 3737 | 1519 48 59.53S 115 00.83E 3680 32.4 | 1650 48 59.05S 115 01.23E 3943
034 I9S | 04 Jan 2005 2038 49 30.58S 115 00.11E 3383 | 3454 | 2139 49 30.42S 115 00.88E 3437 19.0 | 0004 49 30.26S 115 02.83E 3419
035 I9S | 05 Jan 2005 0421 49 59.68S 115 00.73E 3756 | 3855 | 0540 49 59.36S 115 01.91E 3951 - | 0726 49 59.29S 115 02.78E 3971
036 I9S | 05 Jan 2005 1054 50 29.18S 115 01.65E 2980 | 3054 | 1150 50 29.08S 115 02.59E 3116 22.5 | 1313 50 29.08S 115 03.23E 3042
037 I9S | 05 Jan 2005 1722 51 00.13S 115 00.46E 3977 | 4030 | 1843 51 00.37S 115 02.19E 4005 19.4 | 2025 51 00.74S 115 04.19E 4303
038 I9S | 06 Jan 2005 0259 51 28.73S 114 59.93E 3535 | 3586 | 0417 51 28.51S 115 00.23E 3495 15.7 | 0623 51 28.04S 115 00.43E 3535
039 I9S | 06 Jan 2005 1157 51 58.67S 114 59.78E 3640 | 3699 | 1313 51 58.68S 115 00.41E 3663 29.2 | 1409 51 58.74S 115 00.52E 3637
040 I9S | 06 Jan 2005 1821 52 36.63S 114 59.66E 3832 | 3840 | 2000 52 36.50S 115 00.40E 3785 0.0 | 2203 52 36.44S 115 00.52E 3810
041 I9S | 07 Jan 2005 0318 53 12.04S 114 59.83E 3955 | 3985 | 0438 53 11.99S 114 59.94E 3960 28.6 | 0650 53 12.19S 115 00.64E 3991
042 I9S | 07 Jan 2005 1055 53 48.55S 114 59.20E - | 4151 | 1211 53 48.73S 114 58.99E 4096 22.2 | 1350 53 48.93S 114 59.09E 4041
043 I9S | 08 Jan 2005 1357 54 24.20S 114 58.24E - | 4248 | 1515 54 23.75S 114 58.50E 4194 25.7 | 1651 54 23.26S 114 59.06E 4213
044 I9S | 08 Jan 2005 2105 54 59.94S 115 00.32E 4431 | 4484 | 2218 54 59.39S 115 00.62E 4424 16.1 | 0009 54 59.04S 115 01.17E 4423
045 I9S | 09 Jan 2005 0426 55 35.86S 115 02.28E 4573 | 4704 | 0557 55 35.81S 115 02.90E 4535 17.4 | 0742 55 35.79S 115 04.06E 4466
046 I9S | 09 Jan 2005 1117 56 11.17S 114 59.85E - | 4586 | 1244 56 11.49S 114 59.64E 4520 24.2 | 1436 56 11.87S 114 59.47E 4575
047 I9S | 09 Jan 2005 1813 56 48.14S 115 00.78E 4494 | 4598 | 1943 56 48.63S 115 03.41E 4530 12.6 | 2212 56 49.25S 115 05.56E 4530
048 I9S | 10 Jan 2005 0130 57 24.05S 114 59.12E 4547 | 4622 | 0251 57 24.31S 115 00.08E 4557 16.1 | 0457 57 24.74S 115 00.85E 4547
049 I9S | 10 Jan 2005 0826 57 59.95S 115 00.22E 4557 | 4628 | 0955 58 00.29S 115 00.78E 4560 22.6 | 1157 58 00.67S 115 00.56E 4568
050 I9S | 10 Jan 2005 2005 58 36.17S 114 59.68E 4547 | 4611 | 2140 58 36.86S 114 59.30E 4540 14.9 | 2337 58 37.55S 114 58.73E 4537
051 I9S | 11 Jan 2005 0520 59 11.91S 114 59.89E 4525 | 4592 | 0651 59 12.11S 114 59.02E 4524 22.8 | 0850 59 12.07S 114 58.21E 4520
052 I9S | 11 Jan 2005 1237 59 48.54S 115 02.07E 4475 | 4562 | 1352 59 48.64S 115 01.60E 4485 22.2 | 1608 59 48.71S 115 00.49E 4485
053 I9S | 11 Jan 2005 2358 60 23.95S 114 59.11E 4455 | 4532 | 0116 60 23.68S 114 59.06E 4460 13.4 | 0316 60 23.35S 114 58.34E 4455
054 I9S | 12 Jan 2005 0718 61 00.55S 115 01.10E 4385 | 4464 | 0845 61 00.46S 115 01.69E 4385 13.9 | 1116 61 00.28S 115 02.18E 4375
055 I9S | 12 Jan 2005 1427 61 30.11S 115 00.87E 4315 | 4403 | 1539 61 30.48S 115 00.67E 4325 14.4 | 1735 61 31.21S 115 00.04E 4340
056 I9S | 12 Jan 2005 2100 62 00.43S 114 59.66E 4305 | 4289 | 2221 62 00.65S 114 58.84E 4225 14.9 | 0007 62 01.04S 114 58.04E 4215
057 I9S | 13 Jan 2005 0328 62 25.06S 114 25.66E 4040 | 4103 | 0445 62 25.02S 114 26.41E 4050 12.7 | 0630 62 24.88S 114 27.56E 4040
058 I9S | 13 Jan 2005 0932 62 50.80S 113 47.68E 3790 | 3842 | 1035 62 50.83S 113 46.82E 3790 23.4 | 1223 62 50.73S 113 46.21E 3810
059 I9S | 13 Jan 2005 1526 63 16.25S 113 12.24E 3570 | 3595 | 1625 63 16.22S 113 12.14E 3560 13.9 | 1814 63 16.13S 113 11.89E 3580
060 I9S | 13 Jan 2005 2113 63 41.40S 112 35.95E 3300 | 3338 | 2213 63 41.33S 112 35.65E 3315 14.2 | 0002 63 41.43S 112 35.83E 3315
061 I9S | 14 Jan 2005 0431 64 06.45S 112 04.29E 2285 | 2295 | 0512 64 06.42S 112 03.99E 2290 14.6 | 0627 64 06.79S 112 03.43E 2320
062 I9S | 14 Jan 2005 0808 64 17.03S 111 46.11E 2545 | 2513 | 0858 64 17.12S 111 45.92E 2488 14.1 | 1028 64 17.33S 111 46.07E 2510
063 I9S | 14 Jan 2005 1243 64 31.30S 111 25.22E 2895 | 2894 | 1330 64 31.25S 111 25.16E 2865 12.8 | 1526 64 30.79S 111 23.90E 2905
064 I9S | 14 Jan 2005 1821 64 45.01S 111 55.13E 2260 | 2279 | 1903 64 45.01S 111 55.04E 2280 13.9 | 2039 64 45.20S 111 55.46E 2275
065 I9S | 14 Jan 2005 2256 64 57.73S 112 09.60E 2300 | 2317 | 2332 64 57.91S 112 09.47E 2320 14.2 | 0105 64 58.18S 112 09.71E 2350
066 I9S | 15 Jan 2005 0233 65 07.78S 112 22.55E 1800 | 1802 | 0302 65 07.87S 112 22.39E 1795 14.5 | 0427 65 08.30S 112 21.79E 1825
067 I9S | 15 Jan 2005 0541 65 13.39S 112 27.47E 1405 | 1329 | 0606 65 13.54S 112 27.27E 1335 19.0 | 0705 65 13.87S 112 26.30E 1365
068 I9S | 15 Jan 2005 0838 65 17.26S 112 29.29E 1165 | 1117 | 0858 65 17.30S 112 28.85E 1090 10.2 | 0944 65 17.45S 112 27.70E 1105
069 I9S | 15 Jan 2005 1131 65 23.54S 112 32.02E 460 | 435 | 1143 65 23.62S 112 31.66E 440 10.6 | 1219 65 23.96S 112 30.56E 400
070 DWBC/PET | 20 Jan 2005 1100 57 03.04S 084 48.52E 4717 | 4806 | 1222 57 03.66S 084 50.68E 4719 12.9 | 1441 57 04.41S 084 53.77E 4719
071 DWBC/PET | 20 Jan 2005 1916 57 20.78S 084 19.55E 4609 | 4680 | 2032 57 20.89S 084 19.70E 4607 17.2 | 2254 57 20.70S 084 19.96E 4609
072 DWBC/PET | 21 Jan 2005 1033 57 33.10S 083 53.02E 4426 | 4474 | 1148 57 33.33S 083 53.01E 4420 20.8 | 1354 57 33.41S 083 52.63E 4420
073 DWBC/PET | 21 Jan 2005 1523 57 37.76S 083 41.11E 4403 | 4449 | 1636 57 37.66S 083 40.65E 4397 19.0 | 1858 57 37.10S 083 40.09E 4405
074 DWBC/PET | 22 Jan 2005 0856 57 45.79S 083 22.16E 4579 | 4637 | 1013 57 45.35S 083 21.00E 4568 15.8 | 1211 57 44.56S 083 19.13E 4558
075 DWBC/PET | 22 Jan 2005 1329 57 46.53S 083 13.97E 3902 | 3959 | 1436 57 46.09S 083 12.48E 3914 19.7 | 1629 57 45.04S 083 10.40E 4000
076 DWBC/PET | 22 Jan 2005 1826 57 53.74S 082 58.79E 2908 | 2903 | 1920 57 53.54S 082 58.38E 2901 18.2 | 2100 57 53.16S 082 58.11E 2917
077 DWBC/PET | 23 Jan 2005 1012 58 06.77S 082 38.30E 2296 | 2279 | 1056 58 06.55S 082 38.27E 2297 22.8 | 1209 58 06.34S 082 37.77E 2287
078 DWBC/PET | 23 Jan 2005 1405 58 19.52S 082 18.45E 2136 | 2126 | 1445 58 19.33S 082 18.55E 2140 17.8 | 1606 58 19.12S 082 18.35E 2141
079 DWBC/PET | 23 Jan 2005 1756 58 29.06S 081 59.06E 1648 | 1624 | 1829 58 28.88S 081 58.82E 1646 17.6 | 1941 58 28.39S 081 58.69E 1650
080 DWBC/PET | 23 Jan 2005 2124 58 37.09S 081 42.43E 1478 | 1452 | 2154 58 36.93S 081 42.28E 1476 18.6 | 2305 58 36.84S 081 42.53E 1473
081 DWBC/PET | 24 Jan 2005 0526 58 58.14S 081 40.52E 1588 | 1559 | 0602 58 58.08S 081 41.10E 1577 17.0 | 0658 58 58.18S 081 41.19E 1574
082 DWBC/PET | 25 Jan 2005 1052 56 11.17S 086 26.94E 4742 | 4817 | 1208 56 11.44S 086 27.71E 4736 23.0 | 1425 56 11.94S 086 29.92E 4744
083 DWBC/PET | 25 Jan 2005 2211 55 21.43S 087 52.61E 4495 | 4572 | 2330 55 21.10S 087 52.65E 4530 21.5 | 0152 55 21.12S 087 53.32E 4611
084 DWBC/PET | 26 Jan 2005 1250 55 35.86S 087 26.40E 4574 | 4681 | 1407 55 35.69S 087 26.47E 4601 21.8 | 1600 55 35.79S 087 26.88E 4607
085 DWBC/PET | 26 Jan 2005 1945 55 51.88S 086 59.47E 4680 | 4792 | 2126 55 51.62S 086 58.97E 4701 18.0 | 2338 55 51.30S 086 58.00E 4737
086 DWBC/PET | 28 Jan 2005 0848 56 26.39S 085 57.71E 4745 | 4831 | 1012 56 26.31S 085 57.83E 4747 14.4 | 1219 56 26.35S 085 58.01E 4745
087 DWBC/PET | 28 Jan 2005 1426 56 40.58S 085 32.42E 4749 | 4828 | 1552 56 40.49S 085 32.80E 4753 22.0 | 1754 56 40.48S 085 33.68E 4749
088 DWBC/PET | 28 Jan 2005 2027 56 52.92S 085 08.68E 4530 | 4661 | 2140 56 52.00S 085 08.35E 4545 11.8 | 2345 56 51.13S 085 07.78E 4561
089 DWBC/PET | 29 Jan 2005 1545 59 19.49S 081 38.32E 1811 | 1789 | 1624 59 19.46S 081 38.29E 1815 18.6 | 1733 59 19.17S 081 37.99E 1815
090 DWBC/PET | 29 Jan 2005 2037 59 41.23S 081 35.17E 1805 | 1798 | 2106 59 41.14S 081 35.26E 1815 13.9 | 2205 59 41.06S 081 34.96E 1790
091 DWBC/PET | 30 Jan 2005 0022 60 02.83S 081 32.45E 1570 | 1554 | 0049 60 02.88S 081 32.33E 1572 9.7 | 0141 60 02.84S 081 32.13E 1559
092 DWBC/PET | 30 Jan 2005 0348 60 24.27S 081 29.91E 1596 | 1577 | 0419 60 24.28S 081 29.96E 1595 13.9 | 0513 60 24.30S 081 30.06E 1595
093 DWBC/PET | 30 Jan 2005 0710 60 45.49S 081 27.25E 1717 | 1691 | 0746 60 45.45S 081 27.35E 1715 21.9 | 0849 60 45.49S 081 27.51E 1719
094 DWBC/PET | 30 Jan 2005 1233 61 06.53S 081 24.64E 2107 | 2080 | 1313 61 06.52S 081 24.52E 2103 23.5 | 1417 61 06.76S 081 24.56E 2103
095 DWBC/PET | 30 Jan 2005 1645 61 28.72S 081 22.46E 2182 | 2172 | 1734 61 28.83S 081 22.44E 2178 13.0 | 1902 61 28.95S 081 23.15E 2182
096 DWBC/PET | 30 Jan 2005 2147 61 49.81S 081 20.12E 2093 | 2084 | 2221 61 50.02S 081 19.93E 2091 9.2 | 2352 61 50.51S 081 19.43E 2088
097 DWBC/PET | 31 Jan 2005 0205 62 11.64S 081 17.15E 1732 | 1718 | 0239 62 11.71S 081 17.28E 1731 8.2 | 0347 62 12.00S 081 17.59E 1730
098 DWBC/PET | 31 Jan 2005 0547 62 33.50S 081 17.27E 2021 | 1997 | 0629 62 33.64S 081 17.39E 2001 17.1 | 0738 62 33.53S 081 17.14E 2011
099 DWBC/PET | 31 Jan 2005 1042 62 44.33S 081 12.20E 2587 | 2582 | 1129 62 44.31S 081 11.89E 2591 22.8 | 1258 62 44.00S 081 11.48E 2510
100 DWBC/PET | 31 Jan 2005 1508 63 00.34S 081 06.94E 3291 | 3314 | 1554 63 00.37S 081 06.56E 3291 13.4 | 1727 63 00.93S 081 05.66E 3306
101 DWBC/PET | 31 Jan 2005 1943 63 14.54S 081 01.87E 3410 | 3437 | 2045 63 14.69S 081 02.13E 3412 12.8 | 2235 63 14.43S 081 01.97E 3412
102 DWBC/PET | 01 Feb 2005 0117 63 34.70S 080 56.63E 3645 | 3678 | 0213 63 34.67S 080 56.35E 3645 10.6 | 0357 63 34.11S 080 56.49E 3636
103 DWBC/PET | 01 Feb 2005 0530 63 48.67S 080 51.84E 3685 | 3721 | 0637 63 48.41S 080 51.98E 3682 12.1 | 0809 63 48.16S 080 51.08E 3685
104 DWBC/PET | 01 Feb 2005 0941 64 03.64S 080 49.00E 3670 | 3705 | 1042 64 03.43S 080 48.82E 3674 14.0 | 1231 64 03.17S 080 47.90E 3676
105 DWBC/PET | 01 Feb 2005 1416 64 20.82S 080 44.33E 3655 | 3692 | 1515 64 20.61S 080 44.11E 3659 11.5 | 1641 64 20.26S 080 45.17E 3661
106 DWBC/PET | 01 Feb 2005 1915 64 36.51S 080 39.94E 3647 | 3675 | 2019 64 36.50S 080 40.33E 3639 10.9 | 2204 64 36.52S 080 40.47E 3641
107 DWBC/PET | 01 Feb 2005 2354 64 51.86S 080 35.19E 3626 | 3657 | 0055 64 52.16S 080 34.98E 3624 11.3 | 0230 64 52.37S 080 34.10E 3624
108 DWBC/PET | 02 Feb 2005 0411 65 07.57S 080 29.57E 3505 | 3532 | 0510 65 07.67S 080 29.51E 3509 10.9 | 0636 65 07.64S 080 30.04E 3507
109 DWBC/PET | 02 Feb 2005 0828 65 23.18S 080 25.78E 3282 | 3294 | 0921 65 23.05S 080 25.92E 3283 14.1 | 1102 65 22.66S 080 26.20E 3283
110 DWBC/PET | 02 Feb 2005 1327 65 38.89S 080 21.77E 2671 | 2731 | 1412 65 38.91S 080 20.86E 2696 9.4 | 1527 65 39.45S 080 20.38E 2720
111 DWBC/PET | 03 Feb 2005 1101 66 38.23S 077 31.65E 1120 | 1154 | 1122 66 38.22S 077 31.46E 1109 6.3 | 1212 66 38.25S 077 31.07E 1113
112 DWBC/PET | 03 Feb 2005 1327 66 42.28S 077 42.74E 652 | 627 | 1341 66 42.31S 077 42.58E 648 14.1 | 1412 66 42.47S 077 42.29E 634
113 DWBC/PET | 03 Feb 2005 1607 66 51.15S 077 42.75E 245 | 227 | 1613 66 51.17S 077 42.77E 245 14.4 | 1636 66 51.08S 077 42.94E 246
114 fluoro | 04 Feb 2005 0457 67 52.80S 077 10.55E 424 | 401 | 0507 67 52.79S 077 10.60E 423 14.6 | 0538 67 52.70S 077 10.22E 422
115 PULSE | 15 Feb 2005 0235 46 59.95S 142 00.25E 3453 | 3533 | 0328 46 59.99S 142 00.40E 3452 28.7 | 0510 46 59.92S 142 00.62E 3476
Table 1.4a: Cruise AU0304 summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each
station, including salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do), and
nutrients (nut). Note that 1=samples taken, 0=no samples taken.
Additional sensors fitted to the package are also listed, including
Sontek LADCP (Son), and RDI LADCP (RDI). For these, 1=instrument
switched on, 0=instrument switched off or not fitted. A fluorometer
was fitted to the package for all casts.
station sal do nut Son RDI station sal do nut Son RDI
------- --- -- --- --- --- ----------- --- -- --- --- ---
1 test 0 0 0 0 1 33 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
2 test 1 0 0 0 1 34 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0
3 cat 1 0 0 1 0 35 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
4 krill 1 1 1 0 0 36 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
5 krill 1 1 1 1 0 37 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0
6 krill 1 1 1 1 1 38 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
7 krill 1 1 1 0 1 39 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
8 krill 1 1 1 1 1 40 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
9 sed 1 1 1 0 0 41 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
10 sed 1 1 1 0 0 42 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
11 krill 1 1 1 0 0 43 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
12 krill 1 1 1 1 1 44 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
13 krill 1 1 1 1 1 45 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
14 krill 1 1 1 1 1 46 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
15 krill 1 1 1 1 1 47 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1
16 krill 1 1 1 1 1 48 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0
17 sed 1 1 1 1 0 49 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
18 krill 1 1 1 1 0 50 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
19 krill 1 1 1 1 0 51 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
20 krill 1 1 1 1 0 52 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
21 krill 1 1 1 0 1 53 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
22 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 54 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
23 cal 0 0 0 0 0 55 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
24 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 56 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
25 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 57 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
26 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 58 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
27 sed 1 1 1 1 1 59 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
28 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 60 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
29 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 61 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
30 swarm 1 1 1 1 1 62 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
31 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 63 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
32 swarm 1 1 1 0 1 64 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0
Table 1.4b: Cruise AU0403 summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at
each station, including salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do),
nutrients (nut), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), dissolved inorganic
carbon and alkalinity (dic/alk), oxygen-18 (18O), methane (CH(4)),
selenium species (SE), and biological parameters/pigments (pig).
Note that 1=samples taken, 0=no samples taken. The Sontek LADCP
(LADCP) status is also listed: 2=both transducer sets fitted and
logging, 1=downward looking transducer set only fitted and
logging, 0=instrument not logging or not fitted. The fluorometer
was fitted to the package for all casts (not connected for CTD
115). Additional profiling casts done from the trawl deck at each
station include fluoromap fluorometer (flmap), turbulence probe
(turbo), and 10x10 bacteria/virus sampler (10x10).
station sal do nut CFC dic/ 18O CH4 sel pig LADCP flmap turbo 10
alk x10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 test 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
2 I9S 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0
3 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
4 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
5 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
6 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
7 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0
8 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
9 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
10 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
11 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
12 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
13 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
14 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
15 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0
16 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
17 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
18 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
19 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
20 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0
21 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
22 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
23 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
25 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
26 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
27 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
28 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
29 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
31 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
33 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
35 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
36 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
37 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
38 I9S 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
39 I9S 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
station sal do nut CFC dic/ 18O CH4 sel pig LADCP flmap turbo 10
alk x10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
41 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
42 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
43 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
44 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
45 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
46 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
47 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
48 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
49 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
50 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
51 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
52 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
53 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
54 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
55 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
56 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
57 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
58 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
59 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
60 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
61 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
62 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
63 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
64 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
65 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
66 I9S 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
67 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
68 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
69 I9S 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
70 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
71 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
72 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
73 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
74 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
75 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
76 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
77 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
78 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
79 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
80 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
station sal do nut CFC dic/ 18O CH4 sel pig LADCP flmap turbo 10
alk x10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
81 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
82 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
83 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
84 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
85 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
86 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
87 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
88 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
89 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
90 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
91 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
92 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
93 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
94 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
95 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
96 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
97 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
98 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
99 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
100 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
101 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
102 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
103 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
105 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
106 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
107 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
109 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
110 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
111 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
112 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
113 DWBC/PET 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
114 fluoro 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
115 PULSE 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Table 1.5: Summary of Kerguelen DWBC mooring deployments and recoveries.
Note: for deployments, "release time" is the time the final
component was released from the trawl deck; for recoveries,
"release time" is the time the release command was sent to
the acoustic release at the base of the mooring. Mooring
positions are the estimated landing sites.
DEPLOYMENTS (AU0304)
Position
mooring latitude longitude depth (m) release time (UTC) CTD
KERGUELEN1 57° 03.120'S 84° 47.676'E 4725 1804, 19/02/2003 39
KERGUELEN2 57° 17.754'S 84° 20.550'E 4639 1217, 19/02/2003 38
KERGUELEN3 57° 32.520'S 83° 52.182'E 4433 1938, 18/02/2003 37
KERGUELEN4 57° 39.684'S 83° 37.050'E 4273 0050, 18/02/2003 36
KERGUELEN5 57° 45.864'S 83° 23.238'E 4575 0746, 18/02/2003 35
KERGUELEN6 57° 49.596'S 83° 16.038'E 3480 1035, 16/02/2003 34
KERGUELEN7 57° 56.520'S 83° 01.878'E 2858 0024, 16/02/2003 33
KERGUELEN8 58° 07.614'S 82° 37.374'E 2259 1800, 15/02/2003 44
RECOVERIES (AU0403)
Position
mooring latitude longitude depth (m) release time (UTC) CTD
KERGUELEN1 57° 03.120'S 84° 47.676'E 4725 0133, 20/01/2005 70
KERGUELEN2 57° 17.754'S 84° 20.550'E 4639 0054, 21/01/2005 71
KERGUELEN3 57° 32.520'S 83° 52.182'E 4433 0712, 21/01/2005 72
KERGUELEN4 57° 39.684'S 83° 37.050'E 4273 0016, 22/01/2005 73
KERGUELEN5 57° 45.864'S 83° 23.238'E 4575 0439, 22/01/2005 74
KERGUELEN6 57° 49.596'S 83° 16.038'E 3480 2341, 22/01/2005 75
KERGUELEN7 57° 56.520'S 83° 01.878'E 2858 0403, 23/01/2005 76
KERGUELEN8 58° 07.614'S 82° 37.374'E 2259 0752, 23/01/2005 77
Table 1.6: Summary of drifter deployments.
(AU0403)
drifter Position
mooring latitude longitude depth (m) release time (UTC) CTD
ARGO167 36° 01.74'S 114° 58.92'E 5212.4 1325, 26/12/2004 8
ARGO168 38° 00.59'S 115° 00.30'E 4799.0 0927, 28/12/2004 12
ARGO168 44° 59.32'S 114° 59.51'E 4286.7 1528, 01/01/2005 25
ARGO168 47° 58.39'S 115° 01.58'E 3610.7 0515, 03/01/2005 31
ARGO168 49° 59.25'S 115° 02.41'E 3986.5 0735, 05/01/2005 35
ARGO168 51° 58.52'S 114° 59.93'E 3618.9 1429, 06/01/2005 39
ARGO168 53° 48.77'S 114° 58.98'E 4082.2 1400, 07/01/2005 42
ARGO168 56° 12.76'S 114° 58.81'E 4568.0 1445, 09/01/2005 46
ARGO168 58° 00.23'S 114° 59.57'E 4560.5 1230, 10/01/2005 49
ARGO168 59° 48.96'S 115° 00.83'E 4478.9 1615, 11/01/2005 52
ARGO184 61° 00.50'S 115° 02.86'E 4384.6 1125, 12/01/2005 54
ARGO168 57° 59.21'S 120° 00.13'E 4602.5 2040, 11/02/2005 -
ARGO179 56° 30.30'S 124° 26.51'E 4673.1 0730, 12/02/2005 -
ARGO179 54° 52.59'S 128° 36.19'E 4449.9 2040, 12/02/2005 -
ARGO180 53° 06.17'S 132° 23.48'E 3716.5 0950, 13/02/2005 -
ARGO180 51° 13.39'S 135° 53.72'E 3253.6 2220, 13/02/2005 -
ARGO180 49° 15.30'S 139° 05.81'E 3083.5 1157, 14/02/2005 -
ARGO180 47° 12.05'S 142° 03.59'E 4261.6 0059, 15/02/2005 -
ARGO184 46° 59.28'S 142° 00.58'E 3741.5 0529, 15/02/2005 115
Technocea met-
buoy serial 46020 62° 00.03'S 88° 02.61'E 3903 2143, 08/02/2005 -
Table 1.7: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for CTD water sampling programs.
MEASUREMENT NAME AFFILIATION
AU0304
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients *John Church CSIRO
biological sampling Simon Wright Antarctic Division
AU0403
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients *Steve Rintoul, John Church CSIRO
D.I.C., alkalinity Bronte Tilbrook CSIRO
CFC Shuichi Watanabe JAMSTEC
18O Shigeru Aoki Hokkaido University
methane Osamu Yoshida Tokyo Institute of Technology
selenium *Bronwyn Wake CSIRO
biological sampling Laurent Seuront, *Raechel Waters Flinders University
Table 1.8a: Scientific personnel (cruise participants) for cruise AU0304.
Shigeru Aoki CTD, moorings National Institute of Polar Research, JPN
John Church CTD CSIRO
Clodagh Curran hydrochemistry Antarctic CRC
Yasu Fukamachi CTD, moorings Hokkaido University
Neale Johnston hydrochemistry CSIRO
Dan McLaughlan CTD, moorings CSIRO
Mark Rosenberg CTD, moorings Antarctic CRC
Serguei Sokolov CTD, LADCP CSIRO
Andreas Thurnherr CTD, LADCP Florida State University
Shinsuke Toyoda CTD, moorings Hokkaido University
Bronwyn Wake hydrochemistry Antarctic CRC
Luke Finley krill Antarctic Division
Edwina Hollander krill Antarctic Division
Brian Hunt krill, CPR Antarctic Division
So Kawaguchi krill Antarctic Division
John Kitchener krill, CPR Antarctic Division
Ichwan Nasution krill Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research, Indonesia
Steve Romaine hydroacoustics IOS, Canada
Patti Virtue krill IASOS
David Wanless hydroacoustics Antarctic Division
Mahadi Mohammad phytoplankton Universiti Sains Malaysia
Wan Maznah Wan Omar phytoplankton Universiti Sains Malaysia
Sazlina Salleh phytoplankton Universiti Sains Malaysia
Vera Subariah phytoplankton State University of Papua
Zul Yasin phytoplankton Universiti Sains Malaysia
Catherine Bell whales University of Adelaide
Paul Hodda whales Australian Whale Conservation Society
Shannon McKay whales Deakin University
Julie Oswald whale hydroacoustics Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Vic Peddemors whales Univ. of Durban-Westville, S. Africa
Kate Stafford whale hydroacoustics NOAA
Alice Ewing birds IASOS
Peter Lansley birds IASOS
Christel Heeman floating sediment traps, diatoms Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany
Stephane Pesant floating sediment traps, diatoms University of Western Australia
Maya Whiteley floating sediment traps, diatoms University of Western Australia
John Birss doctor Antarctic Division
Andrew Cawthorn gear officer Antarctic Division
Mirjana Jambrecina dotzapper Antarctic Division
Ruth Lawless deputy voyage leader Antarctic Division
Steve Nicol voyage leader, krill Antarctic Division
Alan Poole electronics Antarctic Division
Bryan Scott computing Antarctic Division
Graeme Snow communications Antarctic Division
Tony Veness electronics Antarctic Division
Table 1.8b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants) for cruise AU0403.
Kate Berry hydrochemistry CSIRO
Jacqui Foster carbon, krill Marine Discovery Centre, Woodbridge
Yasu Fukamachi CTD, moorings, LADCP Hokkaido University
Judy Horsburgh carbon IASOS
Eric Howarth CTD, turbulence probe Florida State University
Kazu Kusahara CTD, moorings Hokkaido University
Anna Kuswardani CTD Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research, Indonesia
Peter Lazarevich CTD, turbulence probe Florida State University
Lusia Manu CTD Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia
Andrew Moy hydrochemistry ACE CRC
Clodagh Moy hydrochemistry ACE CRC
Steve Rintoul CTD, voyage leader CSIRO
Mark Rosenberg CTD, moorings, deputy voyage leader ACE CRC
Katsunori Sagishima CFC Marine Works Japan
Ken'ichi Sasaki CFC JAMSTEC, Japan
Rick Smith CTD, Argo floats CSIRO
Serguei Sokolov CTD, LADCP CSIRO
Bronwyn Wake selenium, krill CSIRO
Mark Doubell phytoplankton Flinders University
David Poulsen phytoplankton Flinders University
Justin Rowntree phytoplankton, krill Flinders University
Justin Seymour phytoplankton Flinders University
Raechel Waters phytoplankton, krill Flinders University
David Andrew birds free agent
Andrew Stafford birds free agent
Cath Deacon doctor Antarctic Division
Chris Kuplis communications Antarctic Division
Tim Shaw electronics ACE CRC
Graeme Snow communications Antarctic Division
Peter Wiley computing Antarctic Division
Figure 1.4a and b: AU0304 hull mounted ADCP 30 minute ensemble data, for
(a) whole cruise track, and (b) Kerguelen DWBC, PET and krill survey.
Figure 1.4c and d: AU0403 hull mounted ADCP 30 minute ensemble data, for
(c) whole cruise track, and (d) Kerguelen DWBC and PET.
Figure 1.5a: AU0304 apparent ADCP vertical current shear, calculated from uncorrected
(i.e. ship speed included) ADCP velocities. The data are divided into
different speed classes, according to ship speed during the 30 minute
ensembles. For each speed class, the profile is an average over the entire cruise.
Figure 1.5b: AU0403 apparent ADCP vertical current shear, calculated from uncorrected
(i.e. ship speed included) ADCP velocities. The data are divided into
different speed classes, according to ship speed during the 30 minute
ensembles. For each speed class, the profile is an average over the entire cruise.
Figure 1.6a and b: AU0304 comparison between:
(a) CTD and underway temperature data, and
(b) CTD and underway salinity data, including bestfit lines.
Note: dls refers to underway data.
Figure 1.6c and d: AU0403 comparison between
(c) CTD and underway temperature data, and
(d) CTD and underway salinity data, including bestfit lines.
Note: dls refers to underway data.
1.3.2. ADCP
The hull mounted ADCP on the Aurora Australis is described in Rosenberg (unpublished
report, 1999), with the following updates:
(i) There is no longer a Fugro differential GPS system - all GPS data, including heading,
come from the Ashtech 3D system.
(ii) Triggering of the 12 kHz sounder and the higher frequency hydroacoustics array are now
separate, resulting in a higher ping rate for the ADCP (linked to the higher frequency
hydroacoustics array).
Logging parameters for both cruises are summarised in Table 1.9. Current vectors for both
cruises are plotted in Figures 1.4a to d; the apparent vertical current shear error for
different ship speed classes, discussed in Rosenberg (unpublished report, 1999), is plotted
in Figures 1.5a and b.
Table 1.9: ADCP logging and calibration parameters for cruises AU0304 and AU0403.
ping parameters bottom track ping parameters
---------------------- --------------------------------------
no. of bins: 60 no. of bins: 128
bin length: 8 m bin length: 4 m
pulse length: 8 m pulse length: 32 m
delay: 4 m
ping interval: minimum ping interval: same as profiling pings
reference layer averaging: bins 8 to 20
XROT: 822
ensemble averaging duration: 3 min. (for logged data)
30 min. (for final processed data)
calibration
cruise α (± standard deviation) 1+β (± standard deviation) no. of calibration sites
AU0304 2.346 ± 0.568 1.0712 ± 0.011 375
AU0403 2.408 ± 0.535 1.0687 ± 0.011 183
1.3.3. Underway measurements
Underway data were logged to an Oracle database on the ship. For more information,
see the AADC (Antarctic Division Data Centre) website, and the cruise dotzapper
(i.e. data quality controller) report for AU0304:
Marine Science Support Data Quality Report, RSV Aurora Australis Season Voyage
4 2002-2003, Mim Jambrecina, January 2003, Antarctic Division unpublished report.
(report at web address http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/metadata/mar_sci/Dz200203040.html)
Note that AU0403 underway data have not been dotzapped (except for the 12 kHz depth
data). For both cruises, a sound speed of 1490 ms^-1 was used for ocean depth
calculation, and the ship's draught of 7.3 m was accounted for.
For AU0304, underway data were dumped from the AADC website. Underway data
for AU0403 were supplied by Peter Wiley (AAD Marine Science Support). Data
are in the following files:
AU0304
1 min. instantaneous values, text format: kaos.ora
1 min. instantaneous values, matlab format: kaosora.mat
AU0403
1 min. average values, text format: i9_unzapped.ora
1 min. average values, matlab format: i9_unzappedora.mat
(except for depth, which is 1 min. instantaneous values)
Note that for AU0403 data, all wind data are suspect due to anemometer vane damage.
A correction was applied to the underway sea surface temperature and salinity
data, derived by comparing the underway data with CTD temperature and salinity
data at 8 dbar (Figure 1.6a to d). The following corrections were applied:
for AU0304:
T = T(dls) - 0.017 (eqn 1.1)
S = S(dls) + 0.029 (eqn 1.2)
for AU0403:
T = 1.002 T(dls) - 0.050 (eqn 1.3)
S = 0.996 S(dls) + 0.163 (eqn 1.4)
for corrected underway temperature and salinity T and S respectively, and
uncorrected values T(dls) and S(dls).
1.3.4. Moorings and drifters
Mooring deployments and recoveries are summarised in Table 1.5. Mooring data
are described in detail in Part 2 of this report. Drifter deployments are
summarised in Table 1.6.
1.4. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
AU0304
• Significant time was lost to bad weather, and to shortage of fuel and the
resulting time spent obtaining fuel from the Polar Bird at Mawson. Many of
the planned CTD's southward across the southern Kerguelen Plateau and Princess
Elizabeth Trough were omitted due to the resulting time constraints.
• Logging of 12 kHz sounder data seized up on several occasions. As a result,
some of the bathymetry during the deployments of moorings 4 and 5 is missing.
• The CTD seacable electric termination failed during the downcast of the first
test cast (CTD 1), and electric retermination was required.
• During the inital deployment attempt for CTD 39, overtensioning of the winch
resulted in slippage of the mechanical termination and breakage of the electric
termination; a full retermination was required.
• There was difficulty throughout the cruise obtaining stable data from the
Benthos PSA-900 altimeters. On two occasions, at CTD 38 and CTD 50, altimeter
problems resulted in the package touching the bottom.
• Unstable altimeter readings prevented a confirmed approach to the bottom for
several stations (details given section 1.5 of this report).
• For the first 9 stations, the top Niskin caps were cocked incorrectly,
preventing sufficient flushing of the bottles during the cast. This was obvious
from the shallower bottle samples in the steep vertical gradients (details given
in section 1.5).
• Some CTD winch spooling problems occurred throughout the cruise. After CTD 43,
the spooler from the aft winch was installed for use on the forward winch.
AU0403
• CTD winch spooling problems were significant throughout the cruise, with a
cumulative time loss of one full day.
• For the first part of the cruise the CTD gantry was problematic, due to a
badly adjusted proximity switch. This caused significant delays at several
stations.
• Severe rolling of the ship during CTD operations was experienced for much
of the I9S transect, due to offset of current and wind headings. CTD
deployments and recoveries were difficult on occasion, and the CTD wire
was often kinked due to wire snatching with the ship roll as the CTD
entered the water. The CTD room flooded on occasion due to the rolling,
most seriously during CTD 49 - on this occasion, much of the CTD room
electronics were shorted, including the gantry, and CTD recovery at the
end of the cast was delayed for an hour while the gantry electronics
were repaired.
• A full seacable retermination was required before CTD 18, when a broken
strand was noticed near the top of the wire during the initial deployment
attempt. Two further full reterminations were carried out after CTD's 28
and 39. An electrical retermination only was carried out after CTD 38.
• Both available CTD frame lifting bridles were bent during the cruise,
during either the deployment or recovery operations. Repeat straightening
was not possible, and as a result most CTD's for the cruise were carried
out with the frame hanging at an angle (~5 to 10 degrees).
• For many CTD stations, difficulties communicating with the rosette pylon
were experienced. The fault was traced to a faulty pylon-to-CTD cable,
and then again to the first replacement pylon-to-CTD cable. Details of
data losses and data degradation due to this problem are given in section 1.5.
• During CTD 9, the ship's thrusters struggled to maintain heading, and
vessel drift was fast. At the bottom of the cast the bathymetry changed
rapidly, with the sea bed "chasing" the package on the upcast from ~5200
dbar up to ~4900 dbar.
• During CTD 13 and CTD 48, the ship lost heading, resulting in a large
wire angle and towing of the CTD behind the ship. On each occasion a
Niskin bottle was lost from the package.
• During CTD 4, 5 and 35, downcasts were stopped early due to hazard from
the rapidly changing bathymetry over steep slopes. CTD 5 was stopped at
75 m above the bottom. For CTD 4, the bottom of the downcast was an
elevation greater than 192 m above the sea bed i.e. out of range of the
LADCP. For CTD 35, there were no LADCP data so it is not known where the
sea bed was relative to the bottom of the cast.
• The PSA-900 altimeter used for the first few CTD's failed by station 6.
The package touched the bottom during station 6, with no response from
the altimeter.
• The package touched the bottom again during station 40, due to a winch
driving error.
• The upper and lower bottle locating rings on the CTD frame were slightly
out of adjustment, and on several occasions bottles returned to the deck
hanging from the frame by the saftey rope. Samples from these bottles were
bad (see section 1.5).
• The LADCP battery housing leaked on two occasions, first during CTD 22,
then again during CTD 25 after an initial repair attempt. The leakage
caused battery shorting and damage to a bulkhead connector. The LADCP
could not be used for stations 26 to 39, during the second repair attempt.
• A new Lachat nutrient analyser was used for the first time on this cruise,
and data quality problems were encountered. Further details are given in
section 1.5 and Appendix 1.1.
1.5. CTD AND BOTTLE DATA RESULTS
CTD and Niskin bottle data quality are discussed in this section. Full
details of the CTD data processing and calibration techniques are
described in Appendix 1.2. Data file formats are described in Appendix
1.3. When using the data, the following data quality tables are
important:
Table 1.15 - questionable CTD data
Table 1.16 - questionable nutrient data
In general, the CTD data quality for these cruises using the Sea-Bird
CTD system is improved compared to previous cruises using the Neil Brown
type CTD's, in particular for CTD dissolved oxygen data. A small
disadvantage of the new CTD system is the required deployment
methodology (described above in section 1.3), which means the top few
dbar of data are missed. However this near surface data was often
suspect anyway for the old Neil Brown type CTD's, due to transient
sensor errors when entering the water.
1.5.1. CTD data
1.5.1.1. Conductivity/salinity
The conductivity calibration and equivalent salinity results for both
cruises are plotted in Figures 1.7 and 1.8, and the derived conductivity
calibration coefficients are listed in Tables 1.12 and 1.13.
AU0304
The conductivity cell on CTD703 (used for the entire cruise) calibrated
very well (Figures 1.7a and 1.8a), with CTD salinity accurate to well
within 0.002 (PSS78). Note that the primary conductivity/temperature
sensor pair was used for the final data. Close inspection of the
vertical profiles of the bottle-CTD salinity difference values reveals a
slight negative biasing of the order 0.001 (PSS78) for stations 39 and
53, and a slight positive biasing of the same magnitude for station 48.
TS plot comparisons for these stations with surrounding stations
indicates the biasing is most likely due to salinometer instabilities.
For stations 38 and 50 where the CTD touched the bottom, close
inspection of conductivity and temperature data does not show any
significant difference before and after touchdown.
AU0403
The conductivity cells on CTD703 (stations 1 to 41) and CTD704 (stations
42 to 115) calibrated very well (Figures 1.7b and 1.8b), with CTD
salinity accurate to well within 0.0015 (PSS78). For this cruise, a
small calibration drift over the cruise was evident for the primary
conductivity sensor, so the secondary conductivity/temperature sensor
pair was used for the final data. Inspection of vertical profiles of the
bottle-CTD salinity difference values reveals a slight negative biasing
of the order 0.001 (PSS78) for stations 35, 42 and 53, and of the order
0.002 (PSS78) for station 54; and a slight positive biasing of the order
0.001 (PSS78) for station 36. As for AU0304, this is most likely due to
salinometer instabilities.
During the downcast of CTD 9, 11 and 14, transmission faults resulted in
bad conductivity/salinity data from 222 to 246 dbar for CTD 9, 208 to
218 dbar for CTD 11, and 202 to 224 dbar for CTD 14.
For stations 6 and 40 where the CTD touched the bottom, there is no
significant offset in conductivity and temperature data before and after
bottom contact.
1.5.1.2. Temperature
As mentioned above, primary temperature was used for final AU0304 data,
while secondary temperature was used for final AU0403 data. Primary and
secondary temperature data (t(p) and t(s) respectively) are compared for
both cruises in Figures 1.9a and b. CTD upcast burst data, obtained at
each Niskin bottle stop, are used for the comparison. From the figures,
there is a very small pressure dependency of t(p)-t(s) for CTD704 (of
the order 0.0005°C over 5000 dbar) , and a much stronger dependency for
CTD703 (of the order 0.002°C over 5000 dbar). Without some temperature
standard for comparison, it cannot be determined which of the 2 CTD703
temperature sensors has the strong pressure dependency; and indeed for
CTD704, it cannot be determined whether the 2 temperature sensors have
the same pressure dependency, or no pressure dependency. As a result,
all temperature data from below ~2000 dbar for both cruises can only be
considered accurate to 0.002°C. For shallower data (above ~1500 dbar),
temperature accuracy is 0.001°C. Clearly, use of an independent
temperature standard such as an SBE35 would improve temperature accuracy
e.g. CTD work by the RV Mirai (Uchida and Fukasawa, 2005).
For CTD704 (AU0403 stations 42 to 115), several bad data scans occurred
for secondary temperature during each cast, due to a hardware problem.
The problem was manifest as 2 consecutive data scans being plus and
minus the expected value. These bad scans (typicaly 5 or 10 per station)
were removed by a despiking routine.
1.5.1.3. Pressure
On previous cruises using General Oceanics Neil Brown type CTD's, noise
in the pressure signal often resulted in pressure spiking up to 1 dbar
in magnitude, resulting in vertical "jumps" when removing pressure
reversals in preparation for 2 dbar averaging. There was no equivalent
pressure noise for the Sea-Bird CTD's, and when creating 2 dbar bin
averages using a minimum required attendance of 8 data scans per bin,
there were no missing 2 dbar bins for the data from cruises AU0304 and
AU0403.
Surface pressure offsets for each cast (Table 1.11) were obtained from
inspection of the data before the package entered the water.
1.5.1.4. Dissolved oxygen
The CTD oxygen calibration results for both cruises are plotted in
Figure 1.10, and the derived calibration coefficients are listed in
Table 1.18. CTD oxygen data using the new SBE43 sensors are
significantly improved compared with previous cruises, and overall the
calibrated CTD oxygen agrees with the bottle data to well within 1% of
full scale (where full scale is ~380 µmol/l above 750 dbar, and ~270
µmol/l below 750 dbar), with exceptions discussed below. Near surface
CTD oxygen data, typically suspect for previous cruises, is much
improved, owing to the pumped system of the Sea-Bird CTD's.
When calibrating the CTD oxygen data, in the case of deeper stations,
calibrating the whole profile as a single fit against bottle data in
general leaves small residuals between calibrated CTD and bottle oxygen
near the bottom of the profile. This suggests there is a subtle
difference in response of the oxygen sensor according to depth, not
accounted for by any of the calibration coefficients. Consequently, for
casts deeper than 1400 dbar the profiles were split into a shallow and
deep part for separate calculation of calibration coefficients, with a
linear interpolation between the 2 calibrations around the split point.
Casts shallower than 1400 dbar were calibrated as whole profile fits.
Complete details of this calibration methodology are given in Appendix
1.2.
AU0304
• For most stations, there is a suspicious increase in CTD oxygen data from
the surface down to the base of the mixed layer. This increase is mostly of
the order ~4 µmol/l, and is assumed to be an equilibration issue with the
sensor, with insufficient time given for the sensor to "warm up" after turning
on the power prior to each cast. As a result, near surface CTD oxygen data
for this cruise should only be considered accurate to 2%.
• For station 4, CTD oxygen data for the top part of the profile could not
be fitted against the bottle samples, and data were rejected for 2 to 118
dbar.
• For station 24, there were insufficient bottles below 50 dbar, and the CTD
oxygen data were therefore rejected for 52 to 1936 dbar.
• For station 28, CTD oxygen data were rejected for 180 to 606 dbar, again
due to lack of bottle samples.
• For station 56, CTD oxygen data were rejected for 1000 to 1002 dbar, due
to a kink in the data resulting from power cycling of the deck unit.
• Additional near surface CTD oxygen data rejected were for station 6 (2 to
12 dbar), station 150 (2 to 150 dbar), and station 59 (2 to 98 dbar).
Suspect near surface data retained in the data files are listed in Table 1.15.
AU0403
• For several stations, pylon communication problems resulted in missing
bottle samples, and in the worst cases sections of vertical CTD oxygen
profile data could not be calibrated. As a result, CTD oxygen data are missing for:
station 38, 2 to 78 dbar station 63, 2 to 984 dbar
station 39, whole profile station 68, 2 to 296 dbar
station 41, 2 to 342 dbar station 73, 2 to 478 dbar
station 51, 2 to 100 dbar
• For station 7, CTD oxygen sensor data were bad below 3222 dbar. For station
44, oxygen sensor data were bad below 4396 dbar.
• For station 38, not enough samples were available for a split profile
calibration fit (Appendix 1.2), so a whole profile fit was done.
• For stations 75, 110 and 114, the CTD to bottle oxygen fit is not so good
near the surface, with a difference of ~2 to 3% at the shallowest bottle.
1.5.1.5. Fluorescence
All fluorescence data have a calibration as supplied by the manufacturer
(Table 1.10). In general, these data should only be used quantitatively if
linked to primary productivity data derived from Niskin bottles samples.
For AU0403 station 29, the sensor cover was accidentally left on the
fluorometer, and fluorescence values are very high. The profile shape
however appears to be okay.
1.5.1.6. Additional CTD data processing/quality notes
AU0304
• For stations 3, 39, 47, 48, 52 and 58, downcasts had to be stopped before
"seeing" the bottom with the altimeter, due to unreliability of the
altimeter. For station 48 there were no LADCP data, and the final elevation
above the bottom is unknown.
• Station 56 - The downcast was paused at 1000 dbar and the power was cycled to
try and get the altimeter to work. The altimeter came on again and logging
was recommenced as a different file.
AU0403
• Station 4 - The final elevation above the bottom at the bottom of the cast
is > 192 m (i.e. outside LADCP range).
• Station 10 - The cast was started 2 miles south of the planned location,
to avoid the steep slope and to give maximum depth for attempts at fixing
the CTD winch spooling.
• Station 16 - At the 1250 dbar bottle stop on the upcast, data acquisition
was accidentally stopped (instead of firing the bottle). Logging was
restarted to a new file.
• Station 22 - After inital deployment to 20 dbar and commencement of pump
operation, the CTD was not brought back to just below the surface - the
top 20 dbar of data are therefore missing.
• Station 35 - The final elevation above the bottom at the bottom of the
cast is unknown.
• Station 61 - The cast was commenced ~1 mile southwest of the planned
location, due to the presence of an iceberg.
• Station 81 - The CTD was lifted out of the water prematurely, before
bottle 24 was fired. It was lowered back down to 10 dbar to fire the
bottle.
• Data losses/degradation due to communication problems with the rosette
pylon are as follows. One or more Niskin bottles didn't close for stations
41, 51, 63, 68, 73, 75 and 76. For several stations, some bottle samples
are bad due to uncertainty of bottle closing depth, stations 38 and 39
being the worst affected. Given the generally stable performance of the
CTD conductivity cell, the number of good salinity samples obtained from
these and surrounding stations means that CTD salinity data quality is not
degraded. The more significant data degradation is the poorer vertical
definition of CFC and nutrient profiles. For CTD oxygen, data cannot be
calibrated for sections of the profile where several oxygen samples are
missing, and as a result some CTD oxygen data is missing for several
stations, as detailed in section 1.5.1.4 above.
1.5.2. Niskin bottle data
Questionable nutrient samples are listed in Table 1.16, and questionable
bottle oxygen samples are listed in Table 1.17. International Standard
Seawater batch numbers used for salinity analyses are detailed in Appendix 1.1.
Nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate data are shown in Figure 1.11. For AU0304,
and for southern stations for AU0403, shallow samples are clearly depleted
in phosphate. This feature has been observed on previous cruises during the
austral summer (Part 4 in Rosenberg et al., 1997), and is believed to be real.
AU0304
• For the first 9 stations, several bottle samples were bad for all
parameters, due to inadequate flushing of the Niskin bottles caused by
incorrect cocking of the Niskin top caps. The following samples were affected:
station 4, Niskin 24, 23, 22, 21, 18 and 16
station 6, Niskin 24, 21, 20, 29, 18 and 16
station 7, Niskin 24 and 21
station 8, Niskin 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15
station 9, Niskin 9.
• From intercruise comparisons (relevant Appendix not yet completed),
phosphate data for AU0304 appears to be mostly low, by ~2 to 4%.
• Problems were encountered with the nitrate channel on the Alpkem
autoanalyser, and a significant number of nitrate+nitrate values have
been flagged as questionable (Table 1.16).
AU0403
• At station 1, the last 2 rosette positions were not fired due to operator
error - thus there were no samples for Niskin 24 (no Niskin 23 due to LADCP).
• For station 8, unstable salinometer behaviour resulted in suspect salinity
samples for rosette positions 5 to 18.
• For station 26, salinity bottle samples are suspect for rosette positions
15 to 20, most likely due to the salinometer.
• For stations 31 to 55, a problem occurred with the dissolved oxygen
instrument standardisation. The oxygen values for these stations were
corrected after sample analysis (details given in Appendix 1.1).
• Duplicate oxygen samples were taken at several stations, as follows:
station 6 to 23 - bottom 8 bottles
station 24 to 31 - 8 bottles, spanning the oxygen minimum
station 35 to 37 and 40 to 49 - 4 bottles, spanning the oxygen minimum
station 58 to 61 - bottom 4 bottles
The duplicate samples were analysed using a different technique, on the Lachat
nutrient analyser. These results did not warrant further analysis (R. Cowley,
CSIRO, personal communication).
• At several stations, 1 or more Niskins were dislodged from the frame. On 2
occasions bottles were lost (station 13 Niskin 17, and station 48 Niskin
108). For remaining cases, the bottles returned to deck hanging from a
safety rope, and samples were taken. All these samples were bad for all
paramaters, as follows:
station 17, Niskin 16
station 19, Niskin 12
station 20, Niskin 16 and 12
station 31, Niskin 104
station 48, Niskin 24 (oxygen data retained for this bottle, but flagged
as questionable)
• For station 82, the endcaps were lost from Niskin 107 when a spring
lanyard broke during the cast.
• Problems were encountered with accuracy of nutrient measurments using the
new Lachat analyser, particularly for phosphate, and at low
concentrations. After much experimentation with the equipment and a
marked improvement in data accuracy, many samples were rerun using the
duplicates. See Appendix 1.1 for further details.
Figure 1.7a and b: Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number for
(a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403. The solid line follows
the mean of the residuals for each station; the broken lines are
± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station.
c(cal) = calibrated CTD conductivity from the CTD upcast burst
data; c(btl) = 'in situ' Niskin bottle conductivity, found by
using CTD pressure and temperature from the CTD upcast burst data
in the conversion of Niskin bottle salinity to conductivity.
Figure 1.8a and b: Salinity residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number
for (a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403. The solid line is
the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the
standard deviation of all the residuals. s(cal) = calibrated
CTD salinity; s(btl) = Niskin bottle salinity value.
Figure 1.9: Difference between primary and secondary temperature sensor
(tp - ts) for CTD upcast burst data from Niskin bottle stops, for
(a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403.
Figure 1.10a and b: Dissolved oxygen residual (o((btl)) - o(cal)) versus
station number for (a) cruise AU0304, and (b) cruise AU0403.
The solid line follows the mean residual for each station; the
broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for
each station. o(cal)=calibrated downcast CTD dissolved oxygen;
o(btl)=Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen value. Note: values outside
vertical axes plotted on axes limits.
Figure 1.11: Nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate data for AU0304 and AU0403.
Table 1.10: Calibration coefficients and calibration dates for CTD's used
during cruises AU0304 and AU0403. Note that platinum temperature
calibrations are for the ITS-90 scale.
AU0304, CTD serial number 703 (all calibrations supplied by manufacturer)
coefficient value of coefficient coefficient value of coefficient
----------- -------------------- ----------- --------------------
Primary Temperature, serial 4208, 18/09/2002 Secondary Temperature, serial 4245, 04/09/2002
G : 4.36431101e-003 G : 4.38201522e-003
H : 6.46864899e-004 H : 6.45520809e-004
I : 2.24097114e-005 I : 2.25045727e-005
J : 1.78556443e-006 J : 1.85646207e-006
F0 : 1000.000 F0 : 1000.000
Slope : 1.00000000 Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.0000 Offset : 0.0000
Primary Conductivity, serial 2788, 18/09/2002 Secondary Conductivity, serial 2821, 24/09/2002
G : -9.73289151e+000 G : -1.05979689e+001
H : 1.43026028e+000 H : 1.43865878e+000
I : -1.27776424e-003 I : -4.12365989e-004
J : 1.76869992e-004 J : 1.06979561e-004
CTcor : 3.2500e-006 CTcor : 3.2500e-006
CPcor : -9.57000000e-008 CPcor : -9.57000000e-008
Slope : 1.00000000 Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.00000 Offset : 0.00000
Pressure, serial 88903, 22/03/2002 Oxygen, serial 0191, 24/09/2002
C1 : -4.989485e+004 Soc : 4.7260e-001
C2 : -1.030675e+000 Boc : 0.0000
C3 : 1.388810e-002 Offset : -0.4841
D1 : 3.863300e-002 Tcor : 0.0046
D2 : 0.000000e+000 Pcor : 1.35e-004
T1 : 3.010350e+001 Tau : 0.0
T2 : -5.657137e-004
T3 : 3.998260e-006 Fluorometer, serial 013, 27/11/2002
T4 : 2.345400e-009 Vblank : 0.0970
T5 : 0.000000e+000 Scale factor : 1.28667000e+001
Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.40000
AD590M : 1.276320e-002
AD590B : -9.834109e+000
Primary Temperature, serial 4208, 23/07/2004 Secondary Temperature, serial 4245, 23/07/2004
G : 4.36424125e-003 G : 4.38186967e-003
H : 6.46711671e-004 H : 6.45201467e-004
I : 2.23037791e-005 I : 2.22699049e-005
J : 1.76166534e-006 J : 1.80088365e-006
F0 : 1000.000 F0 : 1000.000
Slope : 1.00000000 Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.0000 Offset : 0.0000
AU0403, CTD serial number 703 (all calibrations supplied by manufacturer)
Primary Conductivity, serial 2788, 23/07/2004 Secondary Conductivity, serial 2821, 23/07/2004
G : -9.73488518e+000 G : -1.05940111e+001
H : 1.42981499e+000 H : 1.43567822e+000
I : -9.36650117e-004 I : 6.80159176e-004
J : 1.55796390e-004 J : 3.43281772e-005
CTcor : 3.2500e-006 CTcor : 3.2500e-006
CPcor : -9.57000000e-008 CPcor : -9.57000000e-008
Slope : 1.00000000 Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.00000 Offset : 0.00000
Table 1.10: (continued)
coefficient value of coefficient coefficient value of coefficient
Pressure, serial 88903, 23/07/2004 Oxygen, serial 0191, 11/08/2004
C1 : -4.989485e+004 Soc : 4.7130e-001
C2 : -1.030675e+000 Boc : 0.0000
C3 : 1.388810e-002 Offset : -0.4921
D1 : 3.863300e-002 Tcor : 0.0012
D2 : 0.000000e+000 Pcor : 1.35e-004
T1 : 3.010350e+001 Tau : 0.0
T2 : -5.657137e-004
T3 : 3.998260e-006 Fluorometer, serial 013, 27/11/2002
T4 : 2.345400e-009 Vblank : 0.0970
T5 : 0.000000e+000 Scale factor : 1.28667000e+001
Slope : 1.00013000
Offset : -0.14160
AD590M : 1.276320e-002
AD590B : -9.834109e+000
Primary Temperature, serial 4248, 04/08/2004 Secondary Temperature, serial 4246, 23/07/2004
G : 4.38733870e-003 G : 3.97919382e-003
H : 6.51075969e-004 H : 6.21868034e-004
I : 2.33753796e-005 I : 1.87739784e-005
J : 1.88807486e-006 J : 1.60756924e-006
F0 : 1000.000 F0 : 1000.000
Slope : 1.00000000 Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.0000 Offset : 0.0000
Primary Conductivity, serial 2977, 29/07/2004 Secondary Conductivity, serial 2808, 23/07/2004
G : -1.07267718e+001 G : -9.29883054e+000
H : 1.48472457e+000 H : 1.43077133e+000
I : 3.84843342e-006 I : -1.73862736e-003
J : 7.45463011e-005 J : 2.09562861e-004
CTcor : 3.2500e-006 CTcor : 3.2500e-006
CPcor : -9.57000000e-008 CPcor : -9.57000000e-008
Slope : 1.00000000 Slope : 1.00000000
Offset : 0.00000 Offset : 0.00000
Table 1.10: (continued)
AU0403, CTD serial number 704 (all calibrations supplied by manufacturer)
Pressure, serial 89084, 23/07/2004 Oxygen, serial 0178, 26/07/2004
C1 : -5.337692e+004 Soc : 5.2230e-001
C2 : -5.768735e-001 Boc : 0.0000
C3 : 1.541700e-002 Offset : -0.4914
D1 : 3.853800e-002 Tcor : 0.0021
D2 : 0.000000e+000 Pcor : 1.35e-004
T1 : 2.984003e+001 Tau : 0.0
T2 : -4.090591e-004
T3 : 3.693030e-006 Fluorometer, serial 013, 27/11/2002
T4 : 3.386020e-009 Vblank : 0.0970
T5 : 0.000000e+000 Scale factor : 1.28667000e+001
Slope : 1.00002000
Offset : -0.2038
AD590M : 1.283280e-002
AD590B : -9.705663e+000
Table 1.11: Surface pressure offsets (i.e. poff, in dbar). For each station,
these values are subtracted from the pressure calibration "offset"
value from Table 1.10.
stn poff stn poff stn poff stn poff stn poff stn poff
---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ----------
AU0304
1 0.40 12 0.54 23 0.49 34 0.75 45 0.84 56 0.51
2 0.61 13 0.63 24 0.60 35 0.76 46 0.78 57 0.58
3 0.54 14 0.52 25 0.80 36 0.43 47 0.71 58 0.41
4 0.38 15 0.56 26 0.73 37 0.45 48 0.60 59 0.70
5 0.56 16 0.65 27 0.49 38 0.59 49 0.51 60 0.73
6 0.62 17 0.62 28 0.52 39 0.50 50 0.58 61 0.70
7 0.63 18 0.60 29 0.58 40 0.58 51 0.56 62 0.20
8 0.62 19 0.78 30 0.50 41 0.58 52 0.54 63 0.51
9 0.50 20 0.72 31 0.61 42 0.60 53 0.42 64 0.55
10 0.45 21 0.74 32 0.58 43 0.75 54 0.55
11 0.48 22 0.73 33 0.59 44 0.68 55 0.69
AU0403
1 -0.23 21 -0.39 41 -0.46 61 -0.71 81 -0.72 101 -0.84
2 -0.35 22 -0.31 42 -0.57 62 -0.75 82 -0.63 102 -0.91
3 -0.31 23 -0.38 43 -0.70 63 -0.62 83 -0.65 103 -0.81
4 -0.32 24 -0.51 44 -0.70 64 -0.67 84 -0.57 104 -0.92
5 -0.39 25 -0.47 45 -0.68 65 -0.76 85 -0.90 105 -0.85
6 -0.31 26 -0.49 46 -0.78 66 -0.77 86 -0.65 106 -0.77
7 -0.33 27 -0.47 47 -0.69 67 -0.77 87 -0.70 107 -0.80
8 -0.29 28 -0.56 48 -0.91 68 -0.85 88 -0.72 108 -0.84
9 -0.38 29 -0.53 49 -0.88 69 -0.82 89 -0.75 109 -0.80
10 -0.33 30 -0.55 50 -0.96 70 -0.91 90 -0.65 110 -0.80
11 -0.31 31 -0.55 51 -0.93 71 -0.94 91 -0.66 111 -0.76
12 -0.42 32 -0.41 52 -0.98 72 -0.85 92 -0.65 112 -0.78
13 -0.40 33 -0.41 53 -0.88 73 -0.98 93 -0.65 113 -0.76
14 -0.44 34 -0.47 54 -0.88 74 -0.90 94 -0.65 114 -0.67
15 -0.39 35 -0.43 55 -0.91 75 -0.95 95 -0.54 115 -0.50
16 -0.41 36 -0.53 56 -0.85 76 -0.97 96 -0.70
17 -0.37 37 -0.60 57 -0.79 77 -0.75 97 -0.70
18 -0.32 38 -0.54 58 -0.80 78 -0.81 98 -0.78
19 -0.25 39 -0.36 59 -0.74 79 -0.80 99 -0.81
20 -0.30 40 -0.50 60 -0.75 80 -0.92 100 -0.90
Table 1.12: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. F(1) , F(2) and F(3) are
respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction
calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration
in each station grouping; σ is the standard deviation of the conductivity
residual for the n samples in the station grouping.
stn grouping F(1) F(2) F(3) n σ
AU0304
001 to 005 0.26824171E-01 0.99934872E-03 -0.40325085E-07 64 0.001526
006 to 011 0.31760098E-01 0.99902297E-03 0.48684554E-08 68 0.002284
012 to 017 0.72281193E-02 0.99978699E-03 0.10257699E-07 92 0.000972
018 to 022 0.15168448E-01 0.99975290E-03 -0.53038789E-08 62 0.000890
023 to 037 0.91014635E-02 0.99991884E-03 -0.51725072E-09 162 0.000733
038 to 041 -0.21634762E-01 0.10004787E-02 0.99194221E-08 75 0.000624
042 to 053 -0.28794659E-02 0.10003642E-02 -0.13906388E-08 221 0.000603
054 to 061 0.64509870E-02 0.99993332E-03 0.12626363E-08 128 0.000689
062 to 064 -0.12962177E-01 0.10008478E-02 -0.34637609E-08 64 0.000392
AU0403
001 to 012 0.36219872E-03 0.10000481E-02 -0.71998658E-08 172 0.001039
013 to 042 -0.45210967E-02 0.10001321E-02 0.81030400E-09 544 0.000617
043 to 047 -0.97050752E-02 0.10005678E-02 -0.53223310E-08 106 0.000447
048 to 060 0.43608906E-02 0.99991775E-03 -0.13633889E-08 264 0.000645
061 to 080 0.76180204E-02 0.99975569E-03 -0.14602137E-09 342 0.000543
081 to 100 0.13750652E-02 0.99993603E-03 0.50105062E-09 379 0.000485
101 to 110 0.15500617E-01 0.99975569E-03 -0.24143746E-08 196 0.000715
111 to 115 0.11337715E-02 0.10009367E-02 -0.81076349E-08 60 0.001910
Table 1.13: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F(2)+F(3)•N),
for station number N, and F(2) and F(3) the conductivity slope and
station-dependent correction calibration terms respectively.
stn (F(2)+F(3)•N) stn (F(2)+F(3)•N) stn (F(2)+F(3)•N) stn (F(2)+F(3)•N)
nbr nbr nbr nbr
------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
AU0304
1 0.99930839E-03 17 0.99994624E-03 33 0.99992059E-03 49 0.10002536E-02
2 0.99926807E-03 18 0.99960116E-03 34 0.99991854E-03 50 0.10002521E-02
3 0.99922774E-03 19 0.99959536E-03 35 0.99991648E-03 51 0.10002506E-02
4 0.99918742E-03 20 0.99958957E-03 36 0.99991443E-03 52 0.10002491E-02
5 0.99914709E-03 21 0.99958377E-03 37 0.99991237E-03 53 0.10002476E-02
6 0.99905218E-03 22 0.99957797E-03 38 0.10007687E-02 54 0.99987974E-03
7 0.99905705E-03 23 0.99994114E-03 39 0.10007757E-02 55 0.99987824E-03
8 0.99906192E-03 24 0.99993909E-03 40 0.10007827E-02 56 0.99987674E-03
9 0.99906679E-03 25 0.99993703E-03 41 0.10007897E-02 57 0.99987523E-03
10 0.99907166E-03 26 0.99993498E-03 42 0.10002640E-02 58 0.99987373E-03
11 0.99907653E-03 27 0.99993292E-03 43 0.10002625E-02 59 0.99987222E-03
12 0.99989590E-03 28 0.99993087E-03 44 0.10002610E-02 60 0.99987072E-03
13 0.99990597E-03 29 0.99992881E-03 45 0.10002595E-02 61 0.99986922E-03
14 0.99991604E-03 30 0.99992676E-03 46 0.10002580E-02 62 0.10007126E-02
15 0.99992611E-03 31 0.99992470E-03 47 0.10002566E-02 63 0.10007090E-02
16 0.99993617E-03 32 0.99992265E-03 48 0.10002551E-02 64 0.10007054E-02
AU0403
1 0.10000409E-02 30 0.10001715E-02 59 0.99976759E-03 88 0.99999276E-03
2 0.10000337E-02 31 0.10001725E-02 60 0.99976555E-03 89 0.99999336E-03
3 0.10000265E-02 32 0.10001734E-02 61 0.99972952E-03 90 0.99999396E-03
4 0.10000193E-02 33 0.10001744E-02 62 0.99972967E-03 91 0.99999457E-03
5 0.10000121E-02 34 0.10001753E-02 63 0.99972983E-03 92 0.99999517E-03
6 0.10000049E-02 35 0.10001763E-02 64 0.99972998E-03 93 0.99999577E-03
7 0.99999772E-03 36 0.10001773E-02 65 0.99973013E-03 94 0.99999638E-03
8 0.99999052E-03 37 0.10001782E-02 66 0.99973029E-03 95 0.99999698E-03
9 0.99998332E-03 38 0.10001792E-02 67 0.99973044E-03 96 0.99999758E-03
10 0.99997612E-03 39 0.10001801E-02 68 0.99973059E-03 97 0.99999819E-03
11 0.99996893E-03 40 0.10001811E-02 69 0.99973074E-03 98 0.99999879E-03
12 0.99996173E-03 41 0.10001820E-02 70 0.99973090E-03 99 0.99999939E-03
13 0.10001552E-02 42 0.10001830E-02 71 0.99973105E-03 100 0.99999999E-03
14 0.10001562E-02 43 0.10005414E-02 72 0.99973120E-03 101 0.99961286E-03
15 0.10001572E-02 44 0.10005382E-02 73 0.99973136E-03 102 0.99961083E-03
16 0.10001581E-02 45 0.10005350E-02 74 0.99973151E-03 103 0.99960881E-03
17 0.10001591E-02 46 0.10005318E-02 75 0.99973166E-03 104 0.99960678E-03
18 0.10001600E-02 47 0.10005285E-02 76 0.99973182E-03 105 0.99960475E-03
19 0.10001610E-02 48 0.99979003E-03 77 0.99973197E-03 106 0.99960273E-03
20 0.10001619E-02 49 0.99978799E-03 78 0.99973212E-03 107 0.99960070E-03
21 0.10001629E-02 50 0.99978595E-03 79 0.99973228E-03 108 0.99959867E-03
22 0.10001639E-02 51 0.99978391E-03 80 0.99973243E-03 109 0.99959665E-03
23 0.10001648E-02 52 0.99978187E-03 81 0.99998853E-03 110 0.99959462E-03
24 0.10001658E-02 53 0.99977983E-03 82 0.99998914E-03 111 0.10000368E-02
25 0.10001667E-02 54 0.99977779E-03 83 0.99998974E-03 112 0.10000287E-02
26 0.10001677E-02 55 0.99977575E-03 84 0.99999034E-03 113 0.10000206E-02
27 0.10001686E-02 56 0.99977371E-03 85 0.99999095E-03 114 0.10000125E-02
28 0.10001696E-02 57 0.99977167E-03 86 0.99999155E-03 115 0.10000044E-02
29 0.10001706E-02 58 0.99976963E-03 87 0.99999215E-03
Table 1.14: Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files.
"1" indicates missing data for the indicated parameters:
T=temperature; S=salinity and conductivity; O=oxygen; F=fluorescence.
station pressure (dbar)
no where data missing T S O F
AU0304
1-3 whole station 1
4 2-118 1
6 2-12 1
11-12 2 1 1 1 1
14 2 1 1 1 1
18 2 1 1 1 1
23 2-44 1
24 2 1 1 1 1
24 52-1936 1
26 2-24 1 1 1 1
28 2 1 1 1 1
28 180-606 1
29 2 1 1 1 1
35 2 1 1 1 1
39 2 1 1 1 1
41-42 2 1 1 1 1
50 2 1 1 1 1
52 2 1 1 1 1
52 1862 1
56 1000-1002 1
56 1004 1 1 1 1
58 2-150 1
59 2-98 1
station pressure (dbar)
no where data missing T S O F
AU0403
1 2-4 1 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 1 1
3 2-6 1 1 1 1
4-5 2-4 1 1 1 1
6 2, 888-890 1 1 1 1
7 2-4, 162, 174-176 1 1 1 1
7 3222-518 1
8 2 1 1 1 1
9 2-4 1 1 1 1
9 222-246 1
11 2-4 1 1 1 1
11 208-218 1
12 2-4, 4910 1 1 1 1
13 2 1 1 1 1
14 2-4 1 1 1 1
14 202-224 1
15-18 2 1 1 1 1
19 2-4 1 1 1 1
20 2-8 1 1 1 1
21 2, 4474 1 1 1 1
22 2-20 1 1 1 1
23 2-8 1 1 1 1
24 2 1 1 1 1
26 2-6 1 1 1 1
27 2-4 1 1 1 1
28-29 2 1 1 1 1
30 2-4 1 1 1 1
31 2-8 1 1 1 1
32 2 1 1 1 1
33-34 2-4 1 1 1 1
35-38 2 1 1 1 1
38 4-78 1
39 2-12 1 1 1 1
39 whole station 1
40 2-4 1 1 1 1
41 2 1 1 1 1
41 4-342 1
42-43 2-4 1 1 1 1
44 2 1 1 1 1
44 4396-4484 1
45-46 2-4 1 1 1 1
47 2-6 1 1 1 1
48 2 1 1 1 1
49 2-8 1 1 1 1
station pressure (dbar)
no where data missing T S O F
AU0403
50-52 2-4 1 1 1 1
51 6-100 1
53 2-6 1 1 1 1
54 2-4 1 1 1 1
55 2-8 1 1 1 1
56 2-6 1 1 1 1
57 2 1 1 1 1
58 2-6 1 1 1 1
59 2-6, 3596 1 1 1 1
60 2-4 1 1 1 1
61 2 1 1 1 1
62 2-6 1 1 1 1
63 2-4 1 1 1 1
63 6-984 1
64 2-4 1 1 1 1
65 2 1 1 1 1
66 2-4 1 1 1 1
67 2 1 1 1 1
68 2-4 1 1 1 1
68 6-296 1
69-70 2-4 1 1 1 1
71 2-12 1 1 1 1
72-78 2-4 1 1 1 1
73 6-478 1
80-81 2-4 1 1 1 1
82 2-10 1 1 1 1
83 2-4 1 1 1 1
84 2-8 1 1 1 1
85 2-4 1 1 1 1
86-87 2-8 1 1 1 1
88 2-4 1 1 1 1
89 2-8 1 1 1 1
90-92 2-4 1 1 1 1
93-95 2-8 1 1 1 1
96-97 2-4 1 1 1 1
98 2-8, 1998 1 1 1 1
99 2-10 1 1 1 1
station pressure (dbar)
no where data missing T S O F
AU0403
100 2-8 1 1 1 1
101 2 1 1 1 1
102 2-4 1 1 1 1
103 2-6 1 1 1 1
104-105 2-8 1 1 1 1
106 2 1 1 1 1
107 2-4 1 1 1 1
109-111 2-8 1 1 1 1
112 2-12 1 1 1 1
113 2 1 1 1 1
114 2-4 1 1 1 1
115 2-4 1 1 1 1
115 whole station 1
Table 1.15: Suspect CTD 2 dbar averages (not deleted from the CTD 2dbar average
files) for the indicated parameters: T=temperature; S=salinity and
conductivity; O=oxygen; F=fluorsecence.
station questionable 2 dbar
number value(dbar) parameters
AU0304
5 2-46 O
8 2-10 O
10 2-30 O
11 2-24 O
12 2-44 O
15 2 S
18 2-50 O
25 2 S
26 26-40 O
36 2 S
48 2 S
AU0403
29 whole station F
Table 1.16a: Suspect nutrient sample values (not deleted from bottle data file)
for cruise AU0304, out by ~2 to 4% of full scale value. Note
additionally that from intercruise comparisons, AU0304 phosphates
appear to be mostly low by ~2 to 4%.
PHOSPHATE NITRATE SILICATE
Stn Rosette Stn Rosette Stn Rosette
# position # position # position
--- -------- --- ------------- --- --------
5 whole station
6 whole station
11 15
17 whole station
20 5
30 17
33 1,4,9,15
34 4
35 whole station
36 5,6
38 18
39 6,9
40 5,11
44 6,9
45 5
47 whole station
49 whole station
50 5 50 whole station
51 4,5
54 3,8
55 5 55 1
58 whole station
63 11
Table 1.16b: Suspect nutrient sample values (not deleted from bottle data file)
for cruise AU0403. Note: listing is by rosette position, not Niskin
bottle number.
PHOSPHATE NITRATE SILICATE
Stn Rosette Stn Rosette Stn Rosette
# position # position # position
--- -------- --- ------------- --- --------
11 4
12 6
13 9
24 20
37 10
40 9
42 3
48 19
50 17 50 2,3,15 50 12
56 7,8
65 15
90 9
102 8
103 3
105 1 105 12
106 7,15
Table 1.17: Suspect dissolved oxygen bottle values (not deleted from bottle
data file).
AU0304
station number rosette position
11 21
60 1
AU0403
48 24
Table 1.18a: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients for cruise AU0304:
slope, bias, tcor ((= temperature correction term), and pcor
( = pressure correction term). dox is equal to 2.8σ , for σ as
defined in Appendix 1.2. Note that coefficients are given for
both the shallow and deep part of the profile, according to the
profile split used for calibration (see Appendix 1.2 for methodology).
----------------------shallow------------------------ --------------------------deep------------------
stn slope bias tcor pcor dox slope bias tcor pcor dox
1 - - - - - - - - - -
2 - - - - - - - - - -
3 - - - - - - - - - -
4 0.164465 0.434553 -0.020273 0.000030 0.111125 0.164465 0.434553 -0.020273 0.000030 0.111125
5 0.591783 -0.478937 0.021298 0.000174 0.206837 0.199493 0.253860 -0.126415 0.000065 0.032301
6 0.483370 -0.266693 -0.015773 0.000141 0.221302 0.414866 -0.091854 -0.065904 0.000074 0.042642
7 0.565883 -0.413125 0.013840 0.000169 0.147084 0.534069 -0.274655 -0.087431 0.000069 0.027401
8 0.747892 -0.784341 0.026249 0.000275 0.159305 0.564617 -0.245300 -0.222759 0.000003 0.058158
9 0.620084 -0.515371 0.002871 0.000120 0.253182 0.620084 -0.515371 0.002871 0.000120 0.253182
10 0.797408 -0.867825 0.042757 0.000294 0.281813 0.797408 -0.867825 0.042757 0.000294 0.281813
11 0.840665 -1.019923 -0.000941 0.000741 0.238001 0.840665 -1.019923 -0.000941 0.000741 0.238001
12 0.254008 0.215361 -0.090502 0.000028 0.172637 0.706026 -0.585963 0.037058 0.000109 0.109880
13 0.648545 -0.551958 0.017475 0.000186 0.182479 0.712024 -0.495660 -0.146131 0.000034 0.024061
14 0.706402 -0.679651 -0.000525 0.000080 0.086629 0.706402 -0.679651 -0.000525 0.000080 0.086629
15 0.316592 0.225089 0.054649 0.000065 0.111702 0.316592 0.225089 0.054649 0.000065 0.111702
16 0.694956 -0.630198 0.016248 0.000161 0.153623 0.694956 -0.630198 0.016248 0.000161 0.153623
17 0.826580 -0.912457 0.013722 0.000415 0.231529 0.826580 -0.912457 0.013722 0.000415 0.231529
18 0.506080 -0.298977 -0.016447 0.000138 0.067146 0.704009 -0.594369 -0.023405 0.000100 0.078726
19 0.781771 -0.840607 0.004906 0.000326 0.137162 0.781771 -0.840607 0.004906 0.000326 0.137162
20 0.618077 -0.509751 0.043047 0.000192 0.127267 0.618077 -0.509751 0.043047 0.000192 0.127267
21 0.411513 0.019539 0.047804 0.000087 0.106108 0.411513 0.019539 0.047804 0.000087 0.106108
22 0.698139 -0.623850 0.012253 0.000168 0.135608 1.008015 -1.086143 -0.128956 0.000034 0.064799
23 - - - - - - - - - -
24 0.730531 -0.699200 0.029755 0.001292 0.023989 0.698416 -0.602454 0.019449 0.000134 0.051476
25 0.719139 -0.680359 0.006835 0.000244 0.113209 0.719139 -0.680359 0.006835 0.000244 0.113209
26 0.892388 -1.010245 0.020243 0.000426 0.100122 0.892388 -1.010245 0.020243 0.000426 0.100122
27 0.712366 -0.637307 0.018220 0.000185 0.097229 0.712366 -0.637307 0.018220 0.000185 0.097229
28 0.736709 -0.670287 0.006560 0.000093 0.177979 0.736709 -0.670287 0.006560 0.000093 0.177979
29 0.801689 -0.797691 0.009859 0.000218 0.102628 0.801689 -0.797691 0.009859 0.000218 0.102628
30 0.712044 -0.624114 -0.002095 0.000148 0.103813 1.282525 -1.676573 0.329698 0.000332 0.026386
31 0.786994 -0.826490 0.002738 0.000414 0.062255 0.786994 -0.826490 0.002738 0.000414 0.062255
32 0.785535 -0.822121 0.003683 0.000401 0.063664 0.785535 -0.822121 0.003683 0.000401 0.063664
33 0.628794 -0.476235 0.004340 0.000148 0.188891 0.508064 -0.288628 0.047871 0.000118 0.046844
34 0.538314 -0.354858 0.053439 0.000144 0.108975 0.560588 -0.340210 0.000372 0.000102 0.035858
35 0.594355 -0.408541 0.013758 0.000117 0.088204 0.580283 -0.394331 0.033635 0.000117 0.030665
36 0.632093 -0.431718 -0.010804 0.000102 0.100138 0.463238 -0.169716 0.005093 0.000085 0.017513
37 0.620869 -0.445488 0.036509 0.000121 0.089635 0.466477 -0.166484 -0.003569 0.000081 0.016934
38 0.636835 -0.469608 0.013746 0.000120 0.118347 0.474856 -0.201355 0.008722 0.000091 0.023035
39 0.634398 -0.446498 0.008881 0.000111 0.134757 0.673711 -0.539202 0.045459 0.000131 0.036286
40 0.630468 -0.447082 -0.006792 0.000115 0.106360 0.618746 -0.441339 0.021675 0.000115 0.040158
41 0.481707 -0.310467 0.071194 0.000172 0.133679 0.618096 -0.464283 0.040371 0.000129 0.034260
42 0.578361 -0.417485 0.029807 0.000148 0.188705 0.701665 -0.597057 0.035186 0.000142 0.037021
43 0.614754 -0.444552 0.016952 0.000124 0.136641 0.571559 -0.372529 0.016964 0.000113 0.051503
44 0.638302 -0.520284 0.057262 0.000183 0.141687 0.598007 -0.403376 0.023015 0.000115 0.024050
45 0.628812 -0.508133 0.052525 0.000181 0.107167 0.794380 -0.707851 0.011249 0.000130 0.017285
46 0.621056 -0.501226 0.049831 0.000204 0.125788 0.596839 -0.406052 0.022117 0.000117 0.019175
47 0.632124 -0.499421 0.026768 0.000190 0.103366 0.521464 -0.442252 0.145860 0.000299 0.013560
48 0.652279 -0.562205 0.038681 0.000245 0.155750 0.797417 -0.703913 -0.005566 0.000127 0.014116
49 0.558937 -0.488090 0.125640 0.000299 0.155283 0.797243 -0.704198 -0.002106 0.000126 0.016200
50 0.666948 -0.541150 0.027069 0.000158 0.159580 0.595568 -0.406992 0.022675 0.000119 0.017310
51 0.662750 -0.500146 0.014725 0.000118 0.131057 0.394650 -0.108807 0.041633 0.000112 0.028019
52 0.661303 -0.537564 0.042947 0.000150 0.072802 0.394670 -0.108757 0.041353 0.000110 0.031043
53 0.672956 -0.551897 0.050186 0.000132 0.139343 0.708890 -0.586981 0.026370 0.000127 0.030298
54 0.630695 -0.491693 0.042219 0.000148 0.097875 0.507536 -0.289908 0.057826 0.000118 0.034234
55 0.615743 -0.537644 0.119796 0.000209 0.092330 0.517412 -0.273392 0.011453 0.000098 0.038544
56 0.707454 -0.746200 0.207747 0.000310 0.100185 0.807623 -0.681252 -0.019230 0.000096 0.042046
57 0.774917 -0.762243 0.096391 0.000217 0.087275 0.056481 0.530054 -0.063496 0.000020 0.089434
58 0.488164 -0.210709 -0.039804 0.000093 0.080119 0.734774 -0.610204 -0.075524 0.000103 0.044503
59 0.280125 0.173253 -0.081488 0.000033 0.111412 0.280125 0.173253 -0.081488 0.000033 0.111412
60 0.104132 0.866672 0.120603 0.000001 0.091614 0.104132 0.866672 0.120603 0.000001 0.091614
61 0.740391 -0.892195 -0.179166 0.000024 0.115308 0.740391 -0.892195 -0.179166 0.000024 0.115308
62 0.523299 -0.327477 0.049909 0.000145 0.127904 0.207066 0.247635 -0.009254 0.000051 0.041979
63 0.630011 -0.438406 0.016675 0.000106 0.244034 0.551870 -0.319826 0.019229 0.000100 0.036045
64 0.656355 -0.477715 0.001211 0.000112 0.174852 0.620450 -0.430754 0.013645 0.000110 0.046200
Table 1.18b: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients for cruise AU0403
(definitions as per Table 1.18a).
----------------------shallow------------------------ --------------------------deep------------------
stn slope bias tcor pcor dox slope bias tcor pcor dox
1 0.455224 -0.242060 0.008951 0.000287 0.111315 0.455224 -0.242060 0.008951 0.000287 0.111315
2 0.647529 -0.689988 0.009215 0.000270 0.088685 0.647529 -0.689988 0.009215 0.000270 0.088685
3 0.654540 -0.549864 0.000476 0.000059 0.098137 0.654540 -0.549864 0.000476 0.000059 0.098137
4 0.425036 -0.049252 0.002865 0.000034 0.074939 0.425036 -0.049252 0.002865 0.000034 0.074939
5 0.467746 -0.207165 0.006237 0.000177 0.112375 0.491721 -0.220927 0.006103 0.000133 0.033557
6 0.479152 -0.187529 0.003622 0.000128 0.142692 0.348902 -0.216781 0.133405 0.000303 0.079216
7 0.490931 -0.208037 0.003073 0.000138 0.068831 0.307821 0.009759 0.010005 0.000132 0.039836
8 0.579704 -0.278918 0.001755 0.000164 0.113936 0.389052 0.007181 -0.024681 0.000102 0.075983
9 0.571178 -0.233728 0.002752 0.000133 0.147652 0.552676 -0.152542 -0.037563 0.000108 0.042532
10 0.590116 -0.245772 0.002444 0.000137 0.140882 0.623528 -0.352290 0.049722 0.000183 0.044671
11 0.683350 -0.349296 -0.004127 0.000154 0.156095 0.721983 -0.441982 0.032029 0.000186 0.028380
12 0.643945 -0.293554 -0.000859 0.000146 0.161540 0.706982 -0.332937 -0.017208 0.000129 0.037702
13 0.697776 -0.352383 -0.004332 0.000152 0.080708 0.708435 -0.377599 0.010934 0.000154 0.026728
14 0.640653 -0.278001 -0.000312 0.000137 0.140627 0.657442 -0.366766 0.042733 0.000182 0.033512
15 0.654989 -0.299939 -0.000917 0.000145 0.094725 0.753871 -0.374546 -0.017601 0.000130 0.049476
16 0.686381 -0.319138 -0.004715 0.000131 0.072024 0.769820 -0.479334 0.028494 0.000186 0.009194
17 0.675952 -0.318696 -0.003485 0.000142 0.145403 0.747815 -0.405635 0.002753 0.000150 0.029861
18 0.684500 -0.334235 -0.003011 0.000149 0.133178 0.761064 -0.390680 -0.013598 0.000133 0.048750
19 0.726566 -0.375571 -0.006653 0.000149 0.135502 0.741702 -0.392567 -0.002360 0.000146 0.030577
20 0.699265 -0.352845 -0.004821 0.000159 0.081000 0.709094 -0.346311 -0.003694 0.000136 0.052106
21 0.636967 -0.231258 -0.003774 0.000090 0.129243 0.689579 -0.327512 -0.001874 0.000137 0.040089
22 0.698725 -0.345072 -0.004900 0.000150 0.086831 0.688278 -0.315222 -0.005983 0.000130 0.046434
23 0.699301 -0.350417 -0.005026 0.000154 0.149369 0.727160 -0.333541 -0.019721 0.000118 0.068561
24 0.713576 -0.352606 -0.006888 0.000137 0.103434 0.638471 -0.211756 -0.026440 0.000099 0.072375
25 0.672401 -0.304653 -0.003474 0.000131 0.096769 0.683019 -0.317936 -0.004166 0.000135 0.037279
26 0.700833 -0.340212 -0.005479 0.000138 0.062249 0.786165 -0.444992 -0.002732 0.000151 0.027413
27 0.706370 -0.359121 -0.004837 0.000157 0.076687 0.681482 -0.337050 0.010007 0.000145 0.037868
28 0.696476 -0.331940 -0.005645 0.000132 0.075092 0.690826 -0.281713 -0.025473 0.000109 0.034746
29 0.718616 -0.367561 -0.006348 0.000151 0.139418 0.590611 -0.216612 0.001489 0.000129 0.052383
30 0.727175 -0.374917 -0.007569 0.000150 0.051170 0.779562 -0.426080 -0.008223 0.000142 0.032667
31 0.773194 -0.413146 -0.013848 0.000143 0.076225 0.687773 -0.316613 -0.006086 0.000132 0.038853
32 0.695566 -0.333853 -0.003604 0.000140 0.116712 0.590112 -0.211067 0.005611 0.000124 0.028003
33 0.704955 -0.359812 -0.003520 0.000162 0.078193 0.784802 -0.417419 -0.015307 0.000135 0.044369
34 0.776663 -0.438838 -0.012209 0.000172 0.108014 0.689217 -0.314949 -0.008760 0.000132 0.037067
35 0.695799 -0.335660 -0.004437 0.000143 0.070250 0.772312 -0.388623 -0.022209 0.000124 0.034364
36 0.727924 -0.370560 -0.008716 0.000149 0.076952 0.592579 -0.210530 0.002370 0.000129 0.029637
37 0.712101 -0.353056 -0.007921 0.000147 0.087546 0.844048 -0.526277 -0.002074 0.000170 0.026348
38 0.567260 -0.305702 0.098200 0.000221 0.047889 0.567260 -0.305702 0.098200 0.000221 0.047889
39 0.829221 -0.440073 -0.090244 0.000078 1.527730 0.600683 -0.160160 -0.040466 0.000101 0.298201
40 0.707933 -0.345682 -0.007165 0.000145 0.035549 0.691056 -0.309723 -0.011320 0.000127 0.031284
41 0.597767 -0.221713 0.000712 0.000143 0.061633 0.606084 -0.185015 -0.019756 0.000104 0.023630
42 0.534136 -0.260247 0.003256 0.000144 0.099443 0.498130 -0.201567 0.001247 0.000133 0.013785
43 0.550737 -0.280405 -0.001969 0.000144 0.084171 0.498618 -0.202408 -0.000173 0.000133 0.013242
44 0.544226 -0.272138 -0.000760 0.000142 0.099344 0.495999 -0.203312 0.001810 0.000135 0.011926
45 0.550171 -0.283740 -0.000811 0.000148 0.111551 0.496530 -0.202470 0.001238 0.000134 0.023482
46 0.531531 -0.257415 0.004232 0.000142 0.136868 0.500212 -0.200432 -0.002961 0.000131 0.037829
47 0.530896 -0.252814 0.003108 0.000139 0.077233 0.492789 -0.204663 0.006334 0.000140 0.048044
48 0.555602 -0.294382 -0.000737 0.000153 0.132678 0.497005 -0.202379 0.002695 0.000134 0.029071
49 0.539488 -0.265925 0.001554 0.000143 0.076056 0.497940 -0.203397 0.001938 0.000134 0.034319
Table 1.18b continued
----------------------shallow------------------------ --------------------------deep------------------
stn slope bias tcor pcor dox slope bias tcor pcor dox
50 0.549889 -0.279155 -0.003666 0.000147 0.119519 0.492471 -0.205166 0.010208 0.000140 0.035856
51 0.515380 -0.202744 -0.019163 0.000121 0.070243 0.405181 -0.095368 0.031519 0.000134 0.032198
52 0.551618 -0.282959 -0.001500 0.000147 0.138877 0.502438 -0.199688 -0.004856 0.000129 0.013578
53 0.548278 -0.281666 0.003833 0.000150 0.087136 0.502290 -0.199580 -0.005755 0.000130 0.027484
54 0.554180 -0.282513 -0.001751 0.000145 0.068942 0.502494 -0.199387 -0.001488 0.000129 0.026302
55 0.554111 -0.290755 0.004068 0.000151 0.139962 0.499786 -0.201475 0.000836 0.000133 0.022866
56 0.566456 -0.328267 0.020524 0.000170 0.116246 0.497248 -0.203304 0.012568 0.000137 0.032201
57 0.568051 -0.313974 0.004977 0.000158 0.086296 0.590597 -0.312314 -0.029454 0.000132 0.067221
58 0.513687 -0.169791 -0.048663 0.000097 0.076721 0.501801 -0.198826 -0.003509 0.000130 0.021089
59 0.580363 -0.346485 0.025894 0.000172 0.048722 0.500714 -0.200485 0.001400 0.000135 0.027665
60 0.584073 -0.361613 0.034480 0.000185 0.053835 0.412312 -0.085746 0.044692 0.000137 0.059432
61 0.578588 -0.335231 0.017254 0.000168 0.090093 0.520287 -0.144641 -0.174129 0.000053 0.021136
62 0.643653 -0.486365 0.078697 0.000250 0.041225 0.209786 0.261151 -0.015459 0.000081 0.069417
63 0.885718 -0.929763 0.176822 0.000398 0.005963 0.500574 -0.199147 0.002004 0.000135 0.023526
64 0.610624 -0.403360 0.049940 0.000196 0.116761 0.502860 -0.197189 -0.000902 0.000132 0.025604
65 0.646474 -0.471180 0.059967 0.000224 0.075792 0.297300 0.095962 0.052544 0.000130 0.034858
66 0.596926 -0.360745 0.014445 0.000173 0.087870 0.096463 0.395124 0.056491 0.000133 0.020478
67 0.539652 -0.241473 -0.009578 0.000120 0.086672 0.539273 -0.240762 -0.009698 0.000120 0.087000
68 0.216020 0.319022 -0.069516 0.000014 0.084413 0.216020 0.319022 -0.069516 0.000014 0.084413
69 0.709666 -0.587211 0.005579 0.000252 0.077977 0.709666 -0.587211 0.005579 0.000252 0.077977
70 0.574408 -0.312803 -0.005889 0.000149 0.143732 0.509075 -0.197269 -0.013139 0.000122 0.029349
71 0.567755 -0.285630 -0.005918 0.000138 0.078649 0.502553 -0.199081 0.008539 0.000132 0.028743
72 0.545454 -0.276088 0.017129 0.000151 0.057328 0.505958 -0.197323 -0.001155 0.000129 0.022006
73 0.670958 -0.296197 -0.119198 0.000049 0.046910 0.586499 -0.388230 0.098258 0.000201 0.071340
74 0.563011 -0.267075 -0.008502 0.000127 0.068071 0.505812 -0.196265 0.007454 0.000129 0.032346
75 0.482058 -0.137622 -0.018146 0.000108 0.050532 0.380967 0.023668 -0.029241 0.000086 0.041574
76 0.551317 -0.287923 0.014802 0.000165 0.084661 0.592640 -0.309421 -0.020151 0.000134 0.037241
77 0.547953 -0.251322 -0.005852 0.000130 0.055534 0.500008 -0.199668 0.012116 0.000139 0.014927
78 0.538636 -0.279480 0.032013 0.000157 0.090875 0.500430 -0.199348 0.010281 0.000136 0.009841
79 0.547560 -0.287823 0.026904 0.000155 0.048481 0.501248 -0.198168 0.008303 0.000135 0.013795
80 0.559534 -0.290721 0.008132 0.000158 0.098499 0.499817 -0.198679 0.011998 0.000135 0.022599
81 0.562045 -0.308331 0.017339 0.000174 0.176953 0.503019 -0.198077 0.009951 0.000130 0.023113
82 0.568468 -0.290304 -0.006495 0.000144 0.082744 0.326587 0.071307 0.004445 0.000091 0.035544
83 0.554353 -0.277444 0.002752 0.000147 0.085432 0.505397 -0.197998 0.003512 0.000129 0.026921
84 0.513629 -0.234855 0.022097 0.000143 0.110991 0.504642 -0.197817 0.001379 0.000130 0.010122
85 0.509093 -0.229020 0.019243 0.000161 0.121645 0.636419 -0.445674 0.055846 0.000203 0.035537
86 0.554810 -0.270419 -0.000377 0.000140 0.046687 0.506312 -0.197874 0.001746 0.000128 0.027913
87 0.556403 -0.264527 -0.004537 0.000132 0.058725 0.378488 0.010982 -0.011293 0.000093 0.024861
88 0.553666 -0.265969 -0.002596 0.000137 0.057976 0.580216 -0.306725 -0.004301 0.000145 0.035206
89 0.549181 -0.266636 0.006188 0.000140 0.053301 0.503339 -0.195234 0.001562 0.000135 0.039751
90 0.569747 -0.294977 -0.002564 0.000150 0.096326 0.503131 -0.196889 0.006189 0.000130 0.009269
91 0.555158 -0.292485 0.020121 0.000156 0.085408 0.500328 -0.198917 0.011155 0.000137 0.020386
92 0.562602 -0.286247 0.004606 0.000145 0.031452 0.501828 -0.197904 0.009966 0.000134 0.016907
93 0.564857 -0.322011 0.036258 0.000168 0.095914 0.501268 -0.198908 0.012384 0.000134 0.014821
94 0.556055 -0.315099 0.040842 0.000170 0.075959 0.501276 -0.198445 0.008151 0.000135 0.012502
95 0.556100 -0.288784 0.014948 0.000151 0.071594 0.500820 -0.199396 0.010339 0.000136 0.018808
96 0.563048 -0.303435 0.016720 0.000159 0.050074 0.504163 -0.195555 0.000592 0.000132 0.017161
97 0.553779 -0.297370 0.031691 0.000149 0.076029 0.807620 -0.588251 -0.044973 0.000134 0.045034
98 0.558122 -0.289230 0.013731 0.000150 0.053339 0.801349 -0.596137 -0.046273 0.000154 0.014669
99 0.578842 -0.319928 0.011039 0.000151 0.042213 0.500283 -0.199424 0.010379 0.000136 0.010412
100 0.564341 -0.309293 0.021542 0.000157 0.032680 0.500483 -0.200664 0.010703 0.000137 0.021075
101 0.563344 -0.284508 -0.002485 0.000148 0.115782 0.976664 -0.864653 -0.049588 0.000206 0.047911
102 0.571524 -0.296747 -0.002905 0.000150 0.130189 0.506124 -0.194975 0.002469 0.000129 0.033498
103 0.553123 -0.259748 -0.005418 0.000132 0.123599 0.504052 -0.195933 0.006414 0.000132 0.022921
104 0.573906 -0.317006 0.016846 0.000161 0.127765 0.589423 -0.310438 -0.013350 0.000138 0.025052
105 0.575003 -0.293738 -0.007192 0.000141 0.130551 0.503769 -0.194284 0.002154 0.000131 0.025007
106 0.570248 -0.313088 0.013484 0.000168 0.107875 0.504847 -0.194241 0.001899 0.000130 0.028634
107 0.565393 -0.289341 0.007462 0.000144 0.108955 0.507999 -0.191848 -0.008782 0.000126 0.034845
108 0.537817 -0.230634 -0.004715 0.000118 0.138037 0.505489 -0.193466 -0.001698 0.000129 0.051044
109 0.573872 -0.309529 0.002589 0.000162 0.105308 0.410790 -0.035973 -0.024129 0.000103 0.039840
110 0.499832 -0.167327 -0.017377 0.000113 0.109564 0.592103 -0.309097 -0.028209 0.000132 0.036409
111 0.516802 -0.188138 -0.007852 0.000096 0.098296 0.516802 -0.188138 -0.007852 0.000096 0.098296
112 0.394353 -0.001832 -0.042050 0.000128 0.122009 0.394353 -0.001832 -0.042050 0.000128 0.122009
113 0.565776 -0.321734 -0.031486 0.000170 0.138440 0.565776 -0.321734 -0.031486 0.000170 0.138440
114 0.590920 -0.321274 0.003933 0.000158 0.074437 0.590920 -0.321274 0.003933 0.000158 0.074437
115 0.543490 -0.278874 0.003946 0.000163 0.110781 0.496588 -0.208467 0.009673 0.000136 0.025507
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX 1.1
HYDROCHEMISTRY CRUISE LABORATORY REPORTS
A1.1.1 AU0304 HYDROCHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT
(Clodagh Moy, Neale Johnston and Bronwyn Wake)
Seawater samples from the CTD were analysed for salinity, dissolved oxygen and
nutrients (nitrate plus nitrite, silicate and orthophosphate). Samples were
collected from 64 stations in total. Additional samples were also analysed for
some scientists on board, as described below. The methods used are described in
the CSIRO hydrochemistry manual (Cowley, 2001).
PERSONNEL
Clodagh Curran, Hydrochemist, Antarctic CRC
Neale Johnston, Hydrochemist, CSIRO
Bronwyn Wake, Volunteer, PhD student IASOS.
NUMBER OF SAMPLES ANALYSED
Salinities : 1060
Dissolved Oxygen : 1028
Nutrients : 1021
SALINITY
Salinity analyses were performed by Clodagh Curran in lab 3, next to the
electronics lab. Guildline salinometer SN62549 was initially setup in the lab,
however due to a faulty transformer it was replaced by SN62548 shortly after
leaving Hobart. SN62548 was used for the remainder of the cruise.
Ocean Scientific IAPSO standard seawater was used to standardise the
salinometer. Two sets of standards, P140 and P141, were used to standardise the
instrument. P140 was used for most of the cruise. Measured against its nominal
value, P140 showed no difference (i.e. 2R of <0.0 0000) for 10 out of 12
standardisations. There were two occasions where there was a significant change
in the measured value during a run.
Some problems occurred between stations 23 and 24, where there was a break in
analysis for a number of days. There was a significant jump in the
standardisation set value, and P140 at the end of the run had changed
considerably from its standardisation value at the beginning of the run i.e. a
change from 1.99982 to 1.99992, equivalent to a salinity change of 0.002
(PSS78) over the run. After discovering some growth on the cell, it was
thoroughly cleaned with 4% bleach from the ship's galley, flushing 4 times till
clean. The following day a run was done, and the standard at the end of the run
showed no change from the initial standardisation. The salinometer remained
stable for the rest of the cruise.
Near the end of the cruise P141 was introduced, as P140 was low in stock. The
standards were compared on two occasions by standardising the instrument with
one standard, and measuring the other standard. Results for both P140 and P141
agreed with their nominal values.
A PID temperature controller was used to control the temperature of the lab. On
a number of occasions the temperature in the lab rose above 20 degrees. When
this occurred analysis was stopped, and the chief Engineer was notified
immediately. The temperature of the air entering the lab from the ship's vents
was then decreased. A close eye was kept on the lab temperature at all times.
Files updated:
A0304_equipment.xls, Extra_samples_a0304.xls
sal62548.xls sal_std_check.xls sal62549.xls
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed by Bronwyn Wake (and Neale Johnston on
a number of occasions) in the photo lab. There were no major problems with the
DO system, apart from some temperature problems in the lab. The temperature
varied between 13 and 18 degrees over the course of the cruise. Standardisation
and blank values were collated and plotted from this and previous cruises, to
help identify outlying or suspicious values.
The average standardisation value and average standard deviation was 4.484
±0.001 ml of thiosulfate, equivalent to 237.8 µmol/l of oxygen. The average
blank value and average standard deviation was 0.007 ±0.001 ml of thiosulfate.
Files updated:
A0304_DO chemical cal.xls,
DO_reag_use_stocktake.xls,
do_std&blank.xls,
do.xls
NUTRIENTS
Nutrients were analysed by Neale Johnston, and Clodagh Curran where necessary,
to keep the instrument running over a 24 hour period. Phosphate, silicate and
nitrate plus nitrite were analysed as per CSIRO methods. CSIRO's solenoid
switching valve system was used to alternate the carrier between artificial
seawater, low nutrient seawater and MQ (i.e. Milli-Q) water as well as from
colour reagents to MQ for each chemistry for baseline correction. Standards
were made up every couple of days in low nutrient seawater (collected from
Maria Island, filtered and autoclaved before going on the cruise). If standards
were stored for longer than about 3 days, the silicate polymerisation was a
problem. The carrier for the standard runs was artificial seawater (39g sodium
chloride per litre in MQ). The software used for data collection was Winflow,
and the software used for processing was written by Rebecca Cowley (CSIRO). A
standard run included baseline correction using the switching valves (which
took approximately 45 mins), a carryover correction, a set of standards, low
and high SRM's (Standard Reference Material from Ocean Scientific prepared in
autoclaved seawater) and QC's (LNSW spiked with nutrients) followed by samples,
and then the standards, SRM's and QC's were repeated. A run normally took about
3 hours to complete.
The A/D converter caused a problem when a LTC1047 chip on the phosphate channel
malfunctioned. This A/D converter was originally a detector for the digital
detectors, and included both a cell and a reference channel. The reference
channel is redundant when the system is used as an A/D converter, thus a spare
chip was available (from this reference channel).
On occasion the phosphate channel did not register a signal when a run was
first started. When this occured the power to the A/D box was turned off for
about 10 seconds and then the run restarted. This solved the problem each time.
It is not known whether this was related to the problem with the LTC1047 chip.
On several occasions the software failed to activate the sampler, but on each
occasion stopping and restarting the run fixed the problem.
The nitrate/nitrite channel seemed to truncate the baseline. It was possible to
overcome this by starting the run on an artificially low baseline, however this
is not a satisfactory solution. Investigation is required as to whether the
problem is caused by the detector, or by the nitrate/nitrite channel on the A/D
converter.
The phosphate analysis had problems due to inconsistent flow in the ascorbic
acid line. This may have been caused by some of the platen holders being acid
damaged in the past. It was overcome by changing the pump tube from orange
yellow to an orange white to ensure the ascorbic acid was in excess. It is
recommended that new platen holders be put in, and also that the side rails be
checked in case they are slightly bent. It has been noted by some users that
there is a problem with the rails on the larger pumps, and Ismatec now produce
some pumps with heavier gauge rails.
Towards the end of the cruise it was noted that one of the cadmium coils could
not be conditioned to work to a satisfactory level, possibly due to it being
exposed to the atmosphere over time after each new coil was removed, even
though originally all coils were stored under nitrogen. It is recommended that
the cadmium lengths are stored under nitrogen in individual whirlpak bags.
There were problems running some of Stephane's samples that were in fresh
water. This was due to the source of the fresh water - from the ship's urn (not
MQ water).
GENERAL DATA HANDLING
Plots were made of analyte versus station to check for suspicious data or
wrongly entered data. They were based on the data in the csv file, and could be
opened via the macro CSV in A0304.XLM. Data were backed up to 250MB Iomega zip
disk.
LABORATORIES
The salinometer and nutrient systems were both in lab 3. The salinometer was on
the forward bench near the door, with enough space for two salinity crates next
to the bulkhead. The data computer was on the other side of the salinometer.
The nutrient system was next to the computer along the forward bench towards
the starboard side. There was bench space free in front of the porthole for
sample preparation, and the fume cupboard was used to make reagents etc. The
wet lab was used to make standards, as the fridge containing them was
conveniently located in there together with the small freezer. The DO system
was on the starboard bench in the photo lab, and the MQ system was as usual on
the forward bulkhead of the photo lab.
TEMPERATURE MONITORING AND CONTROL
Temperature in lab 3 was controlled by a CAL Controls Ltd 'CAL 9900'
proportional derivative plus integral (PID) temperature controller. The
temperature from the air vents fluctuated between 11 and 18 degrees, however
due to the small size of lab 3 and the heat from the instruments, the
temperature on some occasions reach above the set temperature of 20 degrees.
During most of the cruise the lab door was open, which helped maintain the
temperature at or below 20 degrees. On a few occasions the lab temperature
exceeded this and analysis was halted till the chief engineer reduced the
ship's air temperature entering the lab via the air vents.
The photo lab had no temperature controller. The photo lab was heated by the
ships air conditioning, however regular access to the trawl deck by other
groups allowed a lot of cold air to accumulate in and around the photo lab.
Thus the temperature fluctuated between 13 and 18 degrees over the cruise. As
long as both the standardisation and sample analyses were performed at the same
temperature, the low temperature did not effect the results. On a number of
occasions the photo lab light was turned off and the sample box lid was removed
to help speed up stabilization of the samples to room temperature. For future
cruises a temperature controller similar to the one used for lab 3 is
recommended.
Temperature in the laboratories was also recorded by two Tinytalk units. One
was positioned beside the salinometer, while the other was positioned beside
the DO system. A digital thermometer was used to estimate the temperature of
the dissolved oxygen samples during stabilization to room temperature.
'Indoor/outdoor' electronic thermometers were used to measure the fridge and
freezer. The air temperature about the salinometer was generally 20.0 ±1°C.
PURIFIED WATER
The MQ system was set up in the photo lab, as usual. The system appeared to
function ok, however air locks were experienced from time to time, slowing the
process of reaching optimum quality. A number of groups used the MQ system, and
about 400 l of water were produced for this cruise. The filters did not require
changing.
ADDITIONAL SAMPLES ANALYSED.
The following additional samples were analysed for other scientists on board
au0304:
salinity: 5 samples (Stephane Pesant)
nutrients: ~50 samples (Stephane Pesant)
30 samples (Christel Heeman)
A1.1.2. AU0403 HYDROCHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT
(Clodagh Moy, Kate Berry and Andrew Moy)
Seawater samples from the CTD were analysed for salinity, dissolved oxygen and
nutrients (nitrate plus nitrite, silicate and orthophosphate). Samples were
collected from 115 stations in total. Additional nutrient samples were also
analysed for scientists from IASOS and the Australian Antarctic Division.
Analysis procedures, except for procedures developed for the new Lachat
nutrient system, are described in Eriksen (1997), Cowley and Johnston (1999)
and Cowley (2001), with general updates described in Moy (in prep.).
Personnel
Clodagh Moy (nee Curran), Hydro Chemist, ACE CRC
Kate Berry, Hydro Chemist, CSIRO
Andrew Moy, Volunteer, PhD student IASOS.
NUMBER OF SAMPLES ANALYSED
Salinities : 2448
Dissolved Oxygen : 2436
Nutrients : 2704
SALINITY
Clodagh Moy analysed salinities with a Guildine Autosal Salinometer, SN62549,
setup in the wet lab on the aft bench near the starboard side porthole. This
salinometer was used throughout the whole voyage.
The spare salinometer, SN62548 was setup on the aft bench on the port side in
case it was needed. A new multi-wrist shaker for shaking the salinity samples
was purchased before the cruise to reduce repetitive strain injuries. It was
setup between the two salinometers on the aft bench. Four salinity crates were
stacked two high, each side of SN62549, to help equilibrate to room
temperature.
Ocean Scientific IAPSO standard seawater was used to standardise the
salinometer. A batch of 10 standards, together with the protective packaging
they came in, were setup behind one side of the salinity crates to equilibrate
to room temperature. A total of 90 bottles of IAPSO standard seawater over 32
standardisations were used on the voyage. Samples were analysed from shallowest
to deepest in a CTD cast i.e. from bottle 24 to bottle 1.
The trim value, or standardisation value, is set on the salinometer during
standardisation with IAPSO standard seawater. If the instrument and
temperature control is stable there should be minimal change to the trim value
day to day. During AU0403 the trim value remained a constant 2.43 _ 0.02 (std
dev) over 32 standardisations. The trim value however has decreased
significantly since the last voyage. This needs to be investigated by an
electrician in Hobart.
Standard Seawater batch number P141 (12th Jun 2002), which was near the end of
its shelf life, was used to standardise the instrument from station 1 to 10.
P143 (26th Feb 2003) was used from station 10-16, and for the rest of the
voyage P144 (23rd Sep 2003) was used. The salinometer remained very stable
during the voyage due to good lab temperature control. However on two
occasions, analysing stations 16 and 41, it was difficult to control the
temperature and analysis was stopped overnight while the lab temperature
stabilised.
During analysis of station 27, there were flow problems in the cell. There
seemed to be a blockage in the tubing from the pump into the cell causing low
flow through the cell. After checking the pump tubing and tubing into the
salinometer for blockage, a blockage was found on the inlet to the salinometer.
The tubing from the inlet to the pump to the inlet to the salinometer was
changed and analysis continued.
Low flow through the cell occurred again during station 57, with the pump motor
fluctuating, in turn causing a fluctuation in the flow. The spare pump was
installed, but again the motor fluctuated. The power plug was changed, but
still no change. Tim Shaw (the AAD electronics person on board) had a look at
the two pumps and power plugs, and the only noticeable problem with the pumps
was slight corrosion on the power inlet. Tim installed a power controller box
to maintain a constant power supply and monitor any drawing of current by the
pumps if they were failing. The power controller was used for the rest of the
voyage with no further pump problems.
There were a number of samples with leaking lids. This was caused either by a
loose sample bottle lid (not tightened by the sampler), or by a chip in the
thread of the sample bottle. Where there was a damaged bottle, it was replaced
with a new one together with a new lid. On a few occasions there were also
samples with either too little or too much sample in them due to samplers
either over or under filling the bottles.
The multi-wrist shaker went well during the voyage. It was set on continuous
shaking at speed 4. Sixteen samples from the first crate to be analysed at the
beginning of the shift were screwed in place before standardization. Then as
the samples were analysed the next sample in the crate was screwed in place and
so on till the day's crates were analysed. This meant that each sample was
shaken for about 45 minutes. Samples were well homogenised, and stability of
the readings was improved, without slowing down the overall analysis.
Files updated:
A0403_equipment.xls,
Salinometer_stability.xls.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed by Andrew Moy using the automated
oxygen titration DODO. The DODO system was setup on the starboard sink nearest
the portholes in the wet lab. A new peristaltic pump was used to flush waste to
drain from the burettes in the hydraulic ram. It worked well.
Standardisations were conducted every second day of analysis, or when a new
batch of Sodium Thiosulphate was used. A record of Standardisations and Blanks
was maintained during the voyage together with a comparison of duplicate
titrations. They can be found in the files DO_std&blank_timeseries.xls and
DO_duplicate_samples.xls.
The mean Blank from Station 1-114 was 0.005±0.001ml of Sodium Thiosulphate.
Standardisations changed minimally from station 1 to 30, the average being
4.454_0.027ml of Sodium Thiosulphate. However there was a significant shift in
the standardisations from station 31 to 55, the average being 4.401±0.007ml of
Sodium Thiosulphate. This corresponded to a 1.3% shift in results. Mark and
Steve brought the dissolved oxygen offset to our attention, when they compared
the voyage data to a previous WOCE I9S Voyage on the Knorr, 10 years previous.
Due to the tight dissolved oxygen profiles produced on the voyage thus far,
this small offset was very noticeable.
Every aspect of the Dissolved oxygen analysis was examined for any obvious
reason to explain the offset. It was quickly realized that the Biiodate
Standard was changed after Station 30. Immediately, the suspect Biiodate
Standard was changed to a new batch and a Standardisation completed. The
Standardisation shifted back to where it was before Station 31.
During the CLIVAR I9S transect, Kate was also running duplicate DO samples on
the Lachat nutrient autoanalyser to compare the two methods for Rebecca Cowley
at CSIRO. There were two crates of DO sample bottles set aside for this as
their volumes were calibrated accurately by Rebecca before departure. During
stations 23-27, 2 other crates were used to collect the duplicate samples by
mistake, 8 samples per station. The samples were of no use to Kate as there
were no sample bottle volumes for them.
Andrew happened to analyse these duplicates during the low Biiodate
Standardisation. After examination of the results for both the original samples
taken before the low standardization and comparing them with the duplicates
which happened to be analysed during the low standardization, there was a
difference of 1.3% similar to the offset in standardizations. The results can
be seen in DO_duplicate crates.xls. It was decided then to correct Stations 31-
55 with this offset of 1.3%, since the profiles were so tight. After correction
of the data, the profiles compared very well to the Knorr data.
During analysis of the samples, duplicate aliquots were analysed for 1-2
samples in a cast. For 193 duplicates analysed, the mean % difference was
0.07±0.13%.
A new Metrohm Dosimat was purchased before the voyage, but due to problems with
the old DODO system prior to the voyage a comparison of the two systems was
unable to be completed in time. The old DODO system was fixed prior to shipping
to Fremantle to meet the Aurora Australis. The comparison could not be
performed on the voyage due to time constraints and lack of reagents.
Files updated:
A0403_NUTS&DO_reagcal.xls,
DO_std&blank_timeseries.xls,
DO_duplicate samples.xls,
DO_duplicate crates.xls
NUTRIENTS
The Lachat nutrient analyser from CSIRO in Hobart was used to analyse 2452
samples for silicate, phosphate and nitrate + nitrite (NOx) in the ranges
Si 0-140µM
P 0-3µM
NOx 0-35µM
Lachat operation
The silicate and NOx channels ran well at first, but the phosphate results
showed poor precision, with peak areas for replicates see-sawing up and down by
up to 5%. - this problem could not be fixed for some time. The phosphate
problem seemed to be flow related, but changing pump tubes, checking flows and
trimming the ends from tubing produced only limited improvement. The phosphate
also spiked badly at first, and this problem was fixed by adding an extra 2m of
backpressure coil after the detector. After CTD 69, the pump tubes were moved
to different positions on the pump and the phosphate improved markedly, and was
reliable for the rest of the voyage. The nitrate had begun to show the same
problem at about CTD 50 and remained unreliable, with some runs showing
problems with variability.
The position of the pump tubes on the pump appears to be crucial, and some
scoring on the rollers of the first pump was noticed where the green pump tube
had been positioned. The pump was changed to the spare at CTD 80, and later,
after making more space, both pumps were used, with the tubes well spaced out
along the rollers. However the nitrate remained variable. Changing pump tubes
sometimes made the variability worse. No difference was found between using the
green pump tube to push or pull the sample through the solenoid valves. It was
used to pull, so that the sample was in contact with only teflon tubing before
analysis.
Once the phosphate was working well, all the affected runs were repeated except
where the spare sample had already been used. The worst of the nitrate runs
were repeated too. Variability in the remaining wobbly nitrate runs (CTDs 55-
57, 76-78, 82, 84,105-110) is of the order of 1%. One wobbly phosphate run
remained, CTD 9.
Tip: If the phosphate baseline is noisy or wavering, it may be due to a small
blockage in the mixer for the two reagents - pull out the ends of teflon tubing
one by one and let them flow or trim the ends. On some days, twice as much
colour reagent as ascorbic acid was consumed, and on others the amounts were
even. This made no difference to response, but a different design for mixing
the reagents might be more reliable.
DILUTER
The diluter was used at first but the valve leaked, introducing bubbles into
the samples, especially for phosphate. As there was no spare valve, standards
were prepared manually from CTD43. The main advantage of the diluter was the
ability to quantify on two standard ranges in the same run, which was useful
early on when profiles included very low and high silicate samples. As the
cruise proceeded to the south, there were no very low samples, so only the 0-
140µM standard range was used for silicate.
HYDRO
An old version of Hydro was used to be sure of getting the right results for
the DODO dissolved oxygen method. A separate hydro version was used at first to
enter the results from the Lachat, but once repeat runs were started this could
no longer be done as the format of the .csv files used in hydro does not
support this. A format such as Omnion 2 may be more useful, where the data is
in columns in the .csv file and can be easily replaced with repeat data if
necessary.
ACCURACY
Hiski Kippo's nutstats program worked well, though it was hard to print out,
but no doubt this will be improved in future. None of the SRMs (Standard
Reference Materials) reflected their true value, as can be seen in the table
below. Perhaps this is due to mixing effects, as Bec has proposed. The
standards used on this trip were prepared and tested on October 26, and they
were acceptably similar to the last batch of standards. The LNSW that was
provided for this trip contained 4.1µM Si, 0.1µM P and 0µM NOx, and this was
used to prepare all standards and SRMs as well as the Bulk QC sample.
As Bec has pointed out, the % error in Hiski's program has the sign reversed. I
have corrected this in the following table.
Accuracy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Si high SRM 30µM P high SRM 3µM NOx high SRM 30µM
--------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
Batch mean % error Batch mean % error Batch mean % error
1-69 30.1 0.34 1-69 2.929 -2.41 1-69 29.91 -0.29
70-114 31.04 3.37 70-114 2.88 -4.16 70-114 29.78 -0.74
repeats 2.881 -4.12 repeats 29.84 -0.53
Si low SRM 10µM P low SRM 1µM NOx low SRM 10µM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Batch mean % error Batch mean % error Batch mean % error
--------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
1-69 10.3 3.03 1-69 0.963 -3.88 1-69 9.92 -0.76
70-114 10.56 5.26 70-114 0.957 -4.55 70-114 9.90 -1.02
repeats 0.967 -3.42 repeats 9.97 -0.33
In future, the SRM result should be used in the stats (value plus LNSW value)
without subtracting a blank - subtracting a blank introduces twice the error
into the results.
Precision
10L of LNSW were spiked with standards to make a Bulk QC sample for precision
measurements. Hiski's statistics for the Bulk QC are below:
Precision
---------------------------------------------------
Batch | Mean | CV%
-------|-----------------------|-------------------
| Si | P | NOx | Si | P | NOx
1_69 | 30.09 | 2.619 | 28.82 | 0.62 | 3.27 | 0.92
70_114 | 30.98 | 2.581 | 28.84 | 0.35 | 1.45 | 0.48
Repeats| | 2.590 | 28.78 | | 1.56 | 0.54
The problems with phosphate precision are reflected in the higher CV% for runs 1-69.
Detection limits
Detection limits were calculated from 14 replicates of a Cal 0 standard.
Silicate: 0.060µM
Phosphate: 0.032µM
NOx: 0.036µM
DO EXPERIMENTS
DOs on the Lachat were easy to do, although changing back to nutrients always
produced a problem of some sort. 230 samples were analysed for DO both on the
Lachat and by DODO (Andrew Moy). Andrew also analysed a batch of samples and
standards immediately after they had been run on the Lachat. The results have
been given to Bec for analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
While the Lachat analyser used on AU0403 was generally easy to use, the
precision of the data needs to be examined carefully. Variability was
exaggerated by the high concentrations of the samples on AU0403, so that a 3%
difference was very noticeable. A comparison between the Lachat and the Alpkem
will require accuracy and precision data from Alpkem runs. This should be
available for AU0304 and AU0103, but it may not have been processed. These data
should be processed using Hiski's nutstats program, to provide a meaningful
comparison of the two instruments. Future work will also include comparing
precision data from AU0403 with that for other Lachat runs, for example from the
Southern Surveyor.
The phosphate problem was first noticed when Steve Rintoul plotted I9 data
against data from the Knorr for the same transect 10 years ago. The silicate and
nitrate data for the early stations matched well, but the phosphate varied
widely around the Knorr values. Once the phosphate problem was solved, phosphate
analyses were repeated for all of I9 and some of PET, and nitrate analyses were
repeated for many stations to include the best data possible.
Temperature monitoring and control
The salinometer remained very stable during the voyage. This was mainly due to
good temperature control of the laboratory with an AAD PID temperature
controller, an AAD Atlas Air - Mini air-conditioner permanently installed in the
wet lab, and the ship's steam heater. The steam heater fan was used to circulate
air around the lab, without opening the steam valve. A wall fan was also
installed near the floor on the portside island bench near the salinometer to
help air flow circulation.
On two occasions there was however difficultly in maintaining good temperature
control. This was due to changes in the ship's heating/cooling system, which
affected the laboratory temperature. Before analysis of station 16, the air
temperature in the laboratory was above 21°C. This affected the salinometer bath
temperature causing fluctuations in the 2R readings. Analysis was stopped
overnight while the air conditioner temperature was lowered. The air vents in
the ceiling were taped off to prevent further fluctuations by the ship's air
temperature controller.
During analysis of station 41, the reading again began to fluctuate and the
water bath temperature rose. The air conditioner's lowest set temperature was
17°C, thus as the air temperature outside dropped significantly the air
conditioner became a source of heat rather than cold. As it was no longer needed
to cool the laboratory, it was switched off. Analysis was stopped overnight till
the temperature stabilized.
Two new Easylog USB temperature loggers recorded the laboratory temperature. One
was positioned beside the pump on the salinometer, while the other was
positioned on the hydraulic ram of the DO system. The Easylog temperature
loggers were easy to use as they were USB compatible and were easy to setup and
download. A temperature profile was printed out every 11 days and showed the
laboratory temperature to be stable at 20.0 +/- 1°C. 'Indoor/outdoor' electronic
thermometers were used to measure the fridge and freezer temperature.
PURIFIED WATER
The MQ system was set up on Voyage 1 in the photo lab without filter cartridges
in it. Before departing Fremantle the filter cartridges were installed and the
system was primed, however there was a problem with the RO system, with a lack
of reject flow. The problem was eventually traced to a blockage in the needle
valve.
Overall the pre-treatment and carbon filters were changed twice during the
voyage when the RO product water quality red light was on for over 5mins. The
total about of water used was 1400L.
ADDITIONAL SAMPLES ANALYSED.
Apart from the oceanographic program, a number of nutrient samples were also
analysed on board the ship, as follows:
Donna Roberts (IASOS): 20 Heard Island samples.
Krystina (IASOS student): 118 Lagoon samples.
Imojen Pearce (AAD student): 157 Samples from Davis Station.
APPENDIX 1.2
CTD AND HYDROCHEMISTRY DATA PROCESSING AND CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES
A1.2.1 INTRODUCTION
This Appendix details the data processing and calibration techniques used in the
production of the final CTD data set i.e. the CTD 2 dbar-averaged data, and the
bottle data file. Logging of the data at sea is discussed in the main text of
this report. The different sections in this Appendix, and the description within
each section, are ordered to match the steps in the data processing flow. The
data processing software is in Fortran and Matlab, plus preliminary stages using
Sea-Bird post processing routines.
The data processing methodology described here is a major update to the
processing for previous cruises (Rosenberg et al., 1995), due to replacement of
the old Neil Brown type CTD's with a Sea-Bird CTD system. Despite this change in
instrumentation, many of the central processing methods remain unchanged.
A1.2.2 DATA FILE TYPES
The various data files used throughout the data processing/calibration (and
produced by it) are outlined below. A complete description of final data file
formats is given in Appendix 1.3.
A1.2.2.1 CTD data files
Several types of CTD data file are referred to in this Appendix:
(i) cnv CTD files, which contain 25 Hz CTD data extracted from the complete
raw binary 25 Hz data logged by the data acquisition software, converted
to engineering units, and then with initial data processing steps applied
using the Sea-Bird post processing software;
(ii) cnn CTD files, as above for the cnv files, and then with the conductivity
calibration applied;
(iii) 2 dbar-averaged CTD files, with the CTD data averaged over 2 dbar bins,
starting at 2 dbar and centered on each even 2 dbar value.
CTD filenames are of the form vyyccusss.xxx (e.g. a04034090.all), where:
v = vessel (e.g. "a" for Aurora Australis)
yy = year (e.g. "04" for 2004)
cc = cruise number (e.g. 03)
u = CTD instrument number ("3" for serial 703, "4" for serial 704)
sss = station number (e.g. 090)
xxx = file type, as follows:
cnv = 24 Hz CTD data
cnn = 24 Hz CTD data after initial conductivity calibration
all = CTD 2 dbar-averaged data
A1.2.2.2 Bottle data file
The final bottle data file contains the Niskin bottle data (salinity, nutrients
and dissolved oxygen) output from the hydrochemistry data processing programs
(see Appendix 1.1), merged with the averages calculated from upcast CTD burst
data from each Niskin bottle stop. The file is named vyycc.bot (e.g. a0403.bot),
where v, yy and cc are as above. During the CTD data calibration procedure,
intermediate bottle data files are produced, named calibx.dat:nn, where x = 1 or
2 (primary or secondary sensors respectively), and nn (e.g. 01) is the file
version number. In general, later version numbers are for more advanced stages
in the bottle data file quality control.
A1.2.2.3 Station information file
This file contains station information, including position, time, depth, maximum
pressure etc. The file is named vyycc.sta (e.g. a0403.sta), where v, yy and cc
are as above.
A1.2.3 CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS
Raw temperature, conductivity and pressure counts output by the CTD are
converted to engineering units in the initial processing stage (see section
A1.2.5.1 below), with the calibration coefficients in Table 1.10 of the main
text applied in the conversion formulae (see Sea-Bird manual). All temperature
values are in terms of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Raw
oxygen sensor signal values are voltages.
Salinity is calculated from the conductivity, temperature and pressure using the
practical salinity scale of 1978 (PSS78), via the algorithm SAL78 (Fofonoff and
Millard, 1983). The Fofonoff and Millard routines are also used for back-
calculation of conductivity from salinity, temperature and pressure (for
calculation of Niskin bottle sample conductivities). Note that temperatures
expressed on the ITS-90 scale must first be converted to IPTS-68 (International
Practical Temperature Scale of 1968) for input into these routines. The
conversion factor used is (Saunders, 1990):
T(68) = 1.00024 T(90) (eqn A1.2.1)
CTD oxygen calculations are described in section A1.2.10 below. For additional
sensors (e.g. altimeter, fluorometer, P.A.R., transmissometer), manufacturer
supplied sensor calibrations are applied. No further calibration is applied to
these additional sensor values.
A1.2.4 STATION HEADER INFORMATION
The following station information is contained in both the station information
file, and in the header of each 2 dbar-averaged CTD file:
Position: All station position information is derived from the JRC
GPS receiver data in the quality controlled underway
measurement data set (see reports referenced in section
1.3.3 of the main text).
Bottom depth: Depth data come from the quality controlled Simrad EA200 12
kHz sounder data.
Times: All times are ultimately derived from a central time server
on the ship. For each CTD: start time = time at commencement
of downcast proper (see section 1.3.1 in the main text)
bottom time = time at the maximum pressure of the cast end
time = time when CTD leaves the water
Maximum pressure: This the maximum pressure value reached during the cast.
Altimeter: This is the minimum reliable altimeter value measured near
the bottom of the cast. Note that the due to variations in
bottom topography, time of minimum altimeter reading does
not necessarily correspond exactly with the time of maximum
pressure reading.
A1.2.5 INITIAL PROCESSING STEPS USING SEA-BIRD POST PROCESSING PROGRAMS
The complete binary CTD files logged at 24 Hz during data acquisition are
initially run through a series of data processing steps on a PC, using the Sea-
Bird post processing software. Raw data counts are converted to engineering
units, surface pressure offsets applied, various sensor lags, corrections and
filters are applied, and pressure reversals are flagged. Programs and processing
steps applied are as follows.
A1.2.5.1 Program 1: "Data Conversion"
This program is used to extract the desired parameters from the raw logged data
files, and to convert data counts to engineering units. Parameters extracted are
scan number, pressure, primary and secondary temperature and conductivity,
oxygen signal voltage, and any additional sensors (e.g. altimeter 1 and 2,
fluorometer, P.A.R., transmissometer). For cruises AU0304 and AU0403 in this
report, the additional sensors were an altimeter and a fluorometer.
Initially, the program is run on the first ~30,000 scans of data (or a
sufficient number to include data up to commencement of the downcast). Surface
pressure offset at the start of the cast (i.e. just prior to entering the water)
is determined from the output file, and the scan number for the commencement of
the downcast proper (as noted on the CTD sheet at the time of logging) is
checked and ammended if necessary. For each station, the pressure offset
coefficient in the configuration file is ammended to include the surface
pressure offset, and the program is run again to convert the desired data to
engineering units. Data scans prior to commencement of the downcast proper are
omitted. A cnv CTD data file for each station is output. For application of the
remaining Sea-Bird post processing programs, this cnv file is updated with each
processing step.
A1.2.5.2 Program 2: "Align CTD"
This program is used to apply a sensor lag adjustment to the oxygen sensor data
of +5 seconds, relative to the pressure data. Note that no conductivity sensor
lags are applied here: both primary and secondary conductivity data are advanced
+0.073 seconds relative to temperature by the deck unit at the time of logging.
A1.2.5.3 Program 3: "Cell Thermal Mass"
This program removes conductivity cell thermal mass effects from the measured
conductivity values.
See the SBE Data Processing help information for details of the recursive filter
used. Input constant values used were alpha (thermal anomaly amplitude) = 0.03,
and 1/beta (thermal anomaly time constant) = 7.0.
A1.2.5.4 Program 4: "Filter"
This program applies a low pass filter with a time constant of 0.15 seconds to
the pressure data. For a full description of the filter, see the SBE Data
Processing software help information.
A1.2.5.5 Program 5: "Loop Edit"
This program is used to flag (not remove) pressure reversals. A minimum CTD
velocity of 0 is used to find pressure reversals. Note also that for the
downcast and upcast, pressure values equal to the previous value are also
flagged. At a later stage of the processing, when 2 dbar averages are formed,
these flagged values are omitted to form a pressure monotonic file.
A1.2.5.6 Program 6: "Derive"
This program is used for an initial calculation of uncalibrated salinity and
oxygen. These values are all recalculated at a later stage of the processing,
after calibration against Niskin bottle data.
A1.2.5.7 Program 7: "Sea Plot"
This program is used for a quick look at cnv file data, to identify any obvious
data spikes/sensor malfunctions. The most obvious spikes are flagged.
All remaining data processing is performed in a unix envirnoment, using fortran
and matlab programs.
A1.2.6 FORMATION OF CTD UPCAST BURST DATA
Upcast CTD burst data files for each station are formed from the upcast part of
the cnv CTD file. For each bottle firing, 10 seconds of data centered around the
bottle firing time are extracted and written to a file vyyccusss.ros (for
vyyccusss defined as above). For 24 Hz data, there are 240 data scans in each
upcast burst. Note that bottle firing times are derived from scan numbers
recorded by the data acquisition software at each firing. Scan numbers at firing
times are also recorded on the CTD log sheet at each station, as a backup in
case of data acquisition problems.
The mean of each upcast burst of CTD data is calculated and written to the file
vyyccusss.btl for each station. These mean values from the burst data are used for
comparison with the salinity and dissolved oxygen bottle samples, for the
subsequent calibration of the CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors.
A1.2.7 FORMATION OF INTERMEDIATE BOTTLE DATA FILE
The averaged upcast CTD burst data from all stations are collected in the
template bottle data files calib1.dat and calib2.dat, for respectively primary
and secondary temperature/conductivity (and calculated salinity) sensor data.
Note that CTD salinity data at this stage are from the initial salinity
calculations in the Sea-Bird software. These salinity values are not used for
calibration purposes.
Intermediate bottle data files calib1.dat:01 and calib2.dat:01 (i.e. version 1
intermediate file, for respectively primary and secondary sensor data) are
formed by merging the hydrochemistry data (salinity, dissolved oxygen and
nutrients) with the upcast CTD burst data in calib1.dat and calib2.dat. Prior to
calibration of the CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen data, the Niskin bottle
data undergo preliminary quality control. Salinity data which are obviously bad
are given the quality flag -1 (i.e. bottle not used in the calibration of CTD
conductivity) in the intermediate bottle data files. Reasons for rejecting
salinity bottle data at this stage include bad samples due to leaking of
incorrectly tripped Niskin bottles, mixed up samples due to a misfiring rosette
pylon, samples drawn out of sequence from Niskin bottles, significant
salinometer problems, etc.
Dissolved oxygen bottle data pass through an initial quality control similar to
salinity bottle data, except that bad dissolved oxygen bottle values are removed
from the bottle data files. Questionable values (not removed) are noted (e.g.
Table 1.17 in the main text). Nutrient data are quality controlled at a later
stage, following calibration of all the CTD data. For cruises using the Lachat
nutrient analyser (i.e. AU0403 onwards), nutrient data are merged into the
bottle data file at a later stage, after calibration of the conductivity.
A1.2.8 CALIBRATION OF CTD CONDUCTIVITY
For the CTD conductivity data, calibrations are carried out by comparing the
upcast CTD burst data with the Niskin bottle data, then applying the resulting
calibrations to the downcast CTD data. The conductivity calibration follows the
method of Millard and Yang (1993). For groups of consecutive stations, a
conductivity slope and bias term are found to fit the CTD conductivity from the
upcast burst data to the Niskin bottle data; a linear station-dependent slope
correction (Millard and Yang, 1993) is applied within each station group to
account for calibration drift. The SeaBird 911 manual claims a slope term only
is required, however data from these and other cruises indicate improved
calibration results when a bias term is also used. The relative stability of the
Sea-Bird conductivity cells between stations, compared with sensors on the older
type CTD's used on previous cruises, means that observed calibration drift or
variability can often be attributed to salinometer analyses.
Data from the entire water column are used in the conductivity calibration. Also
note that no correction is made for the vertical separation of the Niskin
bottles and the CTD sensors (of the order 1 m); and the International Standard
Seawater (ISS) is assumed to be correct i.e. no corrections are made for any
variations in ISS batch numbers.
A1.2.8.1 Determination of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients
The following definitions apply for the conductivity calibration:
c(ctd) = uncalibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
c(cal) = calibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
c(btl) = 'in situ' Niskin bottle conductivity, found by using CTD pressure
and temperature from the burst data in the conversion of Niskin
bottle salinity to conductivity
F(1) = conductivity bias term
F(2) = conductivity slope term
F(3) = station-dependent conductivity slope correction
N = station number
CTD conductivities are calibrated by the equation
c(cal) = (1000 c(ctd)) . (F(2) + F(3) . N) + F(1) (eqn A1.2.2)
Niskin bottle salinity data are first converted to 'in situ' conductivities
c(btl). The ratio c(btl)/c(cal) for all bottle samples is then plotted against
station number, along with the mean and standard deviation of the ratio for each
station (Figure 1.7 in the main text is the version of this plot for the final
calibrated data). Groups of consecutive stations are selected to follow
approximately linear trends in the drift of the station-mean c(btl)/c(cal)
(Table 1.12 in the main text). For each of these groups, the three calibration
coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3) are found by a least squares fit: F(1), F(2)
and F(3) in eqn A1.2.2 are all varied to minimize the variance σ^2 of the
conductivity residual (c(btl)-c(cal)), where σ^2 is defined by
σ^2 = Σ (c(btl) - c(cal))^2 / (n - 1) (eqn A1.2.3)
for n equal to the total number of bottle samples in the station grouping.
Note that samples with a previously assigned quality code of -1 (sections
A1.2.7) are excluded from the above calculations. In addition, samples for which
| (c(btl) - c(cal)) | > 2.8σ (eqn A1.2.4)
are also flagged with the quality code -1, and excluded from the final
calculation of the conductivity calibration coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3).
Samples rejected at this stage often include those collected in steep vertical
temperature and salinity gradients, and not already rejected.
This process is often iterative, as more bad salinity bottle samples are found,
station groupings adjusted, and upcast CTD burst conductivity data are flagged.
During the iteration, different intermediate bottle data files are named
calib1.dat:nn and calib2.dat:nn (for primary and secondary sensors
respectively), where nn is the file version number. Additionally, during this
stage of the processing a decision is made which of the CTD
temperature/conductivity sensor pair data to use i.e. primary or secondary
sensor data. In general, primary and secondary sensor data are not mixed (i.e.
primary T is not mixed with secondary C, and primary C is not mixed with
secondary T), as notionally the primary and secondary sensors are not measuring
the same parcel of water pumped past the sensors.
A1.2.8.2 Application of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients
The set of coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3) found for each station (Tables 1.12
and 1.13 in the main text) are first used to calibrate the upcast CTD
conductivity burst data in the intermediate bottle data file. The conductivity
calibration is applied to the mean value for each burst only (as opposed to each
raw data scan in the burst). Upcast CTD salinity burst values are recalculated
from the calibrated CTD burst mean values of conductivity, temperature and
pressure.
Next, the conductivity calibration is applied to the 24 Hz conductivity data in
the cnv CTD files, to produce the cnn CTD files.
A1.2.8.3. Processing flow
The intermediate bottle file data, containing upcast CTD burst data means and
Niskin bottle data, are used to determine the conductivity calibration
coefficients F(1), F(2) and F(3). Station groupings are determined from the bias
drift of the conductivity cell/salinometer comparison with time (section
A1.2.8.1). For each station group, the following occurs:
1. 3 iterations are made of the least squares fitting procedure
(section A1.2.8.1) to calculate F(1), F(2) and F(3), each iteration
beginning with the latest value for the coefficients;
2. bottles are rejected according to the criterion of eqn A1.2.4;
3. steps 1 and 2 are repeated until no further bottle rejection occurs.
For each station group, there is a single value for each of the 3 coefficients
F(1), F(2) and F(3) (Table 1.12 in the main text); following the station-
dependent correction, an individual corrected slope term (F(2) + F(3).N) (as in
eqn A1.2.2) applies to each station (Table 1.13 in the main text). When final
values of the coefficients have been obtained, the conductivity calibration is
applied to both the upcast CTD burst data and the 24 Hz CTD data in the cnv
files (section A1.2.8.2). Finally, plots are made of both the ratio
c(btl)/c(cal) and the residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number (Figures
1.7 and 1.8 in the main text), where s(btl) is the Niskin bottle salinity and
s(cal) is the calibrated CTD salinity from the upcast burst data (section
A1.2.8.2).
Following calibration of the CTD conductivity, the mean of the salinity
residuals (s(btl) - s(cal)) for the entire data set is equal to 0 (for a good
data set). The standard deviation about 0 of the salinity residual (section
A1.2.13) provides an indicator for the quality of the data set. With good CTD
and salinometer performance, this standard deviation should be significantly
less than 0.002 (PSS78).
A1.2.9. CREATION OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED FILES
Downcast data from each 24 Hz cnn CTD file (i.e. with calibrated conductivity)
are written to a pressure monotonically increasing file, omitting scans
previously flagged as a pressure reversal (section A1.2.5.5), and omitting scans
previously flagged as bad (section A1.2.5.7). The pressure monotonic data are
then sorted into 2 dbar pressure bins, with each bin centered on the even
integral pressure value, starting at 2 dbar, as follows. A data scan is placed
into the ith 2 dbar pressure bin if
pmid(i) - 1 < p ≤ pmid(i) + 1 (eqn A1.2.5)
where pmid(i) is the ith 2 dbar pressure bin centre, and p is the pressure value
for the data scan. Data scans previously flagged as bad (section A1.2.5.7),
After sorting, the temperature, conductivity, oxygen voltage and additional
sensor values (i.e. fluorescence, P.A.R., transmittance) in each 2 dbar bin are
averaged and written to the 2 dbar-averaged file. There is no pressure centering
of these parameters i.e. for the ith 2 dbar pressure bin, the parameters are
assigned to the even integral pressure value at the centre of the bin. Note that
if the number of points in a bin is less than 8, no averages are calculated for
that bin. Also note that data from only one of the temperature/conductivity
sensor pairs are used, as per section A1.2.8.1 above.
The salinity s(a(v)) for each 2 dbar bin is calculated from T(a(v)), c(a(v)) and
pmid, where T(a(v)) and c(a(v)) are respectively the temperature and
conductivity averages for the bin. Note that T(a(v)) is first converted from the
ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale using eqn A1.2.1.
A1.2.10. CALIBRATION OF CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CTD dissolved oxygen data are calibrated using the downcast raw CTD oxygen
voltages. Downcast 2 dbar-averaged CTD data are matched with the Niskin bottle
dissolved oxygen samples on equivalent pressures. The calibration is based on
the method of Owens and Millard (1985).
In general, single whole profile fits for deeper stations leave a significant
residual between bottle and calibrated CTD values near the bottom. So separate
calibration fits are down for the shallow and deep parts of the CTD profiles,
using the following scheme (and where maxp = maximum pressure of the cast):
(i) for casts where maxp ≥ 4000 dbar
• profile split at 2000 dbar
• shallow fit done for top down to 1 bottle below 2000 dbar
• deep fit done for 1 bottle above 2000 dbar down to bottom
• in final calculation of 2 dbar CTD oxygen values, shallow and deep fits
linearly "blended" over the pressure window 1800 to 2200 dbar i.e. ±200
dbar around the split point
(ii) for casts where 1800 ≤ maxp < 4000 dbar
• profile split at 1500 dbar
• shallow fit done for top down to 1 bottle below 1500 dbar
• deep fit done for 1 bottle above 1500 dbar down to bottom
• in final calculation of 2 dbar CTD oxygen values, shallow and deep fits
linearly "blended" over the pressure interval 1350 to 1650 dbar
i.e. ±150 dbar around the split point
(iii) for casts where 1400 ≤ maxp < 1800 dbar
• profile split at 1000 dbar
• shallow fit done for top down to 1 bottle below 1000 dbar
• deep fit done for 1 bottle above 1000 dbar down to bottom
• in final calculation of 2 dbar CTD oxygen values, shallow and deep fits
linearly "blended" over the pressure interval 900 to 1100 dbar
i.e. ±100 dbar around the split point
(iv) for casts where maxp < 1400 dbar
• single whole profile fit
Note that a minimum of 4 bottles is required to run the fitting routine.
All calibration calculations are performed on dissolved oxygen (i.e. Niskin
bottle and CTD dissolved oxygen values, and oxygen saturation values) in units
of ml/l; all values are reported in units of µmol/l. The conversion factor used
is ( µmol/l ) = 44.6595 x (ml/l).
The following definitions apply for the dissolved oxygen calibration:
o(cal) = calibrated CTD dissolved oxygen
o(v) = raw CTD oxygen voltage
T = CTD temperature
s = CTD salinity
p = CTD pressure
slope = oxygen signal slope
bias = oxygen signal bias
tcor = temperature correction term
pcor = pressure correction term
o(btl) = Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen value
All the above CTD parameters are 2 dbar-averaged data. CTD dissolved oxygen is
calibrated using a simplification (i.e. time constant and weighting factor set
equal to 0) of the sensor model of Owens and Millard (1985), as follows:
o(cal) = [ slope . ( o(v) + bias ) ] . oxsat(T,s) .
exp( tcor . T + pcor . p ) (eqn A1.2.6)
where the oxygen saturation value oxsat is calculated at T and s using the
formula of Weiss (1970):
oxsat(T,s) = exp{A(1) + A(2).(100/T(K)) + A(3).ln(T(K)/100)
+ A(4).(T(K)/100) + s.[B(1) + B(2).(T(K)/100) (eqn A1.2.7)
+ B(3).(T(K)/100)^2] }
for T(K) equal to the CTD temperature in degrees Kelvin (= T + 273.16), and the
additional coefficients having the values (Weiss, 1970):
A(1)l = -173.4292 B(1) = -0.033096
A(2) = 249.6339 B(2) = 0.014259
A(3) = 143.3483 B(3) = -0.0017
A(4) = -21.8492
Note that the CTD temperature T in equations A1.2.6 and A1.2.7 is first
converted from the ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale using the approximation of
Saunders (1990) (i.e. eqn A1.2.1).
CTD dissolved oxygen is calibrated for individual stations. For each individual
station the 4 calibration coefficients (slope, bias, tcor and pcor) in eqn
A1.2.6 are found by varying all 4 coefficients in order to minimize the variance
σ^2 of the dissolved oxygen residual o(btl) - o(cal), where σ^2 is defined by
σ^2 = Σ (o(btl) - o(cal))^2 / (n-1) (eqn A1.2.8)
for n equal to the total number of bottle samples at the station (or in the
station grouping). A non-linear least squares fitting routine, utilising the
subroutines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, COVSRT and GAUSSJ in Press et al. (1986), is applied
to find the 4 coefficients. In application of the routine, convergence is judged
to have occurred when
Σ (o(btl) - o(cal))^2 / (0.6)^2 < 0.96 n (eqn A1.2.9)
or else after a maximum of 5 iterations. Note that when calculating σ^2 for each
Niskin bottle sample, the pressure from the upcast CTD burst data (i.e. the
pressure assigned to the bottle sample) is used in eqn A1.2.6, while all other
parameters are from the downcast data (at the nearest equivalent 2 dbar pressure
value). Downcast CTD pressure is used in eqn A1.2.6 when the resulting
calibration is being applied to finalise the entire 2 dbar dissolved oxygen
data. Also note that there is no automatic rejection of dissolved oxygen bottle
data analogous to eqn A1.2.4 in the conductivity calibration.
Prior to calibration, bad oxygen bottle data are excluded. When matching upcast
bottle data with equivalent downcast CTD data, mismatches can occur due to
temporal differences between the downcast and upcast profiles, particularly in
sharp local features and gradients in the upper water column. Calibrations for
individual stations are significantly improved by exclusion of these worst cases
from calibration fits. The fit for a station (or group of stations) is usually
not considered satisfactory until 2.8σ < 0.3 (for σ defined as in eqn A1.2.8).
The oxygen residuals (o(btl) - o(cal)) are plotted against station number
(Figure 1.10 in the main text). The mean of the residuals for an entire cruise
should be very close to 0. In general, a standard deviation of the residuals <
1% of full scale (see section 1.5.1.4 in the main text) is a good result.
CTD 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen values are calculated for a station using
the values for slope, bias, tcor and pcor found for the station, and applying
the scheme described above for melding calibrations from the shallow and deep
part of the profile. When calculating oxygen for each 2 dbar bin using eqns
A1.2.6 and A1.2.7, the 2 dbar bin values for temperature, salinity and pressure
are used.
A1.2.11 QUALITY CONTROL OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA
Plots of the 2 dbar-averaged CTD data are inspected to identify additional bad
or suspicious data. Suspect data are most commonly due to sensor hardware
malfunction, fouling of the conductivity cell, insufficient or no oxygen bottle
samples (for oxygen data), and transient effects near the surface (much less
prevalent than for the Neil Brown type CTD's used on previous cruises). Obvious
bad values are removed from the data, and questionable values are noted (Table
1.15 in the main text).
A1.2.12 QUALITY CONTROL OF NUTRIENT DATA
Nutrient data are checked using plots of individual station profiles, overlaying
profiles from groups of consecutive stations, looking at bulk plots
(nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate), and where possible comparing values with any
available historical data. Nutrient data which are obviously bad are removed
from the bottle data file. Questionable values are noted (Table 1.16 in the main
text). On occasion, autoanalyser errors may necessitate the flagging of an
entire station as questionable.
A1.2.13 RESIDUALS FOR CTD CALIBRATION COMPARISONS TO BOTTLE DATA
Final residuals for (s(btl) - s(cal)) and (o(btl) - o(cal)) (where s(btl) and
o(btl) are respectively Niskin bottle salinity and oxygen values, and s(cal) and
o(cal) are respectively final calibrated CTD salinity and oxygen values), are
plotted for a cruise, and standard deviations of the residuals calculated from
n
x(std)= {[Σ(x(i)-x(mean))^2] / (n-1)}^1/2 (eqn A1.2.10)
i=1
where x(std) is the standard deviation of x (for x equal to the salinity or
dissolved oxygen residual). For salinity, the summation in eqn A1.2.10 does not
include points rejected for the CTD conductivity calibration. Similarly for
dissolved oxygen, the summation does not include points rejected for the CTD
dissolved oxygen calibration. Thus n is equal to the total number of data points
x(i) not rejected for the relevant calibration, with mean value x(mean) of the
all the x(i) values (i.e. mean for all the stations in the plot).
These calculated standard deviation values are important indicators for the
quality of the CTD data set.
APPENDIX 1.3
DATA FILE TYPES AND FORMATS
A1.3.1 CTD DATA
• CTD serial 703 was used for all of cruise AU0304, and for stations 1 to
41 of cruise AU0403. CTD serial 704 was used for stations 42 to 115 of
cruise AU0403.
• CTD data are in text files named *.all, containing 2-dbar averaged data.
An example of file naming convention:
a03043020.all a = Aurora Australis
03 = year
04 = cruise number
3 = CTD instrument number (3 for serial 703, 4 for serial 704)
020 = CTD station number
• The files consist of a 15 line header with station information (all times
are UTC), followed by the data in column format, as follows:
column 1 - pressure (dbar)
column 2 - temperature (degrees C, ITS-90 scale)
column 3 - conductivity (mS/cm)
column 4 - salinity (PSS78)
column 5 - dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
column 6 - fluorescence (volts)
column 7 - no. of data points used in the 2 dbar bin
• All files start at 2 dbar, and there is a line for each 2 dbar value. Any
missing 2 dbar data are filled by the null value -9.
• All CTD data are downcast data.
• Any missing header information is filled by blanks.
A1.3.2 NISKIN BOTTLE DATA
• Bottle data are contained in the text files a0304.bot and a0403.bot (for
cruises AU0304 and AU0403 respectively), with the following columns:
column 1 - station number
column 2 - ctd pressure (dbar)
column 3 - ctd temperature (deg. C, ITS-90 scale)
column 4 - digital reversing thermometer temperature (no thermometer data
for these cruises)
column 5 - ctd conductivity (mS/cm)
column 6 - ctd salinity (PSS78)
column 7 - bottle salinity (PSS78)
column 8 - phosphate (µmol/l)
column 9 - nitrate (µmol/l) (i.e. total nitrate+nitrite)
column 10 - silicate (µmol/l)
column 11 - bottle dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
column 12 - bottle flag (1=good,0=suspicious,-1=bad, relevant to bottle
or CTD salinity values for CTD conductivity calibration)
column 13 - Niskin bottle number
• Columns 2, 3, 5 and 6 are all the averages of upcast CTD burst data (i.e.
averages of the 10 seconds of CTD data centered around each bottle firing).
• Any missing data are filled by the null value -9.
A1.3.3 STATION INFORMATION
A summary of the station information is contained in the text files a0304.sta
and a0403.sta (for cruises AU0304 and AU0403 respectively). This station
information is also included in the matlab files a0304.mat and a0403.mat. The
station information files contain position, time, bottom depth, maximum pressure
and minimm altimeter value for CTD stations. Position, time (UTC) and bottom
depth are specified at the start, bottom and end of the cast. Decimal time is
also included for the start, bottom and end of the cast, defined as below in the
matlab files.
A1.3.4 MATLAB FORMAT
• CTD 2 dbar data are contained in the matlab files a0304.mat and a0403.mat
(both including header information), and bottle data are contained in the
matlab files a0304bot.mat and a0403bot.mat.
• In the matlab files, column number for each array corresponds with CTD
station number.
• In the matlab files, NaN is a null value.
• In the bottle file, the rows 1 to 24 are the shallowest to deepest Niskins
respectively.
• For the files a0304.mat and a0403.mat, the array names have the following
meaning: (all times are UTC)
"start" refers to start of cast
"bottom" refers to bottom of cast
"end" refers to end of cast
"decimal time" is decimal days: for AU0304, this is measured from 2400
on 31st Dec. 2002 (so, for example, midday on 2nd January 2001 = decimal
time 1.5); for AU0403, it's measured from 2400 on 31st Dec. 2003.
"lat" is latitude (decimal degrees, where -ve = south)
"lon" is longitude (decimal degrees, where +ve = east)
"time" is hhmmss time
botd = ocean depth (m)
maxp = maximum pressure of the CTD cast (dbar)
lastbin = deepest 2 dbar pressure bin (for AU0403 only)
altimeter = minimum reliable altimeter reading of the CTD cast (m)
press_alt = pressure value (dbar) at the minimum altimeter reading
ctdunit = instrument serial number
station = station number
date = ddmmyyyy date at the start of the cast
"ctd" is the upcast CTD burst data, for the parameters:
cond = conductivity
fluoro = fluorescence
npts = number of data points used in the 2 dbar bin
ox = dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
press = pressure (dbar)
sal = salinity (PSS78)
temp = temperature (deg.C T90)
• For the files a0304bot.mat and a0403bot.mat, the array names have the
following meaning:
"ctd" refers to upcast CTD burst data, for the parameters:
cond = conductivity (mS/cm)
press = pressure (dbar) (also called hyd_press)
sal = salinity 9PSS78)
temp = temperature (deg.C T90)
"hyd" refers to bottle data, for the parameters:
ox = dissolved oxygen (µmol/l)
sal = salinity (PSS78)
flag = the bottle flagged described under the bottle data section
niskin = Niskin bottle number
nitrate,phosphate,silicate = µmol/l
station = station number
therm = digital reversing thermometer temperature (no data for
these cruises)
A1.3.5 WOCE DATA FORMAT
The data are also available as WOCE format files, following the standard WOCE
format as described in Joyce and Corry (1994).
A1.3.5.1 CTD 2 dbar-averaged data files
• Data are contained in the files *.ctd
• CTD 2 dbar-averaged file format for AU0304 is as per Table 4.7 of Joyce
and Corry (1994). Data for AU0403 are in "WHP-exchange" format (see WHPO
website at http://whpo.ucsd.edu for description of the format). In both
cases, measurements are centered on even pressure bins, with the first
value at 2 dbar.
• The quality flags for CTD data are defined in Table A1.3.1.
A1.3.5.2 Bottle data files
• Data for the two cruises are contained in the files a0304.sea and a0403.sea.
• a0304.sea format is as per Table 4.5 of Joyce and Corry (1994); a0403.sea
is in WHP-Exchange format. Quality flags are defined in Tables A1.3.2 and
A1.3.3.
• The total value of nitrate+nitrite only is listed.
• For AU0304, silicate is reported to the first decimal place only; for
AU0403, silicate and nitrate+nitrite are reported to the first decimal
place only.
• CTD temperature (including theta), CTD pressure and CTD salinity are all
derived from upcast CTD burst data; CTD dissolved oxygen is derived from
downcast 2 dbar-averaged data.
• SAMPNO is equal to the rosette position of the Niskin bottle.
• Salinity samples rejected for conductivity calibration, as per eqn A1.2.4
in Appendix 1.2, are not flagged in the .sea file.
A1.3.5.3 Conversion of units for dissolved oxygen and nutrients
A1.3.5.3.1 Dissolved oxygen
Niskin bottle data
For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen concentration
values have been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units
µmol/kg, as follows. Concentration C(k) in µmol/kg is given by
C(k) = 1000 C(l) / Ï(θ,s,0) (eqn A1.3.1)
where C(l) is the concentration in µmol/l, 1000 is a conversion factor, and
Ï(θ,s,0) is the potential density at zero pressure and at the potential
temperature _, where potential temperature is given by
θ = Ï(T,s,p) (eqn A1.3.2)
for the in situ temperature T, salinity s and pressure p values at which the
Niskin bottle was fired. Note that T, s and p are upcast CTD burst data
averages.
CTD data
In the WOCE format files, CTD dissolved oxygen data are converted to µmol/kg by
the same method as above, except that T, s and p in eqns A1.3.1 and A1.3.2 are
CTD 2 dbar-averaged data.
A1.3.5.3.2 Nutrients
For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle nutrient concentration values have
been converted from volumetric units µmol/l to gravimetric units µmol/kg using
C(k) = 1000 C(l) / Ï(T(l),s,0) (eqn A1.3.3)
where 1000 is a conversion factor, and Ï(T(l),s,0) is the water density in the
hydrochemistry laboratory at the laboratory temperature T(l) = 20.0°C, and at
zero pressure. Upcast CTD burst data averages are used for s.
Table A1.3.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data (after Table 4.10 in
Joyce and Corry, 1994). These flags apply both to CTD data in
the 2 dbar-averaged *.ctd files, and to upcast CTD burst data
in the *.sea files.
flag definition flag definition
---- ------------------------ ---- ----------------------------------
2 acceptable measurement 5 measurement not reported
3 questionable measurement 6 interpolated over >2 dbar interval
4 bad measurement 7 despiked
9 parameter not sampled
Table A1.3.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles (i.e. parameter
BTLNBR in *.sea files) (after Table 4.8 in Joyce and Corry, 1994).
flag definition
---- ----------------------------------
2 no problems noted
3 bottle leaking
4 bottle did not trip correctly
5 not reported
9 samples not drawn from this bottle
Table A1.3.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files
(after Table 4.9 in Joyce and Corry, 1994).
flag definition
---- ------------------------
2 acceptable measurement
3 questionable measurement
4 bad measurement
5 measurement not reported
9 parameter not sampled
A1.3.5.4 Station information file
• Data for the two cruises are contained in the files a0304.sum and
a0403.sum, with the file format as per section 3.3 of Joyce and Corry
(1994).
• Depth and altimeter readings are as described previously in the report.
• Wire out (i.e. meter wheel readings of the CTD winch) were unavailable.
A1.3.6 ADCP DATA
ADCP data are available as 30 ensemble averages, contained in the following
files:
au030401.cny and au040301.cny- text format, all data
au0304_slow35.cny and au0403_slow35.cny - text format,
"on station" data i.e. data for which ship speed ≤ 0.35 m/s
a0304dop.mat and a0403dop.mat - matlab format, all data
a0304dop_slow35.mat and a0403dop_slow35.mat - matlab format,
"on station" data i.e. data for which ship speed ≤ 0.35 m/s
Full file format description is given in the text files README_au0304_adcp and
README_au0403_adcp, included with the data.
A1.3.7 UNDERWAY DATA
See section 1.3.3 in the main text of this report. Full file format descriptions
are given in the text files README_au0304_underway and README_au0403_underway,
included with the data.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to the
crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. The work was supported by the Australian
government's Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) Program through the Antarctic
Climate and Ecosystems CRC and the former Antarctic CRC, the Australian
Antarctic Division (ASAC Project Numbers 2312 and 2572), and by the Australian
Greenhouse Office of the Department of Environment and Heritage through the
CSIRO Climate Change Science Program; and by Grant-in-Aid 14403006 for
scientific research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and
Culture.