CRUISE REPORT: P16S (Updated OCT 2017) Highlights Cruise Summary Information Section Designation P16S Expedition designation (ExpoCodes) 320620140320 Chief Scientists Lynne Talley/SIO Dates 2014-MAR-20 - 2014-MAY-05 Ship RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Ports of call Hobart, Tasmania, AUS - Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia 15° 01' S Geographic Boundaries 174° 0.1' E 149° 57.18' W 66° 59.93' S Stations 86 Floats and drifters deployed 30 drifters, 12 floats deployed Moorings deployed or recovered 0 Contact Information: Dr. Lynne Talley Scripps Institution of Oceanography • University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive • La Jolla, CA • 92093-0230 US-Repeat Hydrography (GO-SHIP) P16S RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP1403 20 March 2014 - 5 May 2014 Hobart, Tasmania, AUS - Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia Chief Scientist: Dr. Lynne Talley Scripps Institution of Oceanography Co-Chief Scientist: Dr. Brendan Carter Princeton University Cruise Report 5 May 2014 Rev. 31 July 2014 Table of Contents Highlights Title Page Table of Contents Summary 1. P16S NARRATIVE 1.1. Sampling Programs 1.2. Successes and challenges 1.2.1. Weather 1.2.2. CTD wire problems 1.2.3. Loss of NASA Hyperpro instrument (AOP measurements) 1.2.4. Laboratory Conditions 1.3. Preliminary results Principal Investigators Shipboard Personnel 2. CTD/Hydrographic Measurements Program 2.1. Water Sampling Package 2.2. Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition 2.3. CTD Data Acquisition and Rosette Operation 2.4. CTD Cable Tension on Deep Casts 2.5. CTD Data Processing 2.6. CTD Acquisition and Data Processing Details 2.7. CTD Sensor Laboratory Calibrations 2.8. CTD Shipboard Calibration Procedures 2.8.1. CTD Pressure 2.8.2. CTD Temperature 2.8.3. CTD Conductivity 2.8.4. CTD Dissolved Oxygen 2.9. Bottle Sampling 2.10. Bottle Tripping Issues 2.11. Bottle Data Processing 2.12. Salinity Analysis 2.13. Oxygen Analysis 2.14. Nutrient Analysis References Appendix 2.A: CTD Temperature and Conductivity ITS-90 Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Appendix 2.B: CTD Oxygen Time Constants Conversion Equation Coefficients for CTD Oxygen Appendix 2.C: Bottle Quality Comments Appendix 2.D: Pre-Cruise Sensor Laboratory Calibrations Pressure Calibration Report: STS/ODF Calibration Facility Temperature Calibration Report: STS/ODF Calibration Facility 3. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE, AND NITROUS OXIDE 3.1. Measurements 3.2. Analytical Difficulties 3.3. References 4. DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON 4.1. Sample collection 4.2. Equipment 4.3. Calibration, Accuracy, and Precision 4.4. Summary 4.5. References 5. DISCRETE pH ANALYSES 5.1. Sampling 5.2. Analysis 5.3. Reagents 5.4. Standardization/Results 5.5. Data Processing 5.6. References 6. ALKALINITY 6.1. Sample Collection 6.2. Summary 6.3. Quality Control 6.4. Reference 7. CARBON ISOTOPES IN SEAWATER [DIC] 8. DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL DISSOLVED NITROGEN 9. TRITIUM, HELIUM AND 18O 10. δ15N-NO3/δ18O-NO3 10.1. Overview 10.2. Sample Collection 10.3. Sample Measurement 10.4. References 11. δ30Si 11.1. Overview 11.2. Sample collection 11.3. Sample mesurement 12. CALCIUM SAMPLING 13. TRANSMISSOMETER SHIPBOARD PROCEDURES 13.1. Instrument: WET Labs C-Star Transmissometer - S/N CST-1636DR 13.2. Air Calibration 13.3. Deck Procedures 13.4. Summary 14. LOWERED ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (LADCP) DATA 14.1. System description Operating parameters The WH150 control file Data processing 14.2. Data gathered Problems encountered Sample data plots 15. CHIPODS 16. A NOTE ON WIRE TENSION DURING CLIVAR/GOSHIP P16S 2014 17. SURFACE DRIFTERS (GLOBAL SURFACE VELOCITY PROGRAM) 18. ARGO AND ARGO-EQUIVALENT BIOGEOCHEMICAL FLOATS 18.1. Deployments from RVIB NB Palmer 18.2. Float data and engineering information 18.2.a. Temperature/salinity profiles reporting to Argo data servers 18.2.b. Float information and statistics to U. Washington data server 18.2.c. T, S, oxygen, nitrate, pH, fluorescence (chloro- phyll) and backscatter data to MBARI floatviz data server 18.3. Data quality Appendix 18.A: (Mis-) Calibration of the Deep-Sea DuraFET pH sensors 19. NASA OCEAN BIOLOGY/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY PROGRAM 19.1. NASA Science Objectives 19.2. Tables and Figures 20. Data Report NBP1403 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Distribution Contents at a Glance 20.3. Distribution Contents 20.4. Acquisition Problems and Events 20.5. Appendix: Sensors and Calibrations CCHDO Data Processing Notes Summary The P16S quasi-decadal hydrographic survey was conducted from the Ross Sea through the Southern Ocean and finished in the South Pacific Ocean aboard the Edison Chouest RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer vessel from 20 March 2014 - 5 May 2014. 86 of the 90 rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod stations were occupied along the southernmost portion of the P16S starting at 67°S and running northward along longitude 150°W to 15°S. The first 4 stations were occupied as biogeochemical float calibration stations during the transit from Hobart to the beginning of P16S hydrographic transect. Most CTD casts extended to within 10 meters of the seafloor, and up to 36 water samples were collected throughout the water column. CTDO (conductivity, temperature, pressure, oxygen), transmissometer, fluorometer, LADCP (lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler) and chipod (temperature diffusivity instrumentation) electronic data were collected; rosette water samples were collected from the rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod package. 14 Hyperpro "Javelin" and 36 IOP Bio-optic casts were carried out by the NASA/CDOM group. 30 Global Drifter Program surface drifters were deployed on behalf of Rick Lumpkin of NOAA/AOML. 12 biogeochemical floats were deployed on behalf of Steve Riser (University of Washington) and Ken Johnson (MBARI). Salinity and dissolved oxygen samples, drawn from most bottles on every full cast, were analyzed and used to calibrate the CTD conductivity and oxygen sensors. Water samples were also analyzed on board the ship for nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite), total CO2/TCO2 (aka dissolved inorganic Carbon/DIC), pH, total alkalinity, N2O, and transient tracers (CFCs and SF6). Additional water samples were collected and stored for analysis onshore: 3Helium / Tritium, ∂18O, 13C/ 14C, dissolved organic Carbon and total dissolved Nitrogen (DOC / TDN), ∂15N-NO3, ∂18O-NO3, Calcium, HPLC, CDOM and ∂30Si. Discrete dissolved oxygen, pH, DIC, total alkalinity, salinity, and nutrient samples were drawn and analyzed from the ship's flow-through underway system. Continuous underway measurements included GPS navigation, multibeam bathymetry, ADCP, meteorological parameters, sea surface measurements (including temperature, conductivity/salinity, fluorescence), and gravity. In addition to the permanently installed RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer systems, an underway pCO2 system designed by Taro Takahashi (LDEO) collected data throughout the cruise. 1. P16S NARRATIVE - L. Talley, Chief Scientist RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer cruise NBP1403 had three major independent funded projects: 1. U.S. Repeat Hydrography/CLIVAR section P16S along 150°W, 67°S-15°S (NSF, NOAA) (90 stations completed); 2. Biogeochemical Argo-equivalent float deployments (12 floats, NSF/NOAA); 3. Ocean optical/pigment observations for satellite ocean color validation (NASA). 1.1. Sampling Programs We sampled or deployed instruments for 18 different principal investigators, with NSF, NOAA, and NASA funding. In addition to the core set of funded projects, we also deployed 30 surface drifters in support of the Global Surface Velocity Program, and collected water samples for three unfunded experimental projects. Our science party of 29 included one postdoc (co-chief scientist) and 11 students (CFC, alkalinity, pH, DOC, C14, CTD watch standers). The 90 P16S stations repeat two earlier transects, in 1991 (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) and 2005 (U.S. Repeat Hydrography). A segment of 150°W in the Ross Sea from 67°S to the Antarctic continent was occupied in 2011 on the RVIB Palmer as part of the S04P section, and can be considered part of this decades' repeat of 150°W. The temperature/salinity profiling on the 12 BGC floats is part of the global Argo float array, profiling every 10 days to 2000 m depth. The group of floats is the first set of fully-equipped Southern Ocean biogeochemical profiling floats, measuring oxygen, nitrate, fluorescence and backscatter, and newly- developed pH. The southernmost group has sea ice avoidance software. The NASA optical program included (a) profiling to 200 m for inherent optical properties (IOP) almost every day of operations and (b) hand-held casts for apparent optical properties (AOP) close to noon on the 14 days when the weather and sea conditions were favorable. The work began with a 6 day transit from Hobart, Tasmania to the first station. The first four stations were along the great circle route to the 150°W section. These stations were for the purpose of BGC float deployments, and were accompanied by a CTD/rosette profile with nutrient, salt, oxygen, carbon and fluorescence measurements for purposes of float calibration/validation. To test all equipment and sampling, and because full-depth stations take little additional time compared with 2000 m stations necessary for the floats, three of these stations were occupied to the ocean bottom. Station 3 was to 2000 m due to weather (see "slowdown" comments below). On day 11 (31 March), we reached the southernmost end of the P16S section at 67°S and began working northward at 30 nm spacing for P16S. Station spacing was increased to 40 nm starting at Station 39 (49°S) because of time lost to weather and wire problems. The last station was completed on 4 May 2014. NASA bio- optical sampling (IOP) was done once a day when sampling (CTD/rosette) was possible, and AOP sampling on 14 days when conditions permitted. Samples were filled from a 36 bottle sampling rosette with seawater collected from depths ranging from the ocean surface to ~5600 m. Samples for various analyses were collected from the rosette in the following order: 1. CFCs, N2O, CCl4 2. Helium 3. Dissolved oxygen 4. Total dissolved inorganic carbon 5. pH 6. Total alkalinity 7. Carbon isotopes (δ14C, δ 13C) 8. Dissolved organic carbon 9. Nutrients 10. δ15N-NO3/δ18O-NO3 11. δ18O 12. Salinity 13. Colored dissolved organic matter 14. δ30Si 15. Pigments 1.2. Successes and challenges The cruise can be judged mostly successful. 90 stations were completed, 81 of them to the ocean bottom, and all with excellent data. 12 biogeochemical floats were deployed and all have returned their initial profiles and one or two subsequent profiles prior to June, 2014 (5- and 10-day timing separation between profiles). The NASA biooptical program was able to operate casts most days, collecting the farthest south ever Apparent Optical Property profile for satellite cal/val. The intricate operation of the many sampling programs and laboratory analyses worked extremely well, due to the professionalism, experience and high standards of the science party. The Antarctic Support Contractor (ASC) personnel were central to the success of daily operations, from planning and supporting all deck operations with knowledgeable and creative solutions to challenges. The Edison Chouest Offshore (ECO) ship operation was highly professional and easy to work with. Daily teamwork between the three groups (ECO, ASC and science) is central to successful scientific operations. When major challenges arose (CTD wire change; Hyperpro loss), the 3-way collaboration worked well. Delays and incomplete science resulted from weather (many delays prior to Station 39), malfunctioning of the CTD conducting wire (affecting Stations 31- 39), and from loss of a Hyperpro IOP package for the NASA ocean color mission (section 19). 1.2.1. Weather About half of our stations were located south of 50°S, where wind and seas (March and April) were very rough. The ship spent 68 hours waiting on weather based on engine room logs. In addition to work stoppage, rough conditions affected wire tension, ship speed, and ability to sample while underway after Station 39 when the rosette was moved to the outside main deck/backup wire. Our average wire speed for the cruise was on the order of 45 m/min, with slow starts at each station, ramping up to 60 m/min far into the cast. Ship steaming speed was often less than 9 knots. The net impact was a reduction in total number of stations from the projected 105 stations to 90, a gap in stations between 61°S and 62°30'S, and expansion of station spacing to 40 nm from 49°S to 15°S. The cruise request was based on an assumption of 4 hours per station and 9 knots steaming speed, plus two days for weather. On the 150°W section, our station time (CTD in the water) averaged 3.5 hours, wirespeed averaged 38 m/min and steaming speed averaged 7.7 knots (including positioning, and waiting for sampling). South of 50°S, our station time averaged 2.9 hours. Wirespeed averaged 41 m/min and steaming speed averaged 7.1 knots. Overall, wirespeeds were less than optimal because of restrictions due to wire tension requirements (see Section 16). Severe weather affecting Station 3 and float 7567. Severe weather resulted in a shift of Station 3 and its float deployment somewhat to the east along the great circle transit to the P16S line. The requirement for stations 1 through 4 was to reach 2000 m but we sampled to the bottom on Stations 1, 2 and 4 as the additional time was minimal and this provided both full water-column profiles for the carbon algorithm to be used with the floats, and the opportunity to test all shipboard and laboratory equipment prior to the start of P16S line. Station 3 was occupied only to 2000 m because of the extremely rough deployment conditions. Float 7567, deployed under rough conditions, was the only float of the 12 with compromised data return, although it appears to have recovered and is reporting good data (as of Jan 2015). Severe weather affecting Station 10 through 23 (64°S to 57°S; April 2-9, 2014; 52.43 hours of Wait-on-Weather). To minimize work stoppage/slow-downs due to extremely rough conditions that began at 64°S, and with a weather forecast for even more protracted "wait-on-weather", we steamed northward from 62°30'S (Station 14) to 58°S (thus becoming station 15), and then occupied stations back southward at 1° spacing, to 61°S (Station 19). Because of time and the negative weather forecast, we abandoned the stations at 62°S and 61°30'S. We then proceeded northward, filling in the 0.5° stations to 57°30'S (Station 22), and then recommenced regular 30 nm spacing, in order to best capture this important set of stations across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Weather affecting Stations 24 through 34 (57°S to 51°S; April 10-13, 2014; 16 hours of Wait-on-Weather). Weather stoppages and slowdowns affected these stations only by slowing the rate, but did not result in any changes in cruise plan. North of 51°S, we were slowed for weather several additional times (stations 55-56, 65-66, 75-77) but there were no work stoppages. 1.2.2. CTD wire problems Affecting Stations 31-38, and 39 (April 12-15, 2014). Stations 31-38 were truncated at 4100 to 4200 m wire out. Multiple outer strand breakages on the Baltic Room CTD wire were first noted at ˜4200 m wire out at Station 30. While Stations 1, 5 and 6 were deeper, the problem was not noted then, although it was noticed at Station 1 that the wire was increasingly rusty farther down in the spool. (This was surprising as the wire was reportedly only two years old). After Station 30, it was determined that it was too risky to use the wire beyond 4100 / 4200 m. The upper waterfall winch (UWW) wire was spooled out to 3000 m with a lead weight attached, and was judged to be in excellent condition, even though we were told that the wire was 16 years old. (We have raised a question, currently unresolved, about the accuracy of the ASC's CTD wire log information since the "new" wire on the Baltic Room winch had all of the characteristics of a very well-used wire, including significant rust and very little rotation associated with unwinding, whereas the "old" wire on the UWW had the characteristics of a new wire, with very little wear, and extremely large rotation/unwinding on the first several casts, settling into lesser but still large rotation on all remaining casts.). Because of previous time losses due to weather, the Chief Scientist decided to continue with Stations 31-38 to just ˜4100 m on the Baltic Room winch while ASC and ECO carefully considered the various options for switching to the backup wire. The height off the bottom for these 8 casts over rough topography ranged from 77 to 847 m, averaging 378 m (see Section 2.1). Station 39 depth was > 4900 m, with a long set of stations thereafter deeper than 5000. It was scientifically important to ensure switching to the UWW CTD wire prior to Station 39 rather than continue with truncated stations. The possibility of spooling the wire from the UWW to the Baltic Room winch was considered in great detail, but was determined to be possible only in excellent weather conditions, which were highly unlikely. It was decided to go ahead and use the UWW winch and wire, although the incorrect sheave had been mounted on the starboard A-frame prior to departure from Hobart. The crane operation necessary for switching sheaves was ruled out because of the suboptimal weather conditions. The smooth and efficient rosette transfer took place between Stations 38 and 39, which was coincidentally a day of calmer seas and lower wind than usual. The CTD was attached to both the Baltic room and Upper Waterfall Winch wires, lowered into the surface water from the Baltic Room, and then swung over and landed on the main deck in front of the latter winch. From that point onward, all CTD and sampling operations were outdoors on the main deck. Station 39, the first with the Upper Waterfall Winch, was undertaken with very slow winch speed (6.4 hour station time) because there was little information about the wire and its condition, and to minimize large tension spikes. Station 39 nevertheless had significant electrical problems, traced to the winch. A number of winch electrical modifications were made between Stations 39 and 40. Station 40 and stations thereafter were excellent and we were able to resume normal operations. Slowdowns associated with this operation added up to about 12.2 hours. These CTD wire problems significantly compromised data for 9 of our total of 86 stations along P16S. 1.2.3. Loss of NASA Hyperpro instrument (AOP measurements) The hand-deployed NASA Hyperpro instrument was lost during a cast at Station 80, when the wire was caught in the propeller. Circumstances were extensively documented by ECO, ASC and the NASA scientists, and are described in the NASA cruise report (Section 19 below). The backup instrument was employed on May 1. Lack of deployment of the backup on May 2 was requested by the ECO home office, but permission was obtained to deploy a final station on May 3, the last day for sampling (see Section 19.1). 1.2.4. Laboratory Conditions The laboratories were spacious and well appointed with shelving and storage space. The computer laboratories provided excellent working conditions for our large group of computer-based scientists. The ASC IT and MLT support for the labs was excellent. There were two compromising laboratory issues. The DIC laboratory van was installed on the main deck, which was often secured due to bad weather, as the low-to-the-water deck is routinely awash in even the normal (high) sea state of the Southern Ocean. A large wave damaged the DIC van, after which the DIC analysis was moved into the aft dry lab. It would have been very helpful if ASC had advised in advance that all active laboratory vans be located on upper decks (the location of the CFC van), but the extensive administrative planning process somehow failed to recognize this important issue (see Section 4). Temperatures in the aft dry lab, which hosted four chemistry lab groups, ranged from 14° to 31°C through the cruise, which was unsatisfactory (see Section 4). The higher temperatures, encountered near the end of the cruise because of the high ambient seawater temperatures used for cooling on the Palmer, resulted in reduced numbers of analyses that could be processed. The ECO engineers and ASC staff worked hard to bring the temperatures under control, but the problem was only partially alleviated. "Cold" water in the taps and showers was as hot as 113°F over the last three days of the cruise. As this is a structural problem for the Palmer, improved laboratory temperature regulation as well as provision of cool water may require renovation; meanwhile we recommend that deployments in tropical regions be limited. 1.3. Preliminary results The Ross Sea bottom waters continue to warm, with a monotonic increase over the 4 WOCE/CLIVAR surveys thus far: 1992, 2005, 2011, and now 2014. The bottom 1000 m thick layer is nearly adiabatic (well mixed with lower temperature variance than the abyssal thermocline above it), and can be easily compared from one survey to the next. Additionally, we note that the entire deep temperature structure has shifted from cooler to warmer, and hence it appears that the warming of the bottom layer is partly a function of warming of the deep layer from 2500 to 4500 m. An energetic subthermocline eddy or internal wave was observed at 45°S (Station 45), with westward flow of >30 cm/sec at 1200-1800m, and 300 m isopycnal deflections. This extremely anomalous feature had a weak anticyclonic surface expression, and was located well north of the most energetic part of the ACC's eddy field. The feature was principally an isopycnal deflection with only weak property anomalies along isopycnals through the feature. It was clear in the deep-reaching SADCP velocity. Diapycnal diffusivity calculated from fine- structure parameterization using the CTD and LADCP profile data, was enhanced above and below the feature. Vertical velocities processed from the LADCP data by A Thurnherr (LDEO) showed signatures of high frequency internal waves in the high stratification above and below the stretched isopycnals at the core of the feature. Several mechanisms for generation of this feature are being explored. Principal Investigators for US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S Program Affiliation* Principal Investigator email ---------------------------- ------------- ------------------------- --------------------------- CTDO/Rosette, Nutrients, O2, UCSD/SIO Lynne Talley ltalley@ucsd.edu Salinity, Data Management UCSD/SIO James H. Swift jswift@ucsd.edu Transmissometer TAMU Wilf Gardner wgardner@ocean.tamu.edu ADCP , LADCP U Hawaii Eric Firing efiring@soest.hawaii.edu Chipod (T variance) OSU Jonathan Nash nash@coas.oregonstate.edu OSU James Moum moum@coas.oregonstate.edu UCSD/SIO Jennifer Mackinnon jmackinn@ucsd.edu CFCs , SF6, N2O U Washington Mark Warner mwarner@uw.edu 3He , 3H LDEO Peter Schlosser schlosser@ldeo.columbia.edu δ18O LDEO Peter Schlosser (unfunded) schlosser@ldeo.columbia.edu DIC (Total CO2) NOAA/PMEL Richard Feely Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov pH , Total Alkalinity UCSD/SIO Andrew Dickson adickson@ucsd.edu DOC , TDN UCSB Craig Carlson carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu Radiocarbons (13C , 14C) WHOI Ann McNichol amcnichol@whoi.edu Princeton Robert Key key@princeton.edu ∂15N-NO3 , ∂18O-NO3 Princeton Daniel Sigman sigman@princeton.edu Dissolved Calcium UCSD/SIO Todd Martz trmartz@ucsd.edu ∂30Si Princeton Greg de Souza gfds@princeton.edu Pigments HPLC NASA Joaquin Chaves Cedeño joaquin.e.chavescedeno@nasa.gov CDOM NASA Joaquin Chaves Cedeño joaquin.e.chavescedeno@nasa.gov UCSB Norm Nelson norm.nelson@ucsb.edu IOP Cage NASA Joaquin Chaves Cedeño joaquin.e.chavescedeno@nasa.gov Hyperpro "Javelin" Biogeochemical Floats Pre-SOCCOM/UW Stephen Riser riser@ocean.washington.edu MBARI Ken Johnson johnson@mbari.org Surface Drifters GDP/NOAA/AOML Shaun Dolk shaun.dolk@noaa.gov pCO2 Underway Data LDEO Taro Takahashi Takahashi@ldeo.columbia.edu NOAA/AOML Rik Wanninkhof rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov Ship's Underway Data USAP Joe Tarnow Joe.Tarnow.Contractor@usap.gov USAP Bryan Chambers Bryan.Chambers.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov *Affiliation abbreviations listed on page 7 Shipboard Personnel on US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S Name Affiliation* Shipboard Duties Shore Email --------------------- ------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ Lynne Talley SIO/CASPO Chief Scientist ltalley@ucsd.edu Brendan Carter Princeton Co-Chief Scientist brendan.carter@gmail.com Tonia Capuano UBO CTD toniacapuano@yahoo.it Tyler Hennon U.Washington CTD/Argo/chipod thennon@uw.edu Eric Sánchez Muñoz U.Concepción CTD erisanchez@udec.cl Isabella Rosso ANU CTD/ Drifter isa.rosso@anu.edu.au Elizabeth Simons FSU CTD/ Drifters egs07d@fsu.edu Veronica Tamsitt SIO/CASPO CTD/LADCP vtamsitt@ucsd.edu Steven Howell U.Hawaii LADCP/ADCP sghowell@hawaii.edu Susan Becker SIO/STS/ODF Nutrients/ODF Supervisor sbecker@ucsd.edu Mary Carol Johnson SIO/STS/ODF O2/Data Processor mcj@ucsd.edu John Calderwood SIO/STS/RT CTD/Elect. Tech./Salinity jcalderwood@ucsd.edu Melissa Miller SIO/STS/ODF Nutrients/Bottle Data melissa-miller@ucsd.edu Courtney Schatzman SIO/STS/ODF CTD/Data Processor/Website cschatzman@ucsd.edu Andrew Barna SIO/CCHDO O2/Bottle Data abarna@ucsd.edu Mike DePolo SIO/STS/RT CTD/Salinity mdepolo@ucsd.edu Dana Greeley NOAA/PMEL DIC Dana.Greeley@noaa.gov Charles Featherstone NOAA/PMEL DIC Charles.Featherstone@noaa.gov David Cervantes SIO/MPL Total Alkalinity/pH d1cervantes@ucsd.edu John (Adam) Radich SIO/MPL Total Alkalinity/pH jradich@ucsd.edu Ellen Briggs SIO/MCG Total Alkalinity/pH ebriggs@ucsd.edu Mark Warner U. Washington CFC mwarner@ocean.washington.edu Patrick Mears U. Texas CFC patrickamears@gmail.com Katie Kirk WHOI CFC kkirk@whoi.edu Anthony Dachille LDEO 3He/Tritium dachille@ldeo.columbia.edu Nicholas Huynh UCSB C13/C14 + DOC/TDN Sampling nicholasqhuynh@gmail.com Joaquin Chaves Cedeño NASA IOP/ Hyper Pro/CDOM/HPLC joaquin.e.chavescedeno@nasa.gov Scott Freeman NASA IOP/ Hyper Pro/CDOM/HPLC scott.a.freeman@nasa.gov Michael Novak NASA IOP/ Hyper Pro/CDOM/HPLC michael.novak@nasa.gov Ken Vicknair USAP Marine Project Coor. Ken.Vicknair.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov Joe Tarnow USAP Network Admin./Underway Data Joe.Tarnow.Contractor@usap.gov Bryan Chambers USAP Network Admin./Underway Data Bryan.Chambers.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov George Aukon USAP Electronics Tech. George.Aukon.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov Barry Bjork USAP Electronics Tech. Barry.Bjork.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov John Betz USAP Marine Lab Tech./Safety Officer John.Betz.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov Julia Carleton USAP Marine Tech./Deck Julia.Carleton.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov Mackenzie Haberman USAP Marine Tech./Deck Mackenzie.Haberman.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov Meghan King USAP Marine Tech./Deck Meghan.King.Contractor@nbp.usap.gov *Affiliation abbreviations are listed on page 7 KEY to Institution Abbreviations ANU Australian National University CASPO Climate Atmospheric Sciences and Physical Oceanography(SIO) CCHDO CLIVAR/Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (SIO) GDP Global Drifter Program LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University) MPL Marine Physical Laboratory (SIO) MBARI Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute MCG Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (SIO) NASA National Aeronautic and Space Administration NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ODF Oceanographic Data Facility (SIO/STS) OSU Oregon State University PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA) RT Research Technicians (SIO/STS) SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography(UCSD) SOMTS Ship Operations and Marine Technical Support (SIO) STS Shipboard Technical Support (SIO) TAMU Texas Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering University UBO Universitè de Bretagne Occidentale (France) U. Concepción Universidad of Concepción(Chile) UCSD University of California, San Diego UCSB University of California, Santa Barbara U. Hawaii University of Hawaii USAP United States Antarctic Program U. Texas University of Texas at Austin U. Washington University of Washington WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2. Core Hydrographic Measurements: CTD Data, Salinity, Oxygen and Nutrients Oceanographic Data Facility and Research Technicians Shipboard Technical Support Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0214 The US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S repeat hydrographic line was reoccupied for the United States Repeat Hydrograph Carbon Program from 20 March 2014 -5May 2014 aboard RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer during a survey consisting of rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod stations and a variety of underway measurements. The ship departed Hobart, Tasmania, AUS on 20 March 2014 and arrived Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia on 5 May 2014 (UTC dates). A sea-going science team gathered from 15 oceanographic institutions participated on the cruise. The programs and PIs, and the shipboard science team and their responsibilities, are listed in the Narrative section. A total of 90 stations were occupied with one rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod cast completed at each. 2 aborted cast(s) were not reported. CTDO data and water samples were collected on each rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod cast, usually to within 10 meters of the bottom. Water samples measured on board or stored for shore analysis are tabulated in the Bottle Sampling section. Pressure, temperature, conductivity/salinity, dissolved oxygen, fluorometer and transmissometer data were recorded from CTD profiles. Current velocities were measured by the LADCP. Core hydrographic measurements consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient water samples taken from each rosette cast. The distribution of samples is shown in the following figures. Figure 2.1: P16S Sample Distribution, Stations 5-90 2.1. Water Sampling Package Rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod casts were performed with a package consisting of a 36- bottle rosette frame (SIO/STS), a 36-place carousel (SBE32) and 10.0L Bullister- style bottles (SIO/STS) with an absolute volume of 10.4L. Underwater electronic components consisted of a Sea-Bird Electronics SBE9plus CTD with dual pumps (SBE5), dual temperature sensors (SBE3plus), dual conductivity sensors (SBE4C), dissolved oxygen (SBE43), chlorophyll fluorometer (Seapoint), transmissometer (WET Labs), altimeter (Tritech), reference temperature (SBE35RT), LADCP (RDI) and 3 chipods (JFE). The CTD was mounted vertically in an SBE CTD cage attached to the bottom of the rosette frame and located to one side of the carousel. The SBE4C conductivity, SBE3plus temperature and SBE43 Dissolved oxygen sensors and their respective pumps and tubing were mounted vertically in the CTD cage, as recommended by SBE. Pump exhausts were attached to the CTD cage on the side opposite from the sensors and directed downward. The transmissometer was mounted horizontally, and the fluorometer was mounted vertically near the bottom of the rosette frame. The altimeter was mounted on the inside of the bottom frame ring. The 150 KHz downward-looking Broadband LADCP (RDI) was mounted vertically on one side of the frame between the bottles and the CTD. Its battery pack was located on the opposite side of the frame, mounted on the bottom of the frame. The two upward facing chipods were mounted to the top of the rosette opposite one another. The one downward facing chipod was mounted to the LEFT side of the downward facing LADCP. A chipod pressure-case was mounted next to the downward facing chipod containing the memory storage and battery pack. Rosette images are featured at in the appendix section of the report. Table 2.1.0 shows height of the sensors referenced to the bottom of the frame: Table 2.1.0: Heights referenced to bottom of rosette frame Instrument Height in cm --------------------------------------------- ------------ Pressure Sensor, inlet to capillary tube 20 Temperature (probe tip at TC duct inlet) 10 SBE35RT(centered between T1/T2 on same plane) 15 Rinko DO 20 Transmissometer 10.5 Fluorometer 11.5 Altimeter 10 LADCP (downward paddle center) 10.5 LADCP (upward paddle center) 188 chipod (downward facing) 3.5 chipod (upward A facing) 213 chipod (upward B facing) 213 Outer-ring (odd #s) bottle centerline 122 Inner-ring (even #s) bottle centerline 112 Reference (Surface Zero tape on wire) 262 The rosette system was suspended from a UNOLS-standard three-conductor 0.322" electro-mechanical sea cable. The sea cable was terminated at the beginning of P16S. On station 02 weather events and swells caused a low tension event near recovery resulting in a "bird-nested" wire about 15m above package. A re- termination was performed after sampling. The RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer's Markey DESH-5 (starboard Baltic room) winch was used for the first 38 station casts. At the bottom of station cast 031/01 Meghan King, the MT on duty in the Baltic room, noted the exposed outer wire on the winch-drum appeared to have broken or rusted strands. It was later determined the wire was in had not been damaged during the current cruise. ODF electronic technician, John Calderwood, and the ACS deck group agreed rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod operations would not exceed 4031m wire-out with damaged wire. Stations 31-38 were carried out at most approximately 900m short of the multibeam reported bottom depth. After station 38, optimal weather, swell and wind speed allowed for the package to be transferred to outside winch to complete full profile casts under the starboard A-frame. Stations 39-90 were completed from Markey DESH-5.5 dual-drum (01 starboard A- frame) winch. Station cast 039/01 was canceled at 300m wire-out after 300 plus missed frames. The package was recovered and winch wire was re-terminated after cast. Station cast 039/02 was terminated after 800m and 700 plus missed frames. Package was recovered and the Markey DESH-5.5 dual-drum (01 starboard A-frame) winch slip-ring was replaced with the Markey DESH-5 (starboard Baltic room) winch slip-ring. Station cast 039/03 signal was improved enough to complete with winch speed held at 30mpm down-cast and 60mpm on up-cast. George Aukon, ASC Electronics Technician, cleaned slip-ring housing, removed extraneous wiring, replaced ground-wire and electrically re- terminated the package. Stations 40-90 continued with a clean signal and without incident using the Markey DESH-5.5 dual-drum (01 starboard A-frame) winch. The deck watch prepared the rosette 20-30 minutes prior to each cast. The bottles were cocked and all valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation. Once stopped on station, and the bridge and deck were ready for deployment, the CTD was powered-up and the data acquisition system started from the computer lab. The rosette was unstrapped from the deck and syringes were removed from CTD intake ports. The winch operator was directed by the USAP marine technician (MT) to raise the package. The rosette deployments took place by either extending the Baltic room squirt- boom or the starboard A-frame outboard and lowering the package quickly into the water. The package was lowered to 10-20 meters depending on position and turbidity of water from the bowthruster. Once the console operator determined that the sensor pumps had turned on and the sensors were stable, the MT was notified and then directed the winch operator to bring the package back to the surface. At the surface, the wire-out reading was re-zeroed before descent. Most rosette casts were lowered to within 10 meters of the bottom, using the CTD depth multibeam echosounder depth to estimate the distance, and the altimeter and wire-out to direct the final approach. Stations 31-38 were held at 4031m wire-out to prevent the compromised wire from parting and losing the package. For each up-cast, the winch operator was directed to stop the winch at up to 36 predetermined sampling depths. These standard depths were staggered every station using 3 sampling schemes. To ensure package shed wake had dissipated, the CTD console operator waited 30 seconds prior to tripping sample bottles. An additional 10 seconds elapsed before moving to the next consecutive trip depth, to allow the SBE35RTtime to take its readings. The MT directed the package to the surface for the last bottle trip. Recovering the package at the end of the deployment was essentially the reverse of launching, with the MT directing the winch operator to maneuver the package inboard. The rosette was secured on the deck for sampling. The bottles and rosette were examined before samples were taken, and anything unusual was noted on the sample log. Each bottle on the rosette had a unique serial number, independent of the bottle position on the rosette. Sampling for specific programs was outlined on sample log sheets prior to cast recovery or at the time of collection. Routine CTD maintenance included soaking the conductivity and oxygen sensors with fresh deionized water between casts as well as once every 10-20 casts with 1% Triton-X solution to maintain sensor stability and eliminate accumulated bio-films. Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. Valves and o-rings were inspected for leaks. The rosette, CTD and carousel were rinsed with fresh water as part of the routine maintenance. 2.2. Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition Navigation data were acquired at 1-second intervals from the ship's Seapath 330 GPS located on the forward bow mast. Navigation was recorded with a Linux system beginning 20 March 2014 at 0350z, as the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer left the dock in Hobart, Tasmania, AUS. It was noted by Steve Howell that the Seapath 330 was ˜23m from the ship's Trimble 20636-00SM navigation used by the LADCP for GPS data located in the center mast of the ship. Center-beam bathymetric and hull-depth correction data from the KongsbergEM-122 multibeam echosounder system were acquired by the ship, and fed into the ODF Linux systems through a serial data feed. The ships hull offset of 7.3m was applied to all multibeam data. Bathymetry and navigation data were merged and stored on the ODF systems, and data were made available as displays on the ODF acquisition system during casts. Bottom depths associated with rosette casts were recorded on the Console Logs during deployments. Multibeam malfunctioned a number of times during the cruise. Extended use of bow thruster on station caused the multibeam to report erratically in most cases. The ship's secondary Seapath failed at the beginning of station 27 until just after bottom of cast. On station 86 the multibeam settings were out of range resulting in readings reported 1000m deeper than CTD depth at bottom of cast. If otherwise not resolved, bathymetry signal loss around cast events were stored as -999 in the system database. Corrected multibeam center depths are reported for each cast event in the WOCE and Exchange format files. 2.3. CTD Data Acquisition and Rosette Operation The CTD data acquisition system consisted of an SBE-11plus (V2) deck unit and four networked generic PC workstations running CentOS-5.10 Linux. The systems each had a Comtrol Rocketport PCI multiple port serial controller providing 8 additional RS-232 ports. The systems were interconnected through the ship's network. These systems were available for real-time operational and CTD data displays, and provided for CTD and hydrographic data management. One of the workstations was designated the CTD console and was connected to the CTD deck unit via RS-232. The CTD console provided an interface and operational displays for controlling and monitoring a CTD deployment and closing bottles on the rosette. Another of the workstations was designated the website and database server and maintained the hydrographic database for P16S. Redundant backups were managed automatically. The SBE9plus CTD supplied a standard SBE-format data stream at a data rate of 24 frames/second. The sensors and instruments used during US-Repeat Hydrography(GO- SHIP) P16S, along with pre-cruise laboratory calibration information, are listed below in Table 2.3.0. Copies of the pre-cruise calibration sheets for various sensors are included in Appendix 2.D. Table 2.3.0: US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S Rosette Underwater Electronics. Serial CTD Stations Pre-Cruise Calibration Instrument/Sensor* Mfr.§/Model Number Channel Used Date Facility§ ----------------------- ------------------- ------------- ------- ----- ----------- --------- Carousel Water Sampler SBE32 (36-place) 3213290-0113 1-90 Reference Temperature SBE35 3528706-0035 1-90 15-Jan-2014 SIO/STS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CTD SBE9plus SIO 09P41717-0831 1-90 Pressure Paroscientific 99677 Freq.2 1-90 02-Jan-2014 SIO/STS Digiquartz 401K-105 Primary Pump Circuit Temperature (T1) SBE3plus 03P-5046 Freq.0 1-14 07-Jan-2014 SIO/STS Temperature (T1) SBE3plus 03P-4953 Freq.0 15-90 07-Jan-2014 SIO/STS Conductivity (C1) SBE4C 04-3429 Freq.1 1-90 19-Nov-2013 SBE Dissolved Oxygen SBE43 43-1138 Aux2/V2 1-34 07-Dec-2013 SBE Dissolved Oxygen SBE43 43-0185 Aux2/V2 35 07-Dec-2013 SBE Secondary Pump Circuit Temperature (T2) SBE3plus 03P-4953 Freq.3 1-14 07-Jan-2014 SIO/STS Temperature (T2) SBE3plus 03P-5046 Freq.3 15-27 24-Jan-2013 SIO/STS Temperature (T2) SBE3plus 03P-4213 Freq.3 28-90 02-Jan-2014 SIO/STS Conductivity (C2) SBE4C 04-3057 Freq.4 1-14 19-Dec-2013 SBE Conductivity (C2) SBE4C 04-2115 Freq.4 15-90 14-Dec-2013 SBE Dissolved Oxygen SBE43 43-0185 Aux2/V2 36-85 07-Dec-2013 SBE Dissolved Oxygen SBE43 43-1071 Aux2/V2 85-90 19-Dec-2013 SBE Chlorophyll Fluorometer Seapoint SCF2748 Aux1/V0 1-90 Seapoint Transmissometer (TAMU) WET Labs C-Star CST-1636DR Aux1/V1 1-90 08-Oct-2013 WET Labs Altimeter (200m range) Tritech LPA200 221666 Aux3/V4 1 Tritech Altimeter (200m range) Tritech LPA200 244480 Aux3/V4 2-90 Tritech ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Deck Unit (NBP) SBE11plus V2 11P47914-0768 1-90 SBE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *All sensors belong to SIO/STS, unless otherwise noted. §SBE = Sea-Bird Electronics An SBE35RT reference temperature sensor was connected to the SBE32 carousel and recorded a temperature for each bottle closure. These temperatures were used as additional CTD calibration checks. The SBE35RT was utilized using Sea-Bird Electronics' recommendations (http://www.seabird.com). The SBE9plus CTD was connected to the SBE32 36-place carousel, providing for sea cable operation. Power to the SBE9plus CTD and sensors, SBE32 carousel and Simrad altimeter was provided through the sea cable from the SIO/STS SBE11plus deck unit in the main lab. CTD deployments were initiated by the console watch after the ship stopped on station. The acquisition program was started and the deck unit turned on at least 3 minutes prior to package deployment. The watch maintained a console operations log containing a description of each deployment, a record of every attempt to close a bottle and any relevant comments. The deployment and acquisition software presented a short dialog instructing the operator to turn on the deck unit, to examine the on-screen CTD data displays and to notify the deck watch that this was accomplished. Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette, the winch operator lowered it to 10 meters, or deeper in heavier seas. The CTD sensor pumps were configured with a 5-second start-up delay after detecting seawater conductivities. The console operator checked the CTD data for proper sensor operation and waited for sensors to stabilize, then instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the surface and descend to a specified target depth, based on CTD pressure available on the winch display. The CTD profiling rate was at most 30m/min to 100m and up to 60m/min deeper than 100m, depending on sea cable tension and sea state. As the package descended toward the target depth, the rate was reduced to 40m/min at 100m from the bottom and again to 20m/min at 50m from the bottom. The progress of the deployment and CTD data quality were monitored through interactive graphics and operational displays. Bottle trip locations were transcribed onto the console and sample logs. The sample log was used later as an inventory of samples drawn from the bottles. The altimeter channel, CTD depth, winch wire-out and bathymetric depth were all monitored to determine the distance of the package from the bottom, allowing a safe approach to 8-10 meters. A bottom contact switch was attached to the CTD as an additional safety measure requested by the USAP team. Bottles were closed on the up-cast by operating an on-screen control. The expected CTD pressure was reported to the winch operator for every bottle trip. Bottles were tripped 30-40 seconds after the package stopped to allow the rosette wake to dissipate and the bottles to flush. The winch operator was instructed to proceed to the next bottle stop no sooner than 10 seconds after closing bottles to ensure that stable CTD data were associated with the trip and to allow the SBE35RT temperature sensor to measure bottle trip temperature. It was necessary at some stations in higher sea states to close shallower bottles (normally only the shallowest bottle) "on the fly" due to the need to keep tension on the CTD cable. Such closures were always noted on the CTD Console Log Sheet. The package was directed to the surface by the deck for the last bottle closure, then the package was brought on deck. The console operator terminated the data acquisition, turned off the deck unit after SBE35 data had been recovered and assisted with rosette sampling. 2.4. CTD Cable Tension on Deep Casts As US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S progressed into deeper and deeper water, significant science operations issues hinged on actual CTD cable tension and cast time performance on very deep CTD casts (maximum cast depths deeper than 5000 meters). Although all the U.S. work for this program since it beganin2003 had transpired without CTD cable parting or functionality loss, new UNOLS/NSF cable tension rules went into effect shortly before this cruise. It was thought pre-cruise, by some at the operator and agency level, that the maximum CTD cable tensions on deep casts on this cruise would exceed the new rules. Two questions in particular loomed in planning: (1) under what conditions would CTD cable tensions exceed 5000 lbs., and (2) what would be the impacts on P16S station times and operations due to efforts to keep maximum observed CTD cable tension less than 5000 lbs.? The cruise had a waiver permitting CTD operations to continue under some conditions if higher CTD cable tensions were observed, but there was general concurrence that sustained P16S CTD operations with cable tensions above 5000 lbs. should be avoided if possible. All precautions taken to adhere to "Appendix B: UNOLS Overboard Handling Systems Design Standards" by ACS and the science party. It is important to note that most 5000-6000 meter casts during P16S took place in good weather (winds 10-20 knots; low swell) and at all times all precautions were observed to maintain winch wire safety practices. That being said, tension spikes were noted under unusual circumstances. On station cast 010/01 a tension spike of 6965 lbs was recorded just before recovery of the package at about 9m wire out. Sea state and ship motion did not explain the relatively high tension spike near the surface. Wire-out and angle of package with swell, documented damage to one of the upward-facing chipods and a slightly bent rosette indicate contact with the ship may have caused this particular tension spike. In addition, during the first 38 station casts, increased ship motion normally associated with high tension events, there were several casts where cable tensions approached 5000 lbs but did not exceed 5000 lbs. While on the Markey DESH-5 (starboard Baltic room) winch , under high sea state conditions winch speeds were held at 20 meters per minute until well over500m and 40 meters per minute until well over1000m depth. However, under similar conditions with maximum cable deployed and despite lower haul-up speeds, the tension(s) reported by the Markey DESH-5.5 dual-drum (01 starboard A-frame) winch to regularly exceeded 5000lbs. Tension readings from the package during recovery also indicated that the calibration for the Markey DESH-5.5 dual-drum (01 starboard A-frame) winch was not accurate. In such circumstances excessive tensions were unavoidable despite best efforts. 2.5. CTD Data Processing Shipboard CTD data processing was performed automatically during and after each deployment using SIO/STS CTD processing software v.5.1.6. During acquisition, the raw CTD data were converted to engineering units, filtered, response-corrected, calibrated and decimated to a more manageable 0.5- second time series. Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations for pressure, temperature and conductivity were also applied at this time. The 0.5-second time series data were used for real-time graphics during deployments, and were the source for CTD pressure and temperature data associated with each rosette bottle. Both the raw 24Hz data and the 0.5-second time series were stored for subsequent processing. During the deployment, the raw data were backed up to another Linux workstation every 5 minutes. At the completion of a deployment a sequence of processing steps was performed automatically. The 0.5-second time series data were checked for consistency, clean sensor response and calibration shifts. A 2-decibar pressure series was generated from the down cast data. The pressure-series data were used by the web service for parameter plots, sections and CTD data distribution. Time-series data were also available for distribution through the website. CTD data were routinely examined for sensor problems, calibration shifts and deployment or operational problems. On-deck pressure values were monitored at the start and end of each cast for potential drift. Alignment of temperature and conductivity sensor data (in addition to the default 0.073-second conductivity "advance" applied by the SBE11plus deck unit) was optimized for each pump/sensor combination to minimize salinity spiking, using data from multiple casts of various depths after acquisition. If the pressure offset or conductivity "advance" values were altered after data acquisition, the CTD data were re- averaged from the 24Hz stored data. The primary and secondary temperature sensors (SBE3plus)were compared to each other and to the SBE35 temperature sensor. CTD conductivity sensors (SBE4C) were compared to each other, then calibrated by examining differences between CTD and check-sample conductivity values. CTD dissolved oxygen sensor data were calibrated to check-sample data. As bottle salinity and oxygen results became available, they were used to refine shipboard conductivity and oxygen sensor calibrations. Theta-Salinity and theta- O2 comparisons were made between down and up casts as well as between groups of adjacent deployments. A total of 90 casts were made using the 36-place rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod rosette. Further elaboration of CTD procedures specific to this cruise are found in the next section. 2.6. CTD Acquisition and Data Processing Details Sta/Cast Comment Start Full (electrical + mechanical) retermination of both wires. -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/2 No test cast. Altimeter did not come on. Pumps were not operating until 3200db.Primary conductivity signal reading -9 until 3200db.Bottle 35 tripped out of the water. After cast replaced primary conductivity cable, secondary pump and altimeter. Knudsen and multibeam are unstable due to bowthruster holding station. Signal drops skewed data which required fitting temperature and conductivity specific to this station. Used secondary sensors for reporting. Numerous pump shut-offs during upcast affected oxygen signal, very noisy. 4/2 Bottom contact switch interferes with pump status on deck. Once package was lifted off-deck pump status on deck-unit read 0010. Package came partially out of water at start of cast. Conductivity stabilized late on down cast. Chose start time that coincides with approximately 12db. 5/3 Primary temperature cut out at 2836-2834db on upcast. Replaced primary temperature cable after cast. Signal drops skewed data which required fitting temperature and conductivity specific to this station. Used secondary sensors for reporting. 10/1 Poor weather conditions, high seas state caused deployment tensions near 0. On recovery tensions spiked to 6965lbs. Proximity to ship, wire out 9m, lack of ship heave or roll to cause such a spike indicate the package may have hit the ship. This caused a change in winch protocol. MTs direct surface deployment to 10m or 20m. In high seas package will not come to surface for start of cast. Interpolating best near surface value to surface. 13/1 Down casts started at 9.4m due to poor weather condition (wind speed & swell). Surface bottle at 5db will not match up with downcast. Advised co-chief, start of downcast should be where we trip last bottle. 14/1 Replaced secondary conductivity after cast due to large drift. Swapped more stable secondary temperature for primary temperature. 15/1 Station casts 15-21 TC duct disconnected from primary line. Noisy high gradient region in primary sensors used secondary sensors for reporting. 20/1 Improved sea state allows surface start of cast. 21/1 TC duct found disconnected on primary sensors. Replaced screw that held TC duct in place. Secondary sensors used in reporting for stations 15-21. 25/1 Bottom contact switch was replaced. Appears to be operating correctly now. Deck-unit turned off before SBE35 data could finish writing file. Next cast overwrote last 12 bottle trips SBE35 data. 26/1 Secondary sensors dropped out from 900-1960db upcast. Temperature cable replaced after cast. 27/1 Secondary sensors dropped out from 730-2140db upcast. Replaced primary temperature sensor after cast. Multibeam dropped out from beginning of cast until just after bottom approach. 31/1 ASC MT noted broken wire strands on winch wire at approximately 4100m wire out. 32/1 Station casts 32-38 stopped at 4031m wire-out. 33/1 Winch LCI90 screen stopped working at 1800m. Continued down to 660m then came to full stop. LCI90 restarted and cast continued. On downcast spiking was noted again in primary sigma theta and salinity. Replaced primary pump after cast. Used secondary sensors for reporting. 34/1 Up-cast O2 and salinity signals very noisy on primary plumb line. Sensors back to normal by 2650db. Secondary good. Used secondary sensors for reporting. Flushed plumb lines with Triton-X, replaced pump cable and oxygen cable after cast. 35/1 O2 sensor looks bad beyond 3500m on down cast. O2 and primary good signal from 2800m upcast to surface. Sensors back to normal by 2650db.Secondary good. Used secondary sensors for reporting. 36/1 Replaced oxygen sensor and cable before cast. Downcast O2 and primary clean signal. Upcast very noisy. Spiking has stopped. 37/1 Moved O2 sensor to secondary plumb line and replaced primary pump. Signal improved both up and down cast. Moved secondary sensors to primary reporting signal. 39/1 Moved Rosette out of Baltic room to starboard A-frame. Using waterfall winch instead of Baltic room winch. Initial cast lost around 300 frames in 300m. Canceled cast and recovered package. Cut off some wire and reterminated package after cast. Cast not reported. 39/2 600 frames lost in 350m. Canceled cast and recovered package. Replaced slip-ring with Baltic-room-winch slip-ring. 39/3 Missed frames started at about 500m and continued through out cast. Not as many as on first 2 casts. Frames missed increased as winch speed increased. Resulting in the downcast carried out at 30m/min and upcast at increased speeds. All bottle stops observed for good data. Used primary sensor for reporting this cast. Signal drops skewed data which required fitting temperature and conductivity specific to this station. Sampling outside after package repositioned under starboard a-frame. Heavy rain and wind noted for outside sampling under tarp. 40/2 Before cast re-termination, removed extraneous wires from slip-ring housing, checked/fixed grounding, cleaned slip-ring, and fixed meter wheel. 79/1 88 missed frames on down-cast. Signals despiked and coded. 80/3 388 missed frames from 1200db to bottom of cast. Package wire re- terminated after cast. Signals despiked and coded. 85/1 Odd SBE43 DO sensor trace. Replaced sensor and cable after cast. 2.7. CTD Sensor Laboratory Calibrations Laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors were performed prior to US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S. The sensors and calibration dates are listed in Table 2.3.0. Copies of the calibration sheets for Pressure, Temperature, Conductivity, and Dissolved Oxygen sensors, as well as factory and deck calibrations for the TAMU Transmissometer, are in Appendix 2.D. 2.8. CTD Shipboard Calibration Procedures One SBE9plus CTD was used for all rosette/CTD/LADCP/chipod casts during US- Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S: S/N 831. The CTDs were deployed with all sensors and pumps aligned vertically, as recommended by SBE. The SBE35RTDigital Reversing Thermometer (S/N 3528706-0035) served as an independent calibration check for T1 and T2 sensors. In situ salinity and dissolved O2 check samples collected during each cast were used to calibrate the conductivity and dissolved O2 sensors. 2.8.1. CTD Pressure The Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure transducer (S/N 831-99677) was calibrated in Jan 2014 at the SIO/STS Calibration Facility. The calibration coefficients provided on the reports were used to convert frequencies to pressure. The SIO/STS pressure calibration coefficients already incorporate the slope and offset term usually provided by Paroscientific. The initial deck readings for pressure indicated a pressure offset was needed, typically because CTDs are calibrated horizontally but deployed vertically. The optimal offset was found to be -0.2 decibars. Residual pressure offsets (the difference between the first and last submerged pressures, after the offset corrections) varied from -0.4 to 0.0 decibars. Pre- and post-cast on-deck/out- of-water pressure offsets varied from 0.7 to 0.0 decibars before the casts, and 0.6 to 0.0 decibars after the casts. The in/out pressures within a cast were very consistent. 2.8.2. CTD Temperature Two temperature sensor changes were made through out P16S. After the first 14 stations, the primary SBE3plus temperature sensor (T1: 03P-5046) was traded with the secondary temperature sensor (T2: 03P-4953). The secondary sensor was replaced once again after station 27 with (T2: 03P-4213). Calibration coefficients derived from the pre-cruise calibrations, plus shipboard temperature corrections determined during the cruise, were applied to raw primary and secondary sensor data during each cast. A single SBE35RT(3528706-0035) was used as a tertiary temperature check. It was located equidistant between T1 and T2 with the sensing element aligned in a plane with the T1 and T2 sensing elements. The SBE35RT Digital Reversing Thermometer is an internally-recording temperature sensor that operates independently of the CTD. It is triggered by the SBE32 carousel in response to a bottle closure. According to the manufacturer's specifications, the typical stability is 0.001°C/year. The SBE35RT on P16S was set to internally average over 5 sampling cycles (a total of 6.6 seconds). Two independent metrics of calibration accuracy were examined. At each bottle closure, the primary and secondary temperature were compared with each other and with the SBE 35RT temperatures. Temperature sensors were first examined for drift with time, using the more stable SBE35RT at a smaller range of deeper trip levels (2000-5000 decibars). Station 1, the pumps shut off on the downcast; this skewed temperatures and required an independent fit for T1 and T2. Similar circumstances occurred on station 5. Both station 1 and 5 have the same initial second order fit with respect to pressure, before they were incorporated with other stations for an over-all fit. The replacement of temperature sensors and plumbing circulatory issues required alternating primary and secondary sensors for reporting. Therefore the temperature sensors were grouped as follows for fitting purposes: Stations 1-14, 15-21, 22-27, 28-32 and 33-90. A second order fit with respect to pressure and a first order fit with respect to temperature were applied to each station grouping in both T1 and T2. Finally, a time-dependent drifts in temperature sensors were noted and corrected for deep-data (2000-5000 decibars) in all stations. The final corrections for T1 temperature data reported on P16S are summarized in Appendix A. Corrections made to both temperatures had the form: T = T + tp2 * P2 + tp1 * P + t1 * T + t0 ITS90 Residual temperature differences after correction are shown in figures 2.8.2.0 through 2.8.2.8. Figure 2.8.2.0: SBE35RT-T1 by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.2.1: SBE35RT-T2 by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.2.2: T1-T2 by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.2.3: SBE35RT-T1 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.2.4: Deep SBE35RT-T1 by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). Figure 2.8.2.5: SBE35RT-T2 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.2.6: Deep SBE35RT-T2 by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). Figure 2.8.2.7: T1-T2 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.2.8: Deep T1-T2 by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). The 95% confidence limit for deep temperature residuals (where pressure > 1800 db) is ±0.000788°C with a standard deviation of ±0.000402°C for SBE35RT-T1 and ±0.000615°C with a standard deviation of ±0.000313°C for T1-T2. 2.8.3. CTD Conductivity A single SBE4C primary conductivity sensor (C1/04-3429) and two secondary conductivity sensors were used during P16S. Stations 1-14 the secondary sensor was C2:04-3057 and stations 15-90 C2:04-2155. Calibration coefficients derived from the pre-cruise calibrations were applied to convert raw frequencies to conductivity. Shipboard conductivity corrections, determined during the cruise, were applied to primary and secondary conductivity data for each cast. Corrections for both CTD temperature sensors were finalized before analyzing conductivity differences. Two independent metrics of calibration accuracy were examined. At each bottle closure, the primary and secondary conductivity were compared with each other. Each sensor was also compared to conductivity calculated from check sample salinities using CTD pressure and temperature. The differences between primary and secondary temperature sensors were used as filtering criteria for all conductivity fits to reduce the contamination of conductivity comparisons by package wake. The coherence of this relationship is shown in figure 2.8.3.0. Figure 2.8.3.0: Coherence of conductivity differences as a function of temperature differences. Uncorrected conductivity comparisons are shown in figures 2.8.3.1 through 2.8.3.3. Figure 2.8.3.1: Uncorrected CBottle - C1 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.2: Uncorrected CBottle - C2 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.3: Uncorrected C1 - C2 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Offsets for each C sensor were evaluated for drift with time using CBottle - CCTD differences from deeper pressures (more than 1800 decibars). C1 and both C2 offsets had a steady, slow shift with time On station 1 the pumps shut off on the downcast which skewed temperatures and conductivity. Similar circumstances occurred on station 5. Both station 1 and 5 have the same initial second order fit with respect to pressure. After which both stations 1 and 5 were incorporated with other stations for an over-all fit. The replacement of conductivity sensors and plumbing circulatory issues required alternating primary and secondary sensors for reporting. Therefore the conductivity sensors were grouped as follows for fitting purposes: Stations 1- 14, 15-21, 22-27, 28-32 and 33-90. A second order fit with respect to pressure was applied to each station grouping. Second order fit with respect to temperature was applied to stations 2-4, 6-14 and 33-90. A first order fit with respect to temperature only was applied to C1 and C2 for stations 15-21. A second order fit with respect to conductivity was applied to stations 33-90. First order fit with respect to conductivity only was applied to C1 and C2 for stations 2-4, 6-21. Finally, a time-dependent drifts in conductivity sensors were noted and corrected for deep- data (2000-5000 decibars) for all stations. The residual conductivity differences after correction are shown in figures 2.8.3.4 through 2.8.3.15. Figure 2.8.3.4: Corrected CBottle - C1 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.5: Deep Corrected CBottle - C1 by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). Figure 2.8.3.6: Corrected CBottle - C2 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.7: Deep Corrected CBottle - C2 by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). Figure 2.8.3.8: Corrected C1 - C2 by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.9: Deep Corrected C1 - C2 by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). Figure 2.8.3.10: Corrected CBottle - C1 by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.11: Corrected CBottle - C2 by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.12: Corrected C1 - C2 by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.13: Corrected CBottle - C1 by conductivity (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.14: Corrected CBottle - C2 by conductivity (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.15: Corrected C1 - C2 by conductivity (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). The final corrections for the sensors used on P16S are detailed in Appendix A. Corrections made to each conductivity sensor had the form: Ccor = C + cp2 * P2 + cp1 * P + ct 2* T2 + ct 1* T + c2 * C2 + c1 * C + c0 Salinity residuals after applying shipboard P/T/C corrections are summarized in figures 2.8.3.16 through 2.8.3.18. Only CTD and bottle salinity data with "acceptable" quality codes are included in the differences. Figure 2.8.3.16: Salinity residuals by station (-0.01°C£T1 - T2£0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.17: Salinity residuals by pressure (-0.01°C£T1 - T2£0.01°C). Figure 2.8.3.18: Deep Salinity residuals by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). Figures 2.8.3.17 and 2.8.3.18 represent estimates of the salinity accuracy and precision of P16S. The 95% confidence limits are ±0.00125 PSU with a standard deviation of ±0.000616 PSU relative to bottle salinities for deep salinities, where pressure is more than 1800 decibars. 2.8.4. CTD Dissolved Oxygen Three SBE43 dissolved O2 sensors (DO/43-1138 for stations 1-35, DO/43-0185 for stations 36-85, and DO/43-1071 for stations 86-90) were used during P16S. The dissolved O2 sensor was plumbed into the primary T1/C1 pump circuit after C1 for stations 1-36, and into the secondary T2/C2 pump circuit after C2 for stations 37-90. Pressure-series data were fit for stations 1-35, and time-series down and up cast data were used together for stations 36-90 to determine the fits. Time- series fitting is a more recent addition to fitting options for the program. Only station 1 was an up cast pressure-series; the rest were down casts. The SBE43 DO sensors were calibrated to dissolved O2 bottle samples taken at bottle stops by matching the down cast CTD data to the up cast trip locations on isopycnal surfaces, then calculating CTD dissolved O2 using a DO sensor response model and minimizing the residual differences from the bottle samples. A non- linear least-squares fitting procedure was used to minimize the residuals and to determine sensor model coefficients, and was accomplished in three stages. The time constants for the lagged terms in the model were first determined for the sensors. These time constants can be sensor-specific; but the same ones were used for each sensor on this cruise. Next, casts were fit individually to bottle sample data. Consecutive casts were compared on plots of Theta vs. O2 to verify consistency over the course of P16S. At the end of the cruise, standard and blank values for bottle oxygen data were smoothed for stations 1-67, and the bottle oxygen values were recalculated. Stations 68-90 bottle oxygens were intentionally not smoothed due to a 5+°C change over the last few days of the cruise. The changes to bottle oxygen values were less than 0.01 ml/l for most stations. CTD O2 data were re-calibrated to the smoothed bottle values at the end of the cruise, but only where the bottle values changed by more than 0.005 ml/l. Final CTD dissolved O2 residuals are shown in figures 2.8.4.0 - 2.8.4.2. Figure 2.8.4.0: O2 residuals by station (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.4.1: O2 residuals by pressure (-0.01°C≤T1 - T2≤0.01°C). Figure 2.8.4.2: Deep O2 residuals by station (Pressure >= 1800 dbars). The standard deviations of 1.779 m mol/kg for all oxygens and 0.441 m mol/kg for deep oxygens are only presented as general indicators of goodness of fit. SIO/STS makes no claims regarding the precision or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data. The general form of the SIO/STS DO sensor response model equation for Clark- style cells follows Brown and Morrison [Brow78], Millard [Mill82] and Owens & Millard [Owen85]. SIO/STS models DO sensor responses with lagged CTD data. In situ pressure and temperature are filtered to match the sensor responses. Time constants for the pressure response (tp), a slow (tTf)and fast (tTs) thermal response, package velocity (tdP), thermal diffusion (tdT) and pressure hysteresis (th) are fitting parameters. Once determined for a given sensor, these time constants typically remain constant for a cruise. The thermal diffusion term is derived by low-pass filtering the difference between the short response (Ts)and long response (Tl) temperatures. This term is intended to correct non- linearity in sensor response introduced by inappropriate analog thermal compensation. Package velocity is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order pressure differences, and is intended to correct flow-dependent response. Dissolved O2 concentration is then calculated: Ph dOc dP (C2•----) (C4•Tl+C5•Ts+C7•Pl+C6•---+C8•--+C9•dT) O2ml/l = [C1 • VDOe 5000 + C3] • fsat(T,P) • e dt dt (2.8.4.0) where: O2ml/l Dissolved O2 concentration in ml/l; VDO Raw sensor output; C1 Sensor slope C2 Hysteresis response coefficient C3 Sensor offset fsat(T,P) O2 saturation at T,P (ml/l); T in situ temperature (°C); P in situ pressure (decibars); Ph Low-pass filtered hysteresis pressure (decibars); Tl Long-response low-pass filtered temperature (°C); Ts Short-response low-pass filtered temperature (°C); Pl Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars); dOc --- Sensor current gradient (mamps/sec); dt dP -- Filtered package velocity (db/sec); dt dT low-pass filtered thermal diffusion estimate (Ts -Tl). C4 - C9 Response coefficients. CTD O2 ml/l data are converted to mmol/kg units on demand. Manufacturer information on the SBE43 DO sensor, a modification of the Clark polarographic membrane technology, can be found at http://www.seabird.com/application_notes/AN64.htm. A faster-response JFE Advantech RinkoIII ARO-CAV Optical DO sensor, with its own oxygen temperature thermistor, was installed on the rosette and integrated with the ODF CTD from station 25 onward. ODF intends to evaluate it side-by-side with the SBE43 data, considering its possible use for future expeditions. Please contact ODF (odfdata@sts.ucsd.edu) for further information. Manufacturer information about the RinkoIII sensor can be found at http://www.jfe- advantech.co.jp/eng/ocean/rinko/rinko3.html. 2.9. Bottle Sampling At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the bottles in the following order: • CFC-12, CFC-11, SF6,and N2O • 3He • Dissolved O2 • Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) • pH • Total Alkalinity • 13Cand 14C • Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) • Tritium • Nutrients • ∂15N-NO3 / ∂18O-NO3 • Salinity • Dissolved Calcium • Pigments HPLC • CDOM • ∂30Si Bottle serial numbers were assigned at the start of P16S, and corresponded to their rosette/carousel position. Aside from various repairs to bottles along the way, no bottles were replaced during this transect. The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle position (1-36) from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the cast. This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted about the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and ensure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order. Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the air vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log. Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the bottle. The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles. Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were distributed for analysis. Oxygen, nutrient and salinity analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to the data processing computer for centralized data management. 2.10. Bottle Tripping Issues Few bottle trip issues were encountered during P16S. In all cases either the carousel or bottle was fixed after issue was reported. On station 4, bottle 2 carousel trigger was stuck and bottle did not close. On station 5, the bottom endcap lanyard hung up and bottle 32 did not trip close. On station 17, carousel trigger stuck and bottle 35 did not trip close. On station 65, data indicated a mis-trip on bottle 7. On station 81, data indicated a mis-trip on bottle 1. Numerous other minor bottle tripping and/or carousel issues occurred during P16S. Most of these problems were resolved by re-aligning the lanyards during cocking to avoid obstructions or snagging points. Individual mis-tripped bottles have been quality-coded 4. Samples taken from them have been quality-coded by appropriate analytical groups. More detailed comments with respect to ODF analysis appear in Appendix 2.C. 2.11. Bottle Data Processing Water samples collected and properties analyzed shipboard were centrally managed in a relational database (PostgreSQL NBP1403 ) running on a Linux system. A web service (OpenACS 5.5.0 and AOLServer 4.5.1) front- end provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample data. Web-based facilities included on-demand arbitrary property-property plots and vertical sections as well as data uploads and downloads. The sample log information and any diagnostic comments were entered into the database once sampling was completed. Quality flags associated with sampled properties were set to indicate that the property had been sampled, and sample container identifications were noted where applicable (e.g., oxygen flask number). Acquisition and sampling details were also made available on the ODF shipboard website post-cast with scanned versions of the Console and Sample logs. Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various analytical groups and incorporated into the database. These results included a quality code associated with each measured value and followed the coding scheme developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Programme (WHP) [Joyc94]. Table 2.11.0 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of times each WHP sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic property: Table 2.11.0: Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments. Rosette Samples Stations 1-90 --------------------------------------------------- Reported WHP Quality Codes levels 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 -------- - ---- -- -- - - -- Bottle 3211 0 3186 12 6 1 0 6 CTD Salt 3211 0 3207 4 0 0 0 0 CTD Oxy 3123 0 3105 0 17 0 1 88 Salinity 3127 0 3053 57 17 2 0 82 Oxygen 3122 0 3111 3 8 6 0 83 Silicate 3129 0 3119 1 9 0 0 82 Nitrate 3129 0 3120 0 9 0 0 82 Nitrite 3129 0 3120 0 9 0 0 82 Phosphate 3129 0 3118 1 10 0 0 82 Additionally, data investigation comments are presented in Appendix 2.C. Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued throughout the cruise. Chief Scientist, Dr. Lynne Talley, reviewed the data and compared it with historical data sets. 2.12. Salinity Analysis Equipment and Techniques One salinometer, a Guildline Autosal 8400B (S/N 65-740), was used throughout P16S. A spare 8400B (S/N 65-743) was maintained at 21C, but not used for sample analysis during this expedition. These salinometers utilized the typical National Instruments interface to decode Autosal data and communicate with a Windows-based acquisition PC. The original heat exchanger coil for this unit is replaced with a longer coil to increase heat transfer between the bath and the sample. All discrete salinity analyses were done in the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer's Salinity Lab. Samples were analyzed after they had equilibrated to laboratory temperature, usually within 6-20 hours after collection. The salinometer was standardized for each group of analyses (typically 1 cast, sometimes 2; up to 72 samples) using two fresh vials of standard seawater per group. In instances when 2 stations were run as a group, a third standard vial was run between the two stations. Salinometer measurements were made by a computer using LabVIEW software developed by SIO/STS. The software maintained an Autosal log of each salinometer run which included salinometer settings and air and bath temperatures. The air temperature was monitored via digital thermometer and displayed on an up-to 48- hour strip- chart via LabVIEW in order to observe cyclical changes. The program guided the operator through the standardization procedure and making sample measurements. The analyst was prompted to change samples and flush the cell between readings. Standardization procedures included flushing the cell at least 2 times with a fresh vial of Standard Seawater (SSW), setting the flowrate to a low value during the last fill, and monitoring the STD dial setting. If the STD dial changed by 10 units or more since the last salinometer run (or during standardization), another vial of SSW was opened and the standardization procedure repeated to verify the setting. Each salt sample bottle was agitated to minimize stratification before reading on the salinometer. Samples were run using 2 flushes before the final fill. The computer determined the stability of a measurement and prompted for additional readings if there appeared to be drift. The operator could annotate the salinometer log, and would routinely add comments about cracked sample bottles, loose thimbles, salt crystals or anything unusual in the amount of sample in the bottle. Sample Collection, Equilibration and Data Processing A total of 3129 rosette salinity samples were measured. An additional 58 underway samples were taken and analyzed between Hobart and the start of the 150W line. 185 vials of standard seawater (IAPSO SSW) were used. Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate bottles, which were rinsed three times with the sample prior to filling. The bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and kept closed with Nalgene screwcaps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. Prior to sample collection, inserts were inspected for proper fit and loose inserts replaced to ensure an airtight seal. After samples were brought back to the analysis lab, the full case was placed on a shelf projecting from the workbench supporting the Autosal. Salt bottle storage boxes have either an open grid pattern material or have holes drilled between bottle locations to facilitate air circulation between the bottles from bottom to top. A fan circulated air down through the salt case. A thermometer was placed between two bottles that represent cooler but not the coldest temperatures, typically bottles 9 and 15 for the square cases and along side bottle 3, on the inner side, for the rectangular cases. Ambient air circulated through the case until indicated glass temperature was within 1°C of bath temperature. The fan was removed from the case, which was allowed to stand for 10 to 30 minutes before analyzing the salinities. Equilibration times were logged for all casts and laboratory temperatures were logged at the beginning and end of each run. PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity ratios. The difference between the initial vial of standard water and the next one run as an unknown was applied as a linear function of elapsed run time to the measured ratios. The corrected salinity data were then incorporated into the cruise database. Data processing included double checking that the station, sample and box number had been correctly assigned, and reviewing the data and log files for operator comments. Discrete salinity data were compared to CTD salinities and were used for shipboard sensor calibration. Laboratory Temperature The salinometer water bath temperature was maintained at 24°C. Except for one day, when the temperature control failed and was repaired, the ambient laboratory air temperature varied from 21 to 25.5°C, typically between 23 and 25°C. Standards IAPSO Standard Seawater Batch P-156 was used to standardize all stations. Analytical Problems No analytical problems were encountered on US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S. 2.13. Oxygen Analysis Equipment and Techniques Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an SIO/ODF-designed automated oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the samples and the data logging were controlled by PC LabVIEW software. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 mL burette. ODF used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter[Carp65] with modifications by Culberson et al.[Culb91], but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (approximately 0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (approximately 55 gm/l). Pre-made liquid potassium iodate standards were run every day (approximately every 2-4 stations), unless changes were made to the system or reagents. Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined every day or more often if a change in reagents required it to account for presence of oxidizing or reducing agents. Sampling and Data Processing 3128 oxygen measurements were made from rosette samples. Another 58 measurements were made from samples taken every ~4hours on the transit from Hobart to the 150W line. Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette was brought on board. Six different cases of 24 flasks each were rotated by station to minimize any potential flask calibration issues. Using a Tygon and silicone drawing tube, nominal 125mL volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed 3 times with minimal agitation, then filled and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask volumes. The sample drawing temperatures were measured with an electronic thermocouple temperature detector (TRACEABLE(tm) Model 89094-738) embedded in the drawing tube. These temperatures were used to calculate mmol/kg concentrations, and as a diagnostic check of bottle integrity. Reagents (MnCl2 then NaI/NaOH) were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice (10-12 inversions) to assure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after drawing, and then again after about 30-40 minutes. A water seal was applied to the rim of each bottle after shaking. The samples were analyzed within 2-14 hours of collection, and the data incorporated into the cruise database. Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and corrected to 20°C. The 20°C normalities and the blanks were plotted versus time and were reviewed for possible problems. The blanks and thiosulfate normalities for each batch of thiosulfate were smoothed (linear fits) in two groups (stations 1-36 and stations 37-67) during the cruise, and the oxygen values recalculated. The last batch of thiosulfate (stations 68- 90) was intentionally not smoothed. The laboratory had a rapid temperature rise for the last few days of the cruise, which is believed to have caused the changes seen in the thio normalities. All differences between the original and "smoothed" data were less than ±0.25%. After the data were uploaded to the database, bottle oxygen was graphically compared with CTD oxygen and adjoining stations. Any points that appeared erroneous were reviewed and comments made regarding the final outcome of the investigation. These investigations and final data coding are reported in Appendix 2.C. Volumetric Calibration Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized water to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory. This is done once before using flasks for the first time and periodically thereafter when a suspect volume is detected. The volumetric flasks used in preparing standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as was the 10 mL Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution. Standards Liquid potassium iodate standards were prepared in 6 liter batches and bottled in sterile glass bottles at ODF's chemistry laboratory prior to the expedition. The normality of the liquid standard was determined by calculation from weight. The standard was supplied by AlfaAesar (lot B05N35) and has a reported purity of 99.4-100.4%. All other reagents were "reagent grade" and were tested for levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use. Problems Encountered Around station 37, the thiosulfate was topped off and began to degrade with high variability in the thio normality. A new1Lbatch was made and used from station 37 to 67. Samples for stations 37 and 38 waited for approximately 12 hours before being run. The thermocouple wire on the primary thermometer probe used during sampling broke twice, requiring backup temp probes to be used. The backup probes had a slower response than the thermocouple, possibly causing less accurate readings. The backup temperature probes were used for sampling stations 43 through 50 and stations 80 and 81. Additionally, several samples were lost due to simple operator errors such as forgetting the stir bar, or accidentally dumping a sample before being analyzed. A summary of these lost samples can be found in Appendix 2.C. 2.14. Nutrient Analysis Summary of Analysis 3129 samples from 90 ctd stations, and 58 from the underway system. The cruise started with new pump tubes and they were changed after stations 12, 29, 51, and 70. 5 sets of Primary/Secondary standards were made up over the course of the cruise. The cadmium column efficiency was checked periodically and ranged between 92%-100%. The column was replaced when efficiency was less than 97%. Equipment and Techniques Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate plus nitrite, and nitrite) were performed on a Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3). The analytical methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92], Hager et al. [Hage68] and Atlas et al. [Atla71]. The details of modification of analytical methods used for this cruise are also compatible with the methods described in the nutrient section of the GO-SHIP repeat hydrography manual [Hyde10]. Nitrate/Nitrite Analysis A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] procedure was used for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For nitrate analysis, a seawater sample was passed through a cadmium column where the nitrate was reduced to nitrite. This nitrite was then diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with N-(1-naphthyl)- ethylenediamine to form a red dye. The sample was then passed through a 10mm flowcell and absorbance measured at 520nm. The procedure was the same for the nitrite analysis but without the cadmium column. REAGENTS Sulfanilamide Dissolve10g sulfanilamide in 1.2N HCl and bring to 1 liter volume. Add 2drops of 40% surfynol 465/485 surfactant. Store at room temperature in a dark poly bottle. Note: 40% Surfynol 465/485 is 20% 465 plus 20% 485 in DIW. N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (N-1-N) Dissolve1gN-1-N in DIW, bring to 1 liter volume. Add 2 drops 40% surfynol 465/485 surfactant. Store at room temperature in a dark poly bottle. Discard if the solution turns dark reddish brown. Imidazole Buffer Dissolve13.6g imidazole in ˜3.8 liters DIW. Stir for at least 30 minutes to completely dissolve. Add 60 ml of CuSO4 +NH4Cl mix (see below). Add 4drops 40% Surfynol 465/485 surfactant. Let sit overnight before proceeding. Using a calibrated pH meter, adjust to pH of 7.83-7.85 with 10% (1.2N) HCl (about 20-30 ml of acid, depending on exact strength). Bring final solution to 4L with DIW. Store at room temperature. NH4Cl + CuSO4 mix Dissolve2gcupric sulfate in DIW, bring to 100 m1 volume (2%). Dissolve250g ammonium chloride in DIW, bring to l liter volume. Add 5ml of 2% CuSO4 solution to this NH4Cl stock. This should last many months. Phosphate Analysis Ortho-Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms [Bern67] method. Acidified ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, which was then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The sample was passed through a 10mm flowcell and absorbance measured at 820nm. The 820nm bulb was only used for stations 1-10 and then changed to 880nm. REAGENTS Ammonium Molybdate H2SO4 solution: Pour 420 ml of DIW into a 2 liter Erlenmeyer flask or beaker, place this flask or beaker into an ice bath. SLOWLY add 330 ml of concentrated H2SO4.This solution gets VERY HOT!! Cool in the ice bath. Makeup as much as necessary in the above proportions. Dissolve27g ammonium molybdate in 250ml of DIW. Bring to 1 liter volume with the cooled sulfuric acid solution. Add 3 drops of 15% DDS surfactant. Store in a dark poly bottle. Dihydrazine Sulfate Dissolve6.4g dihydrazine sulfate in DIW, bring to 1 liter volume and refrigerate. Silicate Analysis Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67] Acidified ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. The sample was passed through a 10mm flowcell and measured at 660nm. REAGENTS Tartaric Acid Dissolve 200g tartaric acid in DW and bring to 1 liter volume. Store at room temperature in a poly bottle. Ammonium Molybdate Dissolve 10.8g Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate in ~ 900ml DW. Add 2.8ml H2SO4*to solution, then bring volume to 1000ml. Add 3-5 drops 15% SDS surfactant per liter of solution. Stannous Chloride stock (as needed) Dissolve 40g of stannous chloride in 100 ml 5N HCl. Refrigerate in a poly bottle. NOTE: Minimize oxygen introduction by swirling rather than shaking the solution. Discard if a white solution (oxychloride) forms. Working (every 24 hours): Bring 5 ml of stannous chloride stock to 200 ml final volume with 1.2N HCl. Makeup daily - refrigerate when not in use in a dark poly bottle. Sampling Nutrient samples were drawn into 40 ml polypropylene screw-capped centrifuge tubes. The tubes and caps were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed 2-3 times with sample before filling. Samples were analyzed within 1-3 hours after sample collection, allowing sufficient time for all samples to reach room temperature. The centrifuge tubes fit directly onto the sampler. Data collection and processing Data collection and processing was done with the software (AACE ver.6.07) provided with the instrument from SEAL Analytical. After each run, the charts were reviewed for any problems during the run, any blank was subtracted, and final concentrations (mM) were calculated, based on a linear curve fit. Once the run was reviewed and concentrations calculated a text file was created. That text file was reviewed for possible problems and then converted to another text file with only sample identifiers and nutrient concentrations that was merged with other bottle data. Standards and Glassware calibration Primary standards for silicate (Na2SiF6), nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate (KH2PO4)were obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and/or Fisher Scientific. The supplier reports purities of >98%, 99.999%, 97%, and 99.999 respectively. All glass volumetric flasks and pipettes were gravimetrically calibrated prior to the cruise. The primary standards were dried and weighed out to 0.1 mg prior to the cruise. The exact weight was noted for future reference. When primary standards were made, the flask volume at 20°C, the weight of the powder, and the temperature of the solution were used to buoyancy correct the weight, calculate the exact concentration of the solution, and determine how much of the primary was needed for the desired concentrations of secondary standard. Primary and secondary standards were made up every 7-10 days. The new standards were compared to the old before use. All the reagent solutions, primary and secondary standards were made with fresh distilled deionized water (DIW). Standardizations were performed at the beginning of each group of analyses with working standards prepared prior to each run from a secondary. Working standards were made up in low nutrient seawater (LNSW). Two different batches of LNSW were used on the cruise, the first for stations 1-40 and the second for the remainder, stations 41-90. Both were collected offshore of coastal California and treated in the lab. The water was first filtered through a0.45 micron filter then re-circulated for ˜8 hours through a 0.2 micron filter, passed a UV lamp and through a second 0.2 micron filter. The actual concentration of nutrients in this water was empirically determined during the standardization calculations. Table 2.14.0: US-Repeat Hydrography (GO-SHIP) P16S Concentration of working standards used in micro-moles per liter. µM µM µM µM Batch N+N PO4 SiO3 NO2 ----- ----- --- ----- ---- 0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3) 15.50 1.2 60 0.50 5) 31.00 2.4 120 1.0 7) 46.50 3.6 180 1.5 Quality Control All data were reported in mM (micromoles/liter). NO3, PO4, and NO2 were reported to two decimal places and SiO3 to one. Accuracy is based on the quality of the standards; the levels were: Table 2.14.1: US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S Nutrient Accuracy Parameter Accuracy(µM) --------- ----------- NO3 0.05 PO4 0.004 SiO3 2-4 NO2 0.05 All final data was reported in micro-moles/kg after it has been merged with the CTD trip information in the bottle file. As is standard ODF practice, a deep calibration "check" sample was run with each set of samples to estimate precision within the cruise. The data are tabulated below. Table 2.14.2 US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S Deep Calibration Values. Parameter Concentration (µM) --------- ------------------ NO3 32.90 +/- 0.18 PO4 2.27 +/- 0.02 SiO3 127.0 +/- 0.71 NO2 0.01 +/- 0.009 SIO/ODF has been using Reference Materials for Nutrients in Seawater (RMNS) on repeat Hydrograph cruises as another estimate of accuracy and precision for each cruise since 2009. The accuracy and precision (standard deviation) for this cruise were measured by analysis of a RMNS with each run. The RMNS preparation, verification, and suggested protocol for use of the material are described by Aoyama et al. [Aoya06] [Aoya07] [Aoya08] and Sato et al. [Sato10]. RMNS batch BX was used on this cruise, with each bottle being used twice before being discarded and a new one opened. Data are tabulated below. Table 2.14.3: US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S Concentration of RMNS standard. Parameter Concentration (µmol kg-1) Assigned Diff --------- ------------------------- -------- ------ NO3 43.05 +/- 0.21 43.00 -0.05 PO4 2.89 +/- 0.026 2.907 0.017 SiO3 138.1 +/- 0.69 136.0 -2.1 NO2 0.039 +/- 0.006 0.034 -0.005 Analytical Problems There was significant loss of column efficiency that required frequent columns changes at the beginning of the cruise. It was tracked down to inaccurate adjusting of the pH of the imidazole buffer. The buffer preparation was changed to adding 10 mls of 10 percent hydrochloric acid without checking the pH. The column efficiency was stable and the columns lasted longer after this practice was implemented. There was significant noise in the phosphate signal and baseline at the start of the cruise. The photometer was loose and was not staying in place. Anew photometer/flowcell/light source combination was put on prior to station 11. The phosphate signal was much better after that change. Occasional baseline drops were still a problem but monitoring of the deep check sample and the RMNS values allowed for detection of problems and corrections to be implemented so the data quality did not suffer. References Aoya06. Aoyama, M., "Intercomparison Exercise for Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater in a Seawater Matrix," Technical Reports of the Meteorological Research Institute No.50, p. 91, Tsukuba, Japan. (2006a). Aoya08. Aoyama, M., Barwell-Clark, J., Becker, S., Blum, M., Braga, E.S., Coverly, S.C., Czobik, E., Dahllof, I., Dai, M.H., Donnell, G.O., Engelke, C., Gong, G.C., Hong, Gi-Hoon, Hydes, D.J., Jin, M.M., Kasai, H., Kerouel, R., Kiyomono, Y., Knockaert, M., Kress, N., Krogslund, K. A., Kumagai, M., Leterme, S., Li, Yarong, Masuda, S., Miyao, T., Moutin, T., Murata, A., Nagai, N., Nausch, G., Ngirchechol, M. K., Nybakk, A., Ogaw a,H., Ooijen, J. van, Ota, H., Pan, J. M., Payne, C., Pierre-Duplessix, O., Pujo-Pay, M., Raabe, T., Saito, K., Sato, K., Schmidt, C., Schuett, M., Shammon, T.M., Sun, J., Tanhua, T., White, L., Woodward, E.M.S., Worsfold, P., Yeats, P., Yoshimura, T., A. Youenou, and Zhang, J. Z., "2006 Intercomparison Exercise for Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater in a Seawater Matrix," Technical Reports of the Meteorological Research Institute No. 58, p. 104pp (2008). Aoya07. Aoyama, M., Susan, B., Minhan, D., Hideshi, D., Louis, I. G., Kasai, H., Roger, K., Nurit, K., Doug, M., Murata, A., Nagai, N., Ogaw a,H., Ota, H., Saito, H., Saito, K., Shimizu, T., Takano, H., Tsuda, A., Yokouchi, K., and Agnes, Y., "Recent Comparability of Oceanographic Nutrients Data: Results of a 2003 Intercomparison Exercise Using Reference Materials.," Analytical Sciences, 23: 115, pp. 1-1154 (2007). Arms67. Armstrong, F.A.J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., "The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea Research, 14, pp. 381-389 (1967). Atla71. Atlas, E. L., Hager, S.W., Gordon, L. I., and Park, P.K., "A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer(r) in Seawater Nutrient Analyses Revised," Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, p. 49, Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography(1971). Bern67. Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer," Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967). Brow78. Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity, temperature and depth microprofiler," Technical Report No. 78-23, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1978). Carp65. Carpenter, J.H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 (1965). Culb91. Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and Zemlyak, F., "A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug 1991). Gord92. Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem Oc. (1992). Hage68. Hager, S.W., Gordon, L. I., and Park, P.K., "A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer(r) in Seawater Nutrient Analyses.," Final report to Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Contract 14-17-0001-1759., p. 31pp, Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography, Reference No. 68-33. (1968). Hyde10. Hydes, D. J., Aoyama, M., Aminot, A., Bakker, K., Becker, S., Coverly, S., Daniel, A., Dickson, A. G., Grosso, O., Kerouel, R., Ooijen, J. van, Sato, K., Tanhua, T., Woodward, E. M. S., and Zhang, J. Z., "Determination of Dissolved Nutrients (N, P, Si) in Seawater with High Precision and Inter- Comparability Using Gas- Segmented Continuous Flow Analysers" in GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines. IOCCP Report No. 14, ICPO Publication Series No 134 (2010a). Joyc94. Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, Rev. 2). UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. Mill82. Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques at WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference and Workshop, p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982). Owen85. Owens, W.B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "Anew algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985). Sato10. Sato, K., Aoyama, M., and Becker, S., "RMNS as Calibration Standard Solution to Keep Comparability for Several Cruises in the World Ocean in 2000s.," Aoyama, M., Dickson, A.G., Hydes, D.J., Murata, A., Oh, J.R., Roose, P., Woodward, E.M.S., (Eds.) Comparability of nutrients in the world's ocean., pp. 43-56, Tsukuba, JAPAN: MOTHER TANK (2010b). UNES81. UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978,"UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, p. 144 (1981). Appendix 2.A US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S: CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary ITS-90 Temperature Coefficients Sta/ corT =tp2*corP2 +tp1*corP + t1*T+t0 Cast tp2 tp1 t1 t0 1/2 8.08415e-12 1.29654e-07 2.40000e-04 -0.00041253 2/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 3/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 4/3 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 5/3 8.08415e-12 -1.89214e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00064658 6/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 7/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 8/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 9/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 10/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 11/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 12/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 13/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 14/1 -3.92977e-11 -1.26878e-07 5.37384e-05 -0.00077777 15/1 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 16/1 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 17/2 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 18/1 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 19/1 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 20/1 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 21/1 -1.70942e-10 3.85216e-07 2.78977e-04 -0.00149899 22/1 -5.34418e-11 3.16085e-07 2.23999e-04 -0.00067781 23/1 -5.34418e-11 3.16085e-07 2.23999e-04 -0.00067781 24/1 -5.34418e-11 3.16085e-07 2.23999e-04 -0.00067781 25/1 -5.34418e-11 3.16085e-07 2.23999e-04 -0.00067781 26/1 -5.34418e-11 3.16085e-07 2.23999e-04 -0.00067781 27/1 -5.34418e-11 3.16085e-07 2.23999e-04 -0.00067781 28/1 4.09003e-11 -5.83485e-08 3.71046e-04 -0.00064631 29/1 4.09003e-11 -5.83485e-08 3.71046e-04 -0.00064631 30/1 4.09003e-11 -5.83485e-08 3.71046e-04 -0.00064631 31/1 4.09003e-11 -5.83485e-08 3.71046e-04 -0.00064631 32/1 4.09003e-11 -5.83485e-08 3.71046e-04 -0.00064631 33/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 34/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 35/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 36/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 37/2 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 38/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 39/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 40/2 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 41/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 42/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 43/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 44/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 45/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 46/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 47/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 48/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 49/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 50/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 51/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 52/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 53/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 54/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 55/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 56/2 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 57/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 58/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 59/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 60/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 61/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 62/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 63/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 64/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 65/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 66/2 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 67/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 68/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 69/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 70/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 71/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 72/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 73/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 74/2 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 75/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 76/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 77/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 78/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 79/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 80/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 81/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 82/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 83/3 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 84/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 85/1 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 86/2 8.08415e-12 -5.81235e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00047796 87/1 8.08415e-12 -1.89276e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00053832 88/1 8.08415e-12 -1.89276e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00053832 89/3 8.08415e-12 -1.89276e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00053832 90/1 8.08415e-12 -1.89276e-08 2.40000e-04 -0.00053832 Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ corC =cp2*corP2 +cp1*corP + ct2*corT2 +ct1*corT + c2*C2 +c1*C+c0 Cast cp2 cp1 ct2 ct1 c2 c1 c0 1/2 1.75480e-10 -1.21353e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00020477 2/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00529380 3/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00529428 4/3 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00529448 5/3 1.08624e-10 -1.03741e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00038806 6/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00518231 7/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00518439 8/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00518650 9/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00518897 10/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00519103 11/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00519657 12/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00519884 13/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00520262 14/1 -1.69141e-11 -4.83210e-07 1.89170e-06 -5.47861e-05 0.00000e+00 1.97380e-04 -0.00520461 15/1 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01087920 16/1 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01090440 17/2 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01093340 18/1 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01095510 19/1 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01097160 20/1 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01100470 21/1 -2.25428e-10 7.40449e-07 0.00000e+00 9.07661e-05 0.00000e+00 -2.49290e-04 0.01102670 22/1 4.22399e-11 -5.95999e-07 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00139734 23/1 4.22399e-11 -5.95999e-07 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00139525 24/1 4.22399e-11 -5.95999e-07 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00139330 25/1 4.22399e-11 -5.95999e-07 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00139024 26/1 4.22399e-11 -5.95999e-07 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00138794 27/1 4.22399e-11 -5.95999e-07 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00138175 28/1 2.12355e-10 -1.57686e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00269719 29/1 2.12355e-10 -1.57686e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00269525 30/1 2.12355e-10 -1.57686e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00269300 31/1 2.12355e-10 -1.57686e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00269086 32/1 2.12355e-10 -1.57686e-06 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00269078 33/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00030450 34/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00031293 35/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00032040 36/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00032921 37/2 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00033775 38/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00034648 39/3 1.82849e-10 -1.09777e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00096041 40/2 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00037703 41/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00038733 42/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00039673 43/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00040846 44/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00041834 45/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00042790 46/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00044056 47/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00045014 48/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00046137 49/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00047126 50/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00048071 51/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00049162 52/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00050111 53/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00051064 54/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00052211 55/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00053509 56/2 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00055024 57/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00056142 58/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00057325 59/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00058299 60/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00059243 61/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00060279 62/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00061207 63/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00062292 64/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00063245 65/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00064300 66/2 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00065415 67/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00066348 68/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00067341 69/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00068344 70/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00069238 71/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00070180 72/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00071164 73/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00072079 74/2 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00073028 75/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00073997 76/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00074891 77/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00075928 78/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00076820 79/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00077736 80/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00078753 81/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00079640 82/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00080506 83/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00081551 84/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00082403 85/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00083252 86/2 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00084297 87/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00085114 88/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00085952 89/3 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00086957 90/1 1.82849e-10 -1.30110e-06 6.27235e-06 -2.24446e-04 -8.31047e-06 4.57817e-04 -0.00087813 Appendix 2.B Summary of US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S CTD Oxygen Time Constants (time constants in seconds) Pressure Temperature Pressure O2 Gradient Velocity Thermal Hysteresis (τh) Long(τTl) Short(τTs) Gradient (τp) (τog) (τdP) Diffusion (τdT) --------------- --------- ---------- ------------- ----------- -------- --------------- 50.0 300.0 4.0 0.50 8.00 200.00 300.0 US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S: Conversion Equation Coefficients for CTD Oxygen (refer to Equation 1.9.4.0) dOc dP Sta/ OcSlope Offset Phcoeff Tlcoeff Tscoeff Plcoeff ---coeff --coeff TdTcoeff dt dt Cast (c1) (c3) (c2) (c4) (c5) (c6) (c7) (c8) (c9) 001/02 7.358e-04 -0.3511 -0.0337 -2.328e-02 -8.635e-03 -2.602e-03 -8.206e-03 -2.602e-03 3.877e-02 002/01 5.956e-04 -0.2493 -0.1365 6.878e-03 7.639e-05 -9.694e-03 6.431e-03 -9.694e-03 -7.624e-03 003/01 6.442e-04 -0.3115 -0.2424 9.438e-03 -1.010e-03 -1.102e-02 7.546e-03 -1.102e-02 1.116e-02 004/03 6.417e-04 -0.3139 -0.0200 7.522e-03 1.943e-03 8.263e-03 9.116e-03 8.263e-03 5.286e-03 005/03 6.193e-04 -0.2673 -0.0621 2.820e-03 5.925e-04 -1.203e-02 1.931e-02 -1.203e-02 -5.949e-03 006/01 5.918e-04 -0.2209 -0.1002 9.758e-03 -1.920e-02 -1.424e-02 1.467e-02 -1.424e-02 4.271e-03 007/01 5.918e-04 -0.2209 -0.1002 9.758e-03 -1.920e-02 -1.424e-02 1.467e-02 -1.424e-02 4.271e-03 008/01 6.444e-04 -0.3160 -0.0489 7.209e-03 1.196e-02 -3.509e-03 2.940e-03 -3.509e-03 1.114e-03 009/01 6.377e-04 -0.3031 -0.0631 1.479e-02 4.202e-03 -1.002e-02 4.891e-03 -1.002e-02 2.469e-03 010/01 6.116e-04 -0.2576 -0.1387 5.742e-03 -5.424e-03 -1.666e-02 1.861e-03 -1.666e-02 -3.020e-03 011/01 5.950e-04 -0.2223 -0.0954 -1.098e-02 -8.250e-04 -1.745e-02 7.675e-03 -1.745e-02 -4.154e-02 012/01 6.512e-04 -0.3481 -0.1331 1.019e-02 4.051e-02 -9.357e-03 1.075e-02 -9.357e-03 9.326e-03 013/01 6.072e-04 -0.2329 0.1193 9.075e-03 -3.781e-02 4.076e-03 1.527e-02 4.076e-03 1.470e-02 014/01 6.105e-04 -0.3046 -0.2496 2.154e-02 4.616e-02 -2.006e-02 1.234e-02 -2.006e-02 3.559e-03 015/01 5.808e-04 -0.2718 -0.3506 -7.944e-03 5.230e-02 -2.375e-02 9.679e-03 -2.375e-02 1.123e-02 016/01 6.003e-04 -0.2527 -0.0899 1.296e-02 -3.141e-04 -7.524e-03 5.302e-03 -7.524e-03 6.079e-04 017/02 6.220e-04 -0.2857 -0.3045 -1.242e-02 1.604e-02 -5.126e-03 5.280e-03 -5.126e-03 3.377e-03 018/01 5.973e-04 -0.2567 -0.1305 1.114e-02 1.305e-02 -1.053e-02 1.087e-03 -1.053e-02 -2.823e-02 019/01 5.958e-04 -0.2607 -0.2528 2.096e-02 1.328e-02 -1.806e-02 1.022e-02 -1.806e-02 9.825e-03 020/01 5.989e-04 -0.2589 -0.5488 1.465e-02 1.034e-02 -4.955e-02 3.625e-03 -4.955e-02 -7.896e-03 021/01 6.239e-04 -0.3512 -0.3249 8.490e-03 7.291e-02 -5.875e-02 -1.049e-02 -5.875e-02 6.674e-04 022/01 6.048e-04 -0.2591 -0.1815 -3.402e-03 1.013e-02 -1.010e-02 5.584e-03 -1.010e-02 -4.495e-03 023/01 5.909e-04 -0.2657 -0.1621 2.248e-03 2.303e-02 -1.124e-02 3.848e-03 -1.124e-02 -7.897e-03 024/01 4.490e-04 -0.1179 0.0338 3.827e-02 1.129e-02 -2.348e-02 6.709e-03 -2.348e-02 -1.068e-01 025/01 5.670e-04 -0.2172 -0.1706 4.650e-03 4.799e-03 -1.241e-02 -2.498e-04 -1.241e-02 -1.960e-02 026/01 5.937e-04 -0.2446 -0.1490 4.369e-03 -3.693e-04 -9.830e-03 5.738e-03 -9.830e-03 4.872e-03 027/01 5.886e-04 -0.2389 -0.1535 3.051e-03 2.085e-04 -5.912e-03 7.088e-03 -5.912e-03 1.822e-03 028/01 5.658e-04 -0.2195 -0.2255 1.206e-02 -3.426e-03 -1.894e-02 -1.871e-03 -1.894e-02 -5.422e-03 029/01 6.297e-04 -0.2596 0.0116 1.683e-04 -4.762e-03 -4.325e-03 4.071e-03 -4.325e-03 2.472e-02 030/01 6.494e-04 -0.2881 0.1526 -7.320e-03 2.151e-03 7.906e-03 5.634e-03 7.906e-03 8.586e-03 031/01 7.561e-04 -0.3940 0.4940 -1.294e-02 -1.785e-03 4.288e-03 -4.816e-04 4.288e-03 9.810e-03 032/01 7.562e-04 -0.3843 0.2189 -1.350e-02 -2.182e-03 4.442e-03 3.560e-03 4.442e-03 1.786e-02 033/01 5.965e-04 -0.2353 -0.0109 2.939e-03 -3.398e-03 -1.863e-03 -3.852e-05 -1.863e-03 8.972e-03 034/01 5.925e-04 -0.2409 -0.0769 5.806e-03 -4.425e-03 -1.462e-02 2.229e-03 -1.462e-02 2.007e-03 035/01 7.505e-04 -0.3560 0.3201 2.630e-03 -1.822e-02 -3.557e-02 -3.261e-03 -3.557e-02 1.994e-02 036/01 6.489e-04 -0.2567 0.0210 -6.008e-03 5.803e-03 -1.167e-02 -4.903e-03 -1.167e-02 -5.203e-03 037/02 6.202e-04 -0.2333 -0.0893 -2.637e-03 5.244e-03 -1.181e-02 -4.437e-04 -1.181e-02 -3.117e-03 038/01 6.382e-04 -0.2507 -0.1133 1.901e-03 -9.189e-04 -1.144e-02 1.735e-03 -1.144e-02 3.827e-05 039/03 6.231e-04 -0.2238 -0.0644 2.163e-03 -8.537e-04 -2.590e-02 -2.345e-04 -2.590e-02 1.771e-03 040/02 6.286e-04 -0.2450 -0.1344 3.154e-03 -6.574e-04 -1.753e-02 -9.528e-05 -1.753e-02 -1.466e-04 041/01 6.425e-04 -0.2531 -0.0942 -1.864e-03 2.638e-03 -1.547e-02 7.142e-04 -1.547e-02 -4.542e-03 042/01 6.318e-04 -0.2425 -0.0942 -2.734e-04 2.267e-03 -2.023e-02 2.404e-03 -2.023e-02 -5.154e-03 043/03 6.346e-04 -0.2429 -0.1090 3.053e-04 1.031e-03 -1.879e-02 -3.225e-03 -1.879e-02 -2.464e-03 044/01 6.313e-04 -0.2442 -0.1167 2.413e-04 1.854e-03 -1.807e-02 1.361e-03 -1.807e-02 -3.237e-03 045/01 6.320e-04 -0.2426 -0.1161 2.852e-05 2.216e-03 -2.044e-02 -7.217e-04 -2.044e-02 -5.873e-03 046/01 6.420e-04 -0.2498 -0.0787 -1.155e-03 2.105e-03 -1.510e-02 -3.527e-03 -1.510e-02 -1.718e-03 047/01 6.316e-04 -0.2419 -0.1155 5.868e-04 1.870e-03 -1.780e-02 -2.521e-03 -1.780e-02 -3.255e-03 048/03 6.300e-04 -0.2388 -0.1157 -1.458e-03 3.644e-03 -2.026e-02 -2.610e-03 -2.026e-02 -4.974e-03 049/01 6.301e-04 -0.2423 -0.1219 5.647e-04 1.910e-03 -2.044e-02 2.462e-03 -2.044e-02 -5.102e-03 050/01 6.290e-04 -0.2413 -0.1149 9.763e-04 1.638e-03 -2.016e-02 8.025e-04 -2.016e-02 -4.229e-03 051/03 6.365e-04 -0.2429 -0.0739 4.527e-04 9.690e-04 -1.943e-02 7.171e-04 -1.943e-02 -2.909e-03 052/01 6.378e-04 -0.2481 -0.1036 9.735e-05 1.523e-03 -1.724e-02 -6.076e-04 -1.724e-02 -2.894e-03 053/01 6.346e-04 -0.2405 -0.0963 2.612e-04 1.254e-03 -1.900e-02 4.723e-03 -1.900e-02 -3.029e-03 054/01 6.385e-04 -0.2423 -0.0804 -1.261e-03 1.953e-03 -1.938e-02 -2.099e-03 -1.938e-02 -2.757e-03 055/01 6.343e-04 -0.2418 -0.1104 -1.041e-03 2.368e-03 -1.951e-02 1.516e-04 -1.951e-02 -3.726e-03 056/02 6.331e-04 -0.2423 -0.1109 -5.368e-04 1.823e-03 -2.132e-02 1.481e-03 -2.132e-02 -2.660e-03 057/01 6.438e-04 -0.2509 -0.0708 8.505e-04 -2.891e-04 -1.941e-02 -1.238e-03 -1.941e-02 -1.164e-03 058/03 6.370e-04 -0.2419 -0.1104 -1.196e-03 2.089e-03 -1.874e-02 -3.365e-04 -1.874e-02 -3.215e-03 059/01 6.484e-04 -0.2540 -0.0622 6.090e-04 -1.700e-04 -1.686e-02 1.495e-03 -1.686e-02 -1.362e-03 060/01 6.380e-04 -0.2430 -0.0986 6.257e-04 1.702e-04 -1.689e-02 -2.750e-03 -1.689e-02 -5.422e-04 061/01 6.315e-04 -0.2429 -0.1449 -2.039e-03 3.599e-03 -2.016e-02 1.375e-03 -2.016e-02 -5.062e-03 062/01 6.339e-04 -0.2441 -0.1257 -4.055e-06 1.416e-03 -1.811e-02 -2.211e-03 -1.811e-02 -2.179e-03 063/03 6.343e-04 -0.2398 -0.1248 2.878e-03 -2.093e-03 -1.920e-02 -1.607e-03 -1.920e-02 8.789e-04 064/01 6.410e-04 -0.2480 -0.1091 1.675e-03 -1.026e-03 -1.696e-02 2.768e-03 -1.696e-02 -2.436e-05 065/01 6.391e-04 -0.2475 -0.1159 3.507e-04 6.373e-04 -1.557e-02 5.054e-03 -1.557e-02 -1.663e-03 066/02 6.391e-04 -0.2451 -0.1267 1.914e-03 -1.186e-03 -1.456e-02 7.092e-04 -1.456e-02 5.849e-04 067/01 6.394e-04 -0.2460 -0.1189 8.735e-04 -8.279e-05 -1.520e-02 -2.963e-04 -1.520e-02 -1.691e-04 068/01 6.346e-04 -0.2434 -0.1413 3.451e-04 6.264e-04 -1.531e-02 -1.859e-04 -1.531e-02 -9.591e-04 069/01 6.338e-04 -0.2440 -0.1608 -3.949e-04 1.530e-03 -1.672e-02 5.192e-03 -1.672e-02 -2.228e-03 070/01 6.377e-04 -0.2457 -0.1114 6.544e-04 1.944e-04 -1.701e-02 1.092e-03 -1.701e-02 -1.058e-03 071/01 6.389e-04 -0.2467 -0.1127 -1.614e-06 7.798e-04 -1.576e-02 3.296e-04 -1.576e-02 -1.391e-03 072/01 6.322e-04 -0.2417 -0.1656 -1.811e-04 1.299e-03 -1.752e-02 2.513e-03 -1.752e-02 -1.412e-03 073/01 6.421e-04 -0.2543 -0.1486 -9.059e-04 1.677e-03 -1.697e-02 -3.665e-03 -1.697e-02 -2.073e-03 074/02 6.359e-04 -0.2460 -0.1425 2.953e-04 6.122e-04 -1.459e-02 7.203e-04 -1.459e-02 -7.036e-04 075/01 6.417e-04 -0.2492 -0.1257 3.586e-04 2.046e-04 -1.468e-02 7.210e-03 -1.468e-02 -7.148e-04 076/01 6.402e-04 -0.2457 -0.0928 3.630e-04 -1.975e-05 -1.614e-02 1.211e-03 -1.614e-02 5.795e-06 077/03 6.405e-04 -0.2452 -0.0818 -8.819e-04 1.363e-03 -1.489e-02 -6.022e-04 -1.489e-02 -1.857e-03 078/01 6.373e-04 -0.2422 -0.0712 3.185e-04 2.953e-04 -1.597e-02 1.503e-03 -1.597e-02 -5.463e-04 079/01 6.406e-04 -0.2483 -0.1077 -1.405e-03 2.123e-03 -1.644e-02 -4.784e-04 -1.644e-02 -3.438e-03 080/03 6.423e-04 -0.2519 -0.1326 -5.229e-04 1.167e-03 -1.599e-02 -9.524e-04 -1.599e-02 -2.326e-03 081/01 6.659e-04 -0.2665 0.1716 1.169e-03 -1.941e-03 -7.454e-03 2.493e-03 -7.454e-03 1.358e-03 082/01 6.391e-04 -0.2437 -0.0586 -7.560e-04 1.128e-03 -1.080e-02 -4.299e-04 -1.080e-02 -6.957e-04 083/03 6.325e-04 -0.2389 -0.1253 -1.627e-03 2.118e-03 -1.077e-02 -4.437e-05 -1.077e-02 -1.030e-03 084/01 6.978e-04 -0.3001 0.6100 -9.146e-04 -7.276e-04 -1.961e-03 -2.224e-04 -1.961e-03 -8.339e-04 085/01 6.409e-04 -0.2494 -0.1284 3.033e-04 6.631e-05 -1.278e-02 8.381e-04 -1.278e-02 -1.290e-05 086/02 5.783e-04 -0.2383 -0.1683 -1.219e-03 1.205e-03 -1.071e-02 -1.936e-03 -1.071e-02 -1.452e-03 087/01 5.791e-04 -0.2401 -0.1916 -3.827e-04 2.949e-04 -1.328e-02 -1.777e-04 -1.328e-02 -6.686e-04 088/01 5.565e-04 -0.2138 -0.1578 -1.206e-03 1.926e-03 -1.240e-02 -1.508e-03 -1.240e-02 -1.179e-03 089/03 5.177e-04 -0.1783 -0.2455 -9.707e-04 3.547e-03 -1.397e-02 -7.403e-04 -1.397e-02 -1.590e-03 090/01 5.726e-04 -0.2337 -0.1819 -6.584e-04 7.412e-04 -1.344e-02 6.538e-05 -1.344e-02 -2.790e-04 Appendix 2.C US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S: Bottle Quality Comments Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of STS/ODF's data investigations are included in this report. The sample number is the cast number times 100 plus the bottle number. Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and re-reading of peaks (i.e. nutrients). Sample Quality Stn No. Property Code Comment ---- --- -------- ---- ----------------------------------------------------- 1/2 202 bottle 9 Bottle tripped for deep-water nutrient check. 1/2 204 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 1/2 205 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 1/2 207 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 1/2 208 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 1/2 216 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 1/2 228 bottle 2 Bottle loose. 2/1 103 bottle 3 SAMPLE LOG: "Large leak". O-ring unseated from top end cap. 2/1 108 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 2/1 109 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 101 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 109 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 110 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 111 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 115 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 116 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 117 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 3/1 129 no2 4 Mis-trip 3/1 129 no3 4 Mis-trip 3/1 129 o2 4 O2 is 57 umol/kg high vs. CTDO profile, mis-trip. 3/1 129 po4 4 Mis-trip 3/1 129 salt 4 Mis-trip 3/1 129 sio3 4 Mis-trip 3/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 4/3 301 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 4/3 329 bottle 5 Bottle did not trip. Carousel trigger stuck. 4/3 329 reft 4 SBE35 did not equilibrate. Note bottle trip issue. 4/3 332 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 5/3 314 salt 4 Mis-sampled. Drawn from 12. 5/3 332 bottle 9 Niskin 32 did not close. Bottom end cap hung up in bottom lanyard of niskin 31. 6/1 103 bottle 4 Sample Log: "Niskin 3 is leaking". Top cap O-ring was unseated. 6/1 103 no2 4 Sample bad, see other parameters. 6/1 103 no3 4 Sample bad, see other parameters. 6/1 103 o2 4 O2 value 5umol/kg low. Niskin leaking. 6/1 103 po4 4 Sample bad, see other parameters. 6/1 103 salt 4 Mis-Sampled 6/1 103 sio3 4 Silicate value high. 6/1 104 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 6/1 114 salt 4 Mis-sampled. Drawn from Niskin 11. 6/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 7/1 101 salt 3 7/1 103 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 7/1 104 salt 3 7/1 114 salt 3 7/1 115 salt 3 7/1 118 salt 3 7/1 121 o2 5 O2 titration flat-lined at 1.7v,noend point; sample lost. 8/1 114 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 8/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 9/1 105 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 9/1 114 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 9/1 124 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 9/1 125 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 9/1 129 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 10/1 114 salt 3 10/1 131 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 11/1 109 salt 3 11/1 114 salt 3 11/1 117 o2 3 O2 value 3 umol/kg low, sio3 also slightly low; similar to btl 18 values. 11/1 117 salt 3 11/1 117 sio3 3 SiO3 value lower than expected, no analytical errors noted. 11/1 131 bottle 3 "Niskin 31 has no seal". Vent was tight, top appeared to be seated correctly. 12/1 114 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 12/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 13/1 101 salt 3 13/1 103 salt 3 13/1 114 salt 3 13/1 119 salt 3 13/1 122 po4 3 PO4 value lower than expected, no analytical errors noted. 13/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 13/1 131 o2 2 Low battery on o2 thermometer starting niskin 31. Readings ok. 14/1 114 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 15/1 110 bottle 2 Niskin 10 is leaking at spigot before venting: vent tight, tried resealing top lid. JKC: no obvious reason. 15/1 117 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature not seen on downcast. 15/1 126 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature not seen on downcast. 15/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 16/1 123 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature not seen on downcast. 16/1 128 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 16/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 17/2 201 salt 4 Mis-sample from bottle 3. 17/2 217 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature not seen on downcast. 17/2 218 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature not seen on downcast. 17/2 231 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 17/2 235 bottle 9 Niskin 35 did not trip; no obvious reason why. JKC: sticky carousel latch, disassembled and cleaned. 18/1 106 salt 4 Conductivity cell not completely filled during analysis. 18/1 109 bottle 3 Niskin 9 leaking because vent knob was not closed properly. 18/1 120 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature not seen on downcast. 18/1 124 o2 2 Bottle o2 matches upcast feature, similar feature deeper on downcast. 18/1 132 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 18/1 132 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 19/1 131 bottle 3 Slight leak. O-ring not seated correctly in top end cap. 22/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 22/1 132 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 23/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 25/1 107 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 25/1 117 bottle 3 Bottle leak. Top o-ring not seated correctly. 25/1 121 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 25/1 122 salt 5 Salinity sample 22 lost. 26/1 110 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 27/1 104 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 27/1 122 salt 4 Sample 22 was drawn from niskin 23. 27/1 131 reft 2 Unstable temperatures. 27/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 28/1 122 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 29/1 109 bottle 3 Niskin 9 leak. Vent left slightly open. 29/1 123 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 29/1 131 bottle 3 Niskin 31 leak. O-ring not seated correctly. 30/1 133 reft 2 SBE35 not equilibrated. Not used in fit. 31/1 122 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 31/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 31/1 132 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 31/1 133 salt 4 Analytical error. 32/1 124 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 32/1 130 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 33/1 121 o2 5 O2 UV detector a/d disconnected after sample switched to plot mode. Sample lost. USB connector re-seated in laptop, solved the problem for the rest of the run. 33/1 134 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 34/1 101 ctdc2 4 This plumb line went bad. Replaced pump and cables after cast. 34/1 102 ctdc2 4 This plumb line went bad. Replaced pump and cables after cast. 34/1 103 ctdc2 4 This plumb line went bad. Replaced pump and cables after cast. 34/1 104 ctdc2 4 This plumb line went bad. Replaced pump and cables after cast. 34/1 105 ctdc2 4 This plumb line went bad. Replaced pump and cables after cast. 34/1 109 ctdc2 4 This plumb line went bad. Replaced pump and cables after cast. 34/1 114 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 35/1 101 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 103 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 104 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 105 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 106 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 107 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 117 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 118 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 119 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 119 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 35/1 120 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 121 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 122 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 123 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 35/1 124 ctdc2 4 This plumb line was noisy on upcast. Replaced cables and pumps after cast. 36/1 119 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 36/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 37/2 216 bottle 2 Bottle 16 vent not closed properly. No leak. No analytical issues noted. 37/2 228 bottle 2 Bottle 28 vent not closed properly. No leak. No analytical issues noted. 37/2 230 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 38/1 117 salt 4 Mis-sampled from bottle 16. 39/3 301 o2 2 Voltage a bit high for this sample, but value is fine. 39/3 302 o2 2 Replaced flask 1762 (box W) after station run. Cracked rim and label falling off-did not affect sample. 39/3 308 o2 3 O2 value is 4 umol/kg high vs. CTDO and nearby casts. Nutrients are in line. 40/2 230 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 41/1 133 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 42/1 108 bottle 2 Bottle 8 vent not closed properly. 42/1 110 bottle 2 Green paint on bottle 10 nozzle. 42/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 44/1 119 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 44/1 134 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 45/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 45/1 131 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 45/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 46/1 120 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 46/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 47/1 121 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 47/1 135 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 48/3 314 no2 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 16. 48/3 314 no3 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 16. 48/3 314 po4 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 16. 48/3 314 salt 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 16. 48/3 314 sio3 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 16. 48/3 331 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 49/1 108 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 49/1 112 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 50/1 120 no2 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 19. 50/1 120 no3 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 19. 50/1 120 po4 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 19. 50/1 120 sio3 4 Mis-sampled, likely from bottle 19. 51/3 317 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 51/3 331 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 51/3 332 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 52/1 124 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 52/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 52/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 53/1 126 o2 2 correct typo 53/1 127 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 53/1 130 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 53/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 53/1 132 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 53/1 136 o2 5 Analytical error, sample lost. 56/2 212 o2 4 Bottle o2 4 umol/kg high vs. CTDO. 56/2 224 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 56/2 231 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 56/2 232 reft 4 Required wait time for SBE35 equilibration was not observed. 56/2 233 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 57/1 112 bottle 4 Mis-trip. See parameters. 57/1 112 no2 4 Mis-trip 57/1 112 no3 4 Mis-trip 57/1 112 o2 4 O2 does not fit profile or CTD, Mis-trip. 57/1 112 po4 4 Mis-trip 57/1 112 salt 4 Mis-trip 57/1 112 sio3 4 Mis-trip 57/1 131 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 57/1 134 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 57/1 134 salt 4 Contaminated sample. 58/3 333 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 59/1 110 bottle 3 Niskin 10 top cap was not secure, CFC and carbon samples skipped. 59/1 112 bottle 2 Niskin 12 bottom cap could close after cocking for next station; adjusted lanyard guide ring up to take up excess lanyard before station 60. This may have affected some previous casts. 59/1 120 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 59/1 128 bottle 3 Niskin 28 top vent was not fully closed, CFC and carbon samples skipped. 59/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 59/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 60/1 128 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 60/1 129 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 60/1 130 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 60/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 60/1 131 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 60/1 133 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 60/1 134 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 60/1 135 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 60/1 136 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 61/1 110 bottle 3 Bottle leak. See other parameters. 61/1 110 no2 4 Bottle leak 61/1 110 no3 4 Bottle leak. 61/1 110 o2 4 Bottle value does not fit profile 61/1 110 po4 4 Bottle leak. 61/1 110 salt 4 Bottle leak. 61/1 110 sio3 4 Bottle leak. 61/1 129 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 61/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 62/1 101 o2 3 bottom o2 value 2 umol/kg high vs. CTDO and nearby casts. 62/1 110 bottle 4 Bottle leak. See other parameters. Fixed after cast. 62/1 110 no2 4 Bottle leak 62/1 110 no3 4 Bottle leak. 62/1 110 o2 4 Bottle value does not fit profile. 62/1 110 po4 4 Bottle leak. 62/1 110 salt 4 Bottle leak. 62/1 110 sio3 4 Bottle leak. 62/1 115 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 62/1 119 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 62/1 128 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 62/1 129 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 130 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 131 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 132 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 133 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 62/1 133 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 134 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 135 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 62/1 136 salt 2 Suppression switch too low. 64/1 117 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 64/1 120 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 64/1 126 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 64/1 128 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 64/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 65/1 107 bottle 4 O2 Draw temp high, bottle o2 does not fit profile, Mis-trip. 65/1 107 no2 4 Mis-trip 65/1 107 no3 4 Mis-trip 65/1 107 o2 4 Bottle o2 does not fit profile, mis-trip. 65/1 107 po4 4 Mis-trip 65/1 107 salt 4 Mis-trip 65/1 107 sio3 4 Mis-trip 65/1 120 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 65/1 127 o2 5 Analytical error, sample lost 65/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 65/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 65/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 66/2 203 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 66/2 225 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 66/2 228 reft 3 Unstable temperature. 66/2 232 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 66/2 233 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 66/2 234 bottle 2 Spigot pushed in (not leaking). 67/1 101 ph 2 pH redo after total alkalinity on niskin 1. 67/1 101 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 67/1 131 o2 5 Forgot to add stir bar, too much thio to recover with OT. Sample lost. 67/1 133 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 69/1 126 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 69/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 70/1 107 bottle 9 Niskin 7 did not close; JKC removed and checked latch, no problem found; bottle shifted higher before next cast. 70/1 116 bottle 9 Niskin 16 did not close; JKC removed and checked latch, no problem found; bottle shifted higher before next cast. 70/1 118 o2 5 Forgot to add stir bar, too much thio to recover with OT. Sample lost. 71/1 116 reft 3 Unstable temperatures 71/1 123 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 71/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 72/1 123 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 73/1 121 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 74/2 222 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 74/2 233 reft 2 Unstable temperatures.. 75/1 134 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 76/1 130 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 76/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 77/3 322 salt 4 Mis-sampled 77/3 324 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 78/1 107 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 78/1 126 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 79/1 131 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 79/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 80/3 309 doc 2 Nutrient jumped ahead of DOC in sampling and contaminated nozzle with hand. 80/3 325 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 80/3 326 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 80/3 331 o2 2 O2 thermocouple meter change out to thermistor for Niskin 31 to 36. 81/1 101 bottle 4 Bottom o2 value similar to bottle 103, nutrients as well. Appears to be a mis-trip. 81/1 101 no2 4 Mis-trip 81/1 101 no3 4 Mis-trip 81/1 101 o2 4 Bottle o2 6 umol/kg low vs CTDO, apparent mis-trip near same depth as niskin 3. 81/1 101 po4 4 Mis-trip 81/1 101 salt 4 Mis-trip. See other parameters. 81/1 101 sio3 4 Mis-trip 81/1 112 o2 2 O2 temps jump 4 degrees between 11/12, drop back 1 degree between 16/17. "slow" backup therm read similarly high on bottle 12, so continued to use half-fast therm for entire sampling. Check umol/kg conversion after analysis come in. 81/1 113 o2 2 O2 temps jump 4 degrees between 11/12, drop back 1 degree between 16/17. "slow" backup therm read similarly high on bottle 12, so continued to use half-fast therm for entire sampling. Check umol/kg conversion after analysis come in. 81/1 114 o2 2 O2 temps jump 4 degrees between 11/12, drop back 1 degree between 16/17. "slow" backup therm read similarly high on bottle 12, so continued to use half-fast therm for entire sampling. Check umol/kg conversion after analysis come in. 81/1 115 o2 2 O2 temps jump 4 degrees between 11/12, drop back 1 degree between 16/17. "slow" backup therm read similarly high on bottle 12, so continued to use half-fast therm for entire sampling. Check umol/kg conversion after analysis come in. 81/1 116 o2 2 O2 temps jump 4 degrees between 11/12, drop back 1 degree between 16/17. "slow" backup therm read similarly high on bottle 12, so continued to use half-fast therm for entire sampling. Check umol/kg conversion after analysis come in. 81/1 123 ctdc2 4 TC duct displaced. 81/1 124 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 81/1 126 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 81/1 128 ctdc2 4 TC duct displaced. 81/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 82/1 115 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 82/1 126 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 83/3 316 bottle 2 While prepping rosette, CTD watch noted vent knob had sheared from shaft. 83/3 317 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 83/3 324 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 83/3 326 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 83/3 331 bottle 3 "#31 is leaker." Bottle leaking water on deck. O-ring reseated. 83/3 331 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 83/3 335 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 84/1 118 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 84/1 123 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 84/1 129 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 85/1 102 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 85/1 121 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 85/1 124 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 85/1 134 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 86/2 213 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 86/2 224 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 86/2 225 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 86/2 226 po4 4 Value much higher than expected, suspect sampling contamination. 86/2 233 reft 3 Unstable temperatures. 87/1 114 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 87/1 117 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 87/1 123 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 87/1 125 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 87/1 128 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 87/1 129 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 87/1 133 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 88/1 107 bottle 9 Niskin bottom end-cap did not close until it was on deck; empty. 88/1 124 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 88/1 127 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 88/1 128 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 88/1 132 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 89/3 321 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 89/3 321 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 89/3 323 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 89/3 324 reft 3 Unstable temperatures.. 89/3 327 reft 3 Unstable temperatures.. 89/3 328 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 89/3 330 reft 3 SBE35 did not equilibrate. 89/3 333 salt 3 Salinity value does not fit profile. 90/1 106 salt 5 Salinity sample dropped during analysis. Sample lost. Appendix 2.D US-Repeat Hydrography(GO-SHIP) P16S: Pre-Cruise Sensor Laboratory Calibrations Table of Contents Instrument/ Manufacturer Serial Station Appendix D Page Sensor and Model No. Number Number (Un-Numbered) ---------------------------- ------------------- ------------ ------- --------------- PRESS (Pressure) Digiquartz 401K-105 831-99677 1-90 1 T1 (Temperature) SBE3plus 03P-5046 1-14 2 T1 (Temperature) SBE3plus 03P-4953 15-90 3 T2 (Secondary Temperature) SBE3plus 03P-4953 1-14 3 T2 (Secondary Temperature) SBE3plus 03P-5046 15-27 2 T2 (Secondary Temperature) SBE3plus 03P-4213 28-90 4 REFT (Reference Temperature) SBE35 3528706-0035 1-90 5 C1 (Conductivity) SBE4C 04-3429 1-90 6 C2 (Secondary Conductivity) SBE4C 04-3057 1-14 7 C2 (Secondary Conductivity) SBE4C 04-2115 15-90 8 O2 (Dissolved Oxygen) SBE43 43-1138 1-34 9 O2 (Dissolved Oxygen) SBE43 43-0185 35-85 10 O2 (Dissolved Oxygen) SBE43 43-1071 86-90 11 TRANS (Transmissometer) WET Labs C-Star CST-1636DR 1-90 12 Pressure Calibration Report STS/ODF Calibration Facility SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 0831 CALIBRATION DATE: 02-JAN-2014 Mfg: SEABIRD Model: 09P CTD Prs s/n: 99677 C1= -4.346374E+4 C2= -3.002636E-1 C3= 1.123365E-2 D1= 3.308025E-2 D2= 0.000000E+0 T1= 3.004621E+1 T2= -4.407214E-4 T3= 3.664094E-6 T4= 1.262619E-8 T5= 0.000000E+0 AD590M= 1.28916E-2 AD590B= -8.23481E+0 Slope = 1.00000000E+0 Offset = 0.00000000E+0 Calibration Standard: Mfg: RUSKA Model: 2400 s/n: 34336 t0=t1+t2*td+t3*td*td+t4*td*td*td w = 1-t0*t0*f*f Pressure = (0.6894759*((c1+c2*td+c3*td*td)*w*(1-(d1+d2*td)*w)-14.7) Standard- Standard- Sensor Standard Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor_Temp Bath_Temp Output New_Coefs Prev_Coefs NEW_Coefs --------- -------- --------- ---------- --------- ----------- --------- 33295.357 0.16 0.34 -0.26 -0.19 18.25 16.724 33497.066 364.95 364.83 0.04 0.12 18.25 16.725 33686.299 709.13 709.05 0.00 0.08 18.25 16.726 33874.342 1053.30 1053.28 -0.06 0.02 18.25 16.727 34061.220 1397.56 1397.54 -0.05 0.02 18.25 16.728 34431.523 2086.04 2086.06 -0.10 -0.02 18.27 16.729 34797.353 2774.57 2774.62 -0.12 -0.05 18.27 16.730 35158.859 3463.19 3463.21 -0.09 -0.02 18.28 16.731 35516.144 4151.89 4151.79 0.04 0.11 18.30 16.732 35158.883 3463.19 3463.24 -0.13 -0.05 18.30 16.733 34797.385 2774.57 2774.66 -0.17 -0.09 18.30 16.734 34431.557 2086.04 2086.10 -0.15 -0.07 18.30 16.735 34061.253 1397.56 1397.57 -0.09 -0.01 18.30 16.736 33874.365 1053.30 1053.29 -0.07 0.01 18.30 16.736 33686.331 709.13 709.08 -0.02 0.06 18.30 16.737 33497.099 364.95 364.86 0.02 0.09 18.30 16.738 33291.944 0.16 0.40 -0.34 -0.24 8.94 7.262 33493.627 364.95 364.88 -0.04 0.07 8.94 7.262 33682.820 709.12 709.06 -0.06 0.07 8.94 7.260 33870.815 1053.29 1053.24 -0.08 0.05 8.94 7.260 34057.683 1397.55 1397.52 -0.11 0.03 8.94 7.259 34427.932 2086.01 2086.02 -0.16 -0.00 8.94 7.259 34793.722 2774.55 2774.58 -0.19 -0.03 8.94 7.259 35155.187 3463.17 3463.17 -0.18 -0.00 8.94 7.259 35512.438 4151.85 4151.76 -0.10 0.09 8.94 7.259 35865.672 4840.60 4840.48 -0.08 0.11 8.94 7.258 36215.116 5529.40 5529.55 -0.35 -0.15 8.94 7.258 35865.683 4840.60 4840.51 -0.10 0.09 8.94 7.258 35512.467 4151.85 4151.82 -0.16 0.03 8.93 7.257 35155.208 3463.17 3463.23 -0.24 -0.06 8.92 7.257 34793.744 2774.55 2774.63 -0.25 -0.08 8.91 7.256 34427.959 2086.02 2086.09 -0.22 -0.07 8.91 7.256 34057.695 1397.55 1397.56 -0.15 -0.01 8.91 7.256 33870.827 1053.29 1053.28 -0.12 0.01 8.91 7.255 33682.826 709.13 709.09 -0.08 0.03 8.91 7.255 33493.622 364.95 364.89 -0.05 0.06 8.91 7.255 33287.889 0.16 0.41 -0.32 -0.25 -0.06 -1.545 33489.555 364.95 364.87 -0.01 0.08 -0.05 -1.544 33678.734 709.13 709.06 -0.03 0.07 -0.05 -1.543 33866.722 1053.30 1053.25 -0.07 0.05 -0.05 -1.542 34053.564 1397.56 1397.51 -0.08 0.05 -0.05 -1.542 34423.796 2086.03 2086.03 -0.15 -0.00 -0.04 -1.541 34789.557 2774.57 2774.57 -0.17 -0.00 -0.03 -1.540 35150.978 3463.19 3463.14 -0.14 0.05 -0.02 -1.539 35508.222 4151.88 4151.78 -0.09 0.11 -0.02 -1.538 35861.439 4840.63 4840.52 -0.11 0.11 -0.02 -1.537 36210.794 5529.44 5529.47 -0.26 -0.03 -0.02 -1.536 36556.272 6218.32 6218.36 -0.27 -0.04 -0.02 -1.535 36897.941 6907.25 6907.10 -0.10 0.15 -0.02 -1.533 36556.311 6218.32 6218.44 -0.35 -0.12 -0.02 -1.533 36210.846 5529.44 5529.56 -0.36 -0.12 -0.02 -1.532 35861.505 4840.63 4840.64 -0.23 -0.01 -0.02 -1.532 35508.296 4151.88 4151.91 -0.23 -0.03 -0.02 -1.531 35151.056 3463.20 3463.28 -0.27 -0.08 -0.02 -1.530 34789.609 2774.58 2774.66 -0.26 -0.09 -0.02 -1.530 34423.842 2086.04 2086.08 -0.20 -0.04 -0.01 -1.529 34053.609 1397.56 1397.55 -0.12 0.01 -0.01 -1.528 33866.769 1053.30 1053.29 -0.11 0.01 0.00 -1.528 33678.775 709.13 709.08 -0.06 0.05 0.01 -1.527 33489.586 364.95 364.88 -0.02 0.07 0.01 -1.526 33298.399 0.16 0.32 -0.33 -0.16 29.56 28.318 33500.146 364.95 364.82 -0.03 0.13 29.57 28.318 33689.412 709.13 709.04 -0.06 0.09 29.59 28.319 33877.483 1053.30 1053.26 -0.11 0.04 29.60 28.319 34064.406 1397.55 1397.55 -0.13 0.01 29.61 28.320 34434.756 2086.03 2086.05 -0.15 -0.03 29.62 28.320 34800.653 2774.56 2774.63 -0.16 -0.07 29.63 28.321 35162.198 3463.19 3463.20 -0.09 -0.01 29.64 28.322 35519.515 4151.88 4151.73 0.10 0.14 29.66 28.323 35162.219 3463.19 3463.23 -0.12 -0.04 29.67 28.324 34800.683 2774.56 2774.67 -0.20 -0.11 29.67 28.325 34434.784 2086.03 2086.08 -0.17 -0.05 29.68 28.326 34064.436 1397.56 1397.57 -0.15 -0.01 29.69 28.327 33877.506 1053.30 1053.26 -0.12 0.03 29.70 28.328 33689.451 709.13 709.06 -0.09 0.07 29.71 28.329 33500.182 364.95 364.83 -0.04 0.12 29.72 28.330 33298.435 0.16 0.32 -0.34 -0.17 29.73 28.331 Temperature Calibration Report STS/ODF Calibration Facility SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 5046 CALIBRATION DATE: 07-Jan-2014 Mfg: SEABIRD Model: 03 Previous cal: 20-Aug-13 Calibration Tech: CAL ITS-90_COEFFICIENTS IPTS-68_COEFFICIENTS ITS-T90 g = 4.41730139E-3 a = 4.41751937E-3 h = 6.45937577E-4 b = 6.46153852E-4 i = 2.37505541E-5 c = 2.37831272E-5 j = 2.31036294E-6 d = 2.31187244E-6 f0 = 1000.0 Slope = 1.0 Offset = 0.0 Calibration Standard: Mfg: ASL Model: F18 s/n: 245-5149 Temperature ITS-90 = 1/{g+h[ln(f0/f )]+i[ln2(f0/f)]+j[ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 (°C) Temperature IPTS-68 = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f )]+c[ln2(f0/f)]+d[ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 (°C) T68 = 1.00024 * T90 (-2 to -35 Deg C) SBE3 SPRT SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 Freq ITS-T90 ITS-T90 OLD_Coefs NEW_Coefs --------- ------- ------- --------- --------- 3274.4722 -1.4609 -1.4610 0.00042 0.00010 3463.4980 1.0410 1.0412 0.00027 -0.00013 3741.2316 4.5443 4.5444 0.00040 -0.00004 4034.6519 8.0480 8.0480 0.00046 0.00005 4344.2531 11.5529 11.5528 0.00040 0.00005 4669.5436 15.0493 15.0493 0.00024 -0.00003 5012.6414 18.5558 18.5559 0.00017 -0.00001 5372.7964 22.0605 22.0603 0.00025 0.00014 5750.2992 25.5623 25.5624 -0.00004 -0.00010 6145.7028 29.0641 29.0641 -0.00002 -0.00009 6559.6169 32.5680 32.5679 0.00021 0.00007 Temperature Calibration Report STS/ODF Calibration Facility SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 4953 CALIBRATION DATE: 07-Jan-2014 Mfg: SEABIRD Model: 03 Previous cal: 30-Jul-13 Calibration Tech: CAL ITS-90_COEFFICIENTS IPTS-68_COEFFICIENTS ITS-T90 g = 4.36142499E-3 a = 4.36162472E-3 h = 6.31196043E-4 b = 6.31403988E-4 i = 1.99805635E-5 c = 2.00117066E-5 j = 1.40393039E-6 d = 1.40528736E-6 f0 = 1000.0 Slope = 1.0 Offset = 0.0 Calibration Standard: Mfg: ASL Model: F18 s/n: 245-5149 Temperature ITS-90 = 1/{g+h[ln(f0/f )]+i[ln2(f0/f)]+j[ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 (°C) Temperature IPTS-68 = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f )]+c[ln2(f0/f)]+d[ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 (°C) T68 = 1.00024 * T90 (-2 to -35 Deg C) SBE3 SPRT SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 Freq ITS-T90 ITS-T90 OLD_Coefs NEW_Coefs --------- ------- ------- --------- --------- 3048.8242 -1.4609 -1.4611 0.00093 0.00019 3227.1230 1.0410 1.0412 0.00054 -0.00022 3489.3193 4.5443 4.5445 0.00058 -0.00014 3766.6180 8.0480 8.0480 0.00071 0.00005 4059.5444 11.5529 11.5528 0.00068 0.00012 4367.6831 15.0493 15.0492 0.00049 0.00005 4693.0918 18.5558 18.5558 0.00033 -0.00000 5035.1090 22.0605 22.0604 0.00031 0.00008 5394.0568 25.5623 25.5625 0.00000 -0.00015 5770.5254 29.0641 29.0642 0.00003 -0.00010 6165.1595 32.5680 32.5679 0.00025 0.00011 Temperature Calibration Report STS/ODF Calibration Facility SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 4213 CALIBRATION DATE: 02-Jan-2014 Mfg: SEABIRD Model: 03 Previous cal: 20-Aug-13 Calibration Tech: CAL ITS-90_COEFFICIENTS IPTS-68_COEFFICIENTS ITS-T90 ------------------- ------------------------------- g = 4.32186185E-3 a = 4.32204860E-3 h = 6.25984057E-4 b = 6.26187083E-4 i = 1.97785170E-5 c = 1.98090679E-5 j = 1.52992507E-6 d = 1.53126321E-6 f0 = 1000.0 Slope = 1.0 Offset = 0.0 Calibration Standard: Mfg: ASL Model: F18 s/n: 245-5149 Temperature ITS-90 = 1/{g+h[ln(f0/f )]+i[ln2(f0/f)]+j[ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 (°C) Temperature IPTS-68 = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f )]+c[ln2(f0/f)]+d[ln3(f0/f)]} - 273.15 (°C) T68 = 1.00024 * T90 (-2 to -35 Deg C) SBE3 SPRT SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 Freq ITS-T90 ITS-T90 OLD_Coefs NEW_Coefs --------- ------- ------- --------- --------- 2876.7902 -1.4610 -1.4610 0.00025 0.00000 3045.8353 1.0421 1.0421 0.00014 0.00000 3294.3018 4.5439 4.5440 -0.00002 -0.00002 3557.2866 8.0480 8.0480 -0.00005 0.00005 3835.1349 11.5529 11.5530 -0.00024 -0.00007 4127.4919 15.0499 15.0498 -0.00017 0.00005 4436.2710 18.5566 18.5566 -0.00024 0.00002 4760.6823 22.0593 22.0594 -0.00031 -0.00003 5101.5675 25.5633 25.5633 -0.00037 -0.00010 5458.9798 29.0655 29.0654 -0.00014 0.00013 5833.6458 32.5690 32.5691 -0.00027 -0.00004 Temperature Calibration Report STS/ODF Calibration Facility SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 0035 CALIBRATION DATE: 15-Jan-2014 Mfg: SEABIRD Model: 35 Previous cal: 18-Jun-13 Calibration Tech: CAL ITS-90_COEFFICIENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a0 = 3.927281381E-3 a1 = -1.037150759E-3 a2 = 1.634334722E-4 a3 = -9.184815311E-6 a4 = 1.986797340E-7 Slope = 1.000000 Offset = 0.000000 Calibration Standard: Mfg: ASL Model: F18 s/n: 245-5149 Calibration Standard: Mfg: ASL Model: F18 s/n: 245-5149 Temperature ITS-90 = 1/{a0+a1[ln(f )]+a2[ln2(f)]+a3[ln3(f)]+a4[ln4(f)} - 273.15 (°C) SBE3 SPRT SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 SPRT-SBE3 Count ITS-T90 ITS-T90 OLD_Coefs NEW_Coefs ----------- ------- ------- --------- --------- 657640.1765 -1.4583 -1.4584 -0.00001 0.00004 589381.1624 1.0431 1.0432 -0.00010 -0.00006 506707.0552 4.5463 4.5464 -0.00007 -0.00003 436795.5730 8.0507 8.0506 0.00003 0.00007 377548.8988 11.5551 11.5551 -0.00001 0.00003 327329.4239 15.0512 15.0512 -0.00005 -0.00001 284422.2912 18.5581 18.5581 -0.00005 -0.00003 247847.5604 22.0594 22.0594 -0.00003 -0.00003 216504.1183 25.5646 25.5646 0.00005 0.00000 189632.1110 29.0664 29.0663 0.00016 0.00006 166499.1570 32.5698 32.5698 0.00013 -0.00003 Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 3429 SBE4 CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 19-Nov-13 PSS 1978: C(35,15,0) = 4.2914 Seimens/meter GHIJ COEFFICIENTS ABCDM COEFFICIENTS g = -9.80394533e+000 a = 2.48339495e-006 h = 1.50801204e+000 b = 1.50340843e+000 i = -1.83800754e-003 c = -9.79511999e+000 j = 2.29831365e-004 d = -8.25604584e-005 CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) m = 5.6 CTcor = 3.2500e-006 (nominal) CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) BATH TEMP BATH SAL BATH COND INST FREQ INST COND RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (PSU) (Siemens/m) (kHz) (Siemens/m) (Siemens/m) --------- -------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000 2.55246 0.00000 0.00000 -1.0000 34.7448 2.79935 5.01216 2.79936 0.00001 1.0000 34.7455 2.97049 5.12428 2.97048 -0.00001 15.0000 34.7467 4.26398 5.90285 4.26396 -0.00001 18.5000 34.7459 4.61004 6.09419 4.61005 0.00002 29.0000 34.7444 5.69187 6.65652 5.69186 -0.00001 32.5001 34.7378 6.06386 6.83907 6.06386 0.00000 2 3 4 Conductivity = (g + hf + if + jf ) /10(1 + δt + εp) Siemens/meter m 2 Conductivity = (af + bf + c + dt) / [10 (1 + εp) Siemens/meter t = temperature[°C)]; p = pressure[decibars]; δ = CTcor; ε = CPcor; Residual = (instrument conductivity -bath conductivity) using g, h, i, j coefficients Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 3057 SBE4 CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 19-Dec-13 PSS 1978: C(35,15,0) = 4.2914 Seimens/meter GHIJ COEFFICIENTS ABCDM COEFFICIENTS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ g = -1.02044015e+001 a = 3.10846275e-004 h = 1.28537138e+000 b = 1.28556745e+000 i = 4.10065605e-004 c = -1.02046696e+001 j = 2.58419169e-005 d = -8.53416924e-005 CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) m = 3.3 CTcor = 3.2500e-006 (nominal) CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) BATH TEMP BATH SAL BATH COND INST FREQ INST COND RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (PSU) (Siemens/m) (kHz) (Siemens/m) (Siemens/m) --------- -------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000 2.81611 0.00000 0.00000 -1.0000 34.6232 2.79047 5.43869 2.79046 -0.00000 1.0000 34.6239 2.96108 5.55892 2.96107 -0.00002 15.0000 34.6233 4.25044 6.39466 4.25049 0.00006 18.5000 34.6229 4.59547 6.60024 4.59546 -0.00001 29.0000 34.6212 5.67395 7.20496 5.67387 -0.00008 32.5000 34.6145 6.04477 7.40149 6.04482 0.00005 2 3 4 Conductivity = (g + hf + if + jf ) /10(1 + δt + εp) Siemens/meter m 2 Conductivity = (af + bf + c + dt) / [10 (1 + εp) Siemens/meter t = temperature[°C)]; p = pressure[decibars]; δ = CTcor; ε = CPcor; Residual = (instrument conductivity -bath conductivity) using g, h, i, j coefficients Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 2115 SBE4 CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 14-Dec-13 PSS 1978: C(35,15,0) = 4.2914 Seimens/meter GHIJ COEFFICIENTS ABCDM COEFFICIENTS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ g = -9.88681014e+000 a = 1.34789425e-006 h = 1.42958230e+000 b = 1.42507263e+000 i = -1.74896449e-003 c = -9.87782542e+000 j = 2.07715195e-004 d = -8.48856510e-005 CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) m = 5.8 CTcor = 3.2500e-006 (nominal) CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) BATH TEMP BATH SAL BATH COND INST FREQ INST COND RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (PSU) (Siemens/m) (kHz) (Siemens/m) (Siemens/m) --------- -------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000 2.63272 0.00000 0.00000 -1.0000 34.7932 2.80289 5.15627 2.80288 -0.00001 1.0000 34.7931 2.97417 5.27139 2.97419 0.00002 15.0000 34.7944 4.26921 6.07098 4.26918 -0.00003 18.5000 34.7940 4.61573 6.26755 4.61574 0.00001 29.0000 34.7926 5.69887 6.84523 5.69891 0.00004 32.5001 34.7880 6.07162 7.03289 6.07160 -0.00003 2 3 4 Conductivity = (g + hf + if + jf ) /10(1 + δt + εp) Siemens/meter m 2 Conductivity = (af + bf + c + dt) / [10 (1 + εp) Siemens/meter t = temperature[°C)]; p = pressure[decibars]; δ = CTcor; ε = CPcor; Residual = (instrument conductivity -bath conductivity) using g, h, i, j coefficients Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 1138 SBE 43 OXYGEN CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 07-Dec-13 COEFFICIENTS NOMINAL DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS A = -3.5410e-003 Soc = 0.4962 B = 1.6754e-004 D1 = 1.92634e-4 H1 = -3.30000e-2 Voffset = -0.5213 C = -2.4783e-006 D2 = -4.64803e-2 H2 = 5.00000e+3 Tau20 = 2.33 E nominal = 0.036 H3 = 1.45000e+3 BATH OX BATH TEMP BATH SAL INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT RESIDUAL (ml/l) ITS-90 PSU OUTPUT(VOLTS) OXYGEN(ml/l) (ml/l) ------- --------- -------- ------------- ------------ -------- 1.37 2.00 0.00 0.807 1.36 -0.01 1.38 6.00 0.00 0.843 1.37 -0.01 1.39 12.00 0.00 0.899 1.38 -0.01 1.41 20.00 0.00 0.982 1.42 0.00 1.43 26.00 0.00 1.045 1.44 0.01 1.45 30.00 0.00 1.089 1.46 0.01 4.31 2.00 0.00 1.427 4.32 0.01 4.34 6.00 0.00 1.542 4.34 -0.00 4.38 12.00 0.00 1.721 4.39 0.01 4.47 20.00 0.00 1.971 4.47 0.00 4.52 26.00 0.00 2.163 4.52 0.01 4.57 30.00 0.00 2.304 4.57 0.00 7.26 2.00 0.00 2.041 7.25 -0.00 7.30 6.00 0.00 2.236 7.30 0.00 7.39 12.00 0.00 2.542 7.39 -0.00 7.48 20.00 0.00 2.947 7.48 -0.00 7.60 26.00 0.00 3.277 7.59 -0.01 7.65 30.00 0.00 3.502 7.65 -0.00 2 3 Oxygen(ml/l)=Soc*(V+ Voffset)*(1.0 +A*T+B*T +C*T )*OxSol(T,S)*exp(E*P /K) V = voltage output from SBE43, T = temperature [deg C], S = salinity [PSU], K = temperature [Kelvin] OxSol(T,S) = oxygen saturation [ml/l], P = pressure [dbar], Residual = instrument oxygen - bath oxygen Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 0185 SBE 43 OXYGEN CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 31-Dec-13 COEFFICIENTS NOMINAL DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS A = -3.2374e-003 Soc = 0.5352 B = 1.3084e-004 D1 = 1.92634e-4 H1 = -3.30000e-2 Voffset = -0.5047 C = -2.1473e-006 D2 = -4.64803e-2 H2 = 5.00000e+3 Tau20 = 1.48 E nominal = 0.036 H3 = 1.45000e+3 BATH OX BATH TEMP BATH SAL INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT RESIDUAL (ml/l) ITS-90 PSU OUTPUT(VOLTS) OXYGEN(ml/l) (ml/l) ------- --------- -------- ------------- ------------ -------- 1.32 2.00 0.00 0.759 1.31 -0.00 1.34 6.00 0.00 0.795 1.33 -0.00 1.34 12.00 0.00 0.846 1.34 -0.00 1.36 20.00 0.00 0.916 1.36 -0.00 1.36 30.00 0.00 1.008 1.37 0.01 1.37 26.00 0.00 0.971 1.37 0.00 4.15 2.00 0.00 1.310 4.15 -0.01 4.16 6.00 0.00 1.410 4.16 -0.00 4.17 12.00 0.00 1.565 4.18 0.00 4.21 20.00 0.00 1.780 4.21 0.00 4.23 30.00 0.00 2.061 4.24 0.01 4.24 26.00 0.00 1.950 4.25 0.01 6.96 2.00 0.00 1.856 6.96 0.00 6.98 6.00 0.00 2.026 6.99 0.01 7.06 12.00 0.00 2.296 7.06 -0.00 7.08 26.00 0.00 2.919 7.09 0.01 7.10 30.00 0.00 3.104 7.09 -0.01 7.12 20.00 0.00 2.657 7.11 -0.01 2 3 Oxygen(ml/l)=Soc*(V+ Voffset)*(1.0 +A*T+B*T +C*T )*OxSol(T,S)*exp(E*P /K) V = voltage output from SBE43, T = temperature [deg C], S = salinity [PSU], K = temperature [Kelvin] OxSol(T,S) = oxygen saturation [ml/l], P = pressure [dbar], Residual = instrument oxygen - bath oxygen Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 1071 SBE 43 OXYGEN CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 21-Jul-12 COEFFICIENTS NOMINAL DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS A = -1.6343e-003 Soc = 0.4611 B = 3.9125e-005 D1 = 1.92634e-4 H1 = -3.30000e-2 Voffset = -0.5086 C = -8.4413e-007 D2 = -4.64803e-2 H2 = 5.00000e+3 Tau20 = 1.25 E nominal = 0.036 H3 = 1.45000e+ 3 BATH OX BATH TEMP BATH SAL INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT RESIDUAL (ml/l) ITS-90 PSU OUTPUT(VOLTS) OXYGEN(ml/l) (ml/l) ------- --------- -------- ------------- ------------ -------- 1.24 2.00 0.05 0.787 1.24 -0.00 1.25 6.00 0.05 0.822 1.25 -0.00 1.26 12.00 0.04 0.875 1.26 -0.00 1.27 20.00 0.04 0.950 1.26 -0.00 1.27 26.00 0.04 1.009 1.27 0.00 1.27 30.00 0.04 1.052 1.28 0.00 4.20 2.00 0.05 1.455 4.21 0.01 4.21 6.00 0.05 1.568 4.22 0.00 4.22 20.00 0.04 1.983 4.22 0.00 4.23 30.00 0.04 2.311 4.23 0.00 4.23 12.00 0.04 1.745 4.23 0.00 4.24 26.00 0.04 2.181 4.24 0.00 6.77 12.00 0.04 2.486 6.77 -0.00 6.79 20.00 0.04 2.880 6.79 0.00 6.80 6.00 0.05 2.217 6.80 0.00 6.81 2.00 0.05 2.038 6.80 -0.00 6.85 30.00 0.04 3.424 6.85 -0.00 6.86 26.00 0.04 3.211 6.85 -0.00 2 3 Oxygen(ml/l)=Soc*(V+ Voffset)*(1.0 +A*T+B*T +C*T )*OxSol(T,S)*exp(E*P /K) V = voltage output from SBE43, T = temperature [deg C], S = salinity [PSU], K = temperature [Kelvin] OxSol(T,S) = oxygen saturation [ml/l], P = pressure [dbar], Residual = instrument oxygen - bath oxygen 3. P16S_2014 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC), SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6), AND NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)* PI: Mark J. Warner, University of Washington (warner@u.washington.edu) Samplers and Analysts: Mark J. Warner, University of Washington Patrick Mears, University of Texas Katie Kirk, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute * Note that N2O measurements are a Level 3 measurement. The concentrations were measured on the same water samples collected for the Level 1 CFC/SF6 measurements. The N2O analysis is still under development. Please contact the PI for any use of these data. 3.1. Measurements Samples for the analysis of dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12, SF6, and N2O were collected from approximately 2100 of the Niskin water samples during the expedition. When taken, water samples for CFC analysis were the first samples drawn from the 10-liter bottles. Care was taken to coordinate the sampling of CFCs with other samples to minimize the time between the initial opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. In most cases, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, and pH samples (and He-3 when sampled) were collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each bottle. To minimize contact with air, the CFC samples were collected from the Niskin bottle petcock into 250-cc ground glass syringes through plastic 3-way stopcocks. The syringes were stored in large ice chest in the laboratory at 3.5° - 6°C until 30-45 minutes before analysis to reduce the degassing and bubble formation in the sample. At that time, they were transferred to a water bath at approximately 35°C in order to increase the stripping efficiency. Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12, SF6, and N2O in air samples, seawater and gas standards were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography (EC- GC). This system from the University of Washington was located in a portable laboratory on the helo-deck. Samples were introduced into the GC-EC via a purge and trap system. Approximately 200-ml water samples were purged with nitrogen and the compounds of interest were trapped on a Porapak Q/Carboxen 1000/Molecular Sieve 5A trap cooled by an immersion bath to -60°C. During the purging of the sample (6 minutes at 200 ml min-1 flow), the gas stream was stripped of any water vapor via a Nafion trap in line with an ascarite/magnesium perchlorate desiccant tube prior to transfer to the trap. The trap was isolated and heated by direct resistance to 175°C. The desorbed contents of the trap were back-flushed and transferred onto the analytical pre-columns. The first precolumn was a 40-cm length of 1/8-in tubing packed with 80/100 mesh Porasil B. This precolumn was used to separate the CFC-11 from the other gases. The second pre-column was 13 cm of 1/8-in tubing packed with 80/100 mesh molecular sieve 5A. This pre-column separated the N2O from CFC-12 and SF6. Three analytical columns in three gas chromatographs with electron capture detectors were used in the analysis. CFC-11 was separated from other compounds by a long column consisting of 30 cm of Porasil B and 130 cm of Porasil C maintained at 80°C. CFC-12 and SF6 were analyzed using a column consisting of 100 cm Porasil B and 2.33 m of molecular sieve 5A maintained at 80°C. The analytical column for N2O was 30 cm of molecular sieve 5A in a 220°C oven. The carrier gas for this column was instrumental grade P-5 gas (95% Ar / 5% CH4) that was directed onto the second precolumn and into the third column for the N2O analyses. The analytical system was calibrated frequently using a standard gas of known gas composition. Gas sample loops of known volume were thoroughly flushed with standard gas and injected into the system. The temperature and pressure was recorded so that the amount of gas injected could be calculated. The procedures used to transfer the standard gas to the trap, precolumns, main chromatographic columns and EC detectors were similar to those used for analyzing water samples. Three sizes of gas sample loops were used. Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be made to allow the system to be calibrated over a relatively wide range of concentrations. Air samples and system blanks (injections of loops of CFC-free gas) were injected and analyzed in a similar manner. The typical analysis time for samples was 750 sec. For atmospheric sampling, a ~100 meter length of 3/8-in OD Dekaron tubing was run from the portable laboratory to the bow of the ship. A flow of air was drawn through this line to the main laboratory using an Air Cadet pump. The air was compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at ~1.5 atm. using a back-pressure regulator. A tee allowed a flow (100 ml min-1) of the compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves of the CFC/SF6/N2O analytical system, while the bulk flow of the air (>7 l min-1) was vented through the back- pressure regulator. Air samples were generally analyzed when the relative wind direction was within 100 degrees of the bow of the ship to reduce the possibility of shipboard contamination. The pump was run for approximately 30 minutes prior to analysis to insure that the air inlet lines and pump were thoroughly flushed. The average atmospheric concentrations determined during the cruise (from a set of 4 measurements analyzed when possible, n=16) were 230.8 +/- 6.0 parts per trillion (ppt) for CFC-11, 516.9 +/- 12.5 ppt for CFC-12, 8.0 +/- 0.9 ppt for SF6, and 329.6 +/- 15.4 parts per billion for N2O. Note that a larger aliquot was required for higher precision N2O analysis. Concentrations of the CFCs in air, seawater samples and gas standards are reported relative to the SIO98 calibration scale (Cunnold, et. al., 2000). Concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction in dry gas, and are typically in the parts per trillion (ppt) range for CFCs and SF6 and parts per billion (ppb) for N2O. Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in units of picomoles per kilogram seawater (pmol kg-1), SF6 in femtomoles per kilogram seawater (fmol kg-1), and N2O in nanomoles per kilogram seawater (nmol kg-1). CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas from a working standard (UW WRS 32399) into the analytical instrument. Full-range calibration curves were run at the beginning and end of the cruise, and they were supplemented with occasional injections of multiple aliquots of the standard gas at more frequent time intervals. Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more frequently (at intervals of 2 hours) to monitor short-term changes in detector sensitivity. The SF6 peak was often on a small bump on the baseline, resulting in a large dependence of the peak area on the choice of endpoints for integration. Estimated accuracy is +/- 3%. Estimated limit of detection is 1 fmol kg-1 for CFC-11, 6 fmol kg-1 for CFC-12 and 0.05 fmol kg-1 for SF6. The efficiency of the purging process was evaluated at every other station by re-stripping water samples and comparing the residual concentrations to initial values. These re-strip values were less than 1% for CFC-11 and essentially zero for CFC-12 and SF6. For N2O, the re-strip values were complicated by the apparent production of N2O within the re-stripped sample within the sparging chamber for a subset of the samples. See the discussion below. Based on the re- strips of numerous samples from the deep ocean, the mean values were approximately 4%. Based upon samples with very low CFC-12 concentrations and the ratio to CFC-11, there appears to be a sampling blank associated with CFC-11. A preliminary estimate for this blank of 0.003 pmol kg-1 has been applied to the CFC-11 concentrations. No sampling blanks were applied to the other gases. On this expedition, based on the analysis of 40 duplicate samples, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation) of 2.1% or 0.006 pmol kg-1 (whichever is greater) for dissolved CFC-11, 0.97% or 0.004 pmol kg-1 for CFC-12 measurements, 0.03 fmol kg-1 or 3.4% for SF6, and 0.35 nmol kg-1 or 1.6% for N2O. 3.2 Analytical Difficulties On this expedition, the ratio of CFC-11 to CFC-12 is too high for samples with low concentrations of both compounds. Two possible explanations for this finding are 1) a sampling blank associated with CFC-11 and 2) poorly constrained calibration curves as peak areas approach 0. Post-cruise processing will be necessary to determine which of these possibilities are more likely. The calibration curve run at the end of the cruise will hopefully be useful in sorting this out. The re-strip values for N2O in near-surface samples from Stations 17-33 (at least, after that we re- stripped deep samples) were greater than 10% and increased to as high as 40%. Since the stripper blank remained about the same and none of the other gases showed similar trends, we did experiments to show that N2O was being produced within the stripper during the 13 minutes between analyses. Some microbe took advantage of the anoxic environment and the plentiful nutrients to produce nitrous oxide at a relatively high rate. We will review our data to determine whether this might affect our calculated concentrations for these water samples - if the microbes could actually begin to generate N2O during the first strip of the sample. When we tried the experiment later in the cruise, at Station 64, the re-strips were the expected 3-4%. 3.3. References Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R.F., Fraser, P.J., Simmonds, P.G., Cunnold, D.M., Alyea, F.N., O'Doherty, S., Salameh, P., Miller, B.R., Huang, J., Wang, R.H.J., Hartley, D.E., Harth, C., Steele, L.P., Sturrock, G., Midgley, P.M., McCulloch, A., 2000. A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 17,751-17,792 4. DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) PI: Richard A. Feely (NOAA/PMEL) Technicians: Dana Greeley (NOAA/PMEL) and Charles Featherstone (NOAA/AOML) 4.1. Sample collection: Samples for DIC measurements were drawn (according to procedures outlined in the PICES Publication, Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements) from Niskin bottles into 310 ml borosilicate glass flasks using silicone tubing. The flasks were rinsed once and filled from the bottom with care not to entrain any bubbles, overflowing by at least one-half volume. The sample tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 6 ml headspace and 0.12 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative. The sample bottles were then sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease. DIC samples were collected from variety of depths with approximately 10% of these samples taken as duplicates. 4.2. Equipment: The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (PMEL1 and PMEL2) used simultaneously on the cruise. Each system consisted of a coulometer (5011 UIC Inc) coupled with a Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Extractor (DICE). The DICE system was developed by Esa Peltola and Denis Pierrot of NOAA/AOML and Dana Greeley of NOAA/PMEL to modernize a carbon extractor called SOMMA (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987, 1993, and 1999; Johnson 1992). The two DICE systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) were set up in a seagoing container modified for use as a shipboard laboratory on the aft main working deck of the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. During the 11 day transit, from Hobart to the P16S line along 150°W, the outside air conditioning unit for the container was flooded with water and quit operating. For this reason, and the fact that the deck was awash during much of the transit, it was decided to move the 2 DICE systems into the aft end of the dry lab near the pH and Alkalinity equipment, thus completing the carbon trifecta. This trifecta shared the 1036 sq. ft. aft dry lab of the Palmer with seven refrigerators and freezers and the crew from NASA. This lab was conveniently located just forward of the Baltic Room. 4.3. Calibration, Accuracy, and Precision: The stability of each coulometer cell solution was confirmed three different ways. 1) Gas loops were run at the beginning and end of each cell; 2) CRM's supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of SIO, were measured near the beginning; and 3) Duplicate samples were typically run throughout the life of the cell solution. Each coulometer was calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 (99.999%) by means of an 8-port valve (Wilke et al., 1993) outfitted with two calibrated sample loops of different sizes (~1ml and ~2ml). The instruments were each separately calibrated at the beginning of each cell with a minimum of two sets of these gas loop injections and then again at the end of each cell to ensure no drift during the life of the cell. Even though we experienced a large temperature fluctuation in the aft dry lab (14°C to 31°C) these standard loops were well insulated and consistent throughout the cruise. The accuracy of the DICE measurement is determined with the use of standards (Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), consisting of filtered and UV irradiated seawater) supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The CRM accuracy is determined manometrically on land in San Diego and the DIC data reported to the data base have been corrected to this batch 135 CRM value. The CRM certified value for this batch is 2036.91 µmol/kg-1. The precision of the two DICE systems can be demonstrated via the replicate samples. Approximately 10% of the niskins sampled were duplicates taken as a check of our precision. These replicate samples were interspersed throughout the station analysis for quality assurance and integrity of the coulometer cell solutions. The average absolute difference from the mean of these replicates is 0.44 µmol/kg-1 No systematic differences between the replicates were observed2. 4.4. Summary The overall performance of the analytical equipment was very good during the cruise. Once the station spacing went to 40 NM we were able to sample every niskin made available to us. It was only at the end of the cruise, when the lab temperature rose significantly and cut down on the efficiency of our equipment, that we started to cut back on our coverage. At the very start of the cruise, pinch valve #7 failed on PMEL1 but was replaced immediately and without complications. The display for the UIC 5011 coulometer on PMEL1 froze on a few occasions but fortunately not during analysis of a water sample. Near the end, when the lab temperature went above 28°C, one of the water bath's temperature sensors failed and was replaced with a spare. The major problem that was hurdled stemmed from the poor location of the container on the aft main deck. During the past 10 years this same container has been on (11) oceanographic cruises in all the world's oceans on (8) different UNOLS ships without major issue due to the seas. However during this trip, the main deck of the Palmer was awash much of the transit forcing the closure of the deck to scientific personnel. Unfortunately this sea water was enough to both kill the air conditioner and make its way through the hinge side of the double dogged water tight door on the container converted to lab van. In hindsight the helo deck (or 02 level up two decks) next to where the CFC container was located would've been a much more appropriate location for this container. On a much more positive note, many thanks are given to Joe Tarnow, one of the two ship's IT personnel, for recovering the hard drive from one of the pc computers that also took on some water (during the transit) in the van on the main deck. Joe was able to transfer the drive to another pc and PMEL1 was (thanks to his hard work) seamlessly back in operation. Including the duplicates, over 3,000 samples were analyzed for dissolved inorganic carbon which means that there is a DIC value for more than 85% of the niskins tripped. The total dissolved inorganic carbon data reported to the database directly from the ship are to be considered preliminary until a more thorough quality assurance can be completed shore side. Calibration data during this cruise: 1 2 SYSTEM Large Loop Small Loop Pipette Volume Ave CRM Duplicate ------ ---------- ---------- -------------- -------- ---------- PMEL1 1.9842 ml 1.0006 ml 27.571 ml 2035.19 0.44 PMEL2 1.9885 ml 0.9857 ml 26.363 ml 2036.11 0.45 4.5. References: Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.), (2007): Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp. Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, H.B. Milburn, C.E. Cosca, M. Stapp, and P.P. Murphy (1998): "A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO2 measurements aboard research ships." Anal. Chim. Acta, 377, 185-191. Johnson, K.M., A.E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth (1985): "Coulometric DIC analyses for marine studies: An introduction." Mar. Chem., 16, 61-82. Johnson, K.M., P.J. Williams, L. Brandstrom, and J. McN. Sieburth (1987): "Coulometric total carbon analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration." Mar. Chem., 21, 117-133. Johnson, K.M. (1992): Operator's manual: "Single operator multiparameter metabolic analyzer (SOMMA) for total carbon dioxide (CT) with coulometric detection." Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, N.Y., 70 pp. Johnson, K.M., K.D. Wills, D.B. Butler, W.K. Johnson, and C.S. Wong (1993): "Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated continuous gas extraction system and coulometric detector." Mar. Chem., 44, 167-189. Lewis, E. and D. W. R. Wallace (1998) Program developed for CO2 system calculations. Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html Wilke, R.J., D.W.R. Wallace, and K.M. Johnson (1993): "Water-based gravimetric method for the determination of gas loop volume." Anal. Chem. 65, 2403-2406 5. DISCRETE pH ANALYSES PI: Dr. Andrew Dickson (SIO/UCSD) Ship technician: J. Adam Radich (SIO/UCSD) 5.1. Sampling Samples were collected in 300 mL Pyrex glass bottles and sealed using grey butyl rubber stoppers held in place by aluminum crimped caps. Each bottle was rinsed three times and allowed to overflow by one additional bottle volume. Prior to sealing, each sample was given a 1% head-space and poisoned with 0.02% saturated mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Samples were collected only from the Niskin bottles sampled by both total alkalinity or dissolved inorganic carbon in order to generate a complete characterize the carbon system. This was ended in an overall coverage of greater than 75%. Additionally duplicate bottles were taken (2-4) on random Niskins for each station throughout the course of the cruise. All data should be considered preliminary. 5.2. Analysis pH was measured on the total hydrogen scale using an Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer outlined in the methods paper by Carter et al. 2012. A Thermo NESLAB RTE-7 recirculating water bath was used to maintain spectrophotometric cell temperature at 20.0°C during the analyses. A custom 10cm flow through jacketed cell was filled autonomously with samples using a Kloehn V6 syringe pump. The sulfonephthalein indicator m-cresol purple (mCp) was used to measure the absorbance of light measured at two different wavelengths (434 nm, 578 nm) corresponding to the maximum absorbance peaks for the acidic and basic forms of the indicator dye. A baseline absorbance was also measured and subtracted from these wavelengths. The baseline absorbance was determined by averaging the absorbances from 725-735nm. The ratios of the absorbances were then used to calculate pH on the total scales using the equations outlined in Liu et al., 2011. The salinity data used was obtained from the conductivity sensor on the CTD. The salinity data was later corroborated by shipboard measurements. Temperature of the samples was measured immediately after spectrophotometric measurements using a YSI 4600 thermometer. 5.3. Reagents The mCp indicator dye was made up to a concentration of 2.0mM and a total ionic strength of 0.7 mol/kg. A total of 3 batches were used during the cruise. The pHs of these batches were adjusted to approximately 7.8 using dilute solutions of HCl and NaOH and a pH meter calibrated using NBS buffers. The indicator was provided by Dr. Robert Byrne of the University of South Florida, and was purified using the HPLC technique described by Liu et al., 2011. 5.4. Standardization/Results The precision of the data was accessed from measurements of duplicate analyses, certified reference material (CRM) Batch 135 (provided by Dr. Andrew Dickson, UCSD), and TRIS buffer Batch 20 (provided by Dr. Andrew Dickson, UCSD). CRMs were measured twice a day and bottles of TRIS buffer were measured once a day over the course of the cruise. The preliminary precision obtained from duplicate analyses was found to be ±0.0003. 5.5. Data Processing The addition of an indicator dye perturbs the pH of the sample and the degree to which pH is affected is a function of the differences between the pH of the seawater and the pH of the indicator. Therefore, a correction is applied to all samples measured for a given batch of dye. To determine this correction samples of varying pH and water composition were randomly run with a single injection of dye and then again with a double injection of dye on a single bottle. To determine this correction the change in the measured absorbance ratio R where R =(A578-Abase) / (A434-Abase) is divided by the change in the isosbestic absorbance (Aiso at 488nm) observed from two injections of dye to one (R''-R') / (Aiso''-Aiso') is plotted against the measured R value for the single injection of dye is then plotted and fitted with a linear regression. From this fit the slope and y- intercept (b and a respectively) are determined by: ∆R/∆Aiso = b.i' + a (1) From this the corrected ratio (R) corresponding to the measured absorbance ratio if no indicator dye were present can be determined by: R =R'-Aiso' (bR' + a) (2) Preliminary data has not been corrected for the perturbation. 5.6. References Carter, B.R., Radich, J.A., Doyle, H.L., and Dickson, A.G., "An Automated Spectrometric System for Discrete and Underway Seawater pH Measurements," Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 2013. Liu, X., Patsvas, M.C., Byrne R.H., "Purification and Characterization of meta Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater pH Measurements," Environmental Science and Technology, 2011. 6. P16S -2014 -ALKALINITY PI: Andrew G. Dickson, Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technicians: David Cervantes and Ellen Briggs (SIO/UCSD) 6.1. Sample Collection Samples for alkalinity measurements were taken at all P16S Stations (1-90). The Niskin bottles chosen for sampling matched those chosen for Dissolved Inorganic Carbon measurements. Two Niskins at each station were sampled twice for duplicate measurements. Using silicone tubing, the alkalinity samples were drawn from Niskin bottles into 250 mL Pyrex bottles, making sure to rinse the bottles and Teflon sleeved glassed stoppers at least twice before the final filling. A headspace of approximately 5 mL was removed and 0.12 mL of saturated mercuric chloride solution was added to each sample for preservation. After sampling was completed, each sample's temperature was equilibrated to approximately 20°C using a Thermo Scientific RTE water bath. 6.2. Summary Samples were dispensed using a Sample Dispensing System (SDS) consisting of a volumetric pipette and various relay valves and air pumps controlled using LabVIEW 2012. Before filling the jacketed cell with a new sample for measurement, the volumetric pipette was cleared of any residual from the previous sample with the aforementioned air pumps. The pipette is then rinsed with new sample and then filled, allowing for overflow and time for the sample temperature to equilibrate. The temperatures inside the drawing bottle and pipette were measured using a DirecTemp thermistor probe inside the drawing bottle and DirecTemp surface probe placed on the pipette. These temperature measurements were used to convert the sample volume to mass for analysis. During instrument set up it was discovered that the Pipette A SDS board was dispensing more than the calibrated volume due to a weak valve. This was confirmed by running titrations using a calibrated manual pipette to dispense reference seawater of known alkalinity and measuring correct alkalinity values while the Pipette A SDS board was providing incorrect alkalinity values with the same reference seawater. As a result, the Pipette B SDS board was switched in and maintained its calibrated volume of 92.190 mL for the entire P16S Line. Samples were analyzed using an open cell titration procedure using two 250 mL jacketed cells. One sample was undergoing titration while the second was being prepared and equilibrating to 20°C for analysis. After an initial aliquot of approximately 2.3-2.4 mL of standardized hydrochloric acid (~0.1M HCl in ~0.6M NaCl solution), the sample was stirred for 5 minutes and had air bubbled into it at a rate of 200 scc/m to remove any liberated carbon dioxide gas. A Metrohm 876 Dosimat Plus was used for all standardized hydrochloric acid additions. After equilibration, 19 aliquots of 0.04 ml were added. Between the pH range of 3.5 to 3.0, the progress of the titration was monitored using a pH glass electrode/reference electrode cell, and the total alkalinity was computed from the titrant volume and e.m.f. measurements using a nonlinear least-squares approach (Dickson, et.al., 2007). An Agilent 34970A Data Acquisition/Switch Unit with a 34901A multiplexer was used to read the voltage measurements from the electrode and monitor the temperatures from the sample, acid, and room. The calculations for this procedure were performed automatically using LabVIEW 2012. 6.3. Quality Control Dickson laboratory Certified Reference Material (CRM) Batch 135 was used to determine the accuracy of analysis. The certified alkalinity value for Batch 135 is 2226.33 ± 0.63 µmol kg-1 . This reference material was analyzed 208 times throughout P16S. The preliminary average B135 measured value for P16S is 2225.84 ± 0.76 Twice per station, a single Niskin was sampled twice to conduct duplicate analyses. A total of 178 Niskins were sampled for Duplicate analyses and gave a pooled standard deviation of 0.67 µmol kg-1 . 2749 Niskins were sampled for alkalinity analyses. The data should be considered preliminary since the correction for the difference between the CRMs stated and measured values has yet to be finalized and applied. The correction for the mercuric chloride addition has yet to be applied. And finally, the correction for any shifts in total volume dispensed per volume has yet to be applied. Throughout P16S, empty pre-weighed glass bottles with rubber stoppers and metal caps were filled with deionized water and then crimped shut. These sealed bottles will be weighed once they return to the lab to detect any possible subtle shifts in volume dispensing. Finally, each P16S 2014 station's alkalinity measurements were compared to measurements taken from the neighboring P16S 2014 stations and the P16S 2005 stations of similar if not identical coordinates. 6.4. Reference Dickson, Andrew G., Chris Sabine and James R. Christian, editors, "Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements", Pices Special Publication 3, IOCCP Report No. 8, October 2007, SOP 3b, "Determination of total alkalinity in sea water using an open-cell titration" 7. DI13C / DI14C (CARBON ISOTOPES IN SEAWATER [DIC]) PIs: Ann P. McNichol, Al R. Gagnon (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) Technician: Nicholas Huynh (Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara) Samples of the stable (DI13C) and radio-isotopic (DI14C) content of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon were collected for future analyses that will estimate the extent of the bomb-produced 14C pool and quantify the decrease of δ13C in the Southern Ocean. Sample collection was targeted for stations that correspond to previously carbon isotope- sampled stations during the 1996 and 2005 P16S CLIVAR cruises. However, the locations of these target stations were slightly modified to accommodate changes in the master sampling scheme, which were caused by weather and winch repair delays. A total of 29 stations were sampled, 17 of which captured full profiles (approx. 32 samples), four of which captured shallow profiles (approx. 16 samples in the upper 3000 m of the water column), and eight of which captured a single random depth. At these eight stations, one set of duplicate samples was collected from one randomly selected Niskin bottle for future quality control purposes. At every station sampled, samples were only taken at depths sampled by the alkalinity team. 558 total samples were taken. Each sample was collected in a 500 ml Pyrex glass bottle using silicone tubing. The bottles were rinsed twice with seawater (approx. 50 ml for each rinse), filled, and overflown with about half the bottle volume. Once collected, a small volume was poured out to leave a headspace between the waterline and neck of each bottle. After drying the neck of a bottle with a laboratory wipe, the water in the bottle was fixed using ~120 ul of saturated HgCl2 (mercuric chloride) solution. Fixed bottles were then sealed with a M-Apiezon greased glass stoppers and secured with rubber bands before being stowed. All samples will be shipped to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to be analyzed by the AMS lab. 8. DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL DISSOLVED NITROGEN PI: Craig Carlson (Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara) Technician: Nicholas Huynh (Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) samples were collected for land-based measurements that will help strengthen bulk estimates of how carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Southern Ocean and ultimately, in the global ocean, have changed and may change with time. Samples were taken at every other station to profile a water column at every degree of latitude along the cruise transect. 34-36 Niskin bottles were sampled at each station, with one to four of those Niskins sampled twice. A total of 1680 samples were collected. Each sample was collected in a 60 ml high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle, which was rinsed thrice before being filled. Prior to the cruise, bottles were cleaned with 10% HCl solution and rinsed thrice with deionized water. Water drawn from Niskins that were fired at depths lower than 500 m was not filtered prior to collection. Contrastingly, water drawn from depths higher than 500 m was filtered through reusable inline cartridges holding disposable 0.2 µm combusted glass fiber filters (GF/F). The reusable cartridges rinsed with deionized water after every use and were cleaned with 10% HCl roughly every four to five stations. Filtration is performed for the upper 500 m of the water column in order to prevent the inclusion of particulate organic matter in dissolved organic matter measurements. Filled bottles were immediately frozen and stored at -20° in an onboard freezer. All frozen DOC samples will be shipped back to UC Santa Barbara for analysis by the High Temperature Combustion method. TDN will be determined from the same samples in the upper 300 m of the water column. 9. TRITIUM, HELIUM AND 18O PI: Peter Schlosser (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory/Columbia U.) Technician: Anthony Dachille (LDEO/Columbia U.) Helium samples were taken from designated Niskins in 90 cc 316 type stainless steel gas tight vessels with valves. The samples were then extracted into aluminum silicate glass storage vessels within 24 hours using the at sea gas extraction system. The helium samples are to be shipped to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Nobel Gas Lab for mass spectrometric measurements. A corresponding one-liter water sample was collected from the same Niskin as the helium sample in a preprocessed glass bottle for degassing back at the shore based laboratory and subsequent tritum determination by 3He in-growth method. 18O samples were collected and shipped to LDEO for analysis. During P16S, 18 stations were sampled, collecting 371 samples for tritium, 442 samples for helium and 310 samples for 18O analysis. No duplicate samples were taken. 10. δ15N-NO3/δ18O-NO3 PI: Daniel Sigman (Princeton U.) Sampling: Brendan Carter (Princeton U.) 10.1. Overview Seawater samples were collected for δ15N-NO3/δ18O-NO3 analysis aboard the RV Nathaniel B. Palmer on the 2014 GO-SHIP reoccupation of the P16S line in the South Pacific, extending from 67°S to 15°S along 150°W. The 640 samples were collected from 623 distinct locations in the ocean. They will be returned to the laboratory of Daniel Sigman in Princeton, NJ, USA for analysis by mass spectrometer. This research cruise left port from Hobart, Tasmania on March 20th 2014 and arrived in Pape'ete, Tahiti on May 5th 2014. The full cruise report can be found at http://ushydro.ucsd.edu. 10.2 Sample Collection Sampling procedures recommended by Sigman were followed by the seven individuals involved in δ15N-NO3/δ18O-NO3 sample collection: Tonia Capauno, Brendan Carter, Tyler Hennon, Eric Sanchez Munoz, Elizabeth Simons, Isabella Rosso, and Veronica Tamsitt. Samples were filled from a 36 bottle sampling rosette with seawater collected from depths ranging from the ocean surface to ~5600 m. Samples for various analyses were collected from the rosette in the following order: 1. CFCs, N2O, CCl4 2. Helium 3. Dissolved oxygen 4. Total dissolved inorganic carbon 5. pH 6. Total alkalinity 7. Carbon isotopes (δ14C, δ 13C) 8. Dissolved organic carbon 9. Nutrients 10. δ15N-NO3/δ18O-NO3 11. Salinity 12. Colored dissolved organic matter 13. δ30Si 14. Pigments Nitrate isotope sample bottles and caps were rinsed three times with sample seawater before filling. Bottles were filled with slightly less than 50 mL of seawater. Once filled, sample bottle numbers were recorded with their associated rosette bottle numbers on the hydrocast sampling log sheets. Samples were stored in a -20°C freezer within two hours of collection. Carter added inserts to the frozen sample bottles within one week of freezing. Inserts were rinsed with purified water (18.3 MΩ resistance) three times prior to insertion, and care was taken to avoid touching the surfaces of the inserts that could come in contact with frozen sample seawater. Powder free latex laboratory gloves were worn while adding inserts. Samples remained in the -20°C freezer between two days and four weeks, after which they were moved to a -80°C freezer to prepare for shipping. Samples remained in the -80°C freezer for at least 72 hours before shipping. Filtered samples At 15 stations, a single δ15N-NO3/ δ18O-NO3 sample was collected from the 2µm filters used to collect δ30Si samples. Sampling protocols were identical for these samples as for the unfiltered samples, aside from using filtered sample seawater and the collection of these samples alongside the δ30Si samples in the sampling order noted above. Details on sample filtration: At least 5 L of seawater was flushed through each filter before it was used for sampling the first time. Collection of filtered isotopic samples from the rosette began with the seawater from the surface ocean and ended with the seawater from the deep ocean to minimize the risk of sample cross contamination affecting the measured isotopic ratios. Six further steps were taken before collecting filtered seawater to ensure the sample seawater coming from the filter was uncontaminated by seawater from previous samples: 1. The tube connecting the filter assembly to the rosette bottle was emptied, as was the dead space between the tube and the filter portion of the filter assembly. 2. The sample tube and the dead space within the filter assembly was filled with sample seawater. The sample seawater was then passed through the filter gravitationally for 10 seconds. 3. The sample tube was disconnected from the rosette bottle and connected to an oil-free pump. The pump was used to force the sample seawater in the sample tube and the assembly dead space through the filter at low pressure. 4. Step 2 was repeated. 5. Step 1 was repeated. 6. Step 2 was repeated. Following sample collection, steps 1 through 6 were repeated using purified water. A filter was sometimes used for deeper depths before it was used for shallower depths. When bottles were sampled out of order in this fashion, the filter was cleaned by following by steps 1 through 6 with purified water between the deeper and the shallower samples as a precautionary measure against sample cross contamination. Sampling mistakes Some collected samples were lost due to mishandling: The most common sampling problem was sample bottle overfilling. This problem was dealt with in two ways. When the sample was filled to the extent that sample seawater was lost from the sample bottle during freezing, the sample was thawed and dumped, and the bottle was rinsed for reuse at a later station. When the sample was too full to insert a sample bottle insert without extruding brine, the insert was not inserted and the bottle cap was labeled "NITF" for "No Insert; Too Full" with a permanent marker. Inserts were added to ~6 samples which were possibly too full for inserts, and a droplet of water was noted around the edge of the insert following insertion. It is not clear that these samples were compromised because the inserts sometimes had small amounts of purified water remaining on their sides from the rinsing procedure. These samples were not dumped, instead they were placed in labeled plastic bags for shipping. Bottles from station 31 remained unfrozen for ~10 hours following collection. These samples were dumped and the sample bottles reused at a later station (the sample bottles were first labeled "FL" for “Frozen Late” but these labels can be ignored since the problematic sample seawater was ultimately dumped). Samples that were sampled improperly and dumped for reuse are flagged 9 (meaning: “not collected”) in the cruise databases. Therefore no missing value indicator needs to be reported for these samples. Sampling plan The sampling plan provided by Sigman was followed wherever possible. The following table indicates where the sampling plan called for samples and where samples were ultimately collected. The comments explain any discrepancies between sample planning and collection. Planned Collected Lat. Station Normal Filtered Normal Filtered Comments (°S) # ---- ------- ------ -------- ------ -------- ----------------------------- 68 -- 36 0 0 0 Our southernmost station was at 67°S 67 5 0 0 32 0 *, One rosette bottle failed to close, so sample bottle 30 was reused on station 23. 65 9 36 1 0 0 Bottles overfilled. Washed and reused later. 64 11 36 0 34 1 * 63 13 0 0 18 0 62 -- 24 0 0 0 We skipped this station due to weather 61 19 0 0 18 0 Station numbering due to weather 60 17 36 1 34 1 *, Station numbering due to weather 59 16 12 1 12 1 Station numbering due to weather 58 15 24 1 24 1 Station numbering due to weather 57 23 12 1 12 1 56 25 36 1 34 1 * 55 27 12 1 12 1 54 29 24 1 24 1 53 31 12 1 0 0 Bottles not frozen. Washed and reused later. 52 33 36 1 36 1 51 35 12 1 12 1 50 37 24 1 24 1 48 40 36 1 34 1 *, Collected at 48° 20' 46 43 24 1 24 1 Collected at 46° 20' 44 46 36 1 36 1 Collected at 44° 20' 42 49 24 0 24 0 Collected at 42° 20' 40 52 36 0 36 0 Collected at 40° 20' 35 60 0 0 24 1 30 67 36 0 36 0 Collected at 30° 20' 25 75 0 0 24 0 20 82 24 0 24 0 Collected at 20° 20' 18 85 36 0 37 0 Collected at 18° 20', one replicate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 624 15 625 15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * indicates that 2 rosette bottles were reserved for pigment samples, so only 34 of 36 planned bottles were filled. 10.3 Sample Measurement These samples will be analyzed for nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis by bacterial reduction to nitrous oxide followed by automated nitrous oxide extraction, purification, and analysis on a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Sigman et al., 2001, Analytical Chemistry; Casciotti et al., 2002, Analytical Chemistry). For samples from the upper ~500 m of the water column, analysis will be performed with and without prior removal of nitrite by sulfamic acid addition (Granger and Sigman, 2009, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry). 10.4 References Casciotti, K. L., Sigman, D. M., Hastings, M. G., Böhlke, J. K., & Hilkert, A. (2002). Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method. Analytical Chemistry, 74(19), 4905-4912. Granger, J., & Sigman, D. M. (2009). Removal of nitrite with sulfamic acid for nitrate N and O isotope analysis with the denitrifier method. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 23(23), 3753-3762. Sigman, D. M., Casciotti, K. L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M., & Böhlke, J. K. (2001). A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater. Analytical chemistry, 73(17), 4145- 4153. 11. δ30Si PI: Gregory DeSouza, (Princeton U.) gfds@princeton.edu Sampling: Brendan Carter, (Princeton U.) brendan.carter@gmail.com 11.1. Overview Seawater samples were collected for δ30Si analysis aboard the RV Nathaniel B. Palmer on the 2014 GOSHIP reoccupation of the P16S line in the South Pacific, extending from 67°S to 15°S along 150°W. The 200 samples were collected from 168 distinct locations in the ocean. They will be returned to the laboratory of Dr. Florian Wetzel in Zurich, Switzerland for analysis by mass spectrometer. This research cruise left port from Hobart, Tasmania on March 20th 2014 and arrived in Pape'ete, Tahiti on May 5th 2014. The full cruise report can be found at http://ushydro.ucsd.edu. 10.2. Sample collection Sampling procedures provided by DeSouza and Carter were followed by the seven individuals who collected δ30Si samples: Tonia Capauno, Brendan Carter, Tyler Hennon, Eric Sanchez Munoz, Elizabeth Simons, Isabella Rosso, and Veronica Tamsitt. Samples were filled from a 36 bottle sampling rosette with seawater collected from depths ranging from the surface to ~5000 m. Samples for various analyses were collected in the following order: 1. CFCs, N2O, CCl4 2. Helium 3. Dissolved oxygen 4. Total dissolved inorganic carbon 5. pH 6. Total alkalinity 7. Carbon isotopes (δ 14C, δ 13C) 8. Dissolved organic carbon 9. Nutrients 10. δ15NO3 11. Salinity 12. Colored dissolved organic matter 13. δ30Si 14. Pigments At least 5 L of seawater was flushed through each 0.2 µm filter before it was used for sampling the first time. Collection of filtered isotopic samples from the rosette began with the seawater from the surface ocean and ended with the seawater from the deep ocean to minimize the risk of sample cross contamination affecting the measured isotopic ratios. Six further steps were taken before collecting seawater to ensure the sample seawater coming from the filter was uncontaminated by seawater from previous samples: 1. The tube connecting the filter assembly to the rosette bottle was emptied, as was the dead space between the tube and the filter portion of the filter assembly. 2. The sample tube and the dead space within the filter assembly was filled with sample seawater. The sample seawater was then passed through the filter gravitationally for 10 seconds. 3. The sample tube was disconnected from the rosette bottle and connected to an oil-free pump. The pump was used to force the sample seawater in the sample tube and the assembly dead space through the filter at low pressure. 4. Step 2 was repeated. 5. Step 1 was repeated. 6. Step 2 was repeated. Sample bottles and caps were rinsed three times with filtered sample seawater before filling. Bottles were filled with slightly less than 50 mL of seawater. Upon filling, sample bottle numbers were recorded with their associated rosette bottle numbers on the hydrocast sample log sheets. For a subset of shallow high latitude samples, a second sample bottle was filled (to provide double the volume for low Si concentration seawater measurement). Following sample collection, steps 1 through 6 were repeated using purified water (18.3 MΩ) system. A filter was sometimes used for deeper depths before it was used for shallower depths. When used in this fashion, the filter was cleaned by following by steps 1 through 6 with purified water between the deeper and the shallower samples as a precautionary measure against sample cross contamination. Samples were stored in a 4 °C refrigerator within one hour of collection, where they remained for between 1 to 5 weeks prior to being shipped to Zurich. The sampling plan provided by DeSouza was followed where possible. The following table indicates where the sampling plan called for samples and where samples were collected. Planned Collected Lat. Station Normal Second Normal Second Comments (°S) # bottles bottles ---- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------------------------------- 65 9 7 7 60 17 10 10 Station numbering due to weather 59 16 7 7 Station numbering due to weather 58 15 7 7 Station numbering due to weather 57 23 7 7 56 25 7 7 55 27 13 13 54 29 6 6 53 31 6 3 6 3 52 33 6 3 6 3 51 35 6 3 6 3 50 37 14 4 14 4 48 40 12 4 12 4 Collected at 48° 20' 46 43 12 4 12 4 Collected at 46° 20' 44 46 15 4 14 5 Collected at 44° 20' 40 52 12 2 12 2 Collected at 40° 20' 35 60 12 2 11 2 30 67 11 2 11 2 Collected at 30° 20' Total 170 31 168 32 11.3 Sample measurement Samples were shipped for analysis to: Dr. Florian Wetzel Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology ETH Zurich, NW C81.1 Clausiusstrase 25 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 12. CALCIUM SAMPLING PI: Todd Martz, Scripps Institution of Oceanography/UCSD Sampler: Ellen Briggs (SIO/UCSD) Seawater samples were collected at 15 stations along the 150° W P16S transect at approximately 5° latitude spacing. 15 - 16 Niskin bottles were sampled at each station ranging from the surface to the greatest depth following those that were also sampled for Total Alkalinity. Two duplicate samples were taken at 250 m and 2500 m. The sampling procedure entailed rinsing 100 mL plastic bottles three times before the final filling and tightly securing the cap for storage during transit to Scripps Institution of Oceanography for analysis of calcium concentration. The plastic bottles were specifically ordered to reduce any leeching of materials into the samples that would interfere with analysis. 13. TRANSMISSOMETER SHIPBOARD PROCEDURES PI: Wilford D. Gardner, Texas A&M Department of Oceanography, wgardner@ocean.tamu.edu 13.1. Instrument: WET Labs C-Star Transmissometer - S/N CST-1636DR 13.2. Air Calibration: • Calibrated the transmissometer on deck at beginning of the cruise. • Washed and dried the windows with Kimwipes and distilled water. • Recorded the final values for unblocked and blocked voltages plus air temperature on the Transmissometer Calibration/Cast Log. • Compared the output voltage with the Factory Calibration data. • Computed updated calibration coefficients. 13.3. Deck Procedures: • Washed the transmissometer windows before every calibration. Rinsed both windows with a distilled water bottle that contains 2-3 drops of liquid soap. This was the last procedure before the CTD went in the water. • Rinse instrument with fresh water at end of cruise. 13.4. Summary: Deck calibrations were carried out 3 times during P16S - at the start of the cruise, about a month into the cruise on station 53, and the morning after the last station was completed. Results of the pre-cruise laboratory calibration, and deck calibrations done during this cruise, appear at the end of Appendix D with the other instrument/sensor laboratory calibrations. After preparing the transmissometer for deployment (see Deck Procedures above), CST1636DR was sent with the rosette for every CTD cast during P16S on RVIB Nathaniel B Palmer. Data were reported through a CTD a/d channel, then converted to raw voltages without applying any corrections. The data were averaged into half-second blocks with the CTD data, and later converted into 2-dbar block- averaged data files. The raw voltage data will be reported to Wilf Gardner for further processing post- cruise, and later merged in with the CTD data at CCHDO. No problems were encountered with the transmissometer during this leg. 14. LOWERED ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (LADCP) DATA PIs: Eric Firing (PI), François Ascani, and Julia Hummon (all U. Hawaii) Shipboard operators: Steven Howell, UH and Veronica Tamsitt, SIO 14.1. System description The University of Hawaii (UH) ADCP group used a two Teledyne/RDI Workhorse Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (LADCPs) to measure full-depth ocean currents during the 2014 CLIVAR/GOSHIP P16S cruise from Hobart, Australia, to Papeete, Tahiti aboard the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. A 150 kHz instrument (WH150, serial number 16283, firmware 50.40, with beams 20° from vertical) was deployed on every cast. It was mounted near the base of the rosette by an anodized aluminum collar connected to three struts that were in turn bolted to the rosette frame. Beginning at station 63, a 300 kHz instrument (WH300, model WHS-I-UG300, serial no. 12734, firmware 50.40) was mounted in a collar at the top of the rosette with beams facing upward. It collected data on every subsequent station, except during station 78, when a serial communications issue kept it from sampling. From station 4 to station 63, an Inertial Motion Processor (IMP), was mounted to the floor of the rosette. This was the second cruise this new instrument has been used on. It was made by Andreas Thurnherr, of the Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory and contains accelerometers for tilt and roll and magnetic flux gate compasses. The idea is to improve on similar measurements made by the LADCPs to better determine the orientation of the rosette while the LADCPs are sampling. This is particularly important near the Earth's magnetic poles, where the compasses on LADCPs have often proved unreliable. The IMP contains a Raspberry Pi computer running Arch Linux and measures accelerations and magnetic flux at 100 Hz. It communicates via a WiFi interface. There were numerous other instruments mounted on the rosette. A rough schematic of positions of the LADCP and other devices is shown in Figure 14.1. Particularly worth noting are the altimeter, a possible source of acoustic interference, and the bottom contact switch, which had a weight dangling 10 m below. That was within the blanking interval of the WH150 so probably had little effect, though it certainly was visible to the altimeter. Power for the LADCPs and IMP was provided by a Deep Sea Power & Light sealed oil-filled marine battery (model SB-48V/18A, serial number 01527). It sat in a custom-made stainless-steel basket in the rosette frame. Figure 14.1 shows the arrangement of instruments in the rosette. Between casts, a single power/communications cable connected each LADCP and battery to a computer and a DC power supply to initialize the LADCP, collect data after casts, and recharge the battery. Communication with the instrument was managed by a custom serial communication package. Operating parameters The WH150 used nominal 16 m pulses and 8 m receive intervals (assuming a standard 1500 m s-1 speed of sound). The blanking interval (distance to first usable data) was 16 m. A staggered pinging pattern was used, with alternating 1.2 s and 1.6 s periods between pings. This was to avoid a problem referred to as Previous Ping Interference (PPI), which happens when a strong echo off the bottom from a previous ping overwhelms the weak scattering signal from the water column. PPI occurs at a distance above the ocean floor of ∆z = ½c∆t cos θ where ∆t is the period between pings, c is the speed of sound, and θ is the beam angle from vertical. With constant ping rates, the artifact hits a single depth, essentially invalidating all data at that depth. By alternating delays, we lose half the data at two depths, but have some data through the entire column. Figure 14.1: Schematic plan view of instrument and bottle locations on the rosette before (left) and after the upward-looking WH300 was mounted. Orange elements are parts of the rosette frame. Bottle locations are indicated by dashed circles and numbers. Instruments are identified by letters: L, LADCP (WH150); U, Up-looking LADCP (WH300); B, Battery for LADCP/IMP power; I, IMP; S, bottom contact Switch; C, CTD; A, Altimeter (120 kHz Benthos echosounder); T, transmissometer; F, Fluorometer for chlorophyll-A; and , elements of the -pod fast temperature system. White numerals show ADCP beam positions. The WH150 control file CR1 # factory defaults PS0 # Print system serial number and other info. WM15 # sets LADCP mode; WB -> 1, WP -> 001, TP -> 000100, TE -> 00000100 TC2 # 2 ensembles per burst TB 00:00:02.80 ### also try old BB settings, 2.6 and 1.0 TE 00:00:01.20 TP 00:00.00 WN40 # 40 cells, so blank + 320 m with 8-m cells WS0800 # 8-m cells WT1600 # 16-m pulse WF1600 # Blank, 16-m WV330 # 330 is max effective ambiguity velocity for WB1 EZ0011101 # Sound speed from EC (default, 1500) EX00100 # No transformation (middle 1 means tilts would be used otherwise) CF11101 # automatic binary, no serial LZ30,230 # for LADCP mode BT; slightly increased 220->230 from Dan Torres CL0 # don’t sleep between pings (CL0 required for software break) The WH300 used 8 m pings, blanking intervals, and receive ranges. For stations 63 to 67, the instrument was set to listen through 20 depth bins of 8 m each, for a total range of 168 m. That proved excessive, as signal strength was usually too weak beyond 5 bins. Starting as station 68, the number of depth bins were reduced to 10, and the period between pings shortened to 0.53 s. The WH300 control file (stations 68 and higher) CR1 # Factory defaults PS0 # Print system serial number and configuration WM15 # Sets LADCP mode WP->1; WB->1; TE->00:00:01; TP->00:01 TC1 # 1 ensemble per burst TB 00:00:00.53 # Time between bursts TE 00:00:00.00 # Minimum time between ensembles TP 00:00.00 # Minimum time between pings WP 1 # 1 ping per ensemble WN10 # 10 cells. That’s beyond the useful range for most of the cast. WS0800 # 8 m cells (No WT command means transmit length also 8 m) WF0800 # 8 m blank WV330 # Ambiguity velocity EZ0011101 # Manual sound speed, depth, salinity; others from ADCP sensors EX00100 # No transformation (middle 1 means tilts would be used otherwise) CF11101 Data processing Data were processed using version IX.8 of Andreas Thurnherr's implementation of Martin Visbeck's LADCP inversion method, developed at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. The LDEO code is written in Matlab, and performs a long chain of calculations, including transforming the raw LADCP data to Earth coordinates; editing out suspect data; meshing with CTD data from the cast and simultaneous shipboard ADCP and GPS data; then running both an inverse method and a shear-based algorithm to obtain ocean currents throughout the profile. The shear-based calculation is used as a check on the inverse method-if they agree, confidence in the solution is enhanced. The LDEO code is available at ftp://ftp.ldeo.columbia.edu/pub/LADCP. Only preliminary data processing was performed during the cruise; full processing takes more time than was available. The automatic data editing is not completely adequate, as ocean bottom reflections are not always edited out and the algorithms for detecting and discarding PPI require more work. When the data are fully processed, they will be made available on the UH ADCP website, http://currents.soest.hawaii.edu as part of the CLIVAR ADCP archive. The IMP is still an experimental device; processing routines are still being worked on and no significant analysis was attempted beyond ensuring that the data were intake and made some sense. 14.2. Data gathered WH150 data were successfully obtained in every cast at each station. WH300 data were gathered during stations 63 to 77 and 79 through 90. IMP data Preliminary vertical profile plots of each station were made available on the ship's website within 12 hours of each cast. Problems encountered We had no major hardware or software problems during the cruise. The biggest issue is one that always plagues deep LADCP profiles in oligotrophic regions: the acoustic signal relies on backscatter from mm-to cm-sized particles, and there are too few to get much range from the instruments. The WH150 had an effective range of 320 m near the surface, but was reduced to about 80 m at depth. The WH300 was added to increase the data available to the inversion, but only managed 8 m to 16 m at depth. That was a significant addition to the data, particularly since it pinged almost 3X as often as the WH150, so the quality of the profiles clearly improved. Whether they improved enough to be oceanographically useful is still open to question. Preliminary analysis by Tonia Capuano found suspiciously high diffusivities in the deep ocean north of Station 60 or so, implying that the currents are exaggerated, even after the addition of the WH300. Work is ongoing to improve the inversion, but we may just be facing a limitation of available instrumentation. The end of the cruise appeared mildly better, with more signal at depth. This was the first deployment of the WH150, and it started out with all 4 beams equally strong. As the cruise progressed, beam 3 weakened relative to the others, until its useful range was only 65% of the other beams. Curiously, it appeared to recover somewhat, rising back to about 85% by the end of the cruise. It may be that it suffered more than the other beams from the very small signals. There was considerable acoustic noise sensed by both instruments, though the source was not obvious. The Benthos 120 kHz altimeter is an obvious candidate, since it was on the rosette. The ship's multibeam and depth sounders could be responsible. The shipboard ADCPs are also possible sources of noise, but those frequencies are absorbed by seawater, so should not have much effect when the package is a few kilometers down. There was an odd noise signature that was only visible part of the time in the WH300 data, implying either an irregular source, or a highly directional one. In any case, acoustic noise affected a small fraction of the data and is usually easy to edit out, so it should have little effect on the overall data quality. Sample data plots We made both vertical profiles of individual plots and contour plots along the cruise track available on the ship's network. A contour plot of data from the entire cruise (autoref fig:contour) may be the best capsule summary of the preliminary data. Figure 14.2: Contour plot of P16 stations along 150°W. Tick marks along the bottom of each plot are station locations. The strongest current was the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), at 54°S. Rather surprising was the second strongest current, at 45°S moving west at 0.3 ms-1 at a depth of 1500 m. A profile of the currents at 45°S is shown in Figure 14.3, together with CTD traces from that station and the previous one. An eddy shed by the interaction of the ACC and Antarctic-Pacific Ridge is the obvious source of such a current, but eddies usually bring in water from different regions, whereas the water in station 45 seemed identical to 44, but the features around 1400 m were thicker. That seems like an internal wave. Andreas Thurnherr of LDEO (who was also responsible for the IMP), found vertical currents above and below the high-velocity core that changed from upward as the rosette was going down to downward as the rosette was pulled back up. Currents through the rest of the basin are much weaker, though it is striking that current features south of about 40°show a much greater vertical extent than they do father north. Figure 14.3: LADCP profile(left) of station 45 at 45°S and CTD profiles at stations 44 and 45. Station 45 traces can be identified by the inflections in the curves at 1500 m. 15. CHIPODS. PIs: Jonathan Nash (OSU, nash@coas.oregonstate.edu), Jim Moum (OSU, moum@coas.oregonstate.edu) Jennifer MacKinnon (Scripps Shipboard Operation, jmackinn@ucsd.edu). Tyler Hennon: (U. of Washington, thennon@uw.edu). Turbulent mixing is traditionally obtained by measuring microscale shear variance, which must be gathered from a platform that profiles smoothly through the water column with minimal vibration. As a result, there is a dearth of direct deep-ocean mixing estimates, totaling only O(1,000) globally. This is because tethered free falling instruments that measure mixing cannot reach abyssal depths, and autonomous profilers require dedicated efforts for deployment and recovery on every cast. It is advantageous to develop methods though which turbulence can be measured from the standard shipboard CTD, since there are many efforts underway to obtain a broad distribution of CTD data. In the current effort, we seek to measure microscale temperature variance (using devices we call "chipods") from which mixing is inferred. The measurement of "chi," the dissipation rate of temperature variance is less susceptible to contamination from platform vibration, so is possible to obtain from traditional CTD. In the current effort, chipods are attached to the CTD, and therefore require no extra time on repeat hydrography cruises. P16S is the second of the repeat hydrography cruises to include CTD-chipods, and represent one part of a larger effort to increase the number of direct observations of mixing by an order of magnitude. Hennon was tasked with data collection and maintenance of the chipods for the duration of the P16S cruise. Chipods are equipped with very sensitive thermistors and accelerometers that sample at 100 Hz. The thermistors are extremely fragile, so are prone to failure from extreme pressure cycling, temperature shocks, or physical impact. The voltage from the thermistors is converted into temperature by calibration with the raw CTD temperature data (many thanks to Courtney Schatzman for providing these). The CTD pressure and chipod accelerometers are used to remove any data in contaminated water caused by loops in pressure. The synthesis of the chipod and CTD data culminate in the computation of χ, the dissipation rate of temperature variance. Through χ, the turbulent dissipation and diffusivities are estimated. For redundancy, we attached four chipod thermistors to the CTD. The locations of the thermistors were chosen so that they would sample water unperturbed by the CTD rosette, although there is the possibility of contamination from the wire for the upward looking thermistors, and by a "bottom-contact" weight that hangs 10 m beneath the CTD and used as a mechanical altimeter. The initial setup had two RBR pressure cases each connected to and individual thermistor (one upward looker and one downward looker) and one larger pressure case connected to two thermistors (both upward looking). We are only in the beginning stages of making these type of measurements during routine CTD profiling, so we are still learning many lessons. Overall, the chipods returned good data. Although some individual instruments had temporary electrical or mechanical failure, the redundancy of using four thermistors on 3 separate loggers allowed us to obtain at least one clean set of data for nearly every one of the 90 stations on P16S. The downward looking RBR collected an excellent dataset with few problems. The upward looking RBR had occasional short-lived problems, but for most stations returned good data. Unfortunately, the large pressure case with two upward looking thermistors had a series of logging problems, which we are still sorting out. Repeated attempts at replacing thermistors, thermistor housings, and cables did not seem to significantly improve the quality of the data. On April 28th (perhaps overdue), Hennon replaced it with another RBR attached to a single upward looking thermistor, reducing the total thermistors on the CTD to three. Based off of preliminary processing at sea, the chipod data look reasonable with the exception of a possible high bias in the lower ~1000 m of the ocean at many stations, possibly resulting from regions with extremely low temperature gradients where our automated processing scripted may need to be revised. Diffusivity values here range from about 102 to 100 m2s-1. While there is likely some degree of bottom intensification, these extreme estimates are probably biased by very weak vertical temperature gradients. Further work will be needed to tease out the actual mixing rates at the bottom. 16. A NOTE ON WIRE TENSION DURING CLIVAR/GOSHIP P16S 2014 Steven Howell, University of Hawaii As part of an effort to extend the life of cables on its oceanographic vessels, NSF has determined that the standard 0.322" CTD cable used in hydrographic surveys should not be exposed to tensions in excess of 5000 lbs1. This was a concern on P16S, particularly since the 36-bottle rosette used is one of the largest and heaviest in routine use. CLIVAR/CARBON P02E 2013, on R/V Melville was one of the first cruises under the new tension limits, so close attention was paid to winch tension. We established that casts as deep as 6000 m using the same rosette as P16S 2014 can be done without exceeding the 5000 lb limit. However, those casts were under relatively calm conditions, and the chief scientist, Jim Swift, wrote in the cruise report that "the main cause of cable tension spikes is ship motion (ship roll and heave)" and noted that high sea states like those found in the Southern Ocean would likely be a problem. Since I had participated in the wire tension analyses during P02 2013, I was curious to see how it changed in higher seas on a different ship. P16S 2014 used the same rosette, but had a bit of additional instrumentation, including the χ- pod system from Oregon State and an Inertial Motion Processor (IMP) from Lamont used as an adjunct sensor for the LADCP. These add a little mass, probably some buoyancy, and a bit of drag to the package. RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer underway data are routinely submitted to the NSF Rolling Deck to Repository gateway, so the data used here, from the LCI-90 winch monitors and the Seapath 200, should become available at their website, http://www.rvdata.us . Station 1 During the first part of the cruise, the rosette was deployed from the Baltic Room. It had an LCI-90 tension measurement system like that on the Melville, reporting at 20 Hz. The first station, on March 26 at 60°S, 174°E, was a good test, as the CTD reached 4484 m depth, the deepest cast until station 31. Simply plotting tension as a function of wire out and doing a linear regression is instructive (Figure 16.1). The slope of the line is the weight in water per unit length of cable. According to the manufacturer, the weight in seawater is 212 kg km-1 or 0.467 lb/m. I do not know the manufacturing tolerance or how precise the LCI-90 calibrations are supposed to be, but the 4% difference is reassuring that the winch tension, or at least the slope, is accurate to within a few percent. The intercept of 1187 lbs represents the weight of the package in water. The tension while the rosette was dangling in the air during the launch was 1910 lbs. At recovery, it was 2730 lbs, an 820 lb difference. The difference must be due primarily to seawater in the sample bottles. Two bottles failed to trip, so there were 34 with ~10.5 L of seawater each. At a density of about 1.028 kg L-1, there should be 809 lbs of water. This is within 2% of the winch measurement. For comparison, for P02 2013 station 56, a 5960 m cast on April 23, a similar regression yielded t = 1185(1) lbs + w x 0.5082(3) lbs/m. The weight of the rosette in water was almost identical to that in P16S station 1, while the slope was about 9% higher than expected (if the wire on the Melville was made to the same specifications). Tension in the air during launch was 2036 lbs and at recovery was 2952 lbs. The difference of 916 lbs is about 7% high. Winch speed and acceleration also have some effect on tension and are the only things that can actually be controlled during the cast. From Figure 16.2, it appears that the drag of the package is 5.3 lbs/(m/min). There is no particular reason to expect a linear relationship, but this plot gives little indication that drag goes with the square or cube of the speed, at least within the ±1 m s-1 winch speeds we used. This package drag agrees reasonable well with the crude estimate from P02W 2013 of 4 to 5 lbs/(m/min). ______________________________________________________ 1I apologize for the mixed units. The winch tension is calibrated in pounds(force), while wire out is in meters. Since those are the numbers we see during the cruise, I'll continue to use them. Figure 16.1: Tension vs. wire out during station 1. Figure 16.2: Left: Effects of winch speed on tension during station 1 after correcting for wire out. Right: (Lack of) effect of winch acceleration on tension after corrections for wire out and winch speed. There is also little indication that the amount of wire out has much effect on drag, which implies that the drag of the wire is small compared to the package. A crude calculation bears that out. According to the Nbpedia, a 2011 dump of Wikipedia, the drag equation is 2 F = ½ρu C A (1) D D where FD is the drag force, ρ is the density of the fluid, u is the velocity through the fluid, CD is the coefficient of drag, and A is the area exposed to the fluid. The choice of CD isn't quite obvious, as there's no entry for a rod. Most appropriate seems to be a flat plate parallel to the fluid motion, with A = πdw = π0:322"w = 0.026 m2 m-1 being surface area. CD for such a plate is 0.001 in laminar flow to 0.005 in turbulent flow. I don't know whether the flow is turbulent or how to deal with the roughness of the cable. ρ = 1030 kg m-3. Assuming winch speed u = 60 m min-1 = 1 m s-1 and CD =0:001, Equation 1 yields 0.013 n m-1, or 3 lb km-1. If I haven't made a major mistake, this is only 75 lbs even if CD is a factor of 5 too low and there are 5 km of wire out. As the right hand plot in Figure 16.2 shows, winch acceleration plays a very small role in wire tension, even after subtracting the influences of wire out and winch speed. Typical winch acceleration upward was 0.2 m s-2, though it was occasionally double that. Given the mass of the rosette and F = ma, F = 860 kg x 0.2 m s-2 = 172 n = 39 lb. Each kilometer of cable adds F = 257 kg x 0.2 m s-2 = 51 n = 12 lb. The rosette alone is pretty close to the 38 lb from the fit in Figure 2, despite the terrible correlation. I'm surprised the order of magnitude is right. Figure 16.3: Left: Time series of tension and sheave velocity calculated from heave and roll. Right: Correlation between sheave velocity and tension during station 1. The effects of wire out and winch speed from Figure 1 and Figure 2 have been removed in both plots. On the Palmer, a Kongsberg Seatex Seapath 200 monitors heave, roll, pitch, and heading. Its output is at 1 Hz. I used the Seapath data to crudely calculate the position and velocity of the sheave. I ignored pitch, since the Baltic Room is pretty near amidships. The boom extends about 40 feet/12.2 m from the centerline of the ship, so the sheave position z is z = z0 + h + 12:2 sin(πr / 180) (2) where h is heave and r is roll in degrees. These are defined a bit counterintuitively; heave is positive downward and a roll to starboard is positive, so z goes up as the sheave descends. Taking the differential gives an approximation for weave velocity. A short time series (left side of Figure 16.3) shows that sheave motion is closely related to tension, but actually performing a linear correlation reveals that the correlation coefficient is only 0.67 (right panel of Figure 16.3). The loops around the best-fit line indicate that tension is somewhat out of phase with sheave velocity, so some other factor is important. The obvious candidate is a spring effect, either from the stretchiness of the cable (0.4% at 2500 lbs is the manufacturer's specification) or from curves in the wire imposed by currents and package motion. I have not extended my analysis to include either factor; the former would be straightforward, while the latter might be a challenge. As it turned out, roll had very little influence on sheave motion, despite the 12 m lever arm. That is because during the cast, the ship faced into the wind and seas, and therefore roll was minimized. Heave, on the other hand, cannot be avoided. The slope of the tension vs. sheave speed plot is 470 lbs/(m/s) considerably higher than that from the winch speed, which works out to 320 lbs/(m/s). This could reflect either the spring effects or perhaps the drag of the rosette through the water has a quadratic relationship with speed at the higher speeds imposed by the sheave. Figure 16.4: Wire tension calculated from wire out, winch speed, and sheave velocity vs. measured tension during station 1. This analysis is not altogether satisfactory. Although these correlations, when combined, explain about 94% of the variations in tension (Figure 16.4), the peak tensions are poorly represented. Part of that is due to the relatively slow data from the Seapath, but the springiness of the system is probably more important. However, it did establish that under the sea states where we could actually conduct CTD operations, we were unlikely to exceed the 5000 lb limit, given the cast depths anticipated. Given other obligations on the cruise, I did not pursue a more complete analysis. Station 6 As a test of repeatability, I did an analysis like that in Figure 1, for station 6, a 4433 m cast on April 1 at 66.5°S, 150°W. The results, shown in Figure 5, are almost identical to station 1. The least-squares fit for tension vs. wire out is subtly different, as I only used data from when the winch was stopped. That gave a much higher correlation, but not significantly different results. Station 43 During station 30, a cast to 4389 m on April 12, the marine tech monitoring the cast noticed that there were some broken strands in the outer armor of the cable at around 4200 m. At that point, rather than risk losing the rosette, we limited cast depth to about 4100 m until we could either replace the cable or transfer operations to another winch. Beginning on Station 39, we began using the upper waterfall winch for CTD operations. That turned out to be a difficult cast, as there were electrical problems that put hundreds of spikes into the CTD data and the tension measurements broke down altogether. It turned out that the bracket holding the metering sheave that measures tension and cable motion had detached from the fairlead assembly. It was reattached and the cast continued, but reported tensions were much higher than expected, frequently exceeding the 5000 lb limit. High reported tensions continued until the techs had a chance to recalibrate the LCI-90 on April 16th between stations 42 and 43. Figure 16.5: Wire tension during station 6. The recalibration brought reported tensions down, but were still higher than those from the Baltic Room winch. I repeated the station 6 analysis for station 43 (Figure 16.6) and found that the slope of the tension vs. wire out had jumped to 0.547 lbs/m, 17% higher than the wire specifications, and the 1086 lb difference between launch and recovery weights was 27% higher than it should have been. I have more confidence in the conclusion based on wire out, even though the water mass method has a firmer theoretical basis. (It is unlikely, but conceivable that the cable on the upper waterfall winch is much heavier than that on the Baltic Room winch and the Melville.) The wire out regression is based on a large number of points over a wide range of tensions, while the data on weights before and after launch are short periods with noisy data over a much smaller tension span. Either way, the tensions reported by the waterfall winch are too high. It is probably a coincidence that the zero intercept, representing the rosette weight in water, was very similar at station 43 to the values at stations 1 and 6 and the Melville. A striking feature of the tension time series in Figure 6 is the pattern of tension variation. Variability rises sharply when the rosette starts to be pulled back up. That cannot be explained by sheave motions. Could it be due to a straighter cable having less give as the tension rises? Maximum tension variability appears to be between 500 M and 3000 m. The reasons for that are not clear, but may have to do with the springiness of the winch/sheave/wire/rosette system. This pattern is present, though often less obvious, in all of the casts. Station 56 The deepest cast of the cruise was station 56, to 5628 m, at 37°40´S on April 22. It was almost identical to station 46, except the weight of the package leaving the water was 100 lbs higher. It looks as though either the winch/A- frame operator did a smoother job during 46 or the marine techs recovering the rosette were pulling down harder during 56. Figure 16.6: Wire tension during station 43. This cast was the first after recalibration of the upper waterfall winch tension. If the tension measurements are accurate at 1200 lbs and the 17% difference between the slope and the manufacturer's specification of the weight in water is entirely due to measurement error, then the peak reported tension of 5200 lbs is closer to 4620 lbs. The waterfall winch would have to have been beyond about 5650 lbs for the 5000 lb tension limit to have been exceeded. After the April 16th winch recalibration, the maximum tension recorded was 5394 lbs on April 18th at 07:11:39 UTC during station 46. Before the recalibration the maximum tension recorded was 5555 lbs at 07:46:31 UTC on April 16th, during station 41. At that time, reported tensions were even more excessive. I should note here that while NSF's tension limit was never exceeded on the waterfall winch cable, some damage may have been done by the 16 inch WHOI mooring block sheave, which had a wider groove than recommended for 0.322 inch cable. Sea conditions were too rough to allow the techs to mount the proper sheave on the A-frame. Station 10 The highest recorded tension during the cruise was at 13:14:45 on April 2nd, during recovery of the rosette from station 10. The tension spiked to 6965 lbs with 7 m of wire out. No one seemed to notice the spike as it was happening. The spike occurred when the package was about 10 m below the surface, after bottle 35 was tripped at 20 m, and before bottle 36 was tripped on the fly at 5 m (conditions were too rough for stopping at the surface). The tension peak lasted about 2.1 s, with a 3/4 s rise to a sharp peak, roughly a second at about 6400 lbs, then a rapid drop followed by some ringing. As the tension peaked, the winch wire out stopped. Curiously, the winch speed took a couple of seconds before stopping. The winch remained stopped for 7 s before resuming the upcast. This is not a case of a swell lifting the package, then dropping it. The package was still 10 m down. In addition, the lift would have reduced tension before the spike, rather than after. It doesn't look like an electrical glitch. The peak lasted too long, and the ringing after the peak looks mechanical to me. This isn't a sudden swell increasing tension. No unusual rolling or heaving was going on, and those motions are smoother and take longer. The conclusion we reached was that the package had hit the bottom of the ship. It's not clear what else could have caused the spike. At first we had only indirect evidence; the rosette frame was a bit bent, and there was some paint missing, but no one was sure those were new. The rosette is almost 2 m tall; the bottom of the ship is 7 m, so the depth was about right. Later on, we learned that one of the thermistors in the -pod fast-temperature package had been crushed. It stopped reporting at exactly that time. Given the 10 000 lb nominal breaking strength of the cable, we were probably lucky not to lose the rosette. Figure 16.7: The only direct evidence of contact between the hull and the rosette. This was crushed at the end of station 10. 17. SURFACE DRIFTERS (GLOBAL SURFACE VELOCITY PROGRAM) PI: Rick Lumpkin (NOAA/AOML) PI: Shaun Dolk (NOAA/AOML affiliate) Shipboard operations: Elizabeth Simons (FSU), Isa Rosso (ANU) Thirty Southern Ocean GDP drifters were deployed without incident. Two primary deployers, Elizabeth Simons (EGS) and Isa Rosso (IR) split deployments between the two CTD watchstander shifts (day shift and night shift). Secondary assistance was provided by ASC Marine Technicians, Meghan King, Julia Carleton, and Mackenzie Habermann as well as the other CTD watchstanders. When a deployment called for pair or triplet releases, thirty (30) second deployment spacing was enacted to limit the possibility of drifters' drogues entangling. As of 25/4/2014 all 30 drifters are reporting data. Deployment P16S De- Drifter Date Time STA Latitude Longitude ploy- Notes on Deployment: ID (dd/mm/yyyy) # er ------- ------------ ----- ---- ------------ ------------- ----- ------------------------------------------ 114536 05/04/2014 06:57 15 60 55.2372 S 149 54.3642 W EGS 114533 05/04/2014 06:57 15 60 55.1904 S 149 54.4206 W EGS 114665 06/04/2014 20:54 16 58 59.6736 S 149 59.9100 W IR 114645 07/04/2014 07:40 17 59 59.4360 S 150 1.4514 W EGS 114661 09/04/2014 10:54 23 56 59.9952 S 150 0.1254 W IR 114680 09/04/2014 10:54 23 56 59.9952 S 150 0.1272 W IR 116269 09/04/2014 10:53 23 57 0.0108 S 150 0.0642 W IR 116263 10/04/2014 04:33 25 55 59.9526 S 150 0.0954 W EGS 114644 10/04/2014 04:34 25 55 59.9346 S 150 0.1782 W EGS 114540 10/04/2014 04:34 25 55 59.9340 S 150 0.1788 W EGS 114678 11/04/2014 09:36 27 55 0.3732 S 150 1.1604 W EGS Cap off of thermistor when deployed 114673 11/04/2014 09:36 27 55 0.3732 S 150 1.1616 W EGS 114654 11/04/2014 09:37 27 55 0.3900 S 150 1.2480 W EGS 116454 11/04/2014 23:25 29 54 0.3918 S 149 54.5772 W EGS 114532 11/04/2014 23:25 29 54 0.3918 S 149 54.5778 W EGS Cap off of thermistor when deployed 116456 11/04/2014 23:26 29 54 0.3918 S 149 54.6282 W EGS Cap off of thermistor when deployed 114664 12/04/2014 14:12 31 53 0.0000 S 150 0.0426 W IR 116264 12/04/2014 14:13 31 52 59.9994 S 150 0.0432 W IR 114539 12/04/2014 14:13 31 52 59.9988 S 150 0.0438 W IR 114676 13/04/2014 23:41 35 51 0.0534 S 149 59.9130 W EGS 114677 13/04/2014 23:41 35 51 0.0528 S 149 59.9118 W EGS Cap off of thermistor when deployed 114683 13/04/2014 23:42 35 51 0.0552 S 149 59.8884 W EGS Cap off of thermistor & stem when deployed 114588 15/04/2014 15:31 39 48 59.9832 S 150 0.0138 W IR 116380 15/04/2014 15:32 39 48 59.9430 S 150 0.0282 W IR 114536 16/04/2014 18:50 42 46 59.9658 S 150 0.0762 W IR 116373 16/04/2014 18:50 42 46 59.9646 S 150 0.0768 W IR 114668 18/04/2014 01:06 45 44 58.4202 S 149 59.5488 W EGS Cap off of thermistor & stem when deployed 114541 18/04/2014 01:07 45 44 58.3320 S 149 59.5140 W EGS Cap off of thermistor when deployed 114684 19/04/2014 04:21 48 42 57.0444 S 150 0.0462 W EGS Cap off of thermistor when deployed 116377 20/04/2014 06:40 51 40 58.1214 S 150 0.0192 W EGS 18. ARGO AND ARGO-EQUIVALENT BIOGEOCHEMICAL FLOATS. PIs: Ken Johnson (MBARI) and Stephen Riser (U. Washington). Shipboard operations: Tyler Hennon (UW) and Lynne Talley (SIO) Float funding sources: NSF OPP (Rapid grant) and NOPP 18.1. Deployments from RVIB NB Palmer (extracted from the completeP16S cruise report) Twelve Argo-equivalent floats equipped with various combinations of state-of- the-art biogeochemical instrumentation and sea ice-avoidance software were deployed during the RVIB NB Palmer cruise (chief scientist Lynne Talley), 20 March -5 May, 2014 (Table 18.1 and Figure 18.1). 4 of the floats were deployed along the great-circle transit from Hobart, Tasmania, to the initial station of the P16Ssection (67°S, 150°W), and the remaining 8 were deployed along 150°W from 67°S to 39°40'S. Six of the 7 floats along 150°W that included pH sensors were funded through an NSF Rapid grant; the high resolution T/S data are reported to Argo. The other 6 are Argo floats that have been outfitted with additional sensors through a NOPP grant. Tyler Hennon, a U. Washington graduate student (advisor co-PI S. Riser), was responsible for all deployments and record-keeping on the cruise, with assistance from the Palmer's marine technicians for all deployments. The two SIO Oceanographic Data Facility nutrient technicians (S. Becker and M. Miller) and the SIO alkalinity technician (D. Cervantes from the A. Dickson laboratory) also assisted with several deployments to gain experience in the event that they will be on ships that deploy such biogeochemical floats in the future. Table 18.1: Deployment and profile Information as of 14 May 2014 P16S WMO Number of Float Sta. number Equipped Reporting Deployment Lat. Lon. Days/ profiles ID # (Argo) Sensors* Sensors* date (UTC) cycle Max p 5/11/14 -- ----- ---- ------- -------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----- ----- ----------------------- 1 6091 1 5904179 IONF OF 26/03/2014 60 0.0 S 173 57.8 E 10 2000 5 2 7557 2 5904181 IONF ONF 28/03/2014 60 29.27 S 176 00.66 W 10 1500 5 3 7567 3 5904182 IONF OF 30/03/2014 65 41.17 S 161 55.34 W 10 1800 2 (4/21 most recent**) 4 7613 4 5904180 IONF ONF 31/03/2014 66 30.64 S 155 59.47 W 10 1600 2 (4/11 most recent**) 5 7614 5 5904183 IONF ONF 01/04/2014 67 00.82 S 149 59.97 W 10 1600 3 (4/22 most recent**) 6 9091 11 5904184 IONFp ONFp 03/04/2014 63 59.55 S 150 01.36 W 10 1400 4 7 9092 17 5904185 IONFp ONFp 07/04/2014 59 59.54 S 150 01.18 W 10 1600 4 8 9031 27 5904396 ONFp ONFp 11/04/2014 55 0.34 S 150 01.04 W 5 1500 7 9 9018 32 5904186 Op Op 13/04/2014 52 29.33 S 150 0.61 W 5 1600 8 10 9095 37 5904188 ONFp ONFp 14/04/2014 49 59.23 S 149 59.44 W 5 1600 6 11 9101 45 5904187 Op Op 18/04/2014 44 58.43 S 149 59.55 W 5 1700 5 12 9254 53 5904395 ONFp ONFp 20/04/2014 39 39.40 S 149 58.96 W 5 1600 5 *Sensors: I = ice enabled (software) O = oxygen N = nitrate F = FLbb p = pH ** Most likely ice-covered thereafter, will report after emerging from ice Typical deployment procedure was relatively simple. After finishing the CTD cast at a deployment location, the Palmer would relocate to ~1 km off station and then proceed at about 1-2 knots in whatever direction offered the most shelter to the deployment. Hennon, along with one NBP ASC marine technician and one additional assistant (either a second MT or an SIO chemistry technician), then would lower the float from the stern to the water with a rope. This proved to be moderately challenging, given that the sea state was usually quite rough. Following deployment, the ship made a wide arc back to its steaming direction, ensuring that it did not pass over the deployment location. Figure 18.1: RVIB N.B. Palmer (NBP1403) float deployment locations and subsequent tracks (red), with P16S CLIVAR stations (black x's) (20 March - 5May, 2014). Float ID numbers are listed in Table 1; WMO numbers for access to data on the Argo servers are listed in Table 1. Light curves are the standard Orsi fronts (subtropical, subantarctic, polar and southern boundary, from north to south). The Ross Sea lies south of the southern boundary, and sea ice has already advanced over the southernmost 3 floats. All 12 floats reported their first profiles on time and several profiles thereafter, with information and data posted on both http://www.mbari.org/chemsensor/floatviz.htm (biogeochemical site, plots, data sets) and http://runt.ocean.washington.edu/ (float tracking, engineering data, profiles). All oxygen, pH and FLbb sensors and 8 of the 10 ISUS nitrate sensors (exceptions are floats 6091, 7567) are producing good data. Of the 49 floats with nitrate sensors built at MBARI, these are the first two that did not respond on deployment. Engineering data indicate that the nitrate sensor on float 7567 is not responding because the persistent power interface (PPI) on the float is not operating properly and the nitrate sensor is not receiving power. This float appears to have had a significant shock on launch, as several other subsystems operated abnormally on the first profile. Operation of the other subsystems was restored, with the exception of the PPI. Loss of the nitrate sensor on 6091 has not been understood, at this time. The sensor communicated properly during predeployment tests. All systems in the float itself are operating normally after deployment, but there are no communications being received from the sensor. Individual float deployment concerns (no issues for floats not listed): 6091: The Palmer was steaming close to 3-4 knots to try to protect the back deck(deployment location) from bad weather. The nitrate sensor did not work for unknown reasons. 7567: A wave pushed float 7567 against the ship when the float was still attached to the deployment line. Initially this didn't cause concern, as there was not a violent collision. However, the data returned from the first profile (~12 hours after deployment) indicated severe problems and possible entry of saltwater into the float. Fortunately the 2nd profile was normal, with the exception of a nonfunctional nitrate sensor. Currently, it is unclear what caused the problems or if the float will continue operating normally. It is now presumably under ice along with two of the other floats and we will only learn more in the austral spring when they emerge. 7614: The line tangled during deployment. After a couple minutes we were able to shake the float free, but there were incidents of low speed (~10 cm/s) contacts between the iridium antenna and the ship's hull. The float has since reported back and is fully functional. 9031: Deployed in big swell, but there was no contact with ship to cause concern. The Palmer was steaming 4-5 knots during the deployment to protect the back deck from incoming waves. The bad conditions also prevented the ship from steaming off the CTD station until all the sampling was completed in order to limit the wash upon the deck (CTD sampling was outdoors at this point). This caused the float to be deployed about 2.5 hours after the conclusion of the CTD cast, but this is not a concern as the location was close, and the first float profiles are normally 12 to 24hours later in any case. Deployment Information (Original Log) 18.2. Float data and engineering information (14 May 2014) The data and performance information from the 12 floats deployed on NBP1403 are available in near real-time and delayed mode from four servers, each with a unique purpose (Table 18.2). Table 18.2: Profiling float data servers Server url Purpose ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- U. Washington Argo float server http://runt.ocean.washington.edu U.W. float summaries, diagnostics, engineering data, profiles Floatviz (MBARI) http://www.mbari.org/chemsensor/floatviz.htm Float profile data including all sensors, quality controlled data U.S. GODAE Argo GDAC http://www.usgodae.org Real-time and delayed-mode Argo data server (U.S.), high resolution T/S JCOMMOPS Argo data server http://argo.jcommops.org/ (links to US Real-time and delayed-mode Argo GODAE for data access) data server (international), high resolution T/S 18.2.a. Temperature/salinity profiles reporting to Argo data servers The high resolution temperature/salinity data (2 m vertical resolution above 1000 m) from all 12 floats are available according to Argo protocols from the U.S. GODAE and JCOMMOPS servers, listed in Table 2. (The U.S. GODAE server is the U.S. mirror site for JCOMMOPS.) The WMO numbers for each float are provided above in Table 1, and are also listed on the floatviz.htm website. 18.2.b. Float information and statistics to U. Washington data server The U. Washington profiling float website tracks each of the Apex floats that have been built at U. Washington. This NBP1403 group of 12 is displayed with the Southern Ocean floats. Information about each float can be accessed by clicking on the float ID (Table 1 and Figure 1). This website provides plots (trajectories, profiles, and a large amount of additional information about each float's performance, that are not provided by the Argo data server websites. The U.W. website does not provide the data sets themselves. 18.2.c. T, S, oxygen, nitrate, pH, fluorescence (chlorophyll) and backscatter data to MBARI floatviz data server The MBARI floatviz.htm website provides both the data sets and visualization tools for the biogeochemical and physical parameters collected by these floats, as well as many other floats outfitted by MBARI (K. Johnson). The complete data sets at the lower resolution of the chemistry data (~70 vertical samples on each profile) for each of the 12 floats are posted and are public. There are two versions of each data set: non-QC (raw data) and QC (adjusted data, with quality control flags). International and U.S. Argo are just beginning to decide how to work with and format data other than temperature and salinity; eventually the chemistry data posted at floatviz will be available through Argo. 18.3. Data quality We have just begun assessing the quality of the new data sets. The NB Palmer P16S CLIVAR observations included a full suite of carbon-related measurements (DIC, alkalinity, pH), nutrients, oxygen, temperature and salinity, and many other chemical and physical quantities, all measured at the highest possible international standards of accuracy and precision. The pH and nitrate data from the floats are already being checked against the shipboard measurements. The CTD/rosette profiling included a fluorescence sensor, which can be used for comparison with the float fluorescence data. A full optical program was also aboard from NASA, for ocean color satellite validation, and therefore high quality in situ data in the upper 200 m are also available for comparison with the float optical sensors (Wetlabs FLbb); water samples were collected for pigment analysis. As discussed in Appendix 18.A, it appears that the pH sensors were likely coated with TBT anti-foulant that biased the calibration and first profile of each float. The TBT was rapidly removed and subsequent profiles have been extremely stable. Surface pH values on profiles subsequent to the first are stable to about +/-0.005 pH (1 std. deviation for all data in the upper 50 m) for up to 6 profiles and one month in the water, as shown in Figure 18.3. Fig. 18.2: In situ pH values in the upper 50 m for all float profiles except the first, from all 7 floats with pH sensors. The plot was generated from the FloatViz web site. Cooling without deep mixing drives pH up, while deep mixing lowers pH. A full set of plots comparing the float and P16S in situ observations of oxygen, nitrate and pH is available as a powerpoint; an example for one float is shown in Figure 18.3. The profile shapes are excellent. Calibration offsets are being calculated and applied. As part of the learning curve, it appears that laboratory calibrations of the pH and nitrate sensors were affected by an inadvertent presence of antifoulant (see long email discussion from K. Johnson, Appendix 18.A). Figure 18.3: Comparison of shipboard measurements ("cast data") and (float measurements from the first two profiles of float 9095, as an example of the comparisons made as soon as profiles were available. Data were adjusted to match deep (1000-1600 m) data for nitrate and pH. Oxygen was adjusted so that the mean of all sensor measurements in air (one measurement is made on each profile) match air oxygen partial pressure. The first float profiles occur within 24 hours and several kilometers of the rosette cast. The initial offset of the pH profile is likely due to the presence of antifoulant during laboratory calibration and will not be an issue in the future. Appendix 18.A (Mis-)Calibration of the Deep-Sea DuraFET pH sensors (extracted and edited from an e-mail of May 7, 2014 from K. Johnson to P. Milne, L. Clough, L. Talley, J. Sarmiento) There's a bit of a story about why our pH pre-deployment calibrations did not meet our expectations of being absolute. This is what we think happened. The float CTDs have a TBT anti-fouling plug in the circulating seawater line, which constantly pumps ambient seawater through the CTD. We do the final, absolute calibration of the sensor to pH with the whole sensor installed on the float endcap and plumbed into the CTD flow stream. Normally, the TBT antifouling plug on the CTD should be removed for pH/nitrate calibration because the flow stream is recirculated during lab calibration, with a dummy in its place. But a new employee didn't get the message and we received the CTD's with TBT loaded. That has been verified. It's hard for us to tell if the TBT is present because the dummy TBT plug would be installed to provide the same mass during ballasting at UW and it looks just like the real thing. In any case, the final calibration took place with a small volume of Tris buffer at pH 8.2 recirculating through the TBT plug and TBT concentrations would have been quite high. TBT is very surface active, it's an organic metal oxide with a strong affinity for the oxide on the gate of the pH sensor, and it would have coated the pH sensor, resulting in an offset calibration. Coincidentally, we actually do two pH sensor calibrations. The first, for the sensor T and P response, is done in dilute HCl (the only solution we really know the proton activity properties of at high P) before the pH sensor is installed on the CTD and before the sensor would have seen TBT. The HCl and Tris calibrations normally produce very similar reference potentials for the sensor, but this time they did not. Unfortunately, we just did not do the comparison of the reference potential in HCl and Tris before we shipped the floats. It wasn't part of our protocol. The HCl calibration definitely has more error than the Tris calibration because its pH is so far from that of seawater (calibration at pH 2 to measure seawater pH near 8). When we applied the Tris calibration reference potential to the float data, the results for pH were way off, with large but constant offsets. But the HCl calibration gave pH values that were just about right on. In some cases, they're just right, in some case a little bit of adjustment is needed to bring sensor pH into agreement with the ship pH. The only way we can explain the weird Tris calibration is that something had coated the pH sensing surface and altered the sensor output during calibration. One other bit of evidence for contamination by TBT during the pH sensor calibration was that the first profile for each sensor had an even larger offset, that went away after one profile. Just as if something like adsorbed TBT was dissolving off the sensor. This also impacted the nitrate sensor and the first nitrate profiles are a bit odd too, with constant offsets that have since gone away. Coincidentally, TBT has a strong UV absorbance, which would affect the ISUS's spectrophotometric nitrate measurement. Normally, the TBT is not a problem when the float is deployed because levels are low as water constantly flows through the system, but during our lab calibrations it just recirculates and concentrations can build up. We're kind of picking on TBT, but it was the one anomaly in the calibration process that we can identify and the effects makes sense. So we're now processing the data using the HCl calibrations, in some cases with a small, constant offset added to account for non-linearities in sensor response that don't matter when calibrated near the pH it's measuring. Because of the TBT issue, we've ignored the first profile for all the floats and are only looking at profile 2 and on. The pH delta for pH from TA/DIC minus spectrophotometric pH has a standard deviation around 0.002 to 0.003 pH on each profile. The pH delta for sensor minus spectrophotometric pH is larger, about 0.007. Partly, that larger standard deviation is due to the problem of matching profiles at different times and in the upper ocean where gradients can be pretty steep. But even in the deeper water where concentrations should be more nearly invariant, the scatter for the sensor pH delta is a bit larger than the pH delta derived from measurements on a seawater sample. So we likely don't quite have the precision that the shipboard measurements do, but CLIVAR shipboard laboratory measurements of all properties are the "gold standard" and no autonomous sensors on Argo floats match the accuracy of these highest quality benchmark measurements. On the other hand, these floats will be out there for 5 years and will provide the first complete annual cycles of pH observed anywhere in Antarctic waters over many years, thus demonstrating, as for other sensors, the value of the combination of (i) high accuracy shipboard measurements against which to compare autonomous sensors with (ii) the many years of autonomous measurements that cannot be made from ships. 19. NASA OCEAN BIOLOGY/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY PROGRAM NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Branch, Field Support Group Participating team members: Joaquín E. Chaves Scott A. Freeman Michael G. Novak The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Field Support Group participated in the 2014 P16S CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography campaign on board the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer. The campaign departed from the Australian port of Hobart, Tasmania, on March 20, 2014, and arrived in Papeete, French Polynesia, on May 5, 2014. Measurements were mainly conducted along 150°W from the Ross Sea section of the Southern Ocean at 67°S, to the tropical waters of the SW Pacific Ocean at approximately 16°S. In addition to the 150°W meridian sampling, NASA deployed during five stations between Hobart and 67°S immediately preceding biogeochemical ARGO float deployments. The floats were equipped with WET Labs Inc., backscattering and chlorophyll fluorescence sensors, which can be compared to instruments on our IOP package. 19.1. NASA Science Objectives The P16S campaign presented a valuable opportunity to collect in-water optical measurements concurrently with phytoplankton pigments and other biogeochemical parameters to support NASA's satellite ocean color validation activities at GSFC. Phytoplankton pigments, taxonomy, and biogeochemical measurements Near-surface samples (~2 m) were collected for HPLC analysis of phytoplankton pigments, particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and spectral particulate (ap), and CDOM (ag) absorptions. Samples for the determination of phytoplankton taxonomy and cell abundance were also collected. For the parameters above, surface samples were collected with a peristaltic pump outfitted with an acid-clean silicon hose deployed over the side while on station. Additional subsurface samples from two depths within the photic zone (< 150 m) were collected from the CTD rosette at stations where concurrent optical measurements were conducted. The depths for these subsurface samples were chosen based on the location of the chlorophyll maximum. One sample was collected from the Niskin bottle nearest to the chlorophyll maximum, and one either above or below that feature. All filtration and cold sample preservation were conducted on board. Samples were transported to NASA-GSFC for further analyses. In addition to the samples processed and stored for on shore determination, ag was also measured on board on all CDOM samples shortly after collection on two UltraPath liquid waveguide systems (WPI, Inc.; Figure 19.1). An inventory of all samples collected for each parameter is presented in Table 19.1. The NASA team also collected CDOM samples for Norm Nelson at UCSB. Samples were collected at 16 stations from the rosette casts along the P16S line. Samples were collected once daily every other day from the top 9 depths and from 9 additional depths down the bottom. In-Water Optical Measurements (AOPs, IOPs) The package to measure inherent optical properties (IOPs) was equipped with two attenuation and absorption spectrometers (ac-s, ac-9; WET Labs, Inc.). The ac-9 was equipped with a 0.2 um pre-filter to allow the in situ measurement of ap. The IOP package also included two scattering meters (bb-9, VSF-9; WET Labs, Inc.), and a Sea Bird SBE 45 CTD. The ac-s and ac-9 meters measure absorption and attenuation (and total scattering by difference) at 90 and 9 wavelengths, respectively, between 400 and 740 nm, while the bb-9 measures backscatter at 9 wavelengths and 117°. The VSF-9 measures scattering at 9 angles from 60° to 170° at 532 nm. The package performed casts down to 200m depth at 37 stations during the campaign (Table 19.2). Apparent optical properties (AOPs), both downwelling irradiance (Ed) and upwelling radiance (Lu), were measured using a Satlantic, Inc., HyperPro radiometer during 14 of the 16 stations where AOP measurements were conducted (Table 19.3). Unfortunately, during the deployment on station 80 the HyperPro was lost due to contact between the instrument cable and the ship propeller. For the last two stations where AOP deployments were possible, a Biospherical Instruments C-OPS system was used. For both instrument systems, incoming solar irradiance (Es) was measured with a matching reference radiometer. The HyperPro system measured radiance and irradiance at 255 wavelengths between 305 and 1140 nm, while the C-OPS measured the same parameters at 19 wavelengths between 305 and 900 nm. AOP measurements were conducted once daily within ± 2 h of local solar noon when weather conditions permitted down to the 1% of surface light level. Additionally, we conducted solar radiometry at six stations using a Microtops Sun Photometer. The Microtops is a small, handheld instrument, which measures solar radiance at five wavelengths. These data will be incorporated into the AERONET database. Underway IOP Measurements During the entire campaign, with the exception of the transit through the Australian EEZ, we conducted IOP measurements with an underway system that included an ac-s meter, a VSF-3 scattering meter, and two fluorometers for chlorophyll and CDOM, respectively. All the above instruments in the underway system are from WET Labs, Inc. In addition to the optical instruments, the system included a SeaBird SBE45 thermosalinograph and a Sequoia Inc. valve flow control unit, which switched hourly between whole seawater and 0.2 um filtered water to measure ap. Three times per day, distilled water was run through the entire system to calibrate the ac-s and VSF-3. Because the same ac-s was used in the IOP package, the underway system was turned off while at stations. It performed very well throughout; however as the campaign progressed into warmer subtropical and tropical waters, biofouling from algae growth was noticeable in the lines that fed the ship clean seawater into the system. Further comparisons with other in situ measurements conducted during the cruise will be necessary to validate the data collected by the underway system, particularly during the second half of the campaign. 19.2. Tables and Figures Table 19.1: Biogeochemical samples collected during the P16S campaign by the NASA team. Parameter Number of samples collected --------------------------------- --------------------------- HPLC Pigments 261 ap 187 POC 357 ag 143 DOC 513 Phytoplankton abundance, taxonomy 176 Total 1637 Table 19.2: Inherent optical properties (IOPs) instrument casts during the P16S CLIVAR campaign. Sky Wind Condi- Wind direc- Date UTC, Beg time, end time, Sta- Latitude, Longitude, Depth, tions, speed, tion, yyymmdd UTC UTC tion dec. deg. dec. deg. m % m/s deg. --------- --------- --------- ---- ----------- ----------- ------ ------ ------ ------ 20140326 7:05:03 7:14:59 1 -60.0013833 174.00135 4514 dark 15 300 20140326 7:42:55 8:18:29 1 -60.0013833 174.00135 4514 dark 15 300 20140328 3:52:14 4:24:03 2 -63.4997833 -176.000166 3275 100 17 105 20140330 6:53:04 7:27:20 3 -65.6917666 -161.894633 4096 dark 14 260 20140331 0:31:30 1:04:37 4 -66.4994166 -155.999933 4056 100 7 160 20140331 20:52:11 21:25:10 5 -67.0002833 -149.998583 4021 100 5 200 20140401 23:06:19 23:39:09 8 -65.48895 -150.019783 3275 100 9 320 20140403 7:43:44 8:13:41 11 -63.9984166 -150.000233 3268 dark 20 260 20140406 20:14:59 20:46:14 16 -58.9981833 -149.999583 2700 100 17 300 20140407 3:46:26 4:18:33 17 -60 -149.9996 2743 100 15 290 20140407 22:00:18 22:33:25 19 -61.00005 -150.000083 3200 100 11 300 20140409 4:24:22 4:44:14 22 -57.5001333 -149.998633 3364 dark 16 295 20140410 3:54:17 4:25:23 25 -55.9997666 -149.999366 3416 dark 16 273 20140411 7:56:28 8:27:08 27 -54.9995 -150.000916 3768 dark 10 220 20140411 8:40:07 9:09:31 27 -54.99955 -150.000916 3768 dark 10 220 20140411 22:26:07 22:58:46 29 -54.0067333 -149.999333 3255 100 10 295 20140412 21:11:42 21:45:46 32 -52.4994166 -149.998733 4661 100 14 330 20140413 22:57:00 23:30:11 35 -51.0005333 -150.000416 4951 100 14 110 20140414 9:47:42 10:20:42 37 -50.00121 -150.000198 4257 dark 10 41 20140414 21:25:05 21:48:38 38 -49.5000666 -150.000083 4177 100 8 335 20140415 20:18:22 20:45:39 40 -48.3336333 -149.999966 4865 100 13 310 20140416 23:55:33 0:25:27 43 -46.336345 -149.99083 5229 30 10 290 20140417 22:34:12 23:04:50 45 -44.99985 -150.000833 5310 60 17 212 20140418 22:44:23 23:13:46 48 -42.9957 -149.997866 5194 100 4 198 20140420 1:25:16 1:54:39 51 -41.0031 -149.999733 5622 90 5 64 20140420 23:09:36 23:37:35 53 -39.6671666 -149.9999 5269 100 15 80 20140422 5:04:07 5:34:03 56 -37.666615 -149.999893 5636 dark 15 80 20140423 1:16:55 1:48:57 58 -36.3290666 -149.992683 5855 70 10 263 20140423 22:59:56 23:27:24 60 -35.0000333 -150 5279 20 8 270 20140424 20:19:04 20:44:46 63 -33.0003833 -149.999916 5458 100 10.5 14 20140425 0:40:05 1:07:45 66 -31.0000333 -149.999366 4259 50 12 12 20140426 21:52:34 22:20:15 68 -29.6662166 -150.000566 4223 30 13 220 20140427 22:50:34 23:18:08 71 -27.6670833 -149.999633 4398 100 6 167 20140428 19:51:43 20:15:37 74 -25.6668 -150 4516 50 9 181 20140429 20:49:46 21:15:59 77 -23.66645 -149.9999 4737 40 11 157 20140430 21:52:21 22:20:43 80 -21.666683 -150.000166 4691 30 10 160 20140501 21:38:14 22:03:40 83 -19.6666333 -149.999833 3974 30 6 130 20140502 21:51:11 22:00:08 86 -17.6668666 -150.000066 5632 30 3 97 20140502 22:08:12 22:35:20 86 -17.6668666 -150.000066 5632 30 3 97 20140503 22:20:13 22:47:10 89 -15.666 -150.0082 4064 50 8 105 Table 19.3: Apparent optic al properties (AOPs) casts during the P16S CLIVAR campaign. Sky Wind Condi- Wind direc- Date UTC, Beg time, end time, Sta- Latitude, Longitude, Depth, tions, speed, tion, yyymmdd UTC UTC tion dec. deg. dec. deg. m % m/s deg. --------- --------- --------- ---- ----------- ----------- ------ ------ ------ ------ 20140331 1:12:33 1:26:30 4 -66.4994 -155.9999 4056 100 7 160 20140331 21:49:37 22:02:07 5 -67.0002 -149.99858 4021 100 5 200 20140401 22:39:16 22:51:52 8 -65.4875 -150.02902 3275 100 9 320 20140411 23:07:33 23:19:52 29 -54.0064 -149.9104 3255 100 10 290 20140416 23:24:54 23:37:43 43 -46.336345 -149.9908 5229 30 10 290 20140418 22:14:10 22:26:34 48 -42.99955 -149.9997 5194 100 4 194 20140420 1:01:14 1:15:03 51 -41.0022 -149.999725 5622 90 5 64 20140423 0:46:18 1:01:46 58 -36.33223 -149.998183 5910 90 10 270 20140423 23:39:22 23:54:47 60 -34.999633 -149.998266 5248 20 8 262 20140424 20:57:20 21:02:47 63 -33.0035 -149.9998 5750 100 10 10 20140424 21:15:38 21:24:44 63 -33.0035 -149.9998 5750 100 10 10 20140427 23:27:15 23:40:16 71 -27.666183 -149.99923 4423 90 5 200 20140427 23:41:01 23:49:47 71 -27.66618 -149.9992 4423 90 5 200 20140428 23:52:35 23:57:21 74 -25.6667 -150.0001 4527 60 10 180 20140429 21:24:46 21:46:43 77 -23.666483 -149.9999 4737 60 11 157 20140430 22:28:07 22:40:16 80 -21.66668 -150.0003 4690 30 12 155 20140501 22:41:33 22:46:14 83 -19.664906 -149.99989 3991 30 5 125 20140501 22:49:37 22:52:52 83 -19.66490 -149.99989 3991 30 5 125 20140501 22:59:46 23:03:47 83 -19.664906 -149.99989 3991 30 5 125 20140501 23:05:20 23:08:14 83 -19.664906 -149.9998 3991 30 5 125 20140503 21:51:52 21:54:05 89 -15.6663 -150.0017 4217 50 8 120 20140503 22:00:13 22:04:35 89 -15.666366 -150.0017 4217 50 8 120 20140503 22:04:00 22:06:23 89 -15.6663666 -150.0017 4217 50 8 120 Figure 19.1: Spectral absorption coefficient of CDOM from surface samples collected during the P16S CLIVAR campaign. DATA REPORT NBP1403 March 20, 2014 - May 5, 2014 RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer United States Antarctic Program Antarctic Support Contractor Prepared by Joe Tarnow and Bryan Chambers Data Report NBP1403 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS AT A GLANCE EXTRACTING DATA DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS CRUISE INFORMATION Cruise Track Satellite Images NBP DATA PRODUCTS MGD77 SCIENCE OF OPPORTUNITY ADCP pCO2 CRUISE SCIENCE XBT RVDAS Sensors and Instruments Underway Sensors Meteorology and Radiometry Geophysics Oceanography Navigational Instruments Data Underway Data /rvdas/uw Sound Velocity Probe (svp1) Meteorology (mwx1) MET string PUS string SUS string Knudsen (knud) Fluorometer (flr1) pCO2 (pco2) Micro-TSG (tsg1) Micro-TSG #2 (tsg2) Gravimeter (grv1) Engineering (eng1) Hydro-DAS (hdas) GUV Data (pguv) Remote Temperature (rtmp) Oxygen Data (oxyg) Winch Data (bwnc, twnc, cwnc) Navigational Data /rvdas/nav Seapath GPS (seap) Trimble (P-Code) GPS (PCOD) Gyro Compass (gyr1) ADCP Course (adcp) Processed Data /process/ pCO2-merged Calculations PAR PSP PIR ACQUISITION PROBLEMS AND EVENTS 26 APPENDIX: SENSORS AND CALIBRATIONS 27 Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 Introduction The NBP data acquisition systems continuously log data from the instruments used during the cruise. This document describes: • The structure and organization of the data on the distribution media • The format and contents of the data strings • Formulas for calculating values • Information about the specific instruments in use during the cruise • A log of acquisition problems and events during the cruise that may affect the data • Scanned calibration sheets for the instruments in use during the cruise. The data is distributed on a DVD-R written in written in UDF format. It is readable by most modern computer platforms. All the data has been compressed using Unix "gzip," identified by the ".tz" extension. It has been copied to the distribution media in the Unix tar archive format, ".tar" extension. Tools are available on all platforms for uncompressing and de-archiving these formats: On Macintosh, one can use Stuffit Expander with DropStuff. On Windows operating systems, one can use WinZip or 7zip. MultiBeam and raw ADCP data are distributed separately. IMPORTANT: Read the last section, "Acquisition Problems and Events," for important information that may affect the processing of this data. Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 20. Distribution Contents at a Glance Volume 1 of 1: NBP1403 File Description / Root level directory NBP1403.trk Text file of cruise track (lat,lon) NBP1403.mgd Full Cruise MGD77 data file NBP1403.gmt GMT binary file of MGD77 data INSTCOEF.TXT Instrument Coefficient File 1403DATA.docx Data Report NBP1403 (MS Word) 1403DATA.pdf Data Report NBP1403 (PDF format) /cal-sheets Calibration Sheets NBP1403-Sensors.doc Sensor Calibration Sheet Reference NBP1403-CalSheets.zip Sensor Calibration Sheet files /plots Cruise track plots CruiseTrackMap.jpeg Cruise track plot (JPEG format) WebCruiseTrackMap.jpeg Cruise track plot (PNG format) /process Processed data 1403JGOF.tz JGOFS format data files 1403QC.tz Daily RVDAS QC postcript plots 1403PCO2.tz Merged pCO2 data files 1403MGD.tz MGD Data 1403PROC.tz Other processed data /rvdas/nav Navigation data 1403dcp.tz ADCP Data Sets 1403gyr1.tz Gyro raw data 1403PCOD.tz Trimble P-code raw data 1403seap.tz Seapath data /rvdas/uw Underway data 1403Abwnc.tz Baltic winch data 1403Actdd.tz CTD depth data 1403Aeng1.tz Engineering data 1403Ahdas.tz HydroDAS raw data 1403Aknud.tz Knudsen raw data 1403Ambdp.tz Multibeam depth data 1403Amwx1.tz Meteorology raw data 1403Aoxyg.tz Oxygen sensor 1403Apco2.tz pCO2 raw data 1403Apguv.tz GUV raw data 1403Artmp.tz Sound velocity probe (in ADCP well) 1403Atsg1.tz Micro TSG data 1403Atsg2.tz 2nd Micro TSG data /Imagery Satellite Imagery 1403Imagery.tz Collection of Imagery Files /ocean Ocean data 1403ctd.tz CTD Data Raw multibeam data Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 Extracting Data The Unix tar command has many options. It is often useful to know exactly how an archive was produced when expanding its contents. All archives are gzipped tar files and were created using the command, tar -czvf archive_filename files_to_archive To create a list of the files in the archive, use the Unix command, tar -tvf archive_filename > contents.list where contents.list is the name of the file to create To extract the files from the archive: tar -xvf archive_filename file(s)_to_extract G-zipped files will have a ".tz" extension on the filename. ".tz" stands for tared and gziped. These files can be decompressed after de-archiving, using the Unix command, gunzip filename.tz Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 20.3. Distribution Contents Cruise Information NBP1403 departed Hobart, Tasmania on March 20, 2014 Data logging was started on March 20, 2014 08:15 UTC Data logging was ended on May 04, 2014 16:00 UTC Cruise Track The distribution DVD includes a GMT cruise track file (NBP1403.trk). It contains the longitude and latitude of the ship's position at one-minute intervals extracted from the NBP1403.gmt file. JPEG cruise track files have been produced and placed in the /plots directory. Satellite Images Satellite Images received for this cruise can be found in the file called /Imagery/1403Imagery.tar. Each type of image is contained in a .tz file within that file. NBP Data Products The IT staff on the NBP creates two processed data products for every cruise: JGOFS and MGD77. The data processing scripts used to produce JGOFS and MGD77 data sets create a lot of intermediate files. These files are included on the data distribution media in a file called /process/1403proc.tar. These files are not intended to be end-products. They are included to make re-processing easier in the event of an error, but no extensive detail of the formats is included in this document. If you have any questions, please contact itvessel@usap.gov. Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 JGOFS The JGOFS data set can be found on the distribution media in the file /process/1403jgof.tar. The archive contains one file produced for each day named jgDDD.dat.tz, where DDD is the year-day the data was acquired. The ".tz" extension indicates that the individual files are compressed before archiving. Each daily file consists of 22 columnar fields in text format as described in the table below. The JGOFS data set is created from calibrated data decimated at one-minute intervals. Several fields are derived measurements from more than a single raw input. For example, Course Made Good (CMG) and Speed Over Ground (SOG) are calculated from gyro and GPS inputs. Daily plots during the cruise are produced from the JGOFS data set. Note: Null, unused, or unknown fields are indicated as "NAN" 9999 in the JGOFS data. Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------- --------------------- 01 UTC date dd/mm/yy 02 UTC time hh:mm:ss 03 SEAPATH latitude (negative is South) tt.tttt 04 SEAPATH longitude (negative is West) ggg.gggg 05 Speed over ground Knots 06 GPS HDOP - 07 Gyro Heading Degrees (azimuth) 08 Course made good Degrees (azimuth) 09 Mast PAR µEinsteins/meter2 sec 10 Sea surface temperature (remote) °C 11 Sea surface conductivity (TSG1) siemens/meter 12 Sea surface salinity (TSG1) PSU 13 Sea depth meters (uncorrected, calc. sw sound vel. 1500 m/s) 14 True wind speed (max speed windbird) meters/sec 15 True wind direction (max speed windbird) degrees (azimuth) 16 Ambient air temperature °C 17 Relative humidity % 18 Barometric pressure mBars 19 Sea surface fluorometry µg/l (mg/m3) 20 Transmissometer % 21 PSP W/m2 22 PIR W/m2 Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 MGD77 The MGD77 data set is contained in a single file for the entire cruise. It can be found in the top level of the distribution data structure as NBP1403.mgd. The file NBP1403.gmt is created from the MGD77 dataset using the "mgd77togmt" utility. NBP1403.gmt can be used with the GMT plotting package. The data used to produce the NBP1403.mgd file can be found on the distribution media in the file /process/1403proc.tar. The data files in the archive contain a day's data and follow the naming convention Dddd.fnl.tz, where ddd is the year- day. These files follow a space-delimited columnar format that may be more accessible for some purposes. They contain data at one-second intervals rather than one minute and are individually "gzipped" to save space. Below is a detailed description of the MGD77 data set format. The other files in the archive contain interim processing files and are included to simplify possible reprocessing of the data using the RVDAS NBP processing scripts. All decimal points are implied. Leading zeros and blanks are equivalent. Unknown or unused fields are filled with 9's. All "corrections", such as time zone, diurnal magnetics, and EOTVOS, are understood to be added. Col Len Type Contents Description, Possible Values, Notes ------- --- ---- --------------------- --------------------------------------- 1 1 Int Data record type Set to "5" for data record 2-9 8 Char Survey identifier 10-12 3 int Time zone correction Corrects time (in characters 13-27) to UTC when added; 0 = UTC 13-16 4 int Year 4 digit year 17-18 2 int Month 2 digit month 19-20 2 int Day 2 digit day 21-22 2 int Hour 2 digit hour 23-27 5 real Minutes x 1000 28-35 8 real Latitude x 100000 + = North - = South. (-9000000 to 9000000) 36-44 9 real Longitude x 100000 + = East - = West. (-18000000 to 18000000) 45 1 int Position type code 1=Observed fix 3=Interpolated 9=Unspecified 46-51 6 real Bathymetry, 2-way In 10,000th of seconds. Corrected for travel time transducer depth and other such corrections 52-57 6 real Bathymetry, corrected In tenths of meters. depth 58-59 2 int Bathymetric correction This code details the procedure used code for determining the sound velocity correction to depth 60 1 int Bathymetric type code 1 = Observed 3 = Interpolated (Header Seq. 12) 9 = Unspecified 61-66 6 real Magnetics total field, In tenths of nanoteslas (gammas) 1ST sensor 67-72 6 real Magnetics total field, In tenths of nanoteslas (gammas), for 2ND sensor trailing sensor 73-78 6 real Magnetics residual In tenths of nanoteslas (gammas). The field reference field used is in Header Seq. 13 79 1 int Sensor for residual 1 = 1st or leading sensor field 2 = 2nd or trailing sensor 9 = Unspecified 80-84 5 real Magnetics diurnal In tenths of nanoteslas (gammas). (In correction nanoteslas) if 9-filled (i.e., set to "+9999"), total and residual fields are assumed to be uncorrected; if used, total and residuals are assumed to have been already corrected. 85-90 6 F6.0 Depth or altitude of (In meters) magnetics sensor + = Below sea level 3 = Above sea level 91-97 7 real Observed gravity In 10th of mgals. Corrected for Eotvos, drift, tares 98-103 6 real EOTVOS correction In 10th of mgals. E = 7.5 V cos phi sin alpha + 0.0042 V*V 104-108 5 real Free-air anomaly In 10th of mgals G = observed G = theoretical 109-113 5 char Seismic line number Cross-reference for seismic data 114-119 6 char Seismic shot-point number 120 1 int Quality code for 5=Suspected, by the originating institution navigation 6=Suspected, by the data center 9=No identifiable problem found Science of Opportunity ADCP The shipboard ADCP system measures currents in a depth range from about 30 to 300 m --in good weather. In bad weather or in ice, the range is reduced, and sometimes no valid measurements are made. ADCP data collection is the OPP-funded project of Eric Firing (University of Hawaii) and Teri Chereskin (Scripps Institution of Oceanography). Data is collected on both the LMG and the NBP for the benefit of scientists on individual cruises, and for the long-term goal of building a profile of current structure in the Southern Ocean. A data feed is sent from the ADCP system to RVDAS whenever a reference layer is acquired. This feed contains east and north vectors for ship's speed, relative to the reference layer, and ship's heading. Collected files (one per day) are archived in 1403adcp.tar in the directory /rvdas/nav. pCO2 The NBP carries a pCO2 measurement system from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO). pCO2 data is recorded by RVDAS and transmitted to LDEO at the end of each cruise. You will find pCO2 data in a file named 1403pco2.tar in the /process directory, which contains the pCO2 instrument's data merged with GPS, meteorological and other oceanographic measurements. For more information contact Colm Sweeney (csweeney@ldeo.columbia.edu). Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 Cruise Science XBT During the cruise, eXpendable BathyThermographs were used to obtain water column temperature profiles, providing corrections to the sound velocity profile for the multibeam system. The data files from these launches are included as 1403xbt.tar in the /ocean directory. No XBTs were collected on this cruise. RVDAS The Research Vessel Data Acquisition System (RVDAS) was developed at Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University and has been in use on its research ship for many years. It has been extensively adapted for use on the USAP research vessels. Daily data processing of the RVDAS data is performed to calibrate and convert values into useable units and as a quality-control on operation of the DAS. Raw and processed data sets from RVDAS are included in the data distribution. The tables below provide detailed information on the sensors and data. Be sure to read the "Significant Acquisition Events" section for important information about data acquisition during this cruise. Sensors and Instruments RVDAS data is divided into two general categories, underway and navigation. They can be found on the distribution media as subdirectories under the top level rvdas directory: /rvdas/uw, and /rvdas/nav. Processed oceanographic data is in the top level directory, /process. Each instrument or sensor produces a data file named with its channel ID. Each data file is g-zipped to save space on the distribution media. Not all data types are collected every day or on every cruise. The naming convention for data files produced by the sensors and instruments is NBP[CruiseID][ChannelID].dDDD Example: NBP1403mwx1.d025 • The CruiseID is the numeric name of the cruise, in this case, NBP1403. • The ChannelID is a 4-character code representing the system being logged. An example is "mwx1," the designation for meteorology. • DDD is the day of year the data was collected Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 UNDERWAY SENSORS Meteorology and Radiometry Measurement Channel Collect. Rate Instrument ID Status -------------------- ------- ------------- ------ ------------------- Air Temperature mwx1 continuous 1 sec R.M. Young 41372LC Relative Humidity mwx1 continuous 1 sec R.M. Young 41372LC Wind Speed/Direction mwx1 continuous 1 sec Gill 1390-PK-062/R Barometer mwx1 continuous 1 sec R.M. Young 61201 PIR (LW radiation) mwx1 continuous 1 sec Eppley PIR PSP (SW radiation) mwx1 continuous 1 sec Eppley PSP PAR mwx1 continuous 1 sec BSI QSR-240 GUV pguv continuous 2 sec BSI PUV-2511 PUV pguv not collected BSI PUG-2500 Geophysics Measurement Channel Collect. Rate Instrument ID Status -------------------- ------- ------------- ------ ------------------- Gravimeter grv1 continuous 1 sec BGM-3 Magnetometer mag1 continuous 15 sec EG&G G-866 Bathymetry knud continuous Varies Knudsen 320B/R Knudsen 3260 Oceanography Measurement Channel Collect. Rate Instrument ID Status -------------------- ------- ------------- ------ ------------------- Conductivity mtsg Continuous 6 sec SeaBird SBE-45 Salinity mtsg Continuous 6 sec Calc. from pri. temp Sea Surface Temp mtsg Continuous 6 sec SeaBird SBE 38 Fluorometry hdas Continuous 2 sec WET Lab AFL Transmissometry hdas Continuous 2 sec WET Lab C-Star pCO2 pco2 Continuous 70 sec (LDEO) ADCP adcp Continuous varies RD Instruments Oxygen oxyg Continuous 10 sec Oxygen Optode 3835 Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 Navigational Instruments Measurement Channel Collect. Rate Instrument ID Status -------------------- ------- ------------ ------- ------------------- Trimble GPS PCOD Continuous 1 sec Trimble 20636-00SM Gyro gyr1 Continuous 0.2 sec Yokogawa Gyro Sea Path seap Continuous 1 sec SeaPath 330 Data Data are received from the RVDAS system via RS-232 serial connections. A time tag is added at the beginning of each line of data in the form, yy+dd:hh:mm:ss.sss [data stream from instrument] where yy = two-digit year ddd = day of year hh = 2 digit hour of the day mm = 2 digit minute ss.sss = seconds All times are reported in UTC. The delimiters that separate fields in the raw data files are often spaces and commas but can be other characters such as : = @. Occasionally no delimiter is present. Care should be taken when reprocessing the data that the field's separations are clearly understood. In the sections below a sample data string is shown, followed by a table that lists the data contained in the string. Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 Underway Data /rvdas/uw Each section below describes a type of data file (file name extension in parentheses) followed by a typical line of data in the file. In the table(s) for each section is a description of the fields within each line of data. Note: most data files listed below will be included with each cruise's data distribution; however some types of files may be omitted if the instrument was not operating during the cruise. The available data files can be found in the /rvdas/uw directory on the distribution disc. Sound Velocity Probe (svp1) 08+330:00:00:49.011 1519.35 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 1 RVDAS Time tag 2 Sound velocity in ADCP sonar well m/s Meteorology (mwx1) There are 3 different data strings in the mwx1 data file: MET 08+330:23:59:57.725 MET,12.1,-54,6.64,88.7,111.3374,0.02414567,– 0.4827508,282.9581,281.8823,1005.119 PUS 08+330:23:59:58.546 PUS,A,020,008.53,M,+337.12,+009.00,00,0F SUS 08+330:23:59:58.779 SUS,A,017,008.76,M,+335.53,+006.35,00,02 MET string Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 MET (string flag) 3 Power Supply Voltage V 4 Enclosure Relative Humidity (not currently implemented) % 5 Air temperature °C 6 Air Relative Humidity % 7 PAR (photosynthetically available radiation)* mV 8 PSP (short wave radiation)* mV 9 PIR Thermopile (long wave radiation)* mV 10 PIR Case Temperature °Kelvin 11 PIR Dome Temperature °Kelvin 12 Barometer mBar *See page 21 for calculations. Antarctic Support Contract United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 PUS string Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 PUS (string flag) 3 A (unit identification) 4 Port Wind direction relative deg 5 Port Wind speed relative m/s 6 Units 7 Sound Speed m/s 8 Sonic Temperature °C 9 Unit Status (00 or 60 are good, any other value indicates fault) 10 Check Sum SUS string Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 SUS (string flag) 3 A (unit identification) 4 Starboard Wind direction relative deg 5 Starboard Wind speed relative m/s 6 Units 7 Sound Speed m/s 8 Sonic Temperature °C 9 Unit Status (00 or 60 are good, any other value indicates fault) 10 Check Sum KNUDSEN (knud) 99+099:00:18:19.775 3.5kHz,2540.55,0,12kHz,2540.55,,1500,-65.445954,-166.7773183 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 LF = Low frequency flag (3.5 kHz) 3 Low frequency depth meters 4 LF quality 5 HF = High frequency flag (12 kHz) 6 High frequency depth meters 7 HF quality 8 Sound Speed 9 Lat 10 Lon FLUOROMETER (flr1) This Fluorometer is not in use. The current Fluorometer goes to the hdas string. 00+019:23:59:58.061 0 0818 :: 1/19/00 17:23:17 = 0.983 (RAW) 1.2 (C) Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Marker 0 to 8 3 4-digit index 4 Date mm/dd/yy 5 Time hh:mm:ss 6 Signal 7 Signal units of measurement 8 Cell temperature (if temperature compensation package is installed) 9 Temperature units (if temperature compensation package is installed) pCO2 (pco2) 00+021:23:59:43.190 2000021.99920 2382.4 984.2 30.73 50.8 345.9 334.1 -1.70 68.046 -144.446 Equil Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 pCO2 time tag (decimal is fractional time of day) yyyyddd.ttt 3 Raw voltage (IR) mV 4 Cell temperature °C 5 Barometer MBar 6 Concentration ppm 7 Equilibrated temperature °C 8 pCO2 pressure microAtm 9 Flow rate ml/min 10 Source ID # 1 or 2 digits 11 Valve position 1 or 2 digits 12 Flow source (Equil = pCO2 measurement) text MICRO-TSG (tsg1) 08+330:23:59:40.894 5.9322, 3.34685, 34.0550, 1473.281 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Internal Temperature °C 3 Conductivity s/m 4 Salinity PSU 5 Sound velocity m/s MICRO-TSG #2 (tsg2) 08+330:23:59:40.894 5.9322, 3.34685, 34.0550, 1473.281 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Internal Temperature °C 3 Conductivity s/m 4 Salinity PSU 5 Sound velocity m/s GRAVIMETER (grv1) 14+050:00:01:32.363 01:025415 00 Field Data Conversion Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 01: 3 Gravity count mgal = count x 4.99407552 + bias count 4 Error Flag ENGINEERING (eng1) 13+079:10:22:16.035 12.26 19.68 507.4 0.3 173.3 -751.9 0 0 NAN NAN 43.2 85.7 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Power Supply Voltage V 3 Internal Case Temperature °C 4 Pump #1 flow rate (aquarium room) L/min 5 Pump #2 flow rate (helo deck) L/min 6 Pump #3 flow rate (hydro-lab) L/min 7 Seismic air pressure Lbs/sq-in 8 PIR case resistance (not currently hooked up, Kohm data is irrelevant) 9 PIR case ratiometric output (not currently hooked up, mV data is irrelevant) 10 Freezer #1 temperature °C 11 Freezer #2 temperature °C 12 Altimeter, OIS benthic (yoyo) camera; distance from m the seafloor 13 Transmissometer, OIS benthic (yoyo) camera % *See page 24 for PIR calculations. HYDRO-DAS (hdas) 08+330:23:59:41.877 12.15836 14.22853 368.9655 4060.69 -1 65.5 65.5 80 57 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Supply voltage V 3 Panel temperature °C 4 Fluorometer mV 5 Transmissometer mV 6 Sea Water Valve (-1 = stern thruster valve, 0 = moon pool valve) 7 Flow meter 1 frequency Hz 8 Flow meter 2 frequency Hz Flow meter 3 frequency Hz 9 Flow meter 4 frequency Hz GUV DATA (pguv) 08+330:23:59:40.328 112508 235940 .000197 1.856E-1 1.116E0 4.987E-2 -1.959E-4 1.637E0 4.153E-3 1.76E0 42.296 17.844 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Date mmddyy 3 Time (UTC) hhmmss 4 Ed0Gnd V 5 Ed0320 uW (cm^2 nm) 6 Ed0340 uW (cm^2 nm) 7 Ed0313 uW (cm^2 nm) 8 Ed0305 uW (cm^2 nm) 9 Ed0380 uW (cm^2 nm) 10 Ed0PAR uE (cm^2 nm) 11 Ed0395 uW (cm^2 nm) 12 Ed0Temp °C 13 Ed0Vin V Remote Temperature (rtmp) 07+272:00:00:15.960 -1.7870 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 Temperature at seawater intake °C OXYGEN DATA (oxyg) Internal reference salinity is set to 34 ppt. For further information on this data, contact Sharon Stammerjohn, sstammer@ucsc.edu. 11+011:00:21:48.109 MEASUREMENT 3835 1424 Oxygen: 334.01 Saturation: 90.71 Temperature: -0.78 DPhase: 37.65 BPhase: 35.95 RPhase: 0.00 BAmp: 212.13 BPot: 30.00 RAmp: 0.00 RawTem.: 788.05 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2-4 Measurement ID, Model Number, Serial Number alphanumeric 5 Oxygen heading text 6 Oxygen Reading µM 7 Saturation heading text 8 Saturation Reading % 9 Temperature heading text 10 Water Temperature °C 11 Dphase heading text 12 Dphase Raw numeric 13 Rphase heading Text 14 Rphase Raw numeric 15 Bamp heading Text 16 Bamp Raw numeric 17 Bpot heading Text 18 Bpot Raw numeric 19 Ramp heading Text 20 Ramp Raw numeric 21 RawTem heading Text 22 RawTemp V WINCH DATA (bwnc, twnc, cwnc) 13+157:04:20:20.976 ^^^A03RD,2013-06-06T04:20:29.352,BALTIC,00000236,00000.0,- 00009.3,3306 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag alphanumeric 2 LAN ID alphanumeric 3 LCI-90i Date and Time alphanumeric 4 Winch Name alphanumeric 5 Tension lbs 6 Speed m/min 7 Pay-out m 8 Checksum numeric NAVIGATIONAL DATA /rvdas/nav Seapath GPS (seap) The Seapath GPS outputs the following data strings, four in NMEA format and two in proprietary PSXN format: • GPZDA • GPGGA • GPVTG • GPHDT • PSXN, 20 • PSXN, 22 • PSXN, 23 GPZDA 02+253:00:00:00.772 $GPZDA,235947.70,09,09,2002,,*7F Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $GPZDA 3 time hhmmss.ss 4 Day dd 5 Month mm 6 Year yyyy 7 (empty field) 8 Checksum GPGGA 02+253:00:00:00.938 GPGGA,235947.70,6629.239059,S,06827.668899,W,1,07,1.0,11.81,M,,M,,*6F Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $GPGGA 3 time hhmmss.ss 4 Latitude ddmm.mmmmmm 5 N or S for north or south latitude 6 Longitude ddmm.mmmmmm 7 E or W for east or west longitude 8 GPS quality indicator, 0=invalid, 1=GPS SPS, 2=DGPS, 3=PPS, 4=RTK, 5=float RTK, 6=dead reckoning 9 number of satellites in use (00-99) 10 HDOP x.x 9 height above ellipsoid in meters m.mm 11 M 12 (empty field) 13 M 14 age of DGPS corrections in seconds s.s 15 DGPS reference station ID (0000-1023) 16 Checksum GPVTG 02+253:00:00:00.940 $INVTG,19.96,T,,M,4.9,N,,K,A*39 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $GPVTG 3 course over ground, degrees true d.dd 4 T 5 , 6 M 7 speed over ground in knots k.k 8 N 9 , 10 K 11 Mode 12 Checksum GPHDT 02+253:00:00:00.941 $GPHDT,20.62,T*23 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $GPHDT 3 Heading, degrees true d.dd 4 T 5 Checksum PSXN,20 02+253:00:00:00.942 $PSXN,20,0.43,0.43*39 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $PSXN 3 20 4 Horizontal position & velocity quality: 0=normal, 1=reduced performance, 2=invalid data 5 Height & vertical velocity quality: 0=normal, 1=reduced performance, 2=invalid data 6 Heading quality: 0=normal, 1=reduced performance, 2=invalid data 7 Roll & pitch quality: 0=normal, 1=reduced performance, 2=invalid data 8 Checksum PSXN,22 02+253:00:00:00.942 $PSXN,22,0.43,0.43*39 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $PSXN 3 22 4 gyro calibration value since system start-up in degrees d.dd 5 short term gyro offset in degrees d.dd 6 Checksum PSXN,23 02+253:00:00:02.933 $PSXN,23,0.47,0.57,20.62,0.03*0C Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $PSXN 3 23 4 roll in degrees, positive with port side up d.dd 5 pitch in degrees, positive with bow up d.dd 6 Heading, degrees true d.dd 7 heave in meters, positive down m.mm 8 Checksum TRIMBLE (P-CODE) GPS (PCOD) The Trimble GPS, which formerly output Precise Position (P-Code) strings, but now only outputs Standard Position (Civilian) strings, outputs three NMEA standard data strings: • Position fix (GGA) • Latitude / longitude (GLL), • Track and ground speed (VTG) GGA: GPS Position Fix - Geoid/Ellipsoid 01+319:00:04:11.193 $GPGGA,000410.312,6227.8068,S,06043.6738,W,1,06,1.0, 031.9,M,-017.4,M,,*49 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS Time tag 2 $GPGGA 3 UTC time at position hhmmss.sss 4 Latitude ddmm.mmm 5 North (N) or South (S) 6 Longitude ddmm.mmm 7 East (E) or West (W) 8 GPS quality: 0 = Fix not available or invalid 1 = GPS, SPS mode, fix valid 2 = DGPS (differential GPS), SPS mode, fix valid 3 = P-CODE PPS mode, fix valid 9 Number of GPS satellites used 10 HDOP (horizontal dilution of precision) 11 Antenna height meters 12 M for meters 13 Geoidal height meters 14 M for meters 15 Age of differential GPS data (no data in the sample string) 16 Differential reference station ID (no data in the sample string) 17 Checksum (no delimiter before this field) GLL: GPS Latitude/Longitude 01+319:00:04:11.272 $GPGLL,6227.8068,S,06043.6738,W,000410.312,A*32 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS Time tag 2 $GPGLL 3 Latitude degrees 4 North or South 5 Longitude degrees 6 East or West 7 UTC of position hhmmss.sss 8 Status of data (A = valid) 9 Checksum VTG: GPS TRACK AND GROUND SPEED 01+319:00:04:11.273 $GPVTG,138.8,T,126.0,M,000.0,N,000.0,K*49 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $GPVTG 3 Heading degrees 4 Degrees true (T) 5 Heading degrees 6 Degrees magnetic (M) 7 Ship speed knots 8 N = knots 9 Speed km/hr 10 K = km per hour 11 Checksum GYRO COMPASS (gyr1) 00+019:23:59:59.952 $HEHDT 25034,-020*73 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $HEHDT 3 Heading, Degrees True degrees 4 Checksum 5 ADCP COURSE (adcp) 00+019:23:59:59.099 $PUHAW,UVH,-1.48,-0.51,250.6 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 $PUHAW 3 UVH (E-W, N-S, Heading) 4 Ship Speed relative to reference layer, east vector knots 5 Ship Speed relative to reference layer, north vector knots 6 Ship heading degrees PROCESSED DATA /process/ pCO2-merged 00+346:23:58:20.672 2000346.9991 2398.4 1008.4 0.01 45.4 350.3 342.6 15.77 Equil 43.6826 173.1997 15.51 33.90 0.33 5.28 9.05 1007.57 40.0 14.87 182.44 -1 Field Data Units ----- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 RVDAS time tag 2 pCO2 time tag (decimal is fractional time of day) yyyyddd.ttt 3 Raw voltage (IR) mV 4 Cell temperature °C 5 Barometer MBar 6 Flow rate ml/min 7 Concentration ppm 8 pCO2 pressure microAtm 9 Equilibrated temperature °C 10 Sea Water Temp 1 or 2 digits 11 Valve position °C 12 Flow source (Equil = pCO2 measurement) text 13 RVDAS latitude degrees 14 RVDAS longitude degrees 15 TSG external temperature °C 16 TSG 1 salinity PSU 17 Fluorometer V 18 RVDAS true wind speed m/s 19 RVDAS true wind direction degrees 20 Barometric Pressure mBars 21 Uncontaminated seawater pump flow rate l/min 22 Speed over ground knots 23 Course made good degrees 24 Oxygen µM 25 TSG 2 internal temperature °C 26 TSG 2 salinity PSU 27 TSG 1 internal temperature °C -1 stern 28 H2O Input Source thruster 0 moonpool Calculations The file instrument.coeff located in the / directory contains the calibration factors for shipboard instruments. This was the file used by the RVDAS processing software. PAR Coefficients parc1 and parcv for this cruise can be found in the instrument.coeff file as the variable labeled PAR, respectively. Variable par is the raw data in mV, as described in the "mwx1" file description. The calibration scale and probe offset dark are values taken from the PAR Cal Sheet. par = raw data mV calibration scale = 5.8644 V/(•Einstiens/cm2sec) parc1 = 1 / scale = .17 probe offset dark = -.1 mV parcv = dark x 1000 mV/V = -0.0001 V ((par / 1000 mV/V) - parcv) x parc1 x 10000 cm2/m2 = •Einstiens/m2sec Calculations (extracted from the C code): /* Convert from mV to V */ par /= 1000; /* (par V -vdark V) / Calibration Scale Factor V/uE/cm2sec */ parCalc = (par -parcv) * parc1 * 10000; PSP Coefficient pspCoeff for this cruise can be found in the instrument.coeff file as the variable labeled PSP1. Variable psp is the raw data in mV, as described in the "mwx1" file description. psp = raw data mV calibration scale = pspCoeff x 10^-6 V/(W/m2) psp / (scale x 1000 mV/V) = W/m2 Calculations (extracted from the C code): /* Convert from mV to W/m^2 */ pspCalc = (psp * 1000 / pspCoeff); PIR Coefficient pirCoeff for this cruise can be found in the instrument.coeff file as the variable labeled PIR1. Variable pir_thermo is the raw data in mV, pir_case is the PIR case temperature in Kelvins and pir_dome is the PIR dome temperature in Kelvins, as described in the "mwx1" file description. Hard-coded "C" coefficients are shown below: Dome constant = 3.5 Sigma = 5.6704e-8 pir_thermo = raw data mV calibration scale = pirCoeff x 10^-6 V/(W/m2) pir_thermo / (scale x 1000 mV/V) = W/m2 Calculations (extracted from the C code): /* convert mV to W/m^2 */ pirCalc = (pir_thermo * 1000 / pirCoeff) /* correct for case temperature */ pirCalc += sigma * pow(pir_case,4) /* correct for dome temperature */ pirCalc -= 3.5 * sigma * (pow(pir_dome, 4) -pow(pir_case, 4)) Antarctic Support Contract 25 United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 20.4. ACQUISITION PROBLEMS AND EVENTS This section lists problems with acquisition noted during this cruise including instrument failures, data acquisition system failures and any other factor affecting this data set. The format is ddd:hh:mm (ddd is year-day, hh is hour, and mm is minute). Times are reported in UTC. Start End Description --------- --------- ------------------------------------------------ 079.10.18 Start data collection 080.08.15 Exit Australian EEZ 45 14.3 Lat 151 20.07 lon 082.03.49 Enter Australian EEZ 50 51.08 Lat 157 37.76 lon 083.14.59 Exit Australian EEZ 55 30.63 Lat 164 36.02 Lon 118.09.42 Enter Tahitian EEZ 26 42.42 Lat 150 00.014 Lon 124.16.00 Stop Data collection Antarctic Support Contract 26 United States Antarctic Program Data Report NBP1403 20.5. Appendix: Sensors and Calibrations Sensor Serial Last Cal. Comments Number --------------------------- ------------- ---------- -------------------- Meteorology & Radiometers Stbd Anemometer (Gill US) 847014 9/29/2010 Installed 11/17/2010 Port Anemometer (Gill US) 924057 11/18/09 Installed 3/5/2010 Barometer BP00872 11/29/2012 Installed 1/28/2014 Humidity/Wet Temp 06135 11/29/2012 Installed 9/11/2013 PIR 32845F3 7/17/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 PSP 32850F3 8/15/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Mast PAR 6357 12/27/2012 Installed 9/11/2013 GUV (Mast) 25110203114 12/18/2012 Installed 9/11/2013 Underway Micro-TSG #1 (until 3/4/13) 4546167-0242 12/29/2012 Installed 5/9/2013 Micro-TSG #2 4566350-0389 10/20/2011 Installed 9/7/2012 Digital Remote Temp 3849120-0178 9/21/2012 Installed 5/9/2013 Oxygen Optode 3835-1424 10/21/2010 Installed 12/30/2010 Fluorometer AFL-016D 8/22/2012 Installed 9/11/2013 Transmissometer CST-557DR 8/28/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 CTD CTD Fish 91480 12/18/2012 Installed 1/28/2014 CTD Fish Pressure 53952 12/18/2012 Installed 1/28/2014 CTD Deck Unit 11P19858-0768 N/A Installed 1/28/2014 Slip-Ring Assembly 1.406 N/A Installed 1/28/2014 Carousel Water Sampler 3214153-0140 N/A Installed 1/28/2014 Pump (primary) 051627 3.0K 12/23/2012 Installed 1/28/2014 Pump (secondary) 051626 3.0K 12/23/2012 Installed 1/28/2014 Temperature (primary) 03P2308 6/28/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Temperature (secondary) 03P2299 6/12/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Conductivity (primary) 042513 2/26/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Conductivity (secondary) 041798 6/21/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Dissolved Oxygen (primary) 430161 6/12/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Dissolved Oxygen (primary) 430080 2/13/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Fluorometer AFLD-0011 7/17/2013 Installed 1/28/2014 Transmissometer CST-0889 9/5/13 Installed 1/28/2014 Altimeter 49432 N/A Installed 1/28/2014 Antarctic Support Contract 27 United States Antarctic Program Mast Barometer R.M. Young Company 2801 Aero Park Drive Traverse City. Michigan 49686 USA CALIBRATION REPORT Barometric Pressure Customer: Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems & Sensors Test Number: 2060-O1B Customer PO: 4900027957 Test Date: 29 November 2012 Sales Order: 2973 Test Sensor Model: 61201 Serial Number: BP00872 Description: Barometric Pressure Sensor Report of calibration comparison of test barometric pressure sensor with National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable standard pressure calibrator at five pressures in the RM. Young Company controlled pressure facility. Calibration accuracy ± 1.0 hPa. Reference Voltage Indicated (1) Pressure Output Pressure (hPa) (millivolts) (hPa) --------- ------------ ------------- 800.0 -1 800.0 875.0 1251 875.0 950.0 2501 950.0 1025.0 3749 1024.9 1100.0 4996 1099.7 (1) Calculated from voltage output All reference equipment used in this calibration procedure have been tested by comparison to traceable standards certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Reference Instrument Serial # NIST Test Reference -------------------------------------- -------- ------------------- Druck Pressure Controller Model DPI515 51500497 UKAS Lab 0221 Fluke Multimeter Model 8060A 4865407 234027 METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS Tel: 231-946-3980 Fax: 231-946-4772 Email: met.sales@youngusa.com Website: yoangusa.com ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED Mast Humidity Sensor R.M. Young Company 2801 Aero Park Drive Traverse City. Michigan 49686 USA CALIBRATION REPORT Barometric Humidity Customer: Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems & Sensors Test Number 2944-02R Customer PO 4900027957 Test Date: 29 November 2012 Sales Order: 2973 Test Sensor Model: 41372LC Serial Number: TS06135 Description: Temperature/Relative Humidity Sensor Report of calibration comparison of test relative Humidity sensor with National Institute of Standards and Thechnology traceable standard relative humidity sensor at five humidity levels in the R.M Young Cunpany controlled humidity chamber facility. Calibration accuracy ± 2.0%. Reference Current Indicated (1) Humidity Output Humidity (%) (milligrams) (%) --------- ------------ ------------- 10.0 5.9 12.1 30.0 9.0 31.2 50.0 12.4 52.3 69.9 15.4 71.0 89.9 18.1 88.1 (1) Calculated from voltage output All reference equipment used in this calibration procedure have been tested by comparison to traceable standards certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Reference Instrument Serial # NIST Test Reference ---------------------------------- -------- ------------------- Vaisala Humidity Sensor Model 35AC N475040 TN 266162 Fluke Multimeter Model 8060A 4865407 234027 METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS Tel: 231-946-3980 Fax: 231-946-4772 Email: met.sales@youngusa.com Website: yoangusa.com ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED Mast Temperature Sensor R.M. Young Company 2801 Aero Park Drive Traverse City. Michigan 49686 USA CALIBRATION REPORT Temperature Customer: Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems & Sensors Test Number 2944-02T Customer PO 4900027957 Test Date: 29 November 2012 Sales Order: 2973 Test Sensor Model: 41372LC Serial Number: TS06135 Description: Temperature/Relative Humidity Sensor Report of calibration comparison of test temperature sensor with National Institute of Standards and Thechnology traceable standard thermometers at three temperatures in the R.M Young Cunpany controlled temperature calibration bath facilities. Calibration accuracy ± 0.1° Celsius. Bath Current Indicated (1) Temperature Output Temperature (degrees C) (milligrams) (degrees C) ----------- ------------ ------------- -49.86 4.023 -49.55 0.03 12.008 0.05 50.18 20.029 50.18 (1) Calculated from voltage output All reference equipment used in this calibration procedure have been tested by comparison to traceable standards certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Reference Instrument Serial # NIST Test Reference -------------------------------------- -------- ------------------- Brooklyn Thermometer Model 43-FC 8006-118 204365 Brooklyn Thermometer Model 22332-D5-FC 25071 249763 Brooklyn Thermometer Model 2X400-D7-FC 77532 228060 Kethley Muitirrietsr rtlecic1191 15232 234027 METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS Tel: 231-946-3980 Fax: 231-946-4772 Email: met.sales@youngusa.com Website: yoangusa.com ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED Mast PIR THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC. 12 Sheffield Avenue, PO Box 419, Newport, Rhode Island USA 02840 Phone: 401.847.1020 Fax: 401.847.1031 Email: info@eppleylab.com STANDARDIZATION OF EPPLEY PRECISION INFRARED RADIOMETER Model PIR Serial Number: 32845F3 Resistance: 712 Ω at 23°C Temperature Compensation Range: -20° to +40°C This pyrgeometer has been compared against Eppley's Blackbody Calibration System under radiation intensities of approximately 200 watts meter(^-2) and an average ambient temperature of 30°C as measured by Standard Omega Temperature Probe, RTD#1. As a result of a series of comparisons, it has been found to have a sensitivity of: 4.08 x l0(^-6) volts/watts meter(^-2) The calculation of this constant is based on the fact that the relationship between radiation intensity and emf is rectilinear to intensities of 700 watts meter 2. This radiometer is linear to within ±1.0% up to this intensity. The calibration of this instrument is traceable to the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) through a precision low-temperature blackbody. Eppley recommends a minimum calibration cycle of five (5) years but encourages annual calibrations for highest measurement accuracy. Unless otherwise stated in the remarks section below or on the Sales Order, the results are "AS FOUND / AS LEFT". Shipped to: LMP4 ISGS N.S.F. Date of Test: July 17, 2013 Port Hueneme, CA S.O. Number: 63850 Date: July 18, 2013 Mast PSP THE EPPLEY LABORATORY, INC. 12 Sheffield Avenue, PO Box 419, Newport, Rhode Island USA 02840 Phone: 401.847.1020 Fax: 401.847.1031 Email: info@eppleylab.com Calibration Certificate Instrument: Precision Spectral Pyranometer, Model PSP, Serial Number 32850F3 Procedure: This pyranometer was compared in Eppley's Integrating Hemisphere according to procedures described in ISO 9847 Section 5.3.1 and Technical Procedure, TPO1 of The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.'s Quality Assurance Manual on Calibrations. Transfer Standard: Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer, Model PSP, Serial Number 21231 F3 Results: Sensitivity: S = 7.68 µV / WM(^-2) Uncertainty: U95 = ±0.91% (95% confidence level, k-2) Resistance: 706 Ω at 23°C Date of Test: August 7, 2013 Traceability: This calibration is traceable to the World Radiation Reference (WRR) through comparisons with Eppley's AHF standard self-calibrating cavity pyrheliometers which participated in the Eleventh International Pyrheliometric Comparisons (IPCXI) at Davos, Switzerland in September-October 2010. Unless otherwise stated in the remarks section below or on the Sales Order, the results of this calibration are "AS FOUND / AS LEFT". Due Date: Eppley recommends a minimum calibration cycle of five (5) years but encourages annual calibrations for highest measurement accuracy. Customer: LMP4 ISGS Port Hueneme, CA Eppley SO 63884 Date of Certificate: August 15, 2013 Mast PAR Biospherical Instruments Inc. Calibration Certificate Calibraton Date 12/27/2012 Model Number QSR-240 Serial Number 6357 Operator TPC Standard Lamp V-C3l(3/7/12) Probe Fxcilation Votage Range: 6 to 18 VDC(+) Output Polarity: Positive Probe Conditions at Calibration (in air): Calibration Voltage 6 VDC(+) Probe Current: 7.2 mA Probe Output Voltage Probe Illuminated 98.3 mV Probe Dark 1.0 mv Probe Net Response 97.3 mv RG78O 1.0 mv Corrected lamp Output: Output In Air (same condition as calibration): 1.044E+16 quanta/cm(^2)sec 0.01733 uE/cm(^2)sec Calibration Scale Factor: (To calculate irradiance, divide the net voltage reading in Volts by this value.) Dry: 9.3240E-18 V/(quanta/cm(^2)sec) 5.6149E+00 V/(uE/cm(^2)sec) Notes: 1. Annual calibration is recommended. 2. Calibration is performed using a Standard of Spectral Irradiance traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 3. The collector should be cleaned frequently with alcohol. 4. Calibration was performed with customer cable, when available. QSR240R 05/24/96 Mast GUV Biospherical Instruments Inc. System Calibration Certificate TIM INSTRUMENTS REFERENCED BELOW WERE FACTORY TESTED AND CALIBRATED BY BIOSPHERICAL INSTRUMENTS INC. 5340 Riley Street San Diego, California 92110 USA Instruments: GUV-2511 No 25110203114 Optical Calibrations: NIST Traceability. For wavelengths longer than 313 em the specific instru- ments cited here were calibrated using a 1000W FEL #V-031(3/712) following procedures and standards traceable to NIST Standard of Spectral Irradiance F616. Traceability paths and all procedures for all calibrated lamps and associated apparatus (shunts. power supplies. DMMs. etc) are maintained following calibration methodologies per National Bureau of Standards (US) (NBS) Special Publication 250-20 Spectral Irradiance Calibrations (1987) and NBS Publication 594-13 Optical Radiation Measurements: The 1973 Scale of Spectral Irradiance (1977). Solar Calibrations. Lamp calibrations are problematic for solar UV measurements (wavelengths below 320 nm) because the solar spectrum is radically different from the lamp spectrum and changes greatly as a function of wavelength. Solar calibrations are achieved through direct comparison with measurements of a high resolution scanning spectroradiometer in San Diego (SUV-100), which is part of the National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network. The SUV-100 instrument has a bandwidth of 1 nm. Calibrated filter radiometer data therefore report spectral Irradiance at the channel's nominal wavelengths with a bandwidth of 1 nm. Solar calibrations are typically accurate to within ±10% for solar zenith angles smaller than 75%. At larger solar zenith angles, UV channels have a greater uncertainty due to the rapid change of the solar UV spectrum. Note that this certificate contains a subset of the information delivered in the calibration database 25110203114v7.mdb. This database is required for operation of this system using Biospherical Instrument Inc.'s Logger® software. Biospherical Instruments Inc. GUV-2511 Calibration Certificate (See PDF version of this report) Underway Oxygen Sensor AANDERAA DATA INSTRUMENTS CALIBRATION CERTIFICATE Form No. 622, Dec 2005 Page 1 of 2 Sensing Foil Batch No: 5009 Product: Oxygen Optode 3835 Certificate No: Serial No. 1424 Calibration Date: 21 October 2010 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is to certify that this product has been calibrated using the following instruments: Calibration Bath model FNT 321-1-40 ASL Digital Thermometer model F250 Serial: 6792/06 Parameter: Internal Temperature: Calibration points and readings: Temperature (°C) 1.17 12.12 24.11 36.08 Reading (mV) 730.09 383.95 -11.29 -379.10 Giving these coefficients Index 0 1 2 3 TempCoef 2.37613E01 -3.08128E-02 2.84735E-06 -4.15311E-09 Parameter: Oxygen: O2 Concentration Air Saturation Range: 0-500 µM (1) 0-120% Accuracy: <±8µM or ±5% (whichever is greater) ±5% Resolution: <1 µM <0.4% Settling Time (63%): <25 seconds Calibration points and readings (2):: Air Saturated Water Zero Solution (Na2SO3) Phase reading 3.77669E+01 6.65595E+01 Temperature reading Ct) 9.90918E+00 2.04774E+01 Air Pressure (IsPa) 9.76884E+02 Giving these coefficients Index 0 1 2 3 PhaseCoef -4.44928E00 1.17131E00 0.00000E00 0.00000M (1) Valid for 0 to 2000m (6562ft) depth. salinity 33 - 37ppt (2) The calibration is performed in fresh water and the salinity setting is set to: 0 AANDERAA DATA INSTRUMENTS CALIBRATION CERTIFICATE Sensing Foil Batch No: 5000 Product: Oxygen Optode 3835 Certificate No: Serial No. 1424 Calibration Date: 21 October 2010 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- SR10 Scaling Coefficients: At the SR10 output the Oxygen Optode 3830 can give either absolute oxygen concentration in µM or air saturation in %. The setting of the internal property "Output" (3), controls the section of the unit. The coefficients for converting SR10 raw data to engineering units are fixed Output = =1 Output = -2 A = 0 A = 0 B = 4.883E-0l B = 1.465E-01 C = 0 C = 0 D = 0 D = 0 Oxygen (µM) = A + BN + CN2 + DN3 Oxygen (%)= A + BN + CN2 + DN3 (3) The default output setting is set to -1 Date: 22 October 2010 AANDERAA DATA INSTRUMENTS CALIBRATION CERTIFICATE Certificate No. 3853_5009_40331 Product: 02 Sensing Foil PSt3 3953 Batch No: 5009 Calibration Date: 2 June 2010 Calibration points and phase readings (degrees) -------------------------------------------------------------- Temperature (°C) 3.97 10.93 20.15 29.32 38.39 ---------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Pressure (hPa) 977.00 977.00 977.00 977.00 917.00 0.00 73.18 72.63 71.62 70.72 69.77 1.00 68.01 67.02 65.42 63.92 62.31 2.00 64.39 63.16 61.20 59.44 57.57 O2 in % 5.00 55.80 54.16 51.76 49.56 47.45 of 02+N2 10.00 46.27 44.47 41.97 39.75 37.69 20.90 35.09 33.38 31.14 29.24 27.56 30.00 29.85 28.30 26.31 24.64 23.19 Giving these coefficients (1) Index 0 1 2 3 -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- C0 Coefficient 4.53793E+03 -1.62595E+02 3.29574E+00 -2.79285E-02 C1 Coefficient -2.50953E+02 8.02322E+00 -1.58398E-01 1.31141E-03 C2 Coefficient 5.66417E+00 -1.59647E-0I 3.07910E-03 -2.46265E-05 C3 Coefficient -5.99449E-02 1.48326E-03 -2.82110E-05 2.15156E-07 C4 Coefficient 2.43614E-04 -5.26759E-06 1.00064E-07 -7.14320E-10 (1) Ask for Form No 621S when this 02 Sensing Foil is used in Oxygen Sensor 3830 with Serial Numbers lower than 184. Date: 11/4/2010 Underway Micro-TSG number 1 Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER 0242 SBE 45 CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 29-Dec-12 PSS 1978: C(35,15,0) = 4.2914 Siemens/meter COEFFICIENTS: g = -9.992296e-001 CPcor = -9.5700e-008 h = 1.524743e-OO1 CTcor = 3.2500e-006 i = -4.722991e-004 WBOTC = -0.0000e+000 j = 6.065458e-005 BATH TEMP BATH SAL BATH COND INST FREQ INST COND RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (PSU) (Siemens/m) (Hz) (Siemens/m) (Siemens/m) --------- -------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- 22.0000 0.0000 0.00000 2566.82 0.00000 0.00000 1.0000 34.8118 2.97562 5119.70 2.97561 -0.00001 4.5000 34.7917 3.28263 5313.24 3.28264 0.00001 15.0000 34.7487 4.26420 5888.60 4.26420 0.00000 18.5000 34.7394 4.60927 6077.64 4.60927 0.00001 24.0000 34.7293 5.16711 6371.04 5.16711 -0.00001 29.0000 34.7238 5.68887 6633.34 5.68886 -0.00001 32.5000 34.7207 6.06120 6814.13 6.06121 0.00001 f = INST FREQ * sqrt(1.0 = WBOTC * t) / 1000.0 2 3 4 Conductivity = (g + hf + if + jf ) / (1 + δt + εp) Siemens/meter t = temperature [°C]; p = pressure [decibars]; δ = Ctcor; ε = cPcor; residual = instrument conductivity - bath conductivity Date, Slope Correction 31-Aug-10 0.9996548 29-0ec-12 1.0000000 Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER 0242 SBE 45 TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 29-Dec-12 ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE ITS-90 COEFFICIENTS a0 = 4.555848e-005 a1 = 2.733778e-004 a2 = -2.324224e-006 a3 = 1.499077e-007 BATH TEMP INSTRUMENT INST TEMP RESIDUAL (ITS-90) OUTPUT (ITS-90) (ITS-90) --------- ---------- --------- --------- 1.0000 649816.0 1.0000 0.0000 4.5000 554883.5 4.5000 -0.0000 15.0000 352327.7 15.0000 -0.0000 18.5000 304717.7 18.5000 0.0000 24.0000 244011.0 24.0000 0.0000 29.0000 200602.2 29.0000 -0.0000 32.5000 175478.8 32.5000 0.0000 2 3 Temperature ITS-90 = 1/{a0 + a1[ln(n)] + a2[ln (n)] + a3[ln (n)]} - 273.15(°C) residual = instrument temperature - bath temperature Date, Delta T (mdeg C) 31-Aug-10 0.24 29-Dec-12 0.00 Underway Micro-TSG number 2 (see PDF version) Underway Digital Remote Temperature Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER 0178 SBE 38 TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 21-Sep-12 ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE ITS-90 COEFFICIENTS a0 = -4.740793e-005 al = 2.820902e-004 a2 = -2.754939e-006 a3 = 1.681819e-007 BATH TEMP INSTRUMENT INST TEMP RESIDUAL (ITS-90) OUTPUT (ITS-90) (ITS-90) --------- ---------- --------- --------- -1.50000 750879.8 -1.49997 0.00003 1.00000 611250.6 0.99996 -0.00001 1.50000 575382.9 1.49998 -0.00002 8.00000 494802.5 7.99999 -0.00001 11.50000 426843.9 11.50002 0.00002 15.00000 369343.4 15.00002 0.00002 18.50000 320537.2 18.49998 -0.00002 21.99990 278981.8 21.99999 0.00009 25.50000 243494.9 25.49993 -0.00007 28.99990 213101.3 28.99982 -0.00008 32.49990 186993.9 32.49996 0.00006 2 3 Temperature ITS-90 = 1/{a0 + a1[ln(n)] + a2[ln (n)] + a3[ln (n)]} - 273.15(°C) residual = instrument temperature - bath temperature Date, Delta T (mdeg C) 31-Aug-10 0.24 29-Dec-12 0.00 Underway Fluorometer PO Box 518 (541) 929-5650 620 Applegate St WET Labs Fax (541) 929-5277 Philomath OR 07370 http://www.wetlabs.com Chlorophyll Fluorometer Characterization in Uranine liquid Proxy (new method) Date: 08/22/12 Serial #: AFL-016D) Tech: dcm Dark Counts 0J52 volts CEV 1.195 volts SF 25.311 FSV 4.61 volts linearity: 0.999 R(^2) (0-1.5 volts) 0.995 R(^2) (0-5.45 volts) Notes: Dark Counts: Signal output of the meter in clean water with black tape over detector. CEV is the chlorophyll equivalent voltage. This value is the signal output of the fluorometer when using a Uranine dye fluorescent proxy that has been determined to be approximately equivalent to 26.4 µg/l or a Thalassiosira weissflogii phytoplankton culture. SF is the scale factor used to derive chlorophyll concentration from the signal voltage output of the fluorometer. The scale factor is determined by using the following equation: SF = (26.4) / ((CEV - dark). FSV is the maximum signal voltage output that the fluorometer is capable of. chlorophyll concentration expressed in µg/m3 can be derived by using the following equation: (µg/l) = (Vmeasured - dark)*SF The relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll-a concentrations in-situ is high variable. The scale factor listed on this document was determined by using a mono-culture of phytoplankton (Thalassiosira weissflogii). The population was assumed to be reasonably healthy and the concentration was determined by using the absorption method. To accurately determine chlorophyll concentration using a fluorometer you must perform secondary measurements on the populations of interest. This is typically done using extraction based measurement techniques on discrete samples. For additional information on determination of chlorophyll concentration see [Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Wastewater] part 10200 H published jointly by: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. Underway Transmissometer PO Box 518 (541) 929-5650 620 Applegate St WET Labs Fax (541) 929-5277 Philomath OR 07370 http://www.wetlabs.com | C-Star Calibration Date August 28, 2013 S/N CST-557DR Path length 25cm Analog output Digital output Vd 0.009 V 0 counts Vair 4.760 V 15596 counts Vref 4.700 V 15399 counts Temperature of calibration water 21.2 °C Ambient temperature during calibration 21.8 °C Relationship of transmittance (Tr) to beam attenuation coefficient (c), and path length (x, in meters): Tr = e(^-cx) To determine beam transmittance: Tr = (V(sig) - V(dark)) / (V(ref) - V(dark)) To determine beam attenuation coefficient: c = -1/x * ln (Tr) Vd Meter output with the beam blocked. This is the offset. Vair Meter output in air with a clear beam path. Vref Meter output with clean water in the path. Temperature of calibration water: temperature of clean water used to obtain V(ref). Ambient temperature: meter temperature in air during the calibration. Vsig Measured signal output of meter. Revision L 6/9/09 CTD Fish and Pressure Sensor Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER 1480 SBEplus PRESSURE CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 18-Dec-12 10000 psia S/N 53952 DIGIQUARTZ COEFFICIENTS: ADS90M, ADS90B, SLOPE AND OFFSET: 01 = -5.561704e+004 AD59014 = 1.16300e-002 02 = 4.302402e-001 ADO900 = -8.63457e+000 03 = 1.582810e-002 Slope = 0.99999 Dl = 4.708200e+000 Offset = -3.0213 (dbars) D2 = 0.000000e+000 T1 = 3.029296e+001 T2 = -2.122954e-004 T3 = 4.352450e-006 T4 = 2.626550e+009 T5 = 0.000000e+000 PRESSURE INST INST INST CORRECTED INST RESIDUAL (PSIA) OUTPUT(Hz) TEMP(C) OUTPUT (PSIA) OUTPUT (PSIA) (PSIA) --------- ---------- ------- ------------- -------------- -------- 14.547 33019.50 21.4 19.466 15.084 0.537 2014.689 33609.67 21.7 2018.592 2014.196 -0.493 4014.621 34182.17 21.9 4018.885 4014.476 -0.145 6014.640 34746.23 21.9 6019.053 6014.631 -0.009 8014.742 35299.59 21.9 8019.715 8015.280 0.537 10014.990 35842.18 22.0 10018.718 10014.268 -0.722 8014.780 35299.62 22.1 8019.806 8015.370 0.590 6014.719 34746.31 22.2 6019.301 6014.878 0.159 4014.689 34182.23 22.2 4019.027 4014.618 -0.070 2014.710 33606.71 22.3 2018.677 2014.281 -0.429 14.555 33019.38 22.4 18.981 14.598 0.043 Residual = corrected instrument pressure - reference pressure Date, Avg Offset (psia) 18-Dec-12 -000 CTD Temperature (Primary) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER 2308 SBE 3 TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 28-Jun-13 ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE ITS-90 COEFFICIENTS IPTS-68 COEFFICIENTS g = 4.34531719e-003 a = 3.68121230e-003 h = 6.44991551e-004 F = 6.02583850e-004 i = 2.35185807e-005 c = 1.63930551e-005 j = 2.23479362e-006 d = 2.23636632e-006 f0 = 1000.0 f0 = 2906.476 BATH TEMP INSTRUMENT FREQ INST TEMP RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (Hz) (ITS-90) (ITS-90) --------- --------------- --------- --------- -1.5000 2906.476 -1.5000 0.00000 1.0000 3073.288 1.0000 0.00001 4.5000 3318.316 4.5000 -0.00001 8.0000 3577.096 8.0000 -0.00004 11.5000 3850.006 11.5000 0.00003 15.0000 4137.394 15.0001 0.00005 18.5000 4439.604 18.5000 -0.00001 22.0000 4756.983 22.0000 -0.00003 25.5000 5089.855 25.5000 -0.00003 28.9999 5438.527 28.9999 0.00005 32.5000 5803.307 32.5000 -0.00001 Temperature ITS-90 = l/{g + h[ln(f0/f)] + i[ln2(f0/f)] +j[ln3(f0/f]]} - 273.15 (°C) Temperature IPTS-68 = l/{ a + b[ln(f0/f)] + c[ln2(f0/f)] + d[ln3(f0/f)]} -273.15 (°C) Following the recommendation of JPOTS: T68 is assumed to be 1.00024 * T90 (-2 to 35°C) Residual = instrument temperature - bath temperature Date, Offset(mdeg C) 25-Jul-12 -4.39 28-Jun-13 0.00 CTD Temperature (Secondary) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 2299 SBE3 TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 12-Jun-13 ITS-90 TEMPERATURE SCALE ITS-90 COEFFICIENTS IPTS-68 COEFFICIENTS g = 4.33219965e-003 a = 3.68121247e-003 h = 6.44461471e-004 b = 6.02091743e-004 i = 2.41492147e-005 c = 1.64917777e-005 j = 2.44706389e-006 d = 2.44867224e-006 f0 = 1000.0 f0 = 2848.641 BATH TEMP INSTRUMENT FREQ INST TEMP RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (Hz) (ITS-90) (ITS-90) --------- --------------- --------- --------- -1.5000 2848.641 -1.5000 -0.00001 1.0000 3012.273 1.0000 0.00000 4.4999 3252.647 4.5000 0.00007 8.0000 3506.532 7.9999 -0.00005 11.5000 3774.292 11.5000 -0.00003 15.0000 4056.268 14.9999 -0.00007 18.4999 4352.809 18.4999 0.00004 22.0000 4664.250 22.0001 0.00008 25.5000 4990.903 25.5003 0.00032 29.0000 5332.948 28.9994 -0.00057 32.5000 5690.953 12.5002 0.00023 Temperature ITS-90 = l/{g + h[ln(f0/f)] + i[ln2(f0/f)] +j[ln3(f0/f]]} - 273.15 (°C) Temperature IPTS-68 = l/{ a + b[ln(f0/f)] + c[ln2(f0/f)] + d[ln3(f0/f)]} -273.15 (°C) Following the recommendation of JPOTS: T68 is assumed to be 1.00024 * T90 (-2 to 35°C) Residual = instrument temperature - bath temperature Date, Offset(mdeg C) 22-Aug-12 0.32 12-Jun-13 -0.00 CTD Conductivity (Primary) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 2513 SBE4 CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 26-Jun-13 PSS 1978: C(35,15,0) = 4.2914 Seimens/meter GHIJ COEFFICIENTS ABCDM COEFFICIENTS g = -1.05846412e+001 a = 7.40772717e-006 h = 1.63289463e+000 b = 1.62923614e+000 i = -1.60820062e+003 c = -1.05785259e+001 j = 2.36014503e+004 d = -8.60807664e-005 CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) m = 5.2 CTcor = 3.2500e-006 (nominal) CPcor = -9.5700e-008(nominal) BATH TEMP BATH SAL BATH COND INST FREQ INST COND RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (PSU) (Siemens/m) (kHz) (Siemens/m) (Siemens/m) --------- -------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000 2.54801 0.00000 0.00000 -1.0000 34.7933 2.80290 4.86617 2.80288 -0.00001 1.0000 34.7936 2.97421 4.97286 2.97422 0.00001 15.0000 34.7943 4.26920 5.71473 4.26921 0.00001 18.5000 34.7942 4.61575 5.89731 4.61574 -0.00002 29.0000 34.7933 5.69898 6.43437 5.69898 0.00001 32.5000 34.7892 6.07180 6.60900 6.07180 -0.00000 2 3 4 Conductivity = (g + hf + if + jf ) / 10(1 + (δt + εp) Siemens/meter m 2 Conductivity = (af + bf + c + dt) / 10(1 + εp) Siemens/meter t = temperature [°C]; p = pressure [decibars]; δ = Ctcor; ε = cPcor; residual = (instrument conductivity - bath conductivity) using g, h, i, j coefficients Date, Slope Correction 20-Jul-11 0.9999337 26-Jun-13 1.0000000 CTD Conductivity (Secondary) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 1798 SBE4 CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 21-Jun-13 PSS 1978: C(35,15,0) = 4.2914 Seimens/meter GHIJ COEFFICIENTS ABCDM COEFFICIENTS g = -3.92941949a+000 a = 5.86987503e-007 h = 4.59841645e-001 b = 4.56772457e-00l i = -7.98790971e-004 c = -3.91757440e+000 j = 6.42017186e-005 d = -7.11998198e-O05 CPcor = -9.5700a-008 (nominal) m = 5.4 CTcor = 3.2500a-006 (nominal) CPcor = -9.5700e-008 (nominal) BATH TEMP BATH SAL BATH COND INST FREQ INST COND RESIDUAL (ITS-90) (PSU) (Siemens/m) (kHz) (Siemens/m) (Siemens/m) --------- -------- ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- 0.0000 0.0000 0.00000 2.92882 0.00000 0.00000 -1.0000 34.7942 2.80296 6.35585 2.80297 0.00001 1.0000 34.7951 2.97433 1.57635 2.97433 0.00001 15.0000 34.7956 4.26934 10.08504 4.26931 -0.00003 18.5000 34.7955 4.61591 10.45102 4.61590 -0.00001 29.0001 34.7944 5.69915 11.51780 5.69922 0.00008 32.5000 34.7889 6.07175 11.86157 6.07170 -0.00005 2 3 4 Conductivity = (g + hf + if + jf ) / 10(1 + (δt + εp) Siemens/meter m 2 Conductivity = (af + bf + c + dt) / 10(1 + εp) Siemens/meter t = temperature [°C]; p = pressure [decibars]; δ = Ctcor; ε = cPcor; residual = (instrument conductivity - bath conductivity) using g, h, i, j coefficients Date, Slope Correction 21-Jun-13 1.0000000 CTD Dissolved Oxygen Sensor (primary) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 0161 SEE 43 OXYGEN CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 12-Jun-13 COEFFICIENTS A = -2.3123e-003 NOMINAL DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS Soc = 0.5015 B = 1.0028e-004 D1 = 1.92634e-4 H1 = -3.30000e-2 Voffoet = -0.5162 C = 2.1649e-006 D2 = -4.64803e-2 H2 = 5.00000e+3 Tau20 = 1.26 E nominal = 0.036 H3 = 1.45000e+3 BATH OX BATH TEMP BATH SAL INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT RESIDUAL (ml/1) ITS-90 PSU OUTPUT(VOLTS) OXYGEN(ml/l) (ml/l) ------- --------- -------- ------------- ------------ -------- 1.25 2.00 0.00 0.775 1.25 0.00 1.26 12.00 0.00 0.856 1.26 0.00 1.27 6.00 0.00 0.810 1.27 0.00 1.36 20.00 0.00 0.931 1.29 -0.00 1.31 26.00 0.00 0.990 1.31 -0.00 1.32 30.00 0.00 5.031 1.32 0.00 3.97 2.00 0.00 1.337 3.97 -5.05 6.06 6.00 0.00 1.442 4.00 0.00 4.03 12.00 0.00 1.600 4.03 -0.00 6.06 20.00 0.00 1.814 4.05 5.05 4.65 26.00 0.00 1.983 4.05 0.00 6.07 30.00 0.00 2.111 4.07 -0.00 6.76 2.00 0.00 1.917 6.78 0.00 6.76 12.00 0.00 2.340 6.79 0.00 6.79 6.00 0.00 2.087 6.79 -0.00 6.02 20.00 0.00 2.703 6.82 -0.00 6.04 26.00 0.00 2.994 6.84 0.00 6.05 39.00 0.00 3.196 6.85 -0.00 Oxygen (ml/l) = Soc * (V + Voffset) * (1.0 + A * T + B * T2 + C * T3) * OxSol(T,S) * exp(E * P/K) V = voltage output from SBE43, T = temperature [deg C], S = salinity [PSU], K = temperature [Kelvin], OxSol(T,S) = oxygen saturation [ml/l], P = pressure [dbar], Residual = instrument oxygen - bath oxygen Date, Delta Ox (ml/l) 18-Aug-12 0.9694 12-Jun-13 1.0000 CTD Dissolved Oxygen Sensor (secondary) Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street, Bellevue, WA 98005-2010 USA Phone: (+1) 425-643-9866 Fax (+1) 425-643-9954 Email: seabird@seabird.com SENSOR SERIAL NUMBER: 0080 SBE 43 OXYGEN CALIBRATION DATA CALIBRATION DATE: 13-Feb-13 COEFFICIENTS A = -3.0719e-003 NOMINAL DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS Soc = 0.4885 B = 1.5019e-004 Dl = 1.92634e-4 H1 = -3.30000e-2 Voffset = -0.5049 C = -2.7921e-006 DO = -4.64803e-2 H2 = 5.00000e+3 Tau20 = 1.79 E nominal = 0.036 H3 = 1.45000e+3 BATH OX BATH TEMP BATH SAL INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT RESIDUAL (ml/1) ITS-90 PSU OUTPUT(VOLTS) OXYGEN(ml/l) (ml/l) ------- --------- -------- ------------- ------------ -------- 1.18 2.00 0.07 0.756 1.18 -0.00 1.19 6.00 0.07 0.788 1.19 -0.00 1.20 12.00 0.06 0.839 1.20 0.00 1.23 20.00 0.06 0.909 1.23 0.00 1.27 26.00 0.06 0.977 1.27 0.01 1.28 30.00 0.06 1.018 1.28 0.01 4.01 6.00 0.07 1,461 4.01 -0.00 4.04 12.00 0.06 1.626 4.04 -0.00 4.08 20.00 0.06 1.849 4.08 0.00 4.10 2.00 0.07 1.376 4.09 -0.01 4.11 26.00 0.06 2.028 4.11 0.00 4.14 30.00 0.06 2.162 4.14 0.00 6.82 30.00 0.00 3.231 6.81 -0.00 6.95 26.00 0.06 3.084 6.95 0.00 7.02 20.00 0.06 2.817 7.01 -0.01 7.17 12.00 0.06 2.493 7.17 0.00 7.33 6.00 0.07 2.251 7.33 0.00 7.43 2.00 0.07 2.087 7.43 0.00 Oxygen (ml/l) = Soc * (V + Voffset) * (1.0 + A * T + B * T2 + C * T3) * OxSol(T,S) * exp(E * P/K) V = voltage output from SBE43, T = temperature [deg C], S = salinity [PSU], K = temperature [Kelvin], OxSol(T,S) = oxygen saturation [ml/l], P = pressure [dbar], Residual = instrument oxygen - bath oxygen Date, Delta Ox (ml/l) 13-Feb-13 1.0000 Fluorometer PO Box 518 (541) 929-5650 620 Applegate St WET Labs Fax (541) 929-5277 Philomath OR 07370 http://www.wetlabs.com Chlorophyll Fluorometer Characterization in Uranine liquid Proxy (new method) Date: 07/17/13 Serial #: AFLD-011 Tech: K.C. Dark Counts 0.ll7 volts CEV .682 volts SF 32.743 FSV 4.61 volts Linearity: 0.999 R2 (0-1.5 volts) 0.995 R2 (0-5.45 volts) Notes: Dark Counts: Signal output of the meter in clean water with black tape over detector. CEV is the chlorophyll equivalent voltage. This value is the signal output of the fluorometer when using a Uranine dye fluorescent proxy that has been determined to be approximately equivalent to 26.4 µg/l of a Thalassiosira weissflogii phytoplankton culture. SF is the scale factor used to derive chlorophyll concentration from the signal voltage output of the fluorometer. The scale factor is determined by using the following equation: SF = (l8.3)/(CEV - dark). FSV is the maximum signal voltage output that the fluorometer is capable of. Ch1orophyII concentration expressed in µg/l (mg/m3) can be derived by using the following equation: (µg/l) = (Vmeasured - dark) * SF The relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll-a concentrations in- situ is high variable. The scale factor listed on this document was determined by using a mono-culture of phytoplankton (Thalassiosira weissflogii). The population was assumed to be reasonably healthy and the concentration was determined by using the absorption method. To accurately determine chlorophyll concentration using a fluorometer you must perform secondary measurements on the populations of interest. This is typically done using extraction based measurement techniques on discrete samples. For additional information on determination of chlorophyll concentration see [Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Wastewater] part 10200 H published jointly by: American Public Health Association. American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. PO Box 518 (541) 929-5650 620 Applegate St WET Labs Fax (541) 929-5277 Philomath OR 07370 http://www.wetlabs.com Chlorophyll Fluorometer Characterization in Reflective Solid Proxy (old method) Date: 07/17/13 Serial #: AFLD-011 Tech: K.C. Dark Counts 0.117 volts CEV 1.594 volts SF 14.962 FSV 4.61 volts Linearity: 0.999 R2 (0-1.5 volts) 0.995 R2 (0-5.45 volts) Notes: Dark Counts: Signal output of the meter in clean water with black tape over detector. CEV is the chlorophyll equivalent voltage. This value is the signal output of the fluorometer when using a Uranine dye fluorescent proxy that has been determined to be approximately equivalent to 21.6 µg/l of a Thalassiosira weissflogii phytoplankton culture. SF is the scale factor used to derive chlorophyll concentration from the signal voltage output of the fluorometer. The scale factor is determined by using the following equation: SF =(21.6)/(CEV- dark). FSV is the maximum signal voltage output that the fluorometer is capable of. Chlorophyll concentration expressed in µg/l (mg/m3) can be derived by using the following equation: (µg/l) = (Vmeasured - dark) * SF The relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll-a concentrations in- situ is light variable. The scale factor listed on this document was determined by using a mono-culture of phytoptankton (Thalassiosira weissflogii). The population was assumed to be reasonably healthy and the concentration was determined by using the absorption method, To accurately determine chlorophyll concentration using a fluorometer you must perform secondary measurements on the populations of interest. This is typically done using extraction based measurement techniques on discrete samples. For additional information on determination of chlorophyll concentration see [Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Wastewater] part 10200 H published jointly by: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. Transmissometer PO Box 518 (541) 929-5650 620 Applegate St WET Labs Fax (541) 929-5277 Philomath OR 07370 http://www.wetlabs.com C-Star Calibration Date September 5, 2013 S/N# CST-889DR Path length 25cm Analog output Vd 0.060 V Vair 4.726 V Vref 4.624 V Temperature of calibration water 23.1°C Ambient temperature during calibration 21.2°C Relationship of transmittance (Tr) to beam attenuation coefficient (c), and path length (x, in meters): Tr = e(^-cx) To determine beam transmittance: Tr = (Vsig - Vdark) / (Vref - Vdark) To determine beam attenuation coefficient: c = -1/x * ln (Tr) Vd Meter output with the beam blocked. This is the offset. Vair Meter output in air with a clear beam path. Vref Meter output with clean water in the path. Temperature of calibration water: temperature of clean water used to obtain Vref. Ambient temperature: meter temperature in air during the calibration. Vsig Measured signal output of meter. Revision M 7/26/11 Data Report NBP1403 Customer Alert: July, 2011 CHLa Scale Factors Shift WET Labs calibration testing has revealed that our CHLa solid proxy used to calibrate our ECO and Wetstar fluorometers allows a large amount of instrument to instrument variability. Also, we have differences in scaling between Wetstar CHLa fluorometers and ECO CHLa Fluorometers because of differences in the solid proxy used to characterize these instruments. A new methodology using a liquid proxy has been implemented to assure stable calibrations between instruments and to match up the ECO FL and Wetstar FL corrected data outputs. Instruments affected: All CHLa ECO fluorometers built or calibrated before January 2011. All CHLa Wetstar fluorometers built or calibrated before July 2011. WET Labs' Actions: New Instruments: WET Labs has instituted a new calibration standard solution preparation methodology. All new ECO/Wetstar CHLa fluorometers delivered from this date forward will have range characteristics as per current specifications and scale factors. Instruments returned for service and calibration: Instruments returned for service and calibration will be calibrated using the new methodology. We are tuning all service instruments to this new liquid proxy to decrease instrument to instrument variability. In some cases, we will not be able to achieve the previously stated range of an instrument. In these cases, we will strive for the highest resolution with the highest signal to noise ratio possible. WET Labs service technicians will incorporate these improvements during service when practical. WET Labs' term for this service is 'retuning.' Accordingly, a serviced instrument may well have a better performance after retuning than when it was first built. For instruments that are retuned, benefiting in either resolution or signal to noise ratio, WETLabs can provide pre calibration data to allow you to link your data sets prior to service with your data sets after the instrument is returned to you. Recommended Customer Actions: If you calibrate your instruments then you do not need to take any action. Continue to use your calibration. If you report scaled or raw data, you should adjust your reported values. For instruments returned for service, you will use the ratio between the previous scale factor and pre-service scale factor. This ratio will cover both the change in the methodology and any change in your instrument between the previous calibration and this servicing. Use the post-service scale factor going forward. Antarctic Support Contract 55 United States Antarctic Program CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES Date Person Data Type Action Summary ---------- ------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------------- 2014-06-06 Schatzman, C. CTD Exchange Submitted to go online 2014-06-06 Schatzman, C. Bottle data file Submitted to go online 2014-06-06 Schatzman, C. WOCE CTD Submitted to go online 2014-06-06 Schatzman, C. CTD NetCDF Submitted to go online 2014-06-06 Schatzman, C. WOCE Bottle Data Submitted to go online 2014-06-06 Schatzman, C. WOCE Sum File Submitted to go online 2014-06-09 Staff, CCHDO BTL Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. p16s_hy1.csv 2014-06-09 Staff, CCHDO BTL Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. p16s.sea 2014-06-09 Staff, CCHDO Sum Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. p16s.sum 2014-06-09 Staff, CCHDO CTD Exchange Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. P16S-2014-CTD-WHPEXCHNG.tar.gz 2014-06-09 Staff, CCHDO CTD Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. P16S-2014-CTD-WHP90.tar.gz 2014-06-09 Staff, CCHDO CTD NetCDF Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. P16S-2014-CTD-WHP90.tar.gz P16S-2014-CTD-NETCDF.tar.gz 2014-06-16 Staff, CCHDO SUM/CTD/BTL Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. p16s_hy1.csv p16s.sea P16S-2014-CTD-WHP90.tar.gz P16S-2014-CTD-NETCDF.tar.gz p16s.sum P16S-2014-CTD-WHPEXCHNG.tar.gz 2014-06-16 Schatzman, C. SUM/CTD/BTL Submitted Resubmitting data reporting dates. 2014-06-17 Berys, C. CTD-SUM-BTL Website Update Exchange, netCDF, WOCE files online 2014-06-17 Lee, Rox Map Website Update Maps created ============================== 320620140320 processing - Maps ============================== 2014-06-17 R Lee .. contents:: :depth: 2 Process ======= Changes ------- - Map created from 320620140320_hy1.csv Directories =========== :working directory: /data/co2clivar/pacific/p16/320620140320/original/2014.06.17_Map_RJL :cruise directory: /data/co2clivar/pacific/p16/320620140320 Updated Files Manifest ====================== ==================== ===== file stamp ==================== ===== 320620140320_trk.jpg 320620140320_trk.gif ==================== ===== 2014-06-17 Schatzman, C. BTL Submitted Updated 2014-06-19 Staff, CCHDO SALNTY Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. p16s_hy1.csv 2014-06-19 Berys, C. SALNTY Website Update Exchange, netCDF, WOCE files online. Bottle file updated SALNTY on station 25 ================================================ P16S 2014 320620140320 processing - BTL/SALNTY ================================================ 2014-06-19 C Berys .. contents:: :depth: 2 Submission ========== ============ ================== ========== ========= ==== filename submitted by date data type id ============ ================== ========== ========= ==== p16s_hy1.csv Courtney Schatzman 2014-06-17 SALNTY 1181 ============ ================== ========== ========= ==== Process ======= Changes ------- 320620140320_hy1.csv ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - SALNTY changed to fill value at station 25, cast 1, sample 22 Conversion ---------- ======================= ==================== ======================== file converted from software ======================= ==================== ======================== 320620140320_nc_hyd.zip 320620140320_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-130-g9fe0afa 320620140320hy.txt 320620140320_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-130-g9fe0afa ======================= ==================== ======================== All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems. Directories =========== :working directory: /data/co2clivar/pacific/p16/320620140320/original/2014.06.19_SALNTY_CBG :cruise directory: /data/co2clivar/pacific/p16/320620140320 Updated Files Manifest ====================== ======================= ================= file stamp ======================= ================= 320620140320hy.txt 320620140320_hy1.csv 20140619CCHSIOCBG 320620140320_nc_hyd.zip 20140619CCHSIOCBG ======================= ================= 2015-02-17 Kappa, Jerry CrsRpt Website Update new PDF version online I've put a new PDF version of the cruise report online. It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary pages and CCHDO data processing notes, as well as a linked Table of Contents and links to figures, tables and appendices. 2015-02-25 Kappa, Jerry CrsRpt Website Update new TXT version online I've put a new text version of the cruise report online. It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary pages and CCHDO data processing notes.