CRUISE REPORT: ARK-XVI_1, ARK-XVI_2
(Updated JAN 2018)




Highlights



                           Cruise Summary Information

               Section Designation  leg 1  ARK-XVI/1 (75N) 
                                    leg 2  ARK-XVI/2
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  leg 1  06AQ20000630 
                                    leg 2  06AQ20000730
                  Chief Scientists  leg 1  Gunther Krause/AWI, 
                                    leg 2  Ursula Schauer/AWI
                             Dates  leg 1  2000.06.30 - 2000.07.31 
                                    leg 2  2000.07.30 - 2000.08.26
                              Ship  Polarstern 
                     Ports of call  leg 1  Bremerhaven-Longyearbyen 
                                    leg 2  Longyearbyen-Bremerhaven

                                                   79° 8' 16.8" N
             Geographic Boundaries  -14° 37' 12" W                17° 6' 0" E
                                                   5° 33' 50.4" N

                          Stations  leg 1  56 CTD stations, 
                                    leg 2  67 CTD stations
      Floats and drifters deployed  0
    Moorings deployed or recovered  leg 1  2 recovered   2 deployed 
                                    leg 2  12 recovered  16 deployed


                              Contact Information:

                               Dr. Gunther Krause
     Alfred-Wegener-Institut fuer Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstr.
                 Postfach 12061 • Bremerhaven, 27515 • GERMANY
               TEL: ##49-471 4831 1170 • FAX: ##49-471 4831 1797
                       EMAIL: gkrause@AWI-Bremerhaven.DE

                               Dr. Ursula Schauer
            Alfred-Wegener-Institut fuer Polar- und Meeresforschung
                Bussestraße 24 • 27570 Bremerhaven • (Room F-123)
                 TEL: +49(471)4831-1817 • FAX: +49(471)4831-1149
                          EMAIL: Ursula.Schauer@awi.de





The Expeditions ARKTIS XVI/1 and ARKTIS XVI/2 of the Research Vessel 
"Polarstern" in 2000



Edited by Gunther Krause and Ursula Schauer with contributions of the 
participants














Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 389 (2001)
ISSN 0176-5027

 

 



























CONTENTS


 
ARK XVI/1:    BREMERHAVEN-LONGYEARBYEN
G. Krause                                            pages  4 - 30




ARK XVI/2:    LONGYEARBYEN-BREMERHAVEN
U. Schauer                                           pages 31 - 99







 



















































                                   ARK XVI/1


                               30.06. -31.07.2000
                           Bremerhaven - Longyearbyen









                          FAHRTLEITER/CHIEF SCIENTIST
                                 Gunther Krause



                            KOORDINATOR/CO-ORDINATOR
                                 Wolfgang Arntz
















                                    CONTENTS

1.    SUMMARY AND NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE                                      5
2.    ATMOSPHERIC INVESTIGATIONS                                               7
2.1   METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                                                7
2.2   MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES USING FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY         8
2.3   SAMPLING OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS)                         9
2.4   METHANE BUDGET OF WATER MASSES                                          10
3.    INVESTIGATION IN THE WATER COLUMN                                       11
3.1   PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GREENLAND SEA                              11
3.2   DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS                                               14
3.3   PHYTO-ANDZOOPLANKTONECOLOGY                                             15
4.    GEOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF A DEEP-SEA CHANNEL SYSTEM IN THE GREENLAND SEA   16
4.1   INTRODUCTION                                                            16
4.2   BATHYMETRICAL SURVEY                                                    17
4.3   SEDIMENT ECHOSOUNDING                                                   17
4.4   MARINE GEOLOGY                                                          18
      4.4.1   Sampling program                                                18
      4.4.2   Mineralogical composition of sediments in the Greenland Sea     18
      4.4.3   High-resolution reconstructions of Holocene warm water          
              inflow into the Eastern Arctic Ocean                            24
4.5   BENTHIC DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND TURNOVER PROCESSES                    25
      4.5.1   Bacteria and meiofauna                                          25
      4.5.2   Mega-/Epifauna                                                  26

5.    ANNEX    
5.1   PARTICIPANTS                                                            28
5.2   SHIP'S CREW                                                             29
5.3   STATION LIST    (see data files)

 



1.  SUMMARY AND NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE

RV "POLARSTERN" started for her 16th Arctic expedition into the Greenland Sea 
and the Fram Strait from her homeport late at night on June 30, 2000. Scientific 
programmes began in the vicinity of Bear Island July 6 with a hydrographic 
section along 75°N as far as the Greenland Shelf (July 13.). The most western 
position at 014°37,2'W was determined by a dense ice cover. Too much time would 
have been needed to proceed further.

56 CTD-Rosette stations were occupied to study variations of the stratification 
of water masses on this section, as it has been done almost yearly since 1988. 
The long-term objective is a better understanding of the processes involved in 
bottom water renewal, the details of which are not yet known to us to a 
satisfactory extent.

From the water samples the concentrations of several nutrients were determined. 
They will be used not only as additional tracers for the water masses but also 
for a study of the seasonal and inter­ annual variability of their nutrient 
inventory. Water samples were also collected for stocktaking of the plankton 
communities, supplemented by hauls with a multinet.

Two moorings close to the hydrographic section in the central Greenland Sea were 
recovered and replaced. Each consists of a taut mooring line on which an 
automatic profiler for temperature and salinity moves up and down between 90m 
and 3600m every second day for one year. The systems worked very well: One of 
the profilers yielded 156 profiles during 362 days, the other 63 profiles during 
135 days. It is the first time that such data sets have been obtained in the 
Greenland Sea.

In the area of the Greenland continental slope field work between 74°N and 75° 
was carried out for the multidisciplinary project ARKTIEF. The overall aim of 
this project is to comprehend the down-slope fluxes of water, sediments and 
organisms from the shelf into the deep-sea. On board a Geology and a Biology 
group were involved in close co-operation. Their common interests were focused 
on the submarine channel systems which were found to exist in the area by 
mapping with the GLORIA long­range side-scan sonar a few years before. On this 
cruise, more detailed charting using HYDROSWEEP and PARASOUND was performed in 
an attempt to survey a prominent channel (working name "Arktief-Channel") from 
its possible origin on the shelf and its course into the deep-sea.

Previous studies revealed that in•such submarine channel systems and on the 
slope the lateral gravitational mass transport of shelf sediments may overprint 
the pelagic sedimentation. The analysed data of the bottom samples collected on 
this cruise will be added to available paleo­ oceanographic data sets in order 
to investigate the role of the channel sediments in reconstructing the climate 
with a high temporal resolution in the late Quarternary.

The surveyed channel was of a U-shape and incised into the sea floor in the 
order of 50m on an average width of 2000m. This testifies to energetic currents 
as the cause for its formation. The joint investigations with a survey of the 
benthos in and in the vicinity of the channel will help to find out whether the 
channel is still active for drainage flows from the shelf or if it is a fossil 
structure.

The benthos projects aimed also at an assessment of the distribution patterns 
and activities of benthic organisms and their relevance for the ecosystem 
"Arctic Deep-sea". In addition to the bottom samples collected extensive 
photographic surveys of the sea floor perpendicular and in the direction of the 
channel were performed with the OFOS-system. 5800 colour slides will have to be 
analysed.

Throughout the cruise water samples were collected and analysed for their 
methane content. The scientific objectives are to study the cycle of methane in 
Northern high latitudes and to particularly quantify the contributions of 
submarine archive gas venting sites. Special emphasis was put on several 
sections off the West coast of Svalbard and on measurements in Kongsfjord and 
Van MijenfJord. While working in the KongsfJord the scientific village of Ny-
Alesund was visited.

Finally, continuous measurements of the concentrations of atmospheric trace 
gases and persistent organic pollutants were performed. These measurements will 
supplement a program for the determination of global matter fluxes for which 
data already exist from Antarctica up to 50°N.

All investigations have considerably benefited from favourable weather 
conditions. On July 31, the first leg of the cruise ARKXVI ended in 
Longyearbyen.




2.  ATMOSPHERIC INVESTIGATIONS

2.1  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

     (C. Knaack)

POLARSTERN left Bremerhaven on June 30 at 23:00 h with a north-west wind of 
force 5 on the rear of a weakening low over southern Sweden. On the way to the 
first test station at 73,8°N 12,5°N on July 5 northerly winds of mostly of Bft 5 
prevailed which had been caused by a north Scandinavian low. Next midnight the 
zonal hydrographic section along 75°N began.

The amount of clouds corresponded to the climatic average in the region south-
west of Svalbard: an overcast sky was observed during more than 90% of the time, 
mostly stratocumulus and stratus layers with a ceiling between 1000 and 3000 
feet. The pressure patterns during the following days were arranged in a 
meridional mode. High ridges and low troughs alternated. The weather was quiet. 
The first ice contact occurred during the night of July 12: 4-7/10 drift ice, 
thickness about 2,5 m.

On July 13 the 75°-section was completed at 14°W. The investigations were 
continued in an area around 74°N 11°W until July 21.

During this time it had been very foggy. The visibility was often less than 200 
m, but the vertical extension at times was small, so that the sun above the fog 
was visible, for example on July 17.

With a cyclonic upper air flow around Greenland, surface depressions were guided 
into the East Greenland Sea. Occasionally, the southerly wind increased to Bft 
6-7. On July 21 a narrow high ridge produced some sunny periods which, after 
all, made spectrometer measurements possible. The next day a cold front brought 
some showers. High pressure coming from south established its centre (1030 hPa) 
at the Greenwich meridian at 70°N on July 23, when POLARSTERN took a north 
easterly course for Svalbard. This high caused continuous sunshine without any 
clouds for two days.

On July 24, POLARSTERN passed an ice field with an extension of about 5 nautical 
miles at 78°N 2°E. The wind came from south-west with Bft 4 - 5. During the 
afternoon of July 25, POLARSTERN stayed in the Kongsfjord close to Ny Alesund. 
Meanwhile on the rear of a weak cold front the wind veered to Northwest. 
Obviously due to an orographic effect the wind strengthened from 5 m/sec outside 
to 10 m/sec inside the fjord. Two days later, investigations were carried out in 
the van Mijenfjord.

After the research work was completed in an area near the south west coast of 
Svalbard, POLARSTERN arrived at the lsfjord on July 29. Next morning at 
Longyearbyen the cruise ARK XVI/1 ended. The weather in these last days was 
determined by an almost stationary cyclone situated between Svalbard, Franz-
Josef-Land and Nowaja Semlja with north-westerly winds varying between Bft 3 and 
7. Embedded troughs caused some rain and snow showers. On the whole, this cruise 
was favoured by the weather, we experienced more sun and less wind than usual.


2.2  MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES USING FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY (AWI)

     (H. Deckelmann, C. Weinzierl) 

Measurement technique

In recent years FT-IR spectroscopy has proven to be a valuable tool for 
atmospheric chemistry and physics. Using the sun as source of light, the column 
abundances of several troposheric and stratospheric gases can be measured. The 
method is very sensitive due to the long absorption paths at high solar zenith 
angles. Among the species with mainly tropospheric relevance e.g. CO, C2H2,
C2H6, CH2O, OCS and various CFCs can be measured. Important measurable 
stratospheric species include O3, HCl, HNO3, NO, NO2 and ClONO2. For some 
species (e.g. HCl, HF, NO2) a vertical profile can be determined by analyses of 
the pressure broadening of the spectral lines, however, the vertical resolution 
is limited.

Background and aim of the campaign

The focus of the measurements during ARK XVI/1 are investigations of the 
transport and chemistry of tropospheric trace gases and open questions in the 
stratospheric ozone chemistry. Information on the distribution of trace gas• 
concentrations in the free troposphere are still sparse. Ground based in-situ 
measurements cover only the surface layer and satellite instruments are 
typically limited to the altitudes above 10 km. One of the objectives during the 
cruise is for example the investigation of the transport of anthropogenic 
compounds, e.g. CO, CH2O, C2H2 or C2H6, from the source regions (industrial 
regions in Europe and North America) into the polar areas.

First measurements by our FT-IR spectrometer during ANT XIV-1 between 50°N and 
40°8 .and a profile analysis yield a large variability of several tropospheric 
compounds in the free troposphere. FT­IR-observations at the Koldewey station 
yield strong seasonal variabilities for CO, C2H2, C2H6 and CH20 with maximum 
values in winter. The measurements during this campaign will allow to study the 
transport processes and chemical conversion of a few tropospheric anthropogenic 
compounds in the Northern Hemisphere north of 50°N.

The stratospheric polar ozone loss mainly occurs in relatively isolated 
stratospheric low pressure systems that form during late summer/fall in the 
polar regions. Neither the dynamical processes during the formation of the 
vortices nor the initial chemical composition of the air masses in the vortices 
during their evolution, are sufficiently documented by ground-based 
measurements. To a great extend the ozone chemistry during the polar winter 
depends on the partitioning of the stratospheric anorganic chlorine reservoir. 
During the polar winter this partitioning changes dramatically due to 
heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of Polar Stratopheric Cloud (PSC) 
particles that can form at extremely low temperatures. A large fraction of the 
anorganic chlorine is converted from more passive compounds into active species 
that rapidly destroy ozone after the return of the sun in spring.

Recent results from our FT-IR instrument at the Koldewey station suggest that 
changes in the chlorine partitioning occur earlier than expected. Also, the 
negative trend in the polar ozone seems to occur earlier than one would expect 
from our current understanding of the stratospheric chemistry.

Despite bad weather conditions at the beginning of the cruise, a large number of 
absorption spectra could be recorded at important positions with high 
resolution.

The measurements during this cruise together with the ones of ANT XVIl-1 and -2 
can be considered as a part of a major campaign, in which spectra were recorded 
between 70°S and 80°N. Since the measurements in the Antarctic and the Arctic 
could be carried out in the summer months the photochemical processes are 
comparable due to the similarity of the sun's radiation. This is a relevant 
precondition for the studies of the depletion processes of CO or C2H6.



2.3  SAMPLING OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS)

     (S. Lakaschus)

During the whole cruise air and water samples were taken, which will be analysed 
for organic pollutants like PCBs, HCHs and HCH.

By simultaneous sampling in air and water it will be possible to calculate air-
water gas exchange rates. Furthermore, these samples and the samples taken on 
the previous cruises ANT XVII/1 and ANT XVII/2 will contribute to a better 
understanding of the global distribution of POPs.

On the upper deck 21 air samples were taken by the use of three high volume 
samplers. Some of these samples will be analysed by the Norwegian Institute for 
Air Research and the "lnstitut für Ostseeforschung Warnemunde for a comparison 
of the analytical methods.

The water samples were taken from the clean seawater system of the POLARSTERN as 
well as directly from the surface water with an in-situ pump. At 10 stations 
samples were taken from the Rosette.

The results of the cruise will be available in 2 to 3 months after the chemical 
analysis of the samples by gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry.










2.4  METHANE BUDGET OF WATER MASSES

     (E. Damm, A Terbruggen)

Objectives

The goal of our investigations was to estimate the methane budget of different 
water masses of the Greenland Sea at the transect at 75°N.

A further goal was to record the impact of fossil methane in the water column 
and to prove the modification of the present marine methane cycle at active 
submarine gas venting sites at the Spitsbergen shelf and fjords. Investigations 
of the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratio of the fossil methane will be 
carried out both to explain its genesis and origin and to understand mechanisms 
and pathways of incorporation of fossil methane into the recent carbon cycle.

Work at sea

Methane concentrations were measured at 30 stations along the 75°N transect, at 
3 stations at the S­ N transect and at 21 stations on the Westspitsbergen shelf, 
in the Kongsfjord and Van Mijenfjord (Fig. 24.1) Water samples were collected in 
Niskin bottles mounted on a rosette sampler from water depths of 3800m up to the 
surface (4m). The dissolved gases were immediately extracted from the water and 
were analysed for methane by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame 
ionization detector (FID) on board of the ship. Gas samples were stored for 
investigations of the isotopic signature of methane to be carried out in the 
home laboratory. Furthermore, water samples were taken and filtered for the 
analysis of chlorophyll-a and for DMSP analysis. All samples were fixed and 
stored refrigerated for analysis in the home laboratory.

Preliminary results

In general, the methane concentration in the surface water is in equillibrium 
with the atmosphere or slightly supersaturated in the Greenland Sea along the 
75° transect. The concentration decreased rapidly with depth in the water column 
below 1000 m at the western part of the transect (Fig. 2.4.2, station 37 to 49). 
With respect to atmospheric methane background values of about 25% of saturation 
were reached in 2000 m water depth already. This low background corresponds to a 
characteristical threshold level and means that methane consumption virtually 
ceases because of the isolation of deep water masses from the surface ocean. In 
comparison, the Atlantic water in the West Spitzbergen Current shows a smaller 
decrease of concentration in the water column, and background values of about 
50% of saturation with respect to atmospheric methane prevail down to the bottom 
(Fig. 2.4.2, station 12 to 17). This can be caused by convective ventilation of 
atmospheric methane or by the supply of methane by bottom sources. More about 
the origin of the methane in the Atlantic water will be known if the isotopic 
signature will have been determined.

The surface water at the Greenland shelf was supersaturated with respect to 
atmospheric methane caused by insitu methane production in the euphotic zone 
(Fig 2.4.2, station 60 to 63).

Near bottom maxima of methane were detected on the Barents Sea shelf (Fig. 2.4.2 
station 3, 4). The methane anomaly is depleted before it reaches the surface 
water in an intermediate 100 m thick layer. The source of the methane enrichment 
is really unknown, however, the investigation of the isotopic signature will 
contribute to explain the provenance (Fig 2.4.2).

All stations occupied on the shelf of Westspitsbergen and in the Kongsfjord and 
Van Mijenford are affected by injections from bottom sources. Therefore, bottom 
or intermediate water concentrations are up to two orders of magnitude higher 
than the normal background concentration level. Methane enrichments in the 
fjords are shown in Fig 2.4.3. Although the concentration is decreasing upwards, 
the surface water is supersaturated with respect to the atmospheric methane 
level at the majority of the stations indicating that this shelf region and the 
fjords act as sources for atmospheric methane. Also, here the sources of methane 
anomalies are not yet known. However, these enrichments could be associated with 
undetected gas vents located at the shelf. They could originate from recycling 
of sea water through the sea-bed or by submarine groundwater discharge


Fig. 2.4.1: station map of methane measurements

Fig. 2.4.2: Selected profiles of methane concentrations at the 75° transect

Fig. 2.4.3: Methane enrichments in the Kongsford and Van Mijenfjord






3.   INVESTIGATION IN THE WATER COLUMN

3.1  PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GREENLAND SEA

     (G. Budeus, R. Plugge, S Ronski, J Tambke, S Adam, B.H. Buck, R. Hoheisel­ 
      Huxmann)


1. General

The work of the Instrument Development/Physical Oceanography group concentrated 
on the main item of long-term changes in the Greenland Sea. The sampling 
continued field work of previous years. It is focussed on the understanding of 
changes in water mass properties with and without winter convection. A longer 
time series is necessitated to identify the conditions under which deep 
convection occurs and to resolve processes acting under its absence. During the 
last few years a clear increase in bottom water temperature was observed, 
amounting to roughly 10 mK/a. The temperature increase affected not only the 
bottom waters but rather the entire water column below 2000 m. At the same time, 
no deep convection could be identified during this time interval.

During ARK XVI/1 the time series were continued by an east-west transect across 
the Greenland Sea at 75°N and a short south-north transect towards Fram Strait. 
In the central Greenland Gyre, two moored deep sea profilers were recovered and 
two were deployed.



2. Equipment and methods

For the station work a 'SBE 911 plus' CTD with duplicate T and C sensors was 
used. The duplication allows for immediate checks of sensor drifts on board. 
Water was sampled by means of a SBE32 rosette, equipped with 24 bottles each of 
12 I content. The equipment worked faultlessly. For temperature comparisons an 
SBE35 thermometer was applied. Each time a bottle is fired the thermometer is 
triggered by the SBE32 rosette and internally stores measured temperatures 
Comparisons between SBE35 and CTD measurements have been restricted to depth 
levels below 2000 m to ensure a thermally quiet environment. Checks of vertical 
temperature gradients showed, however, that even in the closed basins of the 
Arctic Mediterranean a constriction to these depths does not guarantee 
temperature fluctuations small enough to allow for in situ calibrations on the 
level of 1 mK. Therefore, at each sampling point it has been individually 
verified that temperature calibration was allowed. The CTD measurements at valid 
calibration points show deviations in the order of 1 mK from the SBE35 values.

Water for salinity checks has been sampled at chosen locations and the samples 
have been analysed in the ship's lab. Application of the resulting corrections 
will be done during the post processing on land. An RDI ADCP (150 kHz) has been 
running continuously. Water has been sampled and stored for SF-6 analysis, 
allowing an identification of the spreading pathways of Greenland Sea Bottom and 
Intermediate Waters. Analysis will be performed by the University of East 
Anglia, UK.


3. Moorings

The moorings deployed and recovered in the central Greenland Gyre are a special 
development of AWI and are designed to provide profiles over the entire water 
column every second day for one year. The moored deep-sea profiler vehicle 
consists of a buoyancy module and a modified self-contained CTD. The vertical 
movement along a taut mooring line is initiated by a control unit on top of the 
mooring. This delivers a weight to the profiler vehicle for each cast, so that 
the vehicle movement is powered by gravity. The weight is removed at the bottom, 
and the slightly buoyant vehicle returns to the surface. Because of the large 
vertical extent of the movement (3600 m) the compressibility of the vehicle is 
adjusted to match that of cold seawater (Euro Goos: Externally powered / 
cmpressibility compensated (EP/CC - Jojo).

The two moorings deployed in 1999 have been replaced (74°55'N, 04°20'W, and the 
one at 75°05'N, 03°20'W has been moved to 74°50'N, 2°30'W in order to fit into 
the new EU-project ,Convection'. The recovered moorings were intact and 
successfully sampled their time series of one profile over the entire water 
column (3700 m) every second day. One mooring provided a time series of deep sea 
profiles over the entire year, the other one over 168 days. Both series started 
in July 1999.

The downward and upward speeds of the vehicle with 0.75 and 0.25 m/s were 
excellently adjusted. Only during times of strong horizontal currents which 
extended over the entire water column, the instrument's buoyancy (equivalent to 
100 g) did not overcome the friction between rope and vehicle. After such 
periods the sampling continued according to the planned time schedule. An 
example of the temperature development is shown in Fig. 3.1.1. The data will 
reveal unique information about the exact time of winter ventilation and give a 
better assessment of the relation between forcing and water column modification 
in winter.


4. CTD station work

The transect on 75°N extends from the Norwegian shelf to East Greenland. For 
decisive conclusions the final calibration has to be awaited, but owing to the 
high quality of the primary data some ad hoc statements can be made.

The upper waters have been ventilated to about 1400 m depth. as is indicated by 
temperature and salinity changes in comparison with the 1999 data (as well as by 
the moorings). The intermediate temperature maximum at now roughly 1600 m depth 
stands out prominently therefore (see Fig. 3.1.2).

From 1999 to 2000, modifications of the deepest parts of the water column are 
clearly significant. The isotherm 1.15°C (potential temperature) has now 
disappeared, and lowest temperatures of approximately -1.146°C are observed at 
the bottom. The isotherms in the lower water column were thus observed at 
increasingly greater depths. The cause of this temperature increase has to be 
carefully identified after the final calibrations will have been applied. A 
preliminary evaluation of the time series of the volume below selected 
isopycnals (Fig. 3.1.3) indicates that lateral isopycnal mixing cannot explain 
the full range of property changes in the lower intermediate and deep waters, 
and that the hypothesis of vertical advection in the central gyre contributes to 
the temperature increase and density reduction in the deep waters. The 
evaluation of the SF-6 samples will assist in this investigation.


Fig. captions

3.11

Part of the time series of temperature profiles (3-January 2000 (profile 78) to 
7 March 2000 (profile 110)) illustrating the begin of the winter ventilation in 
the central Greenland Sea. The scale is valid for the first profile, the 
succeeding profiles are shifted with a constant shift between the casts.

3.1.2

Temperature distribution at the zonal transect on 75°N.

3.13

The decreasing volume below selected isotherms corresponds with the trend to 
higher temperatures in the bottom water of the Greenland Sea.

 



3.2  DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS

     (C. Hartmann, P. Ducardus, M. Sturcken)

Nutrient concentrations provide a valuable tool to trace water masses and to 
detect transport and mixing mechanisms. The objective of this investigation was 
to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of nutrients across the 
Greenland Sea along 75°N and to compare these data with oceanographic 
parameters.

In comparison with the measurements on the same transect of former years, the 
seasonal and interannual variability will be determined.

With respect to the water mass analysis especially silicate but also phosphate 
are good tracers for outflow of upper halocline Arctic surface water along the 
Greenland slope This water is especially rich in silicate compared to Atlantic 
water.

At 60 stations (Fig. 3.2) across the Greenland Sea at 75°N and at 22 stations 
during the south-north transect, crossing the Greenland and Boreas Basins. water 
samples were collected for the analysis of nutrients (silicate, phosphate, 
nitrate and nitrite), which were measured within a few hours after collection. 
The nutrients were determined with a Technicon Autoanalyzer system according to 
standard methods.


Preliminary Results

In the entire water column, nutrient concentrations generally increased with 
depth.

Nitrate increased to about 15 µM, phosphate to 1.1 µM and silicate to 12 µM in 
the centre of Greenland Sea. The surface concentrations in the western and 
eastern parts of the Greenland Sea transect were higher than concentrations 
measured on cruise ARK XIV/2 in September 1998.

From station 24 (74.9°N, 5.5'E) to station 50 (74.9°N, 10°W) nitrate was mostly 
depleted in the surface with concentrations below 1 µM. Silicate and phosphate 
were also lower than in the eastern and western parts of this transect. In the 
Atlantic water nitrate concentrations were highest compared with Greenland Sea 
and Polar Water.

West of station 55 (11.8°W) a slight decrease of silicate concentrations was 
found at water depths above 100 m. A clear signal of outflowing upper halocline 
Arctic surface water could not be observed since the westernmost station was not 
close enough to Greenland.


Location of sampling for nutrients

Fig. 3.2.1



3.3  PHYTO- AND ZOOPLANKTON ECOLOGY

     (V. Larionov)

The distribution of microphyto- and microzooplankton in the water column was 
measured along the two oceanographic transects, and the distribution of 
mesozooplankton along the one on 75°N.

The main tasks are the following:

• an investigation of the species composition and quantitative characteristics 
  (cell concentration and biomass) of microphytoplankton;
• qualitative and quantitative analyses of the community of formaline-fixable 
  microphytoplankton fixable in formaline;
• a study of the spatial distribution of mesozooplanktonic organisms in the 
  different layers of the water column.


At 25 oceanographic stations (see Table 3.3.1) water samples were taken by the 
rosette sampling system. On each station samples were obtained at 5-14 discrete 
depths in the water column selected on the basis of the thermohaline structure 
(216 samples total). Samples (the volume 1,5-2 I) were concentrated with the 
standard method of inverted filtration through Nucleopore-filters with a pore 
diameter 2 µm and fixed with buffered 37% formaline (final concentration 1-2%). 
At 7 stations simultaneously zooplankton samples were taken by the Multinet in 
the following layers of the water column: 500-200 m, 200-50 m, 50-0 m (21 
samples total; see Table 3.3.1). They were fixed in the same way.

Microscopical studies of the taxonomical composition and quantitative analysis 
of both series of samples will be carried out in the home laboratory to 
investigate the distribution of plankton in the Greenland Sea basin.


Table 3.3.1

List of stations with plankton investigations

St.No.  Horizons of phytoplankton sampling, m                               Multinet
——————  ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————  ————————
   4    Surface, 20, 50, 100, bottom  
   6    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 500, bottom    
   8    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, bottom    
  10    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, bottom                            +
  12    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 350, 500, 1000, bottom  
  14    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, bottom  
  16    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 1000, bottom  
  18    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 350, 500, 1000, bottom                            +
  24    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, bottom                            +
  27    Surface, 25, 50,100,250,500, 1390, bottom  
  33    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, bottom                            +
  40    Surface, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100,150,250,500, 1000, bottom                  +
  46    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 350, 750, 1000, 1600, bottom  
  49    Surface, 25, 50, 75,150,250,350,750, 1000, 1224, 1500, bottom           +
  55    Surface, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 350, 500, 750, 1000, 1500,
        bottom  
  57    Surface, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 500, 750, 1000, bottom                   +
  59    Surface, 50, 100, 250, 500, bottom  
  62    Surface, 10, 25, 50, 73, 100, 150, bottom  
 110    Surface, 10, 25, 50, 75, 150, 350, 500, 1500, 2000, bottom  
 115    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 1000, bottom  
 117    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 750, 1500, bottom  
 119    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, bottom  
 120    Surface, 25, 50,100,200,500, 750, 1500, bottom  
 121    Surface, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 750, bottom    
 122    Surface, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 350, 500, 750, bottom    




4.   GEOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF A DEEP-SEA CHANNEL SYSTEM IN THE GREENLAND SEA

4.1  INTRODUCTION

An extensive mapping of the bottom topography by the GLORIA long-range side-scan 
sonar carried out in the frame of the Special Research Programme SFB 313 in the 
early nineties showed that the Greenland Basin is structured by a large system 
of channels which extend from the continental slope into the deep-sea (Mienert 
et al. 1993, Hollender 1996). These channels may form important pathways for the 
transport of sediments and dense water masses from the East Greenland shelf into 
the basin. Therefore, the current investigations undertaken within the framework 
of the multi-disciplinary research programme "ARKTIEF" focus on the shelf 
drainage via these channels. These shelf drainage flows may stimulate energetic 
currents in otherwise quiet regions having a considerable impact on the 
sedimentation and living conditions in the deep-sea. The properties of the 
benthos and the sediments may provide insights into the time scales and 
intensity of downslope flows.

In 1999, a segment of the Greenland Basin channel system, which has been first 
discovered during a routine HYDROSWEEP survey in 1994 (Hubberten 1995), was 
explored by the French deep diving ROV "VICTOR 6000" (Krause 1999). The deep-sea 
biology was studied along three short transects, and bottom samples were taken 
at selected stations. Furthermore, a mooring was deployed in the vicinity of the 
VICTOR tracks in the channel (Schauer 2000). Based on the results of this pilot 
study, the main aims during expedition ARK XVI/1 were to visit this area again 
in order to map the course of the channel systems and as far as possible towards 
its origin on the continental slope by HYDROSWEEP and PARASOUND surveys. 
Furthermore, research areas should be selected along the course of the channel 
to study the small and medium-scale biological variability in terms of benthic 
distribution patterns and turnover processes, including seafloor imaging by 
OFOS. The geological programme aimed at characterising the larger scale 
subsurface structure of the channel and the adjacent areas, mapping the various 
sedimentary facies, and sampling surface and near surface sediments for a 
detailed study on various sedimentological, organic geochemical and 
micropaleontological tracers which may reflect the various sedimentation 
processes, in particular gravitative mass transports. Additionally, the history 
of sediment transport in the channel should be elucidated by analysing sediment 
cores. The results of both the biological and geological programmes will give 
new information for the discussion whether the channel system is "active" or 
"fossil" today.



4.2  BATHYMETRICAL SURVEY

     (S. Daschner, J. Matthiessen)

The swath sounding system HYDROSWEEP was employed for a detailed bathymetric 
survey at the East Greenland continental margin (Fig. 4.2.1). Several segments 
of channels have been identified during GLORIA mapping in the study area 
(Hollender 1996), but the structure of the system could not unequivocally be 
identified. An area of more than 2200 km 2 was continuously mapped showing that 
several of these segments belong to a single channel. The channel was traced 
back more than 120 km from the Greenland Basin in about 3300 m water depth at 
74° 30'N, 9° 30'W to the continental rise at 74° N, 13° 15' W in about 2600 m 
water depth. Clear evidence for a channel extending beyond the lower slope could 
not be found, but it may continue as a shallow depression upslope. A survey 
across the continental slope could not be conducted because of a dense ice 
coverage. A preliminary interpretation of the HYDROSWEEP data neither revealed 
unequivocal evidence of tributary channels nor branching of the channel along 
its course into the deep-sea. Any larger depositional regions in the distal 
parts of the channel have not been observed.


Fig. 4.2.1: Hydrosweep survey of the channel area. The course of the channel is 
            indicated by the heavy line



4.3  SEDIMENT ECHOSOUDING

     (J. Matthiessen, D. Birgel, B. Chiaventone, S. Daschner. K. Fenker, 
      C. Kierdorf, N. Koukina, U. Langrock, J. Vernaleken, D. Zeeb)

The ship-mounted PARASOUND echosounding system of RV "POLARSTERN" was in 
operation during the work in the Greenland Sea in order to characterise the 
acoustic behaviour of the uppermost sediment layers. The PARASOUND transects 
were usually conducted perpendicular to the axis of the channel in order to 
identify lateral variability of sedimentary facies. Few transects could be 
worked up along the course of the channel to reveal possible erosion and/or 
deposition downslope from the continental margin. Furthermore, PARASOUND 
profiling was used to select coring locations and transects for the OFOS 
surveys. The data were digitized by two different systems: 1) the PARASOUND 
system for simultaneous printing on a chart recorder (Atlas Deso 25), and 2) by 
the PARADIGM system (Spiess 1992). For details of the method and standard 
settings used during the expedition see e.g. Niessen & Whittington (1994).

In the investigation area, the acoustic penetration was usually down to a 
sediment depth of 25 to 40 m, except for the channel where penetration was 
usually less than 5 m. The U-shaped channel is incised into the sea floor up to 
100 m, but mainly less than 50 m, and is relatively narrow with an average width 
of ca. 2000 m. The channel has an asymmetric shape because the levee deposits on 
the southern flank are usually thicker than on the northern one (Fig. 4.3.1) 
thinning out distally. The levee deposits usually show a number of distinct 
parallel acoustic reflectors whereas only one prominent reflector is seen in the 
channel sections. Some levees stand out clearly by more than 20 m from the 
adjacent sea bottom. On the lower continental slope at the westernmost end of 
the mapped area, the channel is becoming much wider (ca. 10 km), probably ending 
at a slide headwall. Shallow depressions upslope (<10 m) of the possible 
headwall may indicate that the channel originates on the upper continental 
slope. Although the acoustic penetration is low on the continental slope, debris 
flow deposits can be clearly identified.


Fig. 4.3.1: A cross-section of the channel recorded by PARASOUND at 74°24'N, 
            10°24'W



4.4    MARINE GEOLOGY

4.4.1  SAMPLING PROGRAM

       (J. Matthiessen, D. Birgel, S. Daschner, C. Kierdorf, N. Koukina, 
        U. Langreck, J. Vernaleken)

 
Surface and near-surface sediments were collected in the study area on transects 
across and along the channel to sample the various sedimentary environments. A 
more detailed sampling was done along the OFOS transects in collaboration with 
the benthos group. Additionally, samples were taken along a transect from the 
shelf break to the deep-sea. In order to get undisturbed surface and near­ 
surface sediments, the giant box corer (GKG) with a size of 50x50x60 cm and the 
multi corer (MUC) with a tube diameter of 10 cm were used. The sampling was 
routinely done by the MUC because of the better recovery of sediment surfaces. 
Gravity corers were used to obtain long sediment cores from the channels and the 
adjacent levees.

The initial macroscopic analysis of the surface sediments suggests that the 
composition of sediments from the channel and the adjacent levees is similar. In 
general, the deep-sea sediments differ considerably from the upper continental 
slope sediments which contain considerable amounts of sand and gravel. The lack 
of erosional surfaces and the comparable sediment composition along the course 
of the channel suggest recent and sub-recent deposition. Further detailed land-
based sedimentological, geochemical and micropaleontological studies as well as 
analyses of the HYDROSWEEP and PARASOUND records are required to evaluate the 
variability of sediments in the study area with respect to transport processes.



4.4.2  MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE GREENLAND SEA

       (N. Koukina)

During ARK-XVI/1, surface sediment samples were taken by the multicorer for 
sedimentological investigation at the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of 
the Russian Academy of Science (Murmansk, Russia). The AWI multicorer with 8 
tubes of 10 cm diameter was used. The upper 5 cm (every 1 cm) of sediment were 
sampled (Tab. 4.4.1).

The future investigations in MMBI will include: 

• granulometric analysis;
• mineralogical analysis (light and heavy minerals) of fractions 63-125µm and 
  125-250 µm; 
• morphology of quartz grain of fraction 250-500 µm.

For the core PS57/107-2SL a more detailed study of the mineralogical composition 
of the sediments was performed using smear-slide analysis (Tab. 4.4.1). Based on 
smear-slide estimates, terrigenous minerals are predominant. The sediments 
consist of 48,4% to 55,1% quartz as the most dominant component. Feldspars reach 
up to 9,4%. Amounts of volcanic glass vary from 2,1% to 3,3%, and maximum 
amounts of volcanic glass were counted in the depth interval between 312 cm 412 
cm (fig. 1a). Organic remains occur in variable amounts from 4,2% -15,6%. 
Maximum amounts of organic remains were counted in the upper horizon (15,5%) and 
in 512 cm core depth (10,2%).

Heavy minerals occur in variable amounts from 10,5%-26,0%. In the heavy mineral 
fraction, pyroxenes are dominant (23-60%). At 212 cm, garnet is dominant (40%). 
Other heavy minerals present are amphibols, black ores and opaque. Amounts of 
amphiboles vary from 11% to 18%. Black ores occur in variable amounts from 5% to 
37,5%. At 412 cm the heavy mineral fraction consists of 37,5% black ores as the 
most dominant component (fig. 4.4.1.b).


Fig. 4.4.1: Bulk (a) and heavy


Tab. 4.4.1: List of multicorer samples from the expedition ARK-XVI/1 RV 
            „POLARSTERN"

                           PS57/002-2   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/002-2   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/002-2   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/002-2   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/002-2   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/066-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   4-5   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   5-6   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   6-7   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   7-8   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   8-9   MUC
                           PS57/066-1   9-10  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  10-11  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  11-12  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  12-13  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  13-14  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  14-15  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  15-16  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  16-17  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  17-18  MUC

                           PS57/066-1  18-19  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  19-20  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  20-21  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  21-22  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  22-23  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  23-24  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  24-25  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  25-26  MUC
                           PS57/066-1  26-27  MUC
                           PS57/070-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   4-5   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   5-6   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   6-7   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   7-8   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   8-9   MUC
                           PS57/070-1   9-10  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  10-11  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  11-12  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  12-13  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  13-14  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  14-15  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  15-16  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  16-17  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  17-18  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  18-19  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  19-20  MUC

                           PS57/070-1  20-21  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  21-22  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  22-23  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  23-24  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  24-25  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  25-26  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  26-27  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  27-28  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  28-29  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  29-30  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  30-31  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  31-32  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  32-33  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  33-34  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  34-35  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  35-36  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  36-37  MUC
                           PS57/070-1  37-38  MUC
    
                           PS57/072-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   1-2   MUC

                           PS57/072-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   4-5   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   5-6   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   6-7   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   7-8   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   8-9   MUC
                           PS57/072-1   9-10  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  10-11  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  11-12  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  12-13  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  13-14  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  14-15  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  15-16  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  16-17  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  17-18  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  18-19  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  19-20  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  20-21  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  21-22  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  22-23  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  23-24  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  24-25  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  25-26  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  26-27  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  27-28  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  28-29  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  29-30  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  30-31  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  31-32  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  32-33  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  33-34  MUC
                           PS57/072-1  34-35  MUC

                           PS57/072-1  35-36  MUC

                           PS57/076-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/076-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/076-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/076-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/076-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/077-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/077-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/077-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/077-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/077-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/078-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/078-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/078-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/078-1   3-4   MUC

                           PS57/078-1   4-5   MUC 

                           PS57/080-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/080-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/080-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/080-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/080-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/082-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/082-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/082-1   2-3   
                           PS57/082-1   3-4   
                           PS57/082-1   4-5   
    
                           PS57/083-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/083-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/083-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/083-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/083-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/084-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/084-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/084-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/084-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/084-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/085-1   0-1   MUC

                           PS57/085-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/085-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/085-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/085-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/086-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/086-1   1-2   MUC

                           PS57/086-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/086-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/086-1   4-5   MUC
                           PS57/087-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/087-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/087-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/087-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/087-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/088-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/088-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/088-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/088-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/088-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/090-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/090-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/090-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/090-1   3-4   MUC

                           PS57/090-1   4-5   MUC

                           PS57/091-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/091-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/091-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/091-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/091-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/092-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/092-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/092-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/092-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/092-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/093-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/093-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/093-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/093-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/093-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/097-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/097-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/097-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/097-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/097-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/098-1   0-1   MUC

                           PS57/098-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/098-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/098-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/098-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/099-1   0-1   MUC

                           PS57/099-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/099-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/099-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/099-1   4-5   MUC
                           PS57/100-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/100-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/100-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/100-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/100-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/101-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/101-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/101-1   3-4   MUC

                           PS57/101-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/104-3   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/104-3   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/104-3   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/104-3   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/104-3   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/105-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/105-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/105-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/105-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/105-1   4-5   MUC
                           PS57/127-1   0-1   MUC
                           PS57/127-1   1-2   MUC
                           PS57/127-1   2-3   MUC
                           PS57/127-1   3-4   MUC
                           PS57/127-1   4-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/130-1   0-5   MUC
    
                           PS57/094-2   0-1   GKG
    
                           PS57/104-1   0-1   GKG


Tab. 4.4.2: Bulk (a) and heavy (b) mineralogy of sediments from gravity core 
            PS57/107-2, based on smear-slide counts

                              Or-
Depth-                 Clay   ganic               Py-   Am-
 core,          Feld-  min-   Re-          Volc.  rox-  phi-  Gar-  Black  
  cm    Quartz  spars  erals  mains  Mica  glass  ene   bole  net   Ores   Opaque
——————  ——————  —————  —————  —————  ————  —————  ————  ————  ————  —————  ——————
  cc     50,1    9,4    13,   10,2   2,1    2,4   5,1   1,5   4,3    1,3     0,6
 412     55,1    5,2    5,2    8,2   2,5    2,6   4,5   2,4   4,2    8,1      2
 312     52,3    6,1     4     4,2   4,2    3,2  10,8   2,4   5,6    4,8     2,4
 212     54,5    8,2   14,9    6,1   3,1    2,3   2,6   1,1   4,5    2,3     0,4
 112     50,6    7,3    18     7,6   3,6    2,4   4,1   1,6   2,1    1,8     0,9
  30     52,6    6,3   16,7    5,3   3,2    2,1   5,3   2,4   2,1    2,4     1,6
  0      48,4     8     4,3   15,6   2,5    2,1  12,1   2,8   2,8    0,7     0,7

 

4.4.3  HIGH-RESOLUTION RECONSTRUCTIONS OF HOLOCENE WARM WATER INFLOW INTO THE 
       EASTERN ARCTIC OCEAN

       (D. Birgel, J. Matthiessen, S. Daschner, C. Kierdorf, N. Koukina, 
        U. Langrock,  J. Vernaleken)

In the eastern Fram Strait along the Spitsbergen continental slope, surface 
sediments were collected from fjord, shelf and slope environments in order to 
study the variability of  organic geochemical parameters with respect to surface 
water mass conditions, plankton productivity and input of terrestrial organic 
matter. These data will be used to interpret high-resolution Holocene and Late 
Glacial organic geochemical records located along the path of the warm water 
inflow into the Eastern Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait. A more detailed 
description of the programme will be given in the cruise report of ARKXVI/2.



4.5    BENTHIC DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND TURNOVER PROCESSES

4.5.1  BACTERIA AND MEIOFAUNA

       (C. Hasemann, N. Queric, M. Weber)

Channel systems characterising the east Greenland continental rise are dynamic 
areas with varying particle-loaded current patterns. We hypothesise that the 
distribution as well as the activity of small benthic organisms are 
corresponding to the topographic and biochemical features of such systems in 
terms of depth and distance to the channel center area. Benthic microbial 
processes are suspected to be directly connected to the occurrence of meio- and 
macrofaunal organisms.

Sampling was performed by using a multicorer sampling system allowing the 
investigation of an undisturbed sediment surface. The sampling programme for the 
cruise ARK XVI/1 was divided into two main topics of large-scale heterogeneity. 
For questioning of depth-related distribution patterns of benthic bacteria and 
meiofauna we followed a 500m-step transect downwards the continental slope off 
east Greenland towards the channel system. A crosswise profile along the channel 
was also investigated to compare three different regions of the channel course. 
A total of 19 stations at this channel system were sampled within this project. 
Subsamples for faunistic investigations and for biochemical analyses were taken 
using 5 ml and 20 ml syringes with cut off ends. Subsamples were sectioned 
horizontally in 1 cm-layers and analysed separately to investigate gradients 
within the sediment column.

The parameters which are suspected to follow a gradient are mainly abundance,  
diversity and activity of bacteria and meiofauna, as well as the biogenic 
sediment composition (see table 4.5.1).

Bacterial production was measured via labelled leucine incorporation. To 
evaluate microbial exoenzymatic activities, esterase turnover rates were 
determined with the fluorogenic substrates fluorescein-di-acetate (FDA). 
Sediment samples were preserved for later investigations in the home laboratory. 
Their sediment-bound chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE) will be determined 
to quantify organic matter input from primary production. Analyses of 
phospolipids and proteins will contribute to the assessment of living organisms 
and the proportion of detrital organic matter in the sediments.


Table 4.5.l	

                                           Station PS 57/
               66  67  68  69  70  72  76  77  80  82  83  85  86  87  94  95  102  104  105
Parameter
—————————————— ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ———  ———  ———
CPE             x   x   x   x   x   x           x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

Proteine        x   x   x   x   x   x           x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

FDA                         x   x   x           x               x   x   x   x   x    x    x

Extra           x   x   x   x   x   x           x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

H20             x   x   x   x   x   x           x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

Lipide          x   x   x   x   x   x           x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

Meiofauna       x   x   x   x   x   x           x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

(Diversitat/                                                                                
  Abundanz)

Bakterien       x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x    x    x

Bakterien                                                       x       x       x    x    x
  (Live/Dead)

Bakterien           x       x   x   x           x   x           x       x   x   x    x    x
  (Produktion)  

 

4.5.2  MEGA-/EPIFAUNA

       (K. v. Juterzenka, F. Kulescha)

The Mega-/Epifauna in the vicinity of the channel system was observed by means 
of the Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS), which is suitable for seafloor 
imaging in water depth down to 6000 m. The OFOS frame is equipped with a still 
camera (Benthos), a black-and white video camera (Deep­ Sea Power & Light), two 
floodlights with 250 W each, flashes (600 WS) and three laser pointers in a 
fixed distance of 40 cm from each other as a size reference. The still camera 
was triggered on command or timer-controlled in 30s intervals and was loaded 
with Kodak Ectachrome 100 ASA film, providing up to 800 shots per deployment. 
The whole system was towed across the seafloor in a distance of approx. 1.50 m 
with a drift velocity of approx. 0.5 knots. The distance to the bottom has to be 
controlled by the winch operator according to the video display.

During the cruise 8 OFOS transects had been performed. At St. 02, a first survey 
was carried out at the continental slope off Bear Island during which 
adjustments were made to optimise the distance to the seafloor, camera 
specifications, timer-controlled operation and to check laser performance. 
During this first transect, the distance to the seafloor was about 3 m. Seven 
transects were occupied in the main investigation area off East Greenland on 
stations 71, 81, 89, 96, 106 in a direction across the "ARKTIEF" channel where 
they followed the course of the channel on stations 85 and 103 (compare fig. 
4.2.1). After investigating the section of the channel which had been studied in 
1999 by the ROV "VICTOR6000" and after sediment sampling at stations 71, 81, 85, 
a second area for detailed studies had been selected based on HYDROSWEEP 
information and PARASOUND profiles at the proposeq origin of the channel at the 
continental slope (St. 89, 96, 103). A single transect was performed across the 
channel between section "1" and "2" (St. 106). In the course of the transects, 
multicorer samples had been taken inside and outside of the channel to analyse 
small biota (see above).

The obtained photo and video material consists of approx. 42 hours of video and 
approx. 5800 colour slides. Image analysis will be done at the home institute. A 
first impression of the benthos fauna in the vicinity of the channel system is 
given by video information and short series of colour pictures, which were 
developed on board for quality control reasons. Seafloor images revealed two 
species of holothurians (Elpidia glacialis and a second elpidiid species), 
asteroids, ophiuroids, stalked filter feeders (probably Pennatulacea, Umbellula 
sp., Crinoidea), actinaria, gastropods, small pantopods, and shrimps. The 
irregular echinoid Pourtalesia jeffreysi could be observed together with its 
tracks at the sediment surface. Some ball-shaped sediment-coloured and bright 
structures are thought to represent several species of deep-sea sponges (c.f. 
Thenea abyssorum, Tentorium c.f. suberites) which had been found on the surface 
of sediment cores in the area as well. Small pieces of solid substrate (e.g. 
dropstones) are colonised by anthozoans. At least two fish species could be 
observed during the transects.

Transects across the channel covered at least the bottom of the channel, slope 
and the adjacent seafloor (water depth about 3000 - 3200m; transect length 2 to 
3 nm). The flat bottom section of the channel in both areas seemed to show a 
more dense colonisation by megafaunal organisms which are big enough or produce 
burrows and traces to be recognised by means of the b/w video. At the 
westernmost station 89 at the slope foot (water depth about 2800), where the 
"channel" had a less pronounced profile and appeared as a wide depression, the 
seafloor seemed to be more densely colonised and the megafaunal community seemed 
to be more diverse. During the first hour of the OFOS transect (covering approx. 
0.5 nm), at least ten fish specimens could be detected. In the vicinity of the 
southern slope of the channel at section "2" occurred a structure that looked 
like a dense aggregation of clams. These impressions have to be confirmed by a 
detailed image analysis of the still photographs. However, this area seems to be 
a suitable region for further detailed studies of deep-sea gradients.

The results of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of bacteria, meiofauna 
and epi-/megafaunal organisms will contribute to the knowledge on the habitat 
heterogenity, distribution patterns, as well as biomass and activity patterns of 
benthos communities in channel systems in the deep Greenland Sea.


References:

Hollender, F.-J. (1996): Untersuchungen des ostgrönlandischen Kontinentalrandes 
    mit dem Weitwinkel-Seiten-Sonar GLORIA. Ber. SFB 313, 67, 124p.

Hubberten, H.-W. (1995): The Expedition ARKTIS-X/2 of RV "POLARSTERN" 1994. Rep. 
    Polar Res, 174, 186pp.

Krause, G. (ed. 1999): The Expedition ARKTIS XV/1 of RV "POLARSTERN" in 1999. 
    Rep. Polar Res. 339, 28p.

Mienert, J., Kenyon, N.H., Thiede, J., Hollender, F.-J. (1993): Polar  
    continental margins: Studies of East Greenland, EOS, Trans. Amer. 
    Geophys. Union 74(20), 225-236.

Schauer, U. (ed. 2000): The expedition ARKTIS XV/3 of the research vessel 
    "POLARSTERN" in 1999. Rep. Polar Res. 350, 63p.

Spiess, V. (1992): Digitale Sedimentechographie - Neue Wege zu einer 
    hochauflösenden Akustostratigraphie. - Ber. Fachber. Geowiss. Univ. Bremen, 
    35, 199pp.

Niessen, F., Whittington, R. (1994): Marine sediment echosounding using 
    Parasound. In. Hubberten, H.-W., The Expedition ARKTIS-X/2 of RV 
    "POLARSTERN" 1994. Rep. Polar Res., 174, 62-68.






ANNEX 5.1  PARTICIPANTS


 1.  Krause             Gunther        AWI, Ch. Scientist          
 2.  Adam               Susanne        Uni Oldenburg          
 3.  Birgel             Daniel         AWI          
 4.  Bothe              Oliver         AWI          
 5.  Buck               Bela Hieron    AWI          
 6.  Budéus             Gereon         AWI          
 7.  Chiaventone        Birgit         AWI          
 8.  Damm               Ellen          AWI          
 9.  Deckelmann         Holger         AWI Potsdam          
10.  Ducardus           Pascal-Antoin  AWI          
11.  Fencker            Kale           GSDG          
12.  Hasemann           Christiane     AWI          
13.  Hartmann           Carmen         AWI          
14.  Hoheisel-Huxmann   Reinhard       DSM Brhv.          
15.  Juterzenka         Karen von                    
16.  Kierdorf           Christop       AWI          
17.  Köhler             Herbert        DWD          
18.  Koukina            Natalja        MMBI/RAS          
19.  Kulescha           Friedhelm      Oktopus          
20.  Lakaschus          Sönke          AWI          
21.  Langrock           Uwe            AWI          
22.  Larionov           Victor         MMBI/RAS          
23.  Matthiessen        Jens           AWI          
24.  Plugge             Rainer         AWI          
25.  Pols               Hans-Arnold    AWI          
26.  Queric             Nadia Valerie  AWI          
27.  Ronski             Stephanie      AWI          
28.  Stürcken-Rodewald  Marthi         AWI          
29.  Tambke             Jens           Uni Oldenburg          
30.  Terbrüggen         Anja           AWI          
31.  Vernaleken         Jutta          AWI          
32.  Weber              Melanie        AWI          
33.  Weinzierl          Christine      AWI Potsdam          
34.  Zeeb               Dorte          GSDG          
35.  Daschner           Stefan          










ANNEX  5.2

SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW ARK XVI/1 AND 2

 1.  Master      Dr. Boche, Martin          
 2.  1. Offic    Schwarze, Stefan          
 3.  Ch.Eng.     Pluder, Andreas          
 4.  2. Offic    Thieme, Wolfgang          
 5.  2. Offic    Fallei, Holger          
 6.  2. Offic    Spielke, Steffen          
 7.  Doctor      Walther, Anke          
 8.  R. Offic    Koch, Georg          
 9.  1. Eng      Erreth, Mon.Gyula          
10.  2. Eng      Ziemann, Olaf          
11.  3. Eng      Richter, Frank          
12.  Electron.   Bretfeld, Holger          
13.  Electron.   Muhle, Helmut          
14.  Electron.   Greitemann-Hackl, A.          
15.  Electron.   Roschinsky, Jorg          
16.  Electr.     Muhle, Heiko          
17.  Boatsw.     Clasen, Burkhard          
18.  Carpenter   Reise, Lutz          
19.  A. B.       Gil Iglesias, Luis          
20.  A. B.       Pousada, Martinez, S.          
21.  A. B        Kreis, Reinhard          
22.  A. B.       Schultz, Ottomar          
23.  A. B        Burzan, G. Ekkehard          
24.  AB.         Schröder, Norbert          
25.  Trainee     Leason, Robin          
26.  Trainee     Henninga, Claus          
27.  Starek.     Preußner, Jörg          
28.  Mot-man     Ipsen, Michael          
29.  Mot-man     Voy, Bernd          
30.  Mot-man     Grafe, Jens          
31.  Mot-man     Hartmann, Ernst-Uwe          
32.  Mot-man     Elsner, Klaus          
33.  Cook        Haubold, Wolfgang          
34.  Cooksmate   Völske, Thomas          
35.  Cooksmate   Siiinski, Frank          
36.  Cooksmate   Möller, Wolfgang          
37.  1. Stwdess  Jürgens, Monika          
38.  Stwdss/KS   Wöckener, Martina          
39.  2. Stwdess  Czyborra, Bärbel          
40.  2. Stwdess  Silinski, Carmen          
41.  2. Stwdess  Neves, Alexandre          
42.  2. Steward  Huang, Wu-Mei          
43.  Laundrym.   Yu, Kwok, Yuen          
44.  Apprentice  Kruse, Lars          
45.  Apprentice  Wanke, Steffen          





ANNEX 5.3  STATION LIST (see data files)






















































 















                                    ARK XVI/2


                               30.07. -26.08.2000
                           Longyearbyen - Bremerhaven









                          FAHRTLEITER/CHIEF SCIENTIST
                                 Ursula Schauer



                            KOORDINATOR/CO-ORDINATOR
                                 Wolfgang Arntz
















CONTENTS


1.    ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF                                         33
      ITINERARY AND SUMMARY                                                    35
      THE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                                            38
2.    EXCHANGES THROUGH FRAM STRAIT                                            38
2.1   THE FLOW THROUGH FRAM STRAIT AND HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN SUMMER 2000  38
2.3   TRANSPORT OF ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES WITH OCEAN CURRENTS, SEA ICE 
      AND PARTICULATE MATTER                                                   41
3.    BENTHIC INVESTIGATIONS AT THE AWI-"HAUSGARTEN"                           44
3.1   QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE SAMPLING OF BENTHIC DEEP SEA COMMUNITIES    44
3.2   SMALL-SCALE DYNAMICS OF BACTERIA AND MEIOFAUNA IN ARCTIC DEEP SEA 
      SEDIMENTS                                                                46
3.3   ORGANIC CARBON FLUX TO THE DEEP SEA-THE RELEVANCE OF LARGE FOOD FALLS    47
3.4   CARBON REMINERALISATION BY THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY                         48
4.    ANALYSIS OF BRYOZOAN COMMUNITIES OF THE NORTHEAST GREENLAND SHELF        49
5.    MICROBIOLOGY                                                             50
6.    MARINE GEOLOGY                                                           50
6.1   SUBBOTTOM PROFILING USING PARASOUND                                      52
6.2   GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING                                                      53
7.    MULTl-DISCIPLINARY SEA-ICE INVESTIGATIONS                                55
7.1.  SEA ICE BIOLOGICAL STUDIES                                               55
7.2   GEOCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF SEA ICE                         59
7.3   ON THE ENERGETICS OF HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS - THE KEY ROLE OF DOMINANT 
      ZOOPLANKTON AND VERTEBRATES FOR THE ENERGY FLUX IN ICE-COVERED POLAR 
      SEAS                                                                     53
8.    ATMOSPHERIC TURBIDITY AT SEA                                             61


ANNEX 1: PARTICIPANTS                                                          64
ANNEX 2: PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES                                              65
ANNEX 3: CREW LIST                                                             66
ANNEX 4: STATION LIST   (see data files)
ANNEX 5: MOORINGS                                                              68



















1.  ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF


Der Fahrtabschnitt ARK XVI/2 führte in den nördlichen Teil des Europäischen 
Nordmeers, in die Framstrasse, für physikalische, biologische und geologische 
Arbeiten und Untersuchungen des Ökosystems Meereis (Abb. 1). Die Arbeiten 
konzentrierten sich auf einen Schnitt entlang 79°N von Spitzbergen bis Grönland, 
auf den Westhang des Yermakplateaus, das Molloytief und ein Gebiet östlich 
davon, das 1999 auf der Polarsternreise ARKXV/1 mil dem ROV (Remote Operating 
Vehicle) "VICTOR 6000" untersucht warden war (Krause, 1999 Cruise Report 
ARRKXV/1, Reports on Polar Research 339, 1999) und seitdem vom AWI als 
sogenannter "Hausgarten" für biologischen Langzeituntersuchungen genutzt wird.

Das Europaische Nordmeer und das Nordpolarmeer stellen ein System von Becken  
dar,  die  miteinander in Austausch stehen; die tiefste Verbindung dafür ist die 
Framstraße Aus dem Atlantik wird warmes, salzreiches Wasser in das Arktische  
Mittelmeer geführt und dart durch Wärmeabgabe und Eisbildung umgewandelt. Die 
umgewandelten Wassermassen werden im Ostgrönlandstrom nach SOden transportiert 
und leisten einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Erneuerung des Tiefenwassers des 
Weltmeeres. Entlang von 79°N wurden auf unserer Reise zum dritten Mal 14 
ozeanographische Langzeitverankerungen ausgetauscht, die dazu dienen, über 
mehrere Jahre kontinuierliche Meßzeitreihen des Wasser-, Wärme- und 
Salzaustausches zwischen dem Nordpolarmeer und dem europäichen Nordmeer zu 
erhalten. Zusätzlich wurden hier in hoher horizontaler Auflösung Temperatur und 
Salzgehalt mil einer CTD-Sonde (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) gemessen. Mil 
Großwasserschopfern wurden an ausgewählten Positionen Proben für die Bestimmung  
des Gehalts und der Zusammensetzung an künstlichen Radionu.kliden genommen, die  
aus Einleitungen und Fallout von europäischen Kernenergieanlagen stammen und die 
so als Spurenstoffe benutzt werden können, um die Ausbreitung von Wassermassen 
zu verfolgen.

Mit zwei neu entwickelten Landersystemen wurden im AWI-"Hausgartengebiet" 
erstmals mehrtägige Respirations- und Köderexperimente auf dem Tiefseeboden der 
Arktis durchgeführt. Die Experimente wurden durch Kastengreifer- und 
Multicorerprofile von der Schelfkante bis in das Molloytief sowie durch 
bodennahe Netzfange ergänzt. Die Rolle von Bryozoen im benthischen Oekosystem 
der Arktis ist weitgehend unbekannt und wurde anhand von Fängen auf dem 
Ostgrönlandschelf untersucht. Geologische Arbeiten dienten der Rekonstruktion 
von paleoklimatischen Parametern und den Umweltbedingungen in der Arktis im 
Spätquartär. Das Yermakplateau bietet durch seine hohe Sedi­ mentationsrate und 
die damit verknüpfte hohe zeitliche Auflösung des Holozäns und des Eem­ 
lnterglazials hervorragende Bedingungen, so daß dart nach vorangehenden 
Parasoundunter­ suchungen mit dem Schwerelot 8 Sedimentkerne von bis zu 1O m 
Länge gezogen werden konnten.

Aul 4 Eisstationen vom Schiff aus wurden biologische Prozesse in und unter dem 
Eis auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen untersucht und die auf 
dem Eis abgelagerten Sedimente beprobt. Mit Hubschraubereinsätzen konnten diese 
Programme durch weitere Eisbohrungen ergänzt werden. Ein mikrobielles Programm 
konzentrierte sich einerseits auf bakterielle Aktivitaten im Meereis und in 
seinen Schmelztumpeln, als auch auf die bakterielle Struktur der arktischen 
Tiefsee und Sedimentoberfläche, die entsprechend durch Wasser- und 
Sedimentproben analysiert wurde. Arktisches Meereis enthalt z.T. große Mengen an 
feinkörnigen Sedimenteinschlüssen aus den nordamerikanischen und sibirischen 
Schelfmeeren, die dart durch turbulente Prozesse während der Eiskristallbildung 
in das Meereis eingebunden werden. Das inkorporierte Material wird aus den 
Schelfmeeren exportiert und trägt somit bedeutend zum Sedimentbudget des 
Nordpolarmeeres und des Nordatlantiks bei. Die Meereissedimente enthalten zum 
Teil deutlich erhöhte Konzentrationen künstlicher Radionuklide, möglicherweise 
aus der Kara­ und Laptevsee. Sedimentproben im Eis wurden gewonnen, um das 
Vorhandensein von Partikeln aus dem Meereis in den Ablationsgebieten der 
Barentssee und der östlichen Framstraße zu untersuchen.

Zur Verbesserung von Strahlungsmodellen muss die regionale Verteilung des 
Absorbtionsspektrums bekannt sein. Die Kenntnis ist besonders in polaren 
Gebieten sehr lückenhaft. Dazu wurden bei geeignetem Wetter die Globalstrahlung 
und die direkte Sonneneinstrahlung vom Peildeck aus gemessen.

Die Reise begann am 30. August 2000 in Longyearbyen auf Spitzbergen (Abb. 1).  
Bei 78° 50'N wurden zunächst 5 Verankerungen aufgenommen. In den folgenden Tagen 
konnten wir am Westhang des Yermakplateaus nördlich von 80°N in weitgehend   
eisfreiem Wasser einen Großteil der geologischen Arbeiten absolvieren, Dennoch 
war die Eisgrenze nahe genug, um auch eine erste Eisstation durchzuführen. In 
der zweiten Wochenhälfte waren beide Lander einsatzbereit und konnten zusammen 
mit drei mit Ködern besetzte Reusen im Hausgarten für zwei Tage ausgesetzt 
werden. Die Lander konnten auf Anhieb wieder geborgen werden, aber die Reusen 
tauchten auch nach mehrfachen Auslbseversuchen nicht wieder auf, obwohl sie am 
Boden einwandfrei geortet werden konnten.

In der zweiten Woche verlierßen wir das Hausartengebiet in Richtung Westen, um 
auf 79° die Aufnahme von Verankerungen und die Hydrographie fortzusetzen und 
eine weitere intensive Eisstation durchzuführen. Ähnlich wie im vergangenen Jahr 
war im Sommer 2000 die Eisbedeckung in der Framstraße gering. Diese Situation 
erlaubte es, die hydrographischen Arbeiten bis weit auf den ostgrönlandischen 
Schelf fortzusetzen; erst bei 14°30'W stießen wir an die Festeisgrenze, die 
natürlich für eine dritte Eisstation genutzt wurde. Die Eiskarte des Norwegian 
Meteorological Institute zeigte auf 79°30'N eine Polynya, die es uns erlaubte, 
nördlich der 1999 auf einer Polarsternreise entdeckten Tobiasinsel bis zum Kap 
Anna Bistrup an der Küste Gronlands vorzudringen. Über die gesamte Schelfbreite 
wurden auf dem Hinweg in engem Abstand CTD-Stationen gefahren und auf dem 
Rückweg 10 Agassiz-Trawls auf der Suche nach Bryozoen genommen, z. Tl. an 
Positionen mit bekannten Vorkommen.

Östlich der Schelfkante arbeiteten wir uns wieder mil Verankerungsarbeiten nach 
Osten vor, bis Anfang der dritten Woche einer der Lander in 5500 m Tiefe im 
Molloy Deep ausgesetzt wurde. Die Zeit bis zu seiner Wiederaufnahme wurde für 
den Versuch genutzt, eine Geologieposition auf 81°30'N anzufahren. Dieser 
Versuch mußte jedoch auf 80°30'N bei 100-prozentiger Eisbedeckung aufgegeben 
werden. Da hier besonders viel Sediment auf und in dem Eis war, wurde die 
Gelegenheit für die letzte mehrstündige Eisstation genutzt. Nachdem wir das Eis 
endgultig verlassen hatten, wurden der Lander im Molloytief geborgen und 
benthologische Arbeiten dort mil Kastengreifer und Multicorer, sowie für 
mikrobiologische Arbeiten mil der Rosette fortgesetzt. Um der Frage nachzugehen, 
inwieweit der Verlust der Reusen auf ein Versagen der akustischen Auslöser 
zurückzuführen war und um gegebenenfalls dem Verlust weiterer Verankerungen 
vorzubeugen, wurde eine Testverankerung mil 6 gleichartigen Auslösern für zwei 
Tage ausgebracht. Zurn Ende der dritten Woche wurden beide Lander ein letztes 
Mal für 48 Stunden im Hausgartengebiet ausgesetzt und durch weitere 
benthologische Arbeiten ergänzt. Auf einer Position mil besonders gunstigen 
Sedimentablagerungen, auf der wir im ersten Teil der Reise ein Schwerelot mit 
10-m-Rohr eingesetzt hatten, versuchten wir mit Erfolg, eine Erweiterung um ein 
paar Meter und damit einige zehntausend Jahre Ablagerungsgeschichte zu erbeuten. 
Bis zur Aufnahme der Lander und der Testverankerung wurden weitere 
ozeanographische Verankerungen auf 78° 50'N im Bereich des 
Westspitzbergenstromes ausgesetzt. Im Kern der nordwärts setzenden Strömung 
wurden mit Grosswasserschöpfern Proben für die Radionuklidmessungen genommen. 
Nach der erfolgreichen Aufnahme der Lander und der Testverankerung ging die 
Arbeit im Hausgarten mil dem Ausbringen einer biologischen Langzeitverankerung 
zu Ende.

Mit dem Auslegen der letzten Langzeitverankerungen vor Spitzbergen schlossen wir 
am 20. August die Forschungsarbeiten ab. Auf dem Heimweg wurden Mitarbeiter des 
Germanischen Lloyds eingeflogen, die in der Nordsee das Abgas von POLARSTERN 
beprobten. POLARSTERN kehrte am 26. August nach Bremerhaven zurück. Tabelle 1 
gibt eine Übersicht über die durchgeführten Arbeiten.


Tabelle 1/Table 1

List of Station work

                 11  Agassiz Trawls
                  5  Epibenthos sledges
                  3  deployments of food falls
                  5  deployments and recoveries of landers
                 13  Box cores
                 15  Multi-cores
                  4  Ice stations
                  2  Rectangular Midwater Trawls
                 11  Multi-nets
                  2  Bongo nets
                 12  moorings recovered
                 16  moorings deployed
                 67  CTD stations
                  3  Gerard Bottle stations
                  8  gravity cores


ITINERARY AND SUMMARY

The "POLARSTERN-cruise ARK XVI/2 took place in Fram Strait in the northern part 
of the Nordic Seas (Fig. 1) to carry out physical and biological oceanography 
investigations as well as geological work and studies of the sea ice ecosystem. 
Work was done along a section at about 79°N between Spitsbergen and Greenland, 
at the western slope of the Yermak Plateau, in the Molloy Deep-and at a site 
east of Molloy Deep which had been investigated extensively with the ROV (Remote 
Operating Vehicle) "VICTOR 6000" during ARKXV/1 in 1999 (Krause, 1999) and which 
is used as "AWI­ Hausgarten" since then.

The Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and 
the Nordic Seas.  Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean is 
thought to be of major influence on convection in the Nordic Seas and further 
south, the transport of warm and saline Atlantic water significantly affects the 
water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean and therefore possibly influences 
also ice and atmosphere. Since 1997, velocity and hydrography measurements were 
carried out to estimate heat and salt fluxes through the strait as well as 
fluxes of dissolved substances, and in combination with a regional model, to 
investigate the nature and origin of the transport fluctuations on seasonal to 
decadal time scales. During our cruise, for the 4th time 14 oceanographic 
moorings were exchanged. In addition, temperature and salinity were measured 
with a CTD-system in high horizontal resolution, sometimes in combination with 
taking water samples for the determination of radionuclide contents or 
microbiological studies. Enhanced values of several radionuclides in Fram Strait 
result from release and fallout from European nuclear power plants.  They can be 
used to trace the spreading of water masses to which they were imprinted. To 
measure the contents, large volumes had to be sampled at selected key areas like 
the cores of the West Spitsbergen current, the East Greenland Current and the 
return flow of Atlantic Water in central Fram Strait.

Two newly developed Lander systems were used for the first time for respiration 
and food fall experiments at the deep sea bottom in the "AWI-Hausgarten". To 
investigate the influence of water depth on benthic life, the experiments were 
comprehended through box core and Multicorer samples as well as net hauls close 
to the bottom along a line from the shelf edge off Spitsbergen down to the 
Molloy Deep. The role of bryozoans in the Arctic benthic ecosystem is largely 
unknown. It was investigated along samples taken with the Agassiz trawl at the 
east Greenland Shelf. Geological work was aimed to allow reconstruction of the 
sea-ice cover, paleoproductivity and paleocurrents in the late Quarternary 
Arctic. Due to its high sedimentation rate and the related high temporal 
resolution, the Yermak Plateau is extremely well suited to obtain records of the 
Holocene and the Eemian interglacial. Supported by extensive parasound surveys, 
8 sediment cores of up to 10 m length have been taken.

The multiyear ice of the Arctic Ocean constitutes a very specific ecosystem. The 
biological investigations addressed the qualitative and quantitative description 
of the community within and below the sea ice. During 4 ship based ice stations, 
in a multidisciplinary approach the organism biomass and abundance in different 
size classes were studied in relation to physical and chemical conditions. A 
number of additional ice flows could be investigated with the help of 
helicopters. Bacteria are the dominating heterotrophic component in the sea ice 
of polar systems. Samples of ice and under ice water were taken to give insights 
into which bacterial species are specific for the sympagic system and which 
physiological performances and processes are characteristic.

Arctic sea ice widely contains fine-grained sediments which are entrained into 
newly forming ice through turbulent processes like suspension freezing in the 
Canadian and Siberian shelf seas. The incorporated material is exported from the 
shelf seas thereby contributing significantly to the sedimentary budget of the 
Arctic Ocean and the Northern European Atlantic. The occurrence of sea ice 
sediments in the ablation areas of the Fram Strait was studied with regard to 
their biological impact and their content of radionuclides. Thereby, the 
radionuclide concentration of sea ice- and bottom sediments will be used to 
identify potential source regions and to trace transport pathways of ice.
To improve radiation models, knowledge of the regional distribution of 
absorbtion spectra is necessary. This knowledge is especially poor in polar 
seas. Therefore, at appropriate weather conditions, the global radiation and the 
direct solar radiation was measured.

The cruise started at 30 August in Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Fig. 1). The first 
operation was the recovery of 5 oceanographic moorings at 78°50'N. Ice-free 
waters north of 80°N at the western slope of the Yermak Plateau allowed us to 
carry out most of the geological program.  On the other hand, the ice edge was 
close enough to have a first ice station of more than 10 hours. In the second 
half of the week, the two lander systems were ready to be deployed in the 
"Hausgarten", together with three food falls. After two days, the landers could 
be recovered whereas the food falls did not emerge although we had no problems 
to locate them acoustically at the sea bottom.

In the second week, we left the "Hausgarten" area towards west and continued the 
recovery of oceanographic moorings and hydrographic stations.  Reaching the ice 
edge at 4°W was the occasion for a second, long ice station. Similarly, as in 
the previous year, the ice coverage was low in summer 2000. This situation 
enabled us to extend our hydrographic section along 79°N onto the East Greenland 
shelf; only at 14°30'W, we met the fast ice border and had a third ice station. 
Ice charts from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute showed a polynya at 
79°30'N which allowed us to reach the Greenland coast at Cape Anna Bistrup north 
of the small Tobias Island which was discovered only one year ago during a 
POLARSTERN cruise. All across the shelf width, closely spaced CTD stations were 
taken, and on the way back towards east, 10 Agassiz trawls were taken searching 
for bryozoans. East of the shelf edge, we continued recovering and redeploying 
moorings, until at the beginning of the third week one of the landers was ready 
for deployment in the Molloy Deep at 5500 m water depth. While it was sitting at 
the sea floor, we tried to reach a position for sediment coring at 81°30'N. Due 
to 100% ice coverage already at 80°30'N, we had to give up. Since at the point 
of return the ice was particularly heavy covered with sediment, it was the right 
occasion for the last ice station. Having left the ice finally, the lander in 
the Molloy Deep was recovered successfully. Box core, Multicorer and Rosette 
samples were taken around that location.

To check whether or not the loss of the food falls was due to systematic failure 
of the used acoustic releaser type, a test mooring with 6 releasers was moored 
for several days. At the end of the third week, both landers were deployed for 
the last time. One geological position taken in the first week had proven to be 
very suitable for long cores and we tried here to obtain core longer than 10 m. 
We gained a couple of decimetres more than the previous core, valid a 
considerable extension of the paleorecord. Before recovering the landers and the 
test mooring, more mooring work could be done in the West Spitsbergen Current. 
In its core, large volume samples were taken with Gerard Bottles for the 
radionuclide program. The landers and the test mooring emerged without problems 
and the work in the "Hausgarten" was finished with the deployment of a 
biological long-term mooring.

At 20 August, the field work of the cruise was terminated with the deployment of 
the last oceanographic moorings. On the way home, a team of technicians of the 
Germanischer Lloyd were brought onboard who carried out tests on the exhaust of 
POLARSTERN in the North Sea. POLARSTERN returned to Bremerhaven on 26 August.

See Table 1 for an overview of the station work.

Krause, G., (Ed.), 1999, Die Expedition ARKTIS XV/1, Reports on Polar Research, 
    339, Bremerhaven, 1999.




THE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Behr


Fig. 3: Histogramm of wind direction





2.  EXCHANGES THROUGH FRAM STRAIT

2.1  THE FLOW THROUGH FRAM STRAIT AND HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN SUMMER 2000

     (Eriksson, Fossan, Kruse, Langreder, Richter, Schauer, Schütt, Werft, 
     Witte)


Exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean result in the most 
dramatic water mass conversions in the World Ocean: warm and saline Atlantic 
waters, flowing through the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean, are modified by 
cooling, freezing and melting to become shallow fresh waters, ice and saline 
deep waters. The outflow from the Nordic Seas to the south provides the initial 
driviflg of the global thermohaline circulation cell. Knowledge of these fluxes 
and understanding of the modification processes is a major prerequisite for the 
quantification of the rate of overturning within the large circulation cells of 
the Arctic and the Atlantic Oceans, and is also a basic requirement for 
understanding the role of these ocean areas in climate variability on 
interannual to decadal scales.

The Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and 
the Nordic Seas. Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean is 
thought to be of major influence on convection in the Nordic Seas and further 
south, the transport of warm and saline Atlantic water significantly affects the 
water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean and therefore possibly 
influenc•es also ice and atmosphere. Since 1997, velocity and hydrography 
measurements are carried out in Fram Strait with the aim to estimate mass, heat 
and salt fluxes through the slrait as well as fluxes of dissolved substances; 
until July 2000 this was done in the framework of the European Union project 
"VEINS" (Variability of Exchanges in Northern Seas). In combination with 
regional models, the results will be used to investigate the nature and origin 
of the transport fluctuations on seasonal to decadal time scales.

The complicated topographic structure of the Fram Strait leads to a splitting of 
the West Spitsbergen Current carrying Atlantic Water northward into at least 
three parts. One part follows the shelf edge and enters the Arctic Ocean north 
of Svalbard. This part has to cross the Yermak Plateau which poses a sill for 
the flow with a depth of approximately 700 m. A second branch flows northward 
along the north­ western slope of the Yermak Plateau and the third part 
recirculates immediately in Fram Strait at about 79°N. Evidently, the size and 
strength of the different branches largely determine the input of oceanic heat 
to the inner Arctic Ocean. The East Greenland Current, carrying water from the 
Arctic Ocean southwards has a concentrated core above the continental slope. 
Therefore, our mooring array is designed to cover the deep part of the Fram 
Strait from the eastern to the western shelf edge. The hydrographic work, 
however, was always extended as far onto the East Greenland shelf as the ice 
allowed.


Work at Sea

To measure time series of the current, temperature and salinity field between 
East Greenland and West Spitsbergen, in summer 1999, 11 moorings have been 
deployed across Fram Strait at 79°N, in water depths between 200 m and 2600 m 
(Appendix 5). All moorings were equipped with two acoustic releasers; however, 
all releasers responded at the first trial and all moorings were recovered 
successfully. The records provide the third set of year-long time series after 
similar arrays were moored from 1997 to 1999. Evaluation of the data sets from 
the first years have proved the necessity of high horizontal coverage in the 
central Fram Strait to capture the western extent of the West Spitsbergen 
Current which is highly variable in its position, and to cover the the return 
flow. Therefore, moorings were deployed for another year at 14 instead of only 
11 locations.

The instrumentation of the moorings remained the same as in the previous years 
with only minor exceptions (Appendix 5). For a sufficient vertical resolution, 
each mooring carried 3 to 7 instruments like current meters from Aanderaa and 
FSI, acoustic current profilers from ROI and Aanderaa, Seacats and Microcats 
from Seabird, Upward Looking Sonars from APL and CMR. Temperatures and 
salinities were measured together with the currents, to allow derivation of the 
heat and salt transports.

Hydrographic stations were conducted along the mooring line to supply 
temperature and salinity at a much higher spatial resolution than given through 
the moorings. The section was continued westward beyond the shelf edge (Fig. 
Station map) and, because of favourable ice conditions, could be extended up to 
the East Greenland coast.

We used a Seabird Electronics SBE9plus probe for the hydrographic measurements. 
Due to technical problems, the system and its components had to be changed 
various times during the cruise (Table, 2.1). The following systems and 
components have been used: Seabird Electronics SBE9plus probes: SN 09P16392-0485 
and SN 09P7396-0287 with standard conductivity, temperature and pressure 
sensors, SN 03P2417 and SN 03P2423 for temperature, SN 042055 and SN 042078 for 
conductivity and SN 51197, SN 68997 for pressure, and in addition a Wetlabs 
light transmissiometer, SN CST-267 DR. The CTD was used in combination with a 
SBE32 Carousel Water Sampler, SN 3217673-0202, which operated 24 12-liter Ocean-
Test-Equipment bottles. For determining the distance to the bottom, a mechanical 
bottom contact with a weight tied to a rope was used which allowed all profiles 
to reach the bottom within 1O m above the sea floor.

The temperature and conductivity sensors were calibrated by the manufacturer 
immediately before and after the cruise. According to the manufacturer, the 
sensor accuracy is about 1dbar for the pressure sensor, 0.001 C for the 
temperature sensor and 0.003mS/cm for the conductivity sensor. In addition to 
the lab calibration, salinity values derived from the CTD measurements were 
calibrated with the aid of water samples. During the cruise a total number of 
571 samples were analysed with a Guildline Autosal 8400A salinometer, and IAPSO 
standard seawater Batch number P136, K15=0.99996. Although it was difficult to 
achieve stable temperature conditions for the salinometer, preliminary 
comparisons between sensor and bottle data indicated that the conductivity 
sensor measured 0.002-0.003 mS/cm too much values. As a check that the bottles 
were fired at the right depths, SIS Kiel electronic thermometers and pressure 
meters were mounted on 3 of the bottles, and their readings were recorded after 
each cast.


Preliminary results of the CTD survey in the Fram Strait

With the section between Svalbard and Greenland along 79°N the fourth high-
resolution survey in a year to year sequence was performed (Fig. T and S 
section). The Atlantic Water in the West Spitsbergen Current showed similar 
enhanced values as it did in summer 1999 and warm water penetrated even further 
to the east.


Table 2.1: Modification of the CTD system during the cruise
                                          
                  Pres-                       Con-                 Alti-
Stn  Depth  Cast  sure     DeckUnit    Tempe- duc-                 meter   
     (CTD)        sen-                 rature tvt.  Pump   *.con   at-    Quality of cast/remarks
                  sor                  sen-   sen-                 tach-
                                       sor    sor                  ed
———  —————  ————  —————  ————————————— —————— ————  ————  ———————  —————  —————————————————————————————————————————————
146    251    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2055  1954  ark1621    X    spikes
147    771    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2055  1954  ark1621    X    spikes
148   1019    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2055  1954  ark1621    X    great difference upcast and  downcast
149           1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2055  1954  ark1621    X    great difference upcast and  downcast  
150   1973    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2055  1954  ark1621    X    great difference upcast and  downcast
155   1236    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2055  1954  ark1621    X    great difference upcast and downcast
166   1470    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1622    X    great difference upcast and  downcast
168           1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  2253  ark1622         great difference upcast and downcast
173   2310    1   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  2253  ark1622         great difference upcast and downcast
173    500    2   68997  11P16392 0457  2417  2078  2253  ark1622         great difference upcast and downcast
173    152    3   68997  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  2253  ark1622         great difference upcast and  downcast
174   2638    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  2253  ark1623         great difference upcast and  downcast
176   2812    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2078  2253  ark1624         spikes + great difference upcast and downcast 
181   3370    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2078  2253  ark1624         pump went off at 2300 m
181   3370    2   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2078  2253  ark1624         deck unit turned off when CTD at bottom
182   3766    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2078  1954  ark1624         pump off at 2700 m
183   2460    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2078  1954  ark1624         pump off at 2245 m/Cable exchange of Cond.
                                                                          Sensor
187   2292    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
190   2382    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625         spikes 
192   2363    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2078  1954  ark1626         small spikes 
193   2094    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2078  1954  ark1626         small spikes 
194   1424    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2078  1954  ark1626         small spikes 
195   1880    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2078  1954  ark1626         small deviations
198    780    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
199    430    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
200    288    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
201    263    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
202    965    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
204    253    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
205    237    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
207    179    1   51197  11P16392 0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625
208    201    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625         CTD at bottom without alarm, sensors not dirty  
209    144    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
210    240    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
211    208    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
212    242    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625          
213    293    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
214    300    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
215    131    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
216    238    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
217    183    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625         CTD at bottom without alarm, sensors not dirtv  
218    145    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625          
219    184    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
221    155    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
222     91    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625         CTD at bottom without alarm, sensors not dirtv  
223     65    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
224    116    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
225    172    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
226    151    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
229     90    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
230     90    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
231     59    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
232     38    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
233    142    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
234    237    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
235    214    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
236    286    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2423  2055  1954  ark1625        
238    105    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627         test CTD  
245   2538    1   51197  11P8656-0311   2417  2078  1954  ark1627         deck unit changed (11P8656-0311), profile as 
                                                                          before  
251   5532    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627         switched back to former deck unit  
260   1020    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
261    784    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
262    237    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
264    503    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
264     20    2   51197  11P16392 0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
266    994    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
279    994    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627        
280    994    1   51197  11P16392-0457  2417  2078  1954  ark1627  



2.3  TRANSPORT OF ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES WITH OCEAN CURRENTS, SEA ICE AND    
     PARTICULATE MATTER

     (Gerland, Grøttheim)


Background

Several sources have contributed to radioactive contamination of the Arctic 
marine environment. According to present knowledge, the dominating sources are 
global fallout from previous atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, discharges from 
European nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (France), 
and fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident (Ukraine). The atmospheric 
nuclear bomb tests, mainly conducted during the 1950ies and 1960ies, resulted in 
an injection of radioactive debris into the atmosphere, which subsequently 
deposited onto the ocean surface through global fallout. Global fallout has 
contributed to a quite uniform distribution of radionuclides in the surface 
mixed layers of the oceans. In contrast to this, the continuously, but 
fluctuating discharges from Sellafield of low level liquid effluents into the 
Irish Sea, transported to the Arctic with ocean currents, have created a more 
variable radionuclide distribution of the oceans. Parts of the Baltic and 
adjacent areas were heavily contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl accident 
in 1986. Currently, Chernobyl-derived radionuclides originate from the out-
flowing surface water from the Baltic Sea, and are transported with the 
Norwegian Coastal Current to the Arctic. Therefore, the contribution of 
Chernobyl-derived radioactivity to the Arctic marine environment depends on the 
extent of annual river run-off and outflow from the Baltic. Other possible 
sources to radioactive contamination in the Arctic are nuclear installations on 
the Kola peninsula and in the tributaries of the Russian rivers Ob and Yenisey, 
handling and storage of spent nuclear fuel, and dumped radioactive waste in the 
Kara Sea. Radionuclides from these sources might be transported downstream into 
the Kara sea and subsequently across the Arctic Ocean, to the Fram Strait and 
the North Atlantic by ocean currents and sea ice.

Sampling

By sampling during ARK XVI-2, we aimed to study the contemporary transport of 
artificial radionuclides with ocean currents, sea ice and sediments from and 
into the Arctic Ocean by the East­ Greenland Current (EGG) and West Spitsbergen 
Current (WSC) in the eastern part of the Fram Strait. All sampling sites for the 
NRPA are shown in Fig. 2.3.1.

Sea water

Our aim was to sample water for the measurement of both conservative and 
particle-reactive radionuclides in the water column on a sufficient number of 
stations along the 79°N latitude section.

Seawater was collected at 12 stations (149, 150, 155, 173, 174, 175, 192, 197, 
245, 264, 266, and one location in the North Sea) using both large water 
samplers (Gerard-Ewing design, GWS) and a CTD sampler rosette: The maximum 
volume of water that was taken included 50-100 litres for determination of the 
conservative tracers technetium (99Tc) and iodine (1291) respectively, 200 
litres for radiocaesium (137Cs + 134Cs) determination and 200 litres for 
determination of radioactive isotopes of the particle reactive element plutonium 
(Pu) were collected. A complete sampling was realized at Station 197 and 
264/266. In addition to this, 200 litres seawater samples were collected for 
strontium (90Sr) determination at Station 264 in the WSC. At most of the water 
sampling stations, water was collected at four different depths, usually 
surface, subsurface, deep and bottom water.

At Station 173 and 174, water was collected for Apparent Nitrate Utilization 
(ANU) and oxygen isotopes (d180) determination (100 ml per sample), using the 
CTD sampler rosette. ANU is a tracer that is useful for identifying flow 
patterns of water masses of different origin.

Sea ice

Melted sea-ice cores, water from melt ponds, water drawn from below the ice and 
sediment obtained from ice floes can give us indications on ice-transported 
radionuclides reaching the Fram Strait. In order to study this transport 
mechanism, samples of multi-year sea ice were collected on all four large ice 
stations. Depending on the ice thickness, we retrieved in total between 15 and 
20 complete ice cores (4" corer) per station, resulting in at least 200 litres 
of melted ice water. At ice station 2 and 3, water was collected from melt ponds 
(200 litres each), and at ice station 2, 3 and 4, sea water was obtained through 
drill holes from beneath the ice. At ice station 4 it was also possible to take 
sediment samples from the ice surface. 11 further sediment samples from "dirty" 
ice were obtained with the help of the helicopter from floes in the local area 
around RV POLARSTERN. All ice cores for radionuclide measurements were melted 
onboard RV POLARSTERN. The sediments from sea-ice surfaces will be analysed 
using the methodologies adopted for seafloor sediments (alpha and gamma 
spectrometry measurements). Basic sea-ice parameters (e.g., salinity, 
temperature) were measured by collaborating groups.

Sediments

The marine sediments in the Fram Strait contain significant amounts of ice-
transported components, originating from multi-year sea ice that melts when 
reaching warmer areas. Seafloor sediments can provide a valuable record of 
historically events of radioactive contamination. Non-conservative radionuclides 
might be removed from the water-column as a result of adsorption to sinking 
particles or by uptake by phytoplankton. In this way, they become a part of the 
biological cycle, and are transferred to sediments by sinking detritus. In total 
11 sediment cores from five different locations were collected (upper 20 cm) 
using box- (GKG) and multi corers (MUC, Stations 151, 157, 175, 197, 227, and 
254). The seafloor sediments were usually collected at the same or nearby 
locations as those for seawater. One additional sediment sample was obtained at 
Station 263. The sediments will be subsequently analysed for alpha- (plutonium 
and americium isotopes) and gamma-emitters at the NRPA's laboratory in Norway. 
Sedimentological parameters such as sedimentation rates by means of 
radiochronological dating, and grain-size distributions will be determined as 
well.

Further sampling and measurements

On two of the four large ice stations (3 and 4), CTD profiles were measured 
through boreholes using a handheld conductivity meter with additional 
temperature sensor. The profile length was limited to 20 m by the cable length. 
These profiles should be insignificantly disturbed compared with near-surface 
profiles measured from RV POLARSTERN.

On eight stations fish samples were obtained from Agassiz trawls (AGT). These 
fish samples were frozen and will be analysed by gamma spectrometry.

Sample processing and measurements

The seafloor-sediment cores were sliced into 1-cm layers and stored in plastic 
tins at +4°C for later alpha and gamma measurements. Sediments from sea ice were 
sealed in plastic bags and stored in the same way as the seafloor sediments. 
Seawater collected for determination of the conservative radionuclides (99Tc and 
129I) was stored aboard in 25 litre plastic cans without any pre-treatment. For 
radiocaesium determination, seawater was pumped into a filtration rig containing 
caesium-sorbent filters. On these filters, the radionuclide measurements will be 
made. Sea water from Station 173 and 266 and from melted sea ice (ice stations 3 
and 4) was already on board filtered through the caesium rig. Seawater collected 
for Pu determination was partly pre-treated involving precipitation and 
subsequently reduction of sampling volume from 200 to 10 litres (two stations 
with four samples each). Selected water samples for Pu measurements were 
additionally filtered (0.45 _m) in advance, in order to separate those 
radionuclides connected to particles and those that are in solution.

When the sample treatment and radionuclide concentration measurements on water 
and sediments are finished we plan to link our data with background data from 
same stations (e.g., oceanography, sea ice physics and biology) and integrated 
within a GIS database.


Fig. 2.3.1: Sampling locations for the NRPA group during ARK XVI-2.



3.  BENTHIC INVESTIGATIONS AT THE AWI-"HAUSGARTEN"


In 1999, the project group "Deep sea gradients" decided to focus its 
multidisciplinary research efforts on causes and effects of gradients in the 
deep sea at a long-term benthic deep sea station, internally called AWI-
"Hausgarten". This site is located west off Svalbard at 79' N and about 4° W at 
2500 m water depth. Following the last years cruise where video/photograph 
surveys and sampling of surface sediment cores was carried out with the French 
Remotely Operated Vehicle "VICTOR 6000" during the present expedition gears such 
as Agassiztrawl (AGT), Epibenthic sledge (EBS), giant box corer (GKG) and 
Multicorer (MUC) were used. However, other instruments used included two free 
falling lander systems prepared for detailed in situ studies. One system was 
equipped with a preprogrammed respirometer, the other one with a time-lapse 
camera, current meter and a scanning sonar system (for details of both systems 
see text below). At the end of the cruise a sediment trap mooring with two traps 
and one current meter was deployed and programmed for one year.

During the cruise one station was sampled using the Agassiztrawl, five stations 
by means of the Epibenthic sled and a total of 9 giant box corers and 16 MUC 
stations were sampled (see Figure 3.1.1). Four of the giant box corers were 
taken in the centre of the long-term station whereas the others were taken along 
a depth gradient from 500 m down to about 3000 m.


Fig. 3.1.: Map of the locations where GKG (crosses) and MUC (triangles) were  
           taken.



3.1  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE SAMPLING OF BENTHIC DEEP SEA COMMUNITIES

     (M. Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M. Klages)

As a part of a joint research project between AWI and IOPAS part of our 
quantitative sampling during this study was aimed to extent the range of 
faunistic surveys carried out in Kongsfjorden during the last 4 years. The 
material collected in 1997-1999 served to study the changes in benthic fauna 
along the inner-outer fjord transect in Kongsfjorden. The present study aimed to 
follow the changes along the depth gradient from shelf out of Kongsfjorden, 
along the slope, down to abyssal plain. The study will focus on meio-and 
macrofauna with regard to its:

• taxonomic composition, faunistic communities,
• biodiversity (both species- and dominance components of diversity), 
• total abundance and biomass,
• feeding and mobility types.

The granulometric composition, chlorophyll-a, TOC, TON content in sediments will 
be analysed as well to provide information on environmental conditions in the 
habitats studied.

The sampling has been carried out both by R/V "Polarstern" and by the polish 
ship "Oceania". R/V "Oceania" has sampled the sediments down to 400 m using van 
Veen grab (0.1 m2) at the end of July. The work on board of "Polarstern" 
comprised sampling on depths from 500 to 4000 m, using box corer and multicorer. 
The samples from box-corers were subsampled for:

• 2 subsamples taken by inserted boxes of 0.1 m2 for macrofauna,
• 3 subsamples of upper 5 cm of sediment for meiofauna,
• 1 subsample of upper 5 cm of sediment for granulometric analysis,
• 2 subsamples of upper 2 cm of sediment for CHN and chlorophyll a content 
    analysis. 

The samples obtained from multicorer included two cores:

• one core for macrofauna,
• one core subsampled for meiofauna and sediment analysis as described above.

The samples for quantitative macrofauna analysis have been sieved over 500 µm 
mesh size. Macrofauna and meiofauna samples were preserved in 4% buffered 
formaline. Sediment samples were frozen at -20°C. All the analysis will be 
performed in the home lab.

The EBS was used with nets of 500 µm mesh size in the epi-net and 300 µm in the 
upper supra-net. The material collected was fixed with 4% buffered formaline 
immediately after recovery of the system. At all stations sampled (water depths 
between 2285 and 2455 m) we found unexpected high numbers of calanoid copepods 
(Ca/anus hyperboreus) in the upper supra-net, however, in lower numbers also in 
the epi-net. Although the closing mechanism of the sled worked properly we 
decided onboard to verify whether C. hyperboreus occurs in similar abundances in 
the water column or not by using the multinet at a location close to one of the 
last EBS stations (station 259). Starting the multinet at 2250 m (water depth 
2366 m) there were few individuals in the water column but with increasing 
numbers at greater depths confirming the results of the EBS. For further details 
see chapter 7.3 (Holger Auel). In general, the material collected with the EBS 
indicates that there is a diverse fauna of motile invertebrates close to tile 
seafloor. The most obvious elements among these rather small individuals are 
peracarid crustaceans such as amphipods, isopods, mysids and cumaceans. At all 
stations also several specimens of natant decapods were collected. At two 
stations (nos. 151 and 255) at 2430 and 2295 m water depth, respectively, single 
specimen of adult eelpout (most likely Lycodes frigidus) were collected with the 
supranet.

Due to the bow wave produced by the sled while trawling there were also sessile 
organisms collected with the EBS. Together with the single AGT sample taken in 
the house-garden area we now have material at hand to identify the most common 
and obvious species which were recorded on videotape while operating the ROV 
"VICTOR 6000" in 1999 there.



3.2  SMALL-SCALE DYNAMICS OF BACTERIA AND MEIOFAUNA IN ARCTIC DEEP SEA 
     SEDIMENTS

     (C. Hasemann, N. Queric, T. Soltwedel)

Topographic-geochemical features are connected with the varying occurrence of 
megafaunal populations, which in turn play an important role in the distribution 
of nano- and meiofauna. The Molloy Deep - as an example for deep isolated areas 
- shows a complete different faunal distribution compared to the so-called AWI-
"Hausgarten"; the benthos of the Molloy Deep is dominated by holothurians, which 
produce tracks, feeding traces and faeces. The sediment there is characterized 
by small grain sizes. the area of the "Hausgarten" shows a wide range of 
biologically produced habitat structures. There are different bioturbating 
species creating tubes, burrows, sea mounds and other biogenic structures.

We hypothesize that the distribution as well as the activity of small benthic 
organisms are corresponding to the topographic and biochemical features of deep 
sea sediment systems in terms of depth. Benthic microbial processes are 
suspected to be directly connected to the occurrence of meio­ and macrofaunal 
organisms.

Sampling was performed by using a multicorer sampling system allowing the 
investigation of an undisturbed sediment surface. The observation and sampling 
program was adjusted to the requirements of the entire cruise schedule. The 
sampling program for the cruise ARK XVI/2 was divided into two main topics of 
large-scale heterogeneity; for the questioning of depth-related distribution 
patterns of benthic meio- and nanofauna we followed a 500m-step transect. The 
two main sampling areas, Molloy Deep and the so called "Hausgarten" were 
positioned in the course of the transect. A total of 13 stations on the transect 
were sampled within this project. Subsamples for faunistic investigations and 
for biochemical analyses were taken using 1 ml, 5 ml and 20 ml syringes with cut 
off ends. Sub­samples were sectioned horizontally in 1 cm-layers and analyzed 
separately to investigate gradients within the sediment column.

The parameters which are suspected to follow a gradient were mainly abundance, 
diversity and activity of bacteria and meiofauna, as well as the biogenic 
sediment composition. Bacterial production was measured via labeled /eucine 
incorporation. To evaluate microbial exoenzymatic activities, esterase turnover 
rates were determined with the fluorogenic substrates fluorescein-di-acetate 
(FDA). Sediment samples were preserved for later investigations in the home 
laboratory. There sediment­ bound chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE) will 
be determined to quantify organic matter input from primary production. Analyses 
of phospholipids and proteins will contribute to the assessment of living 
organisms and the proportion of detrital organic matter in the sediments.

Preliminary results show a trend of decreasing benthic microbial activity in 
dependence of the increasing depth in terms of water column as well as sediment 
column at centimeter scale.



3.3  ORGANIC CARBON FLUX TO THE DEEP SEA-THE RELEVANCE OF LARGE FOOD FALLS

     (M. Klages, C. Arndt, S. Muyakshin, K. Premke, F. Robert, J. Wegner)

With the finding of rapid sinking of phytodetritus to the deep sea several years 
ago it became obvious that this remote ecosystem is much stronger coupled to 
processes occurring at the oceans surface than formerly assumed. Some 
experiments with baited traps carried out in the past revealed that there exists 
a highly motile and efficient scavenging community even at the greatest depth of 
the world ocean. However, the relevance and significance of natural food falls 
for organic carbon flux is rather unknown. There is no data available about the 
amount of organic carbon reaching the seafloor by means of carcasses either of 
invertebrates or vertebrates. There are several assumptions about food finding 
strategies in scavenging amphipods which belong to the most efficient deep sea 
scavengers.  In our approach, we used one of the free falling landers as a 
platform for a time-lapse camera able to take about 800 still photographs at 
preprogrammed time intervals while deployed. Additionally, we used a scanning 
sonar head at a transmitting frequency of 675 KHz allowing us the detection of 
particles and organisms larger than 1 cm at maximum distances of about 50 m in 
all directions. This sonar system is a prototype of which only the sonar head is 
commercially available, all the other electronics, soft- and hardware was 
developed by us. In order to get additional information on bottom current speed 
and direction a current meter was attached to the lander at 2.5 m height above 
the seafloor. At one m distance to the camera a metal frame was attached 
carrying the bait (thawed salmon heads and several individuals of cod). The 
whole system in its final configuration is illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1, also 
showing the position of floaters, acoustic releasers, flash light and radio 
transmitter.


Fig. 3.3.1: Picture of the time-lapse camera and sonar head lander short before
            deployment.


The lander was deployed two times at locations in the area of the long-term 
station at water depths of about 2300 m (station 169 and 258). During the first 
mission the lander was deployed for about 64 hours during the second mission for 
about 31 hours. The current meter data shows that current speed 2.5 m above the 
seafloor varies between 1.5 to 18 cm s-1 (see Figure 3.3.2) obviously reflecting 
tidal cycles.


Fig. 3.3.2: Current speed measured at 10 min. intervals approx. 2.5 m above 
             seafloor during Lander deployment at station 169.

 
About 70 individuals of the scavenging lysianassoid amphipod Eurythenes gryllus 
were still clinging at the bait at the end of the first lander mission. After 
the second mission additional live individuals of E. gryllus were collected. As 
during the first deployment the bait was totally consumed and only the skeleton 
of fishes remained (see Figure 3.3.3). All amphipods were in good physical 
condition and immediately transferred into aquaria inside a cool-container. Two 
weeks later they were still alive so that we should keep them alive for further 
detailed experiments at the AWI with regard to behaviour, physiology, food 
finding capabilities and biochemistry.


Fig. 3.3.3: Result of a 31 hours deployment of fish bait at 2340 m water depth 
            indicating rapid utilization of large food falls by gammaridean 
            amphipods (a: salmon heads before deployment, b: skeleton remains 
            after lander retrieval).



3.4  CARBON REMINERALISATION BY THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY

     (Soltwedel, Sablotny)

The seafloor plays an important role in the regulation of the chemical 
composition of the world's oceans. The seabed inhabits a great variety of 
organisms, and thus constitutes a distinct stratum for various biological 
processes. The conventional approach to study these processes is to collect 
sediment samples from the seafloor, bring them up to the surface and to carry 
out chemical analyses in the ship's laboratories. However, such an approach will 
lead to biased results because artefacts are induced when the samples (i.e. the 
organisms) are subjected to large changes in hydrostatic pressure and 
temperature during recovery. Therefore, to obtain accurate data from the seabed, 
it's preferable to carry out experiments and measurements directly at the 
seafloor.

To assess and quantify the role of the benthos in the recycling of carbon, 
measurements of in situ oxygen consumption at the seafloor were performed using 
a freefalling system (Fig. 3.4.1). The bottom-lander consists of a tripod metal 
frame holding a working platform carrying 2 grab respirometers. Each grabs 
encloses 4-5000 cm_ of sediment and approx. 4-5 litres of water. The decrease of 
dissolved oxygen in the overlaying water is registered by polarographic oxygen 
sensors. A water sampling device attached to each grab allowed to sample the 
sediment overlaying waters at programmed periods of time. Soon after recovery of 
the instrument, the water samples were analysed chemically for oxygen 
concentrations (Winkler titration) for comparison with sensor readings. 
Sediments enclosed by the incubation chambers were subsampled for bacterial 
numbers, faunal components and various biochemical parameters indicating organic 
matter input to the seafloor, benthic activity and total biomass of sediment-
inhabiting organisms.

A total of 3 bottom-lander deployments were performed during the expedition: two 
deployments at the AWI-"Hausgarten", a long-term station west of Spitsbergen 
(2500m water depth), and another deployment in the nearby Molloy Deep, the 
deepest depression of the Arctic Ocean (5500m water depth). Incubation times 
varied between 32 and 36 hours. A first glance at the data revealed 3-4 times 
higher respiration rates at AWI-"Hausgarten" compared to the Molloy Deep.


Fig. 3.4.1: Deployment of the freefalling grab respirometer




4.  ANALYSIS OF BRYOZOAN COMMUNITIES OF THE NORTHEAST GREENLAND SHELF

    (Bader)


Objectives

Bryozoans on subarctic shelves show a clear depth zonation controlled by 
substrate and hydrography. But in contrast to their systematics, the role of 
bryozoans in the Arctic benthic ecosystem is largely unknown. Also on the north-
east Greenland shelf, the Belgica Bank, a depth zonation of the bottom species 
assemblage has been described, but bryozoans were not included in this 
investigation. So, the main purpose of this work is the study of bryozoan 
communities with regard to their distribution, density and structure. 
Investigations on the structural potential of bryozoan communities in forming 
different habitats and on the special settlement strategies and succession of 
bryozoans in bryozoan dominated benthos communities should evaluate the 
structure and history of these communities.

Work at sea

Bryozoans were collected, together with other benthic organisms in general, by 
means of Agassiz trawls (AGT) and one giant box corer (GKG). The fine elastic 
sediment was sieved through a 1 cm net and sorted out. Bryozoan colonies, stones 
and pantopods with encrusting bryozoans were collected. Only the vertical grab 
(GKG) sampled entire colonies; in the AGT all colonies were broken. After 
sorting out the bryozoan specimens, the different species were photographed with 
a digital camera. Bryozoans were fixed in 4% formalin or dried for comparative 
study.

Preliminary results

The most important thing for bryozoans is the existence of suitable substrate 
upon which bryozoan larvae may settle. The substrate may be hard or flexible. 
The mostly fine elastic sediment on the north­ east Greenland shelf prevent the 
colonization of bryozoans because bryozoan larvae (0.1 to 0.3 mm in diameter) 
require a substrate at least that large to affix themselves, and the colony 
itself needs such an area, at least in th first stages of its growth. So the 
occurrence of coarse particles like pebbles, bivalve shells, agglutinated 
polychaet tubes and bryozoan colonies itself make it possible for bryozoan to 
settle (Fig. 1). Flexible hydrozoans and ascidians were encrusted and also on 
the mobile pantopods small bryozoan colonies were found (Fig. 2).
Different growth forms occur, whereby encrusting and erect fragile colony forms 
dominate. Within the erect bryozoans the Cyclostomata are common, while the 
Cheilostomata are dominant in the encrusting growth forms.


Fig. 1: Erect fragile cyclostome bryozoan (1) and encrusting cheilostome  
        bryozoans on a pebble from the giant box core (St. 263) in 509 m water 
        depth.

Fig. 2: Small erect and encrusting bryozoan colonies on a pantopod from the 
        Agassiz trawl (St. 238) in 100 m water depth.




5.  MICROBIOLOGY

    (Brinkmeyer, Klein, Reuter)

Sea-ice cores and melt pond water samples were collected at four ice stations on 
multi-year ice floes. Additionally, samples from the water column (surface to 
5500 m) at several stations as well as at the permanent AWI station (Hausgarten) 
were taken to observe possible bacterial population trends. Bacteria from ice 
and water samples were isolated with a variety of media specific for different 
groups of bacteria. Samples were also prepared for flourescent in situ 
hybridization, DNA extraction, and total counts. Nutrient concentration, 
chlorophyll a and total biomass of ice samples will be analyzed for correlations 
between bacterial and algal communities in the sea-ice. Molecular analyses of 
prepared samples will be conducted at the home laboratory in Bremerhaven. 
Radioisotope tracer experiments conducted during the cruise revealed high 
microbial activity in the sea-ice and melt ponds. 14C labelled dimethyl sulfide 
was rapidly taken up by sea-ice bacteria associated with ice algae. The 
combination of fluorescent in situ hybridization and microautoradiography will 
be applied to bacteria from radioisotope tracer experiments to determine which 
bacteria were responsible for the substrate utilization.



6. MARINE GEOLOGY

   (H.C. Hass, D. Birgel, S. Daschner, M. Farwick, C. Kierdorf, U. Langrock)


The focus of the working program of the marine geology group includes 
paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstructions of the late Quaternary Arctic 
Ocean and the adjacent continental areas. Special emphasis is placed on the 
paleoceanographic development of the Yermak Plateau area at high temporal 
resolution during the Holocene and of the time period from the last interglacial 
(Eemian). Further emphasis is directed to the geochemical and physical-property 
signature of glacial and interglacial sediments of the working area for both, 
stratigraphic correlations and qualitative and quantitative analyses of organic 
material that form part of the sediment.

The transition from the last glacial to the modern interglacial was a period of 
strong and rapid fluctuations of the climate system. Warm and cold climate 
phases such as the Bølling/Allerød warm phase and the Younger Dryas cold spell 
left significant traces on land and in the marine realm. A number of minor 
Holocene climate fluctuations that were discovered in the North Atlantic area 
challenged the general view of a stable Holocene interglacial. Bond et al. 
(1997) and Bianchi and McCave (1999) related Holocene climate fluctuations to 
the intensity of thermohaline overturn in the Nordic Seas. To investigate 
whether or not Holocene climate fluctuations and associated changes in 
thermohaline overturn left significant traces in high-resolution sediments from 
the Yermak Plateau and the north-eastern Fram Strait is thus one of the major 
scientific tasks.

Sedimentation rates in the Arctic Ocean are generally low. All the locations 
selected for coring during ARK XVI/2 are under the influence of temperate 
Atlantic water masses that control the position of the summer ice margin at the 
sea surface and that also control sediment transport at the seafloor During ARK 
XV/2 it was attempted to discover the source and transport ways of the sediments 
that accumulate along the western Yermak Plateau. During ARK XVI-2 the 
scientific results of earlier expeditions were applied and used to retrieve 
sediment cores from areas influenced by the Yermak Slope Current This current 
appears to be least affected by recirculation and it can be inferred that it 1s 
responsible for the transport of sediment to high accumulation areas along the 
western slope shoulder of the Yermak Plateau.

Positions deeper than the upper shoulder of the slope were generally ruled out 
because of adverse effects of gravitative sediment transport. The investigations 
concentrated at a water-depth interval of c 1000 to 1500m. Sediment echosounding 
(PARASOUND) surveys were carried out along the shoulder of the slope of the 
western Yermak Plateau and partly also of the western Svalbard shelf

In particular the marine geologic research program comprises the following 
investigations

• high resolution stratigraphy of the obtained sediment sections (isotope 
  stratigraphy. AMS C-14 age determinations, magnetic susceptibility, physical 
  properties, lithostratigraphy),

• terrigenous sediment supply and paleocurrent reconstructions (high resolution 
  granulometry, bulk and clay mineralogy heavy minerals geochemical tracers),

• mapping of the sediment cover (PARASOUND),

• organic carbon flux, marine vs. terrigenous (organic geochemistry kerogen 
  petrography), paleoproductivity in the Arctic Ocean (biomarkers),

• reaction of marine biota to environmental changes,

• correlation of marine sediment sequences with Greenland ice cores as well as 
  with previously taken sediment cores from the broad area and the Nordic Seas.

Subbottom profiler used

• Atlas PARASOUND including an Atlas Deso 25 printer,
• PARADIGMA digitizing and post-processing software (Spiess, 1992).

Coring gear used

• GKG (giant box corer) 60cm long, 50cm x 50cm.
• MUC (multiple corer) 12/8 tubes, 60cm long. 6112cm internal diameter SL. 
  (gravity corer) 10m/15m/20m long, 12cm internal diameter.




6.1  SUBBOTTOM PROFILING USING PARASOUND

     (H.C. Hass. D. Birgel, U. Daschner, M. Forw1ck, C. K1erdorf, U. Langrock)


Introduction

The tasks of the PARASOUND surveys

• Providing information on the general acoustic characteristics of the sediments 
  (sediment types). These include penetration depth (based on the wave velocity 
  in water1, and structure of the sediment (ie layering, thickness of 
  distinguishable layers) (continuous profiling).
• Providing information on the horizontal extension of different sediment types 
  and distinct refiectors in the sediment column (short-distance parallel 
  profiles).
• Providing information to aid selecting core locations (site surveys)
• Provide information on acoustic refiectors that shall be identified in 
  sediment cores.


The goals include:

• Contribute to a mapping of sediment characteristics of the Yermak Plateau, 
  classify sediment types,
• to discover areas with sediments of high temporal resolution,
• to reconstruct sediment-transport pathways to positions that are characterized 
  by high sedimentation rates.

Technical features

The ship-mounted PARASOUND system (Krupp Atlas Electronics, Bremen, Germany) 
generates two primary sound waves at frequencies of 18 kHz and of 20-23.5kHz. As 
a result of the parametric effect, a secondary frequency between 2.5 and 5.5 kHz 
is produced at a very low angle of 4° which provides much higher resolution at a 
penetration depth comparable to that of other sediment-echosounding devices.

The PARASOUND device is attached to an analogue printer (Atlas DESO 25). The 
analogue signal is then digitized and postprocessed using the PC-based PARADIGMA 
software. Digital data are stored on tape and printed simultaneously on a color 
printer. Important data such as time, geographic position, and water depths are 
continuously plotted on a third printing device. During the expedition all 
PARASOUND data tapes were copied on compact disks.

The PARASOUND system was in 24h operation during part of the expedition. It had 
to be stopped during the recovery of oceanographic moorings and free-fall 
landers of the biology working group because the emitted sound frequency was in 
a similar range as the signals from the releasers used for the moorings and 
landers.

Although weather conditions were good during most of the time of the expedition, 
ice conditions were very heavy north of 80°N within the Fram Strait. PARASOUND 
records show the typical features including a high noise level and an artificial 
hummocky relief due to the ship's back and forth movement.

Sediment types, relief, and sediment-core positions

The upper shoulder of the western Yermak Plateau was investigated between 80°30' 
and 79°00'N. It shows generally a thick and acoustically well-structured 
sediment cover that tends to become thinner and diffuse upslope and slightly 
thicker below ca. 1000m water depth. The increase in sediment thickness with 
increasing water depth can often be attributed to gravity induced mass flows.

The western Svalbard shelf showed basically one acoustically hard layer and no 
or very limited sound penetration. Channels are common; some of them are filled 
with acoustically hard material of the surrounding areas. There are also smaller 
and larger ridges that can be interpreted as till or moraine material.

Thirteen sediment cores were taken from 4 Stations along the upper western slope 
shoulder of the Yermak Plateau in order to complete a transect that was started 
during ARK XV/2. Additionally, 18 box cores and multicores were taken during the 
expedition mainly for geochemical investigations of surface sediments.



6.2  GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING

     (H.C. Hass, D. Birgel, U. Daschner, M. Farwick, C. Kierdorf, U. Langrock)


Rationale and planning

A total of ca. 65m of sediment was recovered (Figs. 6.2.1, 6.2.2, Tab. 6.2.1). 
Most of the stations were on the upper western shoulder of the Yermak Plateau. 
Gravity cores as well as giant box cores were taken at every station with the 
exception of Station PS57/157-1 (box core) where the PARASOUND data yielded very 
low sound penetration. Two stations (PS57/158, PS57/160) were exactly at 
positions of cores taken during ARK XV/2 in order to store the cores at -24°C 
for further geochemical investigations. At Station PS57/161 two gravity cores 
were recovered. One of them was stored at - 24°C. At Station PS57/153 
(=PS57/271) four long gravity cores were recovered; one of them was stored at -
24°C. At this position it was attempted to recover a very long core since 
PARASOUND suggested very high Holocene resolution. At this position a gravity 
core of 977 cm was recovered. The northernmost station planned was exactly on 
the position of Core PS2837 (81°14' N, 2°82' E) recovered during ARK XIII/2 
(Stein and Fahl, 1997). It was planned to recover a longer core from this 
position. However, this position could not be reached due to heavy ice 
conditions.

During the cruise five positions on the Svalbard beach were sampled to build up 
a data base for provenance analyses of ice-rafted debris. Three positions were 
at the outer mouth of the lsfjorden, 2 further positions were at the outer 
southern mouth of Kongsfjorden. Gravel and sand samples were taken. 
Additionally, two samples from "dirty" ice floes were taken: one was about 12 
miles east of the Greenland coastline, one was above the Yermak Plateau at 
80°30' N.

In order to achieve undisturbed surficial sediments the multiple corer (MUC) was 
deployed at stations of interest for geochemical investigations. Recovery was 
between 20 and 40cm. The surficial sediments contained silty or sandy-silty clay 
at all stations. Relatively undisturbed samples of the upper 50 cm were obtained 
by means of a giant box corer (GKG). The GKG was deployed at all geological 
stations and at further stations for biological/geochemical purposes. Recovery 
was mostly at 50 cm which is the maximum core length that can be recovered using 
a GKG. The following working and sampling scheme was applied: Core description. 
Surface: two frames of 10 cm2 + Bengalrose (foraminifer analysis); 30-50 cm3 
stored deep frozen in a glass bottle (geochemistry); 2*30-50 cm3 
(sedimentology). Core: two 50 cm plastic liners (50*7*15 cm in diameter), one 
set of 25 cm liners (x­ ray analyses). Surface sediments showed little variation 
throughout. The ultimate surfaces of the GKGs appeared to be undisturbed. On the 
surfaces living and dead fauna was still in live positions indicating 
undisturbed material. Several types of lebensspuren were found as well. Living 
brittle stars and polychaet tubes were abundant on all surfaces. Benthic 
foraminifers and arthropod holes were commonly found whereas bivalves, 
gastropodes and shrimps were rare. The common grain size was silty clay. 
Generally, there was an oxidized surface layer about 1 to 3cm in thickness.

The gravity corer (SL) was deployed at four geological stations. A total of 62 m 
of sediment were recovered. None of the other cores could be opened because the 
multi-sensor core logger was not available for this expedition. The cores were 
cut in meter pieces and stored at 4°C.



References

Bianchi, G., and I.N. McCave, Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and 
    deep-ocean flow south of Iceland, Nature, 397, 515-517, 1999.

Bond, G., W. Showers, M. Cheseby, R. Lotti, P. Almasi, P. deMenocal, P. Priore, 
    H. Cullen, I. Hajdas, and G. Bonani, A pervasive millenial-scale cycle in 
    North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates, Science, 278, 1257-1266, 1997.

Spiess, V., Digitale Sedimentechographie- Neue Wege zu einer hochauflösenden 
    Akustostratigraphie, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der 
    Universität Bremen, 35, 1-199, 1992.

Stein, R., and K. Fahl, Scientific cruise report of the Arctic Expedition ARK 
    XIII/2 of RV/ "POLARSTERN" in 1997, Berichte zur Polarforschung/Reports on 
    Polar Research, 1-235, 1997.



Figure 6.2.1: Working area and core locations. Big black dots with lables: 
              gravity core locations; big gray dots: core locations during ARK 
              XV/2; small black dots without lables: box core and multiple core 
              locations (for identification see Table 6.2.1).

Figure 6.2.2: Lengths of gravity cores.




Table 6.2.1: Background information on cores taken during ARK XVI/2. Bold: 
             stations of the geology working group; other cores listed include 
             those where surface samples were taken.


                                                     Water  Recov-
          Station      Gear  Latitude    Longitude   depth   ery
                                                      [m]    [m]
          ———————————  ————  ——————————  ——————————  —————  ——————
          PS 57/153-1  GKG   79°09.6'N   05°20.2'E    1356   0.45
          PS 57/153-2  SL    79°09.3'N   05°20.0'E    1337   8.84
          PS 57/153-3  SL    79°09.5'N   05°19.9'E    1372   9.2
          PS 57/157-1  CKG   80°04.9'N   04°54.6'E    1036   0.24
          PS 57/158-1  CKG   80°08.9'N   03°53.6'E    1448   0.43
          PS 57/158-2  SL    80°09.0'N   03°52.8'E    1445   7.02
          PS 57/160-1  CKG   80°29.2'N   02°56.9'E    1482   0.49
          PS 57/160-2  SL    80°29.2'N   02°57.0'E    1482   7.17
          PS 57/161-1  SL    80°20.3'N   03°59.1'E     964   5.72
          PS 57/161-2  SL    80°20.3'N   03°59.4'E     964   6.04
          PS 57/161-3  CKG   80°20.3'N   03°58.8'E     964   0.49
          PS 57/166-2  MUC   79°07.8'N   04°53.6'E    1495
          PS 57/168-2  MUC   79°06.5'N   04°36.2'N    1929
          PS 57/175-2  MUC   78°50.1'N   03°51.0'E    2239
          PS 57/176-2  MUC   79°03.86'N  03°43.4'E    2802
          PS 57/178    MUC   79°04.1'N   04°11.2'E    2385
          PS 57/181-1  MUC   79°04.5'N   03°36.0'E    3350
          PS 57/182-2  MUC   79°03.6'N   03°28.8'E    4020
          PS 57/188    CKG   79°08.8'N   04°14.9'N    1965
          PS 57/189    CKG   79°00.1'N   03°40.2'E    2874
          PS 57/197    MUC   78°59.6'N   04°59.6'W    1283
          PS 57/206-3  CKG   79°03.11'N   7°43.41'W    194   0.32
          PS 57/227-3  MUC   79°20.00'N  13°35.15'W    178
          PS 57/252    MUC   79°04.50'N  03°21.30'E   5079
          PS 57/267    CKG   78°54.97'N  06°46.73'E   1490
          PS 57/271-1  SL    79°09.60'N  05°19.97'E   1345   8.6
          PS 51/271-2  SL    79°09.66'N  05°20.23'E   1352   9.77
          PS 57/272    MUC   79°08.28'N  06°06.19'E   1259
          PS 57/275    CKG   79°05.60'N  04°20.34'E   2259
          PS 57/276    CKG   79°05.47'N  04°09.66'E   2340
          PS 57/277    CKG   79°05.07'N  04°05.11'E   2418



Figures 6.2.3 - 6.2.6: Legend and descriptions of box cores.

Figure 6.2.4

Figure 6.2.5

Figure 6.2.6





7.    MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SEA-ICE INVESTIGATIONS


7.1.  SEA ICE BIOLOGICAL STUDIES

      (Fehling, Meiners, Schünemann, Werner)



General introduction

Sea ice is important in structuring polar marine ecosystems. Additionally, sea 
ice floes are a habitat for so-called sympagic communities which consist of 
bacteria, protists and metazoans. During this expedition we studied physical, 
chemical and biological properties of ice floes to characterize the summer 
situation in this habitat. Ice samples were obtained by means of ice coring at 
four ship-based stations and two helicopter-based stations. Additional under-ice 
studies were performed at the ship­based stations by sampling water from the 
uppermost 10m of the water column. Our studies focused on the quantitative and 
qualitative investigation of the sea-ice based food web and the food web 
structure in the underlying water. Three stations were conducted on sediment-
laden sea ice floes (turbid sea ice).


Physical, chemical and biological properties of Arctic sea ice

At six stations we sampled several ice cores to measure vertical profiles of the 
following parameters: 

• ice temperature
• ice bulk salinity
• chlorophyll-a and phaeopigment concentration
• nutrient concentrations (TN, NO3, NO2, SiO4, PO4 - measurements done in co­ 
  operation with the working groups of AWI and UH)
• seston (total matter), particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) 
• organism abundances (bacteria, protists, metazoans)
• concentration of transparent extracellular particles (TEP).

Most of the analyses will be conducted in the home laboratories, onboard RV 
POLARSTERN we could only determine the first 2 parameters mentioned above. A 
typical example of the available data set is given for the multi-year ice 
station 215 (Fig. 7.1.1).


Fig. 7.1.1: Vertical distribution of temperature and bulk salinity in the ice 
            floe at station 215.


Lowest temperatures were mostly observed in the bottom part of the ice cores, 
due to the surface heating by relatively high air temperatures. Ice bulk 
salinity mostly increased with depth and indicated brine drainage in the upper 
parts of the ice floes. Ice floes with salinities <1 were categorized as multi­ 
year ice floes.



Investigation of the structure of the sea ice food web (experimental work)


A.  Ingestion rates of sympagic protozoans and metazoans

Different approaches were used to investigate the trophic relations between 
sympagic bacteria, algae, proto- and metazoans. On three ice floes we collected 
larger amounts of brine and an integrated water sample (0-10m) and used it for 
uptake-experiments with fluorescently labelled bacteria (FLB) in order to 
determine ingestion rates of flagellates and ciliates on a low taxonomic level. 
These experiments will allow the determination of growth and grazing rates on 
bacteria and algae. Another aim of this experiments is the identification of 
mixotrophic species (especially ciliates) in the sea ice habitat. Additional 
grazing experiments with acoel turbellarians, which graze specifically on 
diatoms, will be performed in the home laboratories in Kiel.


B.  Cell counts, grazing experiments and viability tests with Arctic sea ice 
    organisms

In order to improve the general knowledge about sympagic organisms we took ice 
cores for the determination of abundances of bacteria, protists and meiofauna. 
Ice cores were cut into sections of 1- 20cm. These sections were melted in the 
dark by addition of seawater to avoid osmotic stress. Melted samples. were 
subsampled and fixed either with formalin (1% final concentration) or with 
Bouin's fluid (1% final concentration). Bouin fixed samples will be used for 
meiofauna investigation and taxonomy of ciliates. Formalin preserved samples 
were filtered onto 0.2µm and 0.8µm polycarbonate filters and stained with DAPI. 
These filters will be counted in the home laboratories using epifluorescence 
microscopical techniques to obtain vertical profiles of cell numbers and biomass 
of bacteria and protists. The estimated biomass of protists will be used to 
calculate the grazing impact by general allometric equations.

These indirect estimates will be compared with the results of direct grazing 
measurements which were conducted at the ship-based stations (see also above). 
Fluorescently labelled bacteria (FLBs) were added to brine and under-ice water 
samples. We measured the long-term disappearance of fluorescently labelled 
bacteria within the samples to provide data about the grazing impact of the 
total community. Experiments were run as time-course experiments for 24 h. 
Subsamples were taken after 0, 8, 16 and 24 hours and fixed with formalin (1% 
final concentration).

Viability tests were run over the entire ice-thickness. 1cm segments of ice 
cores from 4 stations were incubated with INT (0,02 % final concentration) in 
petri-dishes for 12h. INT is incorporated into living cells and is reduced to a 
red water-insoluble formazan-salt inside respiring cells. Using combined 
brightfield and epifluorescence microscopical techniques these experiments allow 
the quantification of total bacterial numbers and the number of actively 
(=respiring) cells. Cellspecific respiratory activity (formazan-grain-size) will 
be correlated to taxonomic groups (eukaryotes) and morphotypes (bacteria) after 
examination of the samples in our home laboratories.

In addition to this program we took bottom sections for the cultivation of 
different groups of sympagic biota (algae, protozoans and metazoans). Cultivated 
organisms will be used for further taxonomic work and additional grazing 
experiments in the home laboratories. Grazing studies will focus on the grazing 
impact to attached bacteria within artificial biofilms.


Measurement of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP)

Transparent exopolymer particles are a relatively new known class of particles 
produced from dissolved carbohydrate polymers exuded by phytoplankton and 
bacteria. While different studies indicate that TEP are important in the 
aggregation of diatom blooms, provide the matrix of marine snow, serve as a 
substrate and habitat for attached bacteria, the distribution, abundance and 
characteristics of this new class of particles within sea ice remain largely 
unknown. In order to improve our knowledge about TEP in sea ice we determined 
TEP both spectrophotometrically and microscopically at four stations for entire 
ice cores. Ice cores were cut into 1-20cm segments and were melted by addition 
of 0.2µm filtered seawater. Subsamples were filtered onto 0.4µm polycarbonate 
filters, stained with Alcian-Blue and will be analysed in our home laboratories.


Small-scale distribution and energy budgets of the under-ice fauna

Investigations on the environmental conditions (morphology, temperature, 
salinity, chlorophyll a, POC, PON) and the abundance and distribution of under-
ice fauna (pelagic and sympagic metazoans suspended in the under-ice boundary 
layer, under-ice amphipods attached to the ice underside) were carried out at 4 
ship-side ice stations. Under-ice videos showed that all stations were on level 
ice, characterized by an undulating lower surface with large holes and 
depressions, which is typical for the summer melt period. The meltwater 
influence is also expressed in the temperature and salinity at the ice-water 
interface (Table 1):


     Ice station  Ship station    Date     Temperature [°C]  Salinity
     ———————————  ————————————  —————————  ————————————————  ————————
         215          159-3      2.8.2000        -0.3          31.0
         221          196        8.8.2000        -0.6          30.7
         224          227-1     11.8.2000        -0.6          29.7
         228          247       15.8.2000        -1.8          33.3


Several species of under-ice amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus spp., 
Gammarus wilkitzkii) were observed by the camera at the ice underside on all 
stations. They will be quantified by image analysis in the home laboratory. 
Furthermore, drifting calanoid copepods (Calanus spp.), hyperiid amphipods 
(Themisto libellula), pteropod gastropods (Limacina helicina) and - for the 
first time - a free-swimming under-ice polychaet were recorded in the under-ice 
water layer. A pumping system delivered stratified (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 m below the 
ice) samples of the suspended under-ice fauna. It became already evident that 
there is a pronounced small-scale gradient in the distribution of organisms in 
this layer. In the first meters below the ice, sympagic harpacticoid 
(Halectinosoma spp., Tisbe spp.) and cyclopoid (Oncaea sp., Cyclopina 
schneiderit) copepods occurred in quite high concentrations. They are either 
flushed out of the ice by meltwater or perform active migrations between the two 
different realms. The typical pelagic species like the calanoid copepods 
(Ca/anus spp.) were concentrated in 3-5 m below the ice. They might avoid the 
meltwater at the ice-water interface.

Feeding experiments were carried out onboard with the most abundant species 
below the ice, the cyclopoid copepod Oithona similis. Size-fractionated food 
suspensions from the under-ice water were offered to the copepod for several 
days. Analysis of the chlorophyll decrease in these incubations will give some 
information on the grazing impact of the species on different autotrophic groups 
in the under-ice plankton. Experiments on the carnivorous feeding habit of the 
under-ice amphipod Gammarus wilktzkii carried out during the cruise yielded 
already some results. This predator consumed on average 0.8 (range: 0.3-1.6) 
large calanoid copepods (Calanus hyperboreus) or 11.6 (range: 1-18) small 
harpacticoid copepods (Halectinosoma spp.) per day in the experiments. With this 
feeding on both pelagic and sympagic organisms, the under-ice amphipod 
contributes to the cryo­ pelagic coupling processes. The feeding experiments 
were supplemented by respiration measurements in order to assess the carbon and 
energy demand of this species and to compare these results with the 
simultaneously run experiments with the pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula (H. 
Auel).









7.2  GEOCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF SEA ICE

     (Granskog, Ehn)


During ARK XVI-2 sea ice samples were collected at a number of locations, both 
at ice stations nearby the ship and by helicopter. Helicopter stations focussed 
on dirty ice floes, with some sediment laden sea ice. In addition to ice cores 
also snow, meltpond water, and sediment was collected for trace metal analysis. 
The aim is to compare clean and dirty ice, and to detect a possible impact of 
sediments on the trace metal levels in sea ice, snow and meltponds. All 
geochemical analyses will be done later on in Helsinki.

Onboard the ship the crystal structure of sea ice was studied and salinity 
profiles were measured. The crystal structure revealed highly variable 
stratigraphic features, with large portions of granular ice. probably frazil 
ice. This might be due to sampling of dirty ice, which is known to be related to 
dynamic ice growth (i.e. frazil ice). Further information on the ice growth 
processes will be revealed by stable oxygen isotope analyses of the ice cores. 
Stable oxygen isotopic data and sediments collected on the ice floes will be 
used to depict the origin of the ice.

The observations made by the biological sea ice groups (IPOE, AWI), of e.g. chi-
a, POC, seston, and nutrients, will also be used to reveal any relationships 
between different geochemical parameters in the ice.



7.3  ON THE ENERGETICS OF HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS -THE KEY ROLE OF DOMINANT 
     ZOOPLANKTON AND VERTEBRATES FOR THE ENERGY FLUX IN ICE-COVERED POLAR 
     SEAS

     (Auel)


Pelagic communities of ice-covered polar seas are characterised by the dominance 
of relatively few abundant key species. In the Arctic herbivorous copepods, 
mainly of the genus Calanus, utilise phytoplankton production and according to 
recent results also consume a substantial fraction of the particulate organic 
material produced by ice algae. Cryopelagic amphipods of the genera Apherusa and 
Onisimus feed on ice algae at the underside of the ice. In turn, copepods and 
herbivorous amphipods are preyed upon by the carnivorous amphipods Themisto 
libellula and Gammarus wilkitzkii as well as by cryopelagic fish species, such 
as Boreogadus saida and Arctogadus glacialis (polar and Arctic cod). Thus, a 
limited number of species form the major links and trophic pathways from primary 
production to the higher trophic levels of the food web.

In polar regions seabirds and seals play an important role as top-consumers. The 
European Arctic is considered one of the most important habitats for seabirds 
worldwide. The breeding population of seabirds in Norway, Iceland, East 
Greenland, Svalbard, and on the smaller northeast Atlantic and Arctic islands is 
estimated at app. 25 million individuals. More than 30 seabird species occur in 
the Barents Sea region. Among those little auks, kittiwakes, common and thick-
billed guillemots are most abundant. Especially the auk species are known to 
find their food in the marginal ice zone.

A total of five seal species is associated with sea ice in the Atlantic sector 
of the Arctic. As typical inhabitants of the sea ice region ringed seals are 
distributed with 6 to 7 million individuals throughout the whole Arctic. They 
feed opportunistically on the cryopelagic fishes Arctogadus glacialis and 
Boreogadus saida in winter and on planktonic crustaceans, especially Themisto 
libellula, in summer.

Our current knowledge indicates a direct coupling of ice-associated pelagic 
organisms (zooplankton, fish, seabirds and seals) to the primary and secondary 
productiQn of the sea ice community. However, a quantitative estimate of the 
significance of higher trophic levels for cryo-pelagic coupling processes in the 
Greenland Sea is still lacking. The studies conducted during the expedition ARK 
XVI/2 aim at quantifying the influence of dominant zooplankton organisms and 
marine vertebrates on the energy flow in the Greenland Sea ecosystem in order to 
better understand significant cryo-pelago-benthic coupling processes in ice-
covered regions.

In order to reveal the effects of a varying ice cover on the pelagic community, 
sampling during ARK XVI/2 concentrated on transects from the open water, across 
the marginal ice zone, into areas completely covered by sea ice. The vertical 
distribution of mesozooplankton in the upper 100 m of the water column below• 
the ice was investigated by stratified Multinet hauls (mesh 300 µm) covering 
depth intervals of 100-75-50-25-10-0 m in high resolution. A total of eleven 
Multinet samples was collected along two transects. The first transect extended 
from 80°14,54'N 4°8,14'E via four stations to 80°6,9'N 4°34,4'E across the 
marginal ice zone, while a second transect with seven stations started at 2°35'E 
and followed latitude 79°N westward until 13°35'W. The Multinet samples will be 
analysed in regard to zooplankton abundance, biomass and the distribution 
pattern of dominant species.

Additional material for experimental approaches and biochemical analyses was 
collected by Bongo net and two RMT 8 (Rectangular midwater trawl, net opening of 
8 m2) hauls. Individuals from these hauls were used for respiration measurements 
(Winkler method) and feeding experiments on board RV "Polarstern". Experimental 
studies concentrated on the pelagic hyperiid amphipod Themisto libel/ula, which 
occurred abundantly in surface waters below the sea ice and provides a major 
item in the diets of seabirds and ringed seals. Based on the results of the 
respiration measurements and feeding experiments, individual energy demands will 
be calculated and used to estimate the food consumption rate of the total 
population. Thus, the predation impact of Themisto libellula on the 
mesozooplankton community can be evaluated and discussed.

Attempts to catch polar cod by line and hook during three ice stations were not 
successful. However, some individuals were caught by Agassiz trawl on the East 
Greenland Shelf. These individuals will be used to assess their diet composition 
and trophic level. Therefore, a combination of classic and novel methods will be 
applied. Stomach and gut content analysis will provide information on the food 
composition in the latest past. Certain fatty acids as trophic biomarkers will 
reveal the long-term feeding behaviour. In order to assess the trophic levels of 
polar cod and the different zooplankton species, measurements of stable isotope 
ratios (C, N) are also planned.

A sighting survey from the bridge of RV „Polarstern" was conducted along the 
cruise track to provide estimates of seabird abundance in the investigation 
area. Standardized counting intervals of 10 to 15 minutes duration were recorded 
when weather conditions were favourable. Alcids contributed the major fraction 
of sightings. Little auks (Alie alle) were the most abundant seabird species in 
the marginal ice zone and occurred even in areas with more than 90% ice cover. 
In open water thick-billed guillemots (Uria lomvia) were encountered. The 
distribution of puffins (Fratercula arctica) usually considered as an Atlantic 
to sub-Arctic species extended further north than 80°N right into ice-covered 
areas. Besides the alcids, ivory gulls were observed regularly in ice-covered 
areas, whereas kittiwakes and fulmars were more abundant in ice-free waters. In 
the vicinity of Spitsbergen glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) could be 
observed, too. Based on abundance data, the food demand of seabird populations 
in. the marginal ice zone will be estimated in order to assess their predation 
impact on zooplankton and fish.

Seal sightings were recorded both from the vessel as well as during four 
helicopter flights. In ice­ covered areas ringed seals comprised the majority of 
sightings, whereas hooded seals regularly occurred along the East Greenland 
Shelf. Two of the airborne surveys covered eight transects of 30 nm each with a 
strip width of 400 m, whereas the other two flights had to be shortened and/or 
re­routed during flight due to bad visibility and foggy weather conditions.

Data obtained during ARK XVI/2 will improve our knowledge about the functioning 
of the pelagic ecosystem in the Greenland Sea as well as further our 
understanding of cryopelagic coupling processes in ice-covered Arctic seas. 
These results will provide a base for the evaluation of the potential 
consequences of global warming and a retreat of the sea ice cover on zooplankton 
and marine vertebrates in Arctic marine ecosystems.




8.  ATMOSPHERIC TURBIDITY AT SEA

    (Behr)


Information about the spatial and temporal distribution of the net total 
radiation and its components at the sea surface as well as atmospheric turbidity 
are one of the most important parameters in resolving numerous meteorological 
and oceanographic questions.

Therefore during the cruise the following radiation components were recorded: 
global and direct solar radiation as well and sunshine duration. The other 
components necessary to close the radiation balance: reflected solar radiation, 
long-wave thermal radiation of the atmosphere, and ocean surface radiation are 
computed using numerical models successfully tested on former research cruises 
in the Atlantic, Behr (1990).

As the income of solar radiation at the sea surface is controlled by the content 
of absorbing constituents, the knowledge of their amount is essential. The term 
"aerosol" comprises all material within the atmosphere with the capacity of 
extinction (sum of absorption and scattering) solar radiation. As direct 
recording the amount of atmospheric aerosol is very difficult at sea, this 
quantity has to be determined by indirect methods. The most common way is to 
measure direct solar radiation and compare these data with computed solar 
radiation penetrating a Rayleigh atmosphere. The loss of solar energy is 
expressed by the turbidity-factors. Foitzik and Hinzpeter (1958) have introduced 
those factors describing how many Rayleigh atmospheres are equivalent to an 
actual atmosphere.

The following turbidity-factors are in use:

TL:  Linke-turbidity-factor, describing all radiation processes in the whole 
     solar spectrum,
Ts:  turbidity-factor, describing all radiation processes in the short-range 
     part of the solar spectrum (0 µm < 1 λ < 0.63 µm). It gives information 
     about the amount of dust in the atmosphere,
Tr:  turbidity-factor, describing all radiation processes in the red part of the 
     solar spectrum (0.62 µm <1 λ < 2.8 µm). It gives information about the 
     amount of water-vapour in the atmosphere.

The factors TL, Ts, and Tr = Tx can be computed by: 
          
                       Ix= Iox exp (-Tx • m δ) (1)
with:

Iox: extraterrestrial solar radiation received from a surface normal to the beam 
     of the sun. Its quantity depends on the distance sun - earth only,
Ix:  direct solar radiation received from a surface normal to the beam of the 
     sun, e.g. measured with a Linke-Feussner-Actinometer,
m:   optical air mass, dependent on the solar elevation angle. 
δ:  optical depth of the atmosphere.

The data set of measurements of direct solar radiation I obtained with a Linke-
Feussner-Actinometer reveals the spatial and temporal variation of the 
atmospheric turbidity during the cruise. As a first result the daily courses of 
direct solar radiation I as well as TL, Ts, and Tr at 3 August 2000 will be 
shown in Fig. 1.

R/V POLARSTERN worked the whole day in cold air originating directly from the 
North-Pole. Between 04 and 13 UTC there were some scattered clouds in the sky 
only, reducing the solar income. The flux of the air-masses reaching our working 
area is illustrated in Fig. 2, comprising 108-hours-backward trajectories within 
8 layers between surface and -50 hPa.

Direct solar radiation (dotted line) is roughly 900 W/m2, that is about 80% of 
the extraterrestrial radiation reaching the top of the atmosphere. The Linke-
turbidity-factor TL (bold line) is throughout the day about 2. This value is 
representative for a clean unloaded atmosphere.

The spectral turbidity-factors Ts and Tr show a similar behaviour throughout the 
day: 

Ts is about 1. This stands for an atmosphere that is absolutely free of any 
dust.

Tr is about 8, expressing a water-vapour content of a about 8 to 10 kg/m2. In 
the tropical Atlantic we obtained in the vicinity of the ITCZ values for Tr of 
40 to 50. This stands for a water-vapour content of 40 to 50 kg/m2.

These findings are a good completion to the former results of the tropics found 
by Behr (1990, 1992).


References

Behr, H.D. 1990. Radiation Balance at the Sea Surface in the Atlantic Ocean 
    Region between 40°S and 40°N, Journal of Geophysical Research, 095, 
    20633-20640.

Behr, H.D. 1992. Net total and UV-B Radiation at the Sea Surface, Journal of 
    Atmospheric Chemistry, 15, 299-314.

Foitzik, L.; Hinzpeter, H.: Sonnenstrahlung und Lufttrübung, Leipzig, 309 pages,  
    1958.



Fig. 1: Daily cycles of the turbidity factors TL, (bold line), Tk(•), and Tr(∆) 
        and of direct solar radiation (dotted line) on 3 Aug 2000. R/V 
        Polarstern's position was at 79° 59' N / 4° 36'E.

Fig. 2: Backward trajectories in different levels started 108 hours ago reaching 
        the position of RIV Polarstem on 3 Aug 2000, 00 UTC. The pressure levels 
        used are: surface, 950 hPa, 850 hPa, 700, 500 hPa, 300 hPa, 140 hPa, 100 
        hPa, and 50 hPa.







ANNEX 1    PARTICIPANTS

 1.        Arndt            Carolin                 Uni Hamburg        
 2.        Auel             Holger                  Uni Bremen        
 3.        Bader            Beale                   Uni Kiel        
 4.        Behr             Hein-Dieter             DWD        
 5.        Birgel           Daniel                  AWI                    
 6.        Büchner          Jürgen                  Wasserthal        
 7.        Buldt            Klaus                   DWD                    
 8.        Brinkmeyer       Robin                   AWI        
 9.        Daschner         Stefan                  AWI                    
10.        Ehn              Jens                    Uni Helsinki        
11.        Eriksson         Patrick                 FIMR        
12.        Fehling          Johanna                 IPÖ                    
13.        Feldt            Oliver                  Wasserthal        
14.        Farwick          Matthias                AWI        
15.        Fossan           Kristen J.              NPI        
16.        Gerland          Sebastian               NRPA/EPU        
17.        Granskog         Mats                    Uni Helsinki        
18.        Grottheim        Siri                    NRPA                    
19.        Hasemann         Christiane              AWI        
20.        Hass             Christian               AWI                    
21.        Kierdorf         Christoph               AWI        
22.        Klages           Michael                 AWI                    
23.        Klein            Simone                  AWI                    
24.        Kruse            Maren                   AWI                    
25.        Langreder        Jens                    AWI                    
26.        Langrock         Uwe                     AWI                    
27.        Meiners          Klaus                   IPÖ                    
28.        Muyakshin        Sergey                  AWI        
29.        Nuppenau         Volker                  Fa. Oktopus        
30.        Premke           Katrin                  AWI                    
31.        Quéric           Nadia-Valérie           AWI        
32.        Reuter           Kristine                AWI                    
33.        Richter          Ines                    AWI                    
34.        Robert           Frédéric                AWI                    
35.        Sablotny         Burkhard                AWI        
36.        Schauer          Ursula                  AWI                    
37.        Schunemann       Henrike                 IPÖ        
38.        Schütt           Ekkehard                AWI                    
39.        Soltwedel        Thomas                  AWI        
40.        Wegner           Jan                     AWI                    
41.        Werft            Alger                   AWI                    
42.        Werner           Iris                    IPÖ                    
43.        Witte            Hannelore               AWI                    
44.        Wlodarska        Maria                   IO-PAS        
45.        Zepick           Burkhard                Wasserthal







ANNEX 2    PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES

Address                                                 Participants 
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————  ————————————
Finland                                        
———————
UH       University of Helsinki                                1                      
         Department of Geophysics                                        
         FIN-00014 Helsingin Yliopisto                                        

Germany                                        
———————
AWI      Alfred-Wegener-lnstitut                              13                    
         für Polar- und Meeresforschung                                        
         Columbusstraße                                        
         D-27568 Bremerhaven                                        

DWD      Deutscher Wetterdienst                                3
         - Seewetteramt -                                        
         Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76                                        
         D-20359 Hamburg                                        

GEOMAR   GEOMAR Research Center for marine Geosciences         1                                  
         Wischhofstraße 1-3, Geb. 4                                        
         D-24148 Kiel, Germany                                        

HSW      Helicopter-Service                                    3     
         Wasserthal GmbH                   
         Katnerweg 43                                        
         D-22393 Hamburg                                        

lfMK     lnstitut für Meereskunde der Universität Kiel         1
         Düsternbrooker Weg 20                                        
         D-24105 Kiel                                        

IPO      Institut für Polarökologie                            7       
         Wischhofstr. 1-3, Geb. 12                     
         24148 Kiel                                        

MPIB     Max-Planck-lnstitut f. Marine Mikrobiologie           1
         Bremen                        

UBMZ     Marine Zoologie (FB2), Universität Bremen             2       
         Postfach 33 04 40                          
         D-28334 Bremen                                        

UBUP     Umweltphysik (FB1), Universität Bremen 
         Postfach 33 04 40                                     1      
         D-28334 Bremen                                        

Norway                                                            
——————
NPI      Norsk Polarinstitutt                                  2       
         Storgata 25A                            
         Box 399                                        
         N-9001 Tromsoe                    





ANNEX 3

SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW ARK XVI/1 AND 2

 1.       Master             Dr. Boche, Martin                
 2.       1. Offic           Schwarze, Stefan                
 3.       Ch.Eng.            Pluder, Andreas                
 4.       2. Offic           Thieme, Wolfgang                
 5.       2. Offic           Fallei, Holger                
 6.       2. Offic           Spielke, Steffen                
 7.       Doctor             Walther, Anke                
 8.       R. Offic           Koch, Georg                
 9.       1. Eng             Erreth, Mon.Gyula                
10.       2. Eng             Ziemann, Olaf                
11.       3. Eng             Richter, Frank                
12.       Electron.          Bretfeld, Helger                
13.       Electron.          Muhle, Helmut                
14.       Electron.          Greitemann-Hackl, A                
15.       Electron.          Roschinsky, Jörg                
16        Electr.            Muhle, Heike                
17        Boatsw.            Clasen, Burkhard                
18.       Carpenter          Reise, Lutz                
19.       AB.                Gil Iglesias, Luis                
20        AB.                Pousada, Martinez, S.                
21.       AB.                Kreis, Reinhard                
22        AB.                Schultz, Ottomar                
23.       AB.                Burzan, G. Ekkehard                
24.       AB.                Schröder, Norbert                
25.       Trainee            Leeson, Robin                
26.       Trainee            Henninga, Claus                
27.       Storek.            Preußner, Jörg                
28.       Mot-man            Ipsen, Michael                
29.       Mot-man            Voy, Bernd                
30.       Mot-man            Grafe, Jens                
31.       Mot-man            Hartmann, Ernst-Uwe                
32.       Mot-man            Elsner, Klaus                
33.       Cook               Haubold, Wolfgang                
34.       Cooksmate          Völske, Thomas                
35.       Cooksmate          Silinski, Frank                
36.       Cooksmate          Möller, Wolfgang                
37.       1. Stwdess         Jürgens, Monika                
38.       Stwdss/KS          Wöckener, Martina                
39.       2. Stwdess         Czyborra, Barbel                
40.       2. Stwdess         Silinski, Carmen                
41.       2. Stwdess         Neves, Alexandre                
42.       2. Steward         Huang, Wu-Mei                
43.       Laundrym.          Yu, Kwok, Yuen                
44.       Apprentice         Kruse, Lars                
45.       Apprentice         Wanke, Steffen                




Annex 4

Station list    ARKXVI/2

(see data files)

























ANNEX 5

Recovered moorings

                     Date/                                    In-
moor-   Latitude     Time      Water   Type         SN        stru-   Record 
ing     Longitude    (UTC)     Depth                          ment    length
                    of first                                  Depth   Days
                    record
——————  ——————————  —————————  ——————  ———————————  ————————  ——————  ——————

VEINS FRAM STRAIT

V  1-3  78 50.27 N  14 Sep 99   266 m  Argos         # 144      52 m  
         8 38.50 E  9:27                             ID
                                       FSI           # 1565     63 m  321 d
                                       Microcat      # 218      65 m  321 d
                                       BB-ADCP UP    # 1561    105 m  321 d
                                       RCM7          # 9403    211 m  321 d
                                       RT 661        # 301
                                       AR 261        # 25


V  2-3  78 51.26 N  14 Sep 99   784 m  Argos         # 117      35 m
        08 18.60 E  11:20                            ID
                                       FSI           # 1447     46 m  321 d
                                       Microcat      # 216      47 m  321 d
                                       RCM7          # 8401    277 m  no data
                                       Seacat        # 1167    773 m  321 d
                                       FSI           # 1442    775 m  321 d
                                       AR 261        # 24
                                       AR 661        # 450


V  3-3  78 50.29 N  13 Sep 99  1023 m  Argos         # 166      60 m
           07 57.41 E          2024                  ID
                                       FSI           # 1450     71 m  322 d
                                       BB-ADCP UP    # 1563    143 m  322 d
                                       RCM7          # 8400    249 m  322 d
                                       BB-ADCP DOWN  # 1626    806 m  322 d
                                       FSI           # 1474   1013 m  322 d
                                       RT 661        # 238
                                       RT 661        # 199


V  4-3  78 50.10 N  16 Sep 99  1497 m  Argos         # 158      48 m
        06 55.39 E  15:55                            ID
                                       FSI           # 1451     59 m  319 d
                                       RCM7          # 10929   240 m  319 d
                                       FSI           # 1324F   241 m  319 d
                                       FSI           # 1473   1486 m  319 d
                                       Seacat        # 1978   1487 m  319 d
                                       RT 161        # 886    
                                       RT 161        # 839    


V  5-3  78 49.14 N  16 Sep 99  1970 m  Argos         # 110      46 m
        06 27.84 E  14:10                            ID    
                                       FSI           # 1456     57 m  319 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12326   238 m  319 d
                                       FSI           # 1325F   239 m  319 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12333  1494 m  319 d
                                       FSI           # 1472   1960 m  319 d
                                       Benthos       # 774    
                                       Benthos       # 775    


V  6-3  78 49.96 N  16 Sep 99  2630 m  Argos         # 162      40 m
        05 02.52 E  8:06                             ID 10352  
                                       FSI           # 1553     47 m  323 d
                                       Microcat      # 227      48 m  323 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12329   238 m  323 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12328  1484 m  323 d
                                       FSI           # 1470
                                       AR 261        # 27     2620 m  323 d
                                       AR 661        # 544    


V 10-3  78 59.74 N  20 Sep 99  2578 m  APL-ULS       # 25       55 m  322 d
        02 03.28 W  12:01              Argos         # 106      61 m
                                                     ID 24313    
                                       FSI           # 1567     68 m  322 d
                                       Microcat      # 225      69 m  322 d
                                       RCM 7         # 8050    249 m  322 d
                                       LR-ADCP UP    # 825     506 m  322 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12332  1512 m  322 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12330  2568 m  322 d
                                       AR 661        # 452  
                                       AR 261        # 17


V 11-3  79 00.10 N  20 Sep 99  2376 m  Argos         # 041      40 m  
     03 05.45 W     15:27                            ID 23050    
                                       DCM12         # 17       40 m  322 d
                                       CMR-ES 300    # 32       40 m  322 d
                                       Seacat        # 2414     57 m  322 d
                                       RCM 7         # 4040     58 m  322 d
                                       RCM 7         # 12643*  254 m  322 d
                                       RCM 7         # 12644* 1460 m  322 d
                                       RCM 8         # 12587  2366 m  322 d
                                       AR 661        # 577   


V 12-3  78 59.39 N  19 Sep 99  1832 m  Argos         # 048      49 m
        04 10.95W   16:56                            ID 29859    
                                       DCM 12        # 134      49 m  324 d
                                       CMR-ES 300    # 48       49 m  324 d
                                       Seacat RCM 7  # 2415     58 m  324 d
                                       RCM 7         # 9465*    59 m  324 d
                                       RCM 7         # 6798    305 m  324 d
                                       RCM 7         # 9708*  1511 m  324 d
                                       Microcat      # 224    1817 m  324 d
                                       RCM 8         # 10069  1822 m  324 d
                                       AR 661        # 30    


V 13-3  78 57.00 N  21 Sep 99   967 m  DCM 12        # 47       33 m  323 d
        05 21.09 W     13:27           CMR-ES 300    # 44       33 m  323 d
                                       RCM 7         # 8402     45 m  323 d
                                       Microcat      # 229      46 m  323 d
                                       RCM 7         # 12646*  221 m  323 d
                                       RCM 7         # 10909*  957 m  323 d
                                       AR 661        # 110


V 14-3  79 00.64 N  21 Sep 99   286 m  CMR-ES 300    # 17       48 m  323 d
        06 49.23 W      20:53          Seacat        # 2416     59 m  323 d
                                       RCM 7         # 8396     60 m  323 d
                                       RCM 7         # 10907*  276 m  323 d
                                       AR 661        # 84    

Remarks: 2: water inside instrument
         3: battery problems
         *: Paddelrotor (RCM-instruments without index: Savoniusrotor)




Deployed moorings


                     Date/                                     In-
moor-   Latitude     Time      Water   Type         SN         stru- 
ing     Longitude    (UTC)     Depth                           ment  
                    of first                                   Depth 
                     record
——————  ——————————  —————————  ——————  ———————————  —————————  ——————

FRAM STRAIT

F 1-4   78 50.33 N  18 Aug 00    258 m  Argos        # 108      34 m
        08 38.55 E  14:58                            ID 5426
                                        FSI          # 1551     45 m
                                        Microcat     # 211      46 m
                                        BB-ADCP UP   # 1561     95 m
                                        RCM 7        # 9401    202 m
                                        AR 361       # 18      
                                        AR 361       # 19      




F 2-4   78 50.37 N  18 Aug 00    794 m  Argos        # 105      45 m
        08 18.35 E  12:48                            ID 24577
                                        FSI          # 1557     56 m
                                        Microcat     # 212      57 m
                                        RCM 7        # 9402    256 m
                                        RCM 8        # 9767    782 m
                                        Seacat       # 1253    783 m
                                        EG& G        # 14104
                                        EG& G        # 14105


F 3-4   78 50.33 N  18 Aug 00   1031 m  Argos        # 169      43 m
        07 56.16 E  9:50                             ID 10579
                                        FSI          # 1559     54 m
                                        Microcat     # 213      55 m
                                        RCM 7        # 8370    264 m
                                        RCM 8        # 9561   1020 m
                                        RT 461       # 199     
                                        AR 261       # 22  


F 4-4   78 49.95 N  20 Aug 00   1481 m  Argos        # 167      32 m
        06 56.60 E  18:09                            ID 10574
                                        FSI          # 1560     43 m
                                        Microcat     # 214      44 m
                                        RCM 7        # 8367    233 m
                                        Seacat       # 2420   1469 m
                                        RCM 8        # 9770   1470 m
                                        Benthos      # 774   
                                        Benthos      # 775   


F 5-4   78 50.38 N   20 Aug 00  2470 m  Argos        # 164      46 m
        05 50.86 E   14:47                           ID 10354
                                        FSI          # 1561     57 m
                                        Microcat     # 215      58 m
                                        RCM 8        # 10004   247 m
                                        RCM 8        # 10503  1503 m
                                        RCM 8        # 10498  2459 m
                                        RT 161       # 840
                                        RT 161       # 817  


F 6-4   78 50.01 N  04  Aug 00  2637 m  Argos        # 168      53 m
        05 02.53 E  15:21                            ID 10575
                                        FSI          # 1562     59 m
                                        Microcat     # 217      60 m
                                        RCM 8        # 1087    259 m
                                        RCM 8        # 9187   1515 m
                                        RCM 8        # 9185   2631 m
                                        RT661        # 373 
                                        RT 461       # 26  
                                        Pegel SB 26  # 258    2636 m


F 7-3   78 50.00 N  04 Aug 00  2319 m  Argos        # 147       70 m
        04 03.07 E
                                       FSI          # 1563      76 m
                                       Microcat     # 220       77 m
                                       RCM 8        # 11887    266 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9783    1512 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9390    2308 m
                                       RT 661       # 374    
                                       RT 461       # 29     


F 8-3   78 50.00 N  06 Aug 00  2470 m  Argos        # 111       54 m
        02 33.70 E  821                             ID 24314
                                       FSI          # 15464     60 m
                                       Microcat     # 221       61 m
                                       RCM 7        # 8417     140 m
                                       RCM 8        # 11888    246 m
                                       RCM 8        # 116613   747 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9786    1503 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9782    2459 m
                                       AR661        # 544
                                       RT 261       # 28  


F 9-3   78 56.60 N  07 Aug 00  2439 m  APL-ULS      #49         47 m
        00 22.50 W  10:40              Argos        # 112       53 m
                                       ID 8347  
                                       FSI          # 1566      59 m
                                       Microcat     #222        60 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9201     184 m
                                       RCM 8        # 11890    270 m
                                       RCM 8        # 10491    771 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9995    1527 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9184    2433 m
                                       RT661        # 238  
                                       Benthos      # 780  
                                       PeQel SB 26  # 257     2438 m


F 10-4  79 01.48 N  13 Aug 00  2554 m  APL-ULS      # 48        61 m
        02 01.57 W  18:38              Argos        # 119       67 m
                                                    ID 7868  
                                       FSI          # 1568      74 m
                                       Microcat     # 223       75 m
                                       NB-ADCP UP   # 378      254 m
                                       RCM 8        # 11892    511 m
                                       RCM 8        # 12324   1517 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9188    2543 m
                                       AR 261       # 25  
                                       Benthos      # 777  
                                       


F 11-4  78 59.93 N  13 Aug 00  2349 m  Argos        # 048       50 m
        03 04.32 W  14:46                           ID 29859
                                       DCM 12       # 134       50 m
                                       CMR-ES 300   # 45        50 m
                                       Seacat       # 1973      59 m
                                       RCM 7        # 11854     60 m
                                       RCM 7        # 11059    226 m
                                       RCM 7        # 9464    1432 m
                                       RCM 8        # 10071   2338 m
                                       AR 661       # 29  


F 12-4  78 59.84 N  13 Aug 00  1889 m  Argos        # 041       65 m
        04 05.74 W  11:17                           ID 29050
                                       DCM 12       # 47        65 m
                                       CMR-ES 300   # 37        65 m
                                       Seacat       # 1975      74 m
                                       RCM 7        # 11845     75 m
                                       RCM 7        # 10349    321 m
                                       RCM 7        # 7718    1567 m
                                       Microcat     # 226     1874 m
                                       RCM 8        # 11625   1878 m
                                       AR661        # 291  


F 13-4  78 59.59 N  09 Aug 00   982 m  CMR-ES 300   # 34        36 m
        05 24.63 W  15:30              RCM 7        # 10303     48 m
                                       Seacat       # 1254      49 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9765     235 m
                                       RCM 7        # 9706     971 m
                                       AR 661       # 292  


F 14-4  79 00.61 N  09 Aug 00   274 m  CMR-ES 300   # 19        45 m
        06 49.12 W  9:11               Seacat       # 1976      56 m
                                       RCM 8        # 9763      57 m
                                       RCM 7        # 11475    263 m
                                       AR 661       # 77


FEvi-1  79 01.70 N  19 Aug 00  2456 m  Benthos 204- # 196      171 m
        04 20.86 E  22:05              SRT
                                       sedimenttrap # 860018   231 m
                                       (S/MT 240)
                                       sedimenttrap # 890001  2283 m
                                       (S/MT 241 02)
                                       RCM 8        # 10873   2440 m
                                       RT 661       # 243






Folgende Hefte der Reihe „Berichte zur Polarforschung" sind bisher erschienen:

• Sonderheft Nr. 1/1981 - „Die Antarktis und ihr Lebensraum"
  Eine Einführung für Besucher - Herausgegeben im Auttrag von SCAR

• Heft Nr. 1/1982 - „Die Filchner-Schelfeis-Expedition 1980/81" 
  zusammengestellt von Heinz Kohnen

• Heft Nr. 2/1982 - „Deutsche Antarktis-Expedition 1980/81 mit FS ,Meteor'" 
  First International BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) - Lisle der Zooplankton- und 
  Mikronektonnetzfänge zusammengestellt von Norbert Klages

• Heft Nr. 3/1982 - „Digitale und analoge Krill-Echolot-Rohdateneriassung an 
  Bord des Forschungsschiffes ,Meteor'" (im Rahmen von FIBEX 1980/81, 
  Fahrtabschnitt ANT III), von Bodo Morgenstern

  Heft Nr. 4/1982 - „Filchner-Schelfeis-Expedition 1980/81" Liste der 
  Planktonfänge und Lichtstärkemessungen zusammengestellt von Gerd Hubold und 
  H. Eberhard Drescher

• Heft Nr. 5/1982 - "Joint Biological Expedition on RRS 'John Biscoe', 
  February 1982" by G. Hempel and R.B. Heywood

• Heft Nr. 6/1982 - „Antarktis-Expedition 1981/82 (Unternehmen ,Eiswarte')" 
  zusammengestellt von Gode Gravenhorst

  Heft Nr. 7/1982 - „Marin-Biologisches Begleitprogramm zur Standorterkundung 
  1979/80 mit MS ,Polarsirkel' (Pre-Site Survey)" - Stationslisten der 
  Mikronekton- und Zooplanktonlänge sowie der Bodenfischerei zusammengestellt 
  von R. Schneppenheim

  Heft Nr. 8/1983 - "The Post-Fibex Data Interpretation Workshop" by D.L. 
  Cram and J.-C. Freytag with the collaboration of J.W. Schmidt, M. Mall, R. 
  Kresse, T. Schwinghammer

• Heft Nr. 9/1983 - "Distribution of some groups of zooplankton in the inner 
  Weddell Sea in summer 1979/80" by I. Hempel, G. Hubold, B. Kaczmaruk, R. 
  Keller, R. Weigmann-Haass

  Heft Nr. 10/1983 - „Fluor im antarktischen Ökosystem" - DFG-Symposium 
  November 1982 zusammengestellt von Dieter Adelung

  Heft Nr. 11/1983 - "Joint Biological Expedition on RRS 'John Biscoe', February 
  1982 (II)" Data of micronecton and zooplankton hauls, by Uwe Piatkowski

  Heft Nr. 12/1983 - „Das biologische Programm der ANTARKTIS-1-Expedition 1983 
  mit FS ,Polarstern'" Stationslisten der Plankton-, Benthos- und 
  Grundschleppnetzfänge und Liste der Probennahme an Robben und Vögeln,
  von H.E. Drescher, G. Hubold, U. Piatkowski, J. Plötz und J. Voß

• Heft Nr. 13/1983 - „Die Antarktis-Expedition von MS ,Polarbjörn' 1982/83" 
  (Sommerkampagne zur Atka-Bucht und zu den Kraul-Bergen), zusammengestellt von 
  Heinz Kohnen

• Sonderheft Nr. 2/1983 - „Die erste Antarktis-Expedition von FS ,Polarstern' 
  (Kapstadt, 20. Januar 1983 - Rio de Janeiro, 25. Marz 1983)", Bericht des 
  Fahrtleiters Prof. Dr. Gotthilf Hempel

  Sonderheft Nr. 3/1983 - „Sicherheit und Überleben bei Polarexpeditionen" 
  zusammengestellt von Heinz Kohnen

• Heft Nr. 14/1983 - „Die erste Antarktis-Expedition (ANTARKTIS I) von FS 
  ,Polarstern' 1982/83" herausgegeben von Gotthilf Hernpel
  
  Sonderheft Nr. 4/1983 - "On the Biology of Krill Euphausia superba"- 
  Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of the Krill Ecology Group, Brernerhaven 
  12. - 16. May 1983, edited by S.B. Schnack

  Heft Nr. 15/1983 - "German Antarctic Expedition 1980/81 with FRV 'Walther 
  Herwig' and RV 'Meteor'" - First International BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) - 
  Data of micronekton and zooplankton hauls by Uwe Piatkowski and Norbert Klages

  Sonderheft Nr. 5/1984 - "The observatories of the Georg von Neumayer Station", 
  by Ernst Augstein

  Heft Nr. 16/1984 - "FIBEX cruise zooplankton data" by U. Piatkowski, I. Hempel 
  and S. Rakusa-Suszczewski

• Heft Nr. 17/1984 - „Fahrtbericht (cruise report) der ,Polarstern'-Reise 
  ARKTIS I, 1983" von E. Augstein, G. Hempel und J. Thiede

  Heft Nr. 18/1984 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS II mit FS ,Polarstern' 1983/84", 
  Bericht von den Fahrtabschnitten 1, 2 und 3, herausgegeben von D. Fütterer

  Heft Nr. 19/1984 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS II mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1983/84", Bericht vom Fahrtabschnitt 4, Punta Arenas-Kapstadt (Ant-11/4), 
  herausgegeben von H. Kohnen

  Heft Nr. 20/1984 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS II des FS ,Polarstern' 1984, mit 
  Beiträgen des FS ,Valdivia' und des Forschungsflugzeuges ,Falcon 20' zum 
  Marginal Ice Zone Experiment 1984 (MIZEX)" von E. Augstein, G. Hempel, J. 
  Schwarz, J. Thiede und W. Weigel

  Heft Nr. 21/1985 - "Euphausiid larvae in plankton from the vicinity of the 
  Antarctic Penisula, February 1982" by Sigrid Marschall and Elke Mizdalski

  Heft Nr. 22/1985 - "Maps of the geographical distribution of macrozooplankton 
  in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean" by Uwe Piatkowski

  Heft Nr. 23/1985 - „Untersuchungen zur Funktionsmorphologie und 
  Nahrungsaufnahme der Larven des Antarktischen Krills Euphausia superba Dana" 
  von Hans-Peter Marschall

  Heft Nr. 24/1985 - „Untersuchungen zum Periglazial auf der König-Georg-lnsel 
  Südshetlandinseln/Antarktika. Deutsche physiogeographische Forschungen in der 
  Antarktis. - Bericht über die Kampagne 1983/84" von Dietrich Barsch, Wolf-
  Dieter Blümel, Wolfgang Flügel, Roland Mausbacher, Gerhard Stäblein, Wolfgang  
  Zick

• Heft Nr. 25/1985 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS III mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1984/1985" herausgegeben von Gotthilf Hempel.

• Heft Nr. 26/1985 - "The Southern Ocean"; A survey of oceanographic and marine 
  meteorological research work by Hellmer et al.

• Heft Nr. 27/1986 - „Spätpleistozane Sedimentationsprozesse am antarktischen 
  Kontinentalhang var Kapp Norvegia, östliche Weddell-See" von Hannes Grobe

  Heft Nr. 28/1986 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS III mit ,Polarstern' 1985" mit 
  Beiträgen der Fahrtteilnehmer"", herausgegeben von Rainer Gersonde

• Heft Nr. 29/1986 - „5 Jahre Schwerpunktprogramm ,Antarktisforschung' der 
  Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschatt." Rückblick und Ausblick. Zusammengestellt 
  von Gotthilf Hempel, Sprecher des Schwerpunktprogramms

  Heft Nr. 30/1986 - "The Meteorological Data of the Georg-van-Neumayer-Station 
  for 1981 and 1982" by Marianne Gube and Friedrich Obleitner

• Heft Nr. 31/1986 - „Zur Biologie der Jugendstadien der Notothenioidei 
  (Pisces) an der Antarktischen Halbinsel" von A. Kellermann

• Heft Nr. 32/1986 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS IV mil FS ,Polarstern' 1985/86" 
  mil Beitragen der Fahrtteilnehmer, herausgegeben von Dieter Fütterer

  Heft Nr. 33/1987 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-IV mil FS ,Polarstern' 1985/86 - 
  Bericht zu den Fahrtabschnitten ANT-IV/3-4"" von Dieter Karl Fütterer

  Heft Nr. 34/1987 - „Zoogeographische Untersuchungen und Gemeinschaftsanalysen 
  an antarktischen Makroplankton" von U. Piatkowski

  Heft Nr. 35/1987 - „Zur Verbreitung des Meso- und Makrozooplanktons in 
  Oberflächenwasser der Weddell See (Antarktis)" von E. Boysen-Ennen

  Heft Nr. 36/1987 - „Zur Nahrungs- und Bewegungsphysiologie von Salpa 
  thompsoni und Salpa fusiformis" von M. Reinke

  Heft Nr. 37/1987 - "The Eastern Weddell Sea Drifting Buoy Data Set of the 
  Winter Weddell Sea Project (WWSP)" 1986 by Heinrich Hoeber und Marianne Gube-
  Lehnhardt

  Heft Nr. 38/1987 - "The Meteorological Data of the Georg von Neumayer Station 
  for 1983 and 1984" by M. Gube-Lenhardt

  Heft Nr. 39/1987 - „Die Winter-Expedition mil FS ,Polarstern' in die Antarktis 
  (ANT V/1-3)" herausgegeben von Sigrid Schnack-Schiel

  Heft Nr. 40/1987 - "Weather and Synoptic Situation during Winter Weddell Sea 
  Project 1986 (ANT V/2) July 16. - September 10. 1986" by Werner Rabe

  Heft Nr. 41/1988 - „Zur Verbreitung und Ökologie der Seegurken im Weddellmeer 
  (Antarktis)" von Julian Gutt

  Heft Nr. 42/1988 - "The zooplankton community in the deep bathyal and abyssal 
  zones of the eastern North Atlantic" by Werner Beckmann

• Heft Nr. 43/1988 - "Scientific cruise report of Arctic Expedition ARK IV/3" 
  Wissenschaftlicher Fahrtbericht der Arktis-Expedition ARK IV/3, compiled by 
  Jörn Thiede

• Heft Nr. 44/1988 - "Data Report for FV ,Polarstern' Cruise ARK IV/1, 1987 to 
  the Arctic and Polar Fronts" by Hans-Jürgen Hirche

  Heft Nr. 45/1988 - „Zoogeographie und Gemeinschaftsanalyse des 
  Makrozoobenthos des Weddellmeeres (Antarktis)" von Joachim Voß

  Heft Nr. 46/1988 - "Meteorological and Oceanographic Data of the Winter-
  Weddell-Sea Project 1986 (ANT V/3)" by Eberhard Fahrbach

  Heft Nr. 47/1988 - „Verteilung und Herkuntt glazial-mariner Gerolle am 
  Antarktischen Kontinentalrand des östlichen Weddellmeeres" von Wolfgang 
  Oskierski

  Heft Nr. 48/1988 - „Variationen des Erdmagnetfeldes an der GvN-Station" von 
  Arnold Brodscholl

• Heft Nr. 49/1988 - „Zur Bedeutung der Lipide im antarktischen Zooplankton" 
  von Wilhelm Hagen

• Heft Nr. 50/1988 - „Die gezeitenbedingte Dynamik des Ekström-Schelfeises, 
  Antarktis" von Wolfgang Kobarg 

  Heft Nr. 51/1988 - „Ökomorphologie nototheniider Fische aus dem Weddellmeer, 
  Antarktis" von Werner Ekau 

  Heft Nr. 52/1988 - „Zusammensetzung der Bodenfauna in der westlichen Fram-
  Straße" von Dieter Piepenburg

• Heft Nr. 53/1988 - „Untersuchungen zur Ökologie des Phytoplanktons im 
  südöstlichen Weddellmeer (Antarktis) im Jan./Febr. 1985'" von Eva-Maria Nöthig

  Heft Nr. 54/1988 - „Die Fischfauna des östlichen und südlichen 
  Weddellmeeres: geographische Verbreitung, Nahrung und tropische Stellung der 
  Fischarten" von Wiebke Schwarzbach

  Heft Nr. 55/1988 - "Weight and length data of zooplankton in the Weddell Sea 
  in austral spring 1986 (Ant. V/3)" by Elke Mizdalski.

  Heft Nr. 56/1989 - "Scientific cruise report of Arctic expeditions ARK IV/1, 2 
  & 3" by G. Krause, J. Meinke und J. Thiede 

  Heft Nr. 57/1989 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS V mil FS ,Polarstern' 
  1986/87" Bericht von den Fahrtabschnitten ANT V/4-5 von H. Miller und H. 
  Oerter

• Heft Nr. 58/1989 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS VI mit FS ,Polarstern' 1987/88" 
  von D. K. FUutterer 

  Heft Nr. 59/1989 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS V/1a, 1b und 2 mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1988" von M. Spindler

  Heft Nr. 60/1989 - „Ein zweidimensionales Modell zurthermohalinen 
  Zirkulation unter dam Schelfeis" von H.H. Hellmer

  Heft Nr. 61/1989 - „Die Vulkanite im westlichen und mittleren 
  Neuschwabenland, Vestfjella und Ahlmannryggen, Antarktika" von M. Peters

• Heft Nr. 62/1989 - "The Expedition ANTARKTIS VII/1 and 2 (EPOS I) of RV 
  'Polarstern' in 1988/89", by I. Hempel

  Heft Nr. 63/1989 - „Die Eisalgenflora des Weddellmeeres {Antarktis): 
  Artenzusammensetzung und Biomasse sowie Ökophysiologie ausgewählter Arten" 
  von Annette Bartsch

  Heft Nr. 64/1989 - "Meteorological Data of the G.-v.-Neumayer-Station 
  (Antarctica)" by L. Helmes 

  Heft Nr. 65/1989 - "Expedition Antarktis VII/3 in 1988/89" by I. Hempel, P.H. 
  Schalk, V. Smetacek

  Heft Nr. 66/1989 - „Geomorphologisch-glaziologische Detailkartierung des 
  arid-hochpolaren Borgmassivet, Neuschwabenland, Antarktika" von Karsten Brunk

  Heft Nr. 67/1990 - "Identification key and catalogue of larval Antarctic 
  fishes", edited by Adolf Kellermann

  Heft Nr. 68/1990 - "The Expedition Antarktis VII/4 (Epos leg 3) and VII/5 of 
  RV 'Polarstern' in 1989", edited by W. Arntz, W. Ernst, I. Hempel

  Heft Nr. 69/1990 - „Abhängigkeiten elastischer und rheologischer Eigenschaften 
  des Meereises vom Eisgefüge", von Harald Hellmann

• Heft Nr. 70/1990 - „Die beschalten benthischen Mollusken (Gastropoda und 
  Bivalvia) des Weddellmeeres, Antarktis", von Stefan Hain

  Heft Nr. 71/1990 - „Sedimentologie und Paläomagnetik an Sedimenten der 
  Maudkuppe (Nordöstliches Weddellmeer)", von Dieter Cordes

  Heft Nr. 72/1990 - "Distribution and abundance of planktonic copepods 
  (Crustacea) in the Weddell Sea in summer 1980/81", by F. Kurbjeweit and S. 
  Ali-Khan

  Heft Nr. 73/1990 - „Zur Frühdiagenese von organischem Kohlenstoff und Opal in 
  Sedimenten des südlichen und östlichen Weddellmeeres", von M. Schlater

  Heft Nr. 74/1990 - „Expeditionen ANTARKTIS-VIII/3 und VIII/4 mit FS 
  ,Polarstern' 1989" von Rainer Gersonde und Gotthilf Hempel

  Heft Nr. 75/1991 - „Quartäre Sedimentationsprozesse am Kontinentalhang des 
  Süd-Orkey-Plateaus im nordwestlichen Weddellmeer (Antarktis)", von Sigrun 
  Grünig

  Heft Nr. 76/1990 - „Ergebnisse der faunistischen Arbeiten im Benthal von King 
  George Island (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis)", von Martin Rauschert

  Heft Nr. 77/1990 - „Verteilung von Mikroplankton-Organismen nordwestlich der 
  Antarktischen Halbinsel unter dem Einfluß sich ändernder Umweltbedingungen im 
  Herbst", von Heinz Klöser

  Heft Nr. 78/1991 - „Hochauflösende Magnetostratigraphie spätquartarer 
  Sedimente arktischer Meeresgebiete", von Norbert R. Nowaczyk

  Heft Nr. 79/1991 - „Ökophysiologische Untersuchungen zur Salinitats- ur1d 
  Temperaturtoleranz antarktischer Grünalgen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung 
  des β-Dimethylsulfoniumpropionat (DMSP) - Stoffwechsels", von Ulf Karsten

  Heft Nr. 80/1991 - „Die ExpeditionARKTIS VII/1 mit FS ,Polarstern' 1990", 
  herausgegeben von Jörn Thiede und Gotthilf Hempel

  Heft Nr. 81/1991 - „Paläoglaziologie und Paläozeanographie im Spätquartär am 
  Kontinentalrand des südlichen Weddellmeeres, Antarktis", von Martin Mellas

  Heft Nr. 82/1991 - „Quantifizierung von Meereseigenschaften: Automatische 
  Bildanalyse von Dünnschnitten und Parametisierung von Chlorophyll- und 
  Salzgehaltsverteilungen", von Hajo Eicken

  Heft Nr. 83/1991 - „Das Fließen von Schelfeisen - numerische Simulationen 
  milder Methode der finiten Differenzen", von Jürgen Determann

  Heft Nr. 84/1991 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-VIII/1-2, 1989 mit der Winter 
  Weddell Gyre Study der Forschungsschiffe ,Polarstern' und ,Akademik 
  Fedorov'", von Ernst Augstein, Nikolai Bagriantsev und Hans Werner Schenke

  Heft Nr. 85/1991 - „Zur Entstehung von Unterwassereis und das Wachstum und 
  die Energiebilanz des Meereseises in der Atka Buehl, Antarktis", von Josef 
  Kipfstuhl

• Heft Nr. 86/1991 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-VIII mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1989/90. Bericht vom Fahrtabschnitt ANT-VIII/5", von Heinz Miller und Hans 
  Oerter

  Heft Nr. 87/1991 - "Scientific cruise reports of Arctic expeditions ARK VI/1-4 
  of RV 'Polarstern' in 1989", edited by G. Krause, J. Meineke & H.J. Schwarz

  Heft Nr. 88/1991 - „Zur Lebensgeschichte dominanter Copepodenarten (Calanus 
  tinmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus, Metridia longa) in der 
  Framstraße", von Sabine Diel

  Heft Nr. 89/1991 - „Detaillierte seismische Untersuchungen am östlichen 
  Kontinentalrand des Weddeil-Meeres vor Kapp Norvegia, Antarktis", von 
  Norbert E. Kaul

  Heft Nr. 90/1991 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-VIII mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1989/90. Bericht von den Fahrtabschnitten ANT-VIII/6-7", herausgegeben von 
  Dieter Karl Fütterer und Otto Schrems

  Heft Nr. 91/1991 - "Blood physiology and ecological consequences in Weddell 
  Sea fishes (Antarctica)", by Andreas Kunzmann

  Heft Nr. 92/1991 - „Zur sommerlichen Verteilung des Mesozooplanktons im 
  Nansen-Becken, Nordpolarmeer", von Nicolai Mumm

  Heft Nr. 93/1991 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS VII mit FS ,Polarstern', 1990. 
  Bericht vom Fahrtabschnitt ARK VII/2", herausgegeben von Gunther Krause

  Heft Nr. 94/1991 - „Die Entwicklung des Phytoplanktons im östlichen 
  Weddellmeer (Antarktis) beim Übergang vom Spätwinter zum Frühjahr", von Renate 
  Scharek

  Heft Nr. 95/1991 - „Radioisotopenstratigraphie, Sedimentologie und Geochemie 
  jungquartärer Sedimente des östlichen Arktischen Ozeans", von Horst Bohrmann

  Heft Nr. 96/1991 - „Holozäne Sedimentationsentwicklung im Scoresby Sund, Ost-
  Grönland", von Peter Marienfeld

  Heft Nr. 97/1991 - „Strukturelle Entwicklung und Abkühlungsgeschichte von 
  Heimefrontfjella (Westliches Dronning Maud Land/Antarktika)", von Joachim 
  Jacobs

  Heft Nr. 98/1991 - „Zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des antarktischen Schelfes am 
  BeiSpiel der lsopoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca)", von Angelika Brandt

• Heft Nr. 99/1992 - "The Antarctic ice sheet and environmental change: a three-
  dimensional modelling study", by Philippe Huybrechts

• Heft Nr. 100/1992 - „Die Expeditionen ANTARKTIS IX/1-4 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1990/91", herausgegeben von Ulrich Bathmann, Meinhard Schulz-
  Baldes, Eberhard Fahrbach, Victor Smetacek und Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten

  Heft Nr. 101/1992 - „Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Schwermetallkonzentrationen 
  (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) im Meerwasser und in Zooplanktonorganismen (Copepoda) der 
  Arktis und des Atlantiks", von Christa Pohl

  Heft Nr. 102/1992 - „Physiologie und Ultrastruktur der antarktischen  
  Grünalge Prasiola crispa ssp. antarctica unter osmotischem Streß und 
  Austrocknung", von Andreas Jacob

• Heft Nr. 103/1992 - „Zur Ökologie der Fische im Weddellmeer" von Gerd  
  Hubold

  Heft Nr. 104/1992 - „Mehrkanalige adaptive Filter für die Unterdrückung von 
  multiplen Reflexionen in Verbindung mit der freien Oberfläche in marinen 
  Seismogrammen", von Andreas Rosenberger

  Heft Nr. 105/1992 - "Radiation and Eddy Flux Experiment 1991 (REFLEX I)
  von Jorg Hartmann, Christoph Kottmeier und Christian Wamser

  Heft Nr. 106/1992 - „Ostracoden im Epipelagial var der Antarktischen 
  Halbinsel - ein Beitrag zur Systematik sowie zur Verbreitung und 
  Populationsstruktur unter Berücksichtigung der Saisonalität", von Rüdiger 
  Kock

• Heft Nr. 107/1992 - „ARCTIC '91: Die Expedition ARK-VIII/3 mit FS 
  ,Polarstern' 1991", von Dieter K. Fütterer

  Heft Nr. 108/1992 - „Dehnungsbeben an einer Störungszone im Ekstrom-Schelfeis 
  nördlich der Georg-von-Neumayer­Station, Antarktis. - Eine Untersuchung mit 
  seismologischen und geodätischen Methoden", von Uwe Nixdorf

• Heft Nr. 109/1992 - „Spätquartäre Sedimentation am Kontinentalrand des 
  südöstlichen Weddellmeeres, Antarktis", von Michael Weber

• Heft Nr. 110/1992 - „Sedimentfazies und Bodenwasserstrom am Kontinentalhang 
  des nordwestlichen Weddellmeeres", von Isa Brehme

  Heft Nr. 111/1992 - „Die Lebensbedingungen in den Solekanälchen des 
  antarktischen Meereises", von Jürgen Weissenberger

  Heft Nr. 112/1992 - „Zur Taxonomie von rezenten benthischen Foraminiferen aus 
  dem Nansen Becken, Arktischer Ozean", von Jutta Wollenburg

  Heft Nr. 113/199 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS VIII/1 mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1991" herausgegeben von Gerhard Kattner

• Heft Nr.114/1992 - „Die GrOndungsphase deutscher Polarforschung, 1865 -
  1875", von Reinhard A. Krause

  Heft Nr. 115/1992 - "Scientific Cruise Report of the 1991 Arctic Expedition 
  ARK VIII/2 of RV 'Polarstern' (EPOS II)", by Eike Rachar

  Heft Nr.116/1992 - "The Meteorological Data of the Georg-van-Neumayer-Station 
  (Antarctica) for 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991", by Gert Konig-Langlo

  Heft Nr. 117/1992 - „Petrogenese des metamorphen Grundgebirges der zentralen 
  Heimefrontfjella (westliches Drenning Maud Land/ Antarktis)", von Peter 
  Schulze

  Heft Nr. 118/1993 - „Die mafischen Gange der Shackleton Range/Antarktika: 
  Petrographie, Geochemie, Isotopengeochemie und Palaomagnetik", von Rudiger 
  Hotten

• Heft Nr. 119/1993 - „Gefrierschutz bei Fischen der Polarmeere", von 
  Andreas P.A. Wohrmann

• Heft Nr. 120/1993 - "East Siberian Arctic Region Expedition '92: The Laptev   
  Sea - its Significance for Arctic Sea-Ice Formation and Transpolar Sediment 
  Flux", by D: Dethleff, D. Nürnberg, E. Reimnitz, M. Saarso and Y.P. Sacchenko 
  - "Expedition to Novaja Zemlja and Franz Josef Land with RV. 'Dalnie 
  Zelentsy"', by D. Nürnberg and E. Groth

• Heft Nr.121/1993 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS X/3 mit FS ,Polarstern' 1992", 
  herausgegeben von Michael Spindler, Gerhard Dieckmann und David Thomas

  Heft Nr. 122/1993 - „Die Beschreibung der Korngestalt mil Hille der Fourier-
  Analyse: Parametrisierung der morphologischen Eigenschaften von 
  Sedimentpartikeln", von Michael Diepenbroek

• Heft Nr. 123/1993 - „Zerstörungsfreie hochauflösende Dichteuntersuchungen 
  mariner Sedimente", von Sebastian Gerland

  Heft Nr. 124/1993 - „Umsatz und Verteilung von Lipiden in arktischen marinen 
  Organismen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung unterer trophischer Stufen",  
  von Martin Graeve

  Heft Nr. 125/1993 - „Ökologie und Respiration ausgewählter arktischer 
  Bodenfischarten", von Christian F. von Dorrien

  Heft Nr. 126/1993 - „Quantitative Bestimmung von Paläoumweltparametern des 
  Antarktischen Oberflächenwassers im Spätquartier anhand von Transferfunktionen 
  mit Diatomeer", von Ulrich Zielinski

• Heft Nr. 127/1993 - „Sedimenttransport durch das arktische Meereis: Die 
  rezente lithogene und biogene Meterialfracht", von Inga Wollenburg

  Heft Nr. 128/1993 - "Cruise ANTARKTIS X/3 of RV 'Polarstern': CTD-Report", 
  von Marek Zwierz

  Heft Nr. 129/1993 - „Reproduktion und Lebenszyklen dominanter Copepodenarten 
  aus dem Weddellmeer, Antarktis", von Frank Kurbjeweit

  Heft Nr. 130/1993 - „Untersuchungen zu Temperaturregime und Massenhaushalt 
  des Filchner-Ronne-Schelfeises, Antarktis, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung 
  von Anfrier- und Abschmelzprozessen", von Klaus Grosfeld

  Heft Nr. 131/1993 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS X/5 mil FS ,Polarstern' 1992", 
  herausgegeben von Rainer Gersonde

  Heft Nr. 132/1993 - „Bildung und Abgabe kurzkettiger halogenierter 
  Kohlenwasserstoffe durch Makroalgen der Polarregionen", von Frank Laturnus

  Heft Nr. 133/1994 - "Radiation and Eddy Flux Experiment 1993 (REFLEX II)", by 
  Christoph Kottmeier, Jorg Hartmann, Christian Wamser, Axel Bachert, Christal 
  Lupkes, Dietmar Freese and Wolfgang Cohrs

• Heft Nr. 134/1994 - "The Expedition ARKTIS-IX/1", edited by Hajo Eicken and 
  Jens Meineke

  Heft Nr. 135/1994 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS X/6-8", herausgegeben von 
  Ulrich Bathmann, Victor Smetacek, Hein de Baar, Eberhard Fahrbach und 
  Gunter Krause

  Heft Nr. 136/1994 - „Untersuchungen zur Ernahrungsokologie von 
  Kaiserpinguinen {Aptenodytes forsteri) und Konigspinguinen (Aptenodytes 
  patagonicus)", von Klemens Putz

• Heft Nr. 137/1994 - „Die kanozoische Vereisungsgeschichte der Antarktis", von 
  Werner U. Ehrmann

  Heft Nr. 138/1994 - „Untersuchungen stratosphlärischer Aerosole vulkanischen 
  Ursprungs und polarer stratospharischer Wolken mil einem Mehrwellenlängen-
  Lidar auf Spitzbergen (79° N, 12° E)", von Georg Beyene

  Heft Nr. 139/1994 - „Charakterisierung der lsopodenfauna (Crustacea, 
  Malacostraca) des Scotia-Bogens aus biogeographischer Sicht: Ein multivariater 
  Ansatz", von Helger Winkler

  Heft Nr. 140/1994 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS X/4 mil FS ,Polarstern' 1992", 
  herausgegeben von Peter Lemke

  Heft Nr. 141/1994 - „Satellitenaltimetrie Ober Eis - Anwendung des GEOSAT-
  Altimeters Ober dem EkstrOmisen, Antarktis", von Clemens Heidland

  Heft Nr. 142/1994 - "The 1993 Northeast Water Expedttion. Scientific cruise 
  report of RV 'Polarstern' Arctic cruises ARK IX/2 and 3, USCG 'Polar Bear' 
  cruise NEWP and the NEWLand expedition", edtted by Hans-Jürgen Hirche and 
  Gerhard Kattner

  Heft Nr. 143/1994 - „Detaillierte refraktionsseismische Untersuchungen im 
  inneren Scoresby Sund Ost-Grönland", von Notker Fechner

  Heft Nr. 144/1994 - "Russian-German Cooperation in the Siberian Shatt Sea: 
  Geo-System Laptev Sea", edited by Heidemarie Kassens, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, 
  Sergey M. Pryamikov and Rüdiger Stein

• Heft Nr. 145/1994 - "The 1993 Northeast Water Expedttion. Data Report of RV 
  'Polarstern' Arctic Cruises IX/2 and 3", edited by Gerhard Kattner and Hans-
  Jürgen Hirche.

  Heft Nr. 146/1994 - "Radiation Measurements at the German Antarctic Station 
  Neumayer 1982 - 1992", by Torsten Schmidt and Gerd König-Langlo

  Heft Nr. 147/1994 - „Krustenstrukturen und Verlauf des Kontinentalrandes im 
  Weddell-Meer I Antarklis", von Christian Hübscher

• Heft Nr. 148/1994 - “The expeditions NORILSK/TAYMYR 1993 and BUNGER OASIS 
  1993/94 of the AWI Research Unit Potsdam", edited by Martin Mellas

• Heft Nr 149/1994 - „Die Expedition ARCTIC '93. Der Fahrtabschnitt ARK-IX/4 
  mil FS ,Polarstern' 1993", herausgegeben von Dieter K. Fütterer

  Heft Nr. 150/1994 - „Der Energiebedarf tier Pygoscelis-Pinguine: eine 
  Synapse", von Boris M. Culik

  Heft Nr. 151-/1994 - "Russian-German Cooperation: The Transdrift I Expedition 
  to the Laptev Sea", _edited by Heidemarie Kassens and Valeriy Y. Karply

  Heft Nr. 152/1994 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-X mit FS ,Polarstern' 1992. 
  Bericht von den Fahrtabschnitten / ANT-X / 1a und 2", herausgegeben von Heinz 
  Miller

  Heft Nr. 153/1994 - „Aminosauren und Huminstoffe im Stickstoffkreislauf 
  polarer Meere", von Ulrike Hubberten

  Heft Nr. 154/1994 - "Regional and seasonal variability in the vertical 
  distribution of mesozooplankton in the Greenland Sea", by Claudio Richter

  Heft r. 155/199 - „Benthos in polaren Gewässern", herausgegeben von Christian 
  Wieneke und Wott Arntz

  Heft Nr. 156/1995 - "An adjoint model for the determination of the mean 
  oceanic circulation, air-sea fluxes and mixing coefficients", by Reiner 
  Schlitzer 

  Heft Nr. 157/1995 - „Biochemische Untersuchungen zum Lipidstoffwechsel 
  antarktischer Copepoden", von Kirsten Fahl

••Heft Nr. 158/1995 - „Die Deutsche Polarforschung seit der 
  Jahrhundertwende und der EinfluB Erich von Drygalskis", von Cornelia Lüdecke

• Heft Nr. 159/1995 - "The distribution of δ18O in the Arctic Ocean: 
  Implications for the freshwater balance of the halocline and the sources of 
  deep and bottom waters", by Dorothea Bauch

• Heft Nr. 160/1995 - „Rekonstruktion der spätquartären Tiefenwasserzirkulation 
  und Produktivität im östlichen Südatlantik anhand von benthischen 
  Foraminiferenvergesellschaftungen", von Gerhard Schmiedl

  Heft Nr. 161/1995 - „Der Einffuß von Salinttät und Lichtintensität auf die 
  Osmoly1konzentrationen, die Zellvolumina und die Wachstumsraten der 
  antarktischen Eisdiatomeen Chaetoceros sp. und Navicula sp. unter besonderer 
  Berücksichtigung der Aminosiäuren Prolin", von Jürgen Nothnagel

  Heft Nr. 162/1995 - „Meereistransportiertes lithogenes Feinmaterial in 
  spätquarta.ren Tiafseesedimenten des zentralen östlichen Arktischen Ozeans und 
  der Framstraße", von Thomas Latzig

  Heft Nr. 163/1995 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-XI/2 mit FS ,Polarstern' 
  1993/94", herausgegeben von Rainer Gersonde

  Heft Nr. 164/1995 - „Regionale und altersabhängige Variation 
  gesteinsmagnetischer Parameter in marinen Sedimenten der Arktis", von Thomas 
  Frederichs

  Heft Nr. 165/1995 - „Vorkommen, Verteilung und Umsatz biogener organischer 
  Spurenstoffe: Sterole in antarktischen Gewässern", von Georg Hanke

  Heft Nr. 166/1995 - „Vergleichende Untersuchungen eines optimierten 
  dynamisch-thermodynamischen Meereismodells mil Beobachtungen im Weddellmeer", 
  von Helger Fischer

• Heft Nr. 167/1995 - „Rekonstruktionen von Patäo-Umweltparametern anhand von 
  stabäen lsotopen und Faunen-Vergesellschattungen planktischer Foraminiferen  
  im Südatlantik", von Hans-Stefan Niabler

  Heft Nr. 168/1995 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XII mit FS ,Polarstern' 1993/94. 
  Bericht von den Fahrtabschnitten ANT XII/1 und 2", herausgegeben von Gerhard 
  Kattner und Dieter Karl Fütterer

  Heft Nr. 169/1995 - „Medizinische Untersuchung zur Circadianrhythmik und zum 
  Verhalten bei Überwinterern auf einer antarklischen Forschungsstation", von 
  Hans Wortmann

  Heft Nr. 170/1995 - DFG-Kolloquium: Terrestrische Geowissenschatten - Geologie 
  und Geophysik der Antarktis

  Heft Nr. 171/1995 - „Strukturentwicklung und Petrogenese des metamorphosen 
  Grundgebirges der nördlichen Heimfrontfjella (westliches Drenning Maud 
  Land/Antarktika)", von Wilfried Bauer

  Heft Nr. 172/1995 - „Die Struktur der Erdkruste im Bereich des Scoresby Sund, 
  Ostgrönland: Ergebnisse refraktionsseismischer und gravimetrischer 
  Untersuchungen", von Helger Mandler

  Heft Nr. 173/1995 - „Paläozoische Akkretion am paläopazifischen 
  Kontinentalrand der Antarktis in Nordvictorialand - P-T-G-Geschichte und 
  Deformationsmechanismen im Bowers Terrane", von Stefan Matzer

  Heft Nr.174/1995 - “The Expedition ARKTIS-X/2 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1994", 
  edited by Hans-W. Hubberten

  Heft Nr.175/1995 - "Russian-German Cooperation: The Expedrrion TAYMYR 1994", 
  edited by Christine Siegert and Gmitry Bolshiyanov

• Heft Nr. 176/1995 - "Russian-German Cooperation: Laptev Sea System", edited by 
  Heidemarie Kassens, Dieter Piepenburg, Jörn Thiede, Leonid Timokhov, Hans-
  Wolfgang Hubberten and Sergey M. Priamikov

  Heft Nr. 177/1995 - „Organischer Kohlenstoff in spätquartären Sedimenten des 
  Arkischen Ozeans: Terrigener Eintrag und marine Produktivität", von Carsten 
  J. Schubert

  Heft Nr. 178/1995 - "Cruise ANTARKTIS XII/4 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1995: CTD-
  Report", by Jüri Sildam

  Heft Nr. 179/1995 - „Benthische Foraminijerenfaunen als Wassermassen-, 
  Produktions- und Eisdriftanzeiger im Arktischen Ozean", von Jutta Wollenburg

  Heft Nr. 180/1995 - „Biogenopal und biogenes Barium als lndikatoren für 
  spätquartäre Produktivitätsänderungen am antarktischen Kontinentalhang, 
  atlantischer Sektor", von Wolfgang J. Bonn

  Heft Nr. 181/1995 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS X/1 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1994", herausgegeben von Eberhard Fahrbach

  Heft Nr.182/1995 - "Laptev Sea System: Expedrrions in 1994", edited by 
  Heidemarie Kassens

  Heft Nr. 183/1996 - „Interpretation digrraler Parasound Echolotaufzeichnungen 
  im östlichen Arktischen Ozean auf der Grundlage physikalischer 
  Sedimenteigenschaften", von Uwe Bergmann

  Heft Nr. 184/1996 - "Distribution and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen compounds 
  in the troposphere of continental, coastal, marine and Arctic areas", by Maria 
  Dolores Andrés Hernández

  Heft Nr. 185/1996 - „Verbreitung und Lebensweise der Aphroditen und 
  Polynoiden (Polychaeta) im östlichen Weddellmeer und im Lazarevmeer 
  (Antarktis)", von Michael Stiller

  Heft Nr. 186/1996 - "Reconstruction of Late Quaternary environmental 
  conditions applying the natural radionuclides ^(230)Th ^(10)Be, ^(231)Pa and 
  ^(238)U: A study of deep-sea sediments from the eastern sector of the 
  Antarctic Circumpolar Current System", by Martin Frank

  Heft Nr. 187/1996 - “The Meteorological Data of the Neumayer Station 
  (Antarctica) for 1992, 1993 and 1994", by Gert König-Langlo and Andreas Herber

  Heft Nr. 188/1996 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-XI/3 mit FS ,Polarstern' 1994", 
  herausgegeben von Heinz Miller und Hannes Grobe

  Heft Nr. 189/1996 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS-VII/3 mil FS ,Polarstern' 1990", 
  herausgegeben von Heinz Miller und Hannes Grobe

  Heft Nr. 190/1996 - "Cruise report of the Joint Chilean-German-Italian 
  Magellan ,Victor Hensen' Campaign in 1994", edited by Wolf Arntz and Matthias 
  Gorny

  Heft Nr. 191/1996 - „Leitfähigkeits- und Dichtemessung an Eisbohrkernen", von 
  Frank Wilhelms

  Heft Nr. 192/1996 - „Photosynthese-Charakteristika und Lebensstrategie 
  antarktischer Makroalgen", von Gabriele Weykam

  Heft Nr. 193/1996 - „Heterogene Reaktionen von N2O5 und Hbr und ihr Einfluß 
  auf den Ozonabbau in der polaren Stratosphäre", von Sabine Seisel

  Heft Nr. 194/1996 - „Ökologie und Populationsdynamik antarktischer 
  Ophiuroiden (Echinodermata)", von Corinna Dahm

  Heft Nr. 195/1996.: „Die planktische Foraminifere Neogloboquadrina pachyderma 
  (Ehrenberg) im Weddellmeer, Antarktis". von Doris Berberich

  Heft Nr. 196/1996 - „Untersuchungen zum Beitrag chemischer und dynamischer 
  Prozesse zur Variabilität des stratosphärischen Ozons über der Arktis", von 
  Birgit Hesse

  Heft Nr. 197/1996 - "The Expedition ARKTIS-XI/2 of 'Polarstern' in 1995", 
  edited by Gunther Krause

  Heft Nr. 198/1996 - „Geodynamik des Westantarktischen Riftsystems basierend 
  auf Apatit-Spaltspuranalysen", von Frank Lisker

  Heft Nr. 199/1996 - "The 1993 Northeast Water Expedition. Data Report on CTD 
  Measurements of RV 'Polarstern' Cruises ARKTIS IX/2 and 3", by Gerion Budéus 
  and Wolfgang Schneider

  Heft Nr. 200/1996 - "Stability of the Thermohaline Circulation in analytical 
  and numerical models", by Gerrrr Lohmann

  Heft Nr. 201/1996 - „Trophische Beziehungen zwischen Makroalgen und Herbivoren 
  in der Potter Cove (King George-lnsel, Antarktis)", von Katrin lken

  Heft Nr. 202/1996 - „Zur Verbreitung und Respiration ökologisch wichtiger 
  Bodentiere in den Gewässern um Svalbard (Arktis)", von Michael K. Schmid

• Heft Nr. 203/1996 - „Dynamik, Rauhigkeit und Alter des Meereises in der Arktis 
  - Numerische Untersuchungen mil einem großskaligen Modell", von Markus Harder

  Heft Nr. 204/1996 - „Zur Parametrisierung der stabilen atmosphärischen 
  Grenzschicht über einem antarktischen Schelfeis", von Dörthe Handorf

  Heft Nr. 205/1996 - "Textures and fabrics in the GRIP ice core, in relation to 
  climate history and ice deformation", by Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson

  Heft Nr. 206/1996 - „Der Ozean als Tail des gekoppelten Klimasystems: Versuch 
  der Rekonstruktion der glazialen Zirkulation mrr verschieden komplexen 
  Atmosphärenkomponenten", von Kerstin Fieg

  Heft Nr. 207/1996 - „Lebensstrategien dominanter antarktischer Oithonidae 
  (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) und Oncaeidae (Poecilostomatoida, Copepoda) im 
  Bellingshausenmeer", von Cornelia Metz

  Heft Nr. 208/1996 - „Atmosphareneinfluß bei der Fernerkundung von Meereis mil 
  passiven Mikrowellenradiometern", von Christoph Oelke

  Heft Nr. 209/1996 - „Klassifikation von Radarsatellitendaten zur 
  Meereiserkennung mil Hille von Line-Scanner-Messungen", von Axel Bochert

  Heft Nr. 210/1996 - „Die mil ausgewählten Schwämmen (Hexactinellida und 
  Demospongiae) aus dem Weddellmeer, Antarktis, vergesellschaftete Fauna", von 
  Kathrin Kunzmann

  Heft Nr. 211/1996 - "Russian-German Cooperation: The Expedition TAYMYR 1995 
  and the Expedition KOLYMA 1995", by Dima Yu. Bolshiyanov and Hans-W. Hubberten

  Heft Nr. 212/1996 - "Surface-sediment composition and sedimentary processes in 
  the central Arctic Ocean and along the Eurasian Continental Margin", by 
  Ruediger Stein, Gennadij I. Ivanov, Michael A. Levitan and Kirsten Fahl

  Heft Nr. 213/1996- „Gonadenentwicklung und Eiproduktion dreier Calanus-Arten 
  (Copepoda): Freilandbeobachtungen, Histologie und Experiments", von Barbara 
  Niehoff

  Heft Nr. 214/1996 - „Numerische Modellierung der Übergangszone zwischen 
  Eisschild und Eisschetf", von Christoph Mayer

  Heft Nr. 215/1996 - „Arbeiten der AWI-Forschungsstelle Potsdam in Antarktika, 
  1994/95", herausgegeben von Ulrich Wand

  Heft Nr. 216/1996 - „Rekonstruktion quartärer Klimaänderungen im 
  atlantischen Sektor des Südpolarmeeres anhand von Radiolarien", von Uta 
  Brathauer

  Heft Nr. 217/1996 - „Adaptive Semi-Lagrange-Finite-Elemente-Methode zur Lösung 
  der Flachwassergleichungen: lmplementierung und Parallelisierung", von Jörn 
  Behrens

  Heft Nr. 218/1997 - "Radiation and Eddy Flux Experiment 1995 (REFLEX Ill)", by 
  Jörg Hartmann, Axel Bochert, Dietmar Freese, Christoph Kottmeier, Dagmar Nagel 
  and Andreas Reuter

  Heft Nr. 219/1997 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-XII mit FS ,Polarstern' 1995. 
  Baricht vom Fahrtabschnitt ANT-Xll/3", herausgegeben von Wilfried Jokat und 
  Hans Oerter

  Heft Nr. 220/1997 - „Ein Beitrag zum Schwerefeld im Bereich des 
  Weddellmeeres, Antarktis. Nutzung von Altimetermessungen des GEOSAT und ERS-
  1", von Tilo Schöne

  Heft Nr. 221/1997 - „Die Expeditionen ANTARKTIS-XIII/1-2 des 
  Forschungsschiffes ,Polarstern' 1995/96", herausgegeben von Ulrich Bathmann, 
  Mike Lukas und Victor Smetacek

  Heft Nr. 222/1997 - "Tectonic Structures and Glaciomarine Sedimentation in the 
  South-Eastern Weddell Sea from Seismic Reflection Data", by Lázió Oszkó

  Heft Nr. 223/1997 - „Bestimmung der Meereisdicke mit seismischen und 
  elektromagnetisch-induktiven Verfahren", von Christian Haas

  Heft Nr. 224/1997 - „Troposphärische Ozonvariationen in Polarregionen", von 
  Silke Wessel

  Heft Nr. 225/1997 - „Biologische und ökologische Untersuchungen zur 
  kryopelagischen Amphipodenfauna des arktischen Meereises", von Michael 
  Poltermann

  Heft Nr. 226/1997 - "Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-
  XI/1 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1995", edited by Eike Rachor

  Heft Nr. 227/1997 - „Der Einftuß kompatibler Substanzen und Kryoprotektoren 
  auf die Enzyme Malatdehydrogenase (MDH) und Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase 
  (G6P-DH) aus Acrosiphonia arcta (Chlorophyta) der Arktis", von Katharina Kück

  Heft Nr. 228/1997 - „Die Verbreitung epibenthischer Mollusken im chilenischen 
  Beagle-Kanai", von Katrin Linse

  Heft Nr. 229/1997 - „Das Mesozooplankton im Laptevmeer und östlichen Nansen-
  Becken - Verteilung und Gemeinschaftsstruktur im Spätsommer", von Hinrich 
  Hanssen

  Heft Nr. 230/1997 - „Modell eines adaptierbaren, rechnergestützten, 
  wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsplatzes am Alfred-Wegener-lnstitut für Polar- und 
  Meeresforschung", von Lutz-Peter Kurdelski

  Heft Nr. 231/1997 - „Zur Ökologie arktischer und antarktischer Fische: 
  Aktivität, Sinnesieistungen und Verhalten", von Christopher Zimmermann

  Heft Nr. 232/1997 - „Persistente chlororganische Verbindungen in 
  hochantarktischen Fischen", von Stephan Zimmermann

  Heft Nr. 233/1997 - „Zur Ökologie des Dimethylsu oniumpropionat (DMSP)-
  Gehaltes temperierter und polarer Phytoplanktongemeinschaften im Vergleich mit 
  Laborkulturen der Coccolithophoride Emiliania huxleyi und der antarktischen 
  Diatomee Nitzschia lecointer, von Doris Meyerdierks

  Heft Nr. 234/1997 - „Die Expedition ARCTIC '96 des FS ,Polarstern' (ARK XIII) 
  mit der Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS)", von Ernst Augstein und den 
  Fahrtteilnehmern

  Heft Nr. 235/1991 - „Polonium-210 und Blei-219 im Südpolarmeer: Natürliche 
  Tracer für biologische und hydrographische Prozesse im Oberflächenwasser des 
  Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstroms und des Weddellmeeres", von Jana Friedrich

  Heft Nr. 236/1997 - "Determination of atmospheric trace gas amounts and 
  corresponding natural isotopic ratios by means of ground-based FTIR 
  spectroscopy in the high Arctic", by Arndt Meier

  Heft Nr. 237/1997 - "Russian-German Cooperation: The Expedition TAYMYR / 
  SEVERNAYA ZEMLYA 1996", edited by Martin Mellas, Birgit Hagedorn and Dmitri 
  Yu. Bolshiyanov

  Heft Nr. 238/1997 - "Life strategy and ecophysiology of Antarctic macroalgae", 
  by Iván M. Gómez

  Heft Nr. 239/1997 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XIII/4-5 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1996", herausgegeben von Eberhard Fahrbach und Dieter Gerdes

  Heft Nr. 240/1997 - „Untersuchungen zur Chrom-Speziation in Meerwasser, 
  Meereis und Schnee aus ausgewählten Gebieten der Arktis", von Heide Giese

  Heft Nr. 241/1997 - "Late Quaternary glacial history and paleoceanographic 
  reconstructions along the East Greenland continental margin: Evidence from 
  high-resolution records of stable isotopes and ice-rafted debris", by Seung-II 
  Nam

  Heft Nr. 242/1997 - "Thermal, hydrological and geochemical dynamics of the 
  active layer at a continuous permafrost site, Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia", by 
  Julia Boike

  Heft Nr. 243/1997 - „Zur Paläoozeanographie hoher Breiten: Stellvertreterdaten 
  aus Foramintteren", von Andreas Mackensen

  Heft Nr. 244/1997 - "The Geophysical Observatory at Neumayer Station, 
  Antarctica, Geomagnetic and seismological observations in 1995 and 1996", by 
  Attons Eckstaller, Thomas Schmidt, Viola Graw, Christian Müller and Johannes 
  Rogenhagen

  Heft Nr. 245/1997 - "Temperaturbedarf und Biogeographie mariner Makroalgen - 
  Anpassung mariner Makroalgen an tiefe Temperaturen", von Bettina Bischoff-
  Bäsmann

  Heft Nr. 246/1997 - „Ökologische Untersuchungen zur Fauna des arktischen 
  Meereises", von Christine Friedrich

  Heft Nr. 247/1997 - „Entstehung und Modifizierung von marinen gelösten 
  organischen Substanzen", von Berit Kirchhoff

  Heft Nr. 248/1997 - "Laptev Sea System: Expeditions in 1995", edited by 
  Heidemarie Kassens

  Heft Nr. 249/1997 - "The Expedition ANTARKTIS XIII/3 (EASIZ I) of RV 
  'Polarstern' to the eastern Weddell Sea in 1996", edited by Wolf Arntz and 
  Julian Gutt

  Heft Nr. 250/1997 - "Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Ökologie und 
  Biodiversität des Mega-Epibenthos der Arktis und Antarktis", von Adreas 
  Starmans

  Heft Nr. 251/1997 - „Zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung von 
  Mineralvergesellschaftungen in spätquartären Sedimenten des Arktischen Ozeans 
  und ihre Nützlichkeit als Klimaindikatoren wärend der Glazial/lnterglazial-
  Wechsel", von Christoph Vogt

  Heft Nr. 252/1997 - „Solitäre Ascidien in der Potter Cove (King Georg Island, 
  Antarktis). Ihre ökologische Bedeutung und Populationsdynamik", von Stephan 
  Kühne

  Heft Nr. 253/1997 - "Distribution and role of microprotozoa in the Southern 
  Ocean", by Christine Klaas

  Heft Nr. 254/1997 - "Die spätquartäre Klima- und Umweltgeschichte der Bunger-
  Oase, Ostantarktis", von Thomas Kulbe

  Heft Nr. 255/1997 - "Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-
  XIII/2 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1997", edited by Ruediger Stein and Kirsten Fahl

  Heft Nr. 256/1998 - „Das Radionuklid Tritium im Ozean: Meßverfahren und 
  Verteilung von Tritium im Südatlantik und im Weddellmeer", von Jürgen 
  Soltenfuß

  Heft Nr. 257/1998 - „Untersuchungen der Saisonalität von atmosphärischem 
  Dimethylsulfid in der Arktis und Antarktis", von Christoph Kleefeld

  Heft Nr. 258/1998 - „Bellingshausen- und Amundsenmeer: Entwicklung eines 
  Sedimentationsmedells", von Frank-Oliver Nitsche

  Heft Nr. 259/1998 - „The Expedition ANTARKTIS-XIV/4 of RV 'Polarstern' in 
  1997", by Dieter K. Fütterer

• Heft Nr. 260/1998 - „Die Diatomeen der Laptevsee (Arktischer Ozean): Taxonomie 
  und biogeographische Verbreitung", von Holger Cremer

  Heft Nr. 261/1998 - „Die Krustenstruktur und Sedimentdecke des Eurasischen 
  Beckens, Arktischer Ozean: Resultate aus seismischen und gravimetrischen 
  Untersuchungen", von Estella Weigelt

  Heft Nr. 262/1998 - "The Expedition ARKTIS-XIII/3 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1997", 
  by Gunther Krause

  Heft Nr. 263/1998 - „Thermo-tektonische Entwicklung von Oates Land und der 
  Shackleton Range (Antarktis) basierend auf Spaltspurenanalysen", von Thorsten 
  Schäfer

  Heft Nr. 264/1998 - „Messungen der stratosphärischen Spurengase CIO, HCl, O3, 
  N2O, H2O und OH mittels flugzeuggetragener Submillimeterwellen-Radiometrie",  
  von Joachim Urban

  Heft Nr. 265/1998 - „Untersuchungen zu Massenhaushalt und Dynamik des Ronne 
  Ice Shetts, Antarktis", von Astrid Lambrecht

  Heft Nr. 266/1998 - "Scientific Cruise Report of the Kara Sea Expedition of RV 
  'Akadernic Boris Petrov' in 1997", edited by Jens Matthiessen and Oleg 
  Stepanets

  Heft Nr. 267/1998 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS-XIV mil FS 'Polarstern' 1997. 
  Bericht vom Fahrtabschnitt ANT•XIV/3", herausgegeben von Wilfried Jokat und 
  Hans Oerter

  Heft Nr. 268/1998 - „Numerische Modellierung der Wechselwirkung zwischen 
  Atmosphäre und Meereis in der arktischen Eisrandzone", von Gerit Birnbaum

  Heft Nr. 269/1998 - "Katabatic wind and Boundary Layer Front Experiment around 
  Greenland (KABEG '97)", by Günther Heinemann

  Heft Nr. 270/1998 - "Architecture and evolution of the continental crust of 
  East Greenland from integrated geophysical studies", by Vera Schlindwein

  Heft Nr. 271/1998 - "Winter Expedition to the Southwestern Kara Sea - 
  Investigations on Formation and Transport of Turbid Sea-Ice", by Dirk 
  Dethleff, Per Loewe, Dominik Weiel, Hartmut Nies, Gesa Kuhlmann, Christian 
  Bahe and Gennady Tarasov

  Heft Nr. 272/1996 - "FTIR-Emissionsspektroskopische Untersuchungen der 
  arktischen Atmosphäre", von Edo Becker

  Heft Nr. 273/1988 - „Sedimentation und Tektonik im Gebiet des Agulhas Rückens 
  und des Agulhas Plateaus (,SETA-RAP')", von Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben

  Heft Nr. 274/1998 - "The Expedition ANTARKTIS XIV/2", by Gerhard Kattner

  Heft Nr. 275/1998 - „Die Auswirkung der ,NorthEastWater'-Polynya auf die 
  Sedimentation von NO-Grönland und Untersuchungen zur Paläo-Ozeanographie seit 
  dem Mittelweichsel", von Hanne Notholt

  Heft Nr. 276/1998 - „Interpretation und Analyse von Potentialfelddaten im 
  Weddellmeer, Antarktis: der Zerfall des Superkontinents Gondwana", von Michael 
  Studinger

  Heft Nr. 277/1998 - „Koordiniertes Programm Antarktisforschung". 
  Berichtskolloquium im Rahmen des Koordinierten Programms „Antarktisforschung 
  mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten", herausgegeben 
  von Hubert Miller

  Heft Nr. 278/1998 - „Messung stratosphärischer Spurengase über Ny-Alesund, 
  Spitzbergen, mit Hilfe eines bodengebundenen Mikrowellen-Radiometers", von Uwe 
  Raffalski

  Heft Nr. 279/1998 - "Arctic Paleo-River Discharge (APARD). A New Research 
  Programm of the Arctic Ocean Science Board (AOSB)", edited by Ruediger Stein

  Heft Nr. 280/1998 - „Fernerkundungs- und GIS-Studien in Nordostgrönland" von 
  Friedrich Jung-Rothenhäusler

  Heft Nr. 281/1998 - „Rekonstruktion der Oberflächenwassermassen der östlichen 
  Laptevsee im Holozän anhand von aquatischen Palynomorphen", von Martina Kunz-
  Pirrung

  Heft Nr. 282/1998 - "Scavenging of 231Pa and 230Th in the South Atlantic: 
  Implications for the use of the 231Pa/230Th ratio as a paleoproductivity 
  proxy", by Hans-Jürgen Walter

  Heft Nr. 283/1998 - „Sediments im arktischen Merreis - Eintrag, 
  Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung", von Frank Lindemann

  Heft Nr. 284/1998 - „Langzeitanalyse der antarktischen Meereisbedeckung aus 
  passiven Mikrowellendaten", von Christian H. Thomas

  Heft Nr. 285/1998 - „Mechanismen und Grenzen derTemperaturanpassung beim 
  Pierwurm Arenico/a marina (L.)", von Angela Sommer

  Heft Nr. 286/1998 - „Energieumsätze benthischer Filtrierer der Potter Cove 
  (King Georg Island, Antarktis)", von Jens Kowalke

  Heft Nr. 287/1998 - "Scientific Cooperation in the Russian Arctic: Research 
  from the Barents Sea up to the Laptev Sea", edited by Eike Rachor

  Heft Nr. 288/1998 - „Alfred Wegener. Kommentiertes Verzeichnis der 
  schriftlichen Dokumente seines Lebens und Wirkens", von Ulrich Wutzke

  Heft Nr. 289/1998 - "Retrieval of Atmospheric Water Vapor Content in Polar 
  Regions Using Spaceborne Microwave Radiometry", by Jungang Miao

  Heft Nr. 290/1998 - „Strukturelle Entwicklung und Petrogenese des nördlichen 
  Kristallingürtels der Shackleton Range, Antarktis: Proterozoische und Ross-
  orogene Krustendynamik am Rand des Ostantarktischen Kratons", von Axel Brommer

  Heft Nr. 291/1998 - „Dynamik des arktischen Meereises - Validierung 
  verschiedener Rheologieansätze für die Anwendung in Klimamodellen", von Martin 
  Kreyscher

  Heft Nr. 292/1998 - „Anthropogene organische Spurenstoffe im Arktischen Ozean, 
  Untersuchungen chlorierter Biphenyle und Pestizide in der Laptevsee, 
  technische und methodische Entwicklungen zur Probenahme in der Arktis und zur 
  Spurenstoffanalyse", von Sven Utschakowski

  Heft Nr. 293/1998 - „Rekonstruktion der spätquartären Klima- und 
  Umweltgeschichte der Schirmacher Oase und des Wohlthat Massivs 
  (Ostantarktika)", von Markus Julius Schwab

  Heft Nr. 294/1998 - „Besiedlungsmuster der benthischen Makrofauna auf dem 
  ostgrön1ändischen Kontinentalhang", von Klaus Schnack

  Heft Nr. 295/1998 - „Gehäuseuntersuchungen an planktischen Foraminiferen hoher 
  Breiten: Hinweise auf Umweltveränderungen während der letzten 140.000 Jahre", 
  von Harald Hommers

  Heft Nr. 296/1998 - "Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-
  XIII/1 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1997", edited by Michael Spindler, Wilhelm Hagen 
  and Dorothea Stübing

  Heft Nr. 297/1998 - „Radiometrische Messungen im arktischen Ozean - Vergleich 
  von Theorie und Experiment", von Klaus-Peter Johnsen

  Heft Nr. 298/1998 - "Patterns and Controls of CO2 Fluxes in Wet Tundra Types 
  of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia - the Contribution of Soils and Mosses", by 
  Martin Sommerkom

  Heft Nr. 299/1998 - "The Potter Cove coastal ecosystem, Antarctica. Synopsis 
  of research performed within the frame of the Argentinean-German Cooperation 
  at the Dallmann Laboratory and Jubany Station (King George Island, Antarctica, 
  1991-1997)", by Christian Wieneke, Gustavo Ferreyra, Wolf Arntz & Carlos 
  Rinaldi

  Heft Nr. 300/1999 - "The Kara Sea Expedition of RV 'Akademik Boris Petrov' 
  1997: First Results of a Joint Russian-German Pilot Study", edited by Jens 
  Matthiessen, Oleg V. Stepanets, Ruediger Stein, Dieter K. Fütterer and Eric M. 
  Galimov

  Heft Nr. 301/1999 - "The Expedition ANTARKTIS XV/3 (EASIZ II)", edited by Wolf 
  E. Arntz and Julian Gutt

  Heft Nr. 302/1999 - „Sterole im herbstlichen Weddellmeer (Antarktis): 
  Großräumige Verteilung, Vorkommen und Umsatz", von Anneke Mühlebach

  Heft Nr. 303/1999 - „Polare stratosphärische Wolken: Lidar-Beobachtungen, 
  Charakterisierung von Entstehung und Entwicklung", von Jens Biele

  Heft Nr. 304/1999 - „Spätquartäre Paläoumweltbedingungen am nördlichen 
  Kontinentalrand der Barents- und Kara-See. Eine Multi-Parameter-Analyse", von 
  Jochen Knies

  Heft Nr. 305/1999 - "Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study 
  (ARTIST)", by Jörg Hartmann, Frank Albers, Stefania Argentini, Axel Bochert, 
  Ubaldo Bonafé, Wolfgang Cohrs, Alessandro Conidi, Dietmar Freese, Teodoro 
  Georgiadis, Alessandro lppoliti, Lars Kaleschka, Christo! Lüpkes, Uwe Maixner, 
  Giangiuseppe Mastrantonio, Fabrizio Ravegnani, Andreas Reuter, Giuliano 
  Trivellone and Angelo Viola

  Heft Nr. 306/1999 - "German-Russian Cooperation: Biogeographic and 
  biostratigraphic investigations on selected sediment cores from the Eurasian 
  continental margin and marginal seas to analyze the Late Quaternary climatic 
  variability", edited by Robert R. Spielhagen, Max S. Barash, Gennady I. Ivanov 
  and Jörn Thiede

  Heft Nr. 307/1999 - „Struktur und Kohlenstoffbedarf des Makrobenthos am 
  Kontinentalhang Ostgrönlands", von Dan Seiler

  Heft Nr. 308/1999 - "ARCTIC '98: The Expedition ARK-XIV/1a of RV 'Polarstern' 
  in 1998", edited by Wilfried Jokat

  Heft Nr. 309/1999 - „Variabilität der arktischen Ozonschicht: Analyse und 
  Interpretation bodengebundener Millimeter­ wellenmessungen", von Björn-Martin 
  Sinnhuber

  Heft Nr. 310/1999 - „Rekonstruktion von Meereisdrift und terrigenem 
  Sedimenteintrag im Spätquartär: Schwermineral­ assoziationen in Sedimenten des 
  Laptev-See-Kontinentalrandes und des zentralen Arktischen Ozeans", von Marion 
  Behrends

  Heft Nr. 311/1999 - „Parameterisierung atmosphärischer Grenzschichtprozesse in 
  einem regionalen Klimamodell der Arktis", von Christoph Abegg

  Heft Nr. 312/1999 - „Solare und terrestrische Strahlungswechselwirkung 
  zwischen arktischen Eisflächen und Wolken", von Dietmar Freese

  Heft Nr. 313/1999 - "Snow accumulation on Ekströmisen, Antarctica", by 
  Elisabeth Schlosser, Hans Oerter and Wolfgang Graf

  Heft Nr. 314/1999 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XV/4 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1998", herausgegeben von Eberhard Fahrbach

  Heft Nr. 315/1999 - "Expeditions in Siberia in 1998", edited by Volker  
  Rachold

  Heft Nr. 316/1999 - „Die postglaziale Sedimentationsgeschichte der Laptewsee: 
  schwermineralogische und sedimentpetrographische Untersuchungen", von Bernhard 
  Peregovich

  Heft Nr. 317/1999 - „Adaption an niedrige Temperaturen: Lipide in 
  Eisdiatomeen", von Heidi Lehmal

  Heft Nr. 318/1999 - „Effiziente parallele Lösungsverfahren für elliptische 
  partielle Differentialgleichungen in der numerischen Ozeanmodellierung", von 
  Natalja Rakowsky

  Heft Nr. 319/1999 - "The Ecology of Arctic Deep-Sea Copepods (Euchaetidae and 
  Aetideidae). Aspects of their Distribution Trophodynamics and Effect on the 
  Carbon Flux", by Helger Auel

  Heft Nr. 320/1999 - „Modellstudien zur arktischen stratosphärischen Chemie im 
  Vergleich mil Meßdaten", von Veronika Eyring

  Heft Nr. 321/1999 - „Analyse der optischen Eigenschaften des arktischen 
  Aerosols", von Dagmar Nagel

  Heft Nr. 322/1999 - „Messungen des arktischen stratosphärischen Ozons: 
  Vergleich der Ozonmessungen in Ny-Alesund, Spitzbergen, 1997 und 1998", von 
  Jens Langer

  Heft Nr. 323/1999 - „Untersuchung struktureller Elemente des südöstlichen 
  Weddellmeeres/Antarktis au! der Basis mariner Potentialfelddaten", von Uwe F. 
  Meyer

  Heft Nr. 324/1999 - „Geochemische Verwitterungstrends eines basaltischen 
  Ausgangsgesteins nach dem spät­pleistozänen Gletscherrückzug auf der 
  Taimyrhalbinsel (Zentralsibirien) - Rekonstruktion an einer sedimentären 
  Ablolge des Lama Sees", von Stefanie K. Harwart

  Heft Nr. 325/1999 - „Untersuchungen zur Hydrologie des arktischen Meereises - 
  Konsequenzen für den kleinskaligen Stofftransport", von Johannes Freitag

  Heft Nr. 326/1999 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XIV/2 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1998", herausgegeben von Eberhard Fahrbach

  Heft Nr. 327/1999 - „Gemeinschaftsanalytische Untersuchungen der 
  Harpacticoidenfauna der Magellanregion, sowie erste similaritätsanalytische 
  Vergleiche mit Assoziationen aus der Antarktis", von Kai Horst George

  Heft Nr. 328/1999 - „Rekonstruktion der Paläo-Umweltbedingungen am Laptev-See-
  Kontinentalrand während der beiden letzten Glazial/lnterglazial-Zyklen anhand 
  sedimentologischer und mineralogischer Untersuchungen", von Claudia Müller

  Heft Nr. 329/1999 - „Räumliche und zeitliche Variationen atmosphärischer 
  Spurengase aus bodengebundenen Messungen mil Hille eines Mechelson 
  Interferometers", von Justus Notholt

  Heft Nr. 330/1999 - "The 1998 Danish-German Excursion to Disko Island, West 
  Greenland", edited by Angelika Brandt, Helge A. Thomsen, Henning Heide-
  Jørgensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen and Hilke Ruhberg

  Heft Nr. 331/1999 - "Poseidon" Cruise No. 243 (Reykjavik - Greenland - 
  Reykjavik, 24. August - 11. September 1998): Climate change and the Viking-age 
  fjord enviroment of the Eastern Settlement, sw Greenland", by Gerd Hoffmann, 
  Antoon Kuljpers and Jörn Thiede

  Heft Nr. 332/1999 - "Modeling of marine biogeochemical cycles with an emphasis 
  on vertical particle fluxes", by Regina Usbeck

  Heft Nr. 333/1999 - „Die Tanaidaceenfauna des Beagle-Kanals und ihre 
  Beziehungen zur Fauna des antarktischen Festlandsockels", von Anja Schmidt

  Heft Nr. 334/1999 - „D-Aminosäuren als Tracer für biogeochemische Prozesse im 
  Fluß-Schelf-Ozean-System der Arktis", von Hans Peter Fitznar

  Heft Nr. 335/1999 - „Ökophysiologische Ursachen der limitierten Verbreitung 
  reptanter decapoder Krebse in der Antarktis", von Markus Frederich

  Heft Nr. 336/1999 - „Ergebnisse der Untersuchung des grönländischen 
  lnlandeises mit dem elektromagnetischen Reflexionsverfahren in der Umgebung 
  von NGRIP", von Fidan Göktas

  Heft Nr. 337/1999 - "Paleozoic and mesozoic tectono-thermal history of central 
  Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, - evidence from fission-track 
  thermochronology", by Stefanie Meier

  Heft Nr. 338/1999 - „Probleme hoher Stoffwechselraten bei Cephalopoden aus 
  verschiedenen geographischen Breiten", von Susanne Zielinski

  Heft Nr. 339/1999 - "The Expedition ARKTIS XV/1", edited by Gunther Krause

  Heft Nr. 340/1999 - "Microbial Properties and Habitats of Permafrost Soils on 
  Taimyr Peninsula, Central Siberia", by Nicolé Schmidt

  Heft Nr. 341/1999 - "Photoacclimation of phytoplankton in different 
  biogeochemical provinces of the Southern Ocean and its significance for 
  estimating primary production", by Astrid Bracher

  Heft Nr. 342/1999 - "Modern and Late Quaternary Depositional Environment of 
  the St. Anna Trough Area, Northern Kara Sea", edited by Ruediger Stein, 
  Kirsten Fahl, Gennadij I. Ivanov, Michael A. Levitan and Gennady Tarasov

  Heft Nr. 343/1999 - "ESF-IMPACT Workshop/Oceanic impacts: mechanisms and 
  environmental perturbations, 15.-17. April 1999 in Bremerhaven", edited by 
  Rainer Gersonde and Alexander Deutsch

  Heft Nr. 344/1999 - „Die Klimageschichte der hohen nördlichen Breiten seit 
  dem mittleren Miozän: Hinweise aus sedimentologischen-tonmineralogischen 
  Analysen (ODP Leg 151, zentrale Framstraße)", von Amelie Winkler

  Heft Nr. 345/1999 - „Kurzfristige Klimaschwankungen im Scotiameer und 
  Ergebnisse zur Kalbungsgeschichte der Antarktis während der letzten 200000 
  Jahre", von Annette Hofmann

  Heft Nr. 346/2000 - „Glazialmarine Sedimentationsentwicklung am 
  westantarktischen Kontinentalrand im Amundsen­ und Bellingshausenmeer - 
  Hinweise auf Paläumweltveränderungen während der quartären Klimazyklen", von 
  Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand

  Heft Nr. 347/2000 - „Zur Ökologie des Phytoplanktons im arktischen Laptevmeer 
  - ein jahreszeitlicher Vergleich", von Kirsten Tuschling

  Heft Nr. 348/2000 - „Untersuchungen zum Fettstoffwechsel des Südlichen See-
  Elefanten (Mirounga leonina L.) in der Antarktis", von Sven Ramdohr

  Heft Nr. 349/2000 - „Licht- und Temperatureinfluß auf den enzymatischen 
  Oxidationsschutz der antarktischen Eisdiatoee Entomoneis kufferathii Manguin", 
  von Raimund Schriek

  Heft Nr. 350/2000 - „Die Expedition ARKTIS XV/3 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1999", herausgegeben von Ursula Schauer

  Heft Nr. 351/2000 - "Dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica in marine 
  environments", by Dirk Rickert

  Heft Nr. 352/2000 - „Geometrie und Kinematik des tertiären Deckenbaus im West 
  Spitzbergen Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel, Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard", von 
  Kerstin Saalmann

  Heft Nr. 353/2000 - „Zur Ökologie der Benthos-Foraminiferen der Potter Cove 
  (King George Island, Antarktis)", von Michael Mayer

  Heft Nr. 354/2000 - "Expeditions in Siberia in 1999", edited by Volker  
  Rachold

  Heft Nr. 355/2000 - „Temperaturrekonstruktion im Tropischen Atlantik für das 
  Letzte Glaziale Maximum: CLIMAP neu betrachtet", von Carsten Porthun

  Heft Nr. 356/2000 - „Nieder1requente Variabilitat großraumiger atmosphärischer 
  Zirkulationsstrukturen in spektralen Modellen niederer Ordnung", von Antje 
  Weisheimer

  Heft Nr. 357/2000 - "Late Quaternary paleoclimatic reconstructions along the 
  Eurasian continental margin", by Hans Peter Kleiber

  Heft Nr. 358/2000 - "Holocene environmental history of East Greenland - 
  evidence from lake sediments", by Bernd Wagner

  Heft Nr. 359/2000 - "Scientific Cooperation in the Russian Arctic: Ecology of 
  the White Sea with Emphasis on its Deep Basin", edited by Eike Rachor

  Heft Nr. 360/2000 - "Scientific Cruise Report of the Joint Russian-German 
  Kara-Sea Expedition of RV 'Akademik Boris Petrov' in 1999", edited by Ruediger 
  Stein and Oleg Stepanets

  Heft Nr. 361/2000 - "Planktic foraminifer ecology and stable isotope 
  geochemistry in the Arctic Ocean: implications from water column and sediment 
  surface studies for quantitative reconstructions of oceanic parameters", by 
  Renate Volkmann

  Heft Nr. 362/2000 - „Eisbohrkernuntersuchungen zur räumlichen und zeitlichen 
  Variabilität von Temperatur und Niederschlagsrate im Spätholozan in 
  Nordgrönland", von Matthias Schwager

  Heft Nr. 363/2000 - „Benthische Peracarida (Crustacea, Malacostraca) des 
  arktischen Mellemfjordes, West-Grönland", von Anne-Nina Lörz

  Heft Nr. 364/2000 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XVI/3-4 des Forschungsschiffes 
  ,Polarstern' 1999", herausgegeben von Ulrich Bathmann, Victor Smetacek und 
  Manfred Reinke

  Heft Nr. 365/2000 - "Organic carbon in Late Quaternary sediments: Responses to 
  paleoenvironmental changes in the Laptev and Kara seas (Arctic Ocean)", by 
  Bettina Boucsein

  Heft Nr. 366/2000 - „Flugzeuggestützte Topographie- und Schweremessung: 
  Meßsystem und Anwendung auf die Region Framstraße, Spitsbergen und 
  Nordostgrönland", von Tobias Boebel

  Heft Nr. 367/2000 - „Messung dielektrischer Eigenschaften polarer Eiskerne", 
  von Frank Wilhelms

  Heft Nr. 368/2000 - "The Expedition ARKTIS-XV/2 of RV 'Polarstern' in 1999", 
  edited by Wilfried Jokat

  Heft Nr. 369/2000 - „Interpretation seismischer und gravimetrischer Oaten des 
  Weddellmeeres, Antarktis", von Johannes Rogenhagen

  Heft Nr. 370/2000 - „Struktureigenschaften und Nahrungsbedar1 der 
  Zoobenthosgemeinschaften im Bereich des Lomonossowrückens im Arktischen 
  Ozean", von Hendrik Deubel

  Heft Nr. 371/2000 - „Die Rolle der Schneebedeckung für die Kryptogamen-
  Vegetation in der maritimen Antarktis (Potter-Halbinsel, King George Island)", 
  von Jana Barbre Winkler

  Heft Nr. 372/2000 - "Biodiversity of the Weddell Sea: macrozoobenthic 
  (demersal fish included) sampled during the expedition ANT XIII/3 (EASIZ I) 
  with RV 'Polarstern'", edited by Julian Gutt, Boris I. Sirenko, Wolf E. Arntz, 
  Igor S. Smirnov, and Claude De Breyer

  Heft Nr. 373/2000 - „Benthische Foraminiferen im Boreas-Backen, Grönlandsee: 
  Verbreitung und paläo-ozeano­graphische Rekonstruktion für die letzten 450.000 
  Jahre", von Sabine Magnus

  Heft Nr. 374/2000 - „Scherwellendoppelbrechungsanalyse von Registrierungen der 
  Stationen des seismologischen Netzwerkes an der Neumayer Station, Antarktis: 
  Seismische Anisotropie und die tektonische Entwicklung des Kontinentalrandes 
  Queen Maud Lands", von Christian Müller

  Heft Nr. 375/2000 - "Effects of enhanced UV-radiation on photosynthesis of 
  Arctic/cold•temperate macroalgae", by Kai Bischof

  Heft Nr. 376/2000 - „Saisonalität und kurzperiodische Variabilität des 
  Seesalz-Aerosols und des bodennahen Ozons in der Antarktis (Neumayer-Station) 
  unter Berücksichtigung der Meereisbedeckung", von Jörg Hofmann


  Ab dem Heft Nr. 377 erscheint die Reihe unter dem Namen:
  „Berichte zur Polar- und Meerestorschung"


  Heft Nr. 377/2000 - „Rekrutierungsmuster ausgewählter Wattfauna nach 
  unterschiedlich strengen Wintern", von Matthias Strasser

  Heft Nr. 378/2001 - „Der Transport von Wärme, Wasser und Salz in den 
  Arktischen Ozean", von Boris Cisewski

  Heft Nr. 379/2001 - „Analyse hydrographischer Schnitte mit 
  Satelittenaltimetrie", von Martin Losch

  Heft Nr. 380/2001 - „Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XVI/1-2 des Forschungsschiffes 
  POLARSTERN 1998/1999" herausgegeben von Eberhard Fahrbach

  Heft Nr. 381/2001 - „UV-Schutz• und Reparaturmechanismen bei antarktischen 
  Diatomeen und Phaeocystis antarctica", von Lieselotte Riegger

  Heft Nr. 382/2001 - "Age determination in polar Crustacea using the 
  autofluorescent pigment lipofuscin", by Bodil Bluhm

  Heft Nr. 383/2001 - „Zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung, Habitatspräferenzen 
  und Populationsdynamik benthischer Copepoda Herpacticoida in der Potter Cove 
  (King George Island, Antarktis)", von Gritta Vett-Köhler

  Heft Nr. 384/2001 - „Beiträge aus geophysikalischen Messungen in Dronning Maud 
  Land, Antarktis, zur Auffindung eines optimalen Bohrpunktes für eine 
  Eiskerntiefbohrung", von Daniel Steinhage

  Heft Nr. 385/2001 - „Actinium-227 als Tracer für Advektion und Mischung in der 
  Tiefsee", von Walter Geibert

  Heft Nr. 386/2001 - „Messung von optischen Eigenschaften troposphärischer 
  Aerosole in der Arktis", von Rolf Schumacher

  Heft Nr. 387/2001 - „Bestimmung des Ozonabbaus in der arktischen und 
  subarktischen Stratosphäre", von Astrid Schulz

  Heft Nr. 388/2001 - „Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: The 
  Expedition LENA 2000", edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail N. Grigoriev

  Heft Nr. 389/2001 - "The Expeditions ARKTIS XVI/1 and ARKTIS XVI/2 of the 
  Rearch Vessel 'Polarstern' in 2000", edited by Gunther Krause and Ursula 
  Schauer

  



• vergriffen/out of print.
•• nur noch beim Autor/only from the author.





CCHDO Data History Notes:

Exchange CTD data file, pdf doc online Andrew Barna 
Date: 2011-08-18 
Data Type: CTD/Cruise Report 
Action: Website Updated 
Note: 
The CTD and cruise report taken from the 25 Years of Polarstern Hydrography CD are 
now online.
The CTD data has been reformatted into Exchange by Andrew Shen and tested in both 
JOA5 and ODV
The pdf documentation is unchanged from the CD.
					


Text doc prepared Jerry Kappa 
Date: 2018-01-22 
Data Type: Cruise Report 
Action: Converted to text format 
Note: 
The pdf documentation, taken from the 25 Years of Polarstern Hydrography CD, has 
been converted to text format.