CRUISE REPORT: P14N
(Updated JUL 2019)






Highlights




                        Cruise Summary Information

               Section Designation  P14N (SO248, BacGeoPac)
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  06SN20160501
                  Chief Scientists  Meinhard Simon / ICBM
                             Dates  2016-05-01 — 2016-06-03
                              Ship  r/v Sonne
                     Ports of call  Auckland, NZ — Dutch Harbour, USA

                                                58° 53' 60" N
             Geographic Boundaries  176° 59' 57" E         176° 28' 31" W
                                                 30° 0' 3" S

                          Stations  19
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                           Contact Information:

                              Meinhard Simon
                         University of Oldenburg
      Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment
         Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11 • 26129 Oldenburg • Germany
     Phone: 0441-798-5361 • Fax: 0441-798-3438 • Email: m.simon@icbm.de

















                              RV SONNE SO248
                       Cruise Report / Fahrtbericht
                   Auckland, New Zealand: May 1st, 2016
                    Dutch Harbor, USA: June 3rd, 2016








                             SO248 РBacGeoPac
                    Functional diversity of bacterial  
                    communities and the geometabolome  
                    in the central and north Pacific









                              Meinhard Simon
   Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)
                         University of Oldenburg














TOC / Inhaltsverzeichnis  


1.  Cruise summary / Zusammenfassung                                    4 
    1.1  Zusammenfassung                                                4 
    1.2  Summary                                                        6 

2.  Participants / Teilnehmer                                           8 
    2.1  Principal investigators / Leitende Wissenschaftler             8 
    2.2  Scientific party / wissenschaftliche Fahrtteilnehmer          10 
    2.3  Crew / Mannschaft                                             11 

3.  Narrative of the cruise / Ablauf der Forschungsfahrt               11 

4.  Aims of the Cruise / Zielsetzung der Forschungsfahrt               14 
    4.1  General aims                                                  14 
    4.2  Major topics of investigations on board                       16 

5.  Agenda of the cruise / Programm der Forschungsfahrt                17 
    5.1  Cruise track                                                  18 
    5.2  Station work                                                  18 
    5.3  Underway measurements                                         20 

6.  Settings of the working area / Beschreibung des Arbeitsgebiets     20 

7.  Work details and first results /  Beschreibung der Arbeiten im 
    Detail einschlielich erster Ergebnisse                             21 
    7.1  Oceanographic Measurements - New Deepwater-CTD Rosette        21 
    7.2  Bio-optics                                                    25 
    7.3  Bacterioplankton cell numbers, biomass production and 
         turnover rates  of labile substrates                          28 
    7.4  Mesocosm experiments                                          29 
    7.5  Extracellular peptidase and polysaccharide activities         30 
    7.6  Bacterioplankton biogeography and bacterial algal 
         interactions                                                  31 
    7.7  Population structure and divergence in the Roseobacter 
         group                                                         33 
    7.8  Microbial abundance, diversity and activity in Pacific 
         deep sea sediments                                            35 
    7.9  Metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic 
         analysis of bacterial  communities in the epipelagic 
         water column and surface sediment                             37 
    7.10  Dissolved Organic Matter                                     39 
    7.11  Dark ocean microbial biogeography                            40 
    7.12  Prokaryotic leucine incorporation measurement under 
          in situ pressure  conditions with an in situ microbial 
          incubator                                                    44 
    7.13  The role of Archaea in the oxygenated water column           46 
    7.14  Plastic and microbial communities                            48 
    7.15  Under way measurements by FerryBox                           49 
    7.16  Meteorology data on aerosol and water vapor                  50 
 
8.  Acknowledgements / Danksagung                                      51 

9.  References / Literaturverzeichnis                                  51 

10. Abbreviations / Abkrzungen                                         55 

11. Appendices / Anhnge                                                56 
    A) Participating Institutions / Liste der teilnehmenden 
       Institutionen                                                   56 
    B) Station List / Stationsliste Tables A1 and A2                   58 
    C) List of stations and parameters investigated in the dark 
       ocean                                                           68 




1.  Cruise summary / Zusammenfassung  


1.1  Zusammenfassung 

Der Pazifische Ozean zwischen den subpolaren Regionen der nördlichen und 
südlichen Hemisphäre strukturiert sich in biogeografische Provinzen, die 
sich hinsichtlich der Wassermassen, Hydrografie, Nährstoffe und 
Planktongemeinschaften unterscheiden. Sie zeigen auch große Unterschiede 
im Chlorophyll und der Primärproduktion, von ultraoligotrophen 
Bedingungen im südpazifischen Wirbel bis hin zu eutrophischen 
Verhältnissen in der nordpazifischen Polar-front- und der subarktischen 
Region und der Beringsee. Bisher ist noch unbekannt, inwiefern die 
Unterschiede dieser biogeografischen Provinzen und der Wassermassen 
zwischen der Oberfläche und dem Meeresboden sich auch in der 
Zusammensetzung und den funktionellen Eigenschaften der prokaryontischen 
Mikrobengemeinschaften und des Pools der gelösten organischen Substanz 
(DOM) widerspiegeln. Aus diesem Grund war das Ziel der Forschungs-
expedition SO248 BacGeoPac zu untersuchen, wie die generellen 
planktologischen und hydrografischen biogeografischen Muster sich in der 
Wachstums- und Substratdynamik, Biogeo-grafie, Zusammensetzung und 
funktionellen Eigenschaften der prokaryontischen Mikrobengemeinschaften 
und in den chemogeografischen Mustern des DOM Pools zwischen dem Südpa-
zifischen Wirbel und der Beringsee unterscheiden. Daher haben wir einen 
Transekt vom westlichen Rand des südpazifischen Wirbels bei 30°S bis in 
die Beringsee bei 59°N entlang des 180. Längengrades untersucht. Es 
wurden an 19 Stationen Proben genommen, davon an 11 Stationen über die 
gesamte Wassersäule bis zum Meeresboden und einer Tiefe von bis zu fast 
6000 m Tiefe und an 8 Stationen bis in 1000 m Tiefe. Die Probennahme an 
den 19 Stationen umfasste die intensive Nutzung der Niskin-CTD-Rosette, 
bio-optische Charakterisierungen der euphotischen Zone, horizontale und 
vertikale Planktonnetzzüge, Sammeln von Mikroplastikpartikeln, 
Wasserprobennahme mit einer in situ Pumpe nahe der Oberfläche und Sedi-
mentbeprobung mit einem Multicorer (MUC). Der Hauptfokus war auf die 
epipelagische und mesopelagische Zone gerichtet. Die Untersuchungen 
umfassten allerdings auch die Prokaryontengemeinschaften der bathy- und 
abyssopelagischen Zone und des Meeresbodens und die DOM-Verteilung und 
wie sie mit den aphotischen Wassermassen des Pazifiks korrelieren.   

Um die funktionellen Eigenschaften der prokaryontischen 
Mikrobengemeinschaften besser zu verstehen war ein besonderer Fokus auf 
prozessorientierte Studien gelegt. Deshalb setzten wir Radioisotopen- und 
fluoreszenzmarkierte Modellsubstrate ein und führten Experimente mit 
stabilen Isotopen durch. Im südpazifischen Wirbel, in der nördlichen 
äquatorialen Gegenströmung und in der nördlichen Polarfrontregion wurden 
Mesokosmenexperiments durchgeführt, um die Reaktion der 
Bakteriengemeinschaften auf den Zusatz von verschiedenen Substraten zu 
prüfen. Im Äquatorialstrom und in der nördlichen Polarfrontregion wurden 
24-Stunden Zeit-serien untersucht, um die Reaktion der 
Bakteriengemeinschaften auf tageszeitliche Unter-schiede in der 
Lichteinstrahlung, Primärproduktion, DOM-Versorgung und der Mortalität 
durch Grazing und Vireninfektion zu untersuchen.   

Nach den Temperaturen und dem Salzgehalt der oberflächennahen Schichten 
konnten wir deutlich die Wassermassen und biogeografische Provinzen 
unterscheiden. Die Wassertemperaturen nahmen kontinuierlich zu vom 
südpazifischen Subtropischen Wirbel von 23° auf 30°C und weiter nördlich 
wieder ab auf 22°C am nördlichen Rand des nordpazifischen Subtropischen 
Wirbels. Die nordpazifische Polarfrontregion war durch starke 
Temperaturabnahme gekennzeichnet und in der Beringsee lag die Temperatur 
nur noch bei 4° bis 6°C. Der Salzgehalt zeigte große Unterschiede in den 
verschiedenen Provinzen, insbesondere in der äquatorialen Region und der 
nördlichen Polarfrontzone. Durch die Messungen mit der bis ins Abysso-
pelagial gehenden CTD konnten wir die Wassermassen des aphotischen 
Pazifiks gut identifizieren.  

In den permanent geschichteten Provinzen lag das tiefe Chlorophyllmaximum 
zwischen 60 und 120 m mit der tiefsten Position in den beiden 
subtropischen Wirbeln. Im äquatorialen Auftriebsgebiet war es angehoben 
auf 70 m. Prominente Phytoplanktonblüten existierten nur nördlich von 
40°N, vor allem aber nördlich von 50°N. Nördlich von 5°N waren zwischen 
200 und 1700 m Tiefe ausgeprägte Sauerstoffminimumzonen vorhanden mit 
Restkonzentrationen von Sauerstoff von noch etwa 15% der 
Oberflächenwerte.  

Die bisher erhobenen mikrobiellen Parameter spiegelten die verschiedenen 
Wassermassen und teilweise auch die biogeografischen Provinzen gut wider. 
Die endgültige Interpretation der Daten wird jedoch erst möglich sein, 
wenn alle anderen Proben hinsichtlich der Zusammen-setzung und 
funktionellen Eigenschaften der Prokaryontengemeinschaften mit aktuellen 
Methoden (next generation sequencing, Metagenomik, -transkriptomik, -
proteomik) und die Zusammensetzung des DOM Pools analysiert und 
ausgewertet worden sind, 

Erste Ergebnisse der Prokaryontenabundanz in den obersten 100 m, 
analysiert mittels Durch-flusszytometrie an Bord, zeigten zwischen 2 und 
22x10(^5) Zellen ml(^-1) mit kontinuierlich zunehmenden Werten von Süden 
nach Norden. Die bakterielle Biomassproduktion, gemessen mittels der 
Aufnahme von 14C-markiertem Leucin, war in den obersten 100 m am höchsten 
in der südlichen und nördlichen äquatorialen Gegenströmung und sehr viel 
niedriger in den anderen Provinzen. Die Wachstumsraten der gesamten 
Bakteriengemeinschaft kovariierten mit der bakteriellen 
Biomasseproduktion mit höchsten Werten von 1 bis >2 pro Tag und viel 
geringeren Werten in den anderen Provinzen. Vorläufige Ergebnisse der 
extrazellulären hydrolytischen Enzymaktivitäten von verschiedenen 
Biopolymeren zeigten charakteristische Muster der verschiedenen 
Provinzen.  

Da ein erheblicher Teil der Prokaryonten und insbesondere Archaeen in der 
Tiefsee chemoautotroph sind wurde die CO2-Dunkelfixierung gemessen. 
Höchste Raten wurden in der äquatorialen Region gemessen, aber in einigen 
Regionen weiter nördlich erreichten einige Werte zumindest 50% der 
äquatorialen Maxima. Werte in 1000 m Tiefe waren normalerweise, aber 
nicht immer, höher als in 2000 m.   

Das Oberflächensediment entlang des Transektes zeichnete sich durch recht 
unterschiedliche Strukturen und Texturen aus. Die Bakterienabundanzen an 
der Sedimentoberfläche lagen zwischen 108 und 109 Zellen cm-3 und in 20 
cm unter dem Meeresboden sehr viel niedriger. Die Werte in beiden Tiefen 
nahmen nördlich des äquators kontinuierlich zu.  

Nach den vorläufigen Daten, die wir während der Forschungsfahrt bereits 
erheben konnten, sind wir sehr zuversichtlich, dass die BacGeoPac-
Forschungsfahrt sehr erfolgreich war und dass wir die Ziele dieser 
umfangreichen Untersuchung erreichen werden.  

Die meisten Untersuchungen wurden im Rahmen des durch die DFG geförderten 
Sonderforschungsbereichs Roseobacter (TRR51) durchgeführt.  
 
 
 
1.2  Summary  

The Pacific Ocean between the subpolar regions of the northern and 
southern hemisphere stretches over distinct biogeographic provinces which 
differ with respect to water masses, hydrography, nutrients and plankton 
communities. They also differ greatly with respect to chlorophyll a and 
primary production, from ultra-oligotrophic conditions in the south 
Pacific gyre to eutrophic nutrient regimes in the north Pacific polar 
frontal and subarctic region and the Bering Sea. So far, it is unknown 
how the differences in these biogeographic provinces and water masses 
between the surface and sea floor are reflected by the composition and 
functional properties of prokaryotic microbial communities and the 
dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Therefore, the aim of cruise SO248 
BacGeoPac was to investigate how the general plankton- and hydrography-
related biogeographic patterns are reflected in the growth and substrate 
dynamics, biogeography, composition and functional properties of the 
prokaryotic microbial communities and in the chemogeography patterns of 
the DOM pool between the south Pacific gyre and the Bering Sea. Hence, we 
sampled a transect from the western edge of the south Pacific gyre at 
30°S to the Bering Sea at 59°N along the 180th longitudinal degree. At 19 
stations samples were collected, at 11 stations throughout the water 
column to the seafloor at depths of up to almost 6000 m and at 8 stations 
to 1000 m depth. Sampling included extensive CTD-casts, bio-optical 
characterization of the euphotic zone, horizontal and vertical plankton 
net tows, collection of microplastic particles, in situ pump deployments 
in near surface waters and sediment sampling with a multicorer MUC. The 
major focus was on the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. However, we also 
included in our investigations the bathypelagic, abyssopelagic and sea 
floor-associated prokaryotic communities and DOM patterns and how they 
relate to the water masses of the dark Pacific.   

To better understand the functional properties of the prokaryotic 
microbial communities in the different biogeographic provinces a special 
focus was on process studies. Therefore, we applied radio- and 
fluorescently labelled model substrates and stable isotope tracer 
experiments. Further, mesocosm experiments were carried out in the south 
Pacific gyre, the north equatorial counter current and the north Pacific 
polar frontal region to examine the response of the bacterial communities 
to various substrate amendments. In the equatorial upwelling region and 
the north Pacific polar frontal region 24-hour time series were conducted 
to assess the response of the bacterial communities to diurnal changes in 
irradiance, primary production, DOM supply and mortality by grazing and 
virus infection.  

According to temperature and salinity in the near-surface layer we could 
clearly identify the water masses and biogeographic provinces. Water 
temperatures steadily increased from the south Pacific gyre to the 
Pacific equatorial current from 23° to 30°C and further north de-creased 
again to 22°C at the northern edge of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. 
The north Pacific polar frontal region was characterized by a strong 
decrease in temperature and in the Bering Sea temperature ranged between 
4° and 6°C. Salinity exhibited strong differences in the various 
biogeographic provinces, in particular in the equatorial region and the 
north Pacific polar frontal region. From the deep CTD casts we could 
identify the characteristic water masses in the deep Pacific.   

In the permanently stratified warm provinces the deep chlorophyll maximum 
was situated be-tween 60 and 120 m with the deepest extension in both 
subtropical gyres. In the equatorial upwelling it was uplifted to 70 m. 
Prominent phytoplankton blooms were only established north of 40°N and in 
particular north of 50°N. North of 5°N between depths of 200 and 1700 m 
ex-tensive oxygen minimum zones were established with remaining oxygen 
concentrations of only about 15% of surface values.  

The microbial parameters assessed reflected well the different water 
masses and partially the biogeographic provinces. Final interpretation of 
the data, however, is only possible when we will have analyzed and 
evaluated all the samples of the composition and functional properties of 
the prokaryotic communities, applying state of the art analyses (next 
generation sequencing, metagenomics, -transcriptomics, -proteomics) and 
the composition of the DOM pool.   

First results of the prokaryotic abundance in the upper 100 m, assessed 
by flow cytometry on board, ranged between 2 and 22x105 cells ml-1 with 
continuously increasing values from south to north. Bacterial biomass 
production, assessed by incorporation of 14C-labelled leucine, in the 
upper 100 m was highest in the south and north equatorial counter 
currents and much lower in the other provinces. Community growth rates 
covaried with the bacterial biomass production with highest values of 1 
and >2 per day and much lower in other provinces. Preliminary results of 
extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of various biopolymers 
exhibited distinct patterns for the various provinces.  

As quite a few prokaryotes and in particular Archaea in the deep sea are 
chemoautotrophic CO2 dark fixation was assessed. Highest rates were 
measured in the equatorial region but in some regions further north 
values reached 50% of the equatorial maxima. Values at 1000 m were 
usually, but not always, higher than at 2000 m.  

The surface sediment along the transect exhibited quite variable 
structures and textures. Bacterial abundance at the sediment surface 
ranged between 108 and 109 cells cm-3 and much lower values at 20 cm 
below the seafloor. Values at both depths increased continuously north of 
the equator.   

According to the preliminary data we were able to collect already during 
the cruise we are very confident that the BacGeoPac cruise was very 
successful and that we can reach the aims of this comprehensive study.  
Most of the investigations were carried out in the frame work of the DFG-
funded Collaborative Research Center Roseobacter (TRR51). 
 



2.  Participants / Teilnehmer 


2.1  Principal investigators / Leitende Wissenschaftler 
 
2.1.1  Project Proponents and Institutes 
 
Prof. Dr. Meinhard Simon 
Head Group Biology of Geological Processes / Aquatic Microbial Ecology 
ICBM 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 
Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Tel. 0441-798-5361, Fax: 
0441-798-3438 
m.simon@icbm.de 
 
Prof. Dr. Thorsten Dittmar 
Head, ICBM-MPI Bridging Group for Marine Geochemistry 
ICBM 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 
Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Tel. 0441-798-3602, Fax: 
0441-798-3404 
thorsten.dittmar@uni-oldenburg.de 
 
PD Dr. Bert Engelen 
Senior Research Scientist, Paleomicrobiology Group 
ICBM 
Institut fr Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 
Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Tel. 0441-798-5378, Fax: 
0441-798-3404 
b.engelen@icbm.de 
 
Dr. Thomas Badewien 
Senior Research Scientist, Group Marine Sensor Systems 
ICBM 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 
Schleusenstr. 1, 26328 Willhelmshaven, Tel. 04421-944-240, Fax: 04421-
944-140 
badewien@icbm.de 
 
Prof. Dr. Irene Wagner-Doebler 
Head Group Microbial Communication  
HZI 
Helmholtz Center for Infection Research 
Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Tel. 0531-6181-6080, Fax: 0531-6181-
3096 
Irene.Wagner-Doebler@helmholtz-hzi.de 
 
Dr. Heike Freese 
Senior Research Scientist, Department Microbial Ecology and Diversity  
DSMZ 
Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell 
Cultures 
Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Tel. 0531-2616-360, Fax: 0531-2616-
418 
Heike.Freese@dsmz.de 
 
Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel 
Head Department Genomic and Applied Microbiology  
G2L 
Goettingen Genomics Lab - Institute of Microbiology and Genetics 
Universität Göttingen 
Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Tel. 0551-39-33827, Fax: 0551-39-12181 
rdaniel@gwdg.de 
 
Prof. Dr. Carol Arnosti  
Department of Marine Sciences 
UNC 
University of North Carolina 
3202 Venable and Murray Halls, CB 3300, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300, USA, 
Tel. 001 (919) 962, Fax: 001 (919) 962-1254  
arnosti@email.unc.edu 
 
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Herndl 
Head Group Microbial Oceanography  
UVI 
Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography 
Universität Wien 
Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Tel. 0043(0)1-4277-76431, Fax: 0043(0)1-4277-46401 
gerhard.herndl@univie.ac.at 
 
 
 
 
2.1.2  Associated Principal Investigators and Institutes 
 
Prof. Dr. Oliver Zielinski 
ICBM 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Head, Marine Sensors Group 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 
Schleusenstr. 1, 26328 Willhelmshaven, Tel. 04421-944-174, Fax: 04421-944-147 
oliver.zielinski@uni-oldenburg.de 
 
Prof. Dr. Ralf Rabus 
Head Group General and Molecular Microbiology 
ICBM 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 
Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Tel. 0441-798-3884, Fax: 
0441-798-3408 
rabus@icbm.de 
 
 

2.2  Scientific party / wissenschaftliche Fahrtteilnehmer 
 
 1  Meinhard Simon                      Chief Scientist              ICBM
 2  Kim Arndt                           CTD                          ICBM
 3  Thomas Badewien,                    CTD                          ICBM
 4  Holger Winkler                      CTD                          ICBM
 5  Rohan Henkel                        Bio-Optics                   ICBM
 6  Daniela Meier                       Bio-Optics                   ICBM
 7  Daniela Voss                        Bio-Optics                   ICBM
 8  Insa Bakenhus                       Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
 9  Nils Bergen                         Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
10  Sara Billerbeck                     Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
11  Helge-Ansgar Giebel                 Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
12  Birgit Kürzel                       Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
13  Felix Milke                         Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
14  Gerrit Wienhausen                   Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
15  Laura Wolter                        Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
16  Mathias Wolterink                   Pelagic Microbiology         ICBM
17  Jürgen Tomasch                      Pelagic Microbiology         HZI
18  Irene Wagner-Doebler                Pelagic Microbiology         HZI
19  Marco Dogs                          Polymer Microbiology         ICBM
20  Matthias Wietz                      Polymer Microbiology         ICBM
21  Carol Arnosti                       Polymer Microbiology         UNC
22  John Paul Balmonte                  Polymer Microbiology         UNC
23  Heike Freese                        Population Genomics          DSMZ
24  Cendrella Lepleux                   Population Genomics          DSMZ
25  Anika Methner                       Population Genomics          DSMZ
26  Avril von Hoyningen-Huene           Metagenomics                 G2L
27  Bernd Wemheuer                      Metagenomics                 G2L
28  Lars Wöhlbrand                      Metaproteomics               ICBM
29  Julius Degenhardt                   Sediment Microbiology        ICBM
30  Bert Engelen                        Sediment Microbiology        ICBM
31  Marion Gertrud Pohlner              Sediment Microbiology        ICBM
32  Chie Armano                         Deep Sea Microbiology        UVI
33  Christian Baranyi                   Deep Sea Microbiology        UVI
34  Barbara Bayer                       Deep Sea Microbiology        UVI
35  Roberta Hansman                     Deep Sea Microbiology        UVI
36  Thomas Reinthaler                   Deep Sea Microbiology        UVI
37  Maria Pinto Gomes Ribeiro Teixeira  Deep Sea Microbiology        UVI
38  Mara Elena Heinrichs                Dissolved Organic Matter     ICBM
39  Jutta Niggemann                     Dissolved Organic Matter     ICBM
40  Beatriz Noriega Ortega              Dissolved Organic Matter     ICBM 
 

 
 
Figure 2.1: The scientific party of RV Sonne expedition BacGeoPac SO248 
 
 
2.3  Crew / Mannschaft 
 
 1  Lutz Mallon             Captain
 2  Nils-Arne Aden          Chief Mate
 3  Jens Göbel              1st Mate
 4  Hans-Ulrich Büchele     2nd Mate
 5  Sabine Heuser           Surgeon
 6  Achim Schüler           1st Engineer
 7  Tim Stegmann            2nd Engineer
 8  Steffen Genschow        2nd Engineer
 9  Jörg Leppin             Chief Scientific Technical Service (WTD)
10  Hermann Pregler         Electronics (WTD)
11  Miriam Plöger           System Manager
12  Hendrik Schmidt         Electrical Engineer
13  Henning de Buhr         Electrical Engineer
14  Torsten Bolik           Fitter
15  Björn Bredlo            Motorman
16  Georg Hoffmann          Motorman
17  Sebastian Thimm         Motorman
18  Thorsten Bierstedt      Boatswain
19  Andreas Spieler         Cook
20  René Lemm               Chief Steward
21  Katharina Hellenbrandt  2nd Steward
22  Maik Steep              2nd Steward
23  Frank Stöckler          2nd Steward
24  Arnold Ernst            Deck
25  Dennis Vogel            Deck
26  Frank Heibeck           Deck
27  Günther Stängl          Deck
28  Jrgen Kraft             Deck
29  Reno Ross               Deck
30  Sascha Fischer          Deck 
 




3.  Narrative of the cruise / Ablauf der Forschungsfahrt  
 
On Sunday, May 1st around 9:00 am local time Research Vessel Sonne with 
the embarked 40 scientists and 30 crew members left the port of Auckland 
for the BacGeoPac cruise to head to the first station at 30°S, 177°E, 
where we arrived in the morning of May 3rd. Three 20 foot-containers and 
air fright boxes with scientific equipment had arrived in time so that 
everything we needed was on board. As the scientists came on board on 
April 30th we had plenty of time to set up the labs and get ready for the 
first station work. This station was particularly exciting for us because 
we tested our brand new CTD-rosette with 24 20-Liter Niskin bottles (Fig. 
3.1). The instrument was designed and construct-ed in the ICBM workshop 
and only tested once very briefly before shipping it to Auckland. Because 
of the large water demand during this cruise we had decided in October 
2015 to build this new instrument in order to optimize water collection 
and to save time. It worked perfectly right away and during the entire 
cruise without any malfunctioning. At station 1, a shallow station at the 
eastern edge of the ultra-oligotrophic South Pacific Subtropical Gyre 
(SPS, for the Pacific biogeographic provinces see Fig. 4.1) where we 
collected water to a depth of 1000 m, we also deployed a McLane in situ 
pump at 60 m for three hours to collect water for bacterial population 
genomics studies, collected zooplankton to isolate bacteria by a vertical 
haul and micro-plastic by a horizontal tow with the Bongo net and carried 
out bio-optical measurements (Sec-chi-depth, hyperspectral und 
multispectral light field measurements (UV/VIS)) to characterize ocean 
optical properties. The next station 2 at 25°S, 179°E, still in the South 
Pacific Subtropical Gyre, was a deep station where, in addition to the 
work at station 1, we collected water all the way to the sea floor and 
surface sediment with a multi corer (MUC, Fig. 3.2). We used a brand new 
prototype-like instrument which worked perfectly during the entire cruise 
without any flaw or sediment loss due to in-complete closure of the lids 
at the bot-tom of the plexiglass tubes. In addition, we collected water 
for our first mesocosm experiments. These types of samplings became the 
routine at the following stations which usually alternated between 
shallow and deep stations along the transect. Thanks to the large volume 
CTD we usually needed only one shallow and one deep cast, but in quite a 
few instances one or two extra casts for special needs.  

 
Fig. 3.1:  Scientists withdrawing water samples from the 24x20 Liter CTD 
           rosette sampler  

Fig. 3.2:  Retrieval of the Multi Corer 


During the entire cruise we had regular meetings of the PIs of the 
different working groups and with the entire scientific party on board to 
discuss details of the planned station work and to present the planned 
work of each group. Later on first results of some of these groups were 
included in the presentations. The planned work and some first results 
were also presented to interested members of the crew.  

The stations along the transect were selected such that we aimed at 
visiting at least two stations, one shallow and one deep, in each 
biogeographic province. This aim was achieved in all provinces except in 
the South and North Pacific Equatorial Counter Current (SPE, NPE) which 
are very narrow so that we had only one station in each of these 
provinces. Hence the distance between the stations was about 4° to 6° 
latitude. Unfortunately, we could not visit a planned station in the SPS 
at 20°S which is situated in the EEZ of Fiji Islands. We had applied to 
work in Fiji's EEZ well in time but never received any response from the 
authorities and thus had to skip this station.  

According to temperature and salinity in the near-surface layer we could 
clearly identify the water masses and biogeographic provinces. Water 
temperatures steadily increased from the SPS to the Pacific Equatorial 
Current from 23° to 30°C and further north decreased again to 22° at the 
northern edge of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPTG). The North 
Pacific Polar Frontal Region (NPF) was characterized by a strong decrease 
in temperature such that in the Pacific Subarctic Region (PSAG) and the 
Bering Sea (BER) temperature ranged between 4° and 6°C (Fig. 7.4). 
Salinity exhibited strong differences in the various biogeographic 
provinces, in particular in the equatorial region and the NPF (Fig. 7.3). 
From the deep CTD casts we could identify the characteristic water masses 
in the deep Pacific (Fig. 7.6). The water masses with the highest density 
at all stations was the central deep water (CDW). Overall, the tropical 
and subtropical water masses were clearly distinguished from those of the 
north Pacific.   

In the permanently stratified warm provinces the DCM was situated between 
60 and 120 m with the deepest extension in both subtropical gyres (Fig. 
7.3). In the equatorial upwelling it was uplifted to 70 m. Well 
pronounced phytoplankton blooms were only established north of 40N and in 
particular north of 50°N.  

North of 5°N between depths of 200 and 1700 m extensive oxygen minimum 
zones were established with remaining oxygen concentrations of only about 
15% of surface values (Fig. 7.5).  

The microbial parameters assessed reflected well the different water 
masses and partially the biogeographic provinces. Final interpretation of 
the data, however, is only possible when we will have analyzed all the 
samples for the prokaryotic community and the composition of the 
dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool.   

Prokaryotic abundance in the upper 100 m, assessed by flow cytometry on 
board, ranged between 2 and 22x105 cells ml-1 with continuously 
increasing values from south to north and highest numbers in the PSAG and 
BER. Bacterial biomass production, assessed by incorporation of 14C-
labelled leucine, in the upper 100 m was highest in the SPE and NPE and 
much lower in the other provinces. Community growth rates in these 
provinces ranged between 1 and >2 per day but were much lower, usually 
not exceeding 0.4 per day, in the other regions. Turnover rates of 
dissolved free amino acids basically covaried with rates of biomass 
production but those of glucose and acetate exhibited different patterns 
with continuously increasing rates north of the equator and highest 
values in the PSAG and BER. Preliminary results of hydrolytic enzyme 
activities of various polysaccharides and peptidases exhibited distinct 
pat-terns for the various provinces. In particular the peptidolytic 
activities reached highest values in the SPE, PEQ and NPE, in line with 
the data of bacterial biomass production.  

The mesocosm experiments at the station in the SPS, the NPE and the NPF, 
exhibited strikingly different growth responses of the ambient bacterial 
communities to the various substrate and vitamin B12 additions. At SPS 
the responses were generally slow. At NPE they were almost immediate with 
high responses in all treatments whereas at the NPF they were 
intermediate.   

As quite a few prokaryotes and in particular Archaea in the deep sea are 
chemoautotrophic CO2 dark fixation was assessed. Highest rates were 
measured in the equatorial region but in some regions further north 
values reached 50% of the equatorial maxima. Values at 1000 m were 
usually, but not always, higher than at 2000 m.  

The surface sediment along the transect exhibited quite variable 
structures and textures. This was already obvious from the color of the 
sediment (Fig. 7.17). Bacterial abundance at the sediment surface ranged 
between 108 and 109 cells cm-3 with continuously increasing values north 
of the equator. At 20 cm below the seafloor cell numbers were about one 
order of magnitude lower. Alkaline phosphate activities were highest in 
the region 6° to 20°N whereas aminopeptidase activities peaked between 
34° and 50°N, the northern edge of the NPTG and the PSAG, regions of a 
pronounced oxygen minimum zone and a high sinking flux.  

According to the preliminary data we were able to collect already during 
the cruise we are very confident that the BacGeoPac cruise was very 
successful and that we can reach the goals we set for this comprehensive 
study. However, to achieve them all the samples stored frozen in the home 
labs need first to be analyzed.  

On May 31st we finished the work at the northernmost station. This left 
us enough time to finish the last incubations, pack all material and 
equipment before we reached the final destination, Dutch Harbor, on 
Unalaska one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Our cruise was generally 
blessed with good weather even though we had to pass through two storms, 
one in the south-eastern Trade Wind region, and one in the north Pacific 
polar frontal region. Despite a swell of 5 to 7 m during these storms the 
ship operated smoothly and we could carry out our work as usual. In fact, 
we did not have any interruption of our work due to weather conditions or 
any malfunctioning of instrumentation or ship equipment.  

Dutch Harbor as final destination of this cruise was a challenge and 
resulted in some inconveniencies which were out of our control. It is the 
major fisheries harbor of the US and very much focused on services to the 
fisheries industries. Dutch Harbor is only reachable by small airplanes, 
but not during bad weather conditions, or in summer twice a month by a 
ship. In order to ship our frozen samples back to Germany the responsible 
carrier needed to charter a special airplane to Dutch Harbor. Further, 
the harbor can only handle 40 ft but not 20 ft containers. Therefore, our 
three containers needed to remain on board until RV Sonne reaches a port 
in Japan in mid-August or even only in September.  

A post cruise meeting for shipboard and shore-based scientists to present 
and discuss the results will be scheduled for July 2017. This rather late 
meeting after the cruise is because all except two working groups are 
also involved in research of cruise SO254 which takes place from January 
26th to March 1st, 2017.  
 
 
 


4.  Aims of the Cruise / Zielsetzung der Forschungsfahrt 
 

4.1  General aims 
 
The Pacific Ocean between the subpolar regions of the northern and 
southern hemisphere stretches over distinct biogeographic provinces which 
differ with respect to water masses, hydrography, nutrients and plankton 
communities (Fig. 4.1): Subantarctic, south subtropical convergence, 
south Pacific subtropical gyre (SPS), Pacific warm pool (WAR), Pacific 
equatorial current (PEQ), south and north Pacific equatorial counter 
current (PSE, PNE), north Pacific subtropical gyre (NPTG), north Pacific 
polar frontal region (NPF), Pacific subarctic region (PSAG), Bering Sea 
(BER). These provinces differ greatly with respect to chlorophyll a and 
primary production, from ultraoligotrophic conditions in the SPS to 
eutrophic nutrient regimes in the NPF, PSAG and BER (Fig. 4.2).  


Fig. 4.1: Biogeographic provinces in the Pacific visited and track of 
          cruise SO248 (red line). For abbreviations see text. 


The overarching aim of the BacGeoPac cruise was to investigate how these 
general plankton- and hydrography-related biogeographic patterns are re-
flected in the growth and substrate dynamics, bio-geography, composition 
and functional properties of the prokaryotic communities and in the 
chemo-geography patterns of the DOM pool between SPS and BER. The Pacific 
is largely unexplored with respect to these microbial biogeography and 
chemodiversity patterns. The major focus was on the epipelagic and 
mesopelagic zones. However, we also included in our investigations the 
bathypelagic, abyssopelagic and sea floor-associated prokaryotic 
communities and DOM patterns and how they relate to the water masses of 
the dark ocean.  
 

To achieve these aims we sampled a transect from the western edge of the 
SPS at 30°S to the BER at 59°N around the 180th longitudinal degree (Fig. 
4.1 and 4.2).   

In order to extend this transect further south and to cover the entire 
Pacific from subantarctic to subarctic waters we will return to RV Sonne 
in late January 2017 on cruise SO254 and continue this transect from 30°S 
to 60°S.  


Fig. 4.1: Chlorophyll a concentrations in the Pacific and track of cruise 
          SO248 (red line).  


To better understand the functional properties of the prokaryotic 
communities in the different biogeographic provinces a special focus was 
on process studies. Therefore, we applied radio- and fluorescently 
labelled model substrates and stable isotope tracer experiments and meso-
cosms with different substrate amendments and 24-hour time series 
studies.  

Besides growth activities, substrate preferences and the composition of 
the bacterial and archaeal communities, the phytoplankton communities, 
nutrient concentrations and the DOM composition were studied 
comprehensively for the first time on such a long transect in the 
Pacific. 

Most of the investigations were carried out in the frame work of the DFG-
funded Collaborative Research Center Roseobacter (TRR51).  


 
4.2  Major topics of investigations on board 

4.2.1  Hydrographic and biogeochemical characterization of the 
       biogeographic provinces and water masses 

In order to characterize the biogeographic provinces and water masses we 
assessed the hydrographic properties of the water column from the surface 
to the sea floor by the sensors of the CTD rosette sampler (salinity, 
temperature, transparency, oxygen, fluorescence). For biogeochemical 
parameters such as chlorophyll, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen 
(POC, PON) and inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, 
phosphate, silicate) samples were collected from distinct depths out of 
Niskin bottles mounted on the rosette sampler.   


4.2.2  Composition, diversity and function of the epi- and mesopelagic 
       microbial communities 

Our aim was to comprehensively assess the composition, diversity and 
function of the prokaryotic communities in all biogeographic provinces in 
the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Therefore, we collected samples 
from the surface to 1000 m depth and prepared them for later analyses by 
state of the art molecular microbiological approaches such as fluorescent 
in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH), next generation sequencing of variable 
regions of the 16S rRNA gene, single cell sorting and genome sequencing, 
metagenomics,  -transcriptomics and proteomics.  

To assess functional properties of these communities bulk rates of 
prokaryotic biomass production, turnover rates of amino acids, glucose 
and acetate were assessed by radiotracer techniques. Further, 
microautoradiography coupled with FISH (MAR-FISH) and using leucine as a 
proxy for protein synthesis and amino acids, glucose and acetate as 
substrates was applied. Microbial polymer hydrolysis was examined by 
applying fluorescently labelled polymeric substrates.  


4.2.3  Mesocosm experiments to assess functional responses to substrate 
       amendmens 

In order to examine how the ambient bacterial communities respond to 
substrate amendments mesocosm experiments in triplicate 20 L carboys and 
controls were conducted in the SPS, NPE and NPF. An exudate of the diatom 
Thalassiosira rotula, alginate and vitamin B12 and a precursor were added 
to separate sets of mesocosms and incubated for six days at ambient 
temperature. Subsamples for bacterial abundance, biomass production, 
substrate turnover, bacterial community composition and DOM analysis by 
ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (see below) were withdrawn 
periodically.  


4.2.4  Diversity and function of the microbial communities in the dark 
       ocean 

The bacterial and archaeal communities in the dark ocean (>1000 m depth) 
were investigated with respect to community composition and key 
functional processes, e.g. heterotrophic bio-mass production and CO2 dark 
fixation. The specific aim was to examine whether the different water 
masses in the deep ocean, the subantarctic and subarctic intermediate 
waters and the deep water harbor distinct microbial communities with 
different rates of biomass production and CO2-dark fixation. Similar 
methods as in the upper water column were applied.  
 

4.2.5  Diversity and function of surface-sediment-associated microbial 
       communities 

In order to examine how the greatly varying trophic state and sinking 
flux of the different bio-geographic processes is reflected in the sea 
floor-associated microbial communities their com-position and polymer 
degradation potential was investigated in the upper 20 cm of the 
sediment. Similar methods as in the upper water column were applied.  


4.2.6  Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) 

The composition of the DOM pool was assessed by ultrahigh resolution mass 
spectrometry, FT-ICR-MS, (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass 
spectrometry, Dittmar and Stub-bins 2014) in the entire water column to 
characterize the biogeographic provinces and water masses also by these 
geochemical features. They are mainly a result of the processing of 
organic matter by the resident microbes. Concentrations of dissolved 
amino acids and carbohydrates and of dissolved organic carbon were 
measured as well.


 
 
 
 
5.  Agenda of the cruise / Programm der Forschungsfahrt  


5.1  Cruise track 
 
A south - north transect across the Pacific was investigated from 30°S to 
59°N at or close to the 180th latitudinal degree to comprehensively cover 
the major biogeographic provinces of this ocean (Fig. 5.1). In contrast 
to the impression of Fig. 4.1 and as verified by our hydrographic 
measurements this transect did not go through the Pacific Warm Pool but a 
little east and covered the various equatorial provinces with their 
complex currents, counter currents (PSE, PEQ, PNE) and upwelling regions. 
Sampling included extensive CTD-casts throughout the water column, bio-
optical characterization of the euphotic zone, horizontal and vertical 
plankton net tows, collection of microplastic particles, in situ pump 
deployments in near surface waters and sediment sampling with a MUC at 
all deep stations. In the SPS, the PNE and NPF mesocosm experiments were 
carried out to examine the response of the bacterial communities to 
various substrate amendments. In the PEQ and NPF 24-hour time series were 
conducted to assess the response of the bacterial communities to diurnal 
changes in irradiance, primary production, DOM supply and mortality by 
grazing and virus infection. 
         

Fig. 5.1: Track and stations (no., latitude, longitude) of cruise SO248 
          across the Pacific. 



5.2  Station work  

The investigation included 19 stations, 11 "deep" stations from the 
surface to the sea floor, including the surface sediment, and 8 "shallow" 
stations from the surface to 1000 m depth (Fig. 5.1). The locations of 
the stations were planned and executed such that we had usually at least 
two stations in each biogeographic province. This resulted in distances 
of ~3-6 latitude between two stations. Only for the narrow PSE, PEQ and 
PNE this scheme did not work such that we had only one deep station in 
each of these provinces.  

The operations of the deep stations usually started with either a MUC or 
a shallow CTD down to 1000 m, depending on the time of the day (Fig. 
5.2). The aim was to have the CTD on deck in the morning around 8:00 
hours local time whenever possible so that we had a morning situation for 
all analyses. We had a fixed number of defined depths between 20 and 1000 
m depth for collecting samples (20, 40, 60, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 m) 
and only the depth of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) was adjusted 
according the fluorescence reading of the CTD downcast. Sample collection 
with the Niskin bottles was always done during the CTD upcast. When the 
MUC was operated prior to the CTD, between 2:00 and ~6:00 hours local 
time we relocated the ship for the CTD cast to a new site at a distance 
of 2 nm. The deep CTD, covering the water column below 1000 m and to 10 m 
above sea floor with sampling collection roughly every 1000 m, followed 
thereafter and, if needed, another CTD for special water requirements. 
Samples for various parameters were withdrawn from the Niskin bottles 
(see below). The McLane in situ pump was usually deployed at 20 or 60 m 
for 3 hours shortly after the start of the shallow CTD from the stern on 
the starboard side (Fig. 5.2). This deployment scheme saved time and 
still allowed operating the CTD smoothly.   
 

Fig. 5.2: Retrieval of the 24x20 Liter CTD, sediment cores by the MUC and 
          the McLane in situ pump.  

 
Table 5.1: Measured parameters in samples withdrawn from the Niskin 
           bottles: 

Parameter                               0-200  200-1000   1000 m- 
                                          m       m      seafloor
——————————————————————————————————————  —————  ————————  ————————
Particulate organic carbon/nitrogen       +       + 
Chlorophyll                               + 
Inorganic nutrients  (nitrate, nitrite, 
  ammonium, phosphate, silikate)          +       +         + 
Dissolved amino acids/carbohydrates       +       + 
DOC                                       +       +         + 
DOM (FT-ICR-MS)                           +       +         + 
CARD-FISH                                 +       +         + 
Bacterial biomass production              +       +         + 
Turnover rates of amino acids, glucose,   
  acetate                                 + 
MAR-FISH                                  + 
Microbial polymer hydrolysis              +       + 
Metagenomics, -transcriptomics, 
  -proteomics                             +                 + 
Prokaryotic community composition         +       +         + 
 
 
Optical characterization of the upper 200 m followed the CTD operations. 
This included Secchi depth reading, Forel Ule estimates of ocean color 
and UV and optical profilers. The profilers were set out from the stern 
portside to 200 m in free falling mode as the ship gently moved forward.  

Thereafter a vertical or horizontal tow of the Bongo net with a mesh size 
of 200 m followed. The vertical tow for collecting zooplankton covered 
the upper 200 m of the water column. With the horizontal tow at the 
surface microplastic was collected which lasted 30 min at a ship speed of 
2-3 kn.  

In case the MUC was not operated prior to the CTD casts the station work 
was terminated with sediment collection by the MUC. From the sediment 
slices from the surface and 20 cm below seafloor were prepared for 
analysis of pore water, phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase 
activities, prokaryotic cell numbers and community analysis.  

Shallow stations followed basically the same sequence of operations 
except the deep CTD and the MUC casts. 

During the two 24 hour time series stations CTD casts down to 500 m were 
run every 3 hours in addition to the operations of a regular deep 
station.   



5.3  Underway measurements  

In addition to ship-based underway data (weather conditions, incident 
light, ADCP) additional parameters were assessed by a FerryBox for a 
better characterization of the extension of the biogeographic provinces. 
This device is a flow through system connected to the ship's continuous 
pump system to monitor continuously temperature, salinity, chlorophyll 
fluorescence, turbidity and dissolved oxygen.  

Discrete Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) measurements were made whenever 
clear and cloudless sky allowed. Readings were done with a handheld 
MICROTOPS II instrument kindly provided by the NASA/Goddard Space Flight 
Center in conjunction with the AERONET Mari-time Aerosol Network program.  
 
 
 

 
6.  Settings of the working area / Beschreibung des Arbeitsgebiets  

The Pacific Ocean, the largest water mass globally, exhibits distinct hy-
drographic patterns and biogeographic provinces between the tropics and 
subpolar regions (Figs. 4.1, 4.2, Fig. 6.1, 6.2, Longhurst 2006). The 
largest areas are covered by the ultraoligotrophic South Pacific and the 
North Pacific Subtropical Gyres, permanently stratified and nutrient-
depleted areas. The tropics are characterized by the equatorial cur-rents 
and southern and northern counter currents with pronounced upwelling 
features, leading to substantially higher rates of primary production and 
phytoplankton bio-mass than the subtropical gyres locked out of nutrient 
input from nutrient-enriched deep water. The polar frontal and the 
subarctic region are affected by the westerly and polar winds and 
pronounced seasonal hydrographic and plankton dynamics. High 
concentrations of inorganic nutrients, including silicate, lead to 
pronounced spring and summer phytoplankton blooms and a high sinking flux 
and sediments enriched in organic matter.  


Fig. 6.1: Surface currents in the Pacific 
          (Tomczak and Godfrey 1994). 

 
Quite a few studies have been carried out on the composition and growth 
dynamics of bacterioplankton communities in various regions of the 
Pacific Ocean including the equatorial upwelling, the subtropical gyres 
and the colder regions, mainly on the northern hemisphere (Shi et al. 
2011, Sowell et al. 2011, Tada et al. 2011, Ottesen et al. 2013). 
However, only scarce information and none applying state of the art 
community analysis exists on basin-wide patterns of the composition of 
bacterioplankton communities and microbial polymer hydrolysis in the 
Pacific (Baldwin et al. 2005, Arnosti et al. 2011). In fact, no study is 
available on the composition and biodiversity of bacterioplankton 
communities and their active players in relation to the major 
biogeographic provinces in the Pacific. Further, no information is 
available on the DOM composition in the biogeographic provinces of this 
ocean.  
 

Fig. 6.2: Vertical structure of the water mass-es in the Pacific at 
          160°W between the surface and seafloor (Dietrich et al. 1992).  
 
 
The deep Pacific Ocean with the oldest oceanic water masses (Hansell 
2013), pronounced northern and southern intermediate waters and a large 
central deep water mass (Fig. 6.2, Dietrich et al. 1992) is also rather 
unexplored with respect to assessing structure and function of the 
prokaryotic microbial communities. Only a few studies from the North 
Pacific Subtropical Gyre are available (DeLong et al. 2006, Swan et al. 
2011, Ottesen et al. 2014). The only large-scale studies including the 
dark ocean carried out so far investigated bulk growth properties of the 
microbial communities between the Bering Sea and tropical regions but did 
not address microbial community composition (Nagata et al. 2000, Yokokawa 
et al. 2013).  
 
 
 
 
 
7.  Work details and first results / Beschreibung der Arbeiten im Detail   
    einschlielich erster Ergebnisse  

Investigations described in chapters 7.3, 7.4, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9 and 
7.10 were carried out as projects and key work packages of the 
Transregional Collaborative Research Center Ecology, Physiology and 
Molecular Biology of the Roseobacter clade: Towards a Systems Biology 
Understanding of a Globally Important Clade of Marine Bacteria (TRR 51, 
www.roseobacter.de). 
 


7.1  Oceanographic Measurements - New Deepwater-CTD Rosette     
     (TH Badewien, H Winkler, KL Arndt, O Zielinski) 
 
The oceanographic measurements were carried out with the help of a CTD- 
(Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) probe attached to a rosette water 
sampler. The major goal was to identify the thermohaline structure of the 
water column. In addition, different water masses of the Pacific had to 
be identified. 

To adequately analyze the genomic, proteomic and biochemical 
characteristics of bacteria in oligotrophic oceanic regions, high volumes 
of water from different depths had to be obtained. In addition, several 
mesocosm experiments were conducted onboard using ambient seawater. Thus, 
to serve the high demand for seawater, we designed and constructed a new 
frame sized in such a way that it could accommodate 24 water-sampling 
bottles with a volume of 20 L each as well as the standard Seabird 
probes.  
 

Methods and instrument details 

We tested the newly designed CTD-rosette for the first time under 
oceanographic conditions during this cruise. The system worked well even 
under harsh weather conditions and the high-pressure present at the 
deepest sampling stations (up to about 5900 m depth).  

We used a Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. CTD SBE 911plus probe, SN 09-1266, 
attached to an SBE 32 Carousel Water Sampler SN 32-1119 containing 24 20-
liter Ocean Test Equipment Inc. bottles. The CTD system is equipped with 
double temperature and conductivity sensors, an oxygen sensor, a pressure 
sensor, an altimeter, and a combined chlorophyll fluorometer and 
turbidity sensor. 

Before each measurement, the CTD was adapted to the ambient water 
temperature at 10 m water depth for 3 minutes. We obtained temperature, 
conductivity, oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity profile from the surface 
down to 1000 m for "shallow" casts and down to 10 m above the sea floor 
for "deep" casts. Temperature was calculated according to the ITS-90 
temperature standard (potential T in C). Absolute salinity (g/kg) was 
calculated using the TEOS-10 standard (IOC, SCOR and IAPSO, 2010; Millero 
et al. 2008, McDougall et al. 2012). Within the upper 500 m, the CTD was 
lowered at 0.5 m/s due to constraints by the winch system. At depths 
higher than 500 m, the speed could be increased up to 1 m/s.  

All data were recorded and stored using the standard software Seasave V 
7.23.2. The data were processed by means of ManageCTD, loops deleted, and 
data were added such as the CTD header, and ship position, based on the 
aboard data system DSHIP. We checked the data for unusual spikes using 
the despike-routine of the ManageCTD. Finally, the data were converted 
into different formats for subsequent analyses and publication. Other 
data from the DSHIP data set (salinometer, Ferrybox, weather recordings, 
ADCP, GPS) were extracted for further processing and as a supplement to 
the CTD data.  
 

Table 7.1: Specifications and dates of calibration of the CTD sensors. 

Temperature 1                          |Temperature 2 
  Sea-Bird Electr. Inc.                |  Sea-Bird Electr. Inc. 
  SN: 5828, Calibration date 23-Dec-15 |  SN: 5829, Calibration date 11-Dec-15 
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
Conductivity 1                         |Conductivity 2 
  Sea-Bird Electr. Inc.                |  Sea-Bird Electr. Inc. 
  SN: 4529, Calibration date 15-Dec-15 |  SN: 4530, Calibration date 15-Dec-15 
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
Pressure Sensor                        |
Sea-Bird Electr. Inc.                  |
SN: 1266, Calibration date 07-Jan-16   |
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
Altimeter Sensor                       |
Bentos                                 |
SN: 67334                              |
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
Flurometer                             |
FluoroWetlabECO_AFL_FL                 |
SN: FLNTURTD-4111,                     |
Calibration date 11-Sep-15             |
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
Turbidity Sensor                       |
FluoroWetlabECO_AFL_FL                 |
SN: FLNTURTD-4111,                     |
Calibration date 11-Sep-15             |
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
Oxygen                                 |
Aanderaa AADI4831F                     |
SN: 527, Calibration date 2015-10-19   |
———————————————————————————————————————|——————————————————————————————————————
 

All sensors attached to the frame were pre-calibrated by the 
manufacturers (Table 7.1). We compared the data of both temperature and 
conductivity sensors using data from 56 and 57 casts, respectively. The 
temperature sensors had a very high accuracy, with a mean difference of 
0.0007°C (Fig. 7.1). The conductivity sensors had an accuracy of 0.0071 
ms/cm (Fig. 7.1). There was a small constant offset between both 
conductivity sensors. We collected about 30 seawater samples for further 
analyzes using a lab-based salinometer.  
 

 Figure 7.1: Accuracy check of the temperature and conductivity double 
             sensors based on nearly all CTD-casts during cruise SO248.  
 

Oxygen Calibration  

For calibration of the Aanderaa oxygen sensor, we used the standard 
Winkler titration technique to determine the concentration of dissolved 
oxygen in seawater (Grasshoff et al. 1999). At almost each station we 
took two to four replicate water samples from two to three different 
depths. In total, we used 98 water samples for the calibration of the 
oxygen sensor. The results obtained from the oxygen sensor and the 
titration measurements compare well (R(^2) = 0.96, see Fig. 7.2). The 
correction function has an offset of 7.75 mol L(^-1); the slope is 1.13. 

 
Fig. 7.2: Validation of the Aanderaa-type oxygen optode by using Winkler 
          titration of samples obtained at 14 stations during cruise 
          SO248. 

 
Preliminary results  

Altogether, we collected samples at 19 stations with 59 CTD-casts. About 
30,000 L of sea-water were used for analyses and experiments. 

Contour plots of salinity and temperature down to 1000 m water depth over 
the entire transect from the southernmost to the northernmost station in 
the Bering Sea along 180°E/W are shown in Figs. 7.3 and 7.4. Black lines 
indicate isopycnals. The white dashed line indicates the depth of the 
chlorophyll maximum, as determined by the fluorescence sensor. 

We can clearly identify the water masses in the tropical and subtropical 
regions with highest temperatures and salinity south of the equator. 
Another prominent feature is the strong salinity gradient with the 
frontal systems in the northern Pacific around 40-45°N and the subarctic 
and Bering Sea regions with salinities below 33 and surface temperatures 
as low as 4°C.  

Fig. 7.5 shows the oxygen distribution down to a depth of 3000 m along 
the transect. The so-called oxygen minimum zone extends from about 200 m 
down to almost 2000 m in the north-ern Pacific and complies with previous 
studies (Dietrich et al. 1992). The maximum extension of the oxygen 
minimum zone was between 50° and 60°N.  

Temperature-Salinity diagrams obtained from the measurements at the 
"deep" stations are shown in Fig. 7.6. The water masses with the highest 
density at all stations were identified as the central deep water (CDW) 
of the Pacific Ocean. Overall, we can clearly distinguish the tropical 
and subtropical water masses (stations 2-12) from those of the North 
Pacific (stations 14-19).  
 

Figure 7.3: Contour plot of the absolute salinity distribution along the 
            meridional transect of cruise SO248 and biogeographic 
            provinces (top). Black lines indicate the isopycnals; the 
            white dashed line the depth of the chlorophyll maximum and 
            the dashed blue lines the positions of the stations. 
 
Figure 7.4: Contour plot of the potential temperature distribution along 
            the meridional transect of cruise SO248 and biogeographic 
            provinces (top). Black lines indicate the isopycnals; the 
            white dashed line the depth of the chlorophyll maximum and 
            the dashed blue lines the positions of the stations. 
 
Figure 7.5: Contour plot of the oxygen concentration along the meridional 
            transect of cruise SO248 and biogeographic provinces (top). 
            Black lines indicate the isopycnals; the white dashed line 
            the position of the chlorophyll maximum and the dashed blue 
            lines the positions of the stations. 
 
Figure 7.6: T-S-Diagram (potential temperature versus absolute salinity) 
            of all deep stations of cruise SO248. 
 

Data Management: 

The data are available at PANGAEA: 
https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.864673 
Badewien TH, Winkler H, Arndt KL, Simon M (2016) Physical oceanography 
during SONNE cruise SO248 (BacGeoPac). Institute for Chemistry and 
Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University of 
Oldenburg, Germany, Dataset #864673, (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.864673). 



7.2  Bio-optics  
     (D Voss, D Meier, R Henkel, O Zielinski) 

The main objective of the bio-optics part of the cruise was to determine 
and correlate the underwater light field, combined with transparency 
measurements and ship-based ocean color sensing to biogeochemical 
properties and the composition of plankton and bacterioplankton 
communities and the biogeographic provinces. As light availability 
controls phytoplankton growth and community composition and only few 
investigations were performed within this oceanic region covering 
distinct hydrographic patterns and biogeographic provinces, observations 
play an important role to elucidate causative links. To obtain a better 
insight into the bio-diversity patterns of (bacterio-) plankton 
communities and their biogeochemical significance and role in DOM 
turnover the assessment of DOM was complemented by measuring chromo-
phoric (CDOM) and fluorescence properties (FDOM). These measurements 
allow a highly sensitive DOM analysis (Coble 2007, Moore et al. 2009, 
Baszanowska et al 2011) and the correlation of DOM signatures to water 
masses and their specific microbial biogeochemical processes. A further 
objective of the cruise was to investigate the improvement of optical 
processing methods. Here we focused on the validation and calculation of 
nitrate in oligotrophic surface waters with an UV spectrophotometer 
continuously running over the whole cruise transect.  


Methods  

Hyperspectral und multispectral light field measurements (UV/VIS) 
A HyperPro II profiling system (Satlantic, Halifax, Canada) was used to 
acquire bio-optical data for different parameters. The profiler consists 
of one hyperspectral irradiance and one hyper-spectral radiance sensor as 
well as fluorescence and backscatter sensors and an integrated CTD. A 
second hyperspectral irradiance sensor was mounted on the research vessel 
for reference measurements. On the profiler, the irradiance sensor 
measures downwelling and the radiance sensor upwelling light. The 
fluorescence sensors measure chlorophyll, CDOM, phycoerythrin and 
phycocyanin fluorescence signals. The backscatter sensor retrieves data 
at 470 nm and 700 nm. Profiler measurements were conducted at almost all 
stations depending on sea, weather and light conditions. At these 
stations, three casts at the back of the ship were typically performed in 
free-falling mode (1x full depth, 2 x 50 m). At each cast, the profiler 
was lowered until the downwelling light values were of the same order of 
magnitude as the back-ground noise level of the sensor. Besides the VIS 
version a second UV profiling system (Satlantic, Halifax, Canada) was 
used at the stations to determine the penetration of UV light within the 
water column. On the profiler, two irradiance sensors (selected 
wavelengths) measure the downwelling light. A second hyperspectral 
irradiance sensor was mounted on the research vessel for reference 
measurements of the full light availability. Three casts at the back of 
the ship were typically performed in free-falling mode (1x full depth, 2 
x 50 m). Data processing was done onboard; further modelling will be 
performed afterwards.  


Fig. 7.7:  HyperPro II profiler to determine the underwater light field.  

 
As a reference for the underwater light field measurements spectral 
absorption coefficients of particles and pigments were determined in 
discrete water samples afterwards in the lab. Therefore, particles were 
concentrated on filters for subsequent absorption analysis. One to 2 L of 
seawater from selected light field depths were filtered under low vacuum 
trough pre-combusted Whatman GF/F filters (47mm). Filters were 
immediately frozen at -80°C. Further analysis will be done in the home 
lab afterwards.  


Ocean Color Sensing 

Water transparency measurements were performed with a 0.9 m diameter 
Secchi disk at almost each station depending on sea and weather 
conditions. The Forel-Ule (FU) color scale is a device that is composed 
of 21 colors, from 'indigo blue' to 'cola brown', and rep-resents the range 
of colors that can be found in the open sea, coastal, and continental 
waters. Based upon a historical background, this provides an estimate of 
the present water constituents influencing the water color. The color of 
the water was determined over a Secchi disk at half the disk's depth at 
each day station. When classical measurements were conducted at some 
stations additionally a smartphone app for FUI determination was used. 
Measurements were part of the EU project Citclops (www.citclops.eu, 
eyeonwater.org.    


Fig. 7.8: Forel-Ule scale for observations during cruise SO248. 

 
Above-water hyperspectral radiometric observations were conducted during 
the whole cruise. A radiometer setup with a RAMSES-ACC hyperspectral 
cosine irradiance meter to measure ES (λ) (downwelling solar 
irradiance), and two RAMSES-ARC hyperspectral radiance meters to measure 
Lsfc (Θsfc,Φ, λ) (upwelling water-leaving radiance) and Lsky (Θsky, 
Φ, λ) (sky-leaving radiance) were installed on the ships foremast (Fig. 
7.9, TriOS GmbH, Germany). Hy-perspectral measurements were collected at 
5 min intervals over a spectral range of λ = 320 Р950 nm. Data 
processing will be done according to Garaba & Zielinski (2014). 
Furthermore, newly developed processing algorithms will be tested with 
the collected data set. Measurements were combined with a security 
camera, taking pictures every 10 minutes for a later validation of 
spectra.  
 

Fig. 7.9: Radiometric setup at the foremast of RV Sonne. 
 

FDOM / CDOM measurements 

Water samples were collected at each station from defined depths to 
measure CDOM and FDOM on shipboard fluoro- and spectrophotometrically, 
respectively, in 0.2 m prefiltered samples.  
 

Preliminary Results 

Hyperspectral und multispectral light field measurements (UV/VIS) 

Underwater light field measurements were performed at almost every 
station and showed pronounced differences in the different biogeographic 
provinces (Fig. 7.10). The vertical profile of the photosynthetic active 
radiation (PAR) decreased from the PNE (station 7) to the NPF (station 
12) and BER (Station 17). stations were selected to show the changes in 
the. Analysis and modeling are in progress for all stations along the 
cruise transect.  
 
  
Figure 7.10: Vertical profile of absolute PAR (left) and percent (right) 
             at 3 stations of cruise SO248 in the Pacific. For location 
             of the stations see Fig. 5.1. 
 

FDOM measurements 

For each station and distinct depths water samples were taken for FDOM 
measurements. Data of station 3 in SPS show the typical differences of 
oligotrophic waters in the profile between the surface and 1000 m depth 
with increased fluorescence in the mesopelagic zone (Fig. 7.11).  
 
  
Figure 7.11: FDOM characteristics of station 3 in SPS between 20 and 
             1000 m depth. DCM: deep chlorophyll maximum. 
 
 
Ocean Color Sensing 

Water transparency and Forel-Ule (FU) color scale measurements were 
performed at almost every station. As shown on Figure 7.12 Secchi depth 
in the oligotrophic biogeographic provinces in the equatorial regions 
exceeded 40 m and decreased in the more eutrophic ones further north to 
<20 m. The Forel-Ule index exhibited inverse patterns. 
  

Figure 7.12: Station numbers (left), Secchi depth (central) and Forel-Ule 
             index (right) of stations of cruise SO248. Due to bad 
             weather or light conditions no observations were possible at 
             station 11, and 13 to 15. 
 

Data Management 

All data will be transferred to the PANGAEA database as soon as they are 
available and quality checked. Depending on data type and progress of 
sample analysis, this will be done within 2-3 years. All datasets will be 
submitted to PANGAEA, allocated by the cruise identifier SO248. 
 
 
7.3  Bacterioplankton cell numbers, biomass production and turnover rates 
     of labile substrates. 
     (M Simon, I Bakenhus, S Billerbeck, N Bergen, F Mielke, L Wolter, 
     M Wolterink, B Kuerzel,  HA Giebel)  

We aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the bacterioplankton community 
in the Pacific and its biogeographic provinces with a special emphasis on 
the Roseobacter clade and its major bacterioplankton subclusters. The 
work includes investigations of the biogeography, growth and population 
dynamics and the bacterioplankton community composition.  

A list of investigated parameters is given in Table 5.1.  


Methods 

Our main work on shipboard was the collection and processing of water 
samples from depths between 20 and 1000 m. Samples were withdrawn from 
the Niskin bottles mounted on the CTD rosette from the mixed layer and 
the mesopelagic zones (for details on the CTD see chapter 7.1). Our 
sampling scheme included fixed depths between 20 and 200 m, the chloro-
phyll maximum and at 'deep' stations also 500 and 1000 m. Samples for 
bacterial abundance, production and turnover of dissolved free amino 
acids and glucose were analyzed on ship-board. Bacterial abundance was 
assessed by flow cytometry and bacterial production and substrate 
turnover by radiotracer techniques and applying 14C-leucine, 3H-leucine,  
-glucose, -amino acids and -acetate. For details on the methods see Simon 
and Azam (1989) and Simon and Rosenstock (2007). In addition, samples for 
CARD-FISH and MAR-FISH analyses of the bacterial communities applying the 
same radiolabelled substrates were taken and processed for the upper 200 
m. Further, samples for the analysis of dissolved free and combined amino 
acids and neutral sugars were collected, prefiltered through 0.2 m 
polysulfon membranes (Gelman Acrodisc) and stored frozen until later 
analysis in the home lab by HPLC.  


Preliminary Results 

Bacterial cell numbers in the near surface layer ranged between 2 and 
22x105 cells ml-1 with a trend of increasing numbers from south to north, 
in particular at 20 and 60 m depth (Fig. 7.13). Bacterial biomass 
production and bulk growth rates were extremely low in the SPS and exhib-
ited highest rates in the PSE and PNE at 20 m depth exceeding 2 per day 
(Fig. 7.13). In other tropical and subtropical regions bulk growth rates 
ranged between 0.3 and 1 per day with a trend of decreasing values 
further north in the colder water masses and biogeographic provinces. The 
extremely low rates of bacterial biomass production in the SPS and the 
high values in the PSE and PNE and generally decreasing values further 
north in the NPTG, NPF, PSAG and BER are well reflected in the integrated 
rates of bacterial biomass production of the upper 300 m of the water 
column (Fig. 7.14). 

Turnover rates of dissolved free amino acids in the upper 100 m ranged 
from below 0.005 per day in the SPS to 0.8 per day in the equatorial 
region. Values in the colder regions further north were between 0.05 and 
0.3 per day without a clear latitudinal gradient. In contrast, turnover 
rates or glucose and acetate exhibited a clear latitudinal gradient with 
increasing rates to-wards the PSAG and BER from below 0.05 to 0.2 per 
day.  


Data management 

All finally processed data will be stored on a server at ICBM, of TRR 51 
and will be available on request if not otherwise mentioned. Most of the 
data will be published in international peer-reviewed journals. 
 
 
Fig. 7.13: Bacterial cell numbers (upper panel), biomass production (cen-
           tral panel) and bulk growth rates (lower panel) at 20, 60 and 
           100 m depth in the Pacific during cruise SO248. 

Fig. 7.14: Bacterial bio-mass production integrated from 0 to 300 m 
           depth in the Pacific during cruise SO248. 

 
 
7.4  Mesocosm experiments 
     (M Wietz, G Wienhausen, M Simon, M Dogs, M Wolterink, HA Giebel)  

Mesocosm experiments were carried out to examine the response of the 
ambient bacterial communities in the SPS, the PNE and NPF to amendments 
of an exudate of the diatom Thalassiosira rotula, alginate and of vitamin 
B12 and a precursor.   


Methods 

Twenty-liter Nalgene carboys were filled with water from 20 m depth at 
station 2 (SPS) and station 14 (NPF) and from 40 m at station 7 (PNE). In 
one experiment two sets of triplicates were amended with the diatom 
exudates and incubated for 6 days, one set of triplicates and controls 
without amendment in the dark and the other set in a 12:12 light-dark 
cycle. In the second experiment, another set of triplicates was amended 
with alginate as a model polysaccharide and incubated in the dark for six 
days. In a third experiment vitamin B12 or a precursor and inorganic 
nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate) was added to triplicates and 
incubated together with controls without any addition for six days in the 
dark. All incubations were at in situ temperature and subsampled 
periodically for bacterial abundance, bacterial biomass pro-duction and 
the vitamin experiment also for turnover rates of amino acids, 
phytoplankton and the alginate experiment also for turnover rates of 
glucose. After six days a large part of the remaining volume was filtered 
onto 0.2 m filters for metagenomic and transcriptomic analyses of the 
bacterial communities.    


Preliminary Results 

Bacterial abundance in all experiments increased only little over time. 
However, bacterial bio-mass production increased over time in all 
experiments indicating that the bacterial communities did respond to the 
different amendments. However, the responses differed in the various 
biogeographic provinces. The response in the SPS was low and a short lag 
time, that in the PNE very rapid exhibiting highest rates and that in the 
NPF slow but steady over the entire incubation time.  

The later analyses of the bacterial community composition will show which 
bacterial lineages responded and elucidate differences in the response 
patterns to the various amendments and incubations conditions, i.e. dark 
versus light:dark.  
 


7.5  Extracellular Peptidase and polysaccharide activities  
     (C Arnosti, JP Balmonte) 

The objective was to measure heterotrophic activities of microbial 
communities in the different biogeographic provinces and at different 
depths in order to determine the extent to which bio-geographic and 
depth-related differences in microbial community composition and genetic 
con-tent are reflected in activities of the extracellular enzymes that 
initiate the remineralization of organic matter. 


Methods 

We measured peptidase and polysaccharide hydrolytic activities at 8 
stations (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16) and 5 different depths along the 
latitudinal transect. Peptidase activities at the surface and the DCM 
were also measured at the stations 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 17. 
Further, hydrolytic activities of particle-associated (>3 um) bacteria 
were compared to whole-water activities at the 8 stations and 3 depths 
(surface, DCM, bottom water). Peptidase and polysaccharide hydrolytic 
activities were also measured in the mesocosms that were amended with a 
diatom exudate and alginate so that these activities can be related to 
the growth dynamics and composition of the bacterial communities 
responding to the added substrates.  

Glucosidase and peptidase activities were measured using MUF and MCA-
tagged small substrates (glucose; leucine; short peptides to measure 
trypsin and chymotrypsin activities) after the method of Hoppe (1983) and 
Obayashi & Suzuki (2008), although our measurements were made using a 
plate reader. Activities of polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes were 
measured with fluorescently-labeled polysaccharides, using the method of 
Arnosti (1995; 2003). Gravity-filtration measurements of enzyme 
activities were made by gravity-filtering water through a 3.0 um pore-
sized filter, then cutting the filter into 12 equal portions for 
measurements of enzyme activity in duplicate, after D'ambrosio et al 
(2014). 


Preliminary results 

We have compiled preliminary results for peptidase and ß-glucosidase 
activities from the sur-face and DCM between stations 1 and 11 (30°S to 
28°N). Rates and patterns of activities varied by location; across all 
substrates, activities were lower at St 1-3 and 11 than at St 4-10. For 
some substrates and sites (L-MCA at St 5, 7, 9 and 10; AAPF-chym at St 4, 
5, and 7), activities in the DCM exceeded those in surface water. 
Trypsin/chymotrypsin activities showed greater range and spatial 
variability than did leucine aminopeptidase activity. Trypsin activities 
in surface waters were notably high at St 3 and 4, whereas chymotrypsin 
activities were high at St 6 and 10. Ranges of these activities were a 
factor of 3 greater than for leucine aminopeptidase (Fig. 7.15). 

The raw data for the rest of the peptidase samples has been collected, 
but still need to be processed. All of the samples for polysaccharide 
hydrolase activities remain to be run (in excess of 10,000 samples); we 
have the capacity to analyze a maximum of 50 samples per day, and we have 
a backlog of samples from other cruises that are still in the pipeline. 
We estimate that we will complete running the samples on our HPLC/GPC 
system during the spring of 2017. Data analysis will commence at/after 
that time. 


Data management 

All of the raw data and processed data will be posted and stored on our 
lab's password-protected Sakai website, which is backed up and maintained 
by the University of North Carolina. After publication, data can be made 
publicly available also through public databases.  
 
 
Fig. 7.15: Hydrolysis rates of α- and ß-glucosidases, leucine-amino-
           peptidase, chymotrypsin and trypsin at 20 m depth (surface) 
           and the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) at stations 1 to 11 of 
           cruise SO248 in the Pacific.  
 


7.6  Bacterioplankton biogeography and bacterial algal interactions 
     (I Wagner-Döbler, J Tomasch) 

Algae-Bacterial Interactions 

A topic still controversially debated in microbial ecology is the extend 
to which the microorganisms colonizing eukaryotes like corals and 
microalgae are stable symbionts selected for specific functions or the 
result of random attachment (Hester et al. 2016). We will use chlorophyll 
auto-fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate single phototrophic 
microalgal cells together with their attached microbial communities (the 
holobiont) from water samples of the photic zone. Multiple-displacement 
amplification (SDA) will be used to obtain DNA from the single holo-
bionts. 16S rRNA gene amplification and next generation sequencing (tag-
sequencing, amplicon sequencing) will be used to characterize the 
microbial communities from approx. 200 single microalgae holobionts. 
Statistical methods will be employed to determine the stable and variable 
part of the community (Hester et al. 2016). Based on these results, the 
metagenomes of algal cells with highly similar as well as divergent 
microbiomes will be analyzed in order to reveal how community divergence 
influences functional diversity or conservation.  


Bacterioplankton biogeography  

Deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria and chloroplasts from 
microalgae will be used to determine the composition of microbial 
communities in the epipelagic zone of the latitudinal gradient crossing 
the biogeographic provinces. Water samples will be fractionated into 
three size classes by sequential filtration to determine the influence of 
particle size on biogeographic patterns and to compare bacterioplankton 
communities associated with microalgae to free-living ones. The same 
approach has previously been used for the Atlantic Ocean (Milici et al. 
2016a, b, c). The data will serve as a background for interpreting the 
results of single holobiont sequencing.  


Diel changes in gene expression 

Bacteria in the photic zone of the oceans adapt their transcriptional 
activity to the diel regime (Ottesen et al. 2013, 2014). We will use a 
data set of the two 24 h time-series with sampling intervals of three 
hours to analyze the transcriptional activity patterns of the 
bacterioplankton using Illumina RNA sequencing.   


Methods 

Unfiltered CTD water samples for single cell sorting, subsequent 16S rRNA 
gene sequencing and metagenomics were obtained at 20 m and 60 m at each 
station along the cruise. Samples were cryo-conserved using three 
different protocols (glycine-betaine, glycine-betaine and TE, glycerol).  

At each station the water column was sampled at 20, 40, 60, 100, 200, 
500, and 1000 m depth. The DCM was additionally sampled if it differed 
from the standard depths by more than 5 m. Samples (10 L) were 
sequentially filtered from 8 m to 3 m to 0.22 m to separate the plankton 
into three size fractions (large particle associated, small particle 
associated and free living bacteria). For RNA extraction, 20 L water 
samples were taken at 60 m depth and the DCM.  

At two stations (0.00°N and 50.00°N) 20 L water samples were taken over a 
24 h period every three hours at two depths (20 m and DCM) and filtered 
as above.   

All samples were stored at -80°C until further analysis in the home lab. 
Data management 

Raw data will be sequenced by the Genome Analysis group of the HZI. Raw 
and processed data will be stored on HZI servers. Analyses will be stored 
on the servers of the group Microbial Communication and published in 
international peer reviewed journals. Raw and processed data will be made 
publicly available on the European Nucleotide Archive 
(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) upon publication.    
 


7.7  Population structure and divergence in the Roseobacter group  
     (HM Freese, A Methner, C Lepleux) 

Bacteria of the Roseobacter group are abundant and widely distributed in 
marine systems as well as physiologically and phylogenetically highly 
diverged which suggests that adaptation and selection have been the major 
drivers of their evolution. Exclusively surface-associated Phaeobacter 
species from the Roseobacter group showed clade-specific preferences in 
association with a host or environmental resource patches. Their 
population structure and evolutionary mechanisms differed to so far 
investigated pelagic Prochlorococcus and Pelagibacter but also to vibrios 
which switch between free-living and associated lifestyles. This leads to 
the question if this population structure and these evolutionary 
mechanisms are representative for the Roseobacter group even at different 
hierarchical levels or for a specific lifestyle. Therefore, the relevance 
of these evolutionary mechanisms and the ecological niches of the 
intraspecific genome-based cluster will be elucidated for closely related 
genera, like Pseudophaeobacter, which occur associated and in sediments 
as well as the distantly related genome streamlined pelagic Roseobacter 
clade affiliated (RCA) cluster. 


Methods 

At all stations >30°N 9 water samples from 20 m depth were amended with 
glycine betaine and frozen at -80°C for later cultivation independent 
population genomic analysis of the RCA cluster via single cell genomics. 
In parallel, bacteria from large volumes (Fig. 7.16) were size 
fractionated and concentrated onto membrane filter (0.2 µm, 3 µm, 10 µm) 
with a McLane WTS-LV Sampler in situ at 20 m depth and frozen at -80°C 
for later DNA and RNA extraction.

To elucidate physiological potential and niches of subpopulations of 
various species of the Roseobacter group water samples from 20 m, the DCM 
or 100 m and 500 m were incubated with 14 different substrates in 
combination with5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (Click-iT®) in microcosm 
experiments at 11 stations. After 6 h incubation, cells were harvested, 
fixed, washed and permeabilized onboard and frozen for further processing  
at home. At three stations surface samples were additionally incubated 
with 3 different CNS substrates in mesocosms, filtered, fixed and frozen 
for later RNA extraction. 


Fig. 7.16: Volumes of surface water filtered with the Mclane in situ pump 
           within 3 h at stations ≥30°N 

  
To enrich strains closely related to Phaeobacter, samples of the surface 
sediment, zooplankton concentrated by a 100 µm or 300 µm Bongo net were 
incubated in replicates of serial dilutions using a general and a 
specific medium over the transect. After at least 10 days of continuously 
incubation at 15°C, 96 well plates with grown wells were subject to a 
specific PCR and screened by gel electrophoresis. Positive single wells 
were streaked on agar plates, transferred into fresh medium and cryo-
preserved which will be continued at home. 


Preliminary Results 

Overall, 328 enrichments in 96 deep well plates and 40 agar plates of 
exemplary stations were inoculated. Bacteria were readily enriched from 
plankton samples over the whole transect but only exceptional. growth was 
observed in sediment enrichments so far. However, further growth of the 
sediment enrichments is expected in the next weeks. Phaeobacter related 
bacteria did not dominate the plankton enrichments but 11% of the so far 
131 screened 96 well plates contained at least one strain. From one 
larger crab, already 5 different bacteria from the Roseobacter group with 
a 16S rDNA similarity of 97 -93% to Phaeobacter were isolated which may 
point to an organism dependent association of Roseobacter bacteria. 
However, this has to be verified when screening, isolation and molecular 
analysis of all enrichments are completed. Depending on the isolation 
success, selected bacterial strains will be genome sequenced and their 
population genomics analyzed. 

The result of the cultivation independent population genomic analysis and 
of the substrate dependent physiological potential of bacterial 
subpopulations in 460 assays will become available after processing of 
the samples (single cell genomics, metagenomics and transcriptomics as 
well as counting, sorting and sequencing of active (i.e. fluorescing 
cells) in the laboratories at home after several months. 


Data management 

The results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals and 
molecular data will be submitted to the respective data base (e.g. NCBI). 
 



7.8  Microbial abundance, diversity and activity in Pacific deep sea 
     sediments 
     (M Pohlner, J Degenhardt, B Engelen) 

For the analysis of seafloor sediments along the SO248 transect, we 
followed three main objectives: First, we wanted to determine if the 
site-specific conditions of the biogeographic provinces in the water 
column are reflected by the microbial abundance and diversity at the 
seafloor. Second objective was to compare enzymatic activities of benthic 
communities along the transect. To identify the role of benthic viruses 
in shaping microbial community structures and supporting microbial 
turnover by the viral shunt was the third objective. 

The following questions will be addressed: 

. Are there regional microbial distribution patterns and is there an 
  overlap in diversity between sediments and the overlying waters? 

. Which factors specifically trigger the distribution, abundance and 
  diversity of the Roseobacter group in marine sediments? 

. Are the environmental settings at the seafloor reflected by exo-enzyme 
  activities of phosphatase and amino peptidase? 

. Which members of the benthic communities are affected by viral lysis 
  and which part takes advantage of the viral shunt? 


Methods 

To answer the above-mentioned questions, samples from seafloor sediments 
were taken by a MUC at 10 stations along the transect (Table 7.1). The 
water depth of the sites ranged between 3258 and 5909 meters below sea 
level (mbsl). At all sampling sites, sufficient amounts of sediments were 
recovered. However, the surface layer of site 18 was lost as the MUC 
penetrated too deep into the seafloor. Due to the tight time schedule of 
the cruise, no further attempts were made to sample this station. 
 

Tab. 7.1: Position and depth of sediment sampling sites of cruise SO248. 

       Station    Date     Latitude    Longitude   Depth (mbsl)
       ———————  ————————  ——————————  ———————————  ————————————
          2     04.05.16  26°59,6' S  178°13,8' E     4185
          4     08.05.16  10°20,0' S  176°28,5' W     4130
          6     11.05.16   0° 1,9' S  179°59,4' W     5285
          8     15.05.16  10°58,0' N  179° 0,1' E     5402
         10     18.05.16  21°58,0' N  178°19,0' E     3258
         12     21.05.16  33°58,4' N  177°20,5' E     3486
         14     24.05.16  45° 0,0' N  178°45,0' E     5909
         16     26.05.16  49°60,0' N  179°33,0' E     5621
         18     29.05.16  56°60,0' N  179°35,0' E     3811
         19     30.05.16  58°54,5' N  178°55,8' W     3300
 
  
At all stations, subsamples were regularly taken from the seafloor and 20 
cm below seafloor (cmbsf). Aliquots were processed for total cell 
counting and phosphatase and amino peptidase activity measurements by 
applying fluorescently labelled model substrates, both performed directly 
onboard. For later analyses, subsamples were taken for virus counting, 
CARD-FISH quantification, DNA/RNA-extraction, inorganic sediment 
composition, sediment density and porosity. Porewater was collected 
separately form the respective sediment layers to analyse the 
concentrations of phosphate, DOC, amino acids, mono-and polysaccharides 
as well as high-resolution DOM composition. To investigate the viral 
shunt in seafloor sediments, phage.induction experiments were performed 
with samples from sites 6 and 10. A third experiment was set-up with 
samples from site 19, but was started two weeks after return to the 
homelab. The experiments will be evaluated in the frame· of a Master 
thesis. 


Preliminary results 

The sediment cores showed a large variety in texture and colour 
indicating different elemental sediment compositions (Fig. 7.17). A 
detailed geochemical description will be performed at 
ICBM in the frame of a Bachelor thesis. 


Fig. 7 .17: Representative sediment cores from the S0248 transect. 
            Numbers correspond to the stations. At station 18, the 
            surface layer was lost due to overfilling the core-liner. 


Total cell counts at the seafloor were in the range of 10(^8)-10(^9) 
cells cm(^-3) (Fig. 7.18). Covarying with the productivity in the 
overlying water column, they increased from station 8 to 19 with highest 
numbers in the highly productive Bering Sea. Cell counts at 20 cmbsf 
decreased by one to two orders of magnitude at all stations. 
 
The results of the direct counting will be confirmed and extended within 
the frame of a Master thesis by specific quantification of Bacteria and 
the Roseobacter group using CARD-FISH and quantitative PCR targeting the 
16S rRNA gene. Accordingly, all samples will be subjected to next 
generation sequencing to determine the microbial diversity with special 
focus on the Roseobacter group. Data from this diversity analysis will be 
compared to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies (see chapter 7.9). 


Fig. 7.18. Total cell counts along the SO248 transect. Cells were counted 
           onboard by epifluorescence 

Fig. 7.19. Phosphatase activities along the SO248 transect at the 
           stations indicated (sampling site). A:Total activities; 
           B: Background-corrected actMties. Left Y-axis: Surface 
           samples; Right Y-axis: samples from 20 cm bsf. Note the 
           different scales of the y-axes. 


While the total phosphatase activities show a trend of increasing values 
from south to north (Fig. 7.19a), the assay was biased by a relatively 
high background-activity of the heat.inactivated control. This phenomenon 
was also found previously for deep-subsurface sediments of the South 
Pacific Gyre (unpublished data) and will further be investigated. The 
background-corrected activities (Fig. 7.19b) were roughly tenfold lower 
than total activities. 

Aminopeptidase activities reflect the ability of benthic microbial 
communities to degrade proteins and to potentially use them as 
substrates. The aminopeptidase activities were not influenced by 
unspecific protein degradation as visualized in Fig. 7.20a and b. 
Generally, the benthic communities also showed increasing activities from 
south to north with higher activities at the seafloor in comparison to 
the deeper layer. The results will be correlated to the other hydrolytic 
activities of other biopolymers obtained by C Arnosti (see chapter 7.5). 


Fig. 7.20. Aminopeptidase activities along the S0248 transect. 
           A: Total activities; B: Background-corrected activities. 
           Left Y-axis: Surface samples; Right Y-axis: samples from 
           20 cmbsf. Note the different scales of the y-axes. 


Data management 

The results will be transferred to a database which will be available for 
the other cruise participants and finally published in international 
peer-reviewed journals. 



7.9  Metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic analysis of 
     bacterial communities in the water column and surface sediment 
     (B Wemheuer, A von Hoyningen-Huene, L Whölbrand) 


The aim was to investigate the diversity and function of the Roseobacter 
clade and other ma-rine microbes along the longitudinal transect from the 
SPS at 30°S to BER at 59°N. Community structure and diversity are 
assessed by community barcoding using universal primers for bacteria and 
archaea. Furthermore, the potential and functions of the microbial 
communities will be assessed using comparative metagenomic, 
metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic approaches. 


Methods 

Water samples were taken at ever station from 20 m depth, the DCM and 300 
m depth from the Niskin bottles. A total of 40 L per depth were pre-
filtered through a 20 µm nylon net in order to remove large particles and 
micro- and macroplankton. For DNA and RNA analysis, bacteri-oplankton was 
harvested by serial filtration of 20 L of prefiltered sea water using a 
2.7 m glass fibre filter (Whatman GF/D, GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany) 
followed by a filter sandwich consisting of a 0.7 µm glass fibre filter 
(Whatman GF/F, GE Healthcare) and a 0.2 µm polycarbonate filter (Whatman 
Nuclepore, GE Healthcare). Particle-associated bacteri-oplankton was 
caught in the 2.7 µm filter while the free-living community was caught in 
the filter sandwich. For proteome analysis, the remaining 20 L of 
seawater were prefiltered using the 2.7 µm glass fibre filter. The free-
living bacterioplankton was subsequently harvested on four 0.µ2 m (47mm 
diameter) polyether sulfone filters (Satorius, Gttingen, Germany). After 
filtration, all filter samples were stored at -80°C until further 
analysis. 

At the two 24 h time series stations, samples were collected in a 3 
hours' routine in a similar way as described for proteomic analysis. In 
case of these samples, six 0.2 m polyether sulfone filters were used for 
filtration of approx. 40 L of sea water. Four filters will be used for 
proteome analysis and two filters for DNA extraction to allow for the 
construction of a station-specific metagenome-based protein database for 
protein identification. 

Moreover, a total of 6.5 L of oxygen-depleted water of detected oxygen 
minimum zones (OMZ) was collected at stations 6, 7, 8 and 17. In 
addition, 24 bottles containing 80 ml anoxic sea-water medium were 
inoculated on board with 4 ml collected from the OMZ. Samples of anoxic 
or oxygen depleted sediments were collected at stations 18 and 19 and 
covered with anoxic seawater medium. These samples are designated for 
starting enrichment cultures in the home laboratory. 

In addition to water samples, sediment samples were collected at the 
sediment surface as well as at 20 cm depth for metagenomic and 
metaproteomic analysis. For each sampling station and sediment depth, 
around 5 g sediment were collected in quadruple and stored at -80°C. 


Functional Community Fingerprints 

To obtain a functional fingerprint of the microbial community inhabiting 
ocean surface waters, approximately 400 l of the 2.7 µm filtered seawater 
were incubated for three days at 15°C in 48 deep well plates containing 
50 µl of different nutrient solutions, sugars, trace elements or vitamins 
in triplicates, with artificial seawater as a control. After incubation, 
DMSO was added and the plates were frozen at -80°C until further use. 
Changes in community structure will be assessed by community barcoding. 
 

Preliminary results 

In the course of the cruise, a total of 57 and 114 filter samples were 
obtained for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of the particle-
associated and free-living bacterioplankton communities. DNA and RNA will 
be extracted and purified. For metagenomic analysis, isolated DNA will be 
directly sequenced using a HiSeq 4000 (Illumina, Madison, USA). In 
addition, the DNA will be used as a template in PCRs targeting bacterial 
and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. Obtained PCR products will be sequenced 
using a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina, Madison). For metatranscriptomics, 
ribosomal RNA will be depleted in total envrionmental DNA. Obtained RNA 
will be converted to cDNA and sequenced using a HiSeq 4000 (Illumina, 
Madison, USA). In addition, the structure of the putatively active 
bacterioplankton community will be assessed by sequencing of 16S rRNA 
transcripts generated from total environmental RNA. 

A total of 324 filters were collected for meta-proteomic analysis of the 
bacterioplankton: 228 at the regular stations and additional 96 filters 
at the 24 h sampling campaigns. In addition, 72 sediment samples were 
collected at nine distinct sampling stations. Filter and sediments sam-
ples will be subjected to cellular lysis, protein extraction, generation 
of peptides per sample and analysis by mass spectrometry. Final protein 
identification will be based on the meta-genome/-transcriptome-based 
protein sequence database generated from the same samples. 


Data management 

Sequence data generated by community barcoding and sequencing of 
environmental DNA and RNA will be made publicly available by submission 
to the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) of the National Center for 
Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Subsequent to protein identification 
and publication of respective data, the obtained proteomic data will be 
made publicly available via appropriate proteomic databases (e.g. 
proteome exchange) or own server structures if necessary.  
 
 
 
7.10  Dissolved Organic Matter  
      (J Niggemann, B Noriega-Ortega, M Hinrichs, T Dittmar) 


It is unknown whether and if so, how the composition of the DOM pool 
reflects the different biogeographic provinces in general and in 
particular in the Pacific Ocean. Further, the DOM pool in the water 
masses of the dark Pacific, the oldest water oceanic masses (Hansell 
2013) is still very poorly characterized. Therefore, the objective was to 
characterize the DOM pool in these waters. Together with other physical 
and biological parameters, i.e. characterizing the microbial community 
growth dynamics and composition, investigated on this cruise we will be 
able to shed light on controls of the DOM patterns.  


Methods 

For the bulk DOM characterization, water samples (4 L) from most depths 
of all stations covering the entire water column were withdrawn from the 
Niskin bottles, passed through GF/F glass fiber filters (precombusted 
400C, 4 h, Whatman, Maidstone, UK) and acidified to pH 2. Duplicate 
subsamples for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved 
nitrogen (TDN) will be analyzed as non-purgeable organic carbon by high 
temperature catalytic combustion using a Shimadzu TOC-VCPH/CPN instrument 
equipped with a TNM-1 module in the home lab. In order to desalt and 
concentrate the marine DOM for the analysis of the molecular com-
position, the remaining sample was solid-phase extracted using 
commercially available modified styrene divinyl benzene polymer columns 
after Dittmar et al. 2008 (PPL, Agilent, San-ta Clara, CA, USA). The 
obtained DOM extracts will be analyzed upon arrival in the home lab on a 
15 tesla FT-ICR-MS (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA) equipped with 
an electrospray ionization source (Bruker Apollo II).  

Selected samples from the main stations were filtered, frozen, and 
shipped to Aron Stubbins and Leanne Powers at Skidaway Institute of 
Oceanography (Savannah, Georgia, USA). Ap-parent quantum yield (AQY) 
spectra, defined as moles DBC lost per moles photons absorbed by CDOM 
will be obtained. These describe the efficiency of DBC loss and can be 
used in ocean color-based models to estimate its loss on regional/global 
scales. Coupling the photo-chemical model with a physical model will 
allow for a better assessment of the supply (upwelling of deep DBC rich 
waters) and subsequent photochemical loss in the sunlit waters. 
Preliminary results are not yet available. 
 
 
 
7.11  Dark ocean microbial biogeography 
      (T Reinthaler, C Amano, B Bayer , RH Hansman, E Sintes, M Pinto, 
      C Baranyi, GJ Herndl)  


About 75% of the ocean is deeper than 200 m, however, most concepts on 
the interaction between the physical and chemical environment and the 
biota are derived from the relatively thin ocean surface layer. Moreover, 
the link between prokaryotic activity and biogeochemistry in the dark 
ocean is not firmly established despite recent studies that highlight the 
role of Bacteria and Archaea in the cycling of organic and inorganic 
matter in the dark ocean (Baltar et al. 2009, Herndl et al. 2005, 
Reinthaler et al. 2006). Among others, the observation that the most 
important source of substrate for prokaryotes, i.e., DOC, is not depleted 
(Barber 1986) led to the longstanding view that microbes in the deep are 
dormant or even dead (Jannasch and Wirsen 1973). This paradigm is 
challenged, however, by recent evidence suggesting that prokaryotes in 
the dark ocean are as active (or even more active) on a per-cell level as 
compared to the sunlit surface (Kirchman et al. 2007, Reinthaler et al. 
2006, Varela et al. 2008).  

Despite the major insights gained from studies on microbial activity in 
the surface ocean, knowledge on the microbial processing of organic 
matter and nutrients in the dark ocean is still in its infancy due to the 
lack of data. For this reason, the IPCC called attention to the fact that 
it is not possible to parameterize prokaryotic activity for an enhanced 
understanding of the global ocean carbon cycle (Intergovernmental Panel 
on Climate Change 2001) and an interdisciplinary workshop of experts on 
integrating biogeochemistry and ecosystems in a changing ocean emphasized 
to study the interactions of the physics, chemistry and biology on an 
interdisciplinary basis (IMBER IMBIZO 
http://www.imber.info/IMBIZO1.html).  

Thus, the objectives here are to establish a biogeography of microbial 
diversity and activity in the meso- and bathypelagic waters of the 
Pacific which is a particularly under-sampled ocean. 


Methods 

Prokaryotic heterotrophic production 

Samples for prokaryotic heterotrophic production were taken from Niskin 
bottles at all "deep" stations at depths ranging from 200 m to 10 m above 
sea floor (see Table A3 in appendix). Occasionally, a sample was also 
taken from the supernatant of the MUC. Triplicate life and 2 control 
samples were incubated in glass vials. Microbial heterotrophic production 
was measured by incubating 20-40 mL of seawater with 5 nM 3H-leucine 
(final concentration, specific activity 120 Ci mmol(^-1), ARC) in the 
dark at in situ temperature (±1°C) for 5 to 24 h. Incubation times and 
volumes were chosen according to the sampling depth and based on previous 
experience. Duplicate formaldehyde-killed blanks were treated in the same 
way as the samples. Incubations were terminated by adding formaldehyde 
(2% final concentration) to the samples. Samples and blanks were filtered 
through 0.2-µm polycarbonate filters (Whatman Nuclepore, 25 mm filter 
diameter) supported by cellulose acetate filters (Millipore HA, 0.45-m 
pore size). Subsequently, the filters were rinsed with 5% ice-cold 
trichloroacetic acid and with Milli-Q. Filters were dried, 8 ml of 
scintillation cocktail (FilterCount, Canberra-Packard) added, and after 
about 18 h measured on board by liquid scintillation counting (Perkin 
Elmer Tricarb).  


MAR-FISH 

Samples for fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with 
microautoradiography were incubated in plastic tubes (Greiner Bio-One). 
To volumes between 20 mL and 80 mL (depending on the depth) 3H-leucine 
was added (5 nM final concentration), similar to the activity measure-
ments. After 5 to 24 h the samples were fixed with 2% filtered 
formaldehyde and incubated for up to 18 h at 4°C to fix the cells. 
Subsequently the samples were filtered onto 0.2-µm polycarbonate filters 
(25 mm diameter, Millipore GTTP) and rinsed with Milli-Q. The filters 
were placed into 2 mL microfuge tubes and dried. Finally, the tubes with 
the filters were frozen at -80°C until analysis in the home laboratory. 


Abundance of active bacteria in the dark ocean (Click-it) 

To evaluate the active prokaryotic community in the dark ocean seawater 
samples were with-drawn at all "deep" stations from the Niskin bottles at 
most depths at 100 m and below into acid-washed polycarbonate bottles. 
Duplicate 15 mL water samples were transferred into 15 mL sterile tube 
(Greiner Bio-One) and incubated with either homopropargylglycine (HPG) or 
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) (20 and 40 nM final concentration, 
respectively) at in situ temperature (±2°C) for 10-24 h (see Table A3, 
appendix). Duplicate 1 mL subsamples were collected at the beginning and 
end of the incubation in 1.5 mL tubes, fixed with glutaraldehyde (0.5% 
final concentration) and stored at -80°C. These samples will be used to 
evaluate the active prokaryotic abundance by flow cytometry. The 
remaining volume was stored at -80°C after adding 0.2-µm filtered 
Glycerol TE buffer (10% final concentration) for single-cell genomics. 
Further analysis will be conducted in the home lab. 


DIC fixation 

DIC fixation by deep ocean microbes was measured through the 
incorporation of 14C-bicarbonate. Samples were collected between 200 m to 
either 1000 m or 2000 m depth de-pending on the station (Table A3, 
appendix). Seawater was collected from Niskin bottles and split into 
triplicate 40 ml samples and duplicate blanks in 50-ml plastic screw-top 
tubes (Greiner Bio-One). 50 µCi of 14C-sodium bicarbonate in 50 µl pH 9 
Milli-Q water was added to each tube. Blanks were killed by adding 2.5 ml 
formaldehyde (2% final concentration) prior to substrate addition. All 
samples and blanks were incubated at in situ temperature for 48 to 72 h. 
Samples were terminated by adding formaldehyde (2% final concentration) 
filtered along with the blanks through 25 mm 0.2-µm polycarbonate filters 
(Whatman Nuclepore) supported by 0.45-µm cellulose acetate filters 
(Millipore HA). Sample tubes and filters were rinsed twice with 10 ml 
0.2-µm filtered seawater. Filters were then exposed to fuming HCl for 20-
24 h, before being placed in 20-ml scintillation vials with 8 ml 
scintillation cocktail (FilterCount, Canberra-Packard). After 
approximately 18 h, samples were counted on board in a liquid 
scintillation counter (Perkin Elmer Tricarb).  

Additional experiments on bicarbonate uptake by the autotrophic 
prokaryotic community were also conducted at several stations and depths. 
One of these types of experiments was to determine the contribution of 
ammonia oxidizing Archaea to bulk DIC fixation by inhibiting ammonia 
oxidation through nitric oxide scavenging with 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-
tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO, Sigma; Martens-Habbena et 
al. 2015). PTIO was added to selected sea-water samples (Table A3, 
appendix) at 100 M final concentration for at least 30 min prior to 
substrate addition, and incubations then proceeded as described above. In 
separate experiments, the effect of temperature on bicarbonate uptake was 
determined by incubating deep seawater samples with bicarbonate additions 
at 20°C (Table A3) rather than at in situ temperature. 

MAR-FISH samples for bicarbonate uptake were collected as detailed above 
at stations and depths indicated in Table A3. One hundred Ci of 14C-
sodium bicarbonate was added to 80 ml seawater for 48-72 h. 
 
 
Amino acids 

Samples were collected for dissolved amino acids concentrations 
throughout the water column at deep stations (Table S2, appendix). 
Duplicate samples of 2 ml seawater were filtered through 0.2-µm syringe 
filters (Acrodisc, Pall) into pre-combusted 4-ml amber glass vials and 
then frozen at -20°C for analysis in the home lab. 


Prokaryotic Abundance 

Water samples were collected at every deep station from the surface to 
the bottom layers (Table S2, appendix). Duplicate 1.8 mL samples were 
fixed with glutaraldehyde (final concentration 0.5%), frozen in liquid 
nitrogen, and stored at -80°C. The abundance of prokaryotes will be 
measured in the home lab by flow cytometry after nucleic acid staining 
with SYBRGreen. 


CARD-FISH 

Samples for Catalyzed reporter depositions fluorescence in situ 
hybridization (CARD-FISH) were fixed with 2% filtered formaldehyde in 
plastic tubes (Greiner Bio-One) in volumes be-tween 20 mL and 80 mL 
(depending on the depth) and incubated for 12-18h. Subsequently, samples 
were filtered onto 0.2-µm polycarbonate filters (25 mm diameter, 
Millipore GTTP) and rinsed with Milli-Q. Filters were placed into 2 mL 
microfuge tubes and dried. Finally, the tubes with the filters were 
frozen at -80°C until analysis in the home lab. 


DNA samples 

Samples for DNA and RNA analysis were taken at all deep stations between 
200 m depth and 10 m above sea floor (Table S2 appendix). Depending on 
the depth, between 1 and 5 L were filtered onto 0.2-µm polycarbonate 
filters (47 mm diameter, Millipore GTTP) in duplicate, using a 
peristaltic pump. After filtration, filters were folded and placed into 
microfuge tubes, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. In 
the home lab, DNA and RNA will be extracted for biodiversity analysis. 


Genome analysis of single cells 

Samples for single cell DNA analyses were taken at depths ranging from 
100 m to 5000 m depth. One mL was cryo-preserved with 100 µl GlyTE Buffer 
for 5 min and subsequently frozen at -80°C. Samples will be shipped to 
the Single Cell Genomics Center at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean 
Sciences for sequencing. 


High volume sampling for proteomics and exoproteomics 

At 4 stations high volume samples were taken for later proteomics and 
exo-proteomics analysis. For 500 and 2000 m depth 250 or 480 L were 
collected in Niskin bottles and transferred to several 80 L barrels. The 
raw seawater was pre-filtered over a 3.0 µm (147 mm diameter, Millipore) 
and a 1.0 m (293 mm diameter, GE Water Tech) polycarbonate filter using 
positive pressure diaphragm pumps (Verderair Cont-EX). The pre-filtered 
seawater was filtered onto a 0.2-µm Durapore membrane (293 mm diameter, 
Millipore). Initially, the permeate was concentrated to ~1 L using an 
ultrafiltration system with a pore size of 5000 Da and 0.5 m(^2) 
filtration area (Millipore Pellicon Ultrafiltration System). This volume 
was further concentrated to ~30 mL using a small scale 5000 Da 
ultrafiltration cassette (Vivaflow Sartorius). The final concentrate was 
flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. In the home lab the 
proteins from these samples will be extracted and analyzed using a 
nanoLC-MS/MS approach.  
 
 
Preliminary results 

Leucine incorporation in the dark ocean decreased by one to two orders of 
magnitude relative to the epipelagic zone (Fig. 7.21). This trend was 
obvious for all stations irrespective of the biogeographic province and 
water mass. In near-bottom samples, leucine incorporation deviated 
occasionally substantially from this exponentially decreasing trend with 
depth. 
 

Fig. 7.21: 3H-Leucine incorporation in the entire water column down to 
           10 m above seafloor at selected stations of cruise SO248. 

 
DIC fixation varied greatly vertically and along the transect (Fig. 
7.22). Highest values occurred in the SPS and NPTG at 200 m and lowest 
values in the deep water in the southern Pacific and north of 45°N (Fig. 
7.22B, C, D). Enhanced values were also measured at 700 and 1000 m in the 
equatorial upwelling region (Fig. 7.22D).  
 

Fig. 7.22: DIC fixation rates in the Pacific during cruise SO248. 
           A: Transect and stations visited; B; contour plot of DIC 
           fixation rates; C and D: DIC fixation rates at depths of 
           200, 300, 700, 1000 and 2000 m depth along the transect.   
 

Data management 

The data will be archived on the server of University of Vienna as a safe 
backup. Until publication, the data are available to members of PacGeoBac 
and on request from the authors. After publication the data will be 
submitted to the data information system Pangaea and will be available to 
everyone. 
 


7.12  Prokaryotic leucine incorporation measurement under in situ 
      pressure conditions with an in situ microbial incubator 
      (C Amano, T Reinthaler, GJ Herndl) 


Prokaryotic activity and community composition is highly depth-stratified 
in the oceanic water column reflecting the increasing recalcitrance of 
dissolved organic matter and decreasing temperature with depth (Delong et 
al. 2006). While the abundance and microbial activity of dark ocean 
microbes have been investigated over the past decade (Aristegui et al. 
2009, Reinthaler et al. 2010, Yokokawa et al. 2013), their metabolic 
rates have been largely determined under atmospheric pressure conditions. 
Moreover, the role of increasing hydrostatic pressure in con-trolling 
deep ocean microbial activity is less studied. To characterize marine 
prokaryotic activities at in situ pressure condition, an in situ 
microbial incubator (ISMI) was deployed during this cruise. The ISMI can 
collect and incubate seawater at a chosen depth and is also able to fix a 
certain volume of the incubated samples at specific time intervals. Here 
we tested the operation of the in situ incubator and measured prokaryotic 
leucine incorporation both at in situ and at atmospheric pressure 
conditions. 


Methods 

Leucine incorporation under in situ vs. atmospheric pressure incubations 

In situ incubations with the ISMI were done at 1000 and 2000 m depth at 
stations 10 and 16. The HCl washed polycarbonate bottles (500 mL) and all 
silicon tubings were filled with ultrapure water or filtered seawater to 
prevent rupture of the materials. Formaldehyde was added into the 
fixation cylinders (2% final concentration), and 380 µL of 3H-leucine was 
injected into triplicate incubation bottles (final concentration 5 nM 
leucine, 120 Ci mmol(^-1)) with luer-lock syringes. Prior to deployment, 
the sampling schedule was programed with a custom-made software (N-Com 
communicator ver. 3.01, Nichiyu Giken Co Ltd) and the ISMI was mounted on 
the CTD frame. After reaching the target depth, seawater was pumped into 
the incubation bottles and thereby, mixing the water with the added 3H-
leucine.. Sub-samples were collected in the fixing cylinders and 
terminated by formaldehyde in situ at the initial time (T=0) and at the 
end of the incubation (T=8h). After recovering the ISMI and collecting 
the fixed water samples, the samples were filtered onto 0.2-µm pore size 
polycarbonate filters (25 mm diameter, Milli-pore GTTP) on board. The 
filters were used for leucine incorporation rate measurements using the 
on board scintillation counter and will be further used for MAR-FISH 
analysis as described above. To compare the in situ rates to the leucine 
incorporation at atmospheric pressure, water samples were also taken from 
decompressed Niskin bottles and incubated in the incubation ISMI bottles 
at atmospheric pressure conditions. 


Comparison of ISMI bottles and commercially available material 

To test whether there is a difference between ISMI bottles and other 
commercially available bottles, 3H-leucine incorporation rates were 
determined in 50 mL tubes (Greiner Bio-One), polycarbonate bottles, and 
the custom-made polycarbonate bottles of the ISMI. Seawater was collected 
from 2000 m depth at St. 14 and incubated with 5 nM 3H-leucine at 4°C 
under atmospheric pressure. Triplicate live samples and duplicate 
formaldehyde-killed blank were incubated in the three types of bottles. 
The leucine incorporation rate was measured as described above. 


Checking the instrumental bias with full setup of the system 

To check for potential biases in rate measurements due to instrument 
tubing and rinse water, seawater was collected from 500 m depth at St. 17 
and incubated to determine 3H-leucine in-corporation. The incubation 
tests were performed at 4°C under atmospheric pressure using the full 
setup of the ISMI and in parallel the ISMI bottles without the system. 


Preliminary Results 

Although the leucine incorporation rate obtained in the ISMI bottle was 
ca. 20% lower than that obtained with the other materials, no difference 
was found between ISMI bottles and the full setup of the ISMI. At both 
stations, leucine incorporation obtained under in situ pressure condi-
tions was lower than under atmospheric pressure conditions (Fig. 7.23). 
 
 
Fig. 7.23: Leucine incorporation rates at in situ and atmospheric 
           pressure conditions. The error bars indicate the mean ± |mean-
           replicate| of duplicate bottles or mean ± SD. 
 

Data management 

The data from the single measurements will be combined in an excel 
spreadsheet. A version of this file will be archived on the server of the 
University of Vienna as a safe backup. After publication the data will be 
submitted to Pangaea and available to everyone. 
 


7.13  The role of Archaea in the oxygenated water column 
      (B Bayer, GJ Herndl) 


Planktonic prokaryotes are phylogenetically and metabolically diverse 
(DeLong et al 2006, Giovannoni and Stingl 2005) and play central roles in 
mediating a variety of different biogeo-chemical cycles (Azam and 
Malfatti 2007). It has now been firmly established that Archaea appear to 
be ubiquitous in the oxygenated oceanic water column (Karner et al 2001, 
Varela et al 2008). We aim at investigating the metabolic potential of 
deep-sea prokaryotes during cruise SO248, specifically focusing on 
Archaea.  

Like Bacteria, Archaea have evolved a variety of different metabolisms 
that utilize organic or inorganic electron donors and acceptors, with 
many of them being able to assimilate inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3(^-)) 
(Offre et al 2013). 

Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota (formerly known as Marine Group I 
Crenarchaeota) have been found to be consistently abundant throughout the 
water column, comprising up to 40% of the total prokaryotic community in 
deep waters (Karner et al 2001, Teira et al 2006). Previous studies point 
towards the presence of additional metabolic capacities of Marine Group I 
Thaumarchaeota (Luo et al 2014, Swan et al 2014). One objective is to 
investigate if urea can serve as an alternative substrate for 
Thaumarchaeota in the deep Pacific, using Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) to 
detect substrate incorporation. 

In addition to Thaumarchaeota, typically two euryarchaeal groups can be 
detected in consider-able abundances in the marine water column: Marine 
Group II and III Euryarchaeota (Fuhrman and Davis 1997). Metagenomic 
analyses indicated that Group II Euryarchaota in surface waters may be 
capable of proteorhodopsin-dependent photoheterotrophy (Iverson et al 
2012), however, metabolic capacities of deep sea Euryarchaeota remains 
enigmatic. Recent analyses of Single-Amplified-Genomes indicated that 
deep sea Marine Group II and III Euryarchaeota are heterotrophs able to 
utilize proteins and amino acids (Bayer et al., unpublished). The ob-
jective is to investigate the response of Euryarchaeota to amino acid 
additions in order to test this hypothesis.    


Methods 

Seawater from 3 different depths (500 m, 1000 m, bottom) was sampled at 
stations 4 and 12 and incubated in 2-10 L carboys amended with either L-
Alanine, D-Alanine, Arginine (final concentration: 10 µM) or no 
substrate. Prokaryotic cell abundance was measured on board via Flow 
Cytometry (Accuri, BD) over the time course of the experiments. 
Incubations were terminated when exponential growth was reached, or after 
14 days. Additionally, samples for DNA, proteomics, CARD-FISH and amino 
acid analyses were taken at the beginning and at the end of the 
incubations. DNA and proteins will be extracted in the home lab and 
community composition will be analyzed.  


High volume mesocosms amended with 13C-labelled urea 

Seawater at stations 4 and 12 was taken from 500, 1000 and 4000 m depth 
and incubated in high volume mesocosms (200 L for 1000 m, 100 L for 500 m 
depth) amended with 12°C- or 13°C Urea (final concentration: 10 µM). 
After 6-14 days, the total volume was filtered onto 0.2 µm Durapore 
membranes (293 mm diameter, Millipore) and stored at -80°C. Stable 
isotope probing (SIP) will be carried out in the home lab.  


Preliminary results 

Increases of cell abundances towards the end of the experiment at station 
4 show that the bacterial community responded to the amino acid additions 
(Fig. 7.24). 
 

Fig. 7.24: Prokaryotic abundance during incubation of samples amended 
           with the amino acids shown in the legend from the station and 
           depth indicated.  


Data management 

Sequencing data will be archived on the server of the University of 
Vienna as a safe backup. Until publication, the data is available to 
members of PacGeoBac and on request from the authors. After publication 
the sequencing data will be submitted to NCBI and will be available to 
everyone. 



7.14  Plastic and microbial communities 
      (M Pinto, GJ Herndl)  


The aim was to study the microbial community composition and metabolism 
of the biofilm of plastics in different biogeographic provinces during 
this cruise and to determine how they differ from the microbial 
communities in the surrounding seawater.  


Methods 

Plastics were collected with horizontal tows at the surface with a Bongo 
net composed of two nets of 1 m diameter and 3 m length, which was held 
15 to 20 m away from the ship. The net was launched at 13 stations, and 
was towed at a speed of 1-2 knots for 30-45 min. The mesh size of the net 
was 300 µm. 

To divide the collected material into 4 different size classes, the 
material from the cod end of the net was passed through a sieve tower, 
composed of four sieves with mesh sizes of 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 1.4 mm, 300 
m. Afterwards, plastics were counted and separated either by naked eye 
or, in the case of smaller pieces, under the dissection microscope and 
separated for different analysis: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Raman spectroscopy and 
molecular analysis. Additionally, to monitor the biofilm establishment on 
plastics, plastic squares of 1 cm2 were incubated in glass bottles with 1 
L of sea-water for 10 days. A bottle without any plastic incubated and 
another with plastic incubated in 0.2-µm filtered seawater were kept as 
controls. Every other day, both plastic and water were sampled for 
molecular analysis, SEM, cell abundance and FISH. At the end of the 
experiment, the heterotrophic activity on the plastics was measured with 
radiolabelled leucine and the remaining seawater was filtered onto 0.2 m 
polycarbonate filters for metagenomics. 


Preliminary results 

Plastics were found at 4 stations between 11°N and 40°N, with the highest 
plastic abundance at 33°N with 178 collected plastics (around 63 pieces 
per km2 of water surface) (Fig. 7.25). All samples were frozen and 
transported to Vienna, and are currently stored at -80°C until further 
processing. 
 

Fig.7.25. Map showing the stations where the net was towed (red dots). 
          At the stations outside the red ellipse, no plastic pieces 
          were found. Numbers in blue rectangles outside the map show 
          the number of plastic pieces collected per km. of surface 
          seawater. 

 
Data management 

All data obtained from this cruise will be available after publication in 
a peer-reviewed journal. Additionally, information on the amount of 
plastic collected at different latitudes will be shared with 
organizations interested in plastic pollution research. 



7.15  Under way measurements by FerryBox 

Continuous FerryBox flow-through measurements of surface waters 

A FerryBox is a flow-through system deployed as an underway device for 
ship expeditions and for attendant measurements during stationary 
operations (Fig. 7.26). The system provides basic data at high spatial 
and temporal resolution for various parameters, e.g. salinity, temper-
ature (at the intake and inside the system), Chl a -fluorescence, 
turbidity, and dissolved oxy-gen. For multi-parameter sensing and 
validation of the ships flow-through system (equipped with 
thermosalinograph and bbe FluoroProbe sensor), the FerryBox was fed by 
water from the ship system via a bypass. Measurements were performed at a 
sampling interval of 1 min. Once a day, a salinity reference sample was 
taken (glass bottle, 250 ml) to validate the salinity sensor of the 
FerryBox as well as the salinity probe of the thermosalinograph of the 
ship's system. Analysis of the salinity samples is ongoing.  

On this cruise, a second box (FerryBox AddOn) equipped with an UV- and a 
VIS-spectrophotometer, was used to collect absorption spectra to, e.g. 
improve current processing algorithms of optical nitrate detection for 
oligotrophic waters. Measurements were performed at a sampling interval 
of 10 min. Processing will be performed according to Zielinski et al 
(2011) and Frank et al (2014). Validation and improvement of processing 
algorithms to calculate optical nitrate and transmission are still under 
progress.  

Further investigations in this section include the sampling for harmful 
algae toxins along the whole cruise transect. Therefore, a special 
absorber pad was installed in the outflow of the flow-through boxes. 
Within a fixed time interval of 5 days water was running through these 
absorber pads with respect to the investigated area. Pads were stored at 
4°C until further processing, wash out of toxins and analysis via LC-
MS/MS.    
 

Figure 7.26: FerryBox system (right) for hydrographic parameters in 
             surface waters and AddOn Box (left) for the collection 
             of UV/VIS spectra for calculation of transmission and 
             optical nitrate. 
 


7.16  Meteorology data on aerosol and water vapor  
      (H Winkler, TH Badewien, KL Arndt, S Kinne, A Smirnov) 


Meteorological data during the SO248 cruise were continuously obtained 
via built-in systems (weather-station, thermosalinograph / TSG, so-called 
"underway-data"). We used handheld instruments for measuring aerosol and 
water vapor. 


Meteorological Underway Data 

Weather data such as air temperature, wind speed, wind direction and 
global radiation were extracted from the underway data, which are logged 
and controlled by the DSHIP-Software. Hydrographic data from the sea 
surface were taken via a thermosalinograph connected to a through-flow-
system in the front of the ship.  


Microtops Aerosol and Water Vapor Survey 

During cruise SO248 we measured direct solar attenuation by means of a 
handheld Microtops instrument during cloud-free conditions at daytimes. 
The system provides information on atmospheric aerosol amount, aerosol 
size and atmospheric water vapor. The data will be included in the 
Aeronet Maritime Aerososol Network (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov). Data 
were delivered to Alexander Smirnov (Science Systems and Applications, 
Inc., NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center), who processed them. First 
results can be seen at 
http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/cruises_new/Sonne_16_0.html.  

In collaboration with NASA-GSFC, Microtops measurements are conducted 
worldwide on an opportunity basis aboard (research) vessels in order to 
complement continental aerosol monitoring at AERONET sites. 
 
 
Figure 7.27: Microtops and GPS unit provided by the Marine Aerosol 
             Network of AERONET at NASA-GSFC. 
 
Figure 7.28: Overview of measuring points of aerosol and water vapor 
             during cruise SO248 (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/ 
             cruises_new/Sonne_16_0.html, as processed until July, 06 
             2016). 
 
 

8.  Acknowledgements 

We would like to thank very much Captain Lutz Mallon and his crew for 
their excellent, always present and very friendly support of our research 
activities on board RV Sonne. The German Federal Ministry of Education 
and Research (BMBF) generously provided the main funding of this 
expedition. As this research cruise was a core project of the 
Transregional Collaborative Research Center Roseobacter (TRR51) in its 
second funding phase Deutsche Forschungsge-meinschaft also contributed 
substantially to funding of this cruise. Further support came from the 
German State of Lower Saxony, the US National Science Foundation and the 
Austrian Fund for Scientific Research (FWF). 
 
 

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10. Abbreviations / Abkrzungen  

ADCP       Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 
AOT        Aerosol Optical Thickness  
BER        Bering Sea  
CARD-FISH  Catalyzed Reporter Deposition Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization 
CDOM       Chromophoric DOM 
Chl        Chlorophyll 
CTD        Conductivity Temperature Depth sensor 
DCM        Deep Chlorophyll Maximum 
DCW        Central Deep Water 
DOC        Dissolve Organic Carbon 
DOM        Dissolved Organic Matter 
DSMZ       Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen 
EEZ        Exclusive Economic Zone 
FDOM       Fluorescent DOM 
FISH       Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization 
FT-ICR-MS  Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry 
FUI        Forel Ule color Index 
G2L        Göttingen Genomics Laboratory  
GC         Gas Chromatography 
GPS        Global Positioning System 
HPLC       High Performance Liquid Chromatography 
HZI        Helmholtz Institut für Infektionsforschung 
ICBM       Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
ISMI       In Situ Microbial Incubator  
MAR-FISH   Microautoradiography coupled to FISH 
MUC        Multi Corer 
NCBI       National Center for Biotechnology Information of the US 
NIW        Northern Intermediate Water 
NPF        North Pacific Polar Frontal region  
NPTG       North Pacific subTropical Gyre  
OMZ        Oxygen Minimum Zone 
PAR        Photosynthetic Active Radiation 
PCR        Polymerase Chain Reaction 
PEQ        Pacific EQuatorial current  
PNE        North Pacific Equatorial counter current  
POC        Particulate Organic Carbon 
PON        Particulate Organic Nitrogen 
PSAG       Pacific SubArctic reGion  
PSE        South Pacific Equatorial counter current  
RCA        Roseobacter Clade Affiliated  
SIW        Southern Intermediate Water 
SPS        South Pacific Subtropical gyre  
TDN        Total Dissolved Nitrogen 
TRR 51     Transregional Collarborative Research Center Roseobacter  
UNC        University of North Carolina 
UTC        Universal Coordinated Time 
UV         UltraViolet light 
UVI        Universität Wien 
VIS        VISible light 
WARM       Pacific WARm pool  
 
 


11. Appendices  
 
A) Participating Institutions / Liste der teilnehmenden Institutionen 
 
ICBM 
Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres 
Universität Oldenburg 
Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11 
D-26129 Oldenburg,  
Germany 
www.icbm.de  
 
HZI 
Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung 
Department Microbial Communication 
Inhoffenstr. 7 
D-38124 Braunschweig 
Germany 
http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de    
 
DSMZ 
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen,  
Inhoffenstraße 7B  
D-38124 Braunschweig 
Germany 
www.dsmz.de  
 
G2L 
Göttingen Genomics Laboratory  
Institut f. Mikrobiologie u. Genetik  
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen  
Grisebachstr. 8  
D-37077 Gttingen 
Germany 
www.appmibio.uni-goettingen.de/  
 
UVI 
Microbial Oceanography Group  
Department of Limnology & Bio-Oceanography 
University of Vienna 
Althanstrasse 14 
A-1090 Vienna 
Austria 
http://www.microbial-oceanography.eu/  
 
UNC 
Department of Marine Science  
University of North Carolina 
3202 Venable and Murray Halls, CB 3300 
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3300 
USA 
http://marine.unc.edu/people/faculty/arnosti-2/ 
 










B) Station list / Stationsliste  
 

Table A1: Station number, start and end of station work, latitude, 
          longitude and water depth of stations. For a detailed list 
          of station work at each station see Table A2. 
 
Station           Start                  End           Latitude      Longitude     Depth 
              Day/Time UTC          Day/Time UTC                                    (m) 
————————  ————————————————————  ————————————————————  ————————————  —————————————  —————
SO248-01  02.05.2016  18:03:17  03.05.2016  01:20:55  29 59,969' S  176 59,890' E  4280
SO248-02  03.05.2016  18:00:44  04.05.2016  06:06:18  26 59,557' S  178 12,795' E  4202
SO248-03  06.05.2016  22:12:54  07.05.2016  00:15:12  15 00,002' S  178 00,044' W  1527
SO248-04  07.05.2016  23:17:24  08.05.2016  10:58:41  10 20,005' S  176 30,002' W  4140
SO248-05  09.05.2016  17:46:07  09.05.2016  22:46:03  04 59,749' S  178 19,081' W  6031
SO248-06  11.05.2016  09:00:38  12.05.2016  17:10:02  00 00,015' N  180 00,000' E  5262
SO248-07  13.05.2016  17:57:42  14.05.2016  00:14:31  04 39,306' N  179 23,861' E  6265
SO248-08  15.05.2016  12:55:03  16.05.2016  01:16:00  10 58,020' N  179 00,095' E  5469
SO248-09  17.05.2016  01:13:32  17.05.2016  05:31:43  16 00,096' N  178 59,642' E  5237
SO248-10  18.05.2016  09:20:35  19.05.2016  02:25:35  21 57,941' N  178 19,054' E  3250
SO248-11  20.05.2016  07:45:32  20.05.2016  08:56:17  28 00,018' N  177 19,867' E  5162
SO248-12  21.05.2016  15:58:00  22.05.2016  00:57:15  34 00,002' N  177 20,010' E  3514
SO248-13  23.05.2016  05:07:01  23.05.2016  08:36:02  40 00,175' N  177 19,997' E  5667
SO248-14  24.05.2016  09:00:35  25.05.2016  00:12:27  45 00,061' N  178 45,011' E  5915
SO248-15  25.05.2016  16:00:13  25.05.2016  17:02:05  47 29,988' N  179 07,989' E  5841
SO248-16  26.05.2016  08:36:58  28.05.2016  03:18:29  50 00,019' N  179 33,019' E  5625
SO248-17  28.05.2016  23:06:01  29.05.2016  04:29:05  54 00,805' N  179 34,135' E  732
SO248-18  29.05.2016  19:06:54  30.05.2016  05:12:51  57 00,084' N  179 34,884' E  3811
SO248-19  30.05.2016  15:10:42  31.05.2016  03:39:02  58 54,021' N  179 00,157' W  3352    

 
 
 
Table A2: Detailed overview on the equipment used and number of tasks, 
          station number, date, time, device used and action, latitude, 
          longitude and water depth. 
 
Abkrzungen / Abbreviation 
——————————   ————————————————————————————————————————
z.W          zu Wasser / into water 
a.D.         an Deck / on deck 
Slmax        (maximale) Seillnge / max. rope-length 
LT           Lottiefe nach EM 122 / Depth of EM 122 
W ...        eingesetzte Winde / Winch used 
nm           Seemeilen / nautical miles 
EM/PS        SIMRAD Multibeam / Parasound 
rwk / COG:   Rechtweisender Kurs / true course 
d:           Distanz / distance 
v:           Geschwindigkeit in Knoten / SOG in knots 
SL:          Seillnge / rope-length 
SZ:          Seilzug / rope tension 
  
  
                                        Eingesetzte Gerte /     Einstze /
                                          Equipment used         tasks
                                       ———————————————————————  —————————
                                        CTD                        58 
                                        Multicorer                 10 
                                        Secchi Disk                15 
                                        Satlantic /UV Profiler     28 
                                        Bongo Netz                 17 
                                        In situ Pumpe              12 
                                        In situ incubator           2 
  
                                                                ∑ 142 
  
                                        Gerteverluste /  
                                        lost Equipment:   none 
  

 
 Station      Date / Time UTC        Device         Action          Comment         Latitude        Longitude      Depth  
                                                                    (Action)                                        (m)
—————————   ———————————————————   ————————————   —————————————   ——————————————   ————————————    —————————————    ——————
SO248_1-1   02.05.2016 18:03:17   CTD            station start                    29 59,969' S    176 59,890' E    4280,1
SO248_1-1   02.05.2016 18:10:03   CTD            in the water                     30  0,056' S    176 59,968' E    4267,8
SO248_1-1   02.05.2016 18:51:55   CTD            max depth/      maxSL: 1000m     30  0,049' S    176 59,958' E    4268,2
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-1   02.05.2016 19:01:45   CTD            hoisting        Beg. Hieven      30  0,050' S    176 59,959' E    4268,9
SO248_1-1   02.05.2016 19:34:42   CTD            on deck                          30  0,044' S    176 59,970' E    4265,2
SO248_1-1   02.05.2016 20:10:15   CTD            station end                      30  0,030' S    176 59,971' E    4270,2
SO248_1-2   02.05.2016 19:16:41   PUMP           station start   IN SITU Pumpe    30  0,044' S    176 59,968' E    4273,7
SO248_1-2   02.05.2016 19:18:33   PUMP           in the water                     30  0,048' S    176 59,967' E    4265,8
SO248_1-2   02.05.2016 19:19:49   PUMP           max depth/      maxSL: 20m,      30  0,050' S    176 59,970' E    4266,8
                                                 on ground       Beg. Pumpen
SO248_1-2   02.05.2016 22:32:47   PUMP           on deck                          30  0,006' S    177  0,001' E    4271,9
SO248_1-2   02.05.2016 22:38:00   PUMP           station end                      30  0,008' S    176 59,999' E    4269,4
SO248_1-3   02.05.2016 20:12:44   NET            station start   Bongo-Netz, mit  30  0,031' S    176 59,969' E    4270,9
                                                                 EL2 über kl.
                                                                 Schiebebalken    
SO248_1-3   02.05.2016 20:29:11   NET            information     Gert z. W.       30  0,025' S    176 59,957' E    4265,4
SO248_1-3   02.05.2016 20:50:41   NET            information     SLmax: 300 m,    29 59,998' S    177  0,001' E    4266,9
                                                                 SZmax: 1,2 kN
SO248_1-3   02.05.2016 20:51:30   NET            information     Hieven           29 59,999' S    177  0,002' E    4266,5
SO248_1-3   02.05.2016 21:27:19   NET            information     Gert an Deck     30  0,010' S    177  0,003' E    4265,8
SO248_1-3   02.05.2016 21:30:27   NET            station end                      30  0,008' S    177  0,001' E    4265,6
SO248_1-4   02.05.2016 21:33:32   CTD            station start                    30  0,006' S    177  0,002' E    4269,9
SO248_1-4   02.05.2016 21:35:07   CTD            in the water    EL2 über kl.     30  0,005' S    177  0,002' E    4261,7
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_1-4   02.05.2016 22:10:38   CTD            max depth/      SL: 1000 m,      29 59,994' S    176 59,999' E    4267,3
                                                 on ground       SZ: 10 kN
SO248_1-4   02.05.2016 22:11:00   CTD            hoisting                         29 59,994' S    176 59,999' E    4273,6
SO248_1-4   02.05.2016 22:42:11   CTD            on deck                          30  0,007' S    177  0,004' E    4267
SO248_1-4   02.05.2016 22:46:20   CTD            station end                      30  0,008' S    177  0,004' E    4267,5
SO248_1-5   02.05.2016 22:48:40   Light/Optics   station start   SECCI-Disc       30  0,007' S    177  0,004' E    4271
SO248_1-5   02.05.2016 22:49:29   Light/Optics   in the water    BB-achtern über  30  0,008' S    177  0,004' E    4271,7
                                                                 Kran 4
SO248_1-5   02.05.2016 23:00:56   Light/Optics   on deck                          30  0,004' S    177  0,003' E    4269,8
SO248_1-5   02.05.2016 23:01:14   Light/Optics   station end                      30  0,003' S    177  0,003' E    4269,7
SO248_1-6   02.05.2016 23:02:46   NET            station start   Bongo-Netz,      30  0,000' S    177  0,004' E    4267,2
                                                                 geschleppt über
                                                                 STB-Heck, Kran 3
SO248_1-6   02.05.2016 23:18:04   NET            information     Bongo-Netz z. W. 29 59,988' S    177  0,055' E    4267,5
SO248_1-6   02.05.2016 23:20:22   NET            information     Schleppfahrt,    29 59,980' S    177  0,125' E    4267,6
                                                                 FdW = 2,5 kn
                                                                 nach Vorgabe 
                                                                 Wiss., rwK: 081
SO248_1-6   03.05.2016 00:00:00   NET            information     Gert a. D.       29 59,740' S    177  1,794' E    4258,4
SO248_1-6   03.05.2016 00:00:17   NET            station end                      29 59,740' S    177  1,795' E    4262
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:17:37   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-UV-    29 59,730' S    177  1,860' E    4258,4
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:18:05   Light/Optics   in the water                     29 59,730' S    177  1,860' E    4264,1
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:25:47   Light/Optics   max depth/           70m         29 59,708' S    177  1,923' E    4270,2
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:37:36   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         29 59,701' S    177  1,953' E    4259,6
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:44:48   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         29 59,699' S    177  1,982' E    4267
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:51:36   Light/Optics   on deck                          29 59,709' S    177  1,986' E    4270,1
SO248_1-7   03.05.2016 00:52:12   Light/Optics   station end                      29 59,710' S    177  1,988' E    4264,8
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 00:53:02   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       29 59,710' S    177  1,990' E    4259
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 00:53:23   Light/Optics   in the water                     29 59,709' S    177  1,994' E    4260,9
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 01:06:03   Light/Optics   max depth/          160m         29 59,697' S    177  2,046' E    4261,4
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 01:10:12   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         29 59,691' S    177  2,080' E    4263
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 01:16:05   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         29 59,684' S    177  2,125' E    4264,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 01:20:25   Light/Optics   on deck                          29 59,677' S    177  2,165' E    4260,6
SO248_1-8   03.05.2016 01:20:55   Light/Optics   station end                      29 59,676' S    177  2,169' E    4263,2
SO248_2-1   03.05.2016 18:00:44   CTD            station start                    26 59,557' S    178 12,795' E    4202,3
SO248_2-1   03.05.2016 18:04:50   CTD            in the water                     26 59,571' S    178 12,782' E    4201,2
SO248_2-1   03.05.2016 19:40:33   CTD            max depth/      maxSL: 4167m     26 59,570' S    178 12,797' E    4196,7
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-1   03.05.2016 21:09:56   CTD            on deck                          26 59,563' S    178 12,794' E    4201,1
SO248_2-1   03.05.2016 21:14:38   CTD            station end                      26 59,563' S    178 12,791' E    4198,2
SO248_2-2   03.05.2016 22:20:39   CTD            station start                    26 59,570' S    178 12,796' E    4196,5
SO248_2-2   03.05.2016 22:25:42   CTD            in the water    EL2 , kl.        26 59,571' S    178 12,788' E    4193,1
                                                                 Schiebebalken    
SO248_2-2   03.05.2016 22:31:01   CTD            max depth /     SL: 20m, ST:     26 59,566' S    178 12,788' E    4195,9
                                                 on ground       8 kN
SO248_2-2   03.05.2016 22:38:44   CTD            on deck                          26 59,565' S    178 12,792' E    4198,1
SO248_2-2   03.05.2016 22:41:18   CTD            station end                      26 59,559' S    178 12,796' E    4200,6
SO248_2-3   03.05.2016 23:03:37   CTD            station start                    26 59,562' S    178 12,790' E    4194,4
SO248_2-3   03.05.2016 23:07:01   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.         26 59,558' S    178 12,794' E    4198,7
                                                                 Schiebebalken    
SO248_2-3   03.05.2016 23:12:14   CTD            max depth/      SL: 20 m,        26 59,565' S    178 12,791' E    4197
                                                 on ground       SZ: 8 kN
SO248_2-3   03.05.2016 23:16:05   CTD            on deck                          26 59,558' S    178 12,792' E    4199,7
SO248_2-3   03.05.2016 23:18:27   CTD            station end                      26 59,556' S    178 12,793' E    4195,9
SO248_2-4   03.05.2016 23:32:58   CTD            station start                    26 59,566' S    178 12,795' E    4197,5
SO248_2-4   03.05.2016 23:34:24   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.         26 59,566' S    178 12,790' E    4194,8
                                                                 Schiebebalken    
SO248_2-4   04.05.2016 00:06:18   CTD            max depth/      SL: 998m         26 59,572' S    178 12,793' E    4194,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-4   04.05.2016 00:38:21   CTD            on deck                          26 59,565' S    178 12,797' E    4196,6
SO248_2-4   04.05.2016 00:39:11   CTD            station end                      26 59,564' S    178 12,797' E    4193,1
SO248_2-5   04.05.2016 00:15:00   Light/Optics   station start                    26 59,562' S    178 12,798' E    4196,1
SO248_2-5   04.05.2016 00:15:22   Light/Optics   in the water                     26 59,561' S    178 12,799' E    4198,8
SO248_2-5   04.05.2016 00:27:53   Light/Optics   on deck                          26 59,565' S    178 12,792' E    4197,6
SO248_2-5   04.05.2016 00:28:24   Light/Optics   station end                      26 59,565' S    178 12,792' E    4195,6
SO248_2-6   04.05.2016 00:41:26   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler      26 59,563' S    178 12,809' E    4198,3
SO248_2-6   04.05.2016 00:45:31   Light/Optics   in the water                     26 59,564' S    178 12,859' E    4193,6
SO248_2-6   04.05.2016 00:48:53   Light/Optics   max depth/          110m         26 59,567' S    178 12,911' E    4198,4
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-6   04.05.2016 01:09:37   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         26 59,574' S    178 13,148' E    4197,8
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-6   04.05.2016 01:18:33   Light/Optics   on deck                          26 59,581' S    178 13,336' E    4201,8
SO248_2-6   04.05.2016 01:18:41   Light/Optics   station end                      26 59,581' S    178 13,339' E    4197,5
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:21:18   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       26 59,582' S    178 13,379' E    4197,8
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:21:29   Light/Optics   in the water                     26 59,583' S    178 13,381' E    4201,4
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:30:06   Light/Optics   max depth/          150m         26 59,587' S    178 13,514' E    4198
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:40:07   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         26 59,592' S    178 13,675' E    4198,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:45:18   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         26 59,594' S    178 13,744' E    4198,6
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:48:43   Light/Optics   on deck                          26 59,597' S    178 13,803' E    4205,2
SO248_2-7   04.05.2016 01:48:55   Light/Optics   station end                      26 59,597' S    178 13,807' E    4184,6
SO248_2-8   04.05.2016 02:37:03   MUC            station start                    26 59,596' S    178 13,826' E    4185
SO248_2-8   04.05.2016 02:38:23   MUC            in the water                     26 59,593' S    178 13,829' E    4181,1
SO248_2-8   04.05.2016 04:27:03   MUC            max depth/      maxSL: 4255m     26 59,601' S    178 13,819' E    4185,2
                                                 on ground
SO248_2-8   04.05.2016 04:30:52   MUC            hoisting        maxSZ: 54,4kN    26 59,596' S    178 13,819' E    4181,8
SO248_2-8   04.05.2016 06:05:30   MUC            on deck                          26 59,607' S    178 13,820' E    4207,2
SO248_2-8   04.05.2016 06:06:18   MUC            station end                      26 59,606' S    178 13,822' E    4205,7
SO248_3-1   06.05.2016 22:12:54   CTD            station start   EL2, kl.         15  0,002' S    178  0,044' W    5298,4
                                                                 Schiebebalken    
SO248_3-1   06.05.2016 22:18:29   CTD            in the water                     15  0,012' S    177 59,997' W    1516,6
SO248_3-1   06.05.2016 22:49:11   CTD            max depth/      SL: 1032 m,      14 59,998' S    178  0,000' W    1526,6
                                                 on ground       SZ: 11 kN 
SO248_3-1   06.05.2016 23:21:54   CTD            on deck                          14 59,996' S    178  0,002' W    1523,7
SO248_3-1   06.05.2016 23:22:05   CTD            station end                      14 59,996' S    178  0,002' W    1529
SO248_3-2   06.05.2016 22:36:05   Light/Optics   station start   SECCI-Disc ber   14 59,999' S    177 59,995' W    1524,3
                                                                 Kran 4 / Heck
SO248_3-2   06.05.2016 22:38:42   Light/Optics   in the water                     14 59,995' S    177 59,998' W    1526,5
SO248_3-2   06.05.2016 22:50:13   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 50 m         14 59,999' S    177 59,999' W    1524,6
                                                 on ground 
SO248_3-2   06.05.2016 22:54:26   Light/Optics   on deck                          15  0,002' S    177 59,997' W    1526,2
SO248_3-2   06.05.2016 22:59:21   Light/Optics   station end                      14 59,999' S    177 59,997' W    1524,4
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:27:00   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler      15  0,005' S    177 59,957' W    1508,6
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:27:06   Light/Optics   in the water                     15  0,006' S    177 59,955' W    1510,2
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:33:07   Light/Optics   max depth/           90m         15  0,030' S    177 59,847' W    1495,5
                                                 on ground
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:39:31   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         15  0,052' S    177 59,749' W    1493,8
                                                 on ground
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:44:39   Light/Optics   max depth/           50m         15  0,071' S    177 59,671' W    1492,8
                                                 on ground
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:47:32   Light/Optics   on deck                          15  0,082' S    177 59,622' W    1498,3
SO248_3-3   06.05.2016 23:47:43   Light/Optics   station end                      15  0,082' S    177 59,619' W    1498,8
SO248_3-4   06.05.2016 23:48:54   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       15  0,088' S    177 59,598' W    1509,7
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_3-4   06.05.2016 23:49:03   Light/Optics   in the water                     15  0,088' S    177 59,596' W    1507
SO248_3-4   06.05.2016 23:55:54   Light/Optics   max depth/          140m         15  0,116' S    177 59,471' W    1502,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_3-4   07.05.2016 00:05:11   Light/Optics   max depth/           55m         15  0,150' S    177 59,323' W    1550,2
                                                 on ground
SO248_3-4   07.05.2016 00:10:40   Light/Optics   max depth/          55m          15  0,168' S    177 59,244' W    1552,4
                                                 on ground
SO248_3-4   07.05.2016 00:14:54   Light/Optics   on deck                          15  0,184' S    177 59,171' W    1550
SO248_3-4   07.05.2016 00:15:12   Light/Optics   station end                      15  0,186' S    177 59,166' W    1544
SO248_4-1   07.05.2016 23:17:24   CTD            station start                    10 20,005' S    176 30,002' W    4139,7
SO248_4-1   07.05.2016 23:28:20   CTD            in the water                     10 20,002' S    176 29,998' W    4141
SO248_4-1   08.05.2016 00:02:22   CTD            max depth/      SL: 998m         10 20,001' S    176 29,997' W    4141,5
                                                 on ground
SO248_4-1   08.05.2016 00:34:09   CTD            on deck                          10 20,002' S    176 30,009' W    4142,7
SO248_4-1   08.05.2016 00:34:19   CTD            station end                      10 20,002' S    176 30,009' W    4142,6
SO248_4-2   08.05.2016 00:40:20   NET            station start   Bongo-Netz       10 20,003' S    176 30,008' W    4142,1
                                                                 geschleppt    
SO248_4-2   08.05.2016 00:47:07   NET            information     zu Wasser        10 20,001' S    176 29,933' W    4137,7
SO248_4-2   08.05.2016 01:32:45   NET            information     an Deck          10 20,005' S    176 28,601' W    4131,4
SO248_4-2   08.05.2016 01:33:01   NET            station end                      10 20,005' S    176 28,594' W    4132,4
SO248_4-3   08.05.2016 01:41:52   CTD            station start                    10 19,999' S    176 28,516' W    4131,9
SO248_4-3   08.05.2016 01:43:59   CTD            in the water                     10 19,995' S    176 28,517' W    4128,5
SO248_4-3   08.05.2016 03:09:28   CTD            max depth/      SL: 4114m        10 19,999' S    176 28,516' W    4128,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_4-3   08.05.2016 04:42:02   CTD            on deck                          10 20,011' S    176 28,521' W    4130,1
SO248_4-3   08.05.2016 04:43:43   CTD            station end                      10 20,011' S    176 28,520' W    4128,8
SO248_4-4   08.05.2016 02:09:38   Light/Optics   station start   Secchi-Disk      10 20,005' S    176 28,518' W    4129,5
SO248_4-4   08.05.2016 02:09:47   Light/Optics   in the water                     10 20,005' S    176 28,517' W    4128,4
SO248_4-4   08.05.2016 02:15:04   Light/Optics   max depth            50m         10 20,002' S    176 28,518' W    4130,3
                                                 on ground
SO248_4-4   08.05.2016 02:23:40   Light/Optics   on deck                          10 20,001' S    176 28,517' W    4130,1
SO248_4-4   08.05.2016 02:23:52   Light/Optics   station end                      10 20,001' S    176 28,517' W    4129,9
SO248_4-5   08.05.2016 05:48:29   CTD            station start                    10 19,998' S    176 28,512' W    4131
SO248_4-5   08.05.2016 05:50:33   CTD            in the water                     10 19,997' S    176 28,515' W    4130,4
SO248_4-5   08.05.2016 06:37:45   CTD            max depth/      maxSL: 1997m     10 20,002' S    176 28,509' W    4130,8
                                                 on ground
SO248_4-5   08.05.2016 07:24:55   CTD            on deck                          10 19,999' S    176 28,511' W    4128,9
SO248_4-5   08.05.2016 07:26:05   CTD            station end                      10 19,998' S    176 28,513' W    4130,6
SO248_4-5   08.05.2016 07:26:05   CTD            station end                      10 19,995' S    176 28,516' W    4130,1
SO248_4-6   08.05.2016 07:30:02   MUC            station start   FW1/SPW1,        10 19,996' S    176 28,515' W    4129,9
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_4-6   08.05.2016 07:36:20   MUC            in the water                     10 19,997' S    176 28,518' W    4129,4
SO248_4-6   08.05.2016 09:27:25   MUC            max depth/      SL: 4132 m,      10 20,012' S    176 28,522' W    4130
                                                 on ground       SZ: 36 kN
SO248_4-6   08.05.2016 09:30:31   MUC            hoisting        SZmax: 49 kN     10 20,010' S    176 28,519' W    4128,9
                                                                 bei SL: 4155 m
SO248_4-6   08.05.2016 10:56:28   MUC            on deck                          10 19,996' S    176 28,512' W    4130,3
SO248_4-6   08.05.2016 10:58:41   MUC            station end                      10 19,996' S    176 28,515' W    4128,9
SO248_5-1   09.05.2016 17:46:07   CTD            station start                     4 59,749' S    178 19,081' W    6030,6
SO248_5-1   09.05.2016 17:48:53   CTD            in the water                      4 59,746' S    178 19,095' W    6055,1
SO248_5-1   09.05.2016 18:19:55   CTD            max depth/      maxSL: 1005m      4 59,792' S    178 19,069' W    6032
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-1   09.05.2016 18:53:37   CTD            on deck                           4 59,801' S    178 19,060' W    6064,9
SO248_5-1   09.05.2016 18:55:07   CTD            station end                       4 59,800' S    178 19,060' W    6004,4
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 17:55:47   PUMP           station start   In Situ PUMP      4 59,757' S    178 19,089' W    6064,1
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 17:57:36   PUMP           in the water                      4 59,762' S    178 19,084' W    6049,8
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 18:01:40   PUMP           max depth/      maxSL: 60m,       4 59,774' S    178 19,081' W    6026,7
                                                 on ground       Beg. Pum-pen
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 21:15:40   PUMP           information     Start hieven      4 59,814' S    178 19,057' W    6006,5
                                                                 INSITU-Pumpe
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 21:20:31   PUMP           at surface                        4 59,814' S    178 19,058' W    5999,1
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 21:24:40   PUMP           on deck                           4 59,812' S    178 19,058' W    6015,6
SO248_5-2   09.05.2016 21:25:29   PUMP           station end                       4 59,812' S    178 19,057' W    5992,2
SO248_5-3   09.05.2016 21:35:12   Light/Optics   information     SECCI-Disk,  4    4 59,813' S    178 19,056' W    6005,6
                                                                 ber BB-Heck/Kran
SO248_5-3   09.05.2016 21:36:26   Light/Optics   in the water                      4 59,813' S    178 19,056' W    5998,7
SO248_5-3   09.05.2016 21:43:13   Light/Optics   max depth/      SLmax: 35 m,      4 59,813' S    178 19,055' W    5991,3
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-3   09.05.2016 21:46:53   Light/Optics   on deck                           4 59,812' S    178 19,057' W    5991,7
SO248_5-3   09.05.2016 21:48:12   Light/Optics   station end                       4 59,812' S    178 19,057' W    5996,8
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 21:49:00   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler,      4 59,812' S    178 19,057' W    6000
                                                                 BB-Heck
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 21:56:20   Light/Optics   in the water                      4 59,804' S    178 19,045' W    6030,4
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:00:04   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 83 m          4 59,799' S    178 19,036' W    6029,1
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:05:13   Light/Optics   at surface                        4 59,792' S    178 19,025' W    6044,8
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:07:19   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 79 m          4 59,787' S    178 19,017' W    6001,5
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:10:33   Light/Optics   at surface                        4 59,782' S    178 19,006' W    5986,9
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:12:41   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 50 m          4 59,778' S    178 19,000' W    5954,6
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:16:03   Light/Optics   on deck                           4 59,772' S    178 18,990' W    6011,6
SO248_5-4   09.05.2016 22:17:04   Light/Optics   station end                       4 59,771' S    178 18,988' W    6002,3
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:18:23   Light/Optics   station start   S-Profiler,       4 59,768' S    178 18,984' W    5984,6
                                                 BB-Heck
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:19:48   Light/Optics   in the water                      4 59,768' S    178 18,980' W    5978,5
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:23:35   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 180 m         4 59,761' S    178 18,971' W    6016,1
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:34:38   Light/Optics   at surface                        4 59,745' S    178 18,936' W    5998,4
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:36:25   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 50 m          4 59,741' S    178 18,931' W    5985,7
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:40:31   Light/Optics   at surface                        4 59,735' S    178 18,919' W    5958,3
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:41:19   Light/Optics   max depth/      SL: 50 m          4 59,733' S    178 18,916' W    5941,8
                                                 on ground
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:45:12   Light/Optics   on deck                           4 59,727' S    178 18,904' W    5970,9
SO248_5-5   09.05.2016 22:46:03   Light/Optics   station end                       4 59,726' S    178 18,903' W    5973,6
SO248_6-1   11.05.2016 09:00:38   MUC            station start                     0  1,938' S    179 59,579' W    5283,5
SO248_6-1   11.05.2016 09:06:09   MUC            in the water    FW1/SPW1,         0  1,931' S    179 59,585' W    5286,2
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_6-1   11.05.2016 11:26:54   MUC            max depth/      SL: 5328m         0  1,901' S    179 59,357' W    5285
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-1   11.05.2016 11:30:45   MUC            hoisting        SZmax: 60kN       0  1,901' S    179 59,358' W    5286,2
SO248_6-1   11.05.2016 13:17:14   MUC            on deck                           0  1,902' S    179 59,328' W    5289,2
SO248_6-1   11.05.2016 13:29:10   MUC            station end                       0  1,912' S    179 59,323' W    5291,1
SO248_6-2   11.05.2016 14:00:21   CTD            station start   CTD 01            0  0,015' N    179 59,885' E    5258,1
SO248_6-2   11.05.2016 14:03:15   CTD            in the water                      0  0,015' N    179 59,885' E    5244,7
SO248_6-2   11.05.2016 15:52:10   CTD            max depth/      maxSL: 5227m      0  0,007' N    180  0,000' E    5261,6
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-2   11.05.2016 17:45:35   CTD            on deck                           0  0,007' N    179 59,998' W    5263,5
SO248_6-2   11.05.2016 17:46:22   CTD            station end                       0  0,007' N    179 59,999' W    5261,2
SO248_6-3   11.05.2016 19:00:03   CTD            station start   CTD 02            0  0,008' S    180  0,000' W    5265,2
SO248_6-3   11.05.2016 19:04:47   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.          0  0,009' S    179 59,998' E    5260
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_6-3   11.05.2016 19:40:14   CTD            max depth/      SL: 1003 m,       0  0,002' N    179 59,996' W    5262,8
                                                 on ground       SZ: 10 kN
SO248_6-3   11.05.2016 20:10:29   CTD            on deck                           0  0,000' N    179 59,998' W    5262,9
SO248_6-3   11.05.2016 20:11:02   CTD            station end                       0  0,000' N    179 59,998' W    5262,9
SO248_6-4   11.05.2016 20:46:27   CTD            station start   CTD 03            0  0,005' S    179 59,998' W    5260,4
SO248_6-4   11.05.2016 20:49:38   CTD            in the water    EL2 / Kl.         0  0,007' S    179 59,999' E    5263,2
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_6-4   11.05.2016 21:09:03   CTD            max depth/      SL: 482 m,        0  0,008' S    179 59,999' E    5259,2
                                                 on ground       SZ: 8 kN 
SO248_6-4   11.05.2016 21:29:44   CTD            on deck                           0  0,007' S    179 59,997' E    5260,6
SO248_6-4   11.05.2016 21:30:34   CTD            station end                       0  0,007' S    179 59,997' E    5264,7
SO248_6-5   11.05.2016 21:55:06   CTD            station start   CTD 04            0  0,005' S    180  0,000' E    5264,7
SO248_6-5   11.05.2016 21:57:13   CTD            in the water                      0  0,003' S    179 59,999' E    5261,4
SO248_6-5   11.05.2016 22:29:14   CTD            max depth/      SL: 1005 m,       0  0,008' S    179 59,999' E    5260,6
                                                 on ground       SZ: 10 kN
SO248_6-5   11.05.2016 23:00:35   CTD            on deck                           0  0,003' N    179 59,999' W    5265
SO248_6-5   11.05.2016 23:03:10   CTD            station end                       0  0,009' N    180  0,000' W    5264,8
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:14:01   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler       0  0,006' N    179 59,998' E    5264,2
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:14:12   Light/Optics   in the water                      0  0,006' N    179 59,998' E    5264,2
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:19:43   Light/Optics   max depth/      70m               0  0,006' N    179 59,999' E    5264,3
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:24:34   Light/Optics   max depth/      50m               0  0,003' N    179 59,999' E    5263,1
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:31:11   Light/Optics   max depth/      50m               0  0,006' N    180  0,000' W    5262,2
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:35:25   Light/Optics   on deck                           0  0,004' N    179 59,999' W    5266,8
SO248_6-6   11.05.2016 23:35:36   Light/Optics   station end                       0  0,003' N    179 59,999' W    5265
SO248_6-7   11.05.2016 23:36:19   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-        0  0,003' N    179 59,999' W    5265,5
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_6-7   11.05.2016 23:36:29   Light/Optics   in the water                      0  0,003' N    179 59,999' W    5266
SO248_6-7   11.05.2016 23:45:24   Light/Optics   max depth/      130m              0  0,004' N    180  0,000' E    5263,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-7   12.05.2016 00:00:02   Light/Optics   max depth/      50m               0  0,007' S    179 59,999' W    5264,6
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-7   12.05.2016 00:05:00   Light/Optics   max depth/      50m               0  0,008' S    180  0,000' W    5260
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-7   12.05.2016 00:09:57   Light/Optics   on deck                           0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5262,7
SO248_6-7   12.05.2016 00:10:05   Light/Optics   station end                       0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5262,7
SO248_6-8   12.05.2016 00:11:09   Light/Optics   station start   Secchi-Disk       0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5262,3
SO248_6-8   12.05.2016 00:11:28   Light/Optics   in the water                      0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5261,6
SO248_6-8   12.05.2016 00:17:17   Light/Optics   max depth/      25m               0  0,009' S    179 59,999' W    5263,4
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-8   12.05.2016 00:19:04   Light/Optics   on deck                           0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5261
SO248_6-8   12.05.2016 00:19:12   Light/Optics   station end                       0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5263,5
SO248_6-9   12.05.2016 00:30:00   PUMP           station start   InSitu            0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5262
SO248_6-9   12.05.2016 00:31:12   PUMP           in the water                      0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5261,3
SO248_6-9   12.05.2016 00:34:22   PUMP           max depth/      60m               0  0,008' S    179 59,999' W    5262,8
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-9   12.05.2016 03:42:53   PUMP           information     Pumpen beendet,   0  0,008' N    179 59,999' W    5264,4
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_6-9   12.05.2016 03:49:52   PUMP           on deck                           0  0,002' N    179 59,999' W    5262,8
SO248_6-9   12.05.2016 03:51:43   PUMP           station end                       0  0,001' N    179 59,999' W    5266,2
SO248_6-10  12.05.2016 01:32:53   CTD            station start                     0  0,004' S    180  0,000' E    5262,3
SO248_6-10  12.05.2016 01:33:03   CTD            in the water                      0  0,004' S    180  0,000' E    5262,9
SO248_6-10  12.05.2016 01:54:19   CTD            max depth/      SL: 500m          0  0,004' S    179 59,999' E    5262
                                                 on ground
SO248_6-10  12.05.2016 02:12:25   CTD            on deck                           0  0,005' S    179 59,999' W    5263,2
SO248_6-10  12.05.2016 02:12:29   CTD            station end                       0  0,004' S    179 59,999' W    5261,3
SO248_6-11  12.05.2016 04:26:08   CTD            station start                     0  0,000' S    179 59,999' E    5266,9
SO248_6-11  12.05.2016 04:27:25   CTD            in the water                      0  0,001' S    180  0,000' E    5262,5
SO248_6-11  12.05.2016 04:47:13   CTD            max depth/      SL: 500 m,        0  0,002' N    180  0,000' E    5265,1
                                                 on ground       SZ: 8 kN
SO248_6-11  12.05.2016 05:09:19   CTD            on deck                           0  0,006' N    179 59,999' E    5265,5
SO248_6-11  12.05.2016 05:10:30   CTD            station end                       0  0,007' N    179 59,998' E    5264,6
SO248_6-12  12.05.2016 05:16:44   NET            station start   Bongo Netz        0  0,006' N    179 59,998' W    5266,7
SO248_6-12  12.05.2016 05:19:20   NET            information     Bongo Netz        0  0,005' N    180  0,000' E    5263,7
                                                                 zu Wasser
SO248_6-12  12.05.2016 06:06:25   NET            information     Bongo Netz        0  0,008' N    179 59,999' E    5261,4
                                                                 an Deck
SO248_6-12  12.05.2016 06:07:18   NET            station end                       0  0,008' N    179 59,999' E    5266,2
SO248_6-13  12.05.2016 07:27:13   CTD            station start                     0  0,001' S    179 59,999' E    5261,1
SO248_6-13  12.05.2016 07:30:00   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.          0  0,002' N    180  0,000' W    5267,3
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_6-13  12.05.2016 07:53:28   CTD            max depth/      on ground         0  0,004' N    179 59,998' E    5262,1
                                                                 SL: 500 m,
                                                                 SZ: 7 kN
SO248_6-13  12.05.2016 08:11:07   CTD            on deck                           0  0,007' N    179 59,999' E    5265,2
SO248_6-13  12.05.2016 08:12:24   CTD            station end                       0  0,008' N    179 59,999' E    5265,2
SO248_6-14  12.05.2016 10:21:06   CTD            station start                     0  0,005' S    180  0,000' E    5263,2
SO248_6-14  12.05.2016 10:23:12   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.          0  0,004' S    179 59,999' W    5262,7
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_6-14  12.05.2016 10:48:26   CTD            max depth/      on ground         0  0,007' N    179 59,999' W    5265
                                                                 SL: 500 m,
                                                                 SZ: 9 kN
SO248_6-14  12.05.2016 11:09:21   CTD            on deck                           0  0,001' S    179 59,997' W    6827,7
SO248_6-14  12.05.2016 11:09:28   CTD            station end                       0  0,001' S    179 59,997' W    6827,7
SO248_6-15  12.05.2016 13:22:30   CTD            station start                     0  0,007' N    179 59,998' E    5265
SO248_6-15  12.05.2016 13:22:45   CTD            in the water                      0  0,007' N    179 59,998' E    5262,7
SO248_6-15  12.05.2016 13:47:04   CTD            max depth/      on ground         0  0,002' N    179 59,997' W    5265,3
                                                                 SL: 500m
SO248_6-15  12.05.2016 14:05:57   CTD            on deck                           0  0,006' N    179 59,998' W    5262,5
SO248_6-15  12.05.2016 14:06:12   CTD            station end                       0  0,006' N    179 59,998' W    5263,4
SO248_6-16  12.05.2016 16:26:39   CTD            station start                     0  0,004' S    179 59,994' W    5263,1
SO248_6-16  12.05.2016 16:28:06   CTD            in the water                      0  0,003' S    179 59,995' W    5264,6
SO248_6-16  12.05.2016 16:49:14   CTD            max depth/      on ground         0  0,003' N    179 59,997' W    5264,5
                                                                 maxSL: 498m
SO248_6-16  12.05.2016 17:08:16   CTD            on deck                           0  0,006' N    179 59,997' E    5265,1
SO248_6-16  12.05.2016 17:10:02   CTD            station end                       0  0,007' N    179 59,997' E    5264,4
SO248_7-1   13.05.2016 17:57:42   CTD            station start                     4 39,306' N    179 23,861' E    6276,7
SO248_7-1   13.05.2016 18:00:19   CTD            in the water                      4 39,308' N    179 23,866' E    6264,6
SO248_7-1   13.05.2016 18:32:10   CTD            max depth/      on ground         4 39,305' N    179 23,867' E    6229,6
                                                                 maxSL: 999m
SO248_7-1   13.05.2016 19:00:24   CTD            on deck                           4 39,314' N    179 23,867' E    6209,6
SO248_7-1   13.05.2016 19:03:06   CTD            station end                       4 39,316' N    179 23,866' E    6215,1
SO248_7-2   13.05.2016 20:24:20   CTD            station start   EL2, kl.          4 30,829' N    179 15,161' E    5634,4
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_7-2   13.05.2016 20:26:52   CTD            in the water                      4 30,832' N    179 15,164' E    5632,8
SO248_7-2   13.05.2016 20:42:41   CTD            max depth/      on ground         4 30,826' N    179 15,209' E    6070,6
                                                                 SL: 299 m,
                                                                 SZ: 8 kN
SO248_7-2   13.05.2016 20:55:29   CTD            on deck                           4 30,813' N    179 15,244' E    5640,2
SO248_7-2   13.05.2016 20:56:12   CTD            station end                       4 30,812' N    179 15,243' E    5643,6
SO248_7-3   13.05.2016 21:16:37   CTD            station start                     4 30,791' N    179 15,320' E    5643,8
SO248_7-3   13.05.2016 21:18:30   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.          4 30,788' N    179 15,331' E    5642,1
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_7-3   13.05.2016 21:34:01   CTD            max depth/      on ground         4 30,775' N    179 15,383' E    5642,1
                                                                 SL: 300 m,
                                                                 SZ: 7 kN
SO248_7-3   13.05.2016 21:48:17   CTD            on deck                           4 30,775' N    179 15,375' E    5637,6
SO248_7-3   13.05.2016 21:49:35   CTD            station end                       4 30,775' N    179 15,376' E    5637,1
SO248_7-4   13.05.2016 22:18:13   CTD            station start                     4 30,788' N    179 15,372' E    5637,3
SO248_7-4   13.05.2016 22:20:15   CTD            in the water                      4 30,789' N    179 15,372' E    5630
SO248_7-4   13.05.2016 22:36:13   CTD            max depth/      on ground         4 30,786' N    179 15,365' E    5638,6
                                                                 SL: 299 m,
                                                                 SZ: 8 kN
SO248_7-4   13.05.2016 22:50:30   CTD            on deck                           4 30,779' N    179 15,364' E    5638,6
SO248_7-4   13.05.2016 22:51:43   CTD            station end                       4 30,779' N    179 15,364' E    5641
SO248_7-5   13.05.2016 22:52:46   Light/Optics   station start   SECCI-Disk        4 30,778' N    179 15,363' E    5638,7
SO248_7-5   13.05.2016 22:58:17   Light/Optics   in the water                      4 30,784' N    179 15,370' E    5638,5
SO248_7-5   13.05.2016 23:06:23   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground         4 30,787' N    179 15,372' E    5640,1
                                                                 SL: 52 m
SO248_7-5   13.05.2016 23:10:39   Light/Optics   on deck                           4 30,789' N    179 15,371' E    5638,1
SO248_7-5   13.05.2016 23:10:51   Light/Optics   station end                       4 30,789' N    179 15,371' E    5639,7
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:15:53   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler       4 30,792' N    179 15,398' E    5632,9
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:16:14   Light/Optics   in the water                      4 30,792' N    179 15,404' E    5639,9
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:22:15   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground   83m   4 30,798' N    179 15,479' E    5630,9
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:29:54   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground   64m   4 30,805' N    179 15,557' E    5623,4
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:35:22   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground   60m   4 30,811' N    179 15,623' E    5631,8
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:43:51   Light/Optics   on deck                           4 30,821' N    179 15,733' E    5626,9
SO248_7-6   13.05.2016 23:43:57   Light/Optics   station end                       4 30,821' N    179 15,734' E    5629,1
SO248_7-7   13.05.2016 23:45:01   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-        4 30,822' N    179 15,747' E    5630,9
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_7-7   13.05.2016 23:45:27   Light/Optics   in the water                      4 30,823' N    179 15,752' E    5632,6
SO248_7-7   13.05.2016 23:51:16   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground   150m  4 30,828' N    179 15,819' E    5629,7
SO248_7-7   14.05.2016 00:03:06   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground   50m   4 30,838' N    179 15,942' E    5634,4
SO248_7-7   14.05.2016 00:09:04   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground   50m   4 30,844' N    179 16,009' E    5634,5
SO248_7-7   14.05.2016 00:14:07   Light/Optics   on deck                           4 30,848' N    179 16,061' E    5632,9
SO248_7-7   14.05.2016 00:14:31   Light/Optics   station end                       4 30,848' N    179 16,064' E    5635,2
SO248_8-1   15.05.2016 12:55:03   MUC            station start                    10 58,020' N    179  0,095' E    5468,5
SO248_8-1   15.05.2016 12:55:24   MUC            in the water                     10 58,020' N    179  0,096' E    5469
SO248_8-1   15.05.2016 15:18:59   MUC            max depth/      on ground        10 58,014' N    179  0,098' E    5402,2
                                                                 maxSL: 5436m
SO248_8-1   15.05.2016 15:21:49   MUC            hoisting        maxSZ: 59,2kN    10 58,016' N    179  0,098' E    5356,1
SO248_8-1   15.05.2016 17:10:35   MUC            on deck                          10 58,012' N    179  0,093' E    5405,8
SO248_8-1   15.05.2016 17:11:31   MUC            station end                      10 58,012' N    179  0,094' E    5414,4
SO248_8-2   15.05.2016 17:42:45   CTD            station start                    11  0,034' N    178 59,994' E    5222,7
SO248_8-2   15.05.2016 17:44:03   CTD            in the water                     11  0,032' N    178 59,993' E    5224,5
SO248_8-2   15.05.2016 18:16:41   CTD            max depth/      on ground        10 59,994' N    179  0,001' E    5218,5
                                                                 maxSL: 998m
SO248_8-2   15.05.2016 18:50:33   CTD            on deck                          10 59,996' N    179  0,003' E    5238,7
SO248_8-2   15.05.2016 18:51:21   CTD            station end                      10 59,997' N    179  0,003' E    5214,8
SO248_8-3   15.05.2016 17:50:13   PUMP           station start   In Situ PUMP     11  0,030' N    178 59,989' E    5224,2
SO248_8-3   15.05.2016 17:53:03   PUMP           in the water                     11  0,033' N    178 59,987' E    5236,4
SO248_8-3   15.05.2016 17:55:26   PUMP           max depth/      on ground        11  0,035' N    178 59,988' E    5212,1
                                                                 maxSL: 60m,
                                                                 Beg. Pum-pen
SO248_8-3   15.05.2016 21:15:52   PUMP           on deck                          10 59,996' N    178 59,997' E    5215,4
SO248_8-3   15.05.2016 21:20:07   PUMP           station end                      11  0,002' N    178 59,997' E    5212,4
SO248_8-4   15.05.2016 19:54:13   CTD            station start   EL2, kl.         10 59,992' N    179  0,000' E    5214,4
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_8-4   15.05.2016 19:56:02   CTD            in the water                     10 59,993' N    179  0,000' E    5216,4
SO248_8-4   15.05.2016 21:42:19   CTD            max depth/      on ground        11  0,002' N    178 59,999' E    5213,4
                                                                 SL: 5224 m,
                                                                 SZ: 27 kN,
                                                                 (laut Wiss. CTD
                                                                 10 m über Grund)
SO248_8-4   15.05.2016 21:43:57   CTD            hoisting                         11  0,002' N    178 59,998' E    5208,7
SO248_8-4   15.05.2016 23:33:09   CTD            on deck                          11  0,005' N    179  0,000' E    5213,8
SO248_8-4   15.05.2016 23:33:18   CTD            station end                      11  0,006' N    179  0,000' E    5208,2
SO248_8-5   15.05.2016 21:26:26   Light/Optics   station start   SECCI-Disk       11  0,007' N    179  0,000' E    5199
SO248_8-5   15.05.2016 21:27:36   Light/Optics   in the water    Heck ber Kran    11  0,006' N    179  0,000' E    5216
                                                                 4 mit Block
                                                                 + Winde
SO248_8-5   15.05.2016 21:32:36   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground        11  0,003' N    178 59,997' E    5204,4
                                                                 SLmax: 52 m
SO248_8-5   15.05.2016 21:36:32   Light/Optics   on deck                          11  0,001' N    179  0,000' E    5200,3
SO248_8-5   15.05.2016 21:37:16   Light/Optics   station end                      11  0,001' N    179  0,000' E    5209,2
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:37:02   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler      11  0,007' N    179  0,016' E    5210,8
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:37:16   Light/Optics   in the water                     11  0,007' N    179  0,018' E    5203,4
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:40:39   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  85m   11  0,008' N    179  0,046' E    5213,2
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:47:35   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   11  0,007' N    179  0,090' E    5212,4
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:51:38   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   11  0,008' N    179  0,110' E    5211,4
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:55:10   Light/Optics   on deck                          11  0,008' N    179  0,125' E    5207,2
SO248_8-6   15.05.2016 23:55:21   Light/Optics   station end                      11  0,008' N    179  0,126' E    5207,2
SO248_8-7   15.05.2016 23:57:07   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       11  0,008' N    179  0,132' E    5212,8
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_8-7   15.05.2016 23:57:29   Light/Optics   in the water                     11  0,008' N    179  0,134' E    5216,8
SO248_8-7   16.05.2016 00:03:01   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  195m  11  0,008' N    179  0,151' E    5219,4
SO248_8-7   16.05.2016 00:15:26   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   11  0,008' N    179  0,225' E    5216
SO248_8-7   16.05.2016 00:20:21   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   11  0,008' N    179  0,257' E    5223,4
SO248_8-7   16.05.2016 00:22:31   Light/Optics   on deck                          11  0,008' N    179  0,271' E    5224,1
SO248_8-7   16.05.2016 00:22:50   Light/Optics   station end                      11  0,008' N    179  0,273' E    5221,2
SO248_8-8   16.05.2016 00:30:35   NET            station start   Bongo-Netz       11  0,008' N    179  0,322' E    5219,6
SO248_8-8   16.05.2016 00:34:47   NET            information     zu Wasser        11  0,008' N    179  0,331' E    5220,7
SO248_8-8   16.05.2016 01:12:01   NET            information     an Deck          11  0,012' N    179  1,361' E    5247,4
SO248_8-8   16.05.2016 01:16:00   NET            station end                      11  0,009' N    179  1,360' E    5246,8
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:13:32   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler      16  0,096' N    178 59,642' E    5236,7
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:13:39   Light/Optics   in the water                     16  0,096' N    178 59,642' E    5236,7
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:18:08   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  85m   16  0,083' N    178 59,690' E    5230,8
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:24:01   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  55m   16  0,069' N    178 59,739' E    5226,7
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:28:17   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  55m   16  0,065' N    178 59,756' E    5222,7
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:32:11   Light/Optics   on deck                          16  0,059' N    178 59,776' E    5216,9
SO248_9-1   17.05.2016 01:32:25   Light/Optics   station end                      16  0,059' N    178 59,778' E    5217,2
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:33:35   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       16  0,058' N    178 59,783' E    5217,2
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:34:01   Light/Optics   in the water                     16  0,057' N    178 59,784' E    5216,3
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:40:04   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  197m  16  0,048' N    178 59,821' E    5204,3
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:49:50   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   16  0,035' N    178 59,872' E    5218,6
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:53:04   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   16  0,029' N    178 59,893' E    5215,9
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:56:54   Light/Optics   on deck                          16  0,019' N    178 59,929' E    5192,7
SO248_9-2   17.05.2016 01:57:04   Light/Optics   station end                      16  0,019' N    178 59,931' E    5193,4
SO248_9-3   17.05.2016 02:01:50   CTD            station start                    16  0,005' N    178 59,982' E    5193,4
SO248_9-3   17.05.2016 02:02:01   CTD            in the water                     16  0,004' N    178 59,983' E    5197,1
SO248_9-3   17.05.2016 02:33:00   CTD            max depth/      on ground        16  0,001' N    178 59,986' E    5181,3
                                                                 maxSL: 998m
SO248_9-3   17.05.2016 02:56:28   CTD            on deck                          15 59,997' N    178 59,984' E    5193,4
SO248_9-3   17.05.2016 02:57:17   CTD            station end                      15 59,998' N    178 59,985' E    5192,6
SO248_9-4   17.05.2016 02:08:01   Light/Optics   station start   Secchi-Disc      16  0,004' N    178 59,990' E    5197,6
SO248_9-4   17.05.2016 02:10:18   Light/Optics   in the water                     16  0,004' N    178 59,990' E    5169,4
SO248_9-4   17.05.2016 02:19:04   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground        16  0,004' N    178 59,987' E    5196,2
                                                                 maxSL: 44m
SO248_9-4   17.05.2016 02:22:17   Light/Optics   on deck                          16  0,004' N    178 59,988' E    5169,9
SO248_9-4   17.05.2016 02:23:38   Light/Optics   station end                      16  0,004' N    178 59,987' E    5169,2
SO248_9-5   17.05.2016 03:16:45   CTD            station start                    16  0,011' N    178 59,989' E    5206
SO248_9-5   17.05.2016 03:18:22   CTD            in the water                     16  0,010' N    178 59,990' E    5206,3
SO248_9-5   17.05.2016 03:48:58   CTD            max depth/      on ground        15 59,997' N    178 59,985' E    5196,7
                                                                 SL: 998 m,
                                                                 SZ: 11 kN
SO248_9-5   17.05.2016 03:50:35   CTD            hoisting                         15 59,997' N    178 59,983' E    5199,3
SO248_9-5   17.05.2016 04:12:07   CTD            on deck                          16  0,003' N    178 59,986' E    5211,2
SO248_9-5   17.05.2016 04:13:31   CTD            station end                      16  0,004' N    178 59,986' E    5179,3
SO248_9-6   17.05.2016 04:29:28   CTD            station start                    15 59,999' N    178 59,986' E    5194,8
SO248_9-6   17.05.2016 04:31:11   CTD            in the water                     16  0,002' N    178 59,988' E    5201,9
SO248_9-6   17.05.2016 05:02:08   CTD            max depth/      on ground        15 59,996' N    178 59,981' E    5179,4
                                                                 maxSL: 999m
SO248_9-6   17.05.2016 05:30:36   CTD            on deck                          16  0,012' N    178 59,989' E    5172,3
SO248_9-6   17.05.2016 05:31:43   CTD            station end                      16  0,012' N    178 59,988' E    5172,1
SO248_10-1  18.05.2016 09:20:35   MUC            station start                    21 57,941' N    178 19,054' E    3250,4
SO248_10-1  18.05.2016 09:25:52   MUC            in the water    FW1/SPW1,        21 57,939' N    178 18,999' E    3250,3
                                                                 Schiebebakken
SO248_10-1  18.05.2016 10:58:29   MUC            max depth/      on ground        21 57,998' N    178 18,999' E    3257,6
                                                                 SL: 3294m
SO248_10-1  18.05.2016 11:02:29   MUC            hoisting        SZmax: 40kN      21 57,996' N    178 19,001' E    3258,6
SO248_10-1  18.05.2016 12:09:11   MUC            on deck                          21 58,005' N    178 19,003' E    3260,3
SO248_10-1  18.05.2016 12:12:01   MUC            station end                      21 58,006' N    178 19,004' E    3258,8
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 12:43:56   CTD            station start   mit in situ      22  0,020' N    178 18,990' E    2775
                                                                 Incubator
                                                                 und Pumpe
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 12:44:40   CTD            in the water                     22  0,019' N    178 18,992' E    2754,3
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 13:52:05   CTD            max depth/      on ground        22  0,010' N    178 18,997' E    2755,7
                                                                 SL: 1997m
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 22:12:25   CTD            lowering                         22  0,002' N    178 19,008' E    2889,9
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 22:32:36   CTD            max depth/      on ground        22  0,006' N    178 18,995' E    2884,6
                                                                 SL: 2798m
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 23:37:16   CTD            on deck                          22  0,003' N    178 19,004' E    2864,8
SO248_10-2  18.05.2016 23:37:26   CTD            station end                      22  0,003' N    178 19,004' E    2856
SO248_10-3  18.05.2016 23:50:19   NET            station start   Bongo-Netz       22  0,015' N    178 18,989' E    2875,5
SO248_10-3  18.05.2016 23:52:42   NET            information     zu Wasser        22  0,047' N    178 18,985' E    2854,2
SO248_10-3  19.05.2016 00:47:26   NET            information     an Deck          22  1,773' N    178 18,787' E    3492,2
SO248_10-3  19.05.2016 00:47:41   NET            station end                      22  1,778' N    178 18,787' E    3494,3
SO248_10-4  19.05.2016 00:56:55   Light/Optics   station start   Sechi Disc       22  1,792' N    178 18,784' E    3455
SO248_10-4  19.05.2016 00:57:27   Light/Optics   in the water                     22  1,793' N    178 18,784' E    3472,6
SO248_10-4  19.05.2016 01:03:16   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  40m   22  1,794' N    178 18,779' E    3471,1
SO248_10-4  19.05.2016 01:06:29   Light/Optics   on deck                          22  1,793' N    178 18,778' E    3476,5
SO248_10-4  19.05.2016 01:06:35   Light/Optics   station end                      22  1,793' N    178 18,778' E    3462,7
SO248_10-5  19.05.2016 00:59:45   CTD            station start                    22  1,795' N    178 18,783' E    3476,5
SO248_10-5  19.05.2016 01:00:03   CTD            in the water                     22  1,795' N    178 18,783' E    3453,8
SO248_10-5  19.05.2016 01:16:31   CTD            max depth/      SL: 300m         22  1,788' N    178 18,780' E    3478,9
                                                 on ground
SO248_10-5  19.05.2016 01:37:16   CTD            on deck                          22  1,788' N    178 18,779' E    3475,6
SO248_10-5  19.05.2016 01:37:29   CTD            station end                      22  1,788' N    178 18,779' E    3483,2
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 01:43:00   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler      22  1,807' N    178 18,781' E    3431
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 01:43:22   Light/Optics   in the water                     22  1,812' N    178 18,782' E    3448,3
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 01:46:39   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  95m   22  1,844' N    178 18,786' E    3447,8
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 01:53:18   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   22  1,890' N    178 18,792' E    3410,2
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 01:57:26   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   22  1,936' N    178 18,797' E    3387,8
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 02:00:12   Light/Optics   on deck                          22  1,963' N    178 18,800' E    3346,4
SO248_10-6  19.05.2016 02:00:29   Light/Optics   station end                      22  1,965' N    178 18,801' E    3343,3
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:01:56   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       22  1,979' N    178 18,803' E    3345,4
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:02:25   Light/Optics   in the water                     22  1,983' N    178 18,803' E    3352,9
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:09:12   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  140m  22  2,046' N    178 18,811' E    3420,5
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:15:31   Light/Optics   at surface                       22  2,106' N    178 18,819' E    3455,3
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:17:50   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   22  2,128' N    178 18,822' E    3453,3
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:19:03   Light/Optics   at surface                       22  2,140' N    178 18,823' E    3454,5
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:21:15   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground  50m   22  2,160' N    178 18,826' E    3454,5
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:24:34   Light/Optics   on deck                          22  2,190' N    178 18,830' E    3455,2
SO248_10-7  19.05.2016 02:25:35   Light/Optics   station end                      22  2,200' N    178 18,829' E    3454,9
SO248_11-1  20.05.2016 07:45:32   CTD            station start                    28  0,018' N    177 19,867' E    5717,2
SO248_11-1  20.05.2016 07:52:59   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.         28  0,030' N    177 19,925' E    5162,4
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_11-1  20.05.2016 08:26:26   CTD            max depth/      on ground        28  0,000' N    177 20,008' E    5155,7
                                                                 SL: 998 m,
                                                                 SZ: 10 kN
SO248_11-1  20.05.2016 08:55:17   CTD            on deck                          27 59,996' N    177 20,007' E    5157,9
SO248_11-1  20.05.2016 08:56:17   CTD            station end                      27 59,997' N    177 20,005' E    5156,3
SO248_12-1  21.05.2016 15:58:00   CTD            station start                    33 59,996' N    177 19,978' E    3517,1
SO248_12-1  21.05.2016 15:59:16   CTD            in the water                     33 59,997' N    177 19,974' E    3514
SO248_12-1  21.05.2016 17:19:03   CTD            max depth/      on ground        33 59,999' N    177 20,007' E    3516,6
                                                                 maxSL: 3499m
SO248_12-1  21.05.2016 18:34:45   CTD            on deck                          34  0,002' N    177 20,010' E    3517,4
SO248_12-1  21.05.2016 18:36:57   CTD            station end                      34  0,004' N    177 20,009' E    3518,4
SO248_12-2  21.05.2016 16:06:12   PUMP           station start   In Situ PUMP     33 59,999' N    177 19,993' E    3514,1
SO248_12-2  21.05.2016 16:07:41   PUMP           in the water                     34  0,001' N    177 19,998' E    3516,6
SO248_12-2  21.05.2016 16:08:53   PUMP           max depth/      on ground        34  0,002' N    177 20,000' E    3519,5
                                                                 SL: 20m, Beg.
                                                                 Pumpen
SO248_12-2  21.05.2016 19:22:13   PUMP           on deck                          33 59,996' N    177 19,993' E    3517,2
SO248_12-2  21.05.2016 19:23:02   PUMP           station end                      33 59,995' N    177 19,993' E    3518,8
SO248_12-3  21.05.2016 19:30:31   CTD            station start                    33 59,996' N    177 19,991' E    3517,5
SO248_12-3  21.05.2016 19:32:16   CTD            in the water                     33 59,997' N    177 19,991' E    3516,4
SO248_12-3  21.05.2016 19:43:45   CTD            max depth/      on ground        33 59,999' N    177 19,991' E    3512,5
                                                                 SL: 200 m,
                                                                 SZ: 8 kN
SO248_12-3  21.05.2016 19:57:43   CTD            on deck                          33 59,999' N    177 19,991' E    3515,4
SO248_12-3  21.05.2016 19:58:45   CTD            station end                      33 59,999' N    177 19,991' E    3516,3
SO248_12-4  21.05.2016 20:00:22   NET            station start   Bongo - Netz     33 59,999' N    177 19,991' E    3515,2
SO248_12-4  21.05.2016 20:08:02   NET            information     Netz z. W.,      33 59,912' N    177 20,018' E    3516
                                                                 FdW: 1,5 kn nach
                                                                 Vorgabe Wiss.,
                                                                 rwK: 165°
SO248_12-4  21.05.2016 20:56:42   NET            information     Bongo-Netz a.D.  33 58,791' N    177 20,385' E    3496,8
SO248_12-4  21.05.2016 21:10:41   NET            station end                      33 58,786' N    177 20,388' E    3493,6
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:12:23   Light/Optics   station start   UV-Profiler      33 58,779' N    177 20,390' E    3489,9
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:16:40   Light/Optics   in the water    BB-Heck,         33 58,744' N    177 20,400' E    3488,2
                                                                 FdW: 0,7 kn
                                                                 nach Vorgabe
                                                                 Wiss., rwK: 165°
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:23:00   Light/Optics   information     SLmax: 57 m,     33 58,678' N    177 20,419' E    3493,9
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:26:59   Light/Optics   information     SL: 50 m,        33 58,633' N    177 20,435' E    3491,5
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:30:02   Light/Optics   information     SL: 50 m,        33 58,597' N    177 20,444' E    3490,7
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:33:33   Light/Optics   information     UV-Profiler a.D. 33 58,557' N    177 20,458' E    3491,5
SO248_12-5  21.05.2016 21:34:25   Light/Optics   station end                      33 58,548' N    177 20,462' E    3489,4
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:35:51   Light/Optics   station start   Satlantic-       33 58,532' N    177 20,467' E    3491,9
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:36:04   Light/Optics   in the water                     33 58,530' N    177 20,468' E    3487,7
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:38:48   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground        33 58,499' N    177 20,477' E    3489,8
                                                                 SL: 70 m,
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:41:05   Light/Optics   information     SL: 50 m,        33 58,474' N    177 20,487' E    3488,9
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:43:39   Light/Optics   information     SL: 50 m,        33 58,448' N    177 20,494' E    3489
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:47:09   Light/Optics   information     SL: 50 m,        33 58,407' N    177 20,509' E    3481,9
                                                                 hieven an
                                                                 die Oberflche
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:49:56   Light/Optics   on deck                          33 58,372' N    177 20,518' E    3481,7
SO248_12-6  21.05.2016 21:50:40   Light/Optics   station end                      33 58,365' N    177 20,521' E    3486,6
SO248_12-7  21.05.2016 21:52:10   Light/Optics   information     Secci-Disk       33 58,349' N    177 20,528' E    3485,7
SO248_12-7  21.05.2016 21:53:15   Light/Optics   in the water    BB-Heck          33 58,348' N    177 20,528' E    3479,5
SO248_12-7  21.05.2016 21:56:40   Light/Optics   max depth/      on ground        33 58,350' N    177 20,529' E    3485
                                                                 SL: 14 m
SO248_12-7  21.05.2016 21:57:36   Light/Optics   on deck                          33 58,351' N    177 20,530' E    3485,6
SO248_12-7  21.05.2016 22:00:36   Light/Optics   station end                      33 58,354' N    177 20,529' E    3487,5
SO248_12-8  21.05.2016 22:05:57   MUC            station start                    33 58,356' N    177 20,528' E    3477,6
SO248_12-8  21.05.2016 22:08:12   MUC            in the water                     33 58,356' N    177 20,528' E    3481,3
SO248_12-8  21.05.2016 23:38:27   MUC            max depth/      on ground        33 58,351' N    177 20,525' E    3486,4
                                                                 SL: 3516m
SO248_12-8  21.05.2016 23:42:33   MUC            hoisting        SZ: 43kN         33 58,353' N    177 20,525' E    3478,2
SO248_12-8  22.05.2016 00:52:10   MUC            on deck                          33 58,351' N    177 20,529' E    3479,3
SO248_12-8  22.05.2016 00:57:15   MUC            station end                      33 58,348' N    177 20,527' E    3484
SO248_13-1  23.05.2016 05:07:01   NET            station start   Bongo Netz       40  0,175' N    177 19,997' E    5666,9
                                                                 (geschleppt)
SO248_13-1  23.05.2016 05:09:32   NET            information     zu Wasser        40  0,179' N    177 20,000' E    5651,6
SO248_13-1  23.05.2016 05:15:22   NET            information     Beg. Schleppen,  40  0,103' N    177 19,980' E    5659,5
                                                                 SL: 15m
SO248_13-1  23.05.2016 06:09:13   NET            information     Bongo-Netz a.D.  39 58,597' N    177 19,666' E    5646,3
SO248_13-1  23.05.2016 06:18:31   NET            station end                      39 58,338' N    177 19,620' E    5644,7
SO248_13-2  23.05.2016 06:23:32   PUMP           station start   INSITU-Pumpe     39 58,240' N    177 19,609' E    5658,8
SO248_13-2  23.05.2016 06:25:47   PUMP           in the water                     39 58,231' N    177 19,604' E    5655,9
SO248_13-2  23.05.2016 06:27:26   PUMP           max depth/      on ground        39 58,229' N    177 19,603' E    5655,9
                                                                 SL: 20 m
SO248_13-2  23.05.2016 09:42:21   PUMP           information     INSITU-Pumpe     39 58,229' N    177 19,611' E    5657,1
                                                                 a.D.
SO248_13-2  23.05.2016 09:46:46   PUMP           station end                      39 58,189' N    177 19,599' E    5650,9
SO248_13-3  23.05.2016 06:30:45   CTD            station start                    39 58,228' N    177 19,605' E    5653,8
SO248_13-3  23.05.2016 06:45:06   CTD            in the water                     39 58,235' N    177 19,598' E    5656,1
SO248_13-3  23.05.2016 07:18:52   CTD            max depth/      on ground        39 58,236' N    177 19,602' E    5646,7
                                                                 SL: 999 m,
                                                                 SZ: 10 kN
SO248_13-3  23.05.2016 07:19:42   CTD            hoisting                         39 58,236' N    177 19,602' E    5647
SO248_13-3  23.05.2016 07:50:08   CTD            on deck                          39 58,233' N    177 19,599' E    5649,9
SO248_13-3  23.05.2016 07:52:16   CTD            station end                      39 58,233' N    177 19,597' E    5657,8
SO248_13-4  23.05.2016 08:00:56   NET            station start   Bongo-Netz,      39 58,239' N    177 19,602' E    5656,5
                                                                 über EL2, kl.
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_13-4  23.05.2016 08:06:58   NET            information     Bongo-Netz z.W.  39 58,237' N    177 19,597' E    5658,4
SO248_13-4  23.05.2016 08:18:29   NET            information     SLmax: 150 m,    39 58,226' N    177 19,611' E    5648,1
                                                                 SZ: 0,6  kN
SO248_13-4  23.05.2016 08:35:27   NET            information     Bongo-Netz a.D.  39 58,237' N    177 19,603' E    5648,1
SO248_13-4  23.05.2016 08:36:02   NET            station end                      39 58,237' N    177 19,603' E    5658,6
SO248_14-1  24.05.2016 09:00:35   MUC            station start   FW1/SPW1,        45  0,061' N    178 45,011' E    5915,5
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_14-1  24.05.2016 09:06:54   MUC            in the water                     45  0,024' N    178 45,007' E    5912,3
SO248_14-1  24.05.2016 11:44:55   MUC            max depth/      on ground        45  0,001' N    178 44,999' E    5909,4
                                                                 SLmax: 5942m
SO248_14-1  24.05.2016 11:48:33   MUC            hoisting        SZmax: 66kN      45  0,000' N    178 44,998' E    5909,8
SO248_14-1  24.05.2016 13:44:31   MUC            on deck                          45  0,001' N    178 44,992' E    5913
SO248_14-1  24.05.2016 13:46:26   MUC            station end                      45  0,001' N    178 44,995' E    5908,4
SO248_14-2  24.05.2016 13:50:16   NET            station start                    45  0,000' N    178 44,997' E    5907,5
SO248_14-2  24.05.2016 13:52:37   NET            information     zu Wasser        45  0,004' N    178 44,993' E    5916,9
SO248_14-2  24.05.2016 14:09:30   NET            information     SL: 150m         45  0,002' N    178 44,990' E    5909,2
SO248_14-2  24.05.2016 14:27:46   NET            information     an Deck          45  0,002' N    178 45,008' E    5909,4
SO248_14-2  24.05.2016 14:28:06   NET            station end                      45  0,002' N    178 45,008' E    5909,4
SO248_14-3  24.05.2016 14:37:53   CTD            station start                    44 59,997' N    178 45,006' E    5912,1
SO248_14-3  24.05.2016 14:39:25   CTD            in the water                     44 59,998' N    178 45,010' E    5909,3
SO248_14-3  24.05.2016 16:34:43   CTD            max depth/      on ground        45  0,007' N    178 44,995' E    5909,3
                                                                 maxSL: 5863m
SO248_14-3  24.05.2016 18:35:41   CTD            on deck                          45  0,003' N    178 45,010' E    5912,2
SO248_14-3  24.05.2016 18:36:35   CTD            station end                      45  0,002' N    178 45,010' E    5908,8
SO248_14-4  24.05.2016 16:05:05   PUMP           information     In Situ PUMP     45  0,000' N    178 44,990' E    5913,8
SO248_14-4  24.05.2016 16:07:34   PUMP           in the water                     45  0,003' N    178 44,988' E    5907,1
SO248_14-4  24.05.2016 16:08:56   PUMP           max depth/      on ground        45  0,004' N    178 44,989' E    5907,3
                                                                 maxSL: 20m,
                                                                 Beg. Pum-pen
SO248_14-4  24.05.2016 19:19:01   PUMP           information     Beginn hieven    44 59,996' N    178 45,002' E    5911,1
SO248_14-4  24.05.2016 19:21:35   PUMP           on deck                          44 59,996' N    178 44,996' E    5902,2
SO248_14-4  24.05.2016 19:22:04   PUMP           station end                      44 59,995' N    178 44,995' E    5906,6
SO248_14-5  24.05.2016 19:47:30   CTD            station start   EL2, kl.         45  0,003' N    178 44,988' E    5899,6
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_14-5  24.05.2016 19:50:17   CTD            in the water                     45  0,000' N    178 44,985' E    5899,5
SO248_14-5  24.05.2016 19:56:35   CTD            max depth/      on ground        45  0,002' N    178 44,994' E    5912,4
                                                                 SL: 19 m,
                                                                 SZ: 7 kN
SO248_14-5  24.05.2016 19:57:46   CTD            hoisting                         45  0,000' N    178 44,997' E    5905,9
SO248_14-5  24.05.2016 20:00:17   CTD            on deck                          45  0,002' N    178 45,002' E    5892,9
SO248_14-5  24.05.2016 20:01:45   CTD            station end                      45  0,000' N    178 45,000' E    5909,1
SO248_14-6  24.05.2016 20:23:44   CTD            station start                    45  0,000' N    178 44,999' E    5888,9
SO248_14-6  24.05.2016 20:25:29   CTD            in the water    EL2, kl.         44 59,996' N    178 44,996' E    5909,2
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_14-6   24.05.2016 20:31:27   CTD            max depth/     on ground        44 59,999' N    178 44,990' E    5907,9
                                                                 SL: 18 m,
                                                                 SZ: 6 kN
SO248_14-6   24.05.2016 20:32:58   CTD            hoisting                        45  0,003' N    178 44,994' E    5908
SO248_14-6   24.05.2016 20:35:14   CTD            on deck                         45  0,002' N    178 44,992' E    5906,2
SO248_14-6   24.05.2016 20:36:18   CTD            station end                     45  0,000' N    178 44,993' E    5909,2
SO248_14-7   24.05.2016 20:53:20   CTD            station start  EL2, kl.         45  0,000' N    178 44,990' E    5906,9
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_14-7   24.05.2016 20:54:34   CTD            in the water                    45  0,004' N    178 44,992' E    5913,3
SO248_14-7   24.05.2016 21:11:32   CTD            max depth/     on ground        45  0,001' N    178 44,999' E    5909,8
                                                                 SL: 298 m,
                                                                 SZ: 7 kN
SO248_14-7   24.05.2016 21:12:25   CTD            hoisting                        45  0,001' N    178 44,999' E    5912,8
SO248_14-7   24.05.2016 21:31:50   CTD            on deck                         45  0,001' N    178 44,991' E    5893,4
SO248_14-7   24.05.2016 21:33:01   CTD            station end                     45  0,000' N    178 44,987' E    5909,6
SO248_14-8   24.05.2016 21:36:36   NET            information    Bongo-Netz,      45  0,004' N    178 44,993' E    5911,4
                                                                 BB-Heck über
                                                                 Kran 4, Winde
SO248_14-8   24.05.2016 21:40:12   NET            information    Bongo-Netz z.W.  45  0,001' N    178 44,989' E    6022,5
SO248_14-8   24.05.2016 22:32:14   NET            information    an Deck          44 59,246' N    178 45,005' E    5936,3
SO248_14-8   24.05.2016 22:33:53   NET            station end                     44 59,253' N    178 45,009' E    5936,7
SO248_14-9   24.05.2016 22:42:03   CTD            station start                   44 59,254' N    178 45,001' E    6125,5
SO248_14-9   24.05.2016 22:43:15   CTD            in the water                    44 59,259' N    178 45,000' E    5939
SO248_14-9   24.05.2016 23:33:16   CTD            max depth/     on ground        44 59,250' N    178 45,001' E    5935
                                                                 SLmax: 1995m
SO248_14-9   25.05.2016 00:12:04   CTD            on deck                         44 59,262' N    178 44,993' E    5907,8
SO248_14-9   25.05.2016 00:12:27   CTD            station end                     44 59,261' N    178 44,996' E    5933,9
SO248_15-1   25.05.2016 16:00:13   CTD            station start                   47 29,988' N    179  7,989' E    5840,6
SO248_15-1   25.05.2016 16:02:27   CTD            in the water                    47 29,995' N    179  7,978' E    5842,3
SO248_15-1   25.05.2016 16:32:07   CTD            max depth/     on ground        47 29,986' N    179  7,979' E    5853,5
                                                                 maxSL: 997m
SO248_15-1   25.05.2016 17:00:43   CTD            on deck                         47 29,994' N    179  7,977' E    5846,1
SO248_15-1   25.05.2016 17:02:05   CTD            station end                     47 29,995' N    179  7,975' E    5854,5
SO248_16-1   26.05.2016 08:36:58   MUC            station start                   50  0,019' N    179 33,019' E    5625,2
SO248_16-1   26.05.2016 08:40:58   MUC            in the water   FW1/SPW1,        50  0,003' N    179 32,999' E    5613,4
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_16-1   26.05.2016 11:00:24   MUC            max depth/     on ground        49 59,998' N    179 32,995' E    5621,2
                                                                 SLmax: 5673m
SO248_16-1   26.05.2016 11:03:27   MUC            hoisting       SZmax: 67kN      49 59,995' N    179 33,003' E    5646,2
SO248_16-1   26.05.2016 12:59:25   MUC            on deck                         50  0,003' N    179 33,001' E    5647
SO248_16-1   26.05.2016 13:01:19   MUC            station end                     50  0,001' N    179 33,001' E    5640,5
SO248_16-2   26.05.2016 13:27:45   CTD            station start                   49 59,998' N    179 33,006' E    5634,1
SO248_16-2   26.05.2016 13:28:16   CTD            in the water                    49 59,998' N    179 33,007' E    5638,1
SO248_16-2   26.05.2016 15:21:03   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,997' N    179 33,001' E    5631,2
                                                                 maxSL: 5591m
SO248_16-2   26.05.2016 17:11:04   CTD            on deck                         50  0,002' N    179 33,002' E    5628,7
SO248_16-2   26.05.2016 17:12:53   CTD            station end                     50  0,001' N    179 32,993' E    5628,2
SO248_16-3   26.05.2016 18:43:54   CTD            station start                   49 59,992' N    179 32,995' E    5630,5
SO248_16-3   26.05.2016 18:50:19   CTD            in the water   EL2, kl.         49 59,996' N    179 33,007' E    5633
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_16-3   26.05.2016 19:22:20   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,993' N    179 32,993' E    5626
                                                                 SL: 998 m,
                                                                 SZ: 10 kN
SO248_16-3   26.05.2016 19:24:29   CTD            hoisting                        49 59,995' N    179 32,992' E    5632,9
SO248_16-3   26.05.2016 19:57:23   CTD            on deck                         50  0,004' N    179 32,989' E    5627,6
SO248_16-3   26.05.2016 19:58:46   CTD            station end                     50  0,001' N    179 32,987' E    5629,6
SO248_16-4   26.05.2016 20:00:19   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz,      50  0,001' N    179 32,989' E    5629,8
                                                                 über BB-Heck,
                                                                 Kran 4
SO248_16-4   26.05.2016 20:14:48   NET            information    Bongo-Netz z.W.  49 59,982' N    179 32,933' E    5623,4
SO248_16-4   26.05.2016 20:17:15   NET            information    SLmax: 20 m      49 59,967' N    179 32,892' E    5866,9
SO248_16-4   26.05.2016 21:04:01   NET            information    hieven           49 59,493' N    179 31,598' E    5594,9
SO248_16-4   26.05.2016 21:07:30   NET            information    Bongo-Netz a.D.  49 59,458' N    179 31,500' E    5573,2
SO248_16-4   26.05.2016 21:22:28   NET            station end                     49 59,435' N    179 31,469' E    5571,8
SO248_16-5   26.05.2016 21:48:52   CTD            station start   CTD M-S2        49 59,454' N    179 31,461' E    5578
SO248_16-5   26.05.2016 21:51:27   CTD            in the water   EL2, kl.         49 59,451' N    179 31,464' E    5570,7
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_16-5   26.05.2016 22:21:51   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,450' N    179 31,453' E    5577,6
                                                                 SL: 995m
SO248_16-5   26.05.2016 22:49:47   CTD            on deck                         49 59,447' N    179 31,473' E    5574,8
SO248_16-5   26.05.2016 22:49:56   CTD            station end                     49 59,448' N    179 31,474' E    5571,3
SO248_16-6   26.05.2016 23:18:47   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz       49 59,462' N    179 31,442' E    5568,1
SO248_16-6   26.05.2016 23:19:23   NET            information    zu Wasser        49 59,463' N    179 31,441' E    5582,5
SO248_16-6   26.05.2016 23:31:50   NET            information    SL: 150m         49 59,462' N    179 31,444' E    5570,3
SO248_16-6   26.05.2016 23:51:30   NET            information    an Deck          49 59,461' N    179 31,449' E    5568,7
SO248_16-6   27.05.2016 00:00:27   NET            station end                     49 59,466' N    179 31,430' E    5581,4
SO248_16-7   27.05.2016 01:18:42   CTD            station start                   49 59,457' N    179 31,439' E    5571,3
SO248_16-7   27.05.2016 01:19:11   CTD            in the water                    49 59,457' N    179 31,441' E    5568
SO248_16-7   27.05.2016 01:40:56   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,453' N    179 31,439' E    5580,3
                                                                 SL: 496m
SO248_16-7   27.05.2016 01:57:01   CTD            on deck                         49 59,454' N    179 31,442' E    5584,5
SO248_16-7   27.05.2016 01:57:09   CTD            station end                     49 59,454' N    179 31,442' E    5584,5
SO248_16-8   27.05.2016 01:25:33   PUMP           station start  in situ PUMP     49 59,459' N    179 31,442' E    5579,5
SO248_16-8   27.05.2016 01:26:09   PUMP           in the water                    49 59,457' N    179 31,439' E    5576,1
SO248_16-8   27.05.2016 01:28:37   PUMP           max depth/     on ground        49 59,460' N    179 31,441' E    5576,2
                                                                 SL: 20m
SO248_16-8   27.05.2016 04:36:31   PUMP           information    Beg. Hieven      49 59,453' N    179 31,451' E    5579,8
SO248_16-8   27.05.2016 04:42:52   PUMP           on deck                         49 59,458' N    179 31,441' E    5579,2
SO248_16-8   27.05.2016 04:43:05   PUMP           station end                     49 59,458' N    179 31,441' E    5579,2
SO248_16-9   27.05.2016 02:18:03   CTD            station start                   49 59,461' N    179 31,439' E    5570,4
SO248_16-9   27.05.2016 02:20:12   CTD            in the water                    49 59,462' N    179 31,436' E    5574
SO248_16-9   27.05.2016 02:42:01   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,456' N    179 31,444' E    5574,9
                                                                 maxSL: 497m
SO248_16-9   27.05.2016 02:57:00   CTD            on deck                         49 59,465' N    179 31,436' E    5588,6
SO248_16-9   27.05.2016 02:58:25   CTD            station end                     49 59,466' N    179 31,434' E    5582
SO248_16-10  27.05.2016 04:13:04   CTD            station start                   49 59,453' N    179 31,448' E    5578,1
SO248_16-10  27.05.2016 04:21:38   CTD            in the water                    49 59,455' N    179 31,436' E    5567,4
SO248_16-10  27.05.2016 04:44:04   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,458' N    179 31,440' E    5578,3
                                                                 maxSL: 498m
SO248_16-10  27.05.2016 05:01:48   CTD            on deck                         49 59,462' N    179 31,445' E    5576,3
SO248_16-10  27.05.2016 05:02:14   CTD            station end                     49 59,460' N    179 31,443' E    6563,5
SO248_16-11  27.05.2016 06:26:49   PUMP           station start  INSITU-Pumpe     49 59,458' N    179 31,445' E    5579,2
SO248_16-11  27.05.2016 06:28:14   PUMP           in the water   STB-Heck,        49 59,459' N    179 31,441' E    5571,4
                                                                 Kran 3
SO248_16-11  27.05.2016 06:32:06   PUMP           max depth/     on ground        49 59,458' N    179 31,434' E    5568,8
                                                                 SL: 60 m
SO248_16-11  27.05.2016 09:48:58   PUMP           on deck                         49 59,453' N    179 31,446' E    5582,6
SO248_16-11  27.05.2016 09:50:27   PUMP           station end                     49 59,455' N    179 31,450' E    5578,8
SO248_16-12  27.05.2016 07:14:42   CTD            station start  CTD S1, EL2,     49 59,459' N    179 31,443' E    5570,3
                                                                 kl. 
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_16-12  27.05.2016 07:16:28   CTD            in the water                    49 59,460' N    179 31,444' E    5577,8
SO248_16-12  27.05.2016 07:40:26   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,467' N    179 31,439' E    5580,2
                                                                 SL: 498 m,
                                                                 SZ: 9 kN
SO248_16-12  27.05.2016 07:56:44   CTD            on deck                         49 59,454' N    179 31,439' E    5578,2
SO248_16-12  27.05.2016 07:57:17   CTD            station end                     49 59,453' N    179 31,435' E    5580,1
SO248_16-13  27.05.2016 10:16:35   CTD            station start                   49 59,461' N    179 31,458' E    5578,2
SO248_16-13  27.05.2016 10:19:21   CTD            in the water                    49 59,452' N    179 31,448' E    5574,6
SO248_16-13  27.05.2016 10:43:48   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,455' N    179 31,444' E    5577,2
                                                                 SL: 498m
SO248_16-13  27.05.2016 11:01:48   CTD            on deck                         49 59,456' N    179 31,442' E    5584
SO248_16-13  27.05.2016 11:02:55   CTD            station end                     49 59,456' N    179 31,441' E    5583,8
SO248_16-14  27.05.2016 13:15:26   CTD            station start                   49 59,457' N    179 31,435' E    5577,3
SO248_16-14  27.05.2016 13:16:07   CTD            in the water                    49 59,459' N    179 31,438' E    5577,1
SO248_16-14  27.05.2016 13:40:37   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,455' N    179 31,444' E    5573,5
                                                                 SL: 497m
SO248_16-14  27.05.2016 13:57:17   CTD            on deck                         49 59,463' N    179 31,440' E    5578,4
SO248_16-14  27.05.2016 13:57:25   CTD            station end                     49 59,463' N    179 31,439' E    5578,4
SO248_16-15  27.05.2016 16:14:04   CTD            station start                   49 59,453' N    179 31,450' E    5563
SO248_16-15  27.05.2016 16:15:37   CTD            in the water                    49 59,453' N    179 31,453' E    5543,8
SO248_16-15  27.05.2016 16:38:34   CTD            max depth/     on ground        49 59,455' N    179 31,440' E    5567,8
                                                                 maxSL: 498m
SO248_16-15  27.05.2016 16:55:31   CTD            on deck                         49 59,466' N    179 31,438' E    5563,7
SO248_16-15  27.05.2016 16:56:24   CTD            station end                     49 59,468' N    179 31,441' E    5563,2
SO248_16-16  27.05.2016 17:36:34   CTD            station start  In Situ          49 59,460' N    179 31,434' E    5561,8
                                                                 Incubator
SO248_16-16  27.05.2016 17:37:57   CTD            in the water                    49 59,461' N    179 31,432' E    5561,2
SO248_16-16  27.05.2016 18:09:42   CTD            max depth/     SL: 997 m,       49 59,462' N    179 31,438' E    5562,9
                                                  on ground      SZ: 11 kN
SO248_16-16  28.05.2016 02:12:45   CTD            hoisting                        49 59,458' N    179 31,441' E    5569
SO248_16-16  28.05.2016 02:35:09   CTD            on deck                         49 59,461' N    179 31,445' E    5561,6
SO248_16-16  28.05.2016 02:36:26   CTD            station end                     49 59,461' N    179 31,449' E    5552,8
SO248_16-17  27.05.2016 23:11:18   Light/Optics   station start  Secchi-Disk      49 59,459' N    179 31,450' E    5548,4
SO248_16-17  27.05.2016 23:11:45   Light/Optics   in the water                    49 59,459' N    179 31,452' E    5564,4
SO248_16-17  27.05.2016 23:15:58   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  17m   49 59,456' N    179 31,449' E    5560,3
SO248_16-17  27.05.2016 23:17:56   Light/Optics   on deck                         49 59,455' N    179 31,448' E    5559,8
SO248_16-17  27.05.2016 23:18:03   Light/Optics   station end                     49 59,455' N    179 31,447' E    5562,7
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:41:53   Light/Optics   station start  UV-Profiler      49 59,459' N    179 31,436' E    5560,4
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:44:24   Light/Optics   in the water                    49 59,452' N    179 31,420' E    5536
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:48:16   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        49 59,426' N    179 31,386' E    5550,8
                                                                 SL: 65m,
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:50:24   Light/Optics   at surface                      49 59,412' N    179 31,365' E    5513,3
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:52:16   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        49 59,399' N    179 31,348' E    5508,4
                                                                 SL: 50m,
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:54:07   Light/Optics   at surface                      49 59,387' N    179 31,336' E    5512,8
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 02:55:51   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        49 59,376' N    179 31,324' E    5507,8
                                                                 SL: 50m,
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 03:00:05   Light/Optics   on deck                         49 59,341' N    179 31,276' E    5466,4
SO248_16-18  28.05.2016 03:00:13   Light/Optics   station end                     49 59,340' N    179 31,273' E    5466,4
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:01:06   Light/Optics   station start  Satlantic-       49 59,331' N    179 31,258' E    5458,1
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:02:07   Light/Optics   in the water                    49 59,322' N    179 31,244' E    5442,8
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:04:09   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        49 59,305' N    179 31,216' E    5436,9
                                                                 SL: 70m,
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:07:10   Light/Optics   at surface                      49 59,279' N    179 31,177' E    5420,9
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:09:26   Light/Optics   max depth/     SL: 50m,         49 59,259' N    179 31,145' E    5413,1
                                                  on ground      Beg. Hieven
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:11:27   Light/Optics   at surface                      49 59,242' N    179 31,117' E    5399,6
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:13:39   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        49 59,221' N    179 31,083' E    5410,9
                                                                 SL: 50m,
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:17:03   Light/Optics   on deck                         49 59,182' N    179 31,026' E    5397,3
SO248_16-19  28.05.2016 03:18:29   Light/Optics   station end                     49 59,169' N    179 31,009' E    5389,8
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:06:01   Light/Optics   station start  UV-Profiler      54  0,805' N    179 34,135' E    732
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:06:29   Light/Optics   in the water                    54  0,800' N    179 34,140' E    733
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:09:28   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  55m   54  0,761' N    179 34,182' E    730,3
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:16:11   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  52m   54  0,647' N    179 34,308' E    727
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:23:23   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  50m   54  0,534' N    179 34,420' E    731,4
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:30:48   Light/Optics   on deck                         54  0,412' N    179 34,542' E    729
SO248_17-1   28.05.2016 23:30:57   Light/Optics   station end                     54  0,410' N    179 34,544' E    732
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:31:30   Light/Optics   station start  Satlantic-       54  0,402' N    179 34,552' E    738,2
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:31:57   Light/Optics   in the water                    54  0,397' N    179 34,558' E    730,8
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:33:56   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  55m   54  0,378' N    179 34,576' E    729,8
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:37:42   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  55m   54  0,347' N    179 34,608' E    729,6
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:42:10   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  50m   54  0,294' N    179 34,662' E    728,2
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:47:09   Light/Optics   on deck                         54  0,200' N    179 34,757' E    727,5
SO248_17-2   28.05.2016 23:47:17   Light/Optics   station end                     54  0,197' N    179 34,760' E    728
SO248_17-3   28.05.2016 23:58:01   PUMP           station start  in situ PUMP     54  0,085' N    179 34,887' E    726,3
SO248_17-3   28.05.2016 23:59:21   PUMP           in the water                    54  0,086' N    179 34,883' E    725,3
SO248_17-3   29.05.2016 00:00:49   PUMP           max depth/     on ground  20m   54  0,085' N    179 34,879' E    727,8
SO248_17-3   29.05.2016 03:08:30   PUMP           information    Ende Pumpen,     54  0,084' N    179 34,890' E    729,5
                                                                 Beg. Hie-ven
SO248_17-3   29.05.2016 03:12:05   PUMP           on deck                         54  0,081' N    179 34,892' E    727,2
SO248_17-3   29.05.2016 03:13:28   PUMP           station end                     54  0,081' N    179 34,892' E    726
SO248_17-4   29.05.2016 00:09:59   CTD            station start                   54  0,077' N    179 34,878' E    725,9
SO248_17-4   29.05.2016 00:11:07   CTD            in the water                    54  0,077' N    179 34,878' E    725,3
SO248_17-4   29.05.2016 00:42:26   CTD            max depth/     on ground        54  0,088' N    179 34,880' E    726,6
                                                                 SL: 700m
SO248_17-4   29.05.2016 01:07:02   CTD            on deck                         54  0,088' N    179 34,899' E    725,1
SO248_17-4   29.05.2016 01:08:18   CTD            station end                     54  0,088' N    179 34,901' E    727
SO248_17-5   29.05.2016 03:18:03   Light/Optics   station start  Secchi-Disk      54  0,081' N    179 34,887' E    728,5
SO248_17-5   29.05.2016 03:19:20   Light/Optics   in the water                    54  0,079' N    179 34,885' E    727,8
SO248_17-5   29.05.2016 03:22:50   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        54  0,074' N    179 34,886' E    725,8
                                                                 maxSL: 12m
SO248_17-5   29.05.2016 03:23:20   Light/Optics   on deck                         54  0,073' N    179 34,886' E    727
SO248_17-5   29.05.2016 03:24:30   Light/Optics   station end                     54  0,074' N    179 34,883' E    727,1
SO248_17-6   29.05.2016 03:27:46   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz       54  0,077' N    179 34,878' E    726,2
                                                                 (geschleppt)
SO248_17-6   29.05.2016 03:30:11   NET            information    im Wasser        54  0,081' N    179 34,889' E    728,5
SO248_17-6   29.05.2016 04:23:09   NET            information    an Deck          53 59,081' N    179 35,951' E    720,1
SO248_17-6   29.05.2016 04:29:05   NET            station end                     53 59,084' N    179 35,789' E    725,2
SO248_18-1   29.05.2016 19:06:54   MUC            station start                   57  0,084' N    179 34,884' E    3819,1
SO248_18-1   29.05.2016 19:10:42   MUC            in the water   über FW1/SPW1,   57  0,089' N    179 34,922' E    3817,1
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_18-1   29.05.2016 20:50:50   MUC            max depth/     on ground        56 59,997' N    179 35,008' E    3811
                                                                 SL: 3831 m,
                                                                 SZ: 40/33 kN
SO248_18-1   29.05.2016 20:53:22   MUC            hoisting                        56 59,999' N    179 35,007' E    3810
SO248_18-1   29.05.2016 22:15:56   MUC            on deck                         56 59,992' N    179 34,990' E    3810,9
SO248_18-1   29.05.2016 22:17:26   MUC            station end                     56 59,993' N    179 34,991' E    3818,8
SO248_18-2   29.05.2016 21:49:33   PUMP           station start  in situ PUMP     56 59,992' N    179 34,999' E    3814,8
SO248_18-2   29.05.2016 21:50:11   PUMP           in the water                    56 59,992' N    179 34,998' E    3818,2
SO248_18-2   29.05.2016 21:51:24   PUMP           max depth/     on ground  20m   56 59,992' N    179 34,995' E    3811,6
SO248_18-2   30.05.2016 01:06:14   PUMP           information    Ende Pumpen,     57  0,000' N    179 35,013' E    3811,5
                                                                 Beg. Hieven
SO248_18-2   30.05.2016 01:07:30   PUMP           on deck                         56 59,999' N    179 35,011' E    3817,7
SO248_18-2   30.05.2016 01:08:16   PUMP           station end                     56 59,999' N    179 35,010' E    3813,8
SO248_18-3   29.05.2016 22:23:32   CTD            station start                   56 59,994' N    179 34,990' E    3812,3
SO248_18-3   29.05.2016 22:24:29   CTD            in the water                    56 59,995' N    179 34,987' E    3811,8
SO248_18-3   29.05.2016 23:43:11   CTD            max depth/     on ground        56 59,996' N    179 35,007' E    3815
                                                                 SL: 3778m
SO248_18-3   30.05.2016 01:03:29   CTD            on deck                         57  0,002' N    179 35,002' E    3813,5
SO248_18-3   30.05.2016 01:03:36   CTD            station end                     57  0,002' N    179 35,003' E    3813,5
SO248_18-4   30.05.2016 01:30:39   Light/Optics   station start  Secchi-Disk      56 59,993' N    179 35,009' E    3816,5
SO248_18-4   30.05.2016 01:31:38   Light/Optics   in the water                    56 59,993' N    179 35,004' E    3811,1
SO248_18-4   30.05.2016 01:34:36   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,990' N    179 34,999' E    3819,7
                                                                 maxSL: 16m
SO248_18-4   30.05.2016 01:35:32   Light/Optics   on deck                         56 59,993' N    179 34,994' E    3811,3
SO248_18-4   30.05.2016 01:36:25   Light/Optics   station end                     56 59,994' N    179 34,994' E    3813,5
SO248_18-5   30.05.2016 02:02:19   CTD            station start                   56 59,997' N    179 35,004' E    3816,9
SO248_18-5   30.05.2016 02:03:42   CTD            in the water                    56 59,995' N    179 35,001' E    3820,4
SO248_18-5   30.05.2016 02:18:35   CTD            max depth/     on ground        56 59,989' N    179 34,999' E    3821,3
                                                                 maxSL: 298m
SO248_18-5   30.05.2016 02:32:35   CTD            on deck                         56 59,995' N    179 34,990' E    3819,5
SO248_18-5   30.05.2016 02:33:53   CTD            station end                     56 59,997' N    179 34,993' E    3812
SO248_18-6   30.05.2016 02:40:10   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz       56 59,996' N    179 35,002' E    3819
                                                                 (geschleppt)
SO248_18-6   30.05.2016 02:41:53   NET            information    zu Wasser        56 59,988' N    179 35,036' E    3821,7
SO248_18-6   30.05.2016 03:27:25   NET            information    hieven           56 59,630' N    179 36,502' E    3809,7
SO248_18-6   30.05.2016 03:33:36   NET            information    Bongo-Netz       56 59,549' N    179 36,749' E    3821,5
                                                                 an Deck
SO248_18-6   30.05.2016 03:34:00   NET            station end                     56 59,543' N    179 36,763' E    3810,6
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:42:46   Light/Optics   station start  UV-Profiler      56 59,513' N    179 36,799' E    3816,1
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:43:52   Light/Optics   in the water                    56 59,506' N    179 36,816' E    3819,8
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:48:05   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,473' N    179 36,884' E    3822,7
                                                                 SL: 50m
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:49:13   Light/Optics   at surface                      56 59,465' N    179 36,904' E    3808,6
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:52:48   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,432' N    179 36,987' E    3816,2
                                                                 SL: 50m
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:54:34   Light/Optics   at surface                      56 59,415' N    179 37,039' E    3819,8
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 03:56:39   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,398' N    179 37,090' E    3807,4
                                                                 SL: 50m
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 04:00:47   Light/Optics   on deck                         56 59,352' N    179 37,195' E    3818,2
SO248_18-7   30.05.2016 04:01:01   Light/Optics   station end                     56 59,350' N    179 37,201' E    3821,6
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:02:37   Light/Optics   station start  Satlantic-       56 59,336' N    179 37,241' E    3816
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:03:00   Light/Optics   in the water                    56 59,332' N    179 37,251' E    3819,5
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:05:16   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,308' N    179 37,307' E    3816
                                                                 SL: 65m
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:07:54   Light/Optics   at surface                      56 59,282' N    179 37,354' E    3819,4
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:10:16   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,263' N    179 37,379' E    3813,4
                                                                 SL: 50m
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:11:50   Light/Optics   at surface                      56 59,248' N    179 37,394' E    3812,2
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:13:31   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground        56 59,232' N    179 37,407' E    3807,9
                                                                 SL: 50m
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:16:51   Light/Optics   on deck                         56 59,196' N    179 37,462' E    3810,5
SO248_18-8   30.05.2016 04:17:04   Light/Optics   station end                     56 59,194' N    179 37,466' E    3818,4
SO248_18-9   30.05.2016 04:32:18   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz       56 59,195' N    179 37,478' E    3817,4
SO248_18-9   30.05.2016 04:36:43   NET            information    zu Wasser        56 59,189' N    179 37,475' E    3816,6
SO248_18-9   30.05.2016 04:50:46   NET            information    maxSL: 150m      56 59,189' N    179 37,476' E    3816,4
SO248_18-9   30.05.2016 05:08:32   NET            information    Bongo-Netz       56 59,194' N    179 37,479' E    3818,2
                                                                 an Deck
SO248_18-9   30.05.2016 05:12:51   NET            station end                     56 59,186' N    179 37,474' E    3816,7
SO248_19-1   30.05.2016 15:10:42   CTD            station start                   58 54,021' N    179  0,157' W    3351,6
SO248_19-1   30.05.2016 15:12:59   CTD            in the water                    58 54,017' N    179  0,158' W    3353,8
SO248_19-1   30.05.2016 16:22:23   CTD            max depth/     on ground        58 53,998' N    178 59,998' W    3349,3
                                                                 maxSL: 3308m
SO248_19-1   30.05.2016 17:35:10   CTD            on deck                         58 53,995' N    178 59,998' W    3349,7
SO248_19-1   30.05.2016 17:36:44   CTD            station end                     58 53,995' N    178 59,999' W    3346,9
SO248_19-2   30.05.2016 18:36:52   CTD            station start                   58 54,002' N    178 59,992' W    3345,9
SO248_19-2   30.05.2016 18:40:06   CTD            in the water   EL2, kl.         58 54,004' N    178 59,994' W    3348
                                                                 Schiebebalken
SO248_19-2   30.05.2016 18:56:37   CTD            max depth/     on ground        58 54,003' N    178 59,997' W    3351,1
                                                                 SL: 299 m,
                                                                 SZ: 8 kN 
SO248_19-2   30.05.2016 19:12:48   CTD            on deck                         58 53,995' N    179  0,001' W    3349
SO248_19-2   30.05.2016 19:14:07   CTD            station end                     58 53,997' N    179  0,001' W    3347,4
SO248_19-3   30.05.2016 19:30:27   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz       58 53,996' N    178 59,993' W    3347,6
SO248_19-3   30.05.2016 19:39:08   NET            information    Bongo-Netz z.W., 58 54,002' N    178 59,823' W    3343,7
                                                                 über BB-Heck,
                                                                 Kran 4,
                                                                 rwK: 082,
                                                                 FdW: 1,5 kn
SO248_19-3   30.05.2016 20:00:05   NET            information    Bongo-Netz a.D.  58 54,101' N    178 58,697' W    3327,1
SO248_19-3   30.05.2016 20:26:32   NET            information    Bongo-Netz a.D.  58 54,218' N    178 57,341' W    3315,8
SO248_19-3   30.05.2016 20:36:15   NET            station end                     58 54,242' N    178 56,949' W    3309,8
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:01:42   Light/Optics   station start  UV-Profiler      58 54,255' N    178 56,934' W    3309,2
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:02:42   Light/Optics   in the water                    58 54,262' N    178 56,918' W    3311,3
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:05:16   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  45m   58 54,281' N    178 56,858' W    3310,2
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:09:22   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  42m   58 54,300' N    178 56,731' W    3309,3
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:13:51   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  45m   58 54,323' N    178 56,579' W    3309,2
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:18:52   Light/Optics   on deck                         58 54,351' N    178 56,398' W    3307,8
SO248_19-4   30.05.2016 21:19:00   Light/Optics   station end                     58 54,352' N    178 56,393' W    3303,8
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:20:26   Light/Optics   station start  Satlantic-       58 54,363' N    178 56,336' W    3303,3
                                                                 Profiler
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:20:39   Light/Optics   in the water                    58 54,364' N    178 56,328' W    3303,2
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:22:32   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  46m   58 54,378' N    178 56,256' W    3301,5
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:26:11   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  44m   58 54,401' N    178 56,137' W    3305,4
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:30:31   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  49m   58 54,429' N    178 55,985' W    3302,9
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:35:38   Light/Optics   on deck                         58 54,466' N    178 55,785' W    3304,2
SO248_19-5   30.05.2016 21:35:45   Light/Optics   station end                     58 54,467' N    178 55,782' W    3304,3
SO248_19-6   30.05.2016 21:45:30   PUMP           station start  in situ PUMP     58 54,480' N    178 55,748' W    3303,7
SO248_19-6   30.05.2016 21:45:50   PUMP           in the water                    58 54,480' N    178 55,748' W    3304
SO248_19-6   30.05.2016 21:47:27   PUMP           max depth/     on ground  20m   58 54,481' N    178 55,753' W    3305,5
SO248_19-6   31.05.2016 01:03:28   PUMP           station end                     58 54,481' N    178 55,760' W    3300,2
SO248_19-7   30.05.2016 21:57:12   Light/Optics   station start  Secchi-Disk      58 54,478' N    178 55,753' W    3300,1
SO248_19-7   30.05.2016 21:57:45   Light/Optics   in the water                    58 54,476' N    178 55,752' W    3301,1
SO248_19-7   30.05.2016 22:02:05   Light/Optics   max depth/     on ground  17m   58 54,476' N    178 55,764' W    3302,3
SO248_19-7   30.05.2016 22:03:49   Light/Optics   on deck                         58 54,475' N    178 55,765' W    3305,3
SO248_19-7   30.05.2016 22:04:03   Light/Optics   station end                     58 54,474' N    178 55,766' W    3301,4
SO248_19-8   30.05.2016 22:14:51   MUC            station start                   58 54,474' N    178 55,770' W    3301
SO248_19-8   30.05.2016 22:17:03   MUC            in the water                    58 54,476' N    178 55,766' W    3304,8
SO248_19-8   30.05.2016 23:47:53   MUC            max depth/     on ground        58 54,471' N    178 55,755' W    3299,8
                                                                 SLmax: 3306m
SO248_19-8   30.05.2016 23:48:45   MUC            hoisting       SZmax: 39kN      58 54,471' N    178 55,754' W    3308,7
SO248_19-8   31.05.2016 00:59:30   MUC            on deck                         58 54,479' N    178 55,752' W    3305,9
SO248_19-8   31.05.2016 01:03:00   MUC            station end                     58 54,481' N    178 55,760' W    3305,5
SO248_19-9   31.05.2016 01:22:43   NET            station start  Bongo-Netz       58 54,470' N    178 55,754' W    3304,9
SO248_19-9   31.05.2016 01:24:43   NET            information    zu Wasser        58 54,468' N    178 55,748' W    3301,3
SO248_19-9   31.05.2016 01:37:47   NET            information    maxSL: 150m      58 54,472' N    178 55,749' W    3301,5
SO248_19-9   31.05.2016 01:52:50   NET            information    an Deck          58 54,475' N    178 55,744' W    3303,2
SO248_19-9   31.05.2016 01:53:29   NET            station end                     58 54,475' N    178 55,743' W    3306,5
SO248_19-10   31.05.2016 03:27:51   CTD           station start                   58 54,477' N    178 55,757' W    3299,8
SO248_19-10   31.05.2016 03:29:03   CTD           in the water                    58 54,478' N    178 55,756' W    3301,4
SO248_19-10   31.05.2016 03:31:17   CTD           max depth/     on ground        58 54,479' N    178 55,759' W    3299,7
                                                                 maxSL: 20m
SO248_19-10   31.05.2016 03:38:02   CTD           on deck                         58 54,476' N    178 55,759' W    3304
SO248_19-10   31.05.2016 03:39:02   CTD           station end                     58 54,476' N    178 55,757' W    3304,2   

 
 
 
Table A3: List of the main parameters sampled by the dark ocean team of 
          the Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of 
          Vienna during SO248.  
 
Stn  Depth  3H-   MAR    DI14C   MAR   PTIO  PA  SAGs  CARD- DNA  Omics  AA  Click-
      (m)   Leu  3H-Leu         DI14C                  FISH                    it  
———  —————  ———  ——————  —————  —————  ————  ——  ————  ————  ———  —————  ——  ——————
 2   4200                  x                                  x                
 2   4175                                     x    x          x           x    x
 2   4000                                     x    x     x    x           x    x
 2   3000                  x                  x    x          x           x    x
 2   2000                  x                  x    x     x    x           x    x
 2   1000                  x                  x    x     x    x           x    x
 2    500                  x                  x    x     x    x           x    x
 2    200                  x                  x    x          x           x    x
 2    100                                     x    x                      x    x
 3   1000    x                                                                 x
 3    500    x                                                                 x
 3    300                                                                      x
 3    200    x                                                                 x
 3    100                                                                      x
 4   4130    x             x                             x     x               
 4   4120    x     x                          x    x     x     x          x    x
 4   4000    x     x                          x    x     x     x          x    
 4   3000    x     x       x                  x    x     x     x          x    
 4   2000    x     x       x                  x    x     x     x    x     x    x
 4   1000    x     x       x             x    x    x     x     x          x    x
 4    500    x     x       x             x    x    x     x     x          x    x
 4    350                  x                       x     x                     
 4    300                                          x     x                     x
 4    200    x     x       x             x    x    x     x     x          x    x
 4    100                                     x    x     x                x    x
 5   1000                  x                                                   x
 5    500                  x                                                   x
 5    300                  x                                                   x
 5    200                  x                                                   x
 5    100                                                                      x


Stn  Depth  3H-   MAR    DI14C   MAR   PTIO  PA  SAGs  CARD- DNA  Omics  AA  Click-
      (m)   Leu  3H-Leu         DI14C                  FISH                    it  
———  —————  ———  ——————  —————  —————  ————  ——  ————  ————  ———  —————  ——  ——————
 6   5236    x                                x    x     x    x           x    x
 6   5000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
 6   4000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
 6   3000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
 6   2000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
 6   1000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
 6    500    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
 6    400    x     x       x      x                x     x    x     x     x    
 6    300                                                                      x
 6    200    x     x       x                  x    x     x    x           x    x
 6    100                                     x    x     x          x     x    x
 7   1000    x             x                                                   x
 7    500    x             x                                                   x
 7    300    x             x                                                   x
 7    250    x             x                                                   
 7    200                                                                      x
 7    100    x                                                                 x
 7     60    x                                                                 
 7     20    x                                                                 
 8   5220    x     x                                     x    x                
 8   5233    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
 8   5000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
 8   4000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
 8   3000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
 8   2000    x     x       x                  x    x     x    x           x    x
 8   1000    x     x       x             x    x    x     x    x           x    x
 8    500    x     x       x             x    x    x     x    x           x    x
 8    300                                          x     x                     x
 8    250    x     x       x             x         x     x    x                
 8    200    x     x       x             x    x    x     x    x           x    x
 8    100                                     x    x     x                x    x
 9   1000                  x                                        x          x
 9    500                  x                                                   x
 9    300                  x                                                   x
 9    200                  x                                                   x
 9    100                                                                      x
10   2810    x     x                               x          x                
10   2800    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
10   2700    x     x                               x     x    x                
10   2000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
10   1000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
10    500    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
10    300                         x                                            x
10    200    x     x       x                  x    x     x    x           x    x
10    100                                     x    x     x                x    x


Stn  Depth  3H-   MAR    DI14C   MAR   PTIO  PA  SAGs  CARD- DNA  Omics  AA  Click-
      (m)   Leu  3H-Leu         DI14C                  FISH                    it  
———  —————  ———  ——————  —————  —————  ————  ——  ————  ————  ———  —————  ——  ——————
11   1000                  x                                                   x
11    500                  x                                                   x
11    300                  x                                                   x
11    200                  x                                                   x
11    100                                                                      x
12   3514    x     x                               x     x    x                
12   3504    x     x                           x   x     x    x           x    x
12   3000    x     x                           x   x     x    x           x    
12   2000    x     x       x      x            x   x     x    x           x    x
12   1000    x     x       x      x      x     x   x     x    x           x    x
12    500    x     x       x      x      x     x   x     x    x           x    x
12    300                  x      x                x     x                x    x
12    200    x     x       x      x      x     x   x     x    x           x    x
12    100    x                                 x   x     x                x    x
12     40    x                                     x     x                     
12     20    x                                     x     x                     
13   1000                  x                                                   x
13    500                  x                                                   x
13    300                  x                                                   x
13    200                  x                                                   x
13    100                                                                      x
14   5909    x     x       x                       x          x                
14   5873    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
14   5000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
14   4000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
14   3000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
14   2000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x     x     x    x
14   1000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
14    500    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
14    300                  x      x                x     x                     x
14    200    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
14    100    x                                x    x     x                x    x
14     40    x                                     x     x                     
14     20    x                                     x     x                     


Stn  Depth  3H-   MAR    DI14C   MAR   PTIO  PA  SAGs  CARD- DNA  Omics  AA  Click-
      (m)   Leu  3H-Leu         DI14C                  FISH                    it  
———  —————  ———  ——————  —————  —————  ————  ——  ————  ————  ———  —————  ——  ——————
15   1000                  x                                                   x
15    500                  x                                                   x
15    300                  x                                                   x
15    200                  x                                                   x
15    100                                                                      x
16   5628    x     x                                     x    x                
16   5603    x                                x    x     x    x           x    x
16   5000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
16   4000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    x
16   3000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x    
16   2000    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x           x    x
16   1000    x     x       x      x      x    x    x     x    x           x    x
16    500    x     x       x      x           x    x     x    x     x     x    x
16    300                  x      x                x     x                     x
16    200    x     x       x      x      x    x    x     x    x           x    x
16    100    x                                x    x     x                x    x
16     40    x                                     x     x                     
16     20    x                                     x     x                     
17    703                  x                                                   x
17    500                  x                                                   x
17    300                  x                                                   x
17    200                  x                                                   x
17    100                                                                      x
18   3786    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x     
18   3000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x     
18   2000    x     x       x             x    x    x     x    x           x     
18   1000    x     x       x             x    x    x     x    x           x     
18    500    x     x       x             x    x    x     x                x     
18    300                  x             x         x     x                x     
18    200    x     x       x             x    x    x     x    x           x     
18    100    x                                x    x     x                x     
18     40    x                                     x     x                     
18     20    x                                     x     x                     
19   3312          x                          x    x     x    x           x     x
19   3000          x                          x    x     x    x           x     
19   2000          x                          x    x     x    x           x     x
19   1000    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x     x
19    500    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x     x
19    300                                          x     x                      x
19    200    x     x                          x    x     x    x           x     x
19    100    x                                x    x     x                x     x
19     40    x                                     x     x                     
19     20    x                                     x     x                     

 
Abbreviations: 

Stn:       Station 
3H-Leu:    incorporation of 3H labelled leucine  
MAR:       Microautoradiography combined with Fluorescence in situ 
           Hybridization 
DI14C:     incorporation of 14C labeled bicarbonate 
PTIO:      inhibitor experiments 
PA:        prokaryotic abundance 
SAGs:      Single Cell Genomes 
CARD-FISH: Catalyzed Reporter Deposition Fluorescence in situ 
           Hybridization 
OMICS:     includes metagenomics and exo-proteomics 
AA:        Amino Acids