ԪCRUISE REPORT: 75N (Updated Feb. 2016) Highlights Cruise Summary Information Section Designation 75N Expedition designation (ExpoCodes) 06AQ20120614 (ARK-XXVII_1) Chief Scientists Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller Dates 2012 JUN 14 - 2012 JUL 15 Ship Polarstern Ports of call Bremerhaven, Germany - Longyearbyen, Norway 79 49' 6" N Geographic Boundaries 12 47' 1.68" W 11 6' 24" E 64 59' 57" N Stations 87 Floats and drifters deployed 4 NEMO Floats, 5 SVP-B drifters deployed Moorings deployed or recovered 14 deployed, 12 recovered Contact Information: Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology Powstacw Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland, P.O. Box 148 +4858 7311914 Email: abesz@iopan.gda.pl 660 Berichte 2013 zur Polar- und Meeresforschung Reports on Polar and Marine Research The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/1) Edited by Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller with contributions of the participants HELMHOLTZ Alfred-Wegener-Institut GEMEINSCHAFT Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung D-27570 BREMERHAVEN Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 1866-3192 Hinweis Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung werden vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut HelmholtzZentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven* in unregelmiger Abfolge herausgegeben. Sie enthalten Beschreibungen und Ergebnisse der vom Institut (AWI) oder mit seiner Unter-sttzung durchgefhrten Forschungsarbeiten in den Polargebieten und in den Meeren. Es werden verffentlicht: - Expeditionsberichte (inkl. Stationslisten und Routenkarten) - Expeditions- und Forschungsergebnisse (inkl. Dissertationen) - wissenschaftliche Berichte der Forschungsstationen des AWI - Berichte wissenschaftlicher Tagungen Die Beitrge geben nicht notwendigerweise die Auffassung des Instituts wieder. Notice The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued by the Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of Germany. They are published in irregular intervals. They contain descriptions and results of investigations in polar regions and in the seas either conducted by the Institute (AWI) or with its support. The following items are published: - expedition reports (incl. station lists and route maps) - expedition and research results (incl. Ph.D. theses) - scientific reports of research stations operated by the AWI - reports on scientific meetings The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Institute. The "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" continue the former "Berichte zur Polarforschung" * Anschrift / Address Editor: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Dr. Horst Bornemann Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung Assistant editor: D-27570 Bremerhaven Birgit Chiaventone Germany www.awi.de Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden ab 2008 als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben (URL: http://epic.awi.de) Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are available as open-access publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/1) Edited by Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this publication using the identifier hdl:10013/epic.41150.d001/ or http//hdl.handle.net/10013/epic. 41150.d001 ISSN 1866-3192 ARK-XXVII/1 14 June - 15 July 2012 Bremerhaven - Longyearbyen Chief scientist Agnieszka Beszczynska-MIIer Coordinators Rainer Knust/Eberhard Fahrbach Contents 1. Zusammenfassung und Fahrtverlauf 2 Summary and Itinerary 7 2. Weather conditions 12 3. Oceanic fluxes through Fram Strait and at the entrance to the Arctic Ocean 16 4. Plankton ecology and biogeochemistry in a changing Arctic Ocean (PEBCAO) 38 4.1 Phytoplankton abundance and distribution 39 4.2 Genetic diversity of Phaeocytis pouchetii inmthe Fram Strait 40 4.3 Zooplankton abundance, distribution and feeding activities 40 5. Arctic pelagic Amphipoda (APA) 42 6. Sea of change 45 7. Dissolved black carbon fluxes through Fram Strait 48 8. Ir-sea exchange of greenhouse gases in relation to biological net and gross production in the Fram Strait 56 9. Transient tracers dynamics, carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen of fram strait 59 10. Higher trophic levels: at-sea Distribution of seabirds and marine mammals 61 11. GPS observations in North-East Greenland to determine vertical and horizontal deformations of the Earth's crust 65 A.l Teilnehmende Institute / participating institutions 67 A.2 Fahrtteilnehmer / cruise participants 68 A.3 Schiffsbesatzung / ship's crew 70 1. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller AWI Der erste Fahrtabschnitt der 27. Expedition der Polarstern in die Arktis war ozeanographischer und biogeochemischer Forschung in der nrdlichen Framstrae gewidmet. Die Expedition dauerte vom 14. Juni bis zum 15. Juli und endete in Longyearbyen auf Spitzbergen. Whrend einer fnftgigen berfahrtszeit zum Forschungsgebiet wurden 6 CTD-Stationen (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) durchgefhrt sowie 4 NEMO-Floats (Navigating European Marine Observer) und 5 SVP-B-Drifter (Surface Velocity Project-Barometer) ausgelegt. Die Messungen lieferten Daten fr mehrere Projekte, darunter fr das EU-Projekt der physikalischen Ozeanographie ACOBAR (Acoustic Technology for Observing the Interior of the Arctic Ocean), das HAFOS-Projekt (The Hybrid Arctic/Antarctic Float Observing System) sowie fr die biogeochemischen Projekte der Forschungsgruppe PEBCAO (Phytoplankton Ecology and Biogeochemistry in the Changing Ocean) und der beiden Gruppen vom IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel. Die ozeanographischen Arbeiten zwischen nrdlichem Nordatlantik und Arktischem Ozean entlang der Framstrae hatten die Messung der ozeanischen Volumenund Wrmeflsse zum Ziel, womit deren jhrliche und dekadische Variabilitten erfasst werden sollen. Es wurden vertikale Profile von Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Sauerstoffgehalt an 81 CTD-Stationen entlang eines bei 7850' Nord gelegenen Schnittes gemessen, der die ganze Breite der Framstrae zwischen dem ostgrnlndischen Schelf und dem Schelf westlich Spitzbergens umfasste. Meeresstrmungen in der oberflchennahen Schicht wurden bei fahrendem Schiff und auf den Stationen registriert. Zwei weitere CTD-Schnitte wurden zustzlich abgearbeitet; einer entlang der Eiskante auf dem grnlndischen Schelf (18 Stationen) und einer entlang der Laufbahn tomographischer Signale in der stlichen Framstrae (20 Stationen). Die Verankerungen, die 2010 und 2011 ausgelegt worden waren und das ganze Jahr hindurch Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Meeresstrmungen kontinuierlich registrierten, wurden vollstndig ausgetauscht. Insgesamt wurden 12 Verankerungen aufgenommen und 14 Verankerungen neu ausgelegt (einschlielich zweier profilierender Verankerungen). Damit wird die mittlerweile seit 15 Jahren andauernde Langzeitmessung fortgesetzt. Um die zeitlich kontinuierlichen, aber rumlich weniger hochauflsenden Messungen durch die verankerten Gerte zu ergnzen, wurde ein autonom operierendes Tauchgert, der Seaglider, fr eine zwei Monate dauernde Messperiode in der nrdlichen Framstae ausgelegt. Um die akustische Unterwassernavigation fr die zuknftigen Glider-Missionen unter dem Meereis zu erproben, wurden 7 RAFOS Schallquellen im westlichen, eisbedeckten Teil der Framstrae neu ausgebracht; 5 wurden geborgen. Auf insgesamt 11 multidisziplinren Stationen entlang von 785'N gab es zustzlich zu den hydrographischen Messungen und den mit der CTD-Rosette genommenen Wasserproben auch noch Probenentnahmen mit Netzen fr die biologischen Studien der PEBCAO Gruppe. 18O Proben wurden entnommen, um die Anzahl und die taxonomische Zusammensetzung von Algen zu bestimmen. An weiteren 84 Proben wurden die Konzentrationen von Kohlenstoff, Stickstoff, Silikat und Nhrstoffen bestimmt. Die Abundanz und rumliche Verteilung von Mesozooplankton wurde mittels eines Multischleppnetzes in fnf verschiedenen Tiefen bis zur maximalen Tiefe von 1.500 m erfasst. Am Material aus 10 vertikalen Schleppfngen mit dem groen Multinetz wurden 10 Amphipodenarten identifiziert. Um die Zusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons zu bestimmen, wurden 69 Wasserproben fr mikroskopische Analysen genommen und weitere 105 Proben von 35 Stationen wurden zur Durchfhrung von Genanalysen filtriert. Die Phytoplanktonproben zielten auch darauf ab, eine arktische Schlsselart, die Mikroalge P. pouchetii, in den oberen 10 m zu untersuchen. In 60 Proben konnten 492 Kolonien isoliert werden, die meisten davon zwischen 2 West und 10 Ost. An Bord wurden zwei Experimente durchgefhrt, um die Auswirkungen einer pCO2-nderung auf die dominanten Copepodenarten zu untersuchen. Insgesamt 350 Wasserproben von 6 Stationen whrend der berfahrt und von 16 Stationen in der Framstrae wurden fr DNA- und RNA-Analysen gewonnen, um die Auswirkung der Erwrmung der Ozeane auf die Zusammensetzung und den Stoffwechsel des Phytoplankton zu untersuchen. Zur Untersuchung des Kohlenstoffhaushalts verschiedener Wassermassen, der Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Strmungen, und um Vernderungen in der Ventilation der Wassermassen zu quantifizieren, wurden Verteilungen in den Konzentrationen von DIC (gelster anorganischer Kohlenstoff), Sauerstoff, Nhrstoffen und den Spurenstoffen CFC-12 (Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoff-12) und SF, (Schwefelhexafluorid) auf 42 Stationen entlang des Schnitts aufgenommen und mit Ausnahme von DIC und Nhrstoffen an Bord gemessen. Wasserproben zur Bestimmung der Verteilung stabiler Sauerstoffisotope (18O) wurden auf 32 Stationen genommen und an weiteren 16 fr die Bestimmung radiogener Neodymium-Isotope (Nd) und Seltener Erden (REE). Die Kenntnisse, die ber die Spurenstoffe gewonnen werden, helfen, die Wassermassenverteilung in der Framstrae zu charakterisieren. Wasserproben zur Bestimmung von gelstem schwarzen Kohlenstoff (DBC), gelstem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) und farbigem gelstem organischen Material (CDOM) wurden genommen (100 Proben fr DBC und 250 Proben fr DOC und CDOM), um zu bestimmen, wie viel DBC aus den Flssen in den Arktischen Ozean und damit schlielich in den Atlantischen Ozean eingebracht wird. Um die Flussmengen von CO2, CH4, N2O und CO im Austausch zwischen Ozean und Atmosphre in der Framstrae zu quantifizieren, wurde ein Equilibrator an das en-Route-Pumpensystem der Polarstern angeschlossen. Ein Membran-Inlet-Massenspektrometer wurde genutzt, um kontinuierlich das Verhltnis von gelstem Sauerstoff zu Argon (O2/Ar) zu messen. Die geodtischen Arbeiten in Nordost-Grnland mit Ausbringung der GPSSensoren an der grnlndischen Kste, konnten wegen der ungnstigen Flugwetterbedingungen, nicht ausgefhrt werden. Auf zwei Schnitten, einem entlang der Kste West-Spitzbergens und einem entlang des 7850'N-Schnitts wurde die in situ Verteilung von Seevgeln und Meeressugern untersucht. Die Beobachtungen wurden von der Brcke aus und im Verlauf von Helikopter durchgefhrt (insgesamt 470 Beobachtungsabschnitte, jeweils 30 Minuten lang). Insgesamt 28 Seevogelarten und 16 Meeressugerarten wurden beobachtet. Die Hauptergebnisse im Verlauf der Beobachtungsreihe in der nrdlichen Framstrae bestehen in der sehr hohen Zahl von gesichteten Elfenbeinmwen (>400 Vgel) und in den ersten Sichtungen einer Plschkopfente und einer Polarmwe, sowie in den Sichtungen von Seiwalen und Narwalen (3 Gruppen mit insgesamt 17 Tieren). Es wurden zahlreiche Eisbren beobachtet (27 Tiere mit mindestens 4 Jungen). Fahrtverlauf 14. Juni Abfahrt von Bremerhaven 08:00LT. Test von Parasound und Hydrosweep, Posidonia USBL Box, GAPS und Gravimeter durch FIELAX nahe Helgoland. Rcktransport der FIELAX/Laeisz Gruppe via Helikopter und Auslaufen in Richtung Framstrae um 18:00LT. 15.-16. Juni Transit zur ersten Station bei 70N. Vorbereitung der Ausrstung und Messgerten. 17. Juni Die ersten 2 CTD/Handnetz-Stationen auf dem Transekt in der Norwegischen See. 18. Juni CTD-Stationen und Probenahme mit Hand- und Bongonetzen auf dem Transekt in der Norwegischen See. Auslegung der 4 NEMO-Floats und 2 SVP-B-Bojen unterwegs. 19. Juni CTD-Stationen, Beprobung mit dem Handnetz und Test- Station fr Multinetz auf dem Transekt in der Norwegischen See. Auslegung der 2 SVP-B-Bojen unterwegs. 20. Juni Auslegung einer SVP-B-Boje. Beprobung mit dem Handnetz. Beginn der CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt bei 7850'N. 21. Juni CTD-Stationen, dabei 2 Super-Stationen(1) mit Multinetz bei 7O und 8O. Auslegung der Verankerung F1-14. Aufnahme der Verankerungen F2-15, F3-14, F4-14, F5-14. 22. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerungen F2-16, F3-15, F4-15. Weitere CTD-Stationen, eine Super- Station bei 6O. 23. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung F5- 15. Aufnahme der Verankerungen F22-2 und F6-15. Auslegung des Seagliders MK557. 24. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung F20-4a. Aufnahme des Seagliders MK557. Auslegung der Verankerungen F6-16 und F20-4b. Weitere CTD-Stationen mit Super-Station bei 5O. 25. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Aufnahme der Verankerung F7- 11. Weitere CTD-Stationen mit eine Super-Station bei 4O. Auslegung der Verankerung F7-12. 26. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Aufnahme der Verankerungen F8-12, F15-9 und F168. Weitere CTD-Stationen. 27. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerungen F8-13 und F15-9. Weitere CTD-Stationen mit Super-Station bei 150'O. 28. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung F16-9 und Aufnahme der Verankerung F9-10. Weitere CTD- Stationen, dabei eine Super-Station bei 00210 (mit 3 Einstzen des Multinetzes) 29. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung F9- 11 und Aufnahme der Verankerung FlU-li. Weitere CTD- Stationen. 30. Juni CTD-Stationen in der Nacht, dabei eine Super-Station bei 230'W. Auslegung der Verankerung F10-12. 1. Juli CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Transit nach Sden und Aufnahme der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-1. Aufnahme-versuch der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-2 nicht gelungen. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-3. Die akustische Lauschstation vom Schlauchboot. Transit zurck zum Hauptschnitt bei 7850'N. Weitere CTD -Stationen. 2. Juli Transit nach Norden und Aufnahme der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ4-1. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ4- 2 abgebrochen wegen technischer Problemer mit der Schallquelle. 3. Juli Beprobung mit Hand- und Bongonetzen. Transit Richtung Grnland durch dickes und kompaktes Meereis, mit dem Ziel GPS-Sensoren auf der Kste auszubringen. Der Helikopterflug nach Grnland musste wegen sehr schlechter Sichtbedingungen (dicker, eisiger Nebel) abgebrochen werden. 4. Juli Abwarten auf Verbesserung des Flugwetters. Der Test- Flugversuch Richtung Grnland nicht gelungen auf Grund des dicken Nebels, Schneefalls und tiefer Wolkenuntergrenze. Mittlerweile CTD-Stationen entlang der Festeiskante. 5. Juli Abwarten auf Verbesserung des Flugwetters. Fortdauerndes Nebel, Schneefall und tiefe Wolken. Weitere CTD-Stationen entlang der Festeiskante. 6. Juli Abwarten auf Verbesserung des Flugwetters. Transit zurck zum Hauptschnitt bei 7850'N. CTD-Stationen im Eis, dabei eine Super-Station bei 1027'W. 7. Juli CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt mit einer Super-Station bei 730'W. 8. Juli CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt mit eine Super-Station bei 525'W. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ7-l. 9. Juli CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt mit eine Super-Station bei 357'W. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ6-l. Transit nach Norden. 10. Juli Aufnahme der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ2-3. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerungen FSQ2-4 und FSQ4-2. Aufnahme der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ13. 11. Juli Der zweiter Aufnahme-Versuch der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3- 2 nicht gelungen. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ5- 1. Die akustische Lauschstation vom Schlauchboot. CTD- Stationen auf dem Abschnitt entlang des tomographischen Tracks D-A. 12. Juli Weitere CTD-Stationen entlang des tomographischen Tracks D-A. 13. Juli Weitere CTD-Stationen entlang des tomographischen Tracks D-A. Helikopter-Flug nach Longyearbyen, um den Seaglider SG127 abzuholen. 14. Juli Test und Auslegung des Seagliders SG127. Transit nach Isfjorden. 15. Juli Ankunft in Longyearbyen 08:OOLT. Ausschiffung der wissenschaftlichen Fahrtteilnehmer 12:OOLT. Ende des Fahrtabschnittes. (1)Eine Super-Station umfasst die Standard CTD-Station mit Entnahme der Wasserproben aus allen Tiefenbereichen sowie 2-3 vertikale Profile mit dem Multinetz. SUMMARY AND ITINERARY The first leg of the 2711 Polarstern expedition to the Arctic was devoted to conduct oceanographic and biogeochemical research in the northern Fram Strait. The cruise started on June 14 from Bremerhaven and was finished on July 15 in Longyearbyen. During the 5-day long transit to the working area, 6 CTD stations (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) were conducted and 4 NEMO (Navigating European Marine Observer) floats and 5 SVP-B drifters (Surface Velocity Project-Barometer) were deployed. The field research in the Fram Strait served different projects, among them the EU project ACOBAR (Acoustic Technology for Observing the Interior of the Arctic Ocean), the German project HAFOS (Hybrid Arctic/Antarctic Float Observing System), and a suite of biochemical studies carried by the research group PEBCAO (Phytoplankton Ecology and Biogeochemistry in the Changing Ocean) and by two groups from IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel. The oceanographic measurements aimed at the estimation of oceanic volume and heat fluxes through Fram Strait between the northern North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean with special emphasis on inter-annual and decadal variability. Hydrographic measurements (temperature, salinity and oxygen) were conducted on 81 CTD stations along the section, and ocean currents in the upper layer were measured both on stations and underway. Two additional CTD sections were alsoconducted, one along the ice edge on the Greenland shelf (18 stations) and one along the tomographic path in the eastern Fram Strait (20 stations). The moored array, deployed in 2010 and in 2011 for year-round measurements of temperature, salinity and currents was exchanged. Altogether 12 oceanographic moorings were recovered and 14 moorings were deployed (including two profiling moorings). Measurements at the moored array will provide an extension of the existing 15year long time series of unbroken observations in Fram Strait. To complement the observations by moorings that are continuous in time yet though spatially relatively sparse, the high resolution hydrographic sections were measured by Seaglider, deployed for the 2-month long mission in Fram Strait. Five RAFOS sound sources were recovered and 7 acoustic sources were deployed in the western, icecovered part of Fram Strait for under-ice acoustic navigation of the glider. At 11 multidisciplinary stations along the 785'N section, the hydrographic measurements and collection of water samples were combined with net sampling for the biological studies by the PEBCAO group. 180 water samples were taken for gathering the information on algal abundance and taxonomic composition. Additional 84 samples were collected for analyzing the particulate carbon and nitrogen, silicate and nutrients. The abundance and distribution of mesozooplankton was investigated by vertical medium multinet hauls from 5 different depth strata down to 1,500 m. To study the distribution of amphipod species, 10 vertical casts with the large multinet were performed. For determining the phytoplankton compositions, 69 samples were collected for microscopic analysis and 105 water samples from 35 stations were filtrated for the analysis of ribosomal genes. On the individual phytoplankton species level, sampling was focused on the Arctic key micro algal species P. pouchetii collected from the upper 10 m layer. 492 isolates from 60 field samples were achieved, with most successful isolation of colonies between 2W and 10E. To investigate changes in pCO2 on dominant copepod species, two experiments were conducted onboard. 350 samples were obtained from 6 stations during the transit and from 16 stations in Fram Strait for DNA and RNA analysis to study the effects of warming on phytoplankton community structure and metabolism. To provide information about the carbon budget of the water masses, characteristics of ocean currents, and to quantify changes in ventilation, the profiles of water samples for DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon), oxygen, nutrients and the transient tracers CFC-12 (Chlorofluorocarbon-12) and SF, (Sulfur hexafluoride) were taken at 42 stations along the transect. The CFC-12, SF6 and oxygen concentrations were measured onboard while DIC and nutrients samples will be analysed onshore. Water samples for the detection of stable oxygen isotope (18O) were collected at 32 stations and for radiogenic neodymium (Nd) isotopes and rare earth elements (REE) at 16 stations. These tracers will be used for the assessment of water mass signatures in Fram Strait. 100 water samples were collected for DBC (dissolved black carbon) and approx. 250 samples were taken for DOC (dissolved organic carbon) and CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) analysis to determine how much of the riverine DBC entering the Arctic Ocean is subsequently exported to the Atlantic Ocean. To quantify air-sea exchange fluxes of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in Fram Strait, a glass-bed equilibrator was connected to the underway sampling system of Polarstern and a membrane-inlet mass spectrometer was used to continuously measure dissolved oxygen-to-argon (O2/Ar) ratios. The geodetic work with deployments of the GPS sensors on the Greenland coast could not be achieved due to the lack of flight permitting weather conditions. At sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals was studied along two dedicated transects, the section along the West Spitsbergen coast and the main Fram strait section along 7850'N by observations from the ship and during helicopter flights (470 periods of 30-min data recording). In total 28 bird species and 16 marine mammal species were observed. The main highlights were the very high number of Ivory Gulls (>400 individuals), the first in the record of sightings of the Spectacled Eider and the Iceland Gull as well as the sightings of Sei Whales and Narwhals (3 groups with 17 individuals). A high number of Polar Bear was also recorded (27 individuals with at least 4 cubs). Cruise itinerary 14 June Departure 08:00 LT according to the plan. Testing of Parasound and Hydrosweep, Posidonia USBL Box, GAPS and Gravimeter by FIELAX near Helgoland. Retransfer of the FIELAX/Laeisz group by helicopter and departure towards Fram Strait at 18:00 LT. 15-16 June Transit to the first station at 70N. Preparations of equipment. 17 June First 2 CTD stations and 2 hand net stations at the transect in the Norwegian Sea 18 June CTD stations, sampling with hand and Bongo nets at the transect in the Norwegian Seas. Deployment of 4 NEMO floats and 2 SVP-B drifters on the way. 19 June CTD stations, sampling with hand net and test station for Multinet at the transect in the Norwegian Seas. Deployment of 2 SVP-B drifters on the way. 20 June Deployment of 1 SVP-B drifter. Sampling with hand net. Starting CTD stations at the 7850'N section. 21 June CTD stations including 2 SuperStations(1) with Multinets at 7E and 8E. Deployment of mooring F1-14. Recovery of F2-15, F3-14, F4-14, F5-14. 22 June CTD stations at night. Deployment of moorings F2-16, F3-15, F4-15. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 6E. 23 June CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F5-15. Recovery of moorings F22-2, F6-15. Deployment of Seaglider MK557. 24 June CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F20-4a. Recovery of Seaglider MK557. Deployment of moorings F6-16 and F20-4b. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 5E. 25 June CTD stations at night. Recovery of mooring F7-11. CTD with SuperStation at 4E. Deployment of F7-12. 26 June CTD stations at night. Recovery of moorings F8-12, F15-9 and F168. CTD stations. 27 June CTD stations at night. Deployment of moorings F8-13 and F15-9. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 150'E. 28 June CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F16-9 and recovery of F9-1O. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 02'E (with 3 Multinets) 29 June CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F9-11 and recovery of FlOh. CTD Stations. 30 June CTD stations at night with SuperStation at 230'W. Deployment of mooring F1O-12. 1 July CTD stations at night. Transit to the south and recovery of RAFOS mooring FSQ3-1. Attempt to recover RAFOS mooring FSQ3-2 not successful. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ3- 3. Acoustic listening station from the rubber boat. Transit back to 7850'N section. CTD stations. 2 July Transit northward and recovery of RAFOS mooring FSQ4-1. Deployment of FSQ4-2 cancelled due to the failure of sound source. 3 July Hand and Bongo net stations. Transit through the compact sea ice towards Greenland for deployment of GPS sensors on the coast. No weather condition for flights due to dense fog. 4 July Waiting for flight permitting weather conditions. Trial flight towards Greenland not successful due to the fog, snow fall and low cloud ceiling. In the meantime CTD stations along the fast ice edge. 5 July Waiting for flight permitting weather conditions. Persistent fog, snow falls and low cloud ceiling. CTD stations along the fast ice edge. 6 July Waiting for flight permitting weather conditions. Transit back to the 7850'N section. CTD stations in ice with one SuperStation at 1027'W. 7 July CTD stations at the main section with one SuperStation at 730'W. 8 July CTD stations at the main section with one SuperStation at 525'W. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ7-1. 9 July CTD stations with one SuperStation at 357'W. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ6-1. Transit northward. 10 July Recovery of RAFOS mooring FSQ2-3. Deployment of RAFOS moorings FSQ2-4 and FSQ4-2. Recovery of RAFOS mooring FSQ 13. 11 July Second attempt to recover RAFOS mooring FSQ3-2 not successful. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ5-1. Acoustic listening station from the rubber boat. CTD stations at the section along tomographic track DA. 12 July CTD stations at the section along tomographic track DA. 13 July CTD stations at the section along tomographic track DA. Helicopter flight to Longyearbyen to pick up the Seaglider SG127 14 July Tests and deployment of Seaglider SG127. Transit to Isfjorden. 15 July Arrival Longyearbyen 08:00LT. Disembarking of the scientific crew 12:00LT. End of the cruise. (1)A superStation include a standard CTD cast with full collection of water samples and 2-3 vertical hauls by multinet. Abb. 1.1: Die Fahrtroute der Polarstern whrend ARK-XXVII/1 Fig. 1.1: Cruise track of RV Polarstern during the expedition ARK-XXVII/1 2. WEATHER CONDITIONS Harald Rentsch, Klaus Buldt, Julianne DWD Hempelt At the beginning of the cruise ARK-XXVII/1 on June l4th at 8:00 MESZ in Bremerhaven a low pressure system over Ireland was strengthening when our ship moved northward. On the front side of the high pressure ridge over western North Sea the sea and wind were relatively calm with wind force up to 4 Bft, mostly from northerly to easterly directions. Starting on June 18th we got wind of nearly 7 Bft from north-westerly direction for one day, while the wave height did not reach more than 2.5 m. This coincided with covered skies, rain and partly foggy conditions. These bad weather conditions had continued for next two days on our track to Fram Strait while the wind speed decreased to below 20 knots. After the middle of the week the pressure gradient raised considerably resulting in south-westerly winds up to wind force 7 Bft. Despite wave heights between 2.5 and 3 m all moorings could be perfectly recovered. Due to warmer air, the ceiling of broken clouds were fixed above 500 ft and helicopters could perform flights for watching whales, partly at sunshine. This cyclonal-influenced weather situation continued on 22 and 231d of June in Fram Strait (Fig. 2.1). Up to this time we had been getting the polar-origin air from the north, which was cooled by ice, producing often fog or low clouds. Fig. 2.1: Analysis of surface-pressure chart for 22.06.2012, 06 utc (left), and VIS/IR-satellite picture 22.06.2012, 06:23 utc (right). The position of Polarstern is marked by the sign x, labelled by the ship's call sign DBLK, its track is shown by dashed red lines. On June 25th the moist, unstable, layered air came from the Arctic Ocean and was dominant for the weather for the next 2 days. This situation in connection with a upper low, which crossed the Frame Strait and moved further on towards Barents Sea and often caused snow- and rain showers, resulted in insufficient flight conditions with respect to meteorological terms. Therefore the scheduled helicopter flights over the ice covered area for sea mammals watching could not be performed. Under the north-westerly wind of Bft 4-5 the sea remained nearly calm, with only some restrictions during recovery of moorings due to bad visibility and precipitation. For the next three days during our course along 78.8N the cold air and often snow or snow-showers were observed at upper levels and the wind blew from northwesterly directions with Bft 4. On June 28th some lows on the surface and aloft passed our ships track and the wind force of Bft 7 from northerly directions caused some problems with mooring recovery at the position 78.8N low since ice-sheets were spreading into the recovery area. On June 29 we were mostly under the influence of a steering low and snowfall, the wind blew with Bft 5 from the northeast direction. On the low's back side after the end of snowfall the weather conditions improved, allowing the helicopter flights one day later. On July 1st July the pressure increased slowly in Fram Strait and breaking clouds were observed in the working area together with the weak easterly winds. These conditions allowed another helicopter campaign to watch animals in the ice-covered areas. The extended ice sheets (one-year and multiyear ice) along the ship's track hampered the recovery of moorings and made it difficult to find the optimal way through the ice. Starting on July 2 the low clouds were dominant in the northern part of an upper, steering low over Greenland Sea. The low was moving towards the coast of eastern Greenland, towards the position of the helicopter flights scheduled for the deployment of GPS sensorsobs. On July 3rd and 411 the ship was in the region influenced by fronts and within a stable stratification of air nearby the surface, causing snowfall and low clouds in the wide range around the working area. All flights towards the cost of Greenland had to be cancelled due to insufficient flight meteorological conditions, in spite of entering the open water polynya far away from the Greenland's fast ice edge. One day later the influence of high pressure on the surface strengthened strongly. The weak wind could not transport away the whole moisture in low-altitude air below an inversion layer in lower atmosphere. Due to this and additional cyclonal processes in the upper atmosphere, some polar lows built up (Fig. 2.2) and circulated anticlockwise around the upper low producing snow and fog. All flight actions were stopped due to insufficient flight weather conditions described above. Fig. 2.2: Analysis of surface-pressure chart for 05.07.2012, 06 utc (left), and IR-satellite picture 05.07.2012, 07:04 utc (right). The position of POLARSTERN is marked by "x" sign and labelled with the ship's call sign DBLK; T-sign (not filled, red): upper low; T-sign (filled, red with fronts): Polar Low; H: high pressure; dashed blue lines: movement of Polar Lows anticlockwise. Starting from July 6th we had a break of weather; a cold airflow from the north let to dry weather with northerly winds up to Bft 5. At the edge of the low nearby Svalbard the flight weather was slightly improving day by day, so during the next 3 days all flights dedicated to marine mammals watching were successful. The ice conditions along our track eastward remained difficult but rather good ice information based on the satellite pictures help to find the optimal way through the ice. One day later, on July 9th some polar lows moved towards our cruise track, bringing fog and low clouds, all driven by the northerly winds up to Bft 6. Therefore the helicopter flights were possible only in the morning. The difficult ice situation caused some delays for station work. Finally, one day later, when ship was moving out of the ice towards Svalbard, the low clouds and fog disappeared more often and helicopter flight could be carried out. Wind velocity was very low and increasing pressure dominated the weather situation until the end of our cruise. We reached our destination, Longyearbyen, under the fair weather on July 15th in the morning with the air temperature around 7C. Fig. 2.3: Distribution of wind force during ARK-XXVII/1 Fig. 2.4: Distribution of visibility during ARK-XXVII/1 3. OCEANIC FLUXES THROUGH FRAM STRAIT AND AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE ARCTIC OCEAN Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller, Olaf AWI Strothmann, Matthias Monsees, Andreas Wisotzki, Jrg Walter, Karel Castro-Morales, Florian Greil, Levke Caesar, Jannes Klling, Sebastian Menze, Dennis Grimm, Michael Strz Objectives Exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean result in the most dramatic water mass conversions in the World Ocean: warm and saline Atlantic waters, flowing through the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean, are modified by cooling, freezing and melting to become shallow fresh waters, ice and saline deep waters. The outflow from the Nordic Seas to the south provides the initial driving of the global thermohaline circulation cell. Knowledge of these fluxes and understanding of the modification processes is a major prerequisite for the quantification of the rate of overturning within the large circulation cells of the Arctic and the Atlantic Oceans, and is also a basic requirement for understanding the role of these ocean areas in climate variability on inter-annual to decadal time scales. The Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean is of major influence on convection in the Nordic Seas and further south, the transport of warm and saline Atlantic water affects the water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean which has consequences for the internal circulation and possibly influences also ice and atmosphere. The complicated topographic structure of the Fram Strait leads to a splitting of the West Spitsbergen Current carrying Atlantic Water northward into at least three branches. One current branch follows the shelf edge and enters the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard. This part has to cross the Yermak Plateau which poses a sill for the flow with a depth of approximately 700 m. A second branch flows northward along the north-western slope of the Yermak Plateau and the third one recirculates immediately in Fram Strait at about 79N. Evidently, the size and strength of the different branches largely determine the input of oceanic heat to the inner Arctic Ocean. The East Greenland Current, carrying water from the Arctic Ocean southwards has a concentrated core above the continental slope. It is our aim to measure the oceanic fluxes through Fram Strait and to determine their variability on seasonal to decadal time scales. Since 1997, year-round velocity, temperature and salinity measurements are carried out in Fram Strait with moored instruments. Hydrographic sections exist since 1980. The estimates of mass and heat fluxes through the strait are provided through a combination of both data sets. From 1997 to 2000 intensive fieldwork occurred in the framework of the EU project VEINS (Variability of Exchanges in Northern Seas). After the end of VEINS it was maintained under national programmes. From 2003 to 2005, the work was carried out as part of the international Programme ASOF (ArcticSubarctic Ocean Flux Study) and was partly funded in the EU ASOF-N project. In 2006-2009 measurements in Fram Strait were performed under the EU DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modelling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environment Studies) Integrated Project and since 2009 the observational programme has been continued in the context of the EU ACOBAR project. The mooring line is maintained in close co-operation with the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI). The results of the measurements will be used in combination with regional models, to investigate the nature and origin of the transport fluctuations on seasonal to decadal time scales. Work at sea The oceanographic work at sea during ARK-XXVII/1 included two main activities: the recovery and redeployment of the array of moorings and measurements of CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) profiles (Fig. 3.1). The standard section in Fram Strait at 7850'N, which has been occupied regularly since 1997, was measured with the high resolution coverage by 80 CTD stations, extending westward to 1247'W. Two additional hydrographic section were also occupied, one along the ice edge in the western Fram Strait with 18 CTD stations and second along the tomographic track in the eastern part of the strait with 20 stations. The mooring array covers the entire deep part of Fram Strait between the continental slope west of Spitsbergen to the shelf edge east of Greenland. In 2003 it was extended by NPI onto the East Greenland shelf. In June-July 2012 Polarstern recovered all moorings in the central and eastern part of the strait, including 8 moorings which were deployed in 2011 during the ARK-XXVI/1 cruise (between 820'E and 247'E) and 4 moorings between 248'E and 2W deployed two years earlier during ARK-XXV/1 and not exchanged in 2011. The easternmost mooring Fl, located over the upper Spitsbergen continental slope at 840' at the depth of 270 m, was not deployed in 2011 due to a high risk of damage by fishery vessels. This mooring had been lost during two subsequent deployment periods (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). In 2012 mooring Fl was deployed with a redesigned construction as the bottom mooring equipped with a trawl-resistant frame. Each recovered tall subsurface mooring carried 3 to 8 instruments including rotor and acoustic current meters from Aanderaa Instruments (RCM7, RCM8 and RCM11), acoustic current profilers from RD Instruments (WH and QM ADCP), temperature and salinity sensors from Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE37 and SBE16) and bottom pressure recorders from Sea-Bird (SBE26). The whale recorder (AURAL M2) and two calibrated hydrophones for passive acoustic recording (H38 and H41) were also included in the recovered moorings as well as 5 develogic hydroacoustic modems Hydro-Node. The western moorings (west of 3W), operated by NPI were recovered in September 2012 by RV Lance. The recovered moorings F2 to FlU (including F15 and F16) were redeployed in a similar configuration as during the previous deployment except the additional upward-looking ADCP5 (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) to test the new configuration of the moored array to be adopted under the HAFOS project. In future the HAFOS moored array will consist of gliders covering the upper 300 m layer and shorter moorings with ADCP5 at the top. In the current configuration, for a sufficient vertical resolution each subsurface mooring carries 3 to 8 instruments (RCM 8 and RCM11 current meters from Aanderaa, acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) from RDI and SBE16 and SBE37 temperature and salinity sensors from Seabird). Instruments were distributed at the nominal levels: 50m (subsurface layer), 250 m (Atlantic water layer), 750 m (lower boundary of the Atlantic water), 1,500 m (deep water) and 5 m above bottom (near-bottom layer). The easternmost mooring Fl was deployed as the bottom mooring with ADCP installed in the trawl-resistant bottom frame and one MicroCat mounted on the frame. Horizontal distances between moorings are smaller at the upper slope (moorings Fl to F3) and increase towards the deep part of the strait (ca. 20 km). All instruments were configured for the two-year long deployment period since there is no Polarstern Arctic expedition planned in 2013. However, short before deployment it was discovered that a bigger part of battery packs for ADCP5, delivered just before the cruise as new by manufacturer, was already overdue regarding the recommendation for deployment (date given on the battery as 'not deploy after') and the most likely the devices will stop before the planned recovery date. To assure data delivery for this 2-year period, all ADCP5 were back-up with additional Aanderaa current meters, located at each mooring next to ADCP at the nominal depth of 250m. To testthe near-real time (NRT) data transfer between moorings, three low-frequency long-range acoustic modems, the HAM.nodes manufactured by develogic GmbH, were interfaced to the current meters at selected moorings and deployed in 2009 for one-year long field test in the eastern Fram Strait (Fig. 3.2). Since acoustic data transmission over a typical range between moorings of the order (30 km) proved to be unreliable, the distance between long-range modems was reduced by adding a relay-link mooring with additional modem in a half-way between instrumented moorings. The results of the 2009-2010 test revealed significant problems related to the high level of ambient noise and low signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in a large number of failed transmissions. The next deployment of moorings with acoustic modems took place in 2011 when a tuning inductivity to increase the output amplitude (therefore the range of the modems) was implemented and transmission settings were adjusted (more often transmissions, smaller data packages). Of four long-range acoustic modems deployed in 2011 one was recovered in September 2011 and the remaining three were recovered during the ARK-XXVII/1 cruise in 2012. For the deployment in 2012 three moorings in the eastern Fram Strait were equipped with the low-frequency modems. In addition to the long-term array, two additional moorings were also deployed in 2012, aimed in testing the profiling winches with CTD profiler equipped with Iridium modem for data transfer. Both moorings carried the underwater winch from the NGK Japan but the profiler systems were different. One mooring carried the original CTD profiler from NGK Japan equipped with acoustic modem for communication with the winch and Iridium modem for data transfer. The second mooring was equipped with the profiling top from Optimare GmbH (built on the basis of an adapted NEMO float) The profilers were programmed to cover the upper water column up to the surface. These moorings were located south of the moorings F5-F6 at the offshore boundary of the West Spitsbergen Current. The additional moorings with profiling winches and modems were recovered during the autumn cruise of KV Svalbard in September 2012. For the testing purposes of the under ice acoustic navigation of gliders in Fram Strait, the array of the 260 Hz RAFOS sound sources was deployed in the central and western Fram Strait. Four RAFOS sound sources deployed in 2011 were recovered in 2012. One source located farther north at 7939'N could not be recovered due to the compact ice cover at the mooring location (this source was recovered later in September 2012 from KV Svalbard). Seven acoustic moorings were deployed during ARK-XXVII/1 in 2012, six equipped with develogic RAFOS sound sources and one with the Webb RAFOS source. One develogic sound source failed immediately during deployment and deployment was cancelled. The mooring recovery rate was 88 % (from 12 recovered moorings). Two Aandera RCM8 current meters lost the rotors and in one case, the instrument was blocked in a fixed position. Additionally, two RCM8 current meters was flooded and one recorded no data (memory failure). Two RCM11 (SN 452 and 458) recorded data in wrong channels, and data could not be converted into engineering units. One ADCP at mooring F7 was flooded; however there were no indications of leakage through the instrument cover. Most likely the water got into the pressure case through one (or more) of the ADCP mirrors. Two CTD sensors SBE37 stopped prematurely (one after 100 and one after 150 days). The distribution of instruments is shown on Fig. 3.2. During ARK-XXVII/1 the 7th operational mission of Seaglider in Fram Strait was launched. The underwater glider is a buoyancy-driven device, which can alternately reduce and expand displaced volume to dive and climb through the ocean, just as do profiling floats. Unlike floats, a glider additionally carries wings and controls its pitch attitude to effectuate a horizontal speed component through the ocean. Originally the new Seaglider MK557 manufactured by Robot Inc. was planned for summer deployment in 2012. However, after deployment of the glider on June 23 it occurred that MK557 behaved unstable and could not be navigated in the programmed direction. Therefore the glider was recovered one day later. To execute the summer glider mission in Fram Strait, the express freight of Seaglider SN127 to Longyearbyen was arranged. SG127 was picked up from the Svalbard airport with the Polarstern helicopter just before the end of the cruise (on July 13) and successfully deployed near the Isfjord entrance on the same day. The Seagliders are capable to profile between surface and 1,000 m with the horizontal speed 0.1-0.45 m/s and minimum vertical speed of 0.06 m/s. Seaglider SN127, deployed for the summer mission, was equipped with SBE Temperature/Conductivity Sensors, SBE43 dissolved oxygen sensor, Wetlabs BB2SF chlorophyll a, fluorescence and optical backscatter sensors. In addition, RAFOS hardware was installed to test the underwater acoustic navigation of the glider in sea ice covered areas. During its mission the Seaglider was operated from the Glider Operation Center in Bremerhaven. SG 127 was recovered from KV Svalbard on September 9 after completing 303 dives over the distance of 572 Nm. The CTD measurements in the eastern and central part of Fram Strait occurred mostly during the nights between mooring work. Therefore the sequence of stations is rather irregular. Altogether 125 CTD casts were taken at 123 stations and water samples were collected during all casts (Fig. 3.1). One CTD system from Sea-Bird Electronics Inc SBE911+ was used. Mainly CTD probe SN 937 with duplicate T and C sensors (temperature sensors SBE3, SN 1373 (primary) and 1338 (secondary), conductivity sensors SBE4, SN 1198 (primary) and 1199 (secondary) and pressure sensor Digiquartz 410K-105 SN 0937) was in service. The CTD was connected to a SBE32 Carousel Water Sampler, SN 718 (24 12-liter bottles). Additionally the Benthos Altimeter Model PSA-916 SN 46611, the Fluorometer Wetlabs FLRTD SN 1365 and the transmissiometer WetlabsCStar SN 112ODR were mounted on the carousel. Two dissolved oxygen sensors SBE43 were in use: SN 1605 until June 29 and SN743 afterwards. The algorithm to compute oxygen concentration requires also measurements of temperature, salinity and pressure. Salinity of 54 water samples was measured using the Optimare Precision Salinometer SN 003 with Standard Water IAPSO Batch P154 for calibration of the salinity sensor. Underway measurements with a vessel-mounted narrow band 150 kHz ADCP from RD Instruments and a Sea-Bird SBE45 thermosalinograph measurements were conducted along the transect to supply temperature, salinity and current data at a much higher spatial resolution than given through the moorings. Two thermosalinographs were in use, one at the 6 m depth in the bow thruster tunnel and one at the 11 m depth in the keel. Both instruments were controlled by taking water samples, which were measured on board. Preliminary results The data from the moored instruments were read out from the memory cards and preliminary processed onboard but the final processing including the pressure correction in on-going. The analysis of the hydrographic data occurred on the basis of preliminary data available on board. The post-cruise calibration might result in minor changes. The temperature and salinity sections across Fram Strait are shown in Fig. 3.3. The main core of northward flowing warm and saline Atlantic Water (AW) is found at the eastern side of the transect in the shallow to intermediate layers. The West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) is visible at the eastern slope by downward sloping isolines. The AW layer in the West Spitsbergen Current was much shallower compared to the previous year, over the upper shelf slope the isotherm 0C was shifted up to approx. 600 m (observed at ~1,000 m in 2011). AW temperature in the WSC was much lower in summer 2012 than in 2011 with no water warmer than 5C observed (except a small surface patch around 7E). In contrast to summer 2011 when very warm water was found in the WSC but AW directly recirculating westward was much colder than average, in 2012 temperature of recirculating AW in the central Fram Strait was similar to the temperature of AW in the WSC. The AW mean temperature in the WSC (defined after Rudels et al., 2005 with T>2C and 27.7 60) shown on Fig. 3.11. The highest number of valid receptions were for the RAFOS sources FSQ7-1 (develogic source), FSQ4-2 (Rossby source), FSQ1-4 (develogic source) and from the tomographic source A during the first half of the mission (until the source was recovered in September). There were no valid receptions from the RAFOS sources FSQ3-3 (develogic source), and tomographic sources B and C during the summer mission. Data management CTD data collected during ARK-XXVII/1 will be delivered after the post-cruise calibration to the PANGAEA data base and to the appropriate national data banks. The data recorded by the moored instrumentation will be post processed after the cruise at AWI and submitted to the PANGAEA data base within one year. The glider data collected during the summer mission are recorded at AWI in near-real time. The preliminary processing is done during the mission while the final post processing of the glider data takes place within one year after the completion of the mission. The processed glider data will be delivered to the PANGAEA data base within one year after the mission, provided that the necessary data formats and upload procedures will be worked out in the data base. The processed glider data will be also delivered to DAC (Data Assembly Center), which for AWI glider data is represented by the CORIOLIS Data Center. References Rudels, B., Bjrk, G., Nilsson, J., Winsor, P., Lake, I., Nohr, C. 2005. The interactions between waters from the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas north of Fram Strait and along the East Greenland Current: results from the Arctic Ocean-O2 Oden expedition. Journal of Marine Systems 55, 1-30. doi:1O.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.06.00. Tab 3.1a: Moorings deployed in 2010 and recovered during ARK-XXVII/1 Mooring Latitude Water Date and Instrument Serial Instr. Longitude depth time of type number depth (m) first use- (m) ful record ------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ------------ ------ ------- F15-8 78049.96'N 2502 18.07.10 RCM8 VT 6854 65 01035.90'E (HSW) 08:00 SBE 37P 7727 80 78.8327 2507 UTC RCM8 VTP 11890 245 1.5983 (corr. CTD) RCM11 VT 135 750 RCM11 VT 25 1497 RCM11 VT 26 2463 F16-8 78049.99'N 2533 17.07.10 RCM11 VTP 469 68 00024.05'E (HSW) 14:00 SBE 37P 7729 81 78.8332 2544 UTC RCM7VTP 10929 246 0.4008 (corr. CTD) RCM11 VT 100 752 RCM11 VT 214 1498 RCM11 VT 215 2515 F9-10 78050.00'N 2617 19.07.10 Aural M2 MML13 57 00049.00'W (HSW) 16:00 RCM11 VTP 512 58 78.8333 2620 UTC SBE 37P 7731 70 -0.8167 (corr. CTD) RCM8 VT 9763 247 RCM8 VT 9187 753 RCM8 VT 9391 1499 RCM8 VT 9767 2586 F10-11 78050.01'N 2663 20.07.10 RCM11 VTP 474 79 01059.97'W (HSW) 11:00 SBE 37P 7726 80 78.8335 2655 UTC RCM8 VTP 11889 256 -1.9995 (corr. CTD) RCM8 VT 10496 753 RCM7 VTP 8395 1499 RCM11 VT 20 2636 FSQ3-1 78030.00'N 2780 21.07.10 RAFOS source 22 ca. 700 01059.91'W (HSW) 12:00 (Webb sound source) 78.5000 2817 UTC -1.9985 (DWS) Tab 3.lb: Moorings deployed in 2011 and recovered during ARK-XXVII/1 Mooring Latitude Water Date and Instrument Serial Instr. Longitude depth time of type number depth (m) first use- (m) ful record --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ------------- ------ ------ F2-15 7850.07'N 779 10.07.11 SBE 16 1973 76 (top@58m) 0820.21'E (DWS) 07:00 UTC ADCP 14951 528 78.8345 780 RCM 11887 529 8.3368 (corr. CTD) SBE 16 2420 230 SBE 37 3813 771 RCM8 10532 772 F3-14 7849.99'N 1029 10.07.11 SBE 16 1975 93 (top@60m) 0800.00'E (DWS) 09:00 UTC ADCP QM 14968 264 78.8332 RCM 265 8.0000 SBE 16 1977 266 Holgiphone H41 517 RCM8 VTP 9194 774 RCM8 VT 10531 1020 SBE 37 246 1021 F4-14 7850.01'N 1460 08.07.11 SBE 16 2413 113 (top@74m) 0659.93'E (DWS) 14:00 UTC ADCP QM 14969 274 78.8335 RCM11 452 275 6.9988 redeployed RCM11 VTP 472 732 12.07.11 Develogic 14:00 UTC Modem 516 733 RCM8 VTP 9783 1451 F5-14 7850.01'N 2482 08.07.11 SBE 16 2419 77 (top@65m) 0559.98'E (HSW) 08:00 UTC ADCP QM 14970 248 78.8335 2414 RCM 11 VTP 461 249 5.9997 (corr. CTD) SBE 37 7728 250 RCM11 VTP 458 696 Develogic Modem 515 697 RCM8 VTP 9995 1499 RCM8 VT 9770 2406 F6-15 7849.96'N 2707 07.07.11 SBE16 1976 65 (top@60m) 0500.09'E (DWS) 08:00 UTC ADCP QM 14971 226 78.8327 2644 RCM11 VTP 491 227 5.0015 (corr. CTD) SBE 37 7733 228 Holgiphone H38 478 RCM 11 VTP 127 686 Develogic Modem 514 687 RCM 8 VT 9768 1489 RCM 11 VT 315 2636 F7-11 7849.98'N 2335 06.07.11 SBE 16 319 92 (top@70m) 0400.08'E (DWS) 12:00 UTC ADCP QM 15081 253 78.8330 2292 RCM 8VTP 11613 254 4.0876 (corr. CTD) SBE 37 P 7730 255 RCM 8 VTP 9204 761 RCM 8 VTP 9997 1508 RCM 8 VT 9785 2284 F8-12 7850.04'N 2495 06.07.11 SBE 16 1167 83 (top@65m) 0246.63'E (HSW) 06:00 UTC ADCP QM 15082 255 2446 RCM 8 9213 256 (corr. CTD) SBE SM 37 P 7732 256 RCM 8 11892 763 RCM 8 10004 1510 RCM 11 VT 475 2438 F22-2 7850.00'N 2619 07.07.11 Develogic (top@93m) 0530.09'E (DWS) 13:00 UTC Modem 517 702 F23-1 7849.00'N 2698 07.07.11 Develogic (top@89m) 0459.98'E (DWS) 11:00 UTC Modem 3915 701 FSQ1-3 7859.09'N 2486 02.07.11 RAFOS source 16 722 (top@713m) 0256.02'W (DWS) 11:00 UTC (Rossby SQ 0008 722 Develogic Electronic) FSQ2-3 7859.65'N 2590 30.06.11 RAFOS source 36 782 (top@722m) 0001.01'E (DWS) 08:00 UTC (Rossby SQ 19 Develogic Electronic) FSQ3-2 7829.98'N 2819 01.07.11 RAFOS source (top@705m) 0205.02'W (DWS) 08:00 UTC (Develogic SQ Not recovered Develogic Electronic) FSQ4-1 7910.00'N 2644 30.06.11 RAFOS source 17 830 (top@694m) 0130.08'W (DWS) 12:00 UTC (Rossby SQ 004 830 Develogic Electronic) Abbreviations: ADCP WH | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Work | Horse 300 Hz ADCP QM | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Quarter | Master 150 Hz VTP | Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor VT | Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor RCM7 | Aanderaa current meter type RCM7 RCM8 | Aanderaa current meter type RCM8 RCM 11 | Aanderaa Doppler current meter with temperature sensor SBE 16 | Seabird Electronics SBE16 recording temperature, conductivity, | and pressure SBE 37 | Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature and | conductivity (optionally pressure 37P) RAFOS | RAFOS (Sound Fixing and Ranging) sound source Tab. 3.2: Moorings deployed during ARK-XXVII/1 Mooring Latitude Water Date and Instrument Serial Instr. Longitude depth time of type number depth (m) first use- (m) ful record --------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ------------- ------ ---- F1-14 78 50.01'N 240 (CTD) 21.06.2012 ADCP QM 14090 240 (top@238m) 08 39.99'E 246 (DWS) 05:00 UTC SBE 37 2384 240 78.8335 8.6665 F2-16 78 50.05'N 787 (CTD) 22.06.2012 RCM8 VT 10531 86 (top@55m) 08 20.17'E 809 (DWS) 07:00 SBE 37 1229 87 78.83416 ADCP QM 14016 262 8.33617 RCM8 VT 10532 263 SBE 37 250 264 SBE 37 220 774 RCM11VT 101 779 F3-15 78 49.91'N 1005 (CTD) 22.06.2012 RCM11 VTP 461 59 (top@45m) 08 00.29'E 1028 (DWS) 10:00 UTC SBE 37 1237 60 78.83183 ADCP QM 14086 240 8.00483 RCM8 VT 9770 241 SBE 37 9487 242 Holgiphone H33 493 RCM11 VTP 506 750 SBE 37 230 991 RMC11 VT 504 997 F4-15 78 50.01'N 1420 (CTD) 22.06.2012 RCM8 VTP 11887 74 (top@60m) 06 59.99'E 1465 (DWS) 13:00 UTC SBE 37 2392 75 78.83350 ADCP QM 14087 235 6.99983 RCM8 VTP 9183 236 SBE 37 2393 237 RCM7 VTP 8048 692 SonoVault 1026 743 SonoVault 1024 1410 RCM8 VT 10497 1412 F5-15 78 50.01'N 2418 (CTD) 23.06.2012 RCM8 VTP 9194 74 (top@55m) 06 00.04'E 2474 (DWS) 07:00 UTC SBE 37 2396 75 78.83350 ADCP QM 14088 225 6.00067 RCM8 VTP 10002 226 SBE 37 2610 227 RCM11 VTP 462 673 RCM11 VTP 486 1424 RCM8 VT 9390 2410 F6-16 78 49.99'N 2712(DWS) 24.06.2012 RCM11 VT 315 61 (top@40m) 05 00.00'E 12:00 UTC SBE 37 2237 62 78.83316 ADCP QM 14089 252 5.00000 RCM11 VTP 491 253 SBE 37 244 254 Holgiphone H34 504 RCM11 VTP 455 751 RCM8 VT 9186 1553 RCM8 VT 9188 2636 F7-12 78 49.72'N 2292 (CTD) 25.06.2012 SBE 37 8130 79 (top@55m) 04 00.51'E 2345 (DWS) 13:00 UTC ADCP QM 14951 239 78.82867 RCM8 VTP 9997 240 4.00850 SBE 37 8131 241 RCM7 VT 8402 742 RCM8 VT 3517 1498 RCM8 VT 9782 2284 F8-13 78 49.37'N 2466 (CTD) 27.06.2012 SBE 16 2415 71 (top@55m) 02 45.33'E 2457 (DWS) 09:00 UTC ADCP QM 14950 272 78.82283 RCM8 VTP 9785 273 2.75550 SBE 16 1979 274 RCM8 VT 10872 781 RCM8 VT 9182 1522 RCM8 VT 9185 2458 F15-9 78 50.12'N 2495 (CTD) 27.06.2012 SBE 16 2416 64 (top@50m) 01 35.08'E 2499 (DWS) 13:00 UTC ADCP QM 14971 246 78.83533 RCM8 VTP 11613 247 1.58467 SBE 16 2421 248 RCM7 VTP 8403 755 RCM11 VTP 619 1531 RCM8 VT 10503 2487 F16-9 78 49.76'N 2525 (CTD) 28.06.2012 SBE 16 2414 59 (top@50m) 00 25.77'E 2579 (DWS) 06:00 UTC SonoVault C1023 60 78.82933 ADCPQM 14968 243 0.42950 RCM8 VT 9768 244 SBE 37 9488 245 RCM8 VTP 9206 751 SonoVault C21 802 RCM8 VTP 9998 1499 SonoVault C22 2515 RCM11 VT 314 2517 F9-11 78 49.90'N 2593 (CTD) 29.06.2012 SBE 37 9486 55 (top@50m) 00 48.80'W 2603 (HS) 08:00 UTC ADCP QM 14969 225 78.83167 RCM8 VTP 9995 226 -0.81333 SBE 37 9489 227 RCM8 VTP 9207 733 RCM7 VTP 10928 1479 RCM11 VT 298 2585 F10-12 78 49.87'N 2666 (HS) 30.06.2012 SBE 37 9490 57 (top@50m) 02 03.46'W 19:00 UTC ADCP QM 14970 248 78.83117 RCM8 VTP 10004 249 -2.05767 SBE 37 9491 250 Holgiphone H21 550 RCM8 VTP 9201 755 RCM8 VT 9786 1512 RCM11 VT 296 2708 F20-4a 78 45.00'N 2410 (CTD) 24.06.2012 CTD Profiler 03 0-83 (top@75m) 05 29.96'E 2469 (DWS) 07:00 UTC Profiling winch 78.75000 5.49933 F20-4b 78 45.00'N 2375 (DWS) 24.06.2012 CTD Profiler 11 0-115 (top@115m) 0515.03'E 14:00 UTC Profiling winch 78.75000 5.25050 FSQ1-4 78 57.12'N 2500 (DWS) 02.07.2012 RAFOS source 0019 741 (top@90m) 0257.53'W 2455 (HS) 13:00 UTC (Develogic SQ 78.95200 Develogic -2.95883 Electronic) FSQ2-4 79 00.20'N 2556 (HS) 10.07.2012 RAFOS source 0020 795 (top@143m) 00 00.63'E 08:00 UTC (Develogic SQ 79.00333 Develogic 0.01050 Electronic) FSQ3-3 78 29.16'N 2711 (HS) 01.07.2012 RAFOS source 0016 799 (top@149m) 02 28.52'W 11:00 UTC (Develogic SQ 78.48600 Develogic -2.47533 Electronic) FSQ4-2 79 09.12'N 2595 (HS) 10.07.2012 RAFOS source 734 (top@82m) 01 28.77'W 12:00 UTC (Rossby SQ 17 79.15200 Develogic 0005 -1.47950 Electronic) FSQ5-1 78 34.97'N 2801 (HS) 11.07.2012 RAFOS source 22 789 (top@87m) 01 00.00W 08:00 UTC (Webb SQ 78.58283 Webb Electronics) -1.00000 FSQ6-1 78 49.51'N 2645 (HS) 09.07.2012 RAFOS source 0015 734 (top@92m) 01 29.05'W 22:00 UTC (Develogic SQ 78.825167 Develogic -1.484166 Electronic) FSQ7-1 78 44.23'N 1758 (HS) 08.07.2012 RAFOS source 0014 747 (top@90m) 04 02.79'W 17:00 UTC (Develogic SQ 78.737167 Develogic -4.04650 Electronic) Abbreviations: ADCP WH | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Work | Horse 300 Hz ADCP QM | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Quarter | Master 150 Hz VTP | Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor VT | Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor RCM7 | Aanderaa current meter type RCM7 RCM8 | Aanderaa current meter type RCM8 RCM 11 | Aanderaa Doppler current meter with temperature sensor SBE 16 | Seabird Electronics SBE16 recording temperature, conductivity, | and pressure SBE 37 | Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature and | conductivity | (optionally with pressure sensor 37P) RAFOS | RAFOS (Sound Fixing and Ranging) sound source Fig. 3.1: Map with the position of CTD stations and moorings during ARK-XXVII/1 Fig. 3.2: The moored array in Fram Strait redeployed in 2012 during ARK-XXVII/1 for the deployment period 2012-2014 (dashed box indicated moorings operated by AWI) Fig. 3.3: Vertical distribution of potential temperature (a) and salinity (b) at the standard section across Fram Strait at 7850'N measured during ARK-XXVII/1 Fig. 3.4: (a) Temperature and (b) salinity anomalies measured in 2012 during ARK- XXVII/l relative to their long-term means (1997-2012) Fig. 3.5: Interannual variations of the mean temperatures and salinities in the Fram Strait in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), Return Atlantic Current (RAW) and East Greenland Current (EGC) Fig. 3.6: Time series of the Atlantic Water temperature (a) in the West Spitsbergen Current core, (b) at the West Spitsbergen Current western edge and (c) in the AW recirculation branch in 1997-2012, measured by CTD sensors or temperature sensors of current meters at the nominal depth 250 m Fig. 3.7: Example of time series of current vectors in the upper layer of 230m depth measured in the WSC core by the upward looking ADCP at mooring F3 in 2011-2012 Fig. 3.8: Vertical distribution of (a) potential temperature and (b) salinity at the section along the fast ice edge in the western Fram Strait measured during ARK-XXVII/1 Fig. 3.9: The track of Seaglider SG127 during the summer mission in 2012. Red arrows represent the depth-averaged currents for each single dive. Fig. 3.10: (a) Temperature and (b) salinity measured by Seaglider SG127 along the entire track during its mission in Fram Strait in summer 2012 Fig. 3.11: The quality of RAFOS receptions collected during the summer mission by the glider SG127. Correlation values above 60 are used to obtain the navigation solution. 4. PLANKTON ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN A CHANGING ARCTIC OCEAN (PEBCAO) Barbara Niehoff, SteffiGbler-Schwarz, Katharina AWI Kohls, Nicole Hildebrandt, Nadine Knppel, Imke Petersen, Aleksandra Wolanin, Maria Winkler not on board: Eva-Maria Nthig, Ilka Peeken, Katja Metfies Objectives The project PEBCAO (Plankton Ecology and Biogeochemistry in a Changing Arctic Ocean) focuses on the plankton community of the Arctic Ocean, an area which is highly sensitive to climate change. Here, the temperature increases about twice as fast as the global mean. In addition, large pH changes are predicted for the 2lth century as the general decline in seawater pH is amplified by an increasing freshwater input from melting sea ice and river discharge that reduces alkalinity and hence the buffering capacity of the sea. Such physical and chemical changes may have enormous consequences for the pelagic system and for the net carbon balance of the ecosystem. Recent investigations suggest that increasing pH, rising temperatures and freshening of surface waters promote a shift in phytoplankton community towards a dominance of smaller cells. Such shift will have significant consequences for the entire food web as well as for the cycling and sequestering of organic matter in polar waters. Therefore, the phyto- and zooplankton abundance and taxonomic composition need to be studied intensely to improve our understanding of biological processes mechanisms and feedback processes in the Fram Strait. Contributing to a long-term sampling program, one objective during this cruise was to collect samples along a west-east transect across the Fram Strait where cold water masses originating from the southward flowing East Greenland Current meet warm water masses of the West Spitsbergen Current flowing northward. Changing environmental conditions may also have direct effects on distribution and performance of key plankton species. The prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis is a cosmopolitan algal species, which forms large blooms and is, thus, ecologically important in many ecosystems. In the Arctic, the colony-forming cold-water species P. pouchetii dominates. The genetic diversity within this species is largely unknown but may determine the flexibility of the species to respond to environmental changes. The present study aimed at isolating P. pouchetii cells from different regions in the Fram Strait and establishing new cultures, which will later be used for genetic comparisons with the sibling Antarctic species P. antartica. In addition, experiments will be conducted with these cultures to elucidate whether genetic differences are reflected in different ecophysiological responses, which in turn could explain specific biogeographic distribution patterns of this micro-alga. In Arctic waters, three large Calanus species (Copepoda, Crustacea) dominate the mesozooplankton (i.e. passively drifting organisms that range between 0.2 & 20 mm in size). These mostly herbivorous copepods are key components of the Arctic food web as they account for up to 80% of the zooplankton biomass and link primary production to higher trophic levels. Furthermore, they play an important role in transporting carbon from the surface to the deep sea. To date, only few studies investigated the ecological effects of ocean acidification on copepods, indicating that egg production, hatching success and/or mortality rates of nauplii and adults are negatively influenced by lowered pH values due to increased pCO2 (Acartia steueri and A. erythraea, Calanus finmarchicus, several epi- and meso/bathypelagic species). No information is yet available on the influence of increasing CO2 concentrations on feeding activities. To fill this gap, one objective during ARK 27/1 was to determine grazing rates of C. finmarchicus, which inhabits Atlantic waters and C. glacialis, which is typically found in Arctic waters, at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. 4.1 Phytoplankton abundance and distribution Maria Winkler, Aleksandra Wolanin, AWI Katharina Kohls not on board: Eva-Maria Nthig, Ilka Peeken, Katja Metfies Work at sea and preliminary results During ARK-XXVII/1, we have taken water samples with the CTD rosette from six different depths down to 100 meters and filtered these through Whatman GF/F glass fibre and cellulose acetate filters (pore size 0.4 - 0.8 m). In total 180 samples from the entire transect over the Fram Strait will be analyzed with respect to chlorophyll a and other pigments (HPLC), which serve as proxies for algal abundance and taxonomic composition. We have also taken 84 samples each for (1) analyzing the particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, (2) particulate biogenic silica measurement and (3) analyzing nutrients. Filters are stored deep-frozen at -20C or -80C for later analyses in the home laboratory. For determining the phytoplankton species composition, we used three approaches. For microscopic investigation of mainly microplanktonic protists with the Utermhl technique, we took 69 water samples, poured them into brown glass bottles and fixed them with formalin (~1%) buffered with hexamine. These samples will be processed in the laboratories at the AWL The abundances of autotrophic pico- and nanoplankton and small microplankton will be determined with a flow cytometer, also at the AWL Onboard, these samples were preserved in glutaraldehyde in cryovials and stored cold in the dark. In addition, molecular methods are well suited to provide detailed information on the composition and bio-geographical differences of Arctic phytoplankton, especially on the smallest fraction e.g. picoplankton and cyanobacteria. The assessment of the biodiversity and biogeography of Arctic phytoplankton will thus also be based on the analysis of ribosomal genes, using 454-sequencing, Automated Ribosmal Intragenic Sequence Analysis (ARISA), or ribosomal probe-based hybridization methods. For such analyses, water samples from 35 CTD-stations (three depths) were filtrated. In order to separate communities with different cell sizes, three size fractions were separated by using different filter pore sizes (10, 3, and 0.4m). In total, 482 filters were deep frozen for genetic analyses. 4.2 Genetic diversity of Phaeocytis pouchetii in the Fram Strait Steffi Gbler-Schwarz, Imke Petersen AWI Work at sea and preliminary results To isolate Phaeocytis pouchetii from different regions in the Fram Strait, in total 60 field samples were taken by hand with an Apstein net along the east-west transect (78.5N) from the surface down to 10 m depth. From these samples, 492 isolates were achieved to establish new cultures for studying genetic diversity of P. pouchetii within the Fram Strait. Most of the successfully isolated cultures were collected in the surface waters from Spitsbergen towards the middle of the Fram Strait (2W to 10E). These cultures will be used for population genetic studies and for comparison to cultures of the sister species P. antarctica obtained in the Southern Ocean. 4.3 Zooplankton abundance, distribution and feeding activities Barbara Niehoff, Nicole Hildebrandt AWI Work at sea and preliminary results To study abundance and distribution of the mesozooplankton vertical hauls were taken from 5 different depth strata from the surface down to 1500 m depth with the medium sized multi-net (Hydrobios, mesh size 150 m) at 11 stations on the transect. These net samples were dominated by the copepod genus Calanus spp. with the species C. finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis. Preliminary results indicate that the different Calanus species are associated with different water masses in the Fram Strait. C. finmarchicus dominated in the samples from the eastern stations of the transect, whereas C. glacialis is associated with the polar water on the shelf. C. hyperboreus, the largest Calanus species, was found at every station but was especially abundant in the central Fram Strait. To investigate potential effects of changes in pCO2 on feeding activity and survival of dominating copepod species, two experiments were conducted onboard. Almost 2,000 individuals of C. finmarchicus (copepodite stage V = CV) were sampled close to Svalbard in the North Atlantic current. On the Greenland shelf in Polar water, 1,350 CV of C. glacialis were sorted. Both species were incubated in gas tight glass bottles for about two weeks at three different CO2 concentrations, including ambient ppm, 1,120 ppm and 3,000 ppm. From the incubation, animals were sorted every three days for measuring grazing rates and body weights. These samples will be analysed in the laboratories at the AWL Data management Almost all sample processing will be carried out in the home laboratory at AWL It usually takes one to three years depending on the parameter as well as analyzing methods such as chemical measurements or tedious swimmer picking in trap material and species enumerations and identifications, respectively. As soon as the data sets are available they can be used by other cruise participants after request. When the data will be published, they will be submitted to PANGAEA and are open for external use. 5. ARCTIC PELAGIC AMPHIPODA (APA) Angelina Kraft, Nadine Knppel, AWI not on board: Ulrich Bathmann Objectives Pelagic Amphipoda are key components in marine ecosystems. They are the link between herbivores and higher trophic levels. However, their role in the polar ecosystems, especially in ice-covered Arctic seas, is still poorly understood. Data, especially on their year round distribution in Arctic waters and nutritional value for marine sea-birds and mammals are scarce. Nowadays, the amphipods in the Arctic are faced with a drastically changing environment including increasing ocean temperatures and acidification as well as a rapidly declining sea ice cover. As the sea ice disappears, we expect that typical large cold water amphipods, such as the Arctic specialist Themisto libellula, will be replaced by smaller and more temperature tolerant Atlantic generalists. Therefore, the BMBF-funded 'Arctic pelagic Amphipoda' project will investigate the following aspects: 1) The biological performance of the true pelagic amphipods Themisto and Cyclocaris in the context their geographical migration and association to respective water masses. 2) The ecological impact of pelagic amphipods on polar food webs under the aspect of changing temperature and sea ice properties. Work at sea During ARK-XXVII/1, we investigated the amphipod composition with the use of a large multinet (HYDRO-BIOS type Maxi with an aperture of 0.5m2 and nine 1,000 mircon net bags). The net sampling included vertical hauls from 2,000 m to the surface. The net was hoisted at 0.8-1 m/s with stops at 1,500 m, 1,000 m, 800 m, 600 m, 400 m, 200 m, 100 m and 50 m in order to analyze the occurrence of pelagic amphipods at the different depth horizons. In total, amphipod were sampled with 10 vertical hauls along the 78'50N transect (Ti-Tb, Fig. 5.1). The samples were transported to the cooling container, sorted, identified to species level and measured. Afterwards, the collected amphipods were preserved or frozen at -80 C for further analyses in the home laboratory at the AWL Preliminary results With the mulitnet hauls, eight different epi-, meso- and bathypelagic amphipod species from six families (Table 5.1) were collected along the transect. The sampled amphipods included the epipelagic target species Themisto abyssorum, T. libellula and T. compressa, typical deep-water species (e.g. Cyclocaris guilelmi) and iceassociated amphipods. Tab. 5.1: Sampled amphipod species at ten multinet stations along the 7850'N transect in the northern Fram Strait during ARK-XXVII/1. Family Calliopiidae Apherusa glacialls Family Cyclocaridae Cyclocaris guilelmi Family Eusiridae Eusirus holmii Family Hyperiidae Themisto abyssorum Themisto compressa Themisto libellula Family Lanceolidae Lanceola clausi Family Uristidae Onisimus glacialls At all stations, the amphipod community consisted of typical Arctic and sub-arctic species, including the most prominent Arctic pelagic amphipod T. libellula and its sub-arctic congener Themisto abyssorum (Fig. 5.1 a-b). The highest density of T. abyssorum was recorded within the upper 50 m of the water column at the sampling station at 0552' E (T4; Fig. 5.la), with 3,893 md. 1,000 m-3. Another frequently observed amphipod at the same water depth (0-50 m) was Themisto libellula, with peak appearances up to 8,097 md. 1,000 m-3 at 0155' E (T5; Fig. 5.lb). The vertical amphipod distribution varied among the stations, with the presence of mostly juvenile individuals of T. abyssorum and T. libellula in the upper 50-100 m and 0-50 m of the water column, respectively. Most adult individuals of both species could be found at a water depth of 100-600 m (Fig. 5.1a-b). Below 600 m, the amphipod density decreased rapidly and pelagic deep-water species such as Cyclocaris guilelmi and Lanceola clausi became more prominent in the species composition. A detailed analysis of abundances with the relation to temperature and salinity data and a comparison to the results from last year's expedition, where the same stations were sampled (ARK-XXVI/1), are expected to provide new insights regarding the variances in summer distributions and vertical migration capacities of pelagic amphipods in the northern Fram Strait. Fig. 5.1: Abundance and vertical distribution (id. 1000 rn-3) of the pelagic arnphipods Thernisto abyssorurn (a) and T. libellula (b) recorded at 10 sampling stations along the 7850'N transect in the northern Frarn Strait Data management During ARK-XXVII/1 the obtained amphipod counts and length-measurements were pre-processed in EXCEL software, showing depth distribution, abundances and length-frequncy distributions for each species at the respective water column sampled. This preliminary dataset will be further refined and diagrams will be produced to be included in manuscripts as part of a PhD thesis on Arctic pelagic amphipods at the end of the project. At the end of the PhD project, the datasets will be included within the PANGAEA database. 6. SEA OF CHANGE Katrin Schmidt, Mariam Rizkallah, AWI not on board: Klaus Valentin, Thomas Mock, Gerhard Dieckmann Objectives Global warming has led to a significant reduction of sea-ice coverage in the Arctic Ocean over the last 50 years with consequences for the earth system as a whole. Of special interest are marine eukaryotic phytoplankton communities, which are the basis of the entire Arctic food web supporting large stocks of fish, contributing significantly to carbon cycling and emission of climate active trace gases (e.g. Dimethylsulfide, DMS). Ice extent and its interannual variability in the marginal ice zone have a strong influence on Arctic phytoplankton productivity. It is expected that many sea-ice phytoplankton species will not be able to adapt because the predicted environmental changes will occur on a time scale too fast for evolutionary processes. Thus, it is more likely that species well adapted to the low-temperature Arctic environment (e.g. psychrophiles) will be replaced by intruders from lower-latitudes outside the Arctic Circle, a process that may already be underway. Despite the severity of current climate changes in the Arctic Ocean caused by global warming, there is a significant lack of fundamental data about phylogenetic and functional diversity in eukaryotic phytoplankton communities from Arctic seawater and sea ice. These data are urgently needed in addition to those from intruder communities to identify differences in phylogenomic metabolism of both groups, which will help to make predictions about changes in biogeochemical cycles of elements in a warmer and ice-free Arctic Ocean. We therefore conduct the first targeted metagenomic and metatranscriptomic study of eukaryotic phytoplankton communities from inflowing North Atlantic currents to high Arctic sea ice covered water masses. A comparison between DNA and mRNA will enable us to identify whether a change in community composition is reflected in metabolism underpinning biology driven cycles of CO2 and other trace gases relevant for climate (e.g. DMS). All sequencing results will be analyzed in the context of environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, nutrients, CO2, DMS) that have shaped these communities. Work at sea We sampled seawater of the chlorophyll maximum by a CTD/rosette sampler at 22 stations overall, 6 at the transect to Svalbard and 16 across the Fram Strait focusing on the chlorophyll maximum. The water samples we gained from the rosette sampler were filtered for DNA, RNA as well as pigments and nutrients. All samples were preserved or frozen at -20C or -80C. With this we have about 350 samples that will be analysed at the home institute. The DNA and RNA will be isolated, sequenced and the data processed at the JGI. Furthermore we managed to cultivate some microalgae that will be used for evaluating experiments in the home laboratory. One station in the Fram Strait highlighted our work as we were able to collect algae that usually grow underneath the ice. The Polarstern crew did their best to help us collecting algal filaments out of the water from the mummy chair (Fig. 6.1). Fig. 6.1: Sampling of under ice algae with the so called mummy chair (Photo by K. Castro-Morales, AWI) Preliminary results Afirst look atthe cultures revealed a broad range of diatoms (Fig. 6.2), dinoflagellates (Fig. 6.3) and ciliates. The cultures will be used for population genetic studies and ecophysiological experiments to evaluate whether genetic differences are reflected in different ecophysiological response patterns which could well explain specific biogeographic distribution patterns of this microalga. Data management The data of all measured physical parameters will be deposited in PANGEA with no limitations for access. All sequence data will submitted to Genbank and made available for the public after the DFG and JGI projects, respectively, are terminated, or published in scientific journals. Fig. 6.2: Microscopic picture of the cultures phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms (Photo by K. Schmidt, AWI) Fig. 6.3: Microscopic picture of a dino flagellate found in the phytoplankton community (Photo by K. Schmidt, AWI 7. DISSOLVED BLACK CARBON FLUXES THROUGH FRAM STRAIT Aron Stubbins SkIO Objectives Dissolved black carbon (DBC) is the most refractory component of the oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool identified to date. The quantity of these molecules in the oceans is such that their conversion to carbon dioxide and release to the atmosphere would have a significant impact upon global temperatures. The global DBC cycle is poorly understood. In previous work, the input of DBC from Arctic Rivers to the Arctic Ocean was quantified. The aim of the work on Polarstern was to determine how much of the riverine DBC entering the Arctic Ocean is subsequently exported to the Atlantic Ocean in order to better constrain the global DBC cycle and to allow a first order estimate of the degradation of terrestrial DBC that occurs in the Arctic Ocean. Work at sea On the cruise approximately 250 samples for dissolved organic carbon, coloured dissolved organic matter (40 CTD casts) and 100 for DBC (20 CTD casts) were collected. All samples were filtered on board. Samples for DBC quantification were extracted on to PPL material on board. These samples will be analysed in laboratories at the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia, USA and with colleagues at the Max Plank Group for Marine Geochemistry in Oldenburg, Germany. Table 1 includes a list of all samples collected. Preliminary results Elevated concentrations of DBC are expected in Polar Water within the East Greenland Current. Other Arctic Ocean water masses with significant contributions from Arctic river water are also expected to have elevated DBC concentrations. Lowest concentrations are expected in the Atlantic Water carried north in the West Spitsbergen Current. Concentrations of DBC are expected to correlate with coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorbance, providing a rapidly measurable proxy for DBC in these waters. In the current study 100 samples will be analysed for DBC and CDOM. A further 150 samples were analysed just for CDOM. It is expected that relationships between CDOM and DBC will enable estimates of DBC concentrations to be made for these extra 150 samples. Data management Responsible data manager and point of contact: Aron Stubbins. aron.stubbins skio.usg.edu. Tel:+ 1(912)598-2320. Types of data: Data and metadata for this project will be generated at SkIO and the Max Planck Institute Marine Geochemistry Group, Oldenburg, Germany. Data will consist primarily of DBC, CDOM, DOC, and high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry data. These data will be accompanied by detailed metadata. The total number of data files will be 1000. Data and metadata formats, standards, and organization a. Formats. Data and metadata will be delivered to ACADIS in Excel or ASCII format in order to allow ready access to the data by all interested parties. b. Metadata. Metadata will be at the file level, as well as at the collection level. The ACADIS metadata authoring tool will aid in developing the metadata profile at the collection level. Where appropriate, standard vocabularies, keywords, or other conventions will be integrated with the help of ACADIS. c. Organization. Stubbins will plan fieldwork, conduct analyses and curate the data. d. Data quality. Data will be collated by PI Stubbins and organized in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. While the individual labs that generate the various data streams will be responsible for maintaining records of data quality (standard curves, measures of analytical error, etc.), the collated data will also be screened for anomalies. Where possible, re-analyses of archived samples will be completed to check anomalous values. Possible outliers included in the data will be flagged to alert subsequent data users. Data access and sharing: The data and metadata generated will be made public and submitted to ACADIS no more than one year after the above quality checks. There are no exceptional arrangements needed to provide appropriate ethical restriction to data access and use. Data Reuse: Data will be described in accordance with ACADIS standards (which are being developed). The investigators will work closely with ACADIS curators to ensure accurate and complete documentation in accordance with the ACADIS designated level of service. Data Preservation: Upon collection data will be stored on a local hard drive and the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography's virtual drive which is backed up daily and at the University System of Georgia's online repository. ACADIS will endeavour to archive the data according to the ISO-standard Open Archives Information System Reference Model, and will ensure that the data end up in a relevant long-term archive. Project investigators will work closely with ACADIS curators to provide all information necessary for data preservation in accordance with the ACADIS designated level of service. Tab. 7.1: Samples collected for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and solid phase extracted for dissolved black carbon measurements (PPL) during ARK-XXVII/1. CTD# Niskin ID Depth (m) DOC & CDOM ID PPL ID ---- --------- ------------------ ------------- ------------- 001 13 5 CTD#001_01 001 7 20 CTD#001_02 001 1 50 CTD#001_03 002 15 5 CTD#002_01 CTD#002_01A 002 12 15 CTD#002_02 CTD#002_02A 002 4 25 CTD#002_03 CTD#002_03A 002 2 50 CTD#002_04 CTD#002_04A 002 1 200 CTD#002_05 CTD#002_05A 003 15 5 CTD#003_01 003 10 10 CTD#003_02 003 3 25 CTD#003_03 003 2 75 CTD#003_04 003 1 200 CTD#003_05 004 14 5 CTD#004_01 004 7 11 CTD#004_02 004 5 40 CTD#004_03 004 2 100 CTD#004_04 004 1 200 CTD#004_05 007 11 5 CTD#007_01 007 4 20 CTD#007_02 007 3 30 CTD#007_03 007 2 50 CTD#007_04 007 1 90 CTD#007_05 012 11 15 CTD#012_01 CTD#012_01A 012 9 30 CTD#012_02 CTD#012_02A 012 5 50 CTD#012_03 CTD#012_03A 012 3 90 CTD#012_04 CTD#012_04A 012 1 165 CTD#012_05 CTD#012_05A 014 5 5 CTD#014_01 014 4 30 CTD#014_02 014 3 125 CTD#014_03 014 2 165 CTD#014_04 014 1 211 CTD#014_05 016 13 20 CTD#016_01 016 10 50 CTD#016_02 016 7 100 CTD#016_03 016 4 150 CTD#016_04 016 1 190 CTD#016_05 019 14 20 CTD#019_01 CTD#019_01B 019 11 100 CTD#019_02 CTD#019_02B 019 8 300 CTD#019_03 CTD#019_03B 019 7 500 CTD#019_04 019 4 700 CTD#019_05 CTD#019_04B 019 1 1000 - Bottom + 50 CTD#019_06 CTD#019_05B 026 1 1300 - Bottom + 50 CTD#026_01 CTD#026_01C 026 21 18 CTD#026_010 CTD#026_05C 026 5 1200 CTD#026_02 026 8 700 CTD#026_03 CTD#026_02C 026 11 600 CTD#026_04 026 12 500 CTD#026_05 026 13 400 CTD#026_06 CTD#026_03C 026 16 200 CTD#026_07 CTD#026_04C 026 19 50 CTD#026_08 026 20 20 CTD#026_09 028 1 Bottom -50 CTD#028_01 028 3 800 CTD#028_02 028 5 400 CTD#028_03 028 7 100 CTD#028_04 028 9 18 CTD#028_05 035 1 1680 CTD#035_01 CTD#035_01A 035 19 15 CTD#035_010 CTD#035_05A 035 3 1200 CTD#035_02 035 5 800 CTD#035_03 CTD#035_02A 035 7 650 CTD#035_04 035 9 500 CTD#035_05 CTD#035_03A 035 11 300 CTD#035_06 035 13 200 CTD#035_07 CTD#035_04A 035 15 100 CTD#035_08 035 17 50 CTD#035_09 042 1 2327 CTD#042_01 042 5 800 CTD#042_02 042 7 300 CTD#042_03 042 9 100 CTD#042_04 042 11 20 CTD#042_05 050 1 2525 CTD#050_01 CTD#050_01B 050 4 2000 CTD#050_02 CTD#050_02B 050 7 1200 CTD#050_03 050 8 800 CTD#050_04 CTD#050_03B 050 11 400 CTD#050_05 050 12 200 CTD#050_06 050 13 100 CTD#050_07 CTD#050_04B 050 16 20 CTD#050_08 CTD#050_05B 055 1 2205 CTD#055_01 CTD#055_01C 055 4 1000 CTD#055_02 CTD#055_02C 055 7 500 CTD#055_03 CTD#055_03C 055 10 400 CTD#055_04 CTD#055_04C 055 13 200 CTD#055_05 CTD#055_05C 055 22 5 CTD#055_06 CTD#055_01A 057 8 600 CTD#057_01 057 11 200 CTD#057_02 057 12 100 CTD#057_03 057 15 50 CTD#057_04 057 19 10 CTD#057_05 061 1 2480 CTD#061_01 061 24 5 CTD#061_010 CTD#061_05B 061 4 1500 CTD#061_02 CTD#061_01B 061 5 1200 CTD#061_03 061 6 1000 CTD#061_04 CTD#061_02B 061 7 700 CTD#061_05 061 9 400 CTD#061_06 061 13 200 CTD#061_07 061 15 100 CTD#061_08 CTD#061_03B 061 18 35 CTD#061_09 CTD#061_04B 068 1 2425 CTD#068_01 CTD#068_01A 068 22 5 CTD#068_010 CTD#068_05A 068 4 2000 CTD#068_02 068 7 1300 CTD#068_03 068 8 1000 CTD#068_04 068 9 800 CTD#068_05 CTD#068_02A 068 12 600 CTD#068_06 068 13 400 CTD#068_07 068 16 100 CTD#068_08 CTD#068_03A 068 19 15 CTD#068_09 CTD#068_04A 076 1 2533 CTD#076_01 076 22 10 CTD#076_010 CTD#076_05C 076 6 1750 CTD#076_02 076 8 1250 CTD#076_03 076 9 1000 CTD#076_04 CTD#076_01C 076 10 800 CTD#076_05 076 12 400 CTD#076_06 076 16 200 CTD#076_07 CTD#076_02C 076 18 100 CTD#076_08 CTD#076_03C 076 21 25 CTD#076_09 CTD#076_04C 079 2 2500 CTD#079_01 079 6 1250 CTD#079_02 079 8 800 CTD#079_03 079 10 400 CTD#079_04 079 13 100 CTD#079_05 088 1 2500 CTD#088_01 088 14 5 CTD#088_010 CTD#088_05B 088 2 1700 CTD#088_02 CTD#088_01B 088 3 1400 CTD#088_03 088 4 1100 CTD#088_04 088 5 800 CTD#088_05 CTD#088_02B 088 6 500 CTD#088_06 088 7 300 CTD#088_07 088 8 175 CTD#088_08 CTD#088_03B 088 13 25 CTD#088_09 CTD#088_04B 091 1 149 CTD#091_01 CTD#091_01C 091 4 120 CTD#091_02 CTD#091_02C 091 7 80 CTD#091_03 CTD#091_03C 091 11 30 CTD#091_04 CTD#091_04C 091 16 2 CTD#091_05 CTD#091_05C 111 1 223 CTD#111_01 CTD#111_01A 111 2 170 CTD#111_02 CTD#111_02A 111 4 60 CTD#111_03 CTD#111_03A 111 6 20 CTD#111_04 CTD#111_04A 111 9 5 CTD#111_05 CTD#111_05A 113 2 220 CTD#113_01 113 6 140 CTD#113_02 113 10 70 CTD#113_03 113 13 55 CTD#113_04 113 16 15 CTD#113_05 116 3 350 CTD#116_01 116 5 200 CTD#116_02 116 6 100 CTD#116_03 116 10 50 CTD#116_04 116 15 15 CTD#116_05 118 2 180 CTD#118_01 118 6 125 CTD#118_02 118 10 75 CTD#118_03 118 14 20 CTD#118_04 118 19 10 CTD#118_05 121 3 145 CTD#121_01 121 8 100 CTD#121_02 121 11 50 CTD#121_03 121 16 20 CTD#121_04 121 18 10 CTD#121_05 124 2 245 CTD#124_01 CTD#124_01A 124 5 180 CTD#124_02 CTD#124_02A 124 8 120 CTD#124_03 CTD#124_03A 124 9 90 CTD#124_04 CTD#124_04A 124 16 15 CTD#124_05 CTD#124_05A 126 2 Bottom -30 CTD#126_01 126 5 300 CTD#126_02 126 10 150 CTD#126_03 126 14 50 CTD#126_04 126 18 10 CTD#126_05 128 2 1036 CTD#128_01 128 5 500 CTD#128_02 128 9 250 CTD#128_03 128 13 100 CTD#128_04 128 15 60 CTD# 128_05 128 19 10 CTD#128_06 130 1 1350 CTD#130_01 CTD#130_01B 130 24 11 CTD#130_010 130 4 1200 CTD#130_02 130 5 100 CTD#130_03 CTD#130_02B 130 8 840 CTD#130_04 130 9 600 CTD#130_05 CTD#130_03B 130 12 200 CTD#130_06 CTD#130_04B 130 16 75 CTD#130_07 130 20 25 CTD#130_08 130 21 14 CTD#130_09 CTD#130_05B 131 1 1600 CTD#131_01 131 2 1200 CTD#131_02 131 3 1000 CTD#131_03 131 4 600 CTD#131_04 131 5 300 CTD#131_05 131 6 200 CTD#131_06 131 7 100 CTD#131_07 131 8 10 CTD#131_08 132 2 1880 CTD#132_01 132 4 1550 CTD#132_02 CTD#132_01C 132 6 1000 CTD#132_03 CTD#132_02C 132 8 600 CTD#132_04 132 9 400 CTD#132_05 132 12 200 CTD#132_06 CTD#132_03C 132 16 50 CTD#132_07 CTD#132_04C 132 20 10 CTD#132_08 CTD#132_05C 133 2 2139 CTD#133_01 133 3 1500 CTD#133_02 133 4 1325 CTD#133_03 133 5 1250 CTD#133_04 133 6 800 CTD#133_05 133 7 400 CTD#133_06 133 8 200 CTD#133_07 133 9 50 CTD#133_08 133 10 5 CTD#133_09 134 1 2320 CTD#134_01 CTD#134_01A 134 4 1600 CTD#134_02 CTD#134_02A 134 7 900 CTD#134_03 134 11 600 CTD#134_04 134 14 200 CTD#134_05 CTD#134_03A 134 17 50 CTD#134_06 CTD#134_04A 134 20 20 CTD#134_07 134 21 15 CTD#134_08 134 22 11 CTD#134_09 CTD#134_05A 135 1 2458 CTD#135_01 135 3 2000 CTD#135_02 135 5 1500 CTD#135_03 135 7 1000 CTD#135_04 135 8 800 CTD#135_05 135 10 400 CTD#135_06 135 13 200 CTD#135_07 135 17 50 CTD#135_08 135 22 10 CTD#135_09 8. IR-SEA EXCHANGE OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL NET AND GROSS PRODUCTION IN THE FRAM STRAIT Natalie Wager(1), Karel Castro- Morales(2), (1)UEA not on board: Jan Kaiser(1), Dorothee (2)AWI Bakker(1), Gareth Lee(1), Imke Grefe(1) Objectives The Arctic Ocean is an important source of climatically active gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and can act as source or sink for carbon monoxide (CO). This project aims to find links between biological production rates and trace gas exchange fluxes. The results will be combined with air-sea gas exchange parameterisations to derive net biological and gross photosynthetic O2 as well as trace gas fluxes. The project aims to: Ģ quantify air-sea exchange fluxes of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in Fram Strait. Ģ derive estimates of mixed layer net community production Ģ derive estimates of photosynthetic gross production Ģ establish empirical relationships between trace gas fluxes and productivity estimates Ģ compare the p(CO2) measurements by AWI's shipborne GO-LICOR instrument with UEA's ICOS analyser Work at sea After initial complications, identified later as pump failure of the CO2/CH4 Los Gatos ICOS mass spectrometer, we were left with only the N2O/CO analyser functioning for the cruise. This was attached to a glass bed equilibrator (connected to the underway water supply of the ship). The headspace was sampled continuously, measuring the dry mixing ratio of N2O, CO and water (H2O). Daily calibrations were made using 3 standard gas mixtures running for 20 minutes each, along with regular analysis of clean air (10 minutes approximately every 5 hours). Dry mixing ratio measurements of N2O, CO and H2O were made from 7850'N 140'W to 7840'N 350'E across the Fram Strait. These results will be combined with ship-based wind-speed measurements and suitable wind speed-gas exchange parameterisations (Ho et al., 2006; Nightingale et al. 2000; Sweeney et al., 2007) to calculate air-sea gas exchange fluxes. A membrane-inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) was used to continuously measure dissolved oxygen-argon (O2/Ar) ratios from the underway water supply of the ship. Measurements were made from Bremerhaven up to 79N and across the Fram Strait. This data will be used to calculate biological oxygen fluxes (Kaiser et al., 2005). Discrete water samples were collected approximately every 8 hours from the underway water supply throughout the cruise in air-evacuated bottles. These will be utilised for both calibrating the O2/Ar measurements made by MIMS and for analysing the triple oxygen isotope composition of dissolved oxygen. The 17O isotope excess in the dissolved O2 will be used to estimate the contribution of atmospheric and photosynthetic O2 in the mixed layer. This will in turn be used to calculate gross productivity using suitable wind-speed gas exchange parameterisations (Kaiser 2011). Water samples were collected from 18 CTD stations across the Fram Strait (CTD stations: 26, 34, 54, 56, 58, 61, 63, 81, 111, 113, 116, 118, 10, 122, 124, 126, 130 and 134) and measured by MIMS to create depth profiles of O2/Ar ratios in the water column. Between 6 and 9 samples were collected from each CTD, dependant on the depth of the station. The samples were collected from surface water, the mixed layer, the chlorophyll max, the top and bottom of the oxycline, the oxygen max and from near-bottom waters. These depth profiles will also be used to correct for the vertical entrainment of thermocline waters, which may otherwise bias net community production estimates. Preliminary (expected) results Data is currently being analysed and samples processed using the methods described in Kaiser et al., (2005, 2011). Data management We anticipate collecting the following datasets: - surface water concentrations of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO; - atmospheric mixing ratios of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO; - surface water O2/Ar ratios (three datasets), measured by membrane inlet mass spectrometry, equilibrator-inlet mass spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry; - surface water 17O and 18O isotope delta values of dissolved O2, measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry; - depth profiles of dissolved CH4 and N2O. Data will be controlled for quality and flagged according to international metadata and data standardisation initiatives. Quality-controlled data collected during the proposed research activities will be submitted for archiving to the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC, http://www.bodc.ac.uk) and the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC, http://badc.nerc.ac.uk). The 17O and 18O) isotope delta values and the O2/Ar ratios that are to be measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry will be analysed after the cruise in the Stable Isotope Lab of the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. The CO2 data will also be entered into the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas SOCAT (http://www. socat.info), which is led by Co-I Dorothee Bakker. To protect the intellectual property of the PhD student who will be gathering data the data will not be released publicly until the end of the PhD thesis project (about October 2015). References Ho, D.T., Law, C.S., Smith, M.J., Schlosser, P., Harvey, M., and Hill, P. (2006). Measurements of air-sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global paramete rizations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16611, 10.1029/2006GL026817. Kaiser, J., Reuer, M.K., Barnett, B., and Bender, M.L. (2011). Marine productivity estimates from continuous oxygen/argon ratio measurements by shipboard membrane inlet mass spectrometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19605, 10.1029/2005GL023459, 2005. Kaiser, J.(2011) Technical note: Consistent calculation of aquatic gross production from oxygen triple isotope measurements, Biogeosciences, 8, 1793-1811, 10.5194/bg-81793-2011. Nightingale, P.D., Maim, G., Law, C.S., Watson, A.J., Liss, P.S., Liddicoat, M.I., Boutin, J., and Upstiii-Goddard, R.C. (2000) In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373-387. Sweeney, C., Gloor, E., Jacobson, A.R., Key, R.M., McKinley, G., Sarmiento, J.L., and Wanninkhof, R. (2007). Constraining global air-sea exchange for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2015, 10.1029/2006GB002784. 9. TRANSIENT TRACERS DYNAMICS, CARBON DIOXIDE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN OF FRAM STRAIT Tim Stven(1), Boie Bogner(1), (1)IFM-GEOMAR Hanna Schade(1), Chris Schrammar(2) (2)AWI not on board: Toste Tanhua(1), Mario Hoppema(2) Objectives The main goal of the Fram Strait expedition ARK-XXVII/1 was to obtain detailed profiles of SF6, CFC-12, DIC, 13C, oxygen and nutrients along the east-west section at 78N50'. The distribution and the relation between the two transient tracers CFC-12 and SF6 combined with the other sampled parameters should provide a detailed look into the transport processes of Fram Strait. Work at sea All parameters were sampled at same stations and depths whereas the 13C samples were taken at specific depths due to the limited amount of glass bottles. Two purge and trap GC systems have been set up to measure the transient tracers in parallel. However, two GCs broke down during the first week following that the first 7 profiles had to be sealed in 300 ml ampoules for a post cruise onshore measurement at the IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel. After fixing all problems we measured 35 stations in total with the third GC system. The sampling was performed with 250 ml glass syringes to avoid contact with the atmosphere. An aliquot of about 200 ml was injected manually into a purge tower of the GC system equipped with a trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. Standardization was performed by injecting small volumes of a gaseous standard containing SF6 and CFC-12. This working standard was prepared by the company Dueste-Steiniger (Germany). The CFC12 and SF6 concentrations in the standard has been calibrated vs. a reference standard obtained from R.F Weiss group at Sb, and the CFC-12 data are reported on the SIO98 scale and SF6 on the NOAA-2000 scale. Another calibration of the working standard will take place in the lab after the cruise, to determine any possible drift in the working standard. Calibration curves were measured every few days, depending on work load and system performance, to determine the non-linearity of the detector. Point calibrations were always performed between stations to determine the short term drift in the detector. Replicate measurements of surface and bottom samples were normally run each profile. Oxygen samples were measured on board based on the Winkler titration method with at least two replicate measurements each profile. DIC and 13C samples were poisoned with mercury chloride. Nutrient samples were always taken twice per depth to enhance the precision of the phosphate and silicate measurements. The samples were directly frozen in a -85C freezer after sampling and then stored at -20C. The DIC and nutrient samples will be measured onshore at the IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel. The 13C samples will be send to Are Olsen, IMR Norway for analysis. Preliminary results The calibration and data processing of the obtained tracer raw data will be performed at IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel so that first results will be available in December 2012. DIC, 13C and nutrient samples will not be measured before March 2013. First results can be expected in late spring 2013. Data management The data of all measured parameters including the raw data, calibrations and further calculations will be administrated by the data management system of IFMGEOMAR. The access authorization to the database will be controlled by the project leaders. The final data set will be submitted to CDIAC three years after the cruise by the latest. Fig. 9.1: Zonal section along 7850' of CFC-12 in ppt Fig. 9.2: Zonal section along 7850' of SF6 in ppt 10. HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS: AT-SEA DISTRIBUTION OF SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS Diederik D'Hert, Jeremy Demey, Raphael Lebrun PolE not on board: Claude Joins Objectives This campaign forms part of a long-term study of seabirds and marine mammals in the Arctic as well as the Antarctic polar regions (Joiris, 2000). The main objective is to improve the knowledge of and quantify the at-sea distribution of seabirds, cetaceans and pinnipeds and detect possible links with main hydrological parameters (water temperature and salinity, ice coverage) that identify the main water masses (Atlantic, Pacific oceanic, polar water) and ice conditions (Outer Marginal Ice Zone, Closed Pack ice), as well as fronts between water masses or ice edge. The integration of the data into a time series running since 1973, might unravel possible changes in numbers and distribution that might be caused by climate changes and pack ice extend during the last 30-35 years. Work at sea Birds and mammals were recorded by 30'-transect counts from the bridge while sailing with a minimum speed of 5 knots, in a 900 angle on either starboard of portside of the Polarstern (depending on the light condition) without width limitation. Animals were detected with naked eye, observations being confirmed and detailed with high quality binoculars (Swarovision 10*42 and Bynnex 10*42 10*50) or telescope (Swarovski ATS 80 with 25-50x eyepiece and Leica Televid 77 with 30x eyepiece). When the Polarstern was not sailing, additional sightings were done to improve and refine the distributional knowledge of marine mammals and birds. Additional helicopter counts were done as to cover a wider working area and investigate regions and habitats out of the ships, and to allow comparison between data obtained from different observation platforms. On multiple occasions, a digital camera was used to ease and strengthen the identification of some animals. Preliminary results A total of 514 periods of data recording, each consisting of 30 minutes were conducted (257 hours). During this effort counts, 29 bird species and 17 species of marine mammals (12 cetaceans, 4 species of pinniped and polar bear) where observed. The total number of seabirds observed is 10,103 (see Table 10.1). The mean number of seabirds was nearly 20 per count, which is less than the mean number during the second leg (35). The species composition seems to be similar to - as could be expected - previous campaigns, but in general the numbers of each species are lower. This might be the result of sailing longer times in the ice and less time close to land. The most numerous species are the same as those recorded during previous censuses, being Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), Little Auk (Alle alle), Brnnich's Guillemot (Uria lomvia) and Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Compared to previous expeditions, the number of observed Little Auks is rather low, but this might be due to sailing less time close to breeding colonies. Tab. 10.1: Numbers of birds observed during the 514 recording periods from the moving ship during ARK-XXVII/1 (RP) as well as observations outside these periods (ORP). English name German name Scientific name RP ORP ------------- --------------------------- ---------------------- ---- --- Red-Throated Nordseetaucher Gavia stellata 1 0 diver Fulmar Eissturmvogel Fulmarus glacialis 4106 458 Manx Schwarzschnabelsturmtaucher Puffinus puffinus 1 0 Shearwater Gannet Basstlpel Morus bassanus 178 0 Eider Eiderente Somateria mollissima 3 0 King Eider Prachteiderente Somateria spectabilis 1 0 Spectacled Plschkopfente Somateria fischen 2 0 Eider Common Scoter Trauerente Melanitta nigra 2 0 Turnstone Steinwlzer Arenaria interpres 1 1 Pomarine Skua Mittlere Raubmwe Stercorarius pomarinus 30 12 Arctic Skua Schmarotzer Raubmwe Stercorarius parasiticus 33 5 Long-Tailed Kleine Raubmwe Stercorarius longicaudus 33 17 Great Skua Grosse Raubmwe Stercorarius skua 11 6 Sabine's Gull Schwalbenmwe Xema sabini 2 0 Common Gull Sturmmwe Larus canus 3 0 Lesser Black- Heringsmwe Larus fuscus 29 1 backed Gull Iceland Gull Polarmwe Larus glaucoides 0 1 Glaucous Gull Eismwe Larus hyperboreus 47 108 Great Black- Mantelmwe Larus marinus 24 0 Backed Gull Kittiwake Dreizehenmwe Rissa tridactyla 1259 445 Ivory Gull Elfenbeinmwe Pagophila eburnea 352 488 Arctic Tern Kstenseeschwalbe Sterna paradisaea 8 11 Guillemot Trottellumme Uria aalge 14 0 Brunnich's Dickschnabellumme Uria Iomvia 1606 804 Guillemot Razorbill Tordalk Alca tonda 1 0 Black Gryllteiste Cepphus grylle 58 24 Guillemot Little Auk Krabbentaucher Alle alle 2092 426 Puffin Papageitaucher Fratencula arctica 205 98 Snow Bunting Schneeammer Plectrophenax nivalis 1 0 During this expedition, the observed number of Ivory Gulls (Pagophila eburnea) was exceptionally high, more than tenfold of the maximum number ever recorded during an expedition. The majority of the observed animals were adults, only a handful immature/young birds were seen. The unusual high number of adults and the skewed age composition might indicate a general breeding failure of the population. The number of Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus) further (strongly) decreased compared to the censuses of 2010, which was also noted on ARK-XXVII/2. The sighting of the couple Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischen) on 20 June represent the 5th record ever for the Western Palearctic region. This species normally breeds on the coast of Alaska and north-eastern Siberia. One Iceland Gull (Larus glaucoides) was seen during the trip. Although this species breeds on Iceland and Greenland, it has never been observed by the PolE team in the Arctic region before. One of the most important finding of this long term study is the remarkably increase of cetaceans in the Greenland and Norwegian seas since 2005. As a consequence of the decrease of pack-ice coverage in the Arctic and a severe Atlantic Oscillation in 2005, the ice coverage in the study area was extremely low in 2005, leading to the opening of both the north-eastern and north-western passages, enabling the rich North Pacific stock to merge with the depleted populations of the NE Atlantic. During ARK-XXVII/1 a total of 1,542 marine mammals were identified from the Polarstern, belonging to 15 species (1,401 individuals of 14 species during recording periods; see Table 10.2). The helicopter surveys proved to be efficient for gathering information about species difficult to spot from ships like Narwhal (Monodon monoceros), and to survey areas out of reach of observation from the ship. 85 Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were recorded, but only 41 of them during effort counts, which is less than in 2010. One Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) was recorded, 2.5 nautical miles from the sighting in 2010 that represented the northernmost sighting of this species. This indicates that the species might be expanding its distribution to the north and is nowadays more common than in the past, which is strengthened by further sightings of this species during ARKXXVII/2. Thick pack-ice prevented approaching the Greenland coast and foggy weather conditions prevented helicopter flights towards polynia's before the Greenland coast in order to gather information about distribution and population size of Narwhal (Monodon monoceros). Although Narwhals are typically found during this period of the year in the polynia's close to the Greenland coast, a total of 17 individuals were counted on three different locations, ranging from 40 to 138 nautical miles from the Greenland coast. 1309 seals belonging to four species were observerd: 20 Bearded Seals (Cystophora cnistata), 8 Hooded Seals (Cystophora cnistata), 23 Ringed Seals (Pusa hispida) and 1,250 Harp Seals (Phoca groenlandica). The high number of Harp Seals is mainly due to the observation of a group of no less than 1,180 individuals. During this expedition, 28 Polar Bears (Ursus manitimus), the largest living terrestrial carnivore, were seen. On two occasions, a female was seen with cubs, one and two respectively. Tab. 10.2: Numbers of mammals seen during the 514 recording periods from the moving ship during ARK-XXVII/1. English name German name Scientific name RP Heli ORP -------------------- -------------- -------------------------- ---- ---- --- Bowhead Whale Grnlandwal Balaena mysticetus 0 1 0 Northern Minke Whale Zwergwal Balaenoptera acutorostrata 4 0 3 Sei Whale Seiwal Balaenoptera borealis 0 0 1 Blue Whale Blauwal Balaenoptera musculus 4 0 8 Fin Whale Finnwal Balaenoptera physalus 41 16 28 Humpback Whale Buckelwal Megaptera novaeangliae 1 0 3 White-beaked Dolphin Weischnauzen- Lagenorhynchus albirostris 9 17 36 delfin Killer Whale Schwertwal Orcinus orca 54 0 7 Narwhal Narwal Monodon monoceros 0 17 0 Harbour Porpoise Schweinswal Phocoena phocoena 10 0 4 Sperm Whale Potthsch Physeter macrocephalus 8 0 2 Northern Bottlenose Nrdlichen Hyperoodon ampullatus 9 0 3 Whale Entenwal Bearded Seal Bartrobbe Erignathus barbatus 8 7 5 Hooded Seal Klappmtze Cystophora cristata 7 0 1 Ringed Seal Ringelrobbe Pusa hispida 7 0 16 Harp Seal Sattelrobbe Phoca groenlandica 1224 12 14 Polar Bear Eisbr Ursus maritimus 15 3 10 Data management All mammal and seabird data are stored in the PolE data set (joirisgmail.com). Data will made available to the public as summary: joiriscr@gmail.com, and will soon be published in international scientific journals. References Joins C.R. (2000) Summer at-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in polar ecosystems: a comparison between the European Arctic seas and the Weddell Sea, Antarctic, Journal of Marine Systems, 27, 267-276. Reeves R.R., Stewart B.S., Clapham P.I., Powel J.A. (2002) Sea mammals of the world. A&C Black, London. 528pp. Shirihai H., Jarrett B. (2006) Whales, Dolphins and Seals - A field guide to the Marine Mammals of the World. A&C Black, London. 384pp. Joins C.R. (2011). Possible Impact of Decreasing Arctic Pack Ice on the Higher Trophic Levels - Seabirds and Marine Mammals. In : Advances in Environmental Research 23: 227-241. Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O'Corry-Crowe, G., Reeves, R.R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y. & Zhou, K. (2008). Monodon monoceros. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. . Downloaded on 21 August 2012. Heide-Jrgensen, M.P., Dietz, R., Laidre, K.L., Richard, P. (2002). Autumn movements, home ranges, and winter density of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) tagged in Tremblay Sound, Baffin Island. In : Polar Biol (2002) 25: 331-341. 11. GPSOBSERVATIONS IN NORTH-EAST GREENLAND TO DETERMINE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DEFORMATIONS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST Ralf Rosenau, Katharina Krawutschke TU Dresden not on board: Mirko Scheinert Objectives The main goal of the geodetic work was the re-observation of GPS stations at up to 10 ice-free locations in the coastal area of North-East Greenland between 78 and 81N, which were installed and firstly observed during Polarstern's ARK XXIII/1+2 (2008) and ARK XXIV/3 cruises in 2009. The network configuration of the stations contains, on the one hand, a west-east component (stations at the ice edge and close to the coast, respectively) and covers, on the other hand, the entire area of investigation between 78 and 81N. A repetition of the GPS observations at marked stations results in two precise station coordinates, the difference of which yields information on deformations of the Earth's crust. As independent information, it delivers a valuable contribution to the validation and improvement of models of the glacial-isostatic adjustment and of the recent mass balance in North-East Greenland. The significance of horizontal deformations will be checked to contribute to the investigation of the tectonic situation in the area of investigation. Work at sea and land Polarstern with its two helicopters provided a basis for the realization of the work. To reach the locations on land, Polarstern had to sail to positions close enough to the Greenlandic coast (within the helicopter flight range of approx. 100 Nm). The geodetic flight programme was fitted to the ship's route such that no additional anchoring had to be done. Between 3rd of July and 6th of July 2012 Polarstern was located in the range of helicopter flights to reach the coastal GPS stations. Unfortunately, the weather situation did not permit flight operations in this period, because of persistent fog and snow falls all between the Polarstern position and positions of the planned stations. Moreover, even when the weather conditions in a direct vicinity of the ship improved slightly and allowed the flight, very low cloud ceiling on the way towards Greenland and in particular at the positions of the planned stations (all stations were located in high altitude areas) prohibited reaching the coast and landing. Three reconnaissance flights were performed during this period but all had to be cancelled before reaching Greenland due to a lack of flight permitting visibility and icing the aircraft. Finally, we were not enable to re-observe any of our planned GPS stations. Preliminary results and data management Due to the lack of flight permitting weather, no data could be collected during the cruise APPENDIX A.1 PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS A.2 CRUISE PARTICIPANTS A.3 SHIPS CREW A.4 STATION LIST A.1 TEILNEHMENDE INSTITUTE / PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS Address ----------- ------------------------------------------------ AWI Alfred -Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung Postfach 120161 27515 Bremerhaven Germany DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst Geschftsbereich Wettervorhersage Seesch ifffa h rtsberatu ng Bernhard Nocht Str. 76 20359 Hamburg Germany HeliService Heli Service International GmbH Am Luneort 15 27572 Bremerhaven Germany IFM-GEOMAR Leibniz-Institut fr Meereswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts Universitt zu Kiel Wischofstr. 1-3 24148 Kiel Germany PolE Laboratory for Polar Ecology Rue du Fodia 18 B-1367 Ramilles Belgium Skidaway IO Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 10 Ocean Science Circle Savannah, GA-31411/USA TU Dresden Technische Universitt Dresden Institut fr Planetare Geodsie 01062 Dresden/Germany UEA University of East Anglia School of Environmental Sciences Norwich, NR4 7TJ United Kingdom A.2 FAHRTTEILNEHMER / CRUISE PARTICIPANTS Name/ Vorname/ Institut/ Beruf/ Last name First name Institute Profession ------------------ ---------- ----------- ------------------------- Baudorff Christian HeliService Pilot Beszczynska-Mller Agnieszka AWI Oceanographer Bogner Boie IFM-GEOMAR Technician Buldt Klaus DWD Technician Caesar Levke AWI/Student Student, oceanography Castro-Morales Karel AWI Oceanographer Demey Jeremy PolE Ecologist D'Hert Diederik PolE Ecologist Gbler-Schwarz Steffi AWI Biologist Gall Fabian HeliService Mechanic Greil Florian AWI Physicist Grimm Dennis AWI/Student Student, oceanography Heckmann Hans HeliService Pilot Heinze Jutta IFM-GEOMAR Technician Hempelt Juliane DWD Technician Hildebrandt Nicole AWI PhD student, biology Knppel Nadine AWI Technician Kohls Katharina AWI Biologist Klling Jannes AWI/Student Student, oceanography Krawutschke Katharina TU Dresden Geodesist Lax Gordon AWI/Student Student, biology Lebrun Raphael PolE Ecologist Menze Sebastian AWI/Student Student, oceanography Mllendorf Carsten HeliService Mechanic Monsees Matthias AWI Technician Niehoff Barbara AWI Biologist Petersen Imke AWI/Student Student, biology Rentsch Harald DWD Meteorologist Rizkallah Imke AWI/Student Student, biology Rosenau Ralf TU Dresden Geodesist Schade Hanna IFM-GEOMAR Student, chemistry Schmidt Katrin AWI PhD student, biology Schramm Stefanie Media Journalist Schrammar Chris IFM-GEOMAR Student, chemistry Strz Michael AWI PhD student, oceanography Stven Tim IFM-GEOMAR PhD student, chemistry Strothmann Olaf AWI Technician Stubbins Aron Skidaway IO Biogeochemist Wager Natalie UEA UK PhD student, chemisty Walter Jrg AWI Technician Winkler Maria AWI Student, biology Wisotzki Andreas AWI Oceanographer Wolanin Aleksandra AWI/Student PhD student, biology Zieringer Moritz IFM-GEOMAR PhD student, chemistry A.3 SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW Name Rank --------------------------- ----------- Schwarze, Stefan Master Grundmann, Uwe 1. Offc. Farysch, Bernd Ch. Eng. Fallei, Holger 2. Offc. Lesch, Florian 2. Offc. Rackete, Carola 2. Offc. Pohl, Claus Doctor Hecht, Andreas R.Offc. Smnicht, Stefan 2. Eng. Minzlaff, Hans-Ulrich 2. Eng. Holst, Wolfgang 3. Eng. Scholz, Manfred Elec. Tech. Dimmler, Werner Electron. Hebold, Catharina Electron. Nasis, Ilias Electron. Himmel, Frank Electron. Voy, Bernd Boatsw. Reise, Lutz Carpenter Scheel, Sebastian A.B. Brickmann, Peter A.B. Winkler, Michael A.B. Hagemann, Manfred A.B. Schmidt, Uwe A.B. Guse, Hartmut A.B. Wende, Uwe A.B. Bcker, Andreas A.B. Preuner, Jrg Storek. Teichert, Uwe Mot-man Schtt, Norbert Mot-man EIsner, Klaus Mot-man Plehn, Markus Mot-man Pinske, Lutz Mot-man Mller-Homburg, Ralf-Dieter Cook Silinski, Frank Cooksmate Martens, Michael Cooksmate Czyborra, Brbel 1. Stwdess Wckener, Martina Stwdss/KS Gaude, Hans-Jrgen 2. Steward Silinski, Carmen 2.Stwdess NN 2.Steward Mller, Wolfgang 2.Steward Sun, Yong Shen 2.Steward Yu, KwokYuen Laundrym. A.4 STATIONSLISTE / STATION LIST PS 80 Gear Position Position Depth Station Date Time Abbrev. Action Latitude Longitude (m) ---------- ---------- ----- ------ ------------------- ------------ ------------ ------ PS80/001-1 17.06.2012 04:08 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 64 59.93' N 5 22.09' E 673.2 PS80/001-2 17.06.2012 04:13 HN on ground/max depth 64 59.93' N 5 22.07' E 673.2 PS80/002-1 17.06.2012 15:19 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 66 59.93' N 6 31.15' E 1250 PS80/002-2 17.06.2012 15:24 HN on ground/max depth 66 59.93' N 6 31.16' E 1251.2 PS80/003-1 18.06.2012 03:10 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 68 59.96' N 7 43.97' E 2683.7 PS80/003-2 18.06.2012 03:14 HN on ground/max depth 68 59.95' N 7 43.85' E 2670.2 PS80/003-3 18.06.2012 03:24' NFLOAT on ground/max depth 68 59.99' N 7 43.65' E 2683 PS80/003-4 18.06.2012 03:26 FLOAT on ground/max depth 69 00.07' N 7 43.65' E 2685.7 PS80/004-1 18.06.2012 09:08' NFLOAT on ground/max depth 69 59.76' N 8 07.05' E 3070 PS80/005-1 18.06.2012 15:37 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 70 59.67' N 8 36.41' E 2825.1 PS80/005-2 18.06.2012 15:47 HN on ground/max depth 70 59.48' N 8 36.29' E 2827.8 PS80/005-3 18.06.2012 16:05 BONGO on ground/max depth 70 59.18' N 8 35.99' E 2827.5 PS80/005-4 18.06.2012 16:27' NFLOAT on ground/max depth 70 58.76' N 8 35.43' E 2827.3 PS80/005-5 18.06.2012 16:29 FLOAT on ground/max depth 70 58.78' N 8 35.01' E 2828 PS80/006-1 18.06.2012 22:09' NFLOAT on ground/max depth 71 59.91' N 9 11.78' E 2528.1 PS80/007-1 19.06.2012 03:48 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 73 00.00' N 9 46.11' E 2243.5 PS80/007-2 19.06.2012 03:49 HN on ground/max depth 72 59.98' N 9 46.07' E 2243.6 PS80/007-3 19.06.2012 04:18 HN on ground/max depth 72 59.99' N 9 45.76' E 2244.8 PS80/007-4 19.06.2012 04:31 HN on ground/max depth 72 59.86' N 9 45.50' E 2246.1 PS80/007-5 19.06.2012 04:42 FLOAT on ground/max depth 72 59.74' N 9 45.16' E 2248 PS80/008-2 19.06.2012 15:56 HN on ground/max depth 75 00.03' N 11 06.17' E 2481.2 PS80/008-1 19.06.2012 16:27 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 74 59.97' N 11 05.88' E 2481.4 PS80/008-3 19.06.2012 17:24 FLOAT on ground/max depth 74 59.66' N 11 05.05' E 2482.1 PS80/009-1 20.06.2012 03:55 HN on ground/max depth 77 00.29' N 11 59.13' E 769.5 PS80/009-2 20.06.2012 03:58 FLOAT on ground/max depth 77 00.45' N 11 59.45' E 756.3 PS80/010-1 20.06.2012 07:08 HN on ground/max depth 77 35.08' N 10 58.60' E 354.7 PS80/011-1 20.06.2012 09:43 HN on ground/max depth 77 59.63' N 10 01.03' E 169 PS80/012-1 20.06.2012 14:30 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.97' N 9 29.94' E 172 PS80/012-2 20.06.2012 14:33 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.98' N 9 30.01' E 175.5 PS80/013-1 20.06.2012 15:17 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.09' N 9 19.83' E 206.5 PS80/014-1 20.06.2012 16:03 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.95' N 9 10.53' E 223 PS80/015-1 20.06.2012 16:54 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.10' N 9 00.07' E 221.2 PS80/016-1 20.06.2012 17:45 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.06' N 8 49.98' E 235.5 PS80/017-2 20.06.2012 19:01 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.05' N 8 29.77' E 130.5 PS80/017-3 20.06.2012 19:04 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.09' N 8 29.77' E 211.5 PS80/017-1 20.06.2012 19:06 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.12' N 8 29.77' E 211.5 PS80/017-4 20.06.2012 19:09 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.14' N 8 29.77' E 590 PS80/018-1 20.06.2012 20:23 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.03' N 8 12.08' E 919 PS80/019-1 20.06.2012 21:53 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.94' N 7 49.69' E 983.7 PS80/020-2 20.06.2012 23:13 HN on ground/max depth 78 51.09' N 8 01.06' E 894.7 PS80/020-1 20.06.2012 23:16 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 51.10' N 8 01.04' E 891.2 PS80/020-3 21.06.2012 00:24 HN on ground/max depth 78 51.19' N 8 00.42' E 1048 PS80/020-4 21.06.2012 01:34 HN on ground/max depth 78 51.48' N 8 01.03' E 1051 PS80/021-1 21.06.2012 03:31 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.20' N 8 39.82' E 246.7 PS80/021-2 21.06.2012 04:28 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.01' N 8 40.04' E 246.7 PS80/022-1 21.06.2012 06:35 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.88' N 8 22.19' E 749 PS80/023-1 21.06.2012 08:21 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.49' N 8 02.23' E 1020.7 PS80/024-1 21.06.2012 10:22 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.18' N 7 02.23' E 1436.5 PS80/025-1 21.06.2012 12:52 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.41' N 6 00.18' E 2474.2 PS80/026-1 21.06.2012 16:50 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.00' N 6 51.31' E 1598 PS80/027-2 21.06.2012 18:28 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.76' N 7 01.01' E 1460.7 PS80/027-1 21.06.2012 18:39 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.75' N 7 01.34' E 1455.7 PS80/027-3 21.06.2012 20:01 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.60' N 7 02.00' E 1448.7 PS80/027-4 21.06.2012 21:23 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.60' N 7 01.69' E 1457 PS80/028-1 21.06.2012 23:05 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.88' N 7 09.92' E 1361.7 PS80/029-1 22.06.2012 00:49 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.98' N 7 19.79' E 1243.7 PS80/030-1 22.06.2012 02:14 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.13' N 7 30.10' E 1175.2 PS80/031-1 22.06.2012 04:21 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.06' N 8 19.23' E 809.5 PS80/031-2 22.06.2012 06:18 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.05' N 8 20.17' E 792.2 PS80/032-1 22.06.2012 07:31 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 780 50.05' N 8 00.16' E 1035.7 PS80/032-2 22.06.2012 09:12 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.91' N 8 00.29' E 1034 PS80/033-1 22.06.2012 12:16 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.01' N 7 00.04' E 1465.2 PS80/033-1 22.06.2012 12:45 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.01' N 7 00.01' E 1466 PS80/034-1 22.06.2012 14:25 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.03' N 7 40.85' E 1110.2 PS80/035-1 22.06.2012 17:12 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.97' N 6 40.41' E 1777.2 PS80/036-1 22.06.2012 19:12 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.96' N 6 30.06' E 1980 PS80/036-2 22.06.2012 19:27 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.96' N 6 30.09' E 1979.5 PS80/037-2 22.06.2012 20:57 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.02' N 5 59.58' E 2027 PS80/037-1 22.06.2012 21:39 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.02' N 5 59.97' E 2015.2 PS80/037-3 22.06.2012 23:33 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.03' N 5 59.99' E 2017.7 PS80/037-4 23.06.2012 01:12 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.98' N 5 59.97' E 2016.5 PS80/037-5 23.06.2012 06:08 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.01' N 6 00.04' E 2471.5 PS80/038-1 23.06.2012 07:54 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.27' N 5 30.61' E 2622.2 PS80/039-1 23.06.2012 09:57 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.74' N 5 01.88' E 2703.2 PS80/040-1 23.06.2012 11:12 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.08' N 5 29.49' E 2623.5 PS80/040-2 23.06.2012 13:15 GLD on ground/max depth 78 50.30' N 5 27.10' E 2630.3 PS80/041-1 23.06.2012 16:28 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.17' N 6 19.28' E 2215 PS80/042-1 23.06.2012 18:18 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.06' N 6 09.76' E 2374.2 PS80/043-1 23.06.2012 20:29 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.12' N 5 49.04' E 2544.4 PS80/044-1 23.06.2012 22:30 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.19' N 5 39.33' E 2589.6 PS80/045-1 24.06.2012 01:22 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 44.99' N 5 30.11' E 2442.2 PS80/045-2 24.06.2012 06:01 MOR on ground/max depth 78 45.00' N 5 29.96' E 2469.2 PS80/046-1 24.06.2012 08:20 GLD on ground/max depth 78 51.80' N 5 09.06' E 2666.3 PS80/047-1 24.06.2012 11:05 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.99' N 5 00.00' E 2716.5 PS80/048-1 24.06.2012 13:37 MOR on ground/max depth 78 45.00' N 5 15.03' E 2376 PS80/049-1 24.06.2012 15:28 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.99' N 5 27.37' E 2626.1 PS80/050-1 24.06.2012 17:26 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.02' N 5 20.70' E 2636.8 PS80/051-2 24.06.2012 19:00 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.06' N 5 06.85' E 2675.2 PS80/051-1 24.06.2012 19:45 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.02' N 5 06.82' E 2672.8 PS80/051-3 24.06.2012 21:37 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.99' N 5 06.44' E 2677.2 PS80/052-2 24.06.2012 23:17 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.93' N 4 39.74' E 2586.6 PS80/052-1 25.06.2012 00:06 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.99' N 4 39.84' E 2606.1 PS80/053-1 25.06.2012 05:17 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.11' N 4 01.97' E 2365.4 PS80/053-2 25.06.2012 06:26 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.73' N 4 00.51' E 2352.7 PS80/053-4 25.06.2012 08:19 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.53' N 3 59.87' E 2347.4 PS80/053-3 25.06.2012 08:28 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.52' N 3 59.95' E 2347.2 PS80/053-5 25.06.2012 10:18 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.77' N 4 00.00' E 2346.7 PS80/053-6 25.06.2012 12:50 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.72' N 4 00.51' E 2351.3 PS80/054-1 25.06.2012 14:36 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.96' N 4 20.26' E 2409.9 PS80/055-1 25.06.2012 17:12 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.43' N 3 39.72' E 2313.8 PS80/056-2 25.06.2012 19:13 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.93' N 3 20.09' E 2397.5 PS80/056-1 25.06.2012 19:41 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.78' N 3 20.00' E 2395.3 PS80/057-2 25.06.2012 21:38 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.70' N 2 59.48' E 2475.7 PS80/057-1 25.06.2012 21:58 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.56' N 2 59.17' E 2469.7 PS80/058-1 26.06.2012 00:43 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.69' N 2 32.08' E 2534.1 PS80/059-1 26.06.2012 05:40 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.99' N 2 43.93' E 2503 PS80/060-1 26.06.2012 08:14 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.83' N 1 36.20' E 2556 PS80/061-1 26.06.2012 12:46 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.00' N 0 24.26' E 2590.3 PS80/061-3 26.06.2012 17:03 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.30' N 0 22.62' E 2594.3 PS80/061-2 26.06.2012 17:43 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.44' N 0 21.96' E 2545.4 PS80/062-2 26.06.2012 19:47 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.25' N 0 41.86' E 2426.6 PS80/062-1 26.06.2012 20:26 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.45' N 0 40.82' E 2432.3 PS80/063-2 26.06.2012 23:03 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.90' N 1 35.76' E 2500.2 PS80/063-1 26.06.2012 23:54 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.70' N 1 35.32' E 2499.9 PS80/064-1 27.06.2012 02:51 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.97' N 2 12.77' E 2497.6 PS80/065-1 27.06.2012 05:43 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.54' N 2 47.36' E 2455 PS80/065-2 27.06.2012 08:40 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.37' N 2 45.33' E 2458.2 PS80/066-1 27.06.2012 12:46 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.12' N 1 35.08' E 2499.6 PS80/067-2 27.06.2012 14:20 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.89' N 1 54.00' E 2514.3 PS80/067-1 27.06.2012 14:48 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.91' N 1 53.19' E 2514.5 PS80/067-3 27.06.2012 16:56 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.59' N 1 51.29' E 2515.1 PS80/067-4 27.06.2012 18:37 HN on ground/max depth 78 51.38' N 1 50.25' E 2557 PS80/068-1 27.06.2012 21:30 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.09' N 1 19.55' E 2473.5 PS80/069-2 27.06.2012 23:27 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.29' N 1 02.12' E 2469.6 PS80/069-1 27.06.2012 23:57 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.56' N 1 03.51' E 2523.5 PS80/070-1 28.06.2012 03:07 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.91' N 0 25.12' E 2537.5 PS80/070-2 28.06.2012 05:47 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.77' N 0 25.69' E 2579.7 PS80/071-1 28.06.2012 09:00 MOR on ground/max depth 78 50.01' N 0 48.96' W 2615.4 PS80/072-1 28.06.2012 18:46 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.73' N 0 03.30' E 2636.7 PS80/072-2 28.06.2012 19:08 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.54' N 0 02.31' E 2592.3 PS80/072-3 28.06.2012 20:31 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.19' N 0 04.79' E 2589 PS80/072-4 28.06.2012 21:39 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.85' N 0 03.84' E 2592.6 PS80/072-5 28.06.2012 23:12 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.11' N 0 01.73' E 2576.4 PS80/073-1 29.06.2012 01:28 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.01' N 0 14.98' W 2621.9 PS80/074-1 29.06.2012 04:18 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.49' N 0 51.97' W 2583 PS80/074-2 29.06.2012 07:32 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.57' N 0 50.79' W 2603 PS80/075-1 29.06.2012 09:58 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.83' N 2 00.65' W 2672.1 PS80/076-1 29.06.2012 17:52 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.03' N 1 05.50' W 2504.1 PS80/077-1 29.06.2012 21:29 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.04' N 0 33.30' W 2642.4 PS80/078-1 30.06.2012 01:16 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.21' N 1 21.56' W 2641.8 PS80/079-1 30.06.2012 08:37 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.18' N 2 24.00' W 2617.7 PS80/079-2 30.06.2012 08:46 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.13' N 2 24.44' W 2617.7 PS80/079-3 30.06.2012 10:43 HN on ground/max depth 78 48.69' N 2 30.22' W 2605.2 PS80/079-4 30.06.2012 12:27 HN on ground/max depth 78 48.38' N 2 35.17' W 2593 PS80/080-1 30.06.2012 18:01 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.87' N 2 3.46' W 2666.2 PS80/081-1 30.06.2012 20:00 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.34' N 1 44.81' W 2663.9 PS80/082-1 01.07.2012 05:05 MOR on ground/max depth 78 30.08' N 2 01.41' W 2646.8 PS80/083-1 01.07.2012 07:38 MOR on ground/max depth 78 30.30' N 2 04.44' W 2584.4 PS80/084-1 01.07.2012 10:28 MOR on ground/max depth 78 29.16' N 2 28.52' W 2713.1 PS80/085-1 01.07.2012 13:00 ZODIAK on ground/max depth 78 42.71' N 2 10.87' W 2680.4 PS80/086-1 01.07.2012 16:38 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.21' N 1 53.83' W 2666.4 PS80/087-1 01.07.2012 20:49 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.39' N 2 40.67' W 2563.4 PS80/088-1 02.07.2012 05:40 MOR on ground/max depth 79 9.40' N 1 32.14' W 2594 PS80/088-2 02.07.2012 07:45 MOR on ground/max depth 79 10.05' N 1 31.20' W 2601.8 PS80/089-1 02.07.2012 12:46 MOR on ground/max depth 78 57.12' N 2 57.53' W 2455.8 PS80/090-1 02.07.2012 14:00 ZODIAK on ground/max depth 78 58.45' N 3 13.15' W 2355.2 PS80/091-1 03.07.2012 13:13 HN on ground/max depth 79 40.03' N 11 59.99' W 267.4 PS80/091-2 03.07.2012 13:48 BONGO on ground/max depth 79 40.21' N 11 59.64' W 261.2 PS80/091-3 03.07.2012 14:15 BONGO on ground/max depth 79 40.32' N 11 59.43' W 263.5 PS80/091-4 03.07.2012 14:32 BONGO on ground/max depth 79 40.43' N 11 59.22' W 262.3 PS80/091-5 03.07.2012 14:47 BONGO on ground/max depth 79 40.54' N 11 58.97' W 262.3 PS80/091-6 03.07.2012 15:23 BONGO on ground/max depth 79 40.22' N 11 59.43' W 264.6 PS80/091-7 03.07.2012 15:42 BONGO on ground/max depth 79 40.34' N 11 59.19' W 263.8 PS80/092-1 03.07.2012 17:13 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 50.04' N 12 0.08' W 163.1 PS80/093-1 03.07.2012 18:32 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 45.18' N 11 59.62' W 230.3 PS80/094-1 03.07.2012 19:34 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 40.11' N 12 0.47' W 265.2 PS80/095-1 03.07.2012 20:40 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 34.88' N 12 03.41' W 226.1 PS80/096-1 03.07.2012 21:52 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 30.12' N 11 55.47' W 249.5 PS80/097-1 04.07.2012 00:21 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 24.92' N 11 28.82' W 252.7 PS80/098-1 04.07.2012 12:21 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 22.90' N 11 26.27' W 251.7 PS80/099-1 04.07.2012 14:00 EF on ground/max depth 79 22.28' N 11 15.46' W 255.7 PS80/100-1 04.07.2012 14:54 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 20.01' N 11 06.55' W 247.6 PS80/101-1 04.07.2012 16:24 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 15.11' N 11 01.21' W 254.8 PS80/102-1 04.07.2012 18:13 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 9.88' N 10 43.23' W 302.2 PS80/103-1 04.07.2012 20:29 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 4.78' N 10 36.83' W 343.2 PS80/104-1 04.07.2012 21:48 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 79 0.15' N 10 27.79' W 302.1 PS80/105-1 04.07.2012 23:04 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 54.99' N 10 38.53' W 259.1 PS80/106-1 05.07.2012 00:17 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.90' N 10 40.25' W 383.9 PS80/107-1 05.07.2012 02:07 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 44.94' N 10 24.78' W 328.8 PS80/108-1 05.07.2012 03:37 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 39.99' N 10 15.62' W 216.3 PS80/109-1 05.07.2012 04:59 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 35.07' N 10 24.21' W 209.7 PS80/110-1 05.07.2012 06:52 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 30.00' N 10 59.84' W 201.8 PS80/111-1 05.07.2012 22:15 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.13' N 11 30.49' W 235.6 PS80/112-1 06.07.2012 00:15 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.98' N 11 59.87' W 207 PS80/113-1 06.07.2012 03:25 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.56' N 12 27.31' W 257.1 PS80/114-1 06.07.2012 08:38 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 45.23' N 12 47.17' W 218.6 PS80/115-1 06.07.2012 16:52 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.94' N 10 59.87' W 329.3 PS80/116-1 06.07.2012 18:38 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.86' N 10 26.83' W 377 PS80/116-2 06.07.2012 19:14 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.58' N 10 26.95' W 388.4 PS80/117-1 06.07.2012 21:17 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.83' N 10 00.44' W 312.5 PS80/118-1 06.07.2012 23:24 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 48.82' N 9 29.91' W 224.2 PS80/119-1 07.07.2012 00:53 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.05' N 9 00.24' W 223.5 PS80/120-1 07.07.2012 02:08 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.94' N 8 30.05' W 284.7 PS80/121-1 07.07.2012 03:31 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.00' N 7 59.84' W 180 PS80/122-1 07.07.2012 04:46 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.85' N 7 30.46' W 194.9 PS80/122-2 07.07.2012 05:12 HN on ground/max depth 78 49.80' N 7 30.54' W 181.6 PS80/123-1 07.07.2012 09:15 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 42.38' N 7 01.07' W 233.7 PS80/124-1 08.07.2012 00:10 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.31' N 6 30.58' W 286 PS80/125-1 08.07.2012 02:17 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.57' N 6 02.16' W 340.6 PS80/126-1 08.07.2012 04:05 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.85' N 5 42.03' W 422 PS80/127-1 08.07.2012 06:13 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.50' N 5 22.02' W 637.4 PS80/127-2 08.07.2012 06:54 HN on ground/max depth 78 48.96' N 5 23.60' W 582.8 PS80/127-3 08.07.2012 07:36 HN on ground/max depth 78 48.40' N 5 25.04' W 523.4 PS80/128-1 08.07.2012 10:55 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.39' N 4 57.37' W 1043.3 PS80/129-1 08.07.2012 16:45 MOR on ground/max depth 78 44.25' N 4 02.75' W 1760.5 PS80/130-1 08.07.2012 19:47 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.55' N 4 35.14' W 1389.5 PS80/130-2 08.07.2012 21:10 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.96' N 4 35.78' W 1389.9 PS80/131-1 08.07.2012 22:59 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.33' N 4 15.57' W 1663.2 PS80/132-1 09.07.2012 01:35 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.44' N 3 56.34' W 1922.5 PS80/132-2 09.07.2012 03:34 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.13' N 3 55.40' W 1932.8 PS80/132-3 09.07.2012 05:28 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.36' N 3 56.36' W 1941.6 PS80/132-4 09.07.2012 07:16 HN on ground/max depth 78 50.06' N 3 59.66' W 1924 PS80/133-1 09.07.2012 10:23 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.64' N 3 39.74' W 2139.7 PS80/134-1 09.07.2012 13:14 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 49.90' N 3 19.68' W 2348.8 PS80/135-1 09.07.2012 15:52 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 50.07' N 3 02.82' W 2466.4 PS80/136-1 09.07.2012 21:18 MOR on ground/max depth 78 49.51' N 1 29.05' W 2643.4 PS80/137-1 10.07.2012 04:51 MOR on ground/max depth 78 59.32' N 0 01.27' W 2544.5 PS80/138-1 10.07.2012 07:20 MOR on ground/max depth 79 0.20' N 0 00.63' E 2558.2 PS80/139-1 10.07.2012 11:46 MOR on ground/max depth 79 9.12' N 1 28.77' W 2596.6 PS80/140-1 10.07.2012 16:56 MOR on ground/max depth 78 59.08' N 2 56.97' W 2437.8 PS80/141-1 11.07.2012 03:41 MOR on ground/max depth 78 29.84' N 2 04.67' W 2774.5 PS80/142-1 11.07.2012 07:40 MOR on ground/max depth 78 34.97' N 1 00.01' W 2801.4 PS80/142-2 11.07.2012 09:00 ZODIAK on ground/max depth 78 34.58' N 1 02.21' W 2794.8 PS80/143-1 11.07.2012 12:13 ZODIAK on ground/max depth 78 46.03' N 0 07.38' W 2635.3 PS80/144-1 11.07.2012 20:02 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 52.70' N 2 27.10' E 2454.8 PS80/145-1 11.07.2012 22:28 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 48.66' N 2 45.85' E 2458.4 PS80/146-1 12.07.2012 00:41 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 46.26' N 3 07.74' E 2440.1 PS80/147-1 12.07.2012 03:01 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 43.57' N 3 26.30' E 2356.6 PS80/148-1 12.07.2012 05:19 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 40.55' N 3 48.77' E 2326.2 PS80/149-1 12.07.2012 07:36 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 37.33' N 4 08.66' E 2351.3 PS80/150-1 12.07.2012 09:52 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 34.23' N 4 29.40' E 2357.6 PS80/151-1 12.07.2012 12:03 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 31.16' N 4 49.52' E 2284.3 PS80/152-1 12.07.2012 14:01 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 28.06' N 5 09.80' E 2001.9 PS80/153-1 12.07.2012 15:51 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 24.99' N 5 29.02' E 1868.7 PS80/154-1 12.07.2012 17:42 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 21.99' N 5 48.60' E 1723.9 PS80/155-1 12.07.2012 19:29 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 18.94' N 6 08.47' E 1841.7 PS80/156-1 12.07.2012 21:17 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 15.90' N 6 28.20' E 1840.3 PS80/157-1 12.07.2012 23:20 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 12.83' N 6 47.15' E 2461.8 PS80/158-1 13.07.2012 01:37 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 9.85' N 7 06.49' E 3031.2 PS80/159-1 13.07.2012 04:09 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 6.83' N 7 27.49' E 3454.4 PS80/160-1 13.07.2012 10:09 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 3.66' N 7 45.05' E 3078.2 PS80/161-1 13.07.2012 12:30 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 78 0.66' N 8 03.83' E 2342.9 PS80/162-1 13.07.2012 14:33 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 77 57.54' N 8 23.13' E 1879.3 PS80/163-1 13.07.2012 16:11 CTD/RO on ground/max depth 77 55.01' N 8 38.98' E 1501.2 Abbreviation list: BONGO Bongo net cast CTD/RO CTD cast with water samples CAL Posidonia calibration FLOAT float/drifter deployment GLD Glider deployment or recovery HN Handnet cast MOR Mooring recovery or deployment NFLOAT NEMO float deployment MN Multinet cast ZODIAK action from the rubber boat Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden beginnend mit dem Heft Nr. 569 (2008) als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben. Ein Verzeichnis aller Hefte einschlielich der Druckausgaben (Heft 377-568) sowie der frheren "Berichte zur Polarforschung" (Heft 1-376, von 1981 bis 2000) befindet sich im open access institutional repository for publications and presentations (ePIC) des AWI unter der URL http://epic.awi.de. Durch Auswahl "Reports on Polar- and Marine Research" (via 'browse/type") wird eine Liste der Publikationen sortiert nach Heftnummer innerhalb der absteigenden chronologischen Reihenfolge der Jahrgnge erzeugt. To generate a list of all Reports past issues, use the following URL: http://epic.awi.de and select "browse"/"type" to browse "Reports on Polar and Marine Research". A chronological list in declining order, issues chronological, will be produced, and pdf-icons shown for open access download. Verzeichnis der zuletzt erschienenen Hefte: Heft-Nr. 648/2012 - "Interannual and decadal variability of sea ice drift, concentration and thickness in the Weddell Sea", by Sandra Schwegmann Heft-Nr. 649/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the Arctic in 2011 (ARK-XXVI/3 - TransArc)", edited by Ursula Schauer Heft-Nr. 650/2012 - "Combining stationary Ocean Models and mean dynamic Topography Data", by Grit Freiwald Heft-Nr. 651/2012 - "Phlorotannins as UV-protective substances in early developmental stages of brown algae", by Franciska S. Steinhoff Heft-Nr. 652/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the Antarctic in 2012 (ANT-XXVIII/4)", edited by Magnus Lucassen Heft-Nr. 653/2012 - "Joint Russian-German Polygon Project East Siberia 2011 -2014: The expedition Kytalyk 2011", edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Lyudmila Pestryakova, Sebastian Wetterich and Vladimir Tumskoy Heft-Nr. 654/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the Antarctic in 2012 (ANT-XXVIII/5)", edited by Karl Bumke Heft-Nr. 655/2012 - "Expeditions to Permafrost 2012: 'Alaskan North Slope / Itkillik', 'Thermokarst in Central Yakutia' and 'EyeSight-NAAT-Alaska', edited by Jens Strauss, Mathias Ulrich and Marcel Buchhorn Heft-Nr. 656/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Sonne' to the Manihiki Plateau in 2012 (So 224)", edited by Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben Heft-Nr. 657/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the Antarctic in 2011 (ANT-XXVIII/1) ", edited by Saad El Naggar Heft-Nr. 658/2013 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/2)", edited by Thomas Soltwedel Heft-Nr. 659/2013 - "Changing Polar Regions - 25th International Congress on Polar Research, March 17-22, 2013, Hamburg, Germany, German Society for Polar Research", edited by Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Heidemarie Kassens, and Ralf Tiedeman Heft-Nr. 660/2013 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/1)", edited by Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller CCHDO Data Processing Notes File Online Carolina Berys Date: 2016-01-20 Current Status: unprocessed File Online Carolina Berys Date: 2016-01-20 Current Status: unprocessed File Online Carolina Berys Date: 2016-01-20 Current Status: unprocessed File Submission Robert M. Key Date: 2016-01-18 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Problem with frozen nutrients. Data omitted. These data are at 78N in the GIN. Bit north of the 75N "repeat" line File Submission Robert M. Key Date: 2016-01-18 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Problem with frozen nutrients. Data omitted. These data are at 78N in the GIN. Bit north of the 75N "repeat" line File Submission Robert M. Key Date: 2016-01-18 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Problem with frozen nutrients. Data omitted. These data are at 78N in the GIN. Bit north of the 75N "repeat" line File Submission Jerry Kappa Date: 2016-02-03 Current Status: processed Notes The final pdf version of the cruise report for 75N 2016 is ready to go online. It includes all of the PI-generated data reports with linked figures and tables, the CCHDO summary pages and CCHDO Data Processing Notes.