CRUISE REPORT: PS89
(Updated MAR 2016)









Highlights

                         Cruise Summary Information

               Section Designation  PS89
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  06AQ20141202
                  Chief Scientists  Olaf Boebel / AWI
                             Dates  2014 DEC 02 - 2015 FEB 01
                              Ship  RV Polarstern
                     Ports of call  Cape Town to Cape Town

                                                  37°  5' 52" S
             Geographic Boundaries  9° 3' 24" W                   12° 56' E
                                                  70° 34' 27" S

                          Stations  44
      Floats and drifters deployed  12 floats deployed
    Moorings deployed or recovered  6 deployed, 6 recovered

                            Contact Information:

                              Dr. Olaf Boebel
         Climate Sciences • Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas
  Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung
             Bussestraße 24 • D-27570 Bremerhaven • (Room F-215)
            Tel: +49 (471) 4831-1879 • Fax: +49 (471) 4831-1149
                         Email: Olaf.Boebel@awi.de























ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT
                                               HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM FOR POLAR-
                                               UND MEERESFORSCHUNG









689        Berichte
2015       zur Polar- und Meeresforschung
           Reports on Polar and Marine Research




            The Expedition PS89 
            of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN 
            to the Weddell Sea in 2014/2015



            Edited by 
            Olaf Boebel 
            with contributions of the participants















                                               HELMHOLTZ
                                               GEMEINSCHAFT
















Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung werden vom 
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung 
(AWI) in Bremerhaven, Deutschland, in Fortsetzung der vormaligen Berichte 
zur Polarforschung herausgegeben. Sie erscheinen in unregelmäßiger Abfolge.

Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung enthalten Darstellungen und 
Ergebnisse der vom AWI selbst oder mit seiner Unterstützung durchgeführten 
Forschungsarbeiten in den Polargebieten und in den Meeren.

Die Publikationen umfassen Expeditionsberichte der vom AWI betriebenen 
Schiffe, Flugzeuge und Stationen, Forschungsergebnisse (inkl. 
Dissertationen) des Instituts und des Archivs für deutsche Polarforschung, 
sowie Abstracts und Proceedings von nationalen und internationalen Tagungen 
und Workshops des AWI.

Die Beiträge geben nicht notwendigerweise die Auffassung des AWI wider.

Herausgeber
Dr. Horst Bornemann

Redaktionelle Bearbeitung und Layout
Birgit Reimann



Alfred-Wegener-Institut
Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung
Am Handeshafen 12
27570 Bremerhaven
Germany

www.awi.de
www.reports.awi.de


Der Erstautor bzw. herausgebende Autor eines Bandes der Berichte zur Polar- 
und Meeresforschung versichert, dass er über alle Rechte am Werk verfügt 
und überträgt sämtliche Rechte auch im Namen seiner Koautoren an das AWI. 
Ein einfaches Nutzungsrecht verbleibt, wenn nicht anders angegeben, beim 
Autor (bei den Autoren). Das AWI beansprucht die Publikation der 
eingereichten Manuskripte über sein Repositorium ePIC (electronic 
Publication Information Center, s. Innenseite am Rückdeckel) mit optionalem 
print-on-demand.










       Titel: Polarsterns vergeblicher Versuch das Schelfeis nahe der 
                Neumayer-Station III zur Übergabe von Treib-
 stoff zu erreichen: Ein ca. 500m breiter Kanal im etwa 3 m dicken Meereis 
                              der Atka Bucht.
               © Steffen Spielke, Reederei F. Laeisz G.m.b.H.



The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued by the Alfred Wegener 
Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in 
Bremerhaven, Germany, succeeding the former Reports on Polar Research. They 
are published at irregular intervals.


The Reports on Polar and Marine Research contain presentations and results 
of research activities in polar regions and in the seas either carried out 
by the AWI or with its support.

Publications comprise expedition reports of the ships, aircrafts, and 
stations operated by the AWI, research results (incl. dissertations) of the 
Institute and the Archiv für deutsche Polarforschung, as well as abstracts 
and proceedings of national and international conferences and workshops of 
the AWI

The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily reflect the opinion 
of the AWI

Editor
Dr. Horst Bornemann

Editorial editing and layout
Birgit Reimann


Alfred-Wegener- Institut
Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung
Am Handeshafen 12
27570 Bremerhaven
Germany

www.awi.de
www.reports. awi.de


The first or editing author of an issue of Reports on Polar and Marine 
Research ensures that he possesses all rights of the opus, and transfers 
all rights to the AWI, inlcuding those associated with the co-authors. The 
non-exclusive right of use (einfaches Nutzungsrecht) remains with the 
author unless stated otherwise. The AWI reserves the right to publish the 
submitted articles in its repository ePIC (electronic Publication 
Information Center, see inside page of verso) with the option to 
print-on-demand'.







   Cover: Polarstern's vain attempt to reach the ice shelf near Neumayer
                       Station III for its refueling:
 a quarter-mile wide channel into Atka Bay's fast ice of typically 10 feet
                                thickness.
               © Steffen Spielke, Reederei F. Laeisz G.m.b.H.





The Expedition PS89 
of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN 
to the Weddell Sea in 2014/2015


Edited by 

Olaf Boebel 

with contributions of the participants












































Please cite or link this publication using the identifiers
hdl:10013/epic.45857 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.45857 and
doi:10.2312/BzPM_0689_2015 or http://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0689_2015



ISSN 1866-3192





                                    PS89

                                (ANT-XXX/2)

                     2 December 2014 - 1 February 2015
                           Cape Town - Cape Town




















                              Chief scientist
                                Olaf Boebel




                                Coordinator
                                Rainer Knust






















Contents

Contents

1.  Zusammenfassung und Fahrtverlauf                                      8
    Summary and Itinerary                                                11
2.  Weather Conditions During PS89 (ANT-XXX/2)                           14
3.  Scientific Programmes                                                16

    3.1    Oceanography                                                  16
    3.1.1  Implementation of the HAFOS Observation System in the
           Antarctic                                                     16
    3.1.2  Biogeochemical Argo-type floats for SOCCOM
           (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations
           and Modelling)                                                36
    3.1.3  The carbon system of the Southern Meridian
           GoodHope Section                                              45
    3.1.4  Ocean Acoustics                                               52
    3.1.5  Transport variations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current     59
    3.1.6  Sound levels as received by whale during a ship's passage     63
    3.2    Sea Ice Physics                                               65
    3.2.1  Sea ice mass and energy budgets in the Weddell Sea            65
    3.3    Biology                                                       83
    3.3.1  Sea ice ecology, pelagic food web and top predator studies    83
    3.3.2  Cetaceans in ice                                              99
    3.4    Geobiosciences                                               103
    3.4.1  Culture experiments on trace metal incorporation
           in deep-sea benthic foraminifers from the Southern Ocean     103

Appendix

A.1  Teilnehmende Institute / Participating Institutes                  104
A.2  Fahrtteilnehmer / Cruise Participants                              106
A.3  Schiffsbesatzung / Ship's Crew                                     107
A.4  Stationsliste / Station List PS89                                  108


























1.  ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF
    Olaf Boebel/AWI

Die Antarktisexpedition PS89 mit FS Polarstern sollte ursprünglich von 
Kapstadt über die AtkaBucht (Neumayer-Station III) in das Weddellmeer und 
weiter nach Punta Arenas führen. Ein während des logistischen Aufenthaltes 
in der Atka-Bucht entstandenes, irreparables Problem an der Verstelleinheit 
des Backbord-Propellers führte jedoch zu signifikanten Einschränkungen in 
der Leistungs- und Manövrierfähigkeit des Schiffes, die Anlass gaben, die 
Expedition abzubrechen und über Kapstadt nach Bremerhaven zurückzukehren, 
um dort die notwendigen Reparaturarbeiten schnellstmöglich durchzuführen. 
Somit ergab sich ein Expeditionsverlauf Kapstadt - Atka-Bucht - Kapstadt.

Die Expedition beinhaltete logistische und wissenschaftliche Vorhaben. 
Hiervon wurden die logistischen Aufgaben (Versorgung Neumayer-Station III 
mit Treibstoff und Vorräten) vollständig umgesetzt, während von den 
geplanten wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten nur der Teil realisiert werden 
konnte, der vor Anlaufen der Atka-Bucht lag und damit weniger als die 
Hälfte des geplanten Programms beinhaltete.

Die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten lassen sich in stationsgebundene, 
meereisbasierte, vom fahrenden Schiff aus durchgeführte sowie 
helikoptergestützte Arbeiten unterteilen.


Folgende stationsgebundene Aufgaben wurden durchgeführt:

• Aufnahme von 13 Tiefseepegeln entlang des GoodHope-Schnittes; (geplant: 
  14)
• Aufnahme/Auslage von 6/6 Verankerungen östlich Neumayer-Station III; 
  (geplant: 7/5)
• Aufnahme/Auslage von 0/0 Verankerungen westlich Neumayer-Station III; 
  (geplant:
  14/11)
• Auslegung von 15 Argo-Floats; (geplant 28)
• Auslegung von 12 SOCCOM-Floats
• Fahren von 94 CTD Stationen mit Rosette
• Kalibration von 6 RAFOS-Schallquellen
• Analyse von ca. 4000 Wasserproben
• Beprobung des Meeresbodens mit dem Multicorer (2).

Folgende Arbeiten wurden vom fahrenden Schiff aus durchgeführt:

• Erfassung des Vorkommens von Vögeln, Robben und Walen
• Erfassung von Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Strömungsprofilen
• 18 SUIT-Fänge, davon 8 unter dem Meereis (geplant> 30)
• 15 RMT-Fänge, davon 6 in eisbedeckten Gebieten (geplant > 20).

Folgende Arbeiten wurden vom Meereis aus durchgeführt:

• 5 ROV-Eisstationen (davon 2 auf frei driftendem Meereis, geplant 12)
• Auslegung von 12 Meereisbojen (div. Typen, geplant 22)
• 3 Eiskernstationen (geplant 6)
• 2 Eisdicken-Transekte per Schlitten (geplant 0).

Weitere Arbeiten nutzten die Helikopter als Plattform. Insgesamt ergaben 
sich 116 Flüge mit 84:32 h kumulativer Dauer. Hiervon entfallen u.A.:

• 20 Flüge auf Tierbeobachtungen (geplant ca. 60)
• 5 Flüge auf EM Bird-Transekte (geplant 15).


Weitere wissenschaftliche Flüge erfolgten zur Markierung von Schollen, 
Erprobung von Geräten, logistischen Unterstützung der eisgebundenen 
Arbeiten sowie zum Personen- und Materialtransport bei Neumayer III.

Die Reise begann am 02. Dezember 2014, 18:00 h Ortszeit in Kapstadt. Die 
zunächst anstehende Aufnahme der Tiefseepegel verlief problemlos, was auch 
dem bemerkenswert gut funktionierenden POSIDON IA-System (Sendeeinheit im 
Brunnenschacht mit USBL-Box) zuzuschreiben ist. Einen großen Fortschritt 
stellt dabei die PosiSoft-Software dar, mit der sich der Aufstieg der 
Geräte zuverlässig verfolgen ließ. So konnte noch während des Aufsteigens 
der Verankerung das Schiff so positioniert werden, dass Tiefseepegel bzw. 
Verankerung an optimaler Position relativ zum Schiff auftauchten, was 
weiteres Suchen überflüssig machte und die Aufnahme (u.a. sehr effizient 
vom Schlauchboot aus) beschleunigte.

Im weiteren Expeditionsverlauf wurden entlang der Fahrtroute an den 
Verankerungspositionen sowie südlich von 55°S in Abständen von 60 nm CTDs 
gefahren und an ausgewählten Positionen mit biogeochemischen Sensoren 
ausgestattete Argo-Floats ausgelegt.

Begünstigtdurch die sich um Maud Rise herum schnell öffnende Polynjawarder 
Reisefortschritt entlang des 0°-Schnittes zügig. Am südlichsten Ende dieses 
Schnittes herrschte jedoch wie schon vor 2 Jahren starker Eisgang, wodurch 
sich sehr zeitintensive Verankerungsaufnahmen ergaben. Durch parallele 
Eisstationen konnte der Verlust an Stationszeit jedoch kompensiert werden, 
sodass der 0°-Schnitt zum 23. Dezember verlassen und die Atka-Bucht wie 
geplant zum 25. Dezember abends angelaufen werden konnte, um mit den 
Ladearbeiten zu beginnen.

Da der Zugang zum Nordanleger von stark zerklüftetem Meereis blockiert war, 
sollte versucht werden, den längeren Weg durch das weitgehend unzerklüftete 
Eis vor dem Nordostanleger freizubrechen (Beginn 26. Dezember 01:00 h). 
Nach 2%-tägigem Brechen musste dieser Versuch jedoch ca. 1 nm vor dem 
Nordostanleger am 28. Dezember 16:30 h wegen des oben erwähnten technischen 
Schaden abgebrochen werden. Alternativ wurde daraufhin am 31. Dezember 2014 
10:00 h mit einer Meereisentladung der Feststoffe begonnen. Aufgrund der 
vorausschauenden Planung und des engagierten Einsatzes von sowohl Stations- 
als auch Schiffspersonal konnten die Löscharbeiten nach 2 Tagen 
abgeschlossen werden (Ablegen Atka-Bucht am 1. Januar 2015 16:00 h). 
Hierauf wurde das Schiff etwa 20 nm nach Westen verlegt, um Brennstoff für 
die Neumayer-Station III an der dort zugänglichen Schelfeiskante zu 
löschen. Eine erste Charge konnte zwischen dem 2. Januar 14:00 h und 22:00 
h abgegeben werden. Weitere Arbeiten konnten dann aber wegen Wetter- und 
Eisbedingungen erst am 8. Januar 15:00 h wieder aufgenommen und am 9. 
Januar 06:30 h endgültig abgeschlossen werden. Der eingeschränkten 
Eisgängigkeit geschuldet konnte der Rückweg erst am 13. Januar 2015 
angetreten werden, nachdem die Wetterlage zumindest kleinräumige 
Eisaufklärungsflüge erlaubte, um einen Weg durch den dichten Eisgürtel vor 
der Küste zu finden. Mit Erreichen des offenen Wassers am 15. Januar 2015 
06:00 h konnten stationsgebundene Arbeiten wieder aufgenommen werden. Die 
nach Erreichen des freien Wassers verbliebene Stationszeit konnte jedoch 
aufgrund der eingeschränkten Manövrierfähigkeit und Eisgängigkeit nur 
begrenzt wissenschaftlich genutzt werden, da nahe der Eiskante keine zur 
Beprobung geeigneten Schollen zu finden waren und starker Seegang und Wind 
soweit möglich vermieden wurden.

Während des insgesamt 21 -tägigen Aufenthaltes (vorgesehen 3 Tage) im 
Bereich der AtkaBucht wurde, soweit die logistischen und meteorologischen 
Randbedingungen es zuließen, während der Wartezeiten ein Ersatzprogramm von 
Eisstationen, RMT- und SUIT-Netzfängen, CTD-Stationen sowie 
Schallquellen-Kalibrationen durchgeführt. Mit diesem Programm konnten am 
Rande des ursprünglichen Expeditionsplans ergänzende Daten erhoben werden. 
Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass während des Zeitraumes, in dem das 
Schiff voll operabel war, nahezu alle gesteckten Ziele in bewährter 
Zusammenarbeit zwischen Schiff und Wissenschaft erreicht wurden. Alle 
geplanten Stationen im Weddellmeerwestlich derAtka-Bucht wurden jedoch 
aufgrund des Abbruchs der Expedition nicht angelaufen. Wissenschaftliche 
Projektziele, die auf Arbeiten in diesem Gebiet angewiesen sind, konnten 
somit nicht erreicht werden und sind auf eine alternative Expedition 
angewiesen.

Die Reise endete am 1. Februar 2015 8:00 h Ortszeit in Kapstadt.





  Abb. 1.1: Fahrtverlauf der Expedition PS89 (ANT-XXX-2) ins Weddellmeer; 
                   Start und Ende der Reise war Kapstadt.

  Fig 1.1: Cruise plot of expedition PS89 (ANT-XXX-2) to the Weddell Sea; 
                     starting and ending in Cape Town.







































SUMMARY AND ITINERARY

The Polarstern expedition PS89 to the Antarctic was initially routed from 
Cape Town via Atka Bay (Neumayer Station III) through the Weddell Sea to 
Punta Arenas. However, the pitch control system of the portside propeller 
of the ship suffered an irreparable damage during our stay atAtka Bay, 
which we had entered to provide for Neumayer Station III. This failure 
reduced the vessel's performance and manoeuvrability to such degree that 
the decision was taken to cease the expedition and return to Bremerhaven 
via Cape Town to have the necessary repairs undertaken as soon as possible. 
This resulted in a rerouting of this expedition from Cape Town to Atka Bay 
and back to Cape Town.

The expedition had been dedicated to logistic and scientific purposes. All 
logistic aims (supply of Neumayer Station III with fuel and goods) were 
achieved successfully whereas it had only been possible to carry out less 
than half of the scientific programme, i.e. the part prior to reaching Atka 
Bay.

The scientific work was characterised by station-based, sea ice-based, 
ship-based and helicopter-borne activities.

The station-based work comprised:

• Recovery of 13 deep sea pressure gauges along the Good Hope section, (of 
  14 planned)
• Recovery/deployment of 6/6 moorings east of Neumayer Station III (of 7/5 
  planned)
• Recovery/deployment of 0/0 moorings west of Neumayer Station III (of 
  14/11 planned)
• Deployment of 15 Argo floats (of 28 planned)
• Deployment of 12 SOCCOM floats (of 12 planned)
• 94 CTD casts with rosette
• Calibration of 6 RAFOS sound sources
• Analyses of approximately 4,000 water samples
• Sampling of deep sea bottom using multicore (2).


Ship-based research consisted of:

• Surveys of birds, seals, and whales
• Measurement of temperature, salinity, and current profiles
• 18 SUIT hauls, 8 out of those undersea ice (of >30 planned)
• 15 RMT hauls, 6 out of those in ice covered areas (of >20 planned)


Sea ice-based research included:

• 5 ROV ice stations (2 out of those on drifting sea ice, of 12 planned)
• Deployment of 12 sea ice buoys (of different types, of 22 planned)
• 3 ice core stations (of 6 planned)
• 2 ice thickness transects using sledge (of 0 planned)

Helicopter-borne work amounted to 116 flights with 84:32 h of cumulative 
flying time. Out of the 116 flights we carried out:

• 20 flights for animal observations (out of approximately 60 planned)
• 5 flights for EM bird transects (out of 15 planned).

Other flights were undertaken to mark ice floes, for testing of 
instruments, logistic flights for ice stations, and for transportation of 
researchers and material to and from Neumayer Station III.

The expedition set off on December 2, 2014 at 18:00 LT in Cape Town. The 
recovery of the deep sea pressure gauges along the route was performed in a 
timely manner - a fact in large parts to be attributed to the remarkably 
well operating POSIDONIA system (mobile unit in the moon pool and USBL 
box). The user interface, PosiSoft, allowed reliable tracking of the 
ascending moorings and constitutes a significant step forward. Using 
PosiSoft, the ship could be positioned in an apt position for recovery of 
moorings and gauges, rendering further searches unnecessary and 
significantly speeding up the recovery process (most effective from the 
Zodiac).

On the way south CTDs were cast at the mooring sites along the route and 
every 60 nm south of 55°. Furthermore, bio-geochemically enhanced Argo 
floats were deployed at selected positions for the SOCCOM project.

A rapidly opening polynya around Maud Rise allowed quick travelling along 
the 0° transect. At the southernmost tip of this transect, however, we met 
heavy ice coverage similar to the situation we had encountered two years 
before, rendering the mooring recoveries very timeconsuming. However, the 
loss of station time could be compensated by introducing ice stations in 
parallel. Thus, we were able to leave the zero-meridian on 23 December and 
enter Atka Bay on 25 December, with the intention to start provisioning 
Neumayer Station III in accordance with the time schedule.

Since the berthing site at the "North Pier" was blocked by heavily ridged 
sea ice, the decision was taken to break the longer way through primarily 
one-year old sea ice towards the northeasterly berthing site, which started 
26 December, 01:00 h. After two and a half days of breaking the ice, this 
effort came to an end just 1 nm off the "North East Pier" due to the 
technical failure mentioned above. Due to this circumstance, the unloading 
of solid provisions was started on 31 December, 10:00 h via the sea-ice. 
Thanks to the remarkable preparation and commitment of both the station's 
and the ship's personnel, the loading procedures were completed within two 
days. Leaving Atka Bay on January 1, 2015, 16:00 h, the ship was positioned 
about 20 nm to the west, to commence bunkering of fuel for Neumayer Station 
III. A first share was pumped on 2 January between 14:00 h and 22:00 h. 
However, due to unfavourable weather and ice conditions, bunkering could 
only be resumed on 8 January, to be completed by 9 January. Only four days 
later, on 13 January, we were able to start heading back to Cape Town, when 
the weather conditions finally allowed reconnaissance flights near the ship 
to find a suitable way through the thick belt of ice encircling the coast. 
Having reached open waters on 15 January, 06:00 h, some scientific station 
work was resumed. The remaining station time however could only be 
exploited in parts, as the technical impairments constrained our ability to 
find suitable ice floes near the ice edge or to reach specific locations.

During the 21-days-stay in Atka Bay (with 3 days initially planned) the 
waiting time was filled with a substitution programme of ice stations, RMT 
hauls, SUIT catches, CTD casts and sound source calibrations, whenever the 
logistics and meteorological conditions permitted. On the sidelines of the 
original expedition plan this programme allowed to collect complementary 
data. In summary, one needs to acknowledge that during the ship's 
unrestraint operability almost all of the goals set were reached in the 
usual mutual cooperation of the science and the ship crews. However, with 
the cancellation of the further expedition, none of the stations planned 
for the Weddell Sea west of Atka Bay could be reached. Any of the project 
goals basing on research work in that area could not be achieved and will 
completely rely on an alternate expedition.

The cruise ended on February 1, 2015, 08:00 h LT, in Cape Town.

























































2.  WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING PS89 (ANT-XXX/2)
    Dipl.-Met. Max Miller, Hartmut Sonnabend               DWD

During Monday (Dec. 01, 2014) a typical "Cape-Doctor' situation developed 
in Cape Town and intensified on Tuesday. On Tuesday, December 02, 2014, 
18:30 pm Polarstern left Cape Town for the campaign PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). 
South-easterly winds at Bft 8 to 9 and gusts 10, scattered clouds and 18° C 
were registered. During the night and near the coast we got wind force 9. 
Only away from the coast wind abated to Bft 7 on Wednesday morning (Dec. 
03). A sea state around 4 m forced some stronger rolling of the vessel. 
Afterwards we reached the Subtropical High off South Africa and sailed at 
light and variable winds until Thursday. On Friday (Dec. 05) a first low 
within the frontal zone hit us only for short times with north-westerly 
winds Bft 7.

While continuing south, several storm lows crossed our track from Sunday 
evening (Dec. 07) until Thursday (Dec 11). Sea state increased temporarily 
up to 6 m at wind force 9. On Wednesday evening, Polarstern crossed the 
centre of a storm at 53° 20'S on the Greenwich Meridian. Stormy northerly 
winds abated to light and variable and increased rapidly up to Bft 9 again, 
now from south to southeast.

During the night to Sunday (Dec. 14) we reached the ice near 60°S. A 
secondary low at Bouvet Island intensified and moved southeast. Sailing 
south along the Greenwich Meridian, Polarstern passed at its west side from 
Monday (Dec. 15) on. Southerly winds freshened and reached their maximum at 
Bft 7 to 8 on Wednesday (Dec. 17).

From Saturday (Dec. 20) until turn of the year, weak pressure gradient 
combined with moist air masses were prevailing along DROMLAN coast. 
Therefore low level clouds temporarily hampered the flight operations. On 
Christmas Day (Thursday) we reached the large ice field in front of the 
berth off Neumayer Station III.

Off the British Antarctic Station Halley a small low formed on New Year's 
Day. It moved north, deepened and became stationary northwest of Neumayer 
Station III. From Saturday (Jan. 03) until Tuesday (Jan. 06) easterly to 
north-easterly winds freshened up to wind force 7. Afterwards the low 
weakened and winds abated for two days. However, a new low near South 
Georgia moved southeast and replaced the latter one from Friday (Jan. 09) 
onwards. Again we registered strong winds from east to northeast, on 
Saturday for short times up to force 8.

Only on Monday evening (Jan. 12) winds abated and snowfall ended. During 
the following days Polarstern operated between above mentioned low and a 
ridge along the eastern DROMLAN coast. North-easterly winds hardly exceeded 
Bft 5. A low at Bouvet Island moved south, intensified and was located as 
storm north of the Russian Antarctic Station Novolazarewskaya on Saturday 
(Jan. 17). We got at its west side with southerly winds Bft 7. On Sunday 
(Jan. 18) another storm approached and caused only temporarily winds from 
northeast at force 9 combined with a sea state around 5 m. Already on 
Sunday evening winds abated Bft 6. But during the following days a swell of 
4 m remained while steaming north.

During the night to Thursday (Jan. 22) the next storm passed by north of 
us. Winds increased only for short times up to Bft 7. Due to the high speed 
of the storm several swells were driven and caused cross sea. On Thursday 
we sailed the main swell of 5 m.

Again a storm approached at the beginning of the final week of the 
expedition. On Sunday evening (Jan. 25) north-easterly winds freshened up 
to Bft 7 only for short times. During the night to Monday Polarstern 
crossed the storm's centre and winds abated clearly. But from Monday 
morning on south-westerly winds increased Bft 7 to 8 and caused a sea state 
around 5 m. Later we entered the frontal zone between a low east of the 
South Sandwich Islands and the subtropical high which forced steady 
north-westerly winds at Bft 6 to 7 and a swell around 3 m until Thursday 
(Jan. 29). On Friday the cold front crossed our area. Winds veered 
southwest to south and abated gradually to Bft 5 on Saturday.

On Sunday morning, February 01, 2015, Polarstern reached Cape Town at 
temporarily gusty winds from southeast. Fig. 2.1 - Fig. 2.4 depict the 
statistical distributions of wind direction and force, wave height and 
cloud coverage.


Fig. 2.1: Distribution of wind              Fig. 2.2: Distribution of wind 
          directions during PS89                      force during PS89

Fig. 2.3: Distribution of wave              Fig. 2.4: Distribution of cloud
          heights during PS89                         coverage during PS89









































3.     SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES

3.1    Oceanography

3.1.1  Implementation of the HAFOS Observation System in the Antarctic

       Olaf Boebel(1), Rainer Graupner(1),         (1)AWI
       Ioana Ivanciu(2), Stefanie Klebe(1),        (2)Geomar
       Katerina Lefering(3), Peter Lemke(1),       (3)U of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
       Christoph Lerchl(4), Tim Meinhardt(5),      (4)Ludwig-Max. Univ. München
       Matthias Monsees(1), Friederike Rohardt(6)  (5)TU Hamburg-Harburg
       Gerd Rohardt(1), Jan Rohde(7),              (6)TU Bergakademie Freiberg
       Stefanie Spiesecke(1), Karolin Thomisch(1), (7)TU Braunschweig
       Sarah Zwicker(1)	
	

Grant No: AWI-PS89_01

Outline and objectives

The ocean is a key element of the global climate system because of its 
storage and transport of heat, its ability to act as a sink of CO2 and due 
to the sea ice ocean albedo effect. The response of the ocean to changes in 
the forcing is both expressed and controlled by its stratification, which 
is governed by the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity. 
Previously, shipborne observations were the only means of obtaining 
vertical profiles of water mass properties with sufficient accuracy, but 
progress in sensor technology now allows using automated systems since this 
century as well. The current backbone of the Global Ocean Observing System 
(GOOS) is the Argo system, which is founded on an international array of 
more than 3,000 profiling floats, the Argo array. However, Argo in its 
current form is restricted to oceanic regions that are ice free year-round, 
as the floats need to surface regularly to be localized and to transmit the 
data via satellite link. HAFOS (Hybrid Antarctic Float Observing System) 
constitutes an extension of this system into seasonally ice covered waters 
of the Weddell Gyre, overcoming the limitations through a novel combination 
of well tested technologies to close the observational gaps in the 
Antarctic Ocean.

To determine trends and fluctuations in the characteristics of the main 
Antarctic water masses (Warm Deep Water, WDW and Antarctic Bottom Water, 
ABW), a set of more than a dozen hydrographic moorings (Fig. 3.1.1.1) has 
been maintained and expanded throughout the past 30 years by AWI. HAFOS 
builds on this backbone by having added RAFOS sound sources for under-ice 
tracking of Argo floats since 2002. Near bottom recorders continue the 
truly climatological time series as sentinels for climate change in the 
formation areas of bottom waters whereas the profiling floats record the 
water mass properties in the upper ocean layers. Passive acoustic 
monitoring allows linking marine mammal distribution in the open ocean to 
ongoing ecosystem changes, thereby complementing the physical measurements 
with biosphere observations at its highest trophic level. The effort 
constitutes the first basin wide monitoring effort (with the exception of 
the US Navy's SOSUS array) and focuses on a region where year-round 
observations are notoriously sparse and difficult to obtain. HAFOS 
complements international efforts to establish an ocean observing systems 
in the Antarctic as a legacy of the International Polar Year 2007/2008 
(IPY) and the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), which is presently 
under development under the auspices of the Scientific Committee of 
Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research 
(SCOR).

Sound sources and other oceanographic instruments are, by and large, 
designed for deployment periods of maximal 3 years before they need to be 
recovered for maintenance and battery replacement. One major goal of 
Polarstern expedition PS89 (ANT-XXX/2) was to recover and redeploy these 
moorings to be able to continuing these observations for another 2-3 years. 
During transits between mooring locations, hydrographic profiles were to be 
collected and order of 27 NEMO floats should have been released. Combined 
with currently active floats from AWI and other institutions, it was 
expected to thereby extend the data density as requested by Argo (1 float 
every 3° x 3° box, i.e. ca. 150 floats for the area under consideration).


Fig. 3.1.1.1: Layout of array of oceanographic deep-sea moorings (squares) 
              throughout the Weddell Sea and along the Greenwich Meridian. 
              Red dots indicate moorings scheduled for turnaround during 
              this expedition. Triangles indicate locations of pressure 
              sensor equipped inverted echosounders (PIES) scheduled for 
              recovery.



Work at sea

Hydrographic moorings

Due to the early termination of the expedition any, activities west of 
Neumayer Station III had to be cancelled and hence the majority of moorings 
could not be recovered and redeployed (Table 3.1.1.1 and Fig. 3.1.1.2). 
East of Neumayer Station III, a total of 6 moorings were recovered (Table 
3.1.1.2 and Fig. 3.1.1.2) along and in the vicinity of the Greenwich 
Meridian. A total of 6 moorings were redeployed (Table 3.1.1.3 and Fig. 
3.1.1.2).


Tab. 3.1.1.1: Pending mooring recoveries

   Mooring      Latitude    Longitude   depth (m]     Deployment
   ---------  -----------  -----------  ---------  -----------------
   AWI232-10  69° 00.11'S  00° 00.11'W    3370     19.12.2010  10:20
   AWI243-1   68° 00.67'S  34° 00.15'W    4443     31.01.2007  06:15
   AWI248-1   65° 58.09'S  12° 15.12'W    5011     27.12.2012  08:50
   AWI245-3   69° 03.47'S  17° 23.32'W    4746     28.12.2012  21:04
   AWI249-1   70° 53.55'S  28° 53.47'W    4364     30.12.2012  12:41
   AWI209-7   66° 36.45'S  27° 07.26'W    4830     01.01.2013  15:05
   AWI208-7   65° 37.23'S  36° 25.32'W    4732     03.01.2013  13:20
   AWI250-1   68° 28.95'S  44° 06.67'W    4100     05.01.2013  14:53
   AWI217-5   64° 22.94'S  45° 52.12'W    4410     09.01.2013  14:16
   AWI216-5   63° 53.61'S  49° 05.17'W    3513     10.01.2013  00:17
   AWI207-9   63° 43.57'S  50° 51.64'W    2500     12.01.2013  08:23
   AWI207-8   63° 43.20'S  50° 49.54'W    2500     06.01.2011  12:26
   AWI206-8   63° 15.51'S  51° 49.59'W     917     14.01.2013  05:06
   AWI206-7   63° 28.93'S  52° 05.87'W     950     06.01.2011  20:52
   AWI251-1   61° 00.88'S  55° 58.53'W     319     15.01.2013  02:11


Tab. 3.1.1.2: Mooring recoveries during PS89

Mooring      Latitude    Longitude   depth [m]      Deployment         Recovery
---------  -----------  -----------  ---------  -----------------  -----------------
AWI227-12  59° 02.57'S  00° 04.91'E    4600     11.12.2012  14:41  13.12.2014  07:14
AWI229-10  63° 59.66'S  00° 02.67'W    5172     14.12.2012  12:34  16.12.2014  15:04
AWI230-8   66° 02.12'S  00° 02.98'E    3552     15.12.2012  14:39  18.12.2014  11:21
AWI231-10  66° 30.93'S  00° 00.65'W    4524     17.12.2010  12:00  19.12.2014  09:26
AWI232-11  68° 59.86'S  00° 06.51'W    3319     18.12.2012  06:00  21.12.2014  21:52
AWI244-3   69° 00.35'S  06° 58.97'W    2900     25.12.2012  10:27  17.01.2015  07:28


Tab. 3.1.1.3: Mooring deployments during PS89

   Mooring      Latitude    Longitude   depth (m]      Deployment
   ---------  -----------  -----------  ---------  -----------------
   AWI227-13  59° 02.67'S  00° 05.37'E    4600     13.12.2014  16:38
   AWI229-11  64° 00.31'S  00° 00.22'W    5165     17.12.2014  11:43
   AWI229-12  63° 54.94'S  00° 00.16'E    5172     20.01.2015  11:38
   AWI231-11  66° 30.41'S  00° 00.66'W    4472     19.12.2014  17:59
   AWI232-12  68° 58.89'S  00° 05.00'W    3360     23.12.2014  09:52
   AWI244-4   69° 00.34'S  06° 58.94'W    2900     16.01.2015  14:20



Fig. 3.1.1.2: Map of mooring locations occupied since 2012/13 or earlier. 
              Black dots indicate moorings exchanged or recovered during 
              this expedition (PS89). Note: *) AWI229-12 was deployed
              during the return leg to Cape Town, hosting a sound source 
              and an acoustic recorder. **) AWI230-8 was recovered only. ***) 
              AWI232-10 was located and released but did not surface.


Details regarding the instrumentation of the moorings recovered and 
deployed are listed in Table 3.1.1.4 and 3.1.1.5.


Tab. 3.1.1.4: Instrumentation of recovered moorings

Mooring    Latitude     Water  Date/Time    Instrument  Serial  Instrument   Record
           Longitude    Depth  - deployed      Type     Number    Depth      length
                         [m]   - recovered                         [m]       (days)
                                                                            [Remarks]
---------  -----------  -----  -----------  ----------  ------  ----------  ---------
AWI227-12  59° 02.57'S  4600   11.12.2012       PAM      1025      1020       
           00° 04.91'E            14:41        SBE16      319      4557       731
                               13.12.2014               
                                  07:14                 
              
AWI229-10  63° 59.66'S  5172   14.12.2012      AVTP      8050       200       732
           00° 02.67'W            12:34        SBE37     9834       200       732
                                               SBE37      447       250       732
                               16.12.2014      SBE37      237       300       [2]
                                  15:04        SBE37      240       350       732
                                               SBE37      435       400       732
                                               SBE37     9838       450       732
                                               SBE37      438       500       732
                                               SBE37      439       550       732
                                               SBE37     2086       600       732
                                               SBE37      449       650       732
                                               SBE37      245       700       732
                                               RCM11      452       706       732
                                               SOSO      0026       807       [1]
                                               PAM       1010       969       [1]
                                               RCM11      475      1977       [3]
                                               SBE37     9833      5126       [3]
                                               RCM11      144      5127       [3]
               
AWI230-8   66° 02.12'S  3552   15.12.2012      AVTP     10491       200       732
           00° 02.98'E            14:39        SBE37     2088       200       732 
                                               SBE37     2090       300       456 
                               18.12.2014      SBE37     2091       400       732 
                                  11:21        SBE37     2092       500       732
                                               SBE37     2093       600       732
                                               SBE37     2094       700       732
                                               AVT       6856       725       732
                                               PAM       1009       949       [1]
                                               AVTP      9213      1657       732
                                               SBE37     2095      3508       732
                                               AVT       9179      3509       732
              
AWI231-10  66° 30.93'S  4524   17.12.2010      AVTP     10541       200       732
           00° 00.65'W            12:00        SBE37     2096       200       732
                                               SBE37     2098       250       732
                               19.12.2014      SBE37     2099       300       732
                                  09:26        SBE37     2100       350       732
                                               SBE37     2101       400       732
                                               SBE37     2385       450       732
                                               SBE37     2234       500       732
                                               SBE37     2386       550       732
                                               SBE37     2389       600       732
                                               SBE37     2391       650       732
                                               SBE37     3813       700       732
                                               AVT       9184       729       732
                                               SOSO      0024       830       [1]
                                               RCM11      509      1812       703
                                               SBE37     7726      4413       732
                                               AVT       9180      4414       732
              
AWI232-11  68° 59.86'S  3319   18.12.2012      AVTP     10925       250       733
           00° 06.51'W            06:00        RCM11      469       757       733
                               21.12.2014      PAM       1011       958       111
                                  21:52        RCM11      512      1765       664
                                               SBE37     7727      3265       733
                                               AVT      10499      3266       [2]
              
AWI244-3   69° 00.35'S  2900   25.12.2012      SOSO        29       806       [1]
           06° 58.97'W            10:27        PAM       0001       998       [1]
                                               SBE16     2419      2857       751

Remarks: [1]to be processed [2] flooded [3] lost due to broken mooring rope





Tab. 3.1.1.5: Instrumentation of deployed moorings

Mooring    Latitude     Water    Date      Instrument  Instrument  Instrument
           Longitude    Depth    Time         Type       Serial      Depth
                         [m]                             Number       [m]
---------  -----------  -----  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
AWI227-13  59° 02.67'S  4600   13.12.2014     PAM         1056        1020
           00° 05.37'E            16:38       SBE37       8125        4557
AWI229-11  64° 00.31'S  5165   17.12.2014     AVTP        8395         202
           00° 00.22'W            11:43       SBE37       8129         203
                                              SBE37       9831         300
                                              SBE37      10943         400
                                              SBE37      10944         500
                                              SBE37      11419         600
                                              SBE37      11420         700
                                              RCM11        501         709
                                              PAM         1057         970
                                              SBE37        227        5121
AWI229-12  63° 54.94'S  5172   20.01.2015     SOSO        0048         798
           00° 00.16'E            11:38       PAM         1055        1001
                                              SBE37        228        5167
AWI231-11  66° 30.41'S  4472   19.12.2014     SOSO        0026         851
           00° 00.66'W            17:59       PAM         1058         973
                                              SBE37      11421        4429
AWI232-12  68° 58.89'S  3360   23.12.2014     AVT         8367         290
           00° 05.00'W            09:52       AVT         9211         798
                                              PAM         1059         999
                                              RCM11        472         1806
                                              SBE37      11422         3306
                                              RCM11         25         3307
AWI244-4   69° 00.34'S  2900   16.01.2015     SOSO        0047          806
           06° 58.94'W            14:20       PAM         1061          998
                                              SBE37      12470         2857



Abbreviations:

AVTP   Aanderaa Current Meter with Temperature- and Pressure Sensor
AVT    Aanderaa Current Meter with Temperature Sensor
DCS    Aanderaa Doppler Current Sensor
PAM    Passive Acoustic Monitor (Type: AURAL or SONOVAULT)
PIES   Pressure Inverted Echo Sounder
RCM11  Aanderaa Doppler Current Meter
SBE16  SeaBird Electronics Self Recording CTD to measure Temp., Cond. and Pressure
SBE37  SeaBird Electronics, Type: MicroCat, to measure Temperature and Conductivity
SOSO   Sound Source for SOFAR-Drifter



Sound source array

A major goal of this expedition was to refurbish the sound sources used for 
tracking the NEMO floats under the ice. Due to the early termination of 
this expedition, however, only 3 sources could be replaced. With the 
originally planned focus of float deployments in the inner Weddell Sea, we 
had initially decided not to redeploy the north-easternmost source W1 on 
our southbound leg from Cape Town to Neumayer Station III, while W2 and W1l 
were replaced as planned. However, based on the decision to launch a large 
number of floats into the coastal current to compensate for our inability 
to reach the inner Weddell Sea, WI was redeployed during the northbound 
leg. Hence our array is unchanged, with 3 sources having been refurbished 
during this expedition. A summary of sound source activities is given in 
Tables 3.1.1.6 and 3.1.1.7 as well as Fig. 3.1.1.3.


Fig. 3.1.1.3: HAFOS sound source array. White dots with concentric circles: 
              sources launched in 2011 or early with 300 km range. Yellow 
              stars: Sources refurbished during PS89





Tab. 3.1.1.6: Recovery of sound sources during PS89

Mooring    Type     Water   Position   Deployment  Schedule   Recov.    Recov   total  Mission   drift    Comments
 SoSo       SN      depth               Recovery     [GPS]    Time      Time    drift  length   [s/day]  
 site               Deploy               dates                [GPS]     [SoSo]   [s]   [days]    
                    depth
                     [m] 
-------  ---------  -----  ----------  ----------  --------  --------  --------  ----  -------  -------  -----------
229-10   Develogic  5172   63°59.66'S  2012-12-14  12:30:16  09:50:10  09:50:08  -2      732    -0.0027   communica-
  W1       D0026,    807   00°02.65'W  2015-01-16             (UTC)     (UTC)                              tion ok,
          El.0040                                                                                        mechanically
                                                                                                         in very good
                                                                                                          condition
231-10   Develogic  4456   66°30.93'S  2012-12-16  13:00     11:48:10  11:48:10  0.00    733     0.0000   communica-
  W2       D0024,    830   00°00.65'W  2014-12-19            11:49:16  11:49:16                            tion ok,
          El.0033                                                                                        mechanically
                                                                                                         in very good
                                                                                                          condition
244-03     R0029    2900   69°00.35'S  2012-12-25  12:40     09:51:30  09:45:03  -387    753    -0.5139   communica-
  W1l                806   06'58.97'W  2015-01-20            09:52:05  09:45:39                            tion Ok,
                                                                                                         mechanically
                                                                                                         in very good
                                                                                                          condition

*) Clock set to 12:30 UTC at to deployment; GPS=UTC+16s. Sign of offsets: 
   positive (+): unit is late, negative (-): unit is early.



Tab. 3.1.1.7: Deployment of sound sources during PS89

 Mooring/  Type/SN  water   Latitude    Longitude   Deployment  SoSo   Schedule           Comments
SoSo site           depth                              date     depth  GPS time  
                     [m]                                         [m]
---------  -------  -----  ----------  -----------  ----------  -----  --------  ----------------------------
  W1       D0048,    5209  63°54.94'S  000°00.17'W  2015-01-20   798     12:30   1st Sweep 2015-01-21 1)2)4)
229-12     El0064             
  W2       D0026,    4472  66°30.41'S  000°00.66'W  2014-12-19   851     13:00   1st Sweep 2014-12-20 2)3)4)
231-11     El.0066             
  W11      D0047     2900  69°00.34'S  006°58.95'W  2015-01-16   806     12:40   1st Sweep 2014-12-20, 1)2)4)
 244-4               

1) Tuning for resonance frequency during ANT-XXIX/2; 
2) Additional Battery Pack; 
3) Recovered resonance tube with new electronics; 
4) Firmware V2.2; General comment: GPS = UTC+16s during this expedition.



RAFOS source calibration

A detailed description of the objectives and approach of tuning the RAFOS 
sources in-situ is given in the expedition report of ANT-XXIX/2 (Boebel et 
al., 2014). During this expedition, we tuned newly acquired sources, 
intended for the refurbishment of the array, directly at sea under 
hydrographic conditions similar to the deployment site. Differing from the 
procedure used during ANT 29.2 (3 iterative cuts) we now only used 2 
iterative cuts to adjust the resonator tube's length. In total, the 
frequency response of 9 sound sources was determined using 25 runs: 3 
previously tuned systems and 6 new Develogic NTSS sound source systems.

Tuning (i.e. shortening) of the 6 new resonator tubes to a resonance 
frequency near 260 Hz was performed in 5 steps as follows:

1.  Determination of frequency response of resonator "off works" by using 
    seven consecutive 5-Hz wide, 80s sweeps covering 225 Hz to 260 Hz.
2.  First cut of resonator tube by about 70% of length reduction as 
    estimated to reach target frequency.
3.  Determination of frequency response after first cut by using seven 5-Hz 
    wide, 80s sweeps from 225 Hz to 260 Hz.
4.  Second and final cut to reach target frequency.
5.  Determination of frequency response of final tube length by using a 
    single 80s long 5 Hz sweeps from 248 Hz - 263 Hz and a single RAFOS 
    sweep (259.38 Hz - 260.9 Hz, duration 80s).

Additionally, the resonance frequency of 3 systems (D00017 and D0018) tuned 
previously in Hamburg harbour by the manufacturer were determined by 
sweeping from 230 Hz -265 Hz, in analogy to step 1, along with the 
resonance frequency of unit D0024 (recovered at W2 during PS89) which had 
been tuned during ANT-XXVIII/2.

Prior to 20 Dec 2014, sound sources were calibrated in deep water using the 
CTD winch on Polarstern's starboard side, lowering the sound sources 
horizontally to 200 m. To avoid entangling of the winch's cable, an extra 
weight of 50 kg was added below the sound source, followed by an acoustic 
recorder (iCListen, by OceanSonics, Canada) strapped on a rope 6m beneath 
the sound source. During the prolonged stay at Atka Bay (water depth 200 m) 
a mobile capstan and the ship's crane at the port side near the stern were 
used to lower the sound sources to 150 m depth with the iCListen acoustic 
recorder 25 m beneath the sound source. After repositioning the ship 
westwards near the Antarctic shelf ice edge with water depths of about 400 
m, the sound sources were lowered to 20 Om, with the recorder suspended 25 
m beneath the sound source. When no CTD cast was performed at or close to 
the tuning location, a Microcat CTD Recorder (SM37, SeaBird) was attached 
near the sound source to the rope to obtain local sound speed.

After completion of the tuning procedure, 30-min long recordings from the 
iCListen HF acoustic recorder were saved from the internal storage to 
harddisk. Using Adobe Audition, sweeps belonging to a given sound source 
were manually cut at their boundaries from the displayed spectrogram and 
saved as single files. Later these single sweeps were merged and saved as a 
single file containing the complete sweep from 225 Hz to 260 Hz. A custom 
MATLAB™ script was used to determine the (current) resonance frequency of 
the highest root-mean-square amplitude. A second MATLAB™ script used the 
current resonance frequency, current tube length and environmental 
parameters (e.g. sound velocity at tuning depth, water density) to derive 
the target resonance length and the excess length to be cut from the 
current tube.

During tuning activities, a marine mammal watch was conducted from the 
ship's bridge to shut down tuning activities in case marine mammals were to 
approach the ship closer than 1,000 m. This was not the case. Singly on 
31.12.2014 at 12:49, while preparing the sound source for the last 
calibration run of the day, an Antarctic minke whale was sighted at about 
1000 m distance from the ship, moving away. During calibration (13:03 to 
13:35) the animal was not resighted.

CTD observations

CTD casts were conducted pursuing 3 independent objectives:

• To extend the spatially highly resolved repeat CTD section along the 
  Greenwich meridian by another 2 years;
• To collect temperature and salinitydata at PIES and mooring 
  positionsforthe estimation of the drifts of the moored sensors;
• To provide calibration for the biogeochemical Argo floats.

Time constraints did not allow repeating the CTDs section's deep casts 
every 30 nm (56 km) as during previous expeditions. Rather, a spacing of 60 
nm had to be chosen. In addition by matching deep cast positions to those 
of moorings and float deployment, the necessity for additional CTD deep 
casts was minimized.

The rosette assembly comprised a SBE 911 plus CTD system, combined with a 
carousel type SBE32 with 24 Niskin water samplers of 12 liter volume. 
Additionally, the assembly was equipped with an oxygen sensor SBE43, a 
Wetlabs C-Star transmissometer (wave length 650 nm; path length 25 cm), a 
Wetlabs Eco-FLR fluorometer, and a Benthos/DataSonics altimeter type 
PSA9I6D.

CTD data was logged with Seabird's SeaSaveV7 data acquisition software to a 
local PC in raw format. ManageCTD, a Matlab™ based script developed at AWI, 
was employed to execute Seabird's SBEDataProcessing software, producing CTD 
profiles adjusted to 1-dbar intervals. ManageCTD additionally embedded 
metadata (header) information extracted from the DShipElectronic Station 
Book before conducting a preliminary de-spiking and data validation of the 
profile data.

Preprocessed data were saved in OceanDataView compatible format, to provide 
near realtime visualization of e.g. potential temperature and salinity, 
particularly to provide enroute (i.e. during the expedition) visualization 
of the unfolding hydrographic section.

The CTD was equipped with double sensors (Table 3.1.1.8) for temperature 
(SBE3plus) and conductivity (SBE4C). These sensors were calibrated prior to 
the expedition. Enroute comparison of the calibrated sensors nevertheless 
revealed differences of about of 0.1 mK in temperature and 1 µS cm-1 in 
conductivity for in-situ measurements between the sensors.


Tab. 3.1.1.8: CTD-Sensor configuration

                               #1 (primary);   #2 (secondary);
                                 calibrated      calibrated
      ----------------------  ---------------  ---------------
      Temperature (SBE3plus)  2929; Apr. 2013  4127; Jun. 2014
      Conductivity (SBE4c)    3885; Apr. 2013  3290; Apr. 2013


During this expedition, data from 38 full ocean depth CTD profiles were 
collected (Table 3.1.1.9 and Fig. 3.1.1.4). In addition, 2 shallow (52 and 
70 m) CTDs were cast for the calibration of a SUIT's CTD-unit and 52 CTDs 
were cast at hourly intervals (with some interruptions for logistic 
reasons) at the shelf ice edge.


Fig. 3.1.1.4: Left: Map of locations of CTD stations. Labels indicate 
              station and cast numbers as given in the station list. Right: 
              Enlarged map of Atka Bay, with a star indicating the position 
              of the hourly CTD time series.


Tab. 3.1.19: List of CTD profiles taken during PS89

Station      Date/time       Latitude    Longitude   Water   max
- Cast                                               depth   pres.
                                                      [m]   [dbar]
-------  -----------------  -----------  -----------  ----  ------
   1-1   04-Dec-2014 04:57  37 6.168'S   12 45.618 E  4890   4904
   2-1   05-Dec-2014 00:56  39 13.662'S  11 20.028 E  5129   5226
   3-1   05-Dec-2014 18:12  41 9.882'S    9 55.602 E  4610   4702
   4-1   06-Dec-2014 09:05  42 58.542'S   8 30.558 E  3928     70
   4-2   06-Dec-2014 10:59  42 58.788'S   8 30.348 E  3931   3969
   5-1   07-Dec-2014 03:44  44 39.468'S   7 5.538 E   4585   4655
   6-1   07-Dec-2014 18:04  46 12.900'S   5 40.500 E  4831   4877
   7-1   08-Dec-2014 07:43  47 40.278'S   4 15.222 E  4541   4587
   8-1   08-Dec-2014 23:19  49 2.118'S    2 51.600 E  4218   4239
   9-1   09-Dec-2014 14:51  50 15.300'S   1 25.530 E  3893   3902
  10-2   10-Dec-2014 03:41  51 25.308'S   0 0.582 E   2683   2678
  11-1   10-Dec-2014 11:48  52 28.722'S   0 0.060 E   2598   2558
  12-2   10-Dec-2014 21:21  53 31.458'S   0 0.180 E   2647   2596
  13-1   11-Dec-2014 08:19  54 15.258'S   0 0.120 E   2734   2721
  14-1   11-Dec-2014 15:13  54 59.988'S   0 0.018 E   1705   1663
  15-1   11-Dec-2014 23:38  55 59.958'S   0 0.162 E   3685   3695
  16-1   12-Dec-2014 08:11  56 55.620'S   0 0.348 E   3646   3670
  19-1   12-Dec-2014 23:17  58 0.078'S    0 0.120 E   4528   4574
  20-2   13-Dec-2014 11:25  59 2.238'S    0 5.628 E   4639   4683
  21-1   14-Dec-2014 03:20  59 59.088'S   0 0.078 E   5375   5451
  23-1   14-Dec-2014 16:50  60 59.862'S   0 0.378 E   5393   5467
  24-1   15-Dec-2014 07:11  61 59.580'S   0 0.840 E   5368   5454
  26-1   16-Dec-2014 00:14  62 59.370'S   0 0.360 E   5311   5391
  27-1   16-Dec-2014 11:06  64 1.578'S    0 1.038 E   5193   5271
  28-1   18-Dec-2014 01:24  65 0.018'S    0 0.018 E   3735   3748
  29-4   18-Dec-2014 18:25  66 1.890'S    0 2.868 E   3615   3621
  30-1   19-Dec-2014 02:05  66 27.708'S   0 1.488 E   4500   4538
  31-1   20-Dec-2014 00:52  66 58.752'S   0 0.228 E   4710   4762
  32-4   20-Dec-2014 15:23  67 34.182'S   0 8.472 E   4154   4123
  33-1   21-Dec-2014 02:49  68 0.030'S    0 1.260 E   4513   4557
  36-1   22-Dec-2014 23:23  69 0.612'S    0 1.620 E   3369   3373
  42-1   03-Jan-2015 00:24  70 34.458'S   9 3.330 W    467    462
  40-11  03-Jan-2015 05:17  70 31.398'S   7 57.720 W   232    232
  49-1   07-Jan-2015 22:17  70 31.308'S   8 45.462 W   156    162
  49-2   07-Jan-2015 23:10  70 31.320'S   8 45.450 W   156    164
  49-3   08-Jan-2015 00:09  70 31.278'S   8 45.288 W   154    155
  49-4   08-Jan-2015 01:07  70 31.248'S   8 45.330 W   151    155
  49-5   08-Jan-2015 02:06  70 31.308'S   8 45.462 W   155    161
  49-6   08-Jan-2015 03:09  70 31.308'S   8 45.522 W   158    162
  49-7   08-Jan-2015 04:14  70 31.290'S   8 45.438 W   153    159
  49-8   08-Jan-2015 05:22  70 31.320'S   8 45.552 W   172    167
  49-9   08-Jan-2015 06:22  70 31.350'S   8 45.522 W   174    170
  49-10  08-Jan-2015 07:16  70 31.338'S   8 45.552 W   174    169
  49-11  08-Jan-2015 08:10  70 31.392'S   8 45.528 W   178    171
  49-12  08-Jan-2015 09:12  70 31.380'S   8 45.582 W   179    171
  52-1   09-Jan-2015 21:06  70 31.392'S   8 45.582 W   168    173
  52-2   09-Jan-2015 22:04  70 31.398'S   8 45.558 W   168    173
  52-3   09-Jan-2015 23:04  70 31.392'S   8 45.480 W   164    173
  52-4   10-Jan-2015 00:09  70 31.320'S   8 45.420 W   155    161
  52-5   10-Jan-2015 01:09  70 31.308'S   8 45.498 W   157    164
  52-6   10-Jan-2015 02:08  70 31.308'S   8 45.378 W   154    158
  52-7   10-Jan-2015 03:06  70 31.320'S   8 45.390 W   154    158
  52-8   10-Jan-2015 04:12  70 31.320'S   8 45.480 W   157    163
  52-9   10-Jan-2015 05:09  70 31.350'S   8 45.378 W   157    161
  52-10  10-Jan-2015 06:09  70 31.380'S   8 45.390 W   159    167
  52-11  10-Jan-2015 07:10  70 31.398'S   8 45.438 W   162    173
  52-12  10-Jan-2015 08:04  70 31.380'S   8 45.492 W   163    173
  54-1   10-Jan-2015 13:11  70 31.308'S   8 45.498 W   169    164
  54-2   10-Jan-2015 14:09  70 31.308'S   8 45.468 W   166    162
  54-3   10-Jan-2015 15:07  70 31.290'S   8 45.450 W   164    160
  56-1   10-Jan-2015 19:08  70 31.350'S   8 45.450 W   *)     167
  56-2   10-Jan-2015 20:02  70 31.362'S   8 45.432 W   157    167
  56-3   10-Jan-2015 21:04  70 31.338'S   8 45.450 W   157    167
  56-4   10-Jan-2015 22:04  70 31.368'S   8 45.360 W   157    164
  57-1   11-Jan-2015 01:08  70 31.278'S   8 45.468 W   165    161
  57-2   11-Jan-2015 02:07  70 31.290'S   8 45.510 W   167    163
  57-3   11-Jan-2015 03:06  70 31.302'S   8 45.498 W   167    163
  57-4   11-Jan-2015 04:07  70 31.278'S   8 45.450 W   165    160
  57-5   11-Jan-2015 05:06  70 31.362'S   8 45.420 W   *)     166
  58-1   11-Jan-2015 07:07  70 31.302'S   8 45.420 W   *)     161
  58-2   11-Jan-2015 08:09  70 31.320'S   8 45.462 W   156    167
  57-8   11-Jan-2015 09:06  70 31.320'S   8 45.510 W   158    166
  57-9   11-Jan-2015 10:07  70 31.350'S   8 45.528 W   161    170
  57-10  11-Jan-2015 11:07  70 31.338'S   8 45.432 W   157    165
  57-11  11-Jan-2015 12:11  70 31.338'S   8 45.402 W   156    162
  57-12  11-Jan-2015 13:06  70 31.308'S   8 45.468 W   155    163
  57-13  11-Jan-2015 14:09  70 31.260'S   8 45.498 W   152    160
  57-14  11-Jan-2015 16:09  70 31.302'S   8 45.528 W   156    164
  57-15  11-Jan-2015 17:08  70 31.302'S   8 45.510 W   156    163
  57-16  11-Jan-2015 19:10  70 31.302'S   8 45.492 W   154    162
  57-17  11-Jan-2015 20:09  70 31.308'S   8 45.468 W   155    163
  57-18  11-Jan-2015 21:07  70 31.320'S   8 45.510 W   158    166
  57-19  11-Jan-2015 22:07  70 31.332'S   8 45.558 W   161    169
  57-20  11-Jan-2015 23:06  70 31.350'S   8 45.480 W   159    168
  57-21  12-Jan-2015 00:06  70 31.350'S   8 45.492 W   159    169
  66-3   16-Jan-2015 10:55  69 0.312'S    6 59.190 W  2949   2944
  73-1   18-Jan-2015 04:18  67 39.990'S   1 45.168 W  4508   4548
  78-1   19-Jan-2015 05:45  66 2.130'S    0 0.798 E   3642   3639
  80-1   20-Jan-2015 07:41  63 55.068'S   0 0.438 E    *)    5282
  81-1   21-Jan-2015 12:34  61 0.090'S    0 0.138 E   5385   5463
  82-1   27-Jan-2015 14:01  49 0.018'S   12 56.052 E  4121     52
  82-2   27-Jan-2015 15:40  49 0.000'S   12 55.950 E  4121   4134

*) Due to environmental regulation, the EK60 echosounder was generally 
   switched off while on station, resulting in deep-water soundings 
   occasionally being unavailable when the CTD reached the sea floor.


Salinometer measurements

To monitor the accuracy and precision of the CTD's conductivity sensors, 
salinity/conductivity of 281 water samples was determined using an Optimare 
Precision Salinometer (OPS) for 17 CTD stations (Table 3.1.1.10) between 
04.12.2014 and 27.01.2015. Water samples were measured in reference to 
Standard Water batch no. P152; K15 = 0.99981, valid until date: 2013-05-05.

Enroute comparisons between in-situ CTD data and salinometer based salinity 
measurements of water samples indicated that the conductivity sensors 
(SBE4c #3290) used in the secondary sensor pair featured the higher 
accuracies (Fig. 3.1.1.5). In addition, their drifts were smaller than that 
of the primary sensor for the duration of the expedition.

A definitive determination of sensors' drifts however requires 
post-expedition lab calibrations, for which the sensors will be returned to 
Seabird Electronics after leg PS89. Hence all results reported hereinafter 
must be considered preliminary.


Fig. 3.1.1.5: Deviation in salinity between OPS measurements and in-situ 
              CTD measurements for samples below 4,000 m depth. The 
              correction for the secondary sensor (blue line) is about 
              -0.0011, and constant over time, contrasting a notable drift 
              of the primary sensor.


Tab. 3.1.1.10: Salinity samples from the water sampler and measured with 
               the OPS

   Stn  Cast    PRES     SAL1     SAL2      OPS    OPS-SAL1  OPS-SAL2
   ---  ----  --------  -------  -------  -------  --------  --------
    1     1   4685,33   34,7295  34,7357  34,7373   0,0078    0,0016
    1     1   2532,392  34,8307  34,8356  34,8375   0,0068    0,0019
    2     1   5221,684  34,7144  34,7208  34,7295   0,0151    0,0087
    2     1   2535,527  34,8325  34,8373  34,8394   0,0069    0,0021
    5     1   4650,843  34,6938  34,6999  34,6986   0,0048   -0,0013
    5     1   4073,404  34,7125  34,7182  34,7169   0,0044   -0,0013
    5     1   3558,331  34,732   34,7374  34,7363   0,0043   -0,0011
    5     1   3048,601  34,7545  34,7597  34,7588   0,0043   -0,0009
    5     1   2845,22   34,7623  34,7672  34,7672   0,0049    0
    5     1   2535,105  34,7769  34,7816  34,7811   0,0042   -0,0005
    5     1   2332,578  34,7767  34,7809  34,781    0,0043    1E-04
    5     1   2025,961  34,7619  34,7665  34,7654   0,0035   -0,0011
    5     1   1821,695  34,7325  34,7369  34,7361   0,0036   -0,0008
    5     1   1517,67   34,6379  34,6418  34,6412   0,0033   -0,0006
    5     1   1213,912  34,4938  34,4976  34,4989   0,0051    0,0013
    5     1   1009,719  34,3919  34,3951  34,3961   0,0042    0,001
    5     1    907,022  34,3221  34,3257  34,3252   0,0031   -0,0005
    5     1    808,521  34,2781  34,2819  34,2813   0,0032   -0,0006
    5     1    605,137  34,1889  34,1924  34,1929   0,004     0,0005
    5     1    403,382  34,168   34,1718  34,1702   0,0022   -0,0016
    5     1    302,76   34,2272  34,2298  34,2308   0,0036    0,001
    5     1    202,306  34,3839  34,39    34,3871   0,0032   -0,0029
    5     1    151,313  34,4487  34,4521  34,4541   0,0054    0,002
    5     1    101,078  34,426   34,4278  34,431    0,005     0,0032
    5     1     75,41   34,4146  34,4176  34,4184   0,0038    0,0008
    5     1     50,821  34,0617  34,0607  34,0935   0,0318    0,0328
    5     1     24,52   34,0299  34,0337  34,0339   0,004     0,0002
    8     1   4236,423  34,6839  34,6901  34,689    0,0051   -0,0011
    8     1   3558,288  34,6942  34,7002  34,6993   0,0051   -0,0009
    8     1   3352,179  34,6984  34,7039  34,7028   0,0044   -0,0011
    8     1   3047,934  34,7138  34,7196  34,7191   0,0053   -0,0005
    8     1   2844,892  34,7318  34,737   34,7366   0,0048   -0,0004
    8     1   2535,953  34,7465  34,7514  34,7513   0,0048   -1E-04
    8     1   2232,269  34,764   34,7688  34,7689   0,0049    0,0001
    8     1   2028,088  34,7683  34,773   34,7731   0,0048    1E-04
    8     1   1823,47   34,7634  34,7681  34,768    0,0046   -1E-04
    8     1   1519,173  34,7308  34,7349  34,7338   0,003    -0,0011
    8     1   1212,244  34,6622  34,666   34,6663   0,0041    0,0003
    8     1   1010,283  34,5924  34,5964  34,598    0,0056    0,0016
    8     1    908,852  34,533   34,5371  34,5372   0,0042    1E-04
    8     1    811,834  34,4931  34,4971  34,4963   0,0032   -0,0008
    8     1    603,845  34,3489  34,3529  34,3561   0,0072    0,0032
    8     1    404,681  34,174   34,1789  34,1774   0,0034   -0,0015
    8     1    304,117  34,1124  34,1164  34,1169   0,0045    0,0005
    8     1    204,722  34,102   34,1065  34,1074   0,0054    0,0009
    8     1    152,457  33,948   33,9517  33,9502   0,0022   -0,0015
    8     1    101,675  33,7945  33,798   33,8003   0,0058    0,0023
    8     1     74,318  33,7924  33,7961  33,7972   0,0048    0,0011
    8     1     56,114  33,7902  33,794   33,7947   0,0045    0,0007
    8     1     27,906  33,7902  33,7941  33,7946   0,0044    0,0005
    8     1     28,573  33,79    33,7938  33,7946   0,0046    0,0008
   11     1   2553,745  34,6796  34,685   34,6847   0,0051   -0,0003
   11     1   1215,108  34,7222  34,7264  34,7262   0,004    -0,0002
   12     2   2590,594  34,6761  34,6815  34,6804   0,0043   -0,0011
   12     2   2232,511  34,6776  34,6826  34,682    0,0044   -0,0006
   12     2   2027,24   34,6797  34,6845  34,6837   0,004    -0,0008
   12     2   1823,869  34,6821  34,6868  34,6859   0,0038   -0,0009
   12     2   1620,535  34,6855  34,69    34,6897   0,0042   -0,0003
   12     2   1417,848  34,6917  34,6957  34,6955   0,0038   -0,0002
   12     2   1214,154  34,6993  34,7035  34,7034   0,0041   -1E-04
   12     2   1011,205  34,7053  34,7094  34,7092   0,0039   -0,0002
   12     2    912,104  34,7067  34,7108  34,7111   0,0044    0,0003
   12     2    809,978  34,7084  34,7121  34,7122   0,0038    0,0001
   12     2    708,457  34,7052  34,7091  34,7085   0,0033   -0,0006
   12     2    606,248  34,6957  34,6996  34,6993   0,0036   -0,0003
   12     2    504,58   34,6785  34,6822  34,6834   0,0049    0,0012
   12     2    405,133  34,6507  34,6547  34,6546   0,0039   -1E-04
   12     2    304,615  34,5938  34,5981  34,5951   0,0013   -0,003
   12     2    251,958  34,5126  34,5155  34,5157   0,0031    0,0002
   12     2    203,916  34,3358  34,3395  34,3387   0,0029   -0,0008
   12     2    151,783  34,1413  34,147   34,1499   0,0086    0,0029
   12     2    126,581  33,9243  33,9269  33,9137  -0,0106   -0,0132
   12     2    101,462  33,8631  33,8668  33,8691   0,006     0,0023
   12     2     77,109  33,8609  33,8648  33,8663   0,0054    0,0015
   12     2     51,892  33,8574  33,8611  33,8647   0,0073    0,0036
   12     2     25,532  33,8562  33,8601  33,8631   0,0069    0,003
   16     1   3669,751  34,6492  34,6553  34,6542   0,005    -0,0011
   16     1   3279,143  34,6521  34,6578  34,6567   0,0046   -0,0011
   16     1   3048,858  34,6538  34,6593  34,658    0,0042   -0,0013
   16     1   2845,208  34,6546  34,66    34,6593   0,0047   -0,0007
   16     1   2537,206  34,6572  34,6623  34,6622   0,005    -0,0001
   16     1   2230,486  34,6608  34,6658  34,6654   0,0046   -0,0004
   16     1   2027,846  34,6632  34,6679  34,6679   0,0047    0
   16     1   1722,965  34,6672  34,6719  34,672    0,0048    1E-04
   16     1   1519,596  34,6707  34,6752  34,6754   0,0047    0,0002
   16     1   1214,407  34,6753  34,6795  34,6797   0,0044    0,0002
   16     1   1011,356  34,6792  34,6835  34,6833   0,0041   -0,0002
   16     1    911,1    34,6808  34,6846  34,6852   0,0044    0,0006
   16     1    808,609  34,6824  34,6864  34,6868   0,0044    0,0004
   16     1    606,305  34,6792  34,6831  34,6836   0,0044    0,0005
   16     1    505,024  34,6831  34,6869  34,6875   0,0044    0,0006
   16     1    391,158  34,6843  34,6881  34,6884   0,0041    0,0003
   16     1    302,615  34,6348  34,6378  34,6402   0,0054    0,0024
   16     1    200,869  34,4726  34,4763  34,4779   0,0053    0,0016
   16     1    151,685  34,3799  34,3838  34,385    0,0051    0,0012
   16     1    100,758  34,2372  34,2468  34,2595   0,0223    0,0127
   16     1     74,818  34,1779  34,1712  34,1762  -0,0017    0,005
   16     1     59,947  34,087   34,088   34,0902   0,0032    0,0022
   16     1     20,318  34,073   34,0766  34,0782   0,0052    0,0016
   16     1     20,994  34,073   34,0759  34,0788   0,0058    0,0029
   21     1   5450,653  34,6399  34,6469  34,6461   0,0062   -0,0008
   21     1   4900,58   34,6407  34,6473  34,6455   0,0048   -0,0018
   21     1   4592,734  34,6418  34,6483  34,6465   0,0047   -0,0018
   21     1   4384,752  34,6431  34,6495  34,6477   0,0046   -0,0018
   21     1   4075,647  34,6459  34,6522  34,6505   0,0046   -0,0017
   21     1   3871,64   34,6477  34,6538  34,6521   0,0044   -0,0017
   21     1   3562,539  34,6497  34,6556  34,6536   0,0039   -0,002
   21     1   3048,632  34,6524  34,6579  34,6564   0,004    -0,0015
   21     1   2028,176  34,6589  34,6638  34,663    0,0041   -0,0008
   21     1   1516,638  34,665   34,6697  34,6692   0,0042   -0,0005
   21     1   1313,548  34,6675  34,672   34,6725   0,005     0,0005
   21     1   1011,476  34,6729  34,677   34,6771   0,0042    0,0001
   21     1    911,915  34,6745  34,6786  34,6785   0,004    -0,0001
   21     1    807,95   34,6768  34,6808  34,6802   0,0034   -0,0006
   21     1    606,377  34,6805  34,6844  34,6838   0,0033   -0,0006
   21     1    402,31   34,6826  34,6865  34,6852   0,0026   -0,0013
   21     1    202,721  34,6825  34,6863  34,6847   0,0022   -0,0016
   21     1    152,417  34,658   34,6647  34,6689   0,0109    0,0042
   21     1    101,881  34,3234  34,3407  34,3014  -0,022    -0,0393
   21     1     76,784  34,2087  34,2127  34,2112   0,0025   -0,0015
   21     1     51,641  34,149   34,1526  34,1502   0,0012   -0,0024
   21     1     24,751  33,9894  33,9931  34,0193   0,0299    0,0262
   21     1     14,515  33,9342  33,9305  33,9712   0,037     0,0407
   21     1     13,017  33,9317  33,936   33,9644   0,0327    0,0284
   27     1   5270,853  34,64    34,6471  34,6455   0,0055   -0,0016
   27     1   4902,366  34,6412  34,648   34,6469   0,0057   -0,0011
   27     1   4593,36   34,6429  34,6496  34,648    0,0051   -0,0016
   27     1   4386,773  34,6447  34,6514  34,6497   0,005    -0,0017
   27     1   4077,989  34,6473  34,6539  34,6524   0,0051   -0,0015
   27     1   3872,555  34,6485  34,655   34,6534   0,0049   -0,0016
   27     1   3563,875  34,6503  34,6566  34,655    0,0047   -0,0016
   27     1   3051,139  34,6532  34,6591  34,6575   0,0043   -0,0016
   27     1   2540,271  34,6568  34,6623  34,6619   0,0051   -0,0004
   27     1   2029,575  34,6626  34,6676  34,6674   0,0048   -0,0002
   28     1   3747,814  34,6489  34,655   34,6547   0,0058   -0,0003
   28     1   3307,272  34,6524  34,6584  34,6576   0,0052   -0,0008
   28     1   3051,645  34,654   34,6602  34,659    0,005    -0,0012
   28     1   2847,166  34,6556  34,6616  34,6606   0,005    -0,001
   28     1   2540,172  34,6585  34,6642  34,6635   0,005    -0,0007
   28     1   2233,914  34,6617  34,6673  34,6668   0,0051   -0,0005
   28     1   2029,553  34,6649  34,6705  34,6697   0,0048   -0,0008
   28     1   1723,914  34,6701  34,6753  34,6749   0,0048   -0,0004
   28     1   1520,597  34,6733  34,6785  34,6783   0,005    -0,0002
   28     1   1215,741  34,6794  34,6844  34,6841   0,0047   -0,0003
   28     1   1012,33   34,6838  34,6882  34,6886   0,0048    0,0004
   28     1    911,09   34,6858  34,6905  34,6912   0,0054    0,0007
   28     1    809,674  34,6882  34,6926  34,6934   0,0052    0,0008
   28     1    607,188  34,6923  34,6961  34,696    0,0037   -0,0001
   28     1    505,884  34,6942  34,6985  34,6985   0,0043    0
   28     1    404,669  34,6944  34,6988  34,699    0,0046    0,0002
   28     1    303,385  34,6964  34,7008  34,7008   0,0044    0
   28     1    202,171  34,6906  34,6955  34,6057  -0,0849   -0,0898
   28     1    151,758  34,6834  34,6879  34,6876   0,0042   -0,0003
   28     1    101,338  34,6624  34,6648  34,6662   0,0038    0,0014
   28     1     50,758  34,2834  34,2911  34,3097   0,0263    0,0186
   28     1     35,503  34,1402  34,145   34,2157   0,0755    0,0707
   28     1     14,752  33,6421  33,6463  33,6635   0,0214    0,0172
   28     1     14,751  33,6422  33,6464  33,6844   0,0422    0,038
   31     1   4761,53   34,644   34,6511  34,6509   0,0069   -0,0002
   31     1   4078,949  34,6487  34,6554  34,6545   0,0058   -0,0009
   31     1   3564,693  34,6509  34,6573  34,6564   0,0055   -0,0009
   31     1   3050,689  34,6544  34,6604  34,66     0,0056   -0,0004
   31     1   2846,713  34,6562  34,6619  34,6624   0,0062    0,0005
   31     1   2540,503  34,6594  34,6651  34,6649   0,0055   -0,0002
   31     1   2335,944  34,6614  34,6669  34,667    0,0056    0,0001
   31     1   2030,001  34,6653  34,6706  34,671    0,0057    0,0004
   31     1   1825,848  34,6686  34,6736  34,6746   0,006     0,001
   31     1   1520,822  34,6739  34,6789  34,6792   0,0053    0,0003
   31     1   1215,345  34,6797  34,6843  34,685    0,0053    0,0007
   31     1   1013,228  34,6836  34,6882  34,6888   0,0052    0,0006
   31     1    911,115  34,6858  34,6899  34,6915   0,0057    0,0016
   31     1    810,115  34,6867  34,6912  34,6924   0,0057    0,0012
   31     1    607,023  34,6928  34,6971  34,6978   0,005     0,0007
   31     1    404,557  34,6981  34,7021  34,703    0,0049    0,0009
   31     1    303,459  34,698   34,7022  34,7026   0,0046    0,0004
   31     1    202,575  34,693   34,6972  34,6985   0,0055    0,0013
   31     1    151,795  34,6862  34,6904  34,6911   0,0049    0,0007
   31     1    101,065  34,6716  34,6759  34,6764   0,0048    0,0005
   31     1     75,643  34,6512  34,6563  34,6504  -0,0008   -0,0059
   31     1     40,596  34,1396  34,1398  34,1822   0,0426    0,0424
   31     1     20,106  33,9733  33,9779  33,9769   0,0036   -0,001
   31     1     20,133  33,9728  33,9769  33,9765   0,0037   -0,0004
   66     2   2847,454  34,654   34,6604  34,6595   0,0055   -0,0009
   66     2   1012,617  34,6806  34,6855  34,6859   0,0053    0,0004
   73     1   4547,225  34,646   34,6532  34,6527   0,0067   -0,0005
   73     1   4079,424  34,6483  34,6553  34,6537   0,0054   -0,0016
   73     1   3565,034  34,6504  34,657   34,6561   0,0057   -0,0009
   73     1   3051,94   34,6538  34,6602  34,6593   0,0055   -0,0009
   73     1   2847,487  34,6555  34,6615  34,6612   0,0057   -0,0003
   73     1   2540,47   34,6587  34,6646  34,6637   0,005    -0,0009
   73     1   2336,528  34,6608  34,6667  34,6659   0,0051   -0,0008
   73     1   2029,565  34,6651  34,6707  34,6697   0,0046   -0,001
   73     1   1825,912  34,6685  34,6736  34,6727   0,0042   -0,0009
   73     1   1520,707  34,6737  34,679   34,6777   0,004    -0,0013
   73     1   1216,056  34,6795  34,6845  34,6833   0,0038   -0,0012
   73     1   1012,835  34,6838  34,6888  34,6871   0,0033   -0,0017
   73     1    911,253  34,6855  34,6903  34,6882   0,0027   -0,0021
   73     1    810,15   34,687   34,6919  34,6891   0,0021   -0,0028
   73     1    606,798  34,692   34,6965  34,6932   0,0012   -0,0033
   73     1    404,538  34,6919  34,6964  34,6936   0,0017   -0,0028
   73     1    303,649  34,692   34,6967  34,692    0        -0,0047
   73     1    202,313  34,6799  34,6844  34,6801   0,0002   -0,0043
   73     1    141,764  34,6559  34,6605  34,6509  -0,005    -0,0096
   73     1    101,14   34,5928  34,6032  34,5796  -0,0132   -0,0236
   73     1     50,625  34,3159  34,3192  34,3121  -0,0038   -0,0071
   73     1     25,003  34,1307  34,123   34,1163  -0,0144   -0,0067
   73     1     14,883  33,8604  33,8856  33,8185  -0,0419   -0,0671
   73     1     14,988  33,8308  33,841   33,8242  -0,0066   -0,0168
   78     1   3635,723  34,6491  34,6559  34,6545   0,0054   -0,0014
   78     1   3305,743  34,6519  34,6583  34,6554   0,0035   -0,0029
   78     1   3050,459  34,6535  34,66    34,6568   0,0033   -0,0032
   78     1   2843,745  34,6555  34,6617  34,6576   0,0021   -0,0041
   78     1   2539,618  34,6586  34,6646  34,6603   0,0017   -0,0043
   78     1   2234,938  34,6614  34,6671  34,6625   0,0011   -0,0046
   78     1   2030,232  34,6637  34,6692  34,6641   0,0004   -0,0051
   78     1   1724,283  34,6689  34,6741  34,6687  -0,0002   -0,0054
   78     1   1520,881  34,6723  34,6776  34,6714  -0,0009   -0,0062
   78     1   1216,793  34,6785  34,6837  34,6766  -0,0019   -0,0071
   78     1   1013,488  34,6824  34,6874  34,68    -0,0024   -0,0074
   78     1    910,298  34,6841  34,6891  34,6909   0,0068    0,0018
   78     1    808,504  34,686   34,6909  34,692    0,006     0,0011
   78     1    606,642  34,6903  34,695   34,6952   0,0049    0,0002
   78     1    506,311  34,6894  34,6941  34,695    0,0056    0,0009
   78     1    405,473  34,6889  34,6935  34,6908   0,0019   -0,0027
   78     1    303,85   34,6869  34,6914  34,6863  -0,0006   -0,0051
   78     1    201,436  34,6782  34,6832  34,6772  -0,001    -0,006
   78     1    151,053  34,6602  34,6658  34,6571  -0,0031   -0,0087
   78     1    100,215  34,5619  34,5709  34,5664   0,0045   -0,0045
   78     1     51,452  34,3133  34,2951  34,3228   0,0095    0,0277
   78     1     20,682  33,3444  33,3533  33,4433   0,0989    0,09
   78     1     20,745  33,3549  33,356   33,405    0,0501    0,049
   78     1     15,122  33,3282  33,332   33,404    0,0758    0,072
   80     1   4902,049  34,6405  34,6479  34,6473   0,0068   -0,0006
   80     1   1519,955  34,67    34,6752  34,6755   0,0055    0,0003
   81     1   5461,819  34,6386  34,6466  34,6463   0,0077   -0,0003
   81     1   5106,805  34,6393  34,647   34,6464   0,0071   -0,0006
   81     1   4593,489  34,6401  34,6476  34,6463   0,0062   -0,0013
   81     1   4078,167  34,6436  34,6509  34,65     0,0064   -0,0009
   81     1   3871,611  34,6464  34,6534  34,6523   0,0059   -0,0011
   81     1   3563,477  34,6488  34,6555  34,6542   0,0054   -0,0013
   81     1   3050,526  34,6511  34,6575  34,6568   0,0057   -0,0007
   81     1   2538,305  34,6544  34,6603  34,6603   0,0059    0
   81     1   2028,359  34,6585  34,6642  34,6634   0,0049   -0,0008
   81     1   1518,3    34,6643  34,6698  34,6695   0,0052   -0,0003
   81     1   1011,658  34,6719  34,677   34,6775   0,0056    0,0005
   81     1    911,825  34,6739  34,6791  34,6792   0,0053    0,0001
   81     1    809,09   34,6754  34,6805  34,6808   0,0054    0,0003
   81     1    607,855  34,6798  34,6846  34,6844   0,0046   -0,0002
   81     1    405,695  34,6819  34,6869  34,6863   0,0044   -0,0006
   81     1    304,356  34,6816  34,6865  34,6866   0,005     1E-04
   81     1    204,764  34,6788  34,6838  34,6829   0,0041   -0,0009
   81     1    151,081  34,6576  34,6586  34,6621   0,0045    0,0035
   81     1    101,372  34,2741  34,2794  34,2622  -0,0119   -0,0172
   81     1     75,678  34,1869  34,1915  34,1892   0,0023   -0,0023
   81     1     51,124  34,1193  34,1227  34,1209   0,0016   -0,0018
   81     1     24,767  33,6711  33,724   33,6684  -0,0027   -0,0556
   81     1     14,771  33,6023  33,6063  33,6108   0,0085    0,0045
   81     1     14,652  33,6022  33,6069  33,609    0,0068    0,0021
   82     2   2536,299  34,746   34,7519  34,7534   0,0074    0,0015
   82     2   2280,335  34,747   34,7525  34,7532   0,0062    0,0007
   82     2   2025,13   34,7628  34,7685  34,7686   0,0058    1E-04
   82     2   1770,775  34,7611  34,7665  34,7667   0,0056    0,0002
   82     2   1520,608  34,7458  34,7511  34,7519   0,0061    0,0008
   82     2   1265,154  34,6987  34,7037  34,7051   0,0064    0,0014
   82     2   1014,546  34,6355  34,6403  34,6391   0,0036   -0,0012
   82     2    910,587  34,586   34,5908  34,5915   0,0055    0,0007
   82     2    809,081  34,5399  34,5444  34,5436   0,0037   -0,0008
   82     2    707,743  34,5071  34,5118  34,5116   0,0045   -0,0002
   82     2    605,856  34,4393  34,4438  34,4403   0,001    -0,0035
   82     2    504,504  34,3475  34,3523  34,3516   0,0041   -0,0007
   82     2    403,204  34,2524  34,2579  34,2542   0,0018   -0,0037
   82     2    303,946  34,1717  34,1764  34,1756   0,0039   -0,0008
   82     2    251,583  34,1161  34,1204  34,1219   0,0058    0,0015
   82     2    202,473  34,0742  34,0814  34,0820   0,0078    0,0006
   82     2    151,15   34,0158  34,0203  34,0210   0,0052    0,0007
   82     2    126,259  33,886   33,8838  33,8799  -0,0061   -0,0039
   82     2    100,175  33,7758  33,7856  33,7938   0,018     0,0082
   82     2     75,464  33,7498  33,7542  33,7566   0,0068    0,0024
   82     2     49,987  33,7489  33,7535  33,7547   0,0058    0,0012
   82     2     14,959  33,7488  33,7534  33,7546   0,0058    0,0012
   82     2     14,253  33,749   33,7537  33,7540   0,005     0,0003
 
 

Argo float deployments 
 
On the southbound leg, one Argo float (type Webb APEX) was deployed for the 
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI, co ntact point 
sterl@knmi.nl, Table 3.1.1.11). 
 

Tab. 3.1.1.11: APEX float deployments on behalf of KNMI

Float   Deployment    Station ID   T water  Latitude    Longitude  Water   Ship's  Ship's    Wind     Wind
type       Date                   (c) keel                         Depth   Speed   course  Direction  Speed
        Time [UTC]                  [°C]                            [m]     [kn]     [°]      [°]     [m/s]
-----  -------------  -----------  ------  -----------  ---------  ------  ------  ------  ---------  -----
Apex   12.12.14 1:11  PS89/0015-2          55° 59,98°S  0° 0,08°E  3697.4   1.3      233      230       6


During the northbound leg, 15 Argo floats (type Optimare NEMO) were 
deployed near the continental shelf into the Antarctic coastal current 
(Table 3.1.1.12).


Tab. 3.11.12: NEMO float deplyoments

Nemo    Deployment   Station ID    T water   Latitude    Longitude    Water   Ship's  Ship's    Wind     Wind
Ser.       Date                   (c) keel                            Depth   Speed   course  Direction  Speed
No.     Time [UTC]                  [°C]                               [m]     [kn]    [°T]     [°T]     [m/s]
----  -------------  -----------  --------  -----------  -----------  ------  ------  ------  ---------  -----
293   15.1.15 11:40  PS89/0060-1  -1.6815   69° 46,55'S  10° 06,49'W    *)     1.3      286       60       10
291   15.1.15 13:52  PS89/0061-1  -1.638    69° 30,15'S  10° 32,60'W    *)     4.8      348       55       10
294   15.1.15 21:00  PS89/0063-1  -1.6135   69° 13,71'S  10° 20,37'W  3979.6   3.2        2      270        2
297   15.1.15 22:39  PS89/0064-1  -1.5096   69° 00,05'S  10° 18,39'W  4513.7   3.6       99      262        4
290   16.1.15 04:17  PS89/0065-1  -1.1126   68° 59,98'S  08° 00,04'W  3543.6   2.5      112      327        3
282   16.1.15 23:41  PS89/0068-1  -1.6591   69° 00,24'S  05° 46,09'W    *)     2.6       86      217        6
281   17.1.15 03:01  PS89/0069-1  -1.2644   68° 40,04'S  05° 05,38'W    *)     2.7       57      223       10
285   17.1.15 15:03  PS89/0070-3  -1.2802   68° 15,20'S  04° 00,40'W  4093.4   1.2      297      258       14
280   17.1.15 22:07  PS89/0072-1  -1.472    67° 59,93'S  03° 14,23'W  4213.5   2.5      299      284       10
284   18.1.15 06:15  PS89/0073-3  -0.6915   67° 39,92'S  01° 45,17'W    *)     1.2       55       47       12
288   18.1.15 09:34  PS89/0074-1  -0.1743   67° 20,17'S  00° 56,43'W    *)     2.2       38       60       16
289   18.1.15 13:52  PS89/0075-1  -0.396    67° 00,17'S  00° 00,84'W    *)     3.1      320       66       19
286   18.1.15 20:23  PS89/0076-1   0.1834   66° 39,89'S  00° 00,56'E    *)     1.1       16        2       11
287   19.1.15 00:35  PS89/0077-1  -0.1823   66° 20,23'S  00° 00,02'W  4021.8   2.8      357       23       14
276   19.1.15 07:45  PS89/0078-3   0.0431   66° 01,31'S  00° 02,30'E    *)     1.5       46       18       13


*) Due to environmental regulation, the EK6O echosounder was generally 
   switched off while on station, resulting in deep-water soundings 
   frequently being unavailable at the time of float launch.


Operational results

Hydrographic moorings

Details of the moorings scheduled for recovery, their instrumentation and 
the length of each associated data record are listed in Table 3.1.1.13, In 
general, the instruments performed well, providing, with few exceptions, 
data for the full deployment period.


Tab. 3.1.1.13: Moorings recovered between Cape Town and Neumayer III and on 
               the Greenwich meridian. The date and time of the recovery is 
               the date and time of the first release command

 Mooring   Latitude    Water     Date       Instrument  Serial  Instrument   Record
           Longitude   Depth     Time          Type     Number    Depth      Length
                        (m)   a. deployed                          (m)       (days)
                              b. recovered                                  [Remarks]
---------  ----------  -----  ------------  ----------  ------  ----------  ---------
AWI229-10  63°59.66'S  5172    14.12.2012      AVTP      8050      200        732
           00°02.67'W             12:34        SBE37     9834      200        732
                                               SBE37      447      250        732
                               16.12.2014      SBE37      237      300        [2]
                                  15:04        SBE37      240      350        732
                                               SBE37      435      400        732
                                               SBE37     9838      450        732
                                               SBE37      438      500        732
                                               SBE37      439      550        732
                                               SBE37     2086      600        732
                                               SBE37      449      650        732
                                               SBE37      245      700        732
                                               RCM 11     452      706        732
                                               SOSO      0026      807        [1]
                                               PAM       1010      969        [1]
                                               RCM 11     475     1977        [3]
                                               SBE37     9833     5126        [3]
                                               RCM 11     144     5127        [3]
              
AWI230-8   66°02.12'S  3552    15.12.2012      AVTP     10491      200        732
           00°02.98'E             14:39        SBE37     2088      200        732
                                               SBE37     2090      300        456
                                18.12.2014     SBE37     2091      400        732
                                   11:21       SBE37     2092      500        732
                                               SBE37     2093      600        732
                                               SBE37     2094      700        732
                                               AVT       6856      725        732
                                               PAM       1009      949        [1]
                                               AVTP      9213     1657        732
                                               SBE37     2095     3508        732
                                               AVT       9179     3509        732
              
AWI231-10  66°30.93'S  4524    17.12.2010      AVTP     10541      200        732
           00°00.6'5W             12:00        SBE37     2096      200        732
                                               SBE37     2098      250        732
                               19.12.2014      SBE37     2099      300        732
                                  09:26        SBE37     2100      350        732
                                               SBE37     2101      400        732
                                               SBE37     2385      450        732
                                               SBE37     2234      500        732
                                               SBE37     2386      550        732
                                               SBE37     2389      600        732
                                               SBE37     2391      650        732
                                               SBE37     3813      700        732
                                               AVT       9184      729        732
                                               SOSO      0024      830        [1]
                                               RCM 11     509     1812        703
                                               SBE37     7726     4413        732
                                               AVT       9180     4414        732
              
AWI232-11  68°59.86'S  3319    18.12.2012      AVTP     10925      250        733
           00°06.51'W             06:00        RCM 11     469      757        733
                                               PAM       1011      958        [1]
                               21.12.2014      RCM 11     512     1765        664
                                  21:52        SBE37     7727     3265        733
                                               AVT      10499     3266        [2]
              
AWI244-3   69°00.35'S  2900    25.12.2012      SOSO        29      806        [1]
           06°58.97'W             10:27        PAM       0001      998        [1]
                                               SBE16     2419     2857        751

Remarks: [1] to be processed; [2] flooded; [3] lost due to broken mooring rope.


Tab. 3.1.1.14: Moorings deployed during PS89

 Mooring   Latitude    Water    Date      Instrument  Instrument  Instrument
           Longitude   depth    Time         Type       Serial      depth
                        (m)                             Number       (m)
---------  ----------  -----  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
AWI227-13  59°02.67'S  4600   13.12.2014     PAM         1056        1020
           00°05.37'E            16:38       SBE37       8125        4557
            
AWI229-11  64°00.31'S  5165   17.12.2014     AVTP        8395         202
           00°00.22'W            11:43       SBE37       8129         203
                                             SBE37       9831         300
                                             SBE37      10943         400
                                             SBE37      10944         500
                                             SBE37      11419         600
                                             SBE37      11420         700
                                             RCM11        501         709
                                             PAM         1057         970
                                             SBE37        227        5121
            
AWI229-12  63°54.94'S  5172   20.01.2015     SOSO        0048         798
           00°00.16'E            11:38       PAM         1055        1001
                                             SBE37        228        5167
            
AWI231-11  66°30.41'S  4472   19.12.2014     SOSO        0026         851
           00°00.66'W            17:59       PAM         1058         973
                                             SBE37      11421        4429
            
AWI232-12  68°58.89'S  3360   23.12.2014     AVT         8367         290
           00°05.00 W            09:52       AVT         9211         798
                                             PAM         1059         999
                                             RCM11        472        1806
                                             SBE37      11422        3306
                                             RCM11         25        3307
            
AWI244-4   69°00.34'S  2900   16.01.2015     SOSO        0047         806
           06°58.94'W            14:20       PAM         1061         998
                                             SBE37      12470        2857

Abbreviations used:
  AVTP   Aanderaa Current Meter with Temperature- and Pressure Sensor
  AVT    Aanderaa Current Meter with Temperature Sensor
  DCS    Aanderaa Doppler Current Sensor
  PAM    Passive Acoustic Monitor (Type: SONOVAULT)
  RCM11  Aanderaa Doppler Current Meter
  SBE16  SeaBird Electronics Self Recording CTD to measure Temp., Cond. and 
         Pressure
  SBE37  SeaBird Electronics, Type: MicroCat, to measure Temperature and 
         Conductivity


Fig. 3.1.1.6: Position of mooring deployments during PS89


The Posidonia positioning system

A detailed description of mooring recoveries under heavy sea-ice conditions 
is given in Boebel (2013). Essential to such recoveries is a robust and 
timely localization of the mooring's transponders by the Posidonia 
hydroacoustic positioning system. During PS89, only the mobile Posidonia 
antenna (deployable on station through the ship's well) was available. With 
this antenna installed in the ship's well, Polarstern cannot move in ice 
covered area to avoid the risk of damaging the antenna. Deploying the 
antenna through the ship's well lasts about 45 minutes, a time span during 
which Polarstern necessarily drifts with the ice floes. For Polarstern to 
be within the acoustic range (a downward directed cone of an opening angle 
of about ±60°) of the mooring's transducers at the time of operability of 
the antenna, the ship hence has to be placed at a location upstream (with 
regard to the tide and wind driven ice-drift) of a distance equaling drift 
speed x 45mm. Determining this drift (including an understanding of the 
tidal cycle's phase) requires at last 2 hours, preferably longer prior to 
positioning the ship and deploying the antenna.

Posidonia's main electronic unit POSIDONIA 6000 had been replaced with the 
new USBLBOX prior to our expedition. This proved to be a substantial 
improvement as valid localizations were obtained immediately upon the first 
interrogating ping. Additionally, after its release, the transponder can be 
tracked to within ±60° (measured from the vertical), i.e. up to 100 m below 
the surface under practical conditions. Together with the visualization 
software Posi View (provided by Ralf Krocker, AWI), the system now meets 
all requirements necessary for mooring recoveries, even under adverse 
sea-ice conditions. Nevertheless the current deployment/recovery procedure 
of the Posidonia antenna is extremely time consuming (lasting a total of 
1.5 h at least) during which the ship has to remain immobile.


Sea ice borne mooring recoveries

Severe ice situations can bar Polarstern from reaching a mooring's location 
and breaking of the ice nearby to allow the mooring to surface (Boebel, 
2013). Under such circumstances, recovering the mooring directly from the 
floe with limited assistance from the ship is necessary. The approach bases 
on the notion that once the mooring is released, its floatation will 
assemble under the sea ice and drift with it. Hence, if the mooring's 
position at the time of surfacing is known in a sea ice based reference 
frame, one would have plenty of time to provide access to it through the 
sea ice.

To penetrate the sea ice, a small modified earthmover with a 90 cm diameter 
drill was mobilized for this expedition. In general, sea ice borne mooring 
recoveries comprise the following steps:

• Locate, release and track the mooring with USBL-BOX and mark the presumed 
  under-ice position on the ice floe.
• Place the earthmover on the ice floe and proceed to the marked point.
• Drill a hole through the ice and verify that the mooring is close by.
• Deploy diver or ROV to retrieve part of the mooring rope through the bore 
  hole.
• Recover the mooring without assistance from the ship's winches using a 
  portable capstan and a tripod over the hole to lift heavy instruments.


During PS89 we did not encounter conditions that rendered the above 
approach necessary; However, the overall operation was tested on December 
29, 2014 during our stay in Atka Bay. This test of our equipment for 
sea-ice borne mooring recovery was positive, yet some specific aspects 
require reconsideration or improvement to reduce the effort and time. 
Specifically, we gained the following insights:


Earthmover/drill and plates:

The earthmover has a weight of about 2,000 kg. The chain drive is too small 
to propel the unit on snow (rather than ice). Standard synthetic plates, 
used typically in road construction and sized 1 x 2m, were positioned on 
the snow in front of the earthmover to provide a skid-free foundation for 
the chain drives. At a minimum 3 plates are needed to be able to repeatedly 
shift the plate left behind the earthmover to its front. With 5 plates and 
enough helpers the earthmover can proceed continuously without a stop, see 
Fig. 3.1.1.7.


Fig. 3.1.1.7: The earthmover drives on plates to the drill site. The plates 
              are necessary if the ice floes are covered with high and soft 
              snow.


Drilling-operation

The drill has a diameter of 90 cm. A total of 4 holes need to be drilled 
side by side to create an opening large enough to ensure a save diving 
operation. Deployment of ROV and recovery of instruments might be achieved 
with 2 holes. The drill can be extended by meter-long segments, allowing 
drilling ice thicknesses up to 3 meters. However, with the lifting cranes 
height remaining limited, the ice slush (Fig. 3.1.1.8) near the bottom of 
the drill well cannot be lifted out of the drilling hole requiring an 
alternative solution, possibly by pumps. In addition the assembly of the 
drill and its extension segments too long and proved rather complicate.


Fig. 3.1.1.8: Drilling a 90 cm diameter hole. Larger holes need to be 
              created by overlapping several holes.


Tripod, rope guidance and portable capstan:

Raising the tripod and assembling the rope guidance and capstan (Fig. 
3.1.1.9) takes about 1 - 2 hours. Five people were needed for this job.


Fig. 3.1.1.9: Left: The tripod (test set-up, ultimately to be placed over 
              the hole for lifting heavy instruments). The area covered by 
              black plates (2 x 2 m) indicating the approximate size of the
              hole. Right: The rope-guidance at the edge of the hole for 
              the recovery of the mooring rope. Pulling out the rope is 
              supported by the portable capstan (behind the rope-guidance).


RAFOS source calibration

During calibration runs, all but two sources performed sweeps as scheduled. 
Two electronics did not transmit all sweeps or truncated sweeps early, 
requiring their replacement with new electronics. Table 3.1.1.15 lists 
details on the calibration process.

During calibration at 200 m depth, the amplitude of the RAFOS signal from 
the new sound sources exceeded that of the ship noise, both in spectral as 
well as in terms of broad band levels as recorded by the iCListen 
(samplingrate: 4 kHz) suspended below the source.

Generally, with increasing resonance frequencies (while approaching the 
target frequency), peak amplitudes increased, confirming the desired 
resonance behaviour.

Shallow water conditions, however, may have interfered with the 
determination of the resonance frequency. While it was planned to conduct 
the final measurement of each sound source in deep water, due to the 
discontinuing of the cruise and the short time remaining, this was not 
possible. For sound sources calibrated in shallow waters (see Table 
3.1.1.15) it is hence advisable to check the final resonance frequency 
measurements prior to their deployment during the next expedition.


Argo floats

Unfortunately, none of the Optimare Nemo floats transmitted any data (so 
far as of June 2015). When this problem became apparent while still on 
board on the way back to Cape Town, additional test were performed, 
revealing that the floats performed the full mission, but aborted 
communications via Iridium only few seconds after they had attempted to 
establish satellite communication. This problem reproducibly occurred when 
the parameter "Transmission Time", a time-out defining the maximum period a 
float would be transmitting data when uploading multiple profiles, was set 
to 720 min (rather than 90 min when the system works fine), even though the 
valid parameter range is reported as 5 min up to "mission_cydcle_time" 
(4,320 min (3 days) and 14,400 min (10 days) in this case) in the 
instruments manual (160 6 01 00 000). So far, the manufacturer did not 
respond to our questions regarding the detailed origin of this behaviour. 
While the floats thus appear to conduct their mission as intended, they 
appear incapable of transmitting the data they collected, and hence must be 
considered lost for all practical terms.


Tab. 3.1.1.15: Calibration runs by serial number of sound sources with date 
               of measurement and resulting resonance frequency.

                              Measurement 1             Measurement 2             Measurement 3
                              start length              after 1st cut            after final cut
                         -----------------------    ----------------------    ---------------------- 
Nr  Device    tuning     Date              fres     Date              fres     Date             fres   
            electronics                    [Hz]                       [Hz]                      [Hz]
--  ------  -----------  ----------------  -----    ----------------  -----    --------------  -----
1   D0043     E10049     09.01.2015 (2)    237,4    10.01.2015 (2)    253,4          -           -
2   D0045     E10049/    31.12.2014 (1,3)  244,8    09.01.2015 (2)    249,8    10.01.2015 (2)  261,2
              E10064     07.01.2015 (2)
3   D0047     E10047     13.12.2014 (1)    238,2    14.12.2014 (1)    253      20.12.2014 (1)  260,8
4   D0048     E10064     13.12.2014 (1)    242,1    14.12.2014 (1,3)  252      07.01.2015 (2)  260,2
                         20.12.2014 (1,3)
                         31.12.2015 (2)
                         01.01.2015 (2)
5   D0049     E10049/    31.12.2014 (2)    232,5    01.01.2015 (2)    244,2    05.01.2014 (2)  260,4
              E10064                                07.01.2015 (2)  
6   D0050     E10049/    07.01.2015 (2)    239,8    09.01.2015 (2)    252,4    10.01.2015 (2)  261,2
              E10064
7   D0017     E10035     15.12.2014 (1)    - (3)          -             -            -           -
8   D0018     E10038     15.12.2015 (1)    262,2          -             -            -           -
9   D0024     E10033     01.01.2015 (2)    260,2          -             -            -           -

1) deepwater tuning, 2) shallow water tuning (waterdepth <400m), 3) failure of electronics.



Fig. 3.1.1.10: Temperature section along the Greenwich Meridian


The hourly time series of CTD profiles close to the shelf ice edge (Fig. 
3.1.1.11) shows a clear tidal cycle in the hydrographic structure.


Fig. 3.1.1.11: Contour plot of the CTD profiles overtime. The period of the 
               low tide sea level are overlaid as dashed blue line.


Data management

The final records from moored instruments (CTD-recorders and current 
meters) will be processed after post-expedition calibrations were finished. 
All data will be stored and available through the PANGAEA data base. P.I.: 
Olaf Boebel and Gerd Rohardt.

The final processing of CTD-data will be conducted after post-expedition 
calibrations are finished. All data will be stored and available through 
the PANGAEA data base. AWI P.I.: Gerd Rohardt


References

Boebel O (ed) (2013) The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to 
    the Antarctic in 2012/13 (ANT-XXIX/2), hdl :1001 3/epic.401 36.



3.1.2  Biogeochemical Argo-type floats for SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon 
       and Climate Observations and Modelling)

       Daniel Schuller(1), Hannah Zanowski(8)     (1)SIO-ODF
                                                  (2)SIO
       not on board: Lynne Talley(2),             (3)U Washington
       Steve Riser(3), Andrew Dickson(2),         (4)MBARI
       Kenneth Johnson(4), Emmanuel Boss(5),      (5)U Maine
       Richard A. Feely(6), Lauren Juranek(7),    (6)NOAAIPMEL
       Jorge Sarmiento(8), Robert Key(8)          (7)OSU
                                                  (8)Princeton University

Grant No: AWI-PS89_06

Funding: NSF Polar Programs PLR-1425989 and NASA NNXI4AP49G


Objectives

The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is the primary window through 
which the intermediate, deep, and bottom waters of the ocean interact with 
the surface and thus the atmosphere. In the past 20 years, observational 
analyses and model simulations have transformed understanding of the 
Southern Ocean, suggesting that the ocean south of 30°S, occupying just 30% 
of the total surface ocean area, has a profound influence on the Earth's 
climate and ecosystems. Prior results suggest that:

• the Southern Ocean accounts for upto half of the annual oceanic uptake of 
  anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere;
• vertical exchange in the Southern Ocean supplies nutrients that fertilize 
  up to three-quarters of the biological production in the global ocean 
  north of 30°S;
• the Southern Ocean accounts for about 75% ± 22% of the excess heat that 
  is transferred from the atmosphere into the ocean each year; and
• Southern Ocean winds and buoyancy fluxes are the principal source of 
  energy for driving the global large-scale deep meridional overturning 
  circulation.

Model studies also project that changes in the Southern Ocean will have 
profound influence on future climate trends, with corresponding alteration 
of the ocean carbon cycle, heat uptake, and ecosystems. Projections 
include:

• due to ocean acidification, the Southern Ocean south of -60°S will become
  undersaturated with respect to aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) by 
  -2030 with a potentially large impact on calcifying organisms and 
  Antarctic ecosystems; and
• the vertical exchange of deep and surface waters may either increase as 
  winds over the Southern Ocean increase, or decrease as higher rainfall 
  results in more stratification. More vertical exchange would be expected 
  to result in more anthropogenic carbon uptake from the atmosphere, but 
  less storage of carbon through biological cycling, while its impact on 
  heat uptake depends on whether it brings anomalously warm or cold waters 
  to the ocean surface.

The SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modelling) 
project is implementing sustained observations of the carbon cycle, 
together with mesoscale eddying models linked to the observations. 180 to 
200 autonomous profiling floats with biogeochemical sensors (oxygen, 
nitrate, pH and optical sensors in addition to temperature/salinity) and 
seaice avoidance software are being deployed throughout the Southern Ocean 
over a period of six years. These will extend current seasonally limited 
observations of biogeochemical properties into nearly continuous coverage 
in time, with horizontal spatial coverage over the entire Southern Ocean 
and vertical coverage to 2,000 m. These float deployments must take place 
from research ships with CTD/rosette sampling in order to collect water 
samples (to be analyzed for oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, HPLC, POC) 
for float profile calibration, and to collect in-situ fluorescence and 
transmissometer profiles, also for float calibration. The first set of 6 
prototype floats with this configuration of biogeochemical sensors was 
deployed in the Ross Sea and southern South Pacific in March-April, 2014 
from GO-SHIP section PI6S on the RV Nathaniel B. Palmer, the floats are 
operating well, with data reported in near realtime and publicly available 
from http://soccom.princeton.edu/soccomviz.php. The pH sensor technology, 
which was developed recently, is proving to be very robust. The T/S data 
are part of the Argo float data set.

All SOCCOM floats and calibration measurements, with the exception of the 
optical measurements, are supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation 
Polar Programs. Optical measurements instrumentation on the floats and 
HPLC/POC calibrations are supported by U.S. NASA.

The 12 floats deployed from Polarstern PS89 are the first large-scale 
SOCCOM deployment, and are the first of our international collaborations. 
These floats will contribute to the international Southern Ocean Observing 
System (SOOS), and the Argo database.


Work at sea

Profiling floats

Twelve SOCCOM floats were deployed according to Table 3.1.2.1 and Fig. 
3.1.2.1. All of these Argo-equivalent floats were equipped with 
state-of-the-art biogeochemical instrumentation. All but two have sea 
ice-avoidance software. All but three have pH sensors. Eight were Apex 
floats built at U. Washington from components purchased from Teledyne/Webb. 
Four were Navis floats from Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE), and are prototypes 
for SBE's new biogeochemical float programme. Details of each float's 
capabilities are provided in Table 3.1.2.2. PS89 deployments were carried 
out by Dan Schuller (SIO Oceanographic Data Facility) and Hannah Zanowski 
(Princeton U. graduate student), at the conclusion of the CTD/rosette cast.

As of 28 January, 2015, all 12 floats had been deployed, and were reporting 
good profiles, with the exceptions of 9,125 and 9,260 which have not yet 
reported, and of the pH sensor on float 0508, which failed on deployment. 
Several have already encountered sea ice but then successfully re-emerged, 
with resulting programmed delays in profile reporting. The first 8 floats 
were deployed along the Greenwich meridian, with locations chosen to sample 
each major oceanographic regime, based on previous hydrographic sections, 
and also tracer release and particle release numerical experiments in the 
Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE at SIO; M. Mazloff and J. Wang) and in 
the Hycom model (RSMAS U. Miami; I. Kamenkovich). The last 4 floats were 
intended for deployment across the Weddell Sea, but were released at the 
specified locations when it was decided that Polarstern would return 
directly to Cape Town. The first two of this group were released far to the 
south hoping that they would travel westward into the Weddell Sea. The 
third was released to increase density of the array and to supplement this 
region with a pH sensor. The fourth was released at the latitude of float 
0508 to provide pH measurements in the polar frontal zone.


Fig. 3.1.2.1: SOCCOM float deployments from Polarstern PS89 (red x's) with 
              PS89 CTD stations (black dots) (2 December 2014 - 1 February 
              2015). Light curves are the standard Orsi fronts (subtropical, 
              subantarctic, polar and southern boundary, from north to south).


Tab. 3.1.2.1: SOCCOM float deployment details

        Float  Latitude   Sensors  Station  Deployment  Deployment
         ID    Longitude              #        date        time
        -----  ---------  -------  -------  ----------  ----------
        0037   39°13.9'S   ONE       2-1     5-12-2014     0350Z
        Navis  11°20.3'E

        9313   44°39.5'S   ONFp      5-1     7-12-2014     0554Z
        Apex   07°05.6'E

        0508   49°03.2'S   IONFp*    8-1     9-12-2014     0100Z
        Navis  02°52.1'E

        9096   53°31.0'S   IONFp    12-2    10-12-2014     2234Z
        Apex   00°00.2'E

        0509   56°55.8'S   IONFp    16-1    12-12-2014     1100Z
        Navis  00°00.9'E

        7652   59°59.0'S   IONF     21-1    14-12-2014     0505Z
        Apex   00°00.0'E

        0511   64°59.7'S   IONFp    28-1    18-12-2014     0255Z
        Navis  00°00.1'E

        9094   66°58.7'S   IONFp    31-1    20-12-2014     0246Z
        Apex   00°00.6'W

        9275   67°40.0'S   IONFp    73-1    18-1-2015      061Z
        Apex   01°45.2'W

        9099   66°01.5'S   IONFp    78-1    19-1-2015      0739Z
        Apex   00°02.0'E

        9125   61°00.2'S   IONFp    81-1    21-1-2015      1436Z
        Apex   00°00.1'W

        9260   49°00.1'S   IONFp    82-2    27-1-2015      1708Z
        Apex   12°56.1'E

        I = ice enabled; O = oxygen sensor; N = nitrate sensor; 
        F = FLbb; p = pH *pH sensor failed on deployment



Table 3122: SOCCOM float specifications

     Float   Typ(1)  max.   O2(2)  NO3(3)  pH  optics(4)    ice
     Number          depth                                capable(5)
     ------  ------  -----  -----  ------  --  ---------  ----------
     7652    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9094    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9096    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9099    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9125    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9260    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9275    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √          √
     9313    APEX    1750     √       √     √      √           
     0037    Navis   2000     √       √            √           
     0509    Navis   2000     √       √     √      √          √
     0511    Navis   2000     √       √     √      √          √
     0508    Navis   2000     √       √     √      √          √

     Notes:
     1. APEX denotes floats built at UW from components purchased 
        from Teledyne/Webb; Navis denotes floats purchased by UW 
        in ready-to-deploy condition from SBE.
     2. O2 sensor on APEX floats is Aanderaa 4330; on Navis floats 
        it is SBE-63.
     3. NO3 sensor on APEX floats is MBARI/ISUS; on Navis floats 
        it is Satlantic/SUNA.
     4. OPTICS denotes WetLabs FLBB fluorometer and backscatter 
        capability on APEX floats; on Navis floats, the optical 
        sensor is ECO-MCOMC and includes a CDOM fluorometer in 
        addition to chlorophyll fluorometer and backscattering.
     5. Ice capability is from field-tested softward developed at 
        UW on APEX floats; on Navis floats it is from contributed 
        software developed at UW but being tested in the field for 
        the first time from this Polarstern set of float deployments.


CTD/Rosette Sampling

CTD casts were completed at each SOCCOM float deployment location for a 
total of 12 profiles. Full water column bottle samples were taken by 
SIO-ODF for pH, alkalinity, nutrients, HPLC and POC at each station. ULPGC 
sampled and analysed water samples for oxygen and DIC, while AWI sampled 
and analysed water samples for salinity at these locations. As SOCCOM's 
reciprocal contribution to the overall PS89 cruise, SIO-ODF collected and 
analysed nutrient samples on board on all of the CTD/rosette stations (NSF 
funding). pH and alkalinity samples are being shipped to Andrew Dickson's 
laboratory at SIO (NSF funding). HPLC and POC samples are being shipped to 
Emmanuel Boss at U. Maine (NASA funding).


Nutrients

Summary

1130 samples from SOCCOM and other CTD casts were analysed for nutrients. 
The cruise started with new pump tubes and they were changed once during 
the cruise, after station 36-1. Two sets of Primary/Secondary standards 
were made up over the course of the cruise. The cadmium column efficiency 
was checked periodically and was greater than 98%.

Equipment and Techniques

Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate+nitrite, and nitrite) were 
performed on a Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3). The 
methods used are described by Gordon et al (1992) Hager et al. (1968), and 
Atlas et al. (1971). Details of modification of analytical methods used in 
this cruise are also compatible with the methods described in the nutrient 
section of the GO-SHIP repeat hydrography manual (Hydes et al., 2010)

Nitrate/Nitrite Analysis

A modification of the Armstrong et al. (1967) procedure was used for the 
analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For nitrate analysis, a seawater sample 
was passed through a cadmium column where the nitrate was reduced to 
nitrite. This nitrite was then diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled 
with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine to form a red dye. The sample was then 
passed through a 10mm flowcell and absorbance measured at 540 nm. The 
procedure was the same for the nitrite analysis but without the cadmium 
column.

Reagents

Sulfanilamide

Dissolve 10g sulfamilamide in 1.2N HCl and bring to 1 liter volume. Add 2 
drops of 40% surfynol 465/485 surfactant.

Store at room temperature in a dark poly bottle.

Note: 40% Surfynol 465/485 is 20% 465 plus 20% 485 in DIW.

N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (N-1-N)

Dissolve 1g N-1-N in DIW, bring to 1 liter volume. Add 2 drops 40% surfynol 
465/485 surfactant.

Store at room temperature in a dark poly bottle. Discard if the solution 
turns dark reddish brown.

Imidazole Buffer

Dissolve 13.6g imidazole in -3.8 liters DIW. Stir for at least 30 minutes 
to completely dissolve. Add 60 ml of CuSO4 + NH4Cl mix (see below). Add 4 
drops 40% Surfynol 465/485 surfactant. Let sit overnight before proceeding
Using a calibrated pH meter, adjust to pH of 7.83-7.85 with 10% (1.2N) HCl 
(about 10 ml of acid, depending on exact strength). Bring final solution to 
4L with DIW.

Store at room temperature.

NH4Cl + CuSO4 mix:

Dissolve 2 g cupric sulfate in DIW, bring to 100 ml volume (2%)
Dissolve 250 g ammonium chloride in DIW, bring to 1 liter volume.
Add 5 ml of 2% CuSO4 solution to this NH4Cl stock. This should last many 
months.

Phosphate Analysis

Ortho-Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and 
Wilhelms (1967) method. Acidified ammonium molybdate was added to a 
seawater sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, which was then reduced to 
phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of 
dihydrazine sulfate. The sample was passed through a 10 mm flowcell and 
absorbance measured at 820 nm (880 nm after station 10, see section on 
analytical problems for details).

Reagents

Ammonium Molybdate H2SO4 sol'n:

Pour 420 ml of DIW into a 2 liter Ehrlenmeyer flask or beaker, place this 
flask or beaker into an ice bath. SLOWLY add 330 ml of conc H2SO4.
This solution gets VERY HOT!! Cool in the ice bath. Make up as much as 
necessary in the above proportions.

Dissolve 27 g ammonium molybdate in 250 ml of DIW. Bring to 1 liter volume 
with the cooled sulfuric acid sol'n. Add 3 drops of 15% DDS surfactant. 
Store in a dark poly bottle.

Dihydrazine Sulfate

Dissolve 6.4g dihydazine sulfate in DIW, bring to 1 liter volume and 
refrigerate.

Silicate Analysis

Silicate was analyzed using the basic method of Armstrong et al. (1967). 
Acidified ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce 
silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue 
compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. The sample was 
passed through a 10mm flowcell and measured at 660 nm.

Reagents

Tartaric Acid

Dissolve 200g tartaric acid in DW and bring to 1 liter volume. Store at 
room temperature in a poly bottle.

Ammonium Molybdate

Dissolve 10.8 g Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate in 1,000 ml dilute H2SO4*.
*(Dilute H2SO4 = 2.8 ml conc H2SO4 or 6.4 ml of H2SO4 diluted for PO4 moly 
per liter DW) (dissolve powder, then add H2SO4)

Add 3-5 drops 15% SDS surfactant per liter of solution.

Stannous Chloride

stock: (as needed)

Dissolve 40g of stannous chloride in 100 ml 5N HCl. Refrigerate in a poly 
bottle.

NOTE:
Minimize oxygen introduction by swirling rather than shaking the solution. 
Discard if a white solution (oxychloride) forms.

working: (every 24 hours)

Bring 5 ml of stannous chloride stock to 200 ml final volume with 1.2N HCl. 
Make up daily -refrigerate when not in use in a dark poly bottle.

Sampling

Nutrient samples were drawn into 30 mL polypropylene screw-capped 
centrifuge tubes.

The tubes and caps were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed 3 times with sample 
before filling. Samples were analyzed within 12 hours after sample 
collection, allowing sufficient time for all samples to reach room 
temperature. The centrifuge tubes fit directly onto the sampler.

Data collection and processing

Data collection and processing was done with the software (ACCE ver 6.07) 
provided with the instrument from Seal Analytical. After each run, the 
charts were reviewed for any problems during the run, any blank was 
subtracted, and final concentrations (micro moles/liter) were calculated, 
based on a linear curve fit. Once the run was reviewed and concentrations 
calculated a text file was created. That text file was reviewed for 
possible problems and then converted to another text file with only sample 
identifiers and nutrient concentrations for merging with other bottle data.

Standards and Glassware calibration

Primary standards for silicate (Na2SiF6), nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), 
and phosphate (KH2PO4) were obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. 
and/or Fisher Scientific. The supplier reports purities of >98%, 99.999%, 
97%, and 99.999 respectively.

All glass volumetric flasks and pipettes were gravimetrically calibrated 
prior to the cruise. The primary standards were dried and weighed out to 
0.1mg prior to the cruise. The exact weight was noted for future reference. 
When primary standards were made, the flask volume at 20°C, the weight of 
the powder, and the temperature of the solution were used to buoyancy-
correct the weight, calculate the exact concentration of the solution, and 
determine how much of the primary was needed for the desired concentrations 
of secondary standard. Primary and secondary standards were made up twice 
during the cruise. The new standards were compared to the old before use.

All the reagent solutions, primary and secondary standards were made with 
fresh distilled deionized water (DIW).

Standardizations were performed at the beginning of each group of analyses 
with working standards prepared prior to each run from a secondary. Working 
standards were made up in low nutrient seawater (LNSW). LNSW was collected 
off shore of coastal California and treated in the lab. The water was first 
filtered through a 0.45 micron filter then re-circulated for -8 hours 
through a 0.2 micron filter, passed a UV lamp and through a second 0.2 
micron filter. The actual concentration of nutrients in this water was 
empirically determined during the standardization calculations.

The concentrations (micro-mole per liter) of the working standards used 
were:
                          uM   uM    uM   uM
                          N+N  PO4  SiO3  NO2
                        -----  ---  ----  ----
                     0)  0.0   0.0  0.0   0.0
                     1) 15.50  1.2   60   0.50
                     2) 31.00  2.4  120   1.00
                     3) 46.50  3.6  180   1.50


Analytical Problems

No major analytical problems were noted. No samples were lost.

Oxygen

Although ULPGC group was responsible for the determination of dissolved 
oxygen, the SIO-ODF system was made available in order to compare 
methodologies. The ULPGC system is a potentiometric endpoint detection 
system whereas the SIO-ODF system uses a photometric endpoint detection 
based on the absorption of 365 nm wavelength UV light. Potassium iodate 
standards were swapped between the two groups and used to confirm the 
calibration concentration of the thiosulfate titrating solution. The 
results from both groups determined the concentration of thiosulfate to an 
error on the order of 0.03%, well within the precision of the instruments. 
On three stations (40, 42, and 66) dissolved oxygen was sampled and 
analyzed by both groups, each using their own calibrated glass bottles and 
thiosulfate titration solution. The results are plotted in section 3.1.3, 
Fig. 3.1.3.3. The results of the three stations indicate a standard 
deviation of ±0.43 µmol kg-1, an error determination of less than 0.11%, 
well within the precision of the instruments. These results indicate both 
groups prepared their potassium iodate standard solution satisfactorily and 
that both systems are reliable for at-sea determination of dissolved oxygen 
concentration. Dissolved oxygen values reported for all stations, including 
SOCCOM stations, are from the ULPGC data.

Alkalinity/pH

335 samples from SOCCOM CTD stations were taken for alkalinity/pH. 
Approximately 10% of samples were duplicates. Samples were drawn from the 
Niskin bottles, preserved with mercury (II) chloride and packed for 
shipping via air freight back to SIO (Andrew Dickson).

HPLC and POC

36 near-surface samples from SOCCOM CTD stations were taken for HPLC 
analysis. 1-2 L of sample was filtered in the dark through glass fiber 
filters. Filters were immediately stored in aluminum foil packages in a 
Dewar of liquid nitrogen. 36 near-surface samples from SOCCOM CTD stations 
were also taken for POC analysis. 1-2 L of sample was filtered in the dark 
through pre-combusted glass fiber filters. Filters were immediately stored 
in pre-combusted aluminum foil packages in a Dewar of liquid nitrogen. At 
each station one set each of HPLC and POC samples was a duplicate. Samples 
were packed for shipping (dry shipper) via air freight back to University 
of Maine (Emmanuel Boss).

Salinity

Salinity samples were collected at all depths from the SOCCOM CTD stations. 
Samples were analyzed by H. Zanowski using AWI's shipboard OPS system.

Preliminary (expected) results

All floats reporting back to shore successfully. pH sensor malfunctioned on 
float 0508.

Data management

SOCCOM will make all ODF nutrient analyses available immediately after 
collection and onboard quality control, for merging with the other data 
sets collected on the ship, whether they are collected at float locations 
or at other stations. We will make all pH/alkalinity data sets available 
after they are analyzed at Sb.

Rosette sample data for SOCCOM float calibration is being assembled and 
merged by Robert Key at Princeton U. CTD and fluorometer/transmissometer 
profile data for SOCCOM float calibration is being assembled by Sharon 
Escher at SIO.

For profiles at float locations, including all discrete rosette samples and 
CTD/fluorometer profiles: it is important that these data be available to 
us for calibration of the floats, in preliminary form and then later with 
quality control/calibration. SOCCOM can assist with discrete data merging. 
It would be highly preferable that the data from these stations be publicly 
available as soon as possible. SOCCOM would like to post these data on its 
own website as part of the float programme (R. Key).

For datasets collected at other stations, where floats are not deployed, 
but where SIO ODF has performed nutrient analyses, it would be advantageous 
to us to have access to the profile data for quality control. For stations 
with full carbon measurements, it would be highly advantageous to 
collaborate with ULPGC and AWI to extend the SOCCOM empirical algorithm for 
carbon profiles based on the float data; the algorithm will be developed by 
SOCCOM (L. Juranek, Oregon State University; R. Feely, NOAA/PMEL). SOCCOM 
can assist with discrete data merging and quality control. Data release 
policy will be according to the Chief Scientist (O. Boebel).


References

Armstrong FAJ, Stearns CA & Strickland JDH (1967) The measurement of 
    upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon 
    Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Research, 14, 
    pp.381-389.

Atlas EL, Hager SW, Gordon LI & Park PK (1971) A Practical Manual for Use 
    of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer in Seawater Nutrient Analyses Revised. 
    Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, p.49, Oregon State University, 
    Department of Oceanography.

Bernhardt H & Wilhelms A (1967) The continuous determination of low level 
    iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. 
    Technicon Symposia, I, pp.385-389.

Gordon LI, Jennings JC, Ross AA & Krest JIM (1992) A suggested Protocol for 
    Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE 
    Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. Grp. Tech 
    Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem Oc.

Hager SW, Atlas EL, Gordon LI, Mantyla AW & Park PK (1972) A comparison at 
    sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and 
    silicate Limnology and Oceanography, 17,pp.931937.

Hydes DJ, Aoyama M, Aminot A, Bakker K, Becker 5, Coverly 5, Daniel A, 
    Dickson AG, Grosso O, Kerouel R, Ooijen J van, Sato K, Tanhua T, 
    Woodward EMS & Zhang JZ (2010). Determination of Dissolved Nutrients 
    (N, P, Si) in Seawater with High Precision and Inter-Comparability 
    Using GasSegmented Continuous Flow Analysers, In: GO-SHIP Repeat 
    Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines. 
    IOCCP Report No. 14, ICPO Publication Series No 134.





3.1.3  The carbon system of the Southern Meridian GoodHope Section

      Meichor Gonzalez-Davila(1),                 (1)IOCAG
      Magdalena Santana-Casiano(1),               (2)AWI
      Eric Wurz(2)

Grant No: AWI-PS89_05

Objectives

The role of the Southern Ocean (SO) remains a key issue in our 
understanding of the global carbon cycle and how it will respond under 
predicting future climate change. Recent studies have suggested that SO is 
uptaking around 30 to 40% of the anthropogenic excess CO2 (Cant) followed 
also by an important and efficient transport of this Cant by 
intermediate-deep water formation in this area. The uptake and accumulation 
of Cant is mainly controlled by the ocean circulation and water mass 
mixing, in particular the deepest penetrations associated with convergence 
zones. This is why the Southern Ocean is one of the most conspicuous places 
of the global ocean. The formation of intermediate, deep and bottom water 
masses together with the upwelling of old waters take place through complex 
dynamical processes that will be one of the main objectives of the HAFOS 
project and this research cruise. North of the polar Front (around 51°S) 
the deep winter ventilation that produces the formation of Sub-Antarctic 
Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW) inject Cant down 
to more than 1,000 m depth. To the south, the intrusion of Cant can reach 
deep and bottom water below 2,000 m during the complex formation of 
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This cruise has provided a new set of carbon 
dioxide data for this area that will increase our knowledge of the amount 
of anthropogenic carbon being incorporated by the different water masses 
and will be compared with previous results for this area in order to 
compute anthropogenic carbon inventory, the concentration in deep and 
bottom layers and its storage and evolution. The main objectives of this 
cruise have been, then:

• Contribute to the maintenance of AWI's GoodHope and Weddell Sea sections.
• Analyze of the data and compare them with the previous Bonus GoodHope 
  cruise (Meridian section). Special focus on the changes, shortening of 
  the calcium carbonate saturation states and in the variation of the 
  anthropogenic carbon concentration and inventory.
• Analysis of the long-term trends and inter-annual variability.
• Collaborate with other research groups involved in the cruise.

In order to achieve these objectives, the Marine Chemistry group (QUIMA) 
from the Instituto de Oceanografla y Cambio Global (IOCAG) at the 
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) and one AWI-student 
assigned to our group have measured at all locations for each CTD cast and 
along the water column three carbon dioxide parameters: the pH in total 
scale, the total alkalinity (A1) and the total dissolved inorganic carbon 
concentration (CT), making the value traceable to the highest standards by 
using Certified Reference Material for CO2 analyzes. Moreover we have 
included a continuous surface monitoring of partial pressure of CO2 in 
order to test its reliability compared with the underwater pCO2 systems 
already installed in the Polarstern. During the cruise, the QUIMA group 
analyzed the concentration of dissolved oxygen in each CTD samples by using 
a potentiometric WINKLER method.

Work at sea

Three variables of the carbonate system were measured along the water 
column on board of the Polarstern cruise in order to achieve the highest 
level of data quality and resolution, to study the consistency of the 
variables and to account for the objectives above proposed.

Moreover, a continuous underway xCO2 sensor PRO-CO2™ was added to measure 
the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water following the ship 
trajectory during the first three weeks of the cruise. The QUIMA group of 
ULPGC owns a coulometric determination system for total dissolved inorganic 
carbon, the VINDTA 3C system (MARIANDA™), and an automatic 
spectrophotemetric pH system developed by the QUIMA group.


pH

The pH is measured in total scale ([H+]T = [H+]F + [HSO4-], where [H+]F is 
the free proton concentration), pHT at a constant temperature of 10°C. An 
automatized system base on the spectrophotometric technique of Clayton and 
Byrne (1993) with the m-cresol purple as indicator is used (González-Dávila 
et al., 2003, Santana-Casiano et al., 2007). A new and compact device has 
been developed following previous one using ocean optics technology and 
included in a fully automatic computer controlled system that clean, 
sample, produce a zero and a blank reading for each sample to be analyzed. 
Reproducibility of the system is better than 0.002 pH units (after 11 
analyses).


Total Alkalinity and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

A VINDTA 3C system (Mintrop et al., 2000) (www.MARIANDA.com), is used for 
the titration of the potentiometric total alkalinity and total dissolved 
inorganic carbon with coulometer determination after phosphoric acid 
addition, with a system precision of ± 1.0 µmol kg-1. For alkalinity 
determination, 100 ml of seawater is titrated by adding HCl to the seawater 
past the carbonic acid end point. For the CT determination, a calibrated 
pipette of 20 ml of seawater is filled automatically by pumping the 
seawater that it is injected in a scrubber containing 20 drops of 
phosphoric acid (10% v/v) and the CO2 released is trapped in a cathodic 
solution that is titrated coulombimetrically until photometric end point. 
Each analysis takes about 20 minutes and a titration cell usually is valid 
for around 60 samples. The titration of CRMs, batch #137, for both 
parameters is used to test the performance of the equipment after the 
preparation of each titration cell.


Calcite and aragonite saturation states

The degree of saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite and 
aragonite was calculated as the ion product of the concentration of calcium 
and carbonate ions, at the in-situ temperature, salinity and pressure 
divided by the stoichiometric solubility product (K*sp) for those 
conditions

                         2+     2-
                 Ωcal=[Ca  ] [CO  ]/K*                (1)
                                3     sp,cal
                 
                 
                 
                         2+     2-
                 Ωarg=[Ca  ] [CO  ]/K*                (2)
                                3     sp,arg
                 

where the calcium concentration is estimated from the salinity, and the 
carbonate ion concentration is calculated from AT and CT, and computed by 
using CO2sys.xls v12 (Lewis and Wallace, 1998).

Dissolved oxygen concentration. The oxygen concentration was determined by 
using a potentiometric titration system with a Methrom™ 858 system and a 
platinum electrode following the WOCE protocols.


Sampling procedure

500 ml glass bottles are used for the determination of both alkalinity and 
inorganic carbon. Two 100 ml glass bottles will be used to analyze the pH 
and dissolved oxygen concentration. The bottles are rinsed twice with 
seawater and over-filled with seawater. Samples are preserved from the 
light and analyzed between stations. In shallow stations and in case the 
samples are not possible to be analyzed for CT in less than 5 hours after 
sampling, they are poisoned with HgCl2. For oxygen, the bottles were 
over-filled whilst the temperature is measured in order to account for 
solubility changes due to temperature variability.


Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A continuous xCO2 sensor (PSI CO2-Pro) designed by Pro-Oceanus Systems 
company in Halifax, Canada was installed in a continuous clean seawater 
output onboard the Polarstern and close to the continuous underwater pCO2 
systems General Oceanic and SubCtech that continuously monitor the molar 
fraction of CO2 along the trajectory of the vessel, in order to compare the 
systems. The General Oceanic system uses an equilibrator with a spray 
chamber while the SubCtech system uses a silicon membrane to determine the 
equilibrium CO2 concentration. In order to maintain accuracy, the PSI 
detector module has an automatic zero point calibration (AZPC) that 
compensates for changes in optical cell performance and significant changes 
in environmental parameters such as gas stream temperature. An AZPC is 
performed each 1 hour. Accuracy provided by the company is 1 ppm and 
precision of 0.01 ppm.


Preliminary results

In order to achieve the highest standards of accuracy in the water column 
carbonate system variables and make them traceable to other cruises, a 
total of 25 Certified Reference Materials, CRMs, for the carbonate system 
variables were analyzed on board. The CRMs batch #137 was supplied by the 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Chemistry lab with certified 
values of 2231.59 and 2031.90 µmol kg-1 for total alkalinity and total 
dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, respectively. Fig. 3.1.3.1 shows 
the results for the analyzes of the Ar as a function of the date the CRMs 
were analyzed with a average value of 2231.71 µmol kg-1 and a standard 
deviation of 1.09 µmol kg* Most of the data were inside ±σ, with some of 
them also inside ±2σ and no one out this range.

Fig. 3.1.3.2 shows the results for the analyses of the CRMs for the total 
dissolved inorganic carbon CT concentration with an average value of 
2031.90 ± 1.22 µmol kg-1. From the 25 analyses, 17 of them were inside ±σ 
standard deviation and other 8 inside the ±2σ, with no one out of these 
ranges.


Fig. 3.1.3.1: Total alkalinity, A values for the 25 Certified Reference 
              Material samples, CRMs, batch #137 analyzed during the 
              Polarstern cruise PS89. The lines indicate the average value 
              and the values at ±σ and ±2σ standard deviation.


Fig. 3.1.3.2: Total dissolved inorganic carbon, CT values for the 25 
              Certified Reference Material samples, CRMs, batch #137 
              analyzed during the Polarstern cruise PS89. The lines 
              indicate the average value and the values at ±σ and ±2σ 
              standard deviation.


During the cruise, two dissolved oxygen concentration systems were 
available. The one from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography SIO 
(Section 3.1.2) uses a photometric end-point determination while the QUIMA 
system uses a potentiometric detection system. The cruise was used to test 
the reliability of both systems. First of all, the standard lodate 
solutions used for the calibration of the tiosulfate titrating solution, 
5203, was interchanged between the two groups in order to validate its 
concentration. The results from both groups for each standard showed the 
concentration of tiosulfate was determined in both cases, with an error 
less than 0.033%. In a second step, three stations were sampled by both 
groups using their own calibrated glass bottles. The selected stations were 
the stations 40, 42 and 66. The results are plotted in Fig. 3.1.3.3 with 
the red circles representing the values determined by the SIO group and the 
blue ones, those by the QUIMA group.

The results at the three stations indicated that the oxygen concentration 
was determined with a standard deviation of ±0.43 µmol kg-1 and with and 
error in the determination of less than 0.11%. The error in the analyze 
included those due to the sampling, errors in the glass calibrated bottles, 
errors in the standard solutions and in the detection systems. The results 
confirm both systems can be accurately used to determine the oxygen 
concentration of discrete samples. Results for all the CTD stations and 
especially for those stations defined as SOCCOM stations (Section 3.1.2) 
will be used for the characterization of the area, the calibration of the 
SOCCOM floats and for the calculation of organic matter remineralization, 
oxygen ventilation and anthropogenic carbon concentration.

The oceanographic Polarstern cruise PS89 (ANT-XXX/2) concentrated on two 
areas, the Greenwich Meridian and Atka Bay area. The discussion of the 
preliminary scientific results from this cruise are hence divided by region 
in two sections.


Fig. 3.1.3.3: Dissolved oxygen determination in three selected stations, 
              St. 40, 42 and 66 determined by two titration systems with 
              two different end-point detection probes, a potentiometric 
              electrode (QUIMA, red circles) and a photometric detector 
              (Sb, blue circles).


Cape Town-Greenwich Meridian

The Southern Ocean plays an important role in modulating the global 
climatic system by transporting and storing heat, fresh water, nutrients, 
and anthropogenic CO2 (e.g., Lovenduski and Gruber, 2005). This region is 
predicted to be greatly influenced by global change, given that polar 
marine ecosystems are particularly sensitive to carbonate change (Sarmiento 
et al., 1998; Orretal., 2005).

Fig. 3.1.3.4 shows the sea surface temperature and salinity determined with 
the continuous underwater system together with the partial pressure of the 
dissolved CO2 concentration. Values for the surface saturation state of 
Aragonite determined in discrete samples for each CTD station is also 
included together with the main oceanographic fronts and domains crossed 
during the cruise, from north to south: (i) the subtropical domain and the 
northern and southern subtropical fronts (N- and S-STF), (ii) the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current (ACC) domain with 3 fronts crossed, the subantarctic 
front (SAF), the polar front (PF) and the southern ACC front (SACCF), and 
(iii) the eastern part of the Weddell Sea gyre with the southern boundary 
(SBdy) separating this domain from the ACC.

During the PS89 cruise, the expected trend of decreasing surface 
temperature towards the south was observed. This temperature gradient was 
correlated by a decrease in pH T,10 and an increase in the surface 
inorganic carbon total concentration CT (data not shown) together with 
important changes in the partial pressure of CO2 in the frontal zones 
associated to both temperature changes and mixing in the shear area of the 
frontal zone that favor both the arrival of deeper rich CO2 water and 
higher biological production that decreases the CO2 levels.

The levels of the computed saturation state for Aragonite in the surface 
waters shows that south the SACCF the values of Ω(arg) were always below 
1.5. In the southernmost zones the values were as low as 1.1. In any case, 
south of the SACCF the organisms which used calcium carbonate as aragonite 
(pteropodes) are strongly affected by these low values and their shells 
could be severe damaged.


Fig. 3.1.3.4: Sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), partial 
              pressure of CO2 continuous determined together with values of 
              surface Aragonite saturation state along the cruise track for
              samples analyzed in the upper 10 m. The figure shows the 
              position of the major frontal zones during the PS89 
              (ANT-XXX/2) cruise.


A total of 30 CTD rosette with 24 bottles fired on each of them were 
carried out along the meridian GoodHope section during the PS89 cruise with 
a complete determination of the three carbonate system variables. The 
carbonate system data are now being treated in order to characterize 
completely the carbon system of the water masses, defining the buffer 
capacity and their sensitivity to the increase of CO2 in the ocean. In 
order to predict the evolution of the carbon cycle in this sensitive area, 
to quantify the impact of high CO2 on ocean chemistry and marine biology 
and to determine the consequences for our future climate, the carbonate 
properties as a function of the different water masses found in the region 
will be studied and discussed. Moreover the results from these cruises will 
be compared with those done previously, in particular with that done during 
the International Polar Year Bonus GoodHope cruise (González-Dávila et al., 
2011) in order to study annual variability in the different carbonate 
indexes. Fig. 3.1.3.5, shows the values determined for the total dissolved 
inorganic carbon, CT, during the PS89 cruise that will be considered in 
this study.


Atka Bay area

The distribution of AT and CT was measured at 4 Ice Stations from 1 m to 
20m at 6 depths in order to calculate the saturation grade of aragonite and 
calcite and the possible effects in the organism living in those 
conditions. In collaboration with the biological group (Section 3.2.1) six 
bottles were sampled below the sea ice in 4 stations, station 35, station 
40 cast 3 and 4 and station 46. The corresponding saturation state for 
aragonite is depicted in Fig. 3.1.3.6. The data show a strong variability 
with the lowest values in station 35, where the Arag reached 1.1 below 5 
meters below the sea-ice and the highest in station 46, where the values 
were 1.6. It is also observed in station 40 an important variability in the 
determined values in the first 20 meters that can be consequence of tidal 
effects as it was considered in another experiment. The values determined 
for Ω(arg) are all of them very close to 1, clearly indicating that the 
organisms living in these waters and using calcium carbonate in their 
skeletons could be affected. These aspects together with other studies 
carried out by the biological group and described in Section 3.2.1. will be 
discussed and published in collaboration.


Fig. 3.1.3.5: Vertical distribution of the total dissolved inorganic carbon 
              concentration in the first 1,000 m (top panel) and in the 
              full domain (low panel) along the Southwest Atlantic sector 
              of the Southern Ocean during December 2014.

Fig. 3.1.3.6: Saturation state for the calcium carbonate in the form of 
              Aragonite below the sea-ice for the stations 35, 40 cast 3 
              and 4 and station 46 in the Atka Bay area.


In a second set of studies, a Yo-Yo experiment was carried out in open 
waters close to the sea-ice at 70°31.40'S and 8°45.57'W (Section 3.1.1) in 
order to study the tidal effect on the pH, AT and CT variables. The Yo-Yo 
study started on January 7, 2015 at 22:00 hours with 12 casts that finished 
on January 8, at 9:00 am. Carbonate system variables were determined in the 
last 11 and 12 casts. The Yo-Yo experiment continued in January 9, 21:00 as 
station 52 with 12 hourly,casts, as station 54 in January 10, at 13:00 
hours with 3 casts, station 56 the same day at 18:00 with 4 casts and 
finished with station 57 with 21 casts starting on January 11 at 1:00 am 
and finishing January 12 at 0:00 hours. The 40 total casts were sampled for 
carbonate system variables. The results from these studies are now being 
processed. The preliminary data (data not shown) indicated an important 
effect in all the carbonate system variables that affected the full 160 
meter profile of the station that can only be explained considering the 
changes in the water masses due to the tidal effect. Collaboration with the 
physical oceanography group at AWI has already been established.


Data management

Metadata of recorded data will be made available through the cruise report. 
CTD sampling data for carbon system variables and oxygen will be made 
available after validation through the PANGAEA database. Results will be 
used by a PhD student assigned to our group and published in international 
journals.


References

Clayton TD, Byrne RH (1993) Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: 
    total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol purple 
    and at-sea results. Deep Sea Res. 140:2115-2129.

Gonzalez-Dávila M, Santana-Casiano JIM, Rueda MJ, Llinás O, Gonzalez-Dávila 
    EF (2003) Seasonal and interannual variability of seasurface carbon 
    dioxide species at the European Station for Time Series in the Ocean at 
    the Canary Islands (ESTOC) between 1996 and 2000. Global Biogeochem. 
    Cycles 17(3):1076, doi :10.1 02912002GB001 993.

Gonzalez Dávila M, Santana-Casiano JIM, Fine RA, Happell J, Delille B, 
    Speich S (2011) Carbonate system in the water masses of the Southeast 
    Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during February and March 2008. 
    Biogeosciences 8:1401-1413.

Lewis E, Wallace DWR (1998) Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations. 
    ORNL/CDIAC-105. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge 
    National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Lovenduski NS, Gruber N (2005) The impact of the Southern Annular Mode on 
    Southern Ocean circulation and biology. Geophysical Research Letters 
    32:L1 1603, doi: 10.1 029/2005GL022727.

Mintrop L, Perez FF, González-Dávila M, Santana-Casiano JIM, Körtzinger A 
    (2000) Alkalinity determination by potentiometry: Intercalibration 
    using three different methods, Ciencias Marinas 26: 23-37.

Orr JC, Fabry VJ, Aumont O, Bopp L, Doney SC, Feely RA, Gnanadesikan A, 
    Gruber N, Ishida A, J005 F, Key RM, Lindsay K, Maier-Reimer E, Matear 
    R, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Raymond G, Najja, RG, Plattner G-, Rodgers KB, 
    Sabine CL, Sarmiento JL, Schlitzer R, Slater RD, Totterdell IJ, Weirig 
    MF, Yamanaka Y, Yool A (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over 
    the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 
    437: doi: 10.1038/nature04095

Santana-Casiano JIM, González-Dávila M, Rueda MJ, Llinás O, González-Dávila 
    EF (2007) The interannual variability of oceanic CO2 parameters in the 
    northeast Atlantic subtropical gyre at the ESTOC site. Global 
    Biogeochemical Cycles, 21 :GB1 015, doi :10.1 029/2006GB002788.

Sarmiento JL, Hughes TMC, Stouffer RJ, Manabe S (1998) Simulated response 
    of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature 
    393:245-249.





3.1.4  Ocean Acoustics

       Karolin Thomisch, Stefanie Spiesecke,            AWI
       Katharina Lefering, Matthias Monsees, 
       Rainer Graupner, Olaf Boebel;
       not on board: Ilse van Opzeeland

Grant No: AWI-PS89_01

Objectives

The restricted accessibility of the Southern Ocean during most of the year 
limits our expanding of knowledge on many marine mammal species in terms of 
their distribution patterns, habitat use and behavior. Most of the polar 
marine mammals produce species-specific vocalizations during a variety of 
behavioral contexts. Hence, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) offers a 
valuable and frequently used tool for marine mammal research, capable of 
covering large temporal and spatial scales. Especially in remote areas such 
as the Southern Ocean, moored PAM recorders are the tool of choice as data 
can be collected year-round, under poor weather conditions, during darkness 
and in areas with dense ice cover.

The HAFOS observing system is a large scale array of oceanographic moorings 
deployed throughout the Weddell Sea in order to investigate the ocean 
interior of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Passive acoustic 
recorders are part of the moored instrumentation, which is recovered, 
serviced and redeployed during PS89 to retrieve the data collected and to 
continue the long-term time series. The basin-wide design of the HAFOS 
observatory and the multi-year scale of data collection allow an 
unprecedented investigation of the spatio-temporal patterns in marine 
mammal biodiversity at the different mooring locations. Species-specific 
habitat usage of marine mammals can be explored by linking acoustic 
presence data to information on environmental parameters, such as depth or 
sea ice coverage. Furthermore, the design of the HAFOS array can provide 
information on the detection range of the various marine mammal sounds 
which is of vital importance for interpretation of call rates in the 
context of local acoustic abundances.

Work at sea

Recovery of moored acoustic recorders

Four SonoVault recorders (produced by Develogic GmbH, Hamburg), which had 
been deployed during ANT-XXIX/2 in December 2012/Jan 2013, were recovered 
during PS89. An overview of recovered acoustic recorders and all relevant 
recovery information is provided in Table 3.1.4.1 and recorder positions 
are shown in Fig. 3.1.4.1.

After recovery, the acoustic recorders were rinsed with freshwater and 
cleaned from biological fouling. The mooring frame which facilitates the 
integration of the acoustic recorders in line with the oceanographic 
moorings was removed for easy handling and opening of the recorder for data 
recovery. To check the status of the recovered recorder, it was connected 
to a laptop through a serial connection and accessed using a custom-built 
software for the SonoVaults. The recorders were then left to dry overnight 
to prevent damage to the electronics from water that retained in the 
threading of the recorder housing. For that reason, any water within the 
threading was removed by blowing it out using compressed air while opening 
the housing. After opening the recorder housing, the internal power supply 
was disconnected. All SDHCcards, which had been labelled with serial 
number, module number and SDHC card-slot prior to recorder deployment, were 
removed and backed up (see below).

Mooring AWI232-10 (69°S, 0°E, deployed during ANT-XXVII/2, containing 
SonoVault recorder SV1003, Table 3.1.4.1), which had not been accessible 
during ANT-XXIX/2 due to heavy ice conditions at the mooring position, 
could again not be recovered during this cruise. While communication was 
established with the mooring release, it failed to release the mooring, 
even after repeated commands to this effect.

The moorings located in the central Weddell Sea (and hence the acoustic 
recorders included, Table 3.1.4.1) could not be recovered due to the 
cancellation of the initially planned cruise track of PS89. Their recovery 
will be attempted during one of the following cruises to the Weddell Sea.


Tab. 3.1.4.1: Overview of SonoVault recorders recovered (white background) 
              during PS89. Recorders shaded grey could not be retrieved 
              during PS89.

Mooring  Device  Water  Position    Deploy-  Deployment  Gain  Time    Setup
         SN      depth              ment     date        [dB]  Signal
                 [m]                depth    Recovery  
                                    (m]      date  
-------  ------  -----  ----------  -------  ----------  ----  ------  -----------
AWI      SN1019   4235  20°58.54'S   736     2012-11-22   30     --    1), file
247-03                  05°59.07'E           2014-11-24                length 300s

AWI      SV1025   4600  59°02.63'S   1020    2012-12-11   24     --    1)3)7)
227-12                  00°04.92'E           2014-12-13

AWI      SV1010   5172  63°59.66'S   969     2012-12-14   24   12:30;  1)3)
229-10                  00°02.65'W           2014-12-16        daily

AWI      SV1009   3552  66°02.12'S   949     2012-12-15   24     --    1)3)
230-8                   00°02.98'E           2014-12-18

AWI      SV1003   3344  69°00.11'S   987     2010-12-19   50     --    1),2)
232-10                  00°00.11'W           postponed

AWI      SV1011   3319  68°59.86'S   958     2012-12-18   30     --    1)3)
232-11                  00°06.51'W           2014-12-22

AWI      SV0001   2900  69°00.35'S   998     2012-12-25   30   12:40;  1)3)
244-03                  06°58.97'W           2015-01-16        daily

AWI      SV1013   5011  65°58.09'S   1081    2012-12-27   30   14:00;  1)4)
248-01                  12°15.12'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1012   4746  69°03.48'S   1065    2012-12-28   48   13:10;  1)4)
245-03                  17°23.32'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1014   4364  70°53.55'S   1085    2012-12-30   48   13:50;  1)4)
249-01                  28°53.47'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1027   4830  66°36.45'S   226     2013-01-01   48   13:30;  1)4)
209-07                  27°07.26'W           postponed         daily

         SV1028   4830  66°36.45'S   1007    2013-01-01   48   13:30;  1)4)
                        27°07.26'W           postponed         daily

         SV1029   4830  66°36.45'S   2516    2013-01-01   48   13:30;  1)4)
                        27°07.26'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1030   4732  65°37.23'S   956     2013-01-03   48   12:40;  1)4)
208-07                  36°25.32'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1031   4100  68°28.95'S   1041    2013-01-05   48   13:10;  1)4)
250-01                  44°06.67'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1020   4410  64°22.94'S   960     2013-01-09   48   13:50;  1)4)
217-05                  45°52.12'W           postponed         daily

AWI      AU085LF  2500  63°43.07'S   219     2011-01-06   22   13:10;  4)
207-8                   50°49.91'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1032   2500  63°42.09'S   219     2013-01-12   48   14:10;  4),5)
207-09                  50°49.61'W           postponed         daily

         SV1033   2500  63°42.09'S   1012    2013-01-12   48   14:10;  4),5)
                        50°49.61'W           postponed         daily

         SV1034   2500  63°42.09'S   2489    2013-01-12   48   14:10;  4),5)
                        50°49.61'W           postponed         daily

AWI      SV1006   950   63°28.84'S   909     2011-01-06   48     --    1),2)
206-7                   52°05.77'W           postponed  

AWI      AU232LF  917   63°15.51'S   277     2013-01-14   22     --    6)
206-08                  51°49.59'W           postponed  

         SV0002   917   63°15.51'S   907     2013-01-14   48     --    2)
                        51°49.59'W           postponed  

AWI      SV1008   320   61°00.88'S   212     2013-01-16   48     --    1)4)
251-01                  55°58.53'W           postponed  

         AU231LF  320   61°00.88'S   210     2013-01-16   22     --    6)
                        55°58.53'W           postponed  

1) Sampling: 5.3 kHz/24 bit, continuously, file duration 600 S;
2) 96 kHz/24 bit, Subsampling: 5 minutes every 2 hours;
3) CFG: Clock section setting A
4) CFG: Clock section setting B; All: No Precision Clock;
5) sampling: 9.6 kHz/24 bit, continuously, file duration 600 S;
6) Sampling: 32 kHz/16 bit, subsampling: 5 minutes every hour;
7) rope shackles



Fig. 3.1.4.1: Locations of acoustic recorders that were recovered and 
              redeployed (red circles) during PS89. The red square and 
              triangle indicate locations where recorders were only 
              deployed or recovered, respectively. Grey dots indicate 
              positions of moorings yet unrecovered. The black star
              represents the position of the PALA OA observatory.



Data retrieval and backup

All five units (four recorders were recovered during this cruise, while one 
recorder, moored off Namibia, had been recovered during the previous cruise 
leg, PS88) did not respond to communications efforts directly after 
recovery, i.e., stopped recording prior to recovery. Nevertheless, all 
units recorded for at least part of their deployment period (Fig. 3.1.4.2); 
further details are discussed in section Preliminary technical results. A 
total of 1.7 TB of passive acoustic data was obtained.

The SonoVault recorders stored data on thirty-five 32 GB SDHC cards 
(allowing a maximum of 1.1 TB of data storage per recorder). After 
recovery, the SDHC cards were removed from the recorders and the acoustic 
data were copied using a custom-written shell script. Up to eight SDHC 
cards were copied simultaneously, with data initially saved to one of two 
HDD (4 TB) drives which were synchronized after copying was completed. The 
backup process included the renaming of files based on each files' internal 
time stamp (WAV-header) to the file name format 
'YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS_AWIXXX-ZZ_SVXXXX.wav' (with X representing the IDs of 
mooring and SonoVault recorder, respectively and Z indicating the 
consecutive numbering of this mooring (i.e., the number of the current 
servicing cycle at a respective mooring)).

A total of three SDHC cards (i.e., one of recorder SV1009, SV1010 and 
SV1011 each) that presumably contain acoustic data were inaccessible during 
the data backup process. Recovery of those data using professional recovery 
software will be attempted at AWI Bremerhaven in 2015.


Fig. 3.1.4.2: Overview of deployment and operational period of acoustic 
              recorders recovered during PS89. Grey bars indicate the 
              deployment periods, while colored bars are indicative for 
              actual recording periods of the recorders. Black bars 
              represent periods during which recorders presumably operated 
              but collected data have not yet been retrieved or backed up 
              due to damaged SD cards.


Deployment of moored acoustic recorders

A total of four SonoVault recorders were deployed in four moorings during 
PS89 along the Greenwich meridian (Fig. 3.1.4.1, Table 3.1.4.2). These 
recorders are equipped with the latest electronics version V4.0. After the 
2012/13, the recovery of the first batch of recorders deployed in 2010/11 
revealed that electronic noise was apparent in some of the recorders. 
Therefore, the manufacturer redesigned the analog part of analog/digital 
front-end which is now placed on a separate board. All new recorders use 
the firmware version V4.07. Apart from some bug-fixing, additional 
features, e.g. the writing of log files and the storage of the 
configuration from the SD Card to the internal FRAM are implemented now in 
this version. All SonoVaults now deployed use five recording modules (SVR) 
with hardware version V2.2 and firmware version V4.05. After flashing the 
microprocessors, all implemented functions (e.g., changing parameter 
settings, downloading the configuration and retrieval of the system 
information) were tested. Subsequently, a test recording was started in the 
laboratory on board. Additionally, a functionality test was conducted over 
several days on board Polarstern to check the transition between SD cards 
and recording modules during saving of the recorded data. Data were of good 
quality and properly written to the SD cards. For all recorders, the 
electronics proved operational.

A calibration of each deployed recorder was performed to ensure the correct 
calculation of signal levels after recovery. For the calibration a Brühl & 
Kjaer calibrator (Type 4229) with the custom made adapter SV.PA for the TC 
4037 hydrophones was used. The calibration frequency is 251.2 Hz ± 0.1% 
(ISO 266) and the amplitude (at 1013 hPa) is 153.95 dB SPL. For the 
calibration measurement the recorder was set to the deployment sampling 
rate of 6857 Hz at 24bit and a file size of 1 minute. Gain setting was then 
altered from 0 - 7 (system gain settings, representing 6 dB -48 dB) every 
minute during the calibration process. All recordings were stored and 
signal levels were noted.

Prior to the deployment, nine 128 GB SDXC cards and twenty-six 32 GB SDHC 
cards were placed into the SD card slots on each recording module, 
resulting in a total storage capacity of 1.9 TB per recorder. All SD cards 
were formatted to FAT32. 128 GB SDXC cards needed to be formatted using the 
freeware tool 'SDXCformatterFAT32'. On the first SD card (SO) of the first 
of five recording modules (M0-M4), the recording configuration (e.g., gain 
setting, sample rate) was stored. Additionally, the module number was 
copied onto SO of every recording module to make the set of seven SD cards 
of this module available for storage.

The recorders are equipped with batteries (LS33600) and the O-rings were 
carefully cleaned and greased before closing the housing. All SonoVaults 
were programmed to record at a sampling rate of 6857 Hz with 24 bit and to 
store data in files of 600 s duration (Table 3.1.4.2). Internal data 
storage was structured to store data in folders of 48 files (8h) each. Gain 
was set to 48 dB in all deployed recorders (Table 3.1.4.2).


Tab. 3.1.4.2: Overview of SonoVault recorders that were deployed during 
              PS89


                  Corr.              Deploy-  Deployment
                  water  Position     ment       date  
                  depth  LATITUDE     depth     /time     Gain   Time  
Mooring    SV      /m    LONGITUDE     /m       (UTC)     /dB   Signal    Setup
-------  ------  -----  -----------  -------  ----------  ----  ------  ------------
AWI      SV1056   4600   59°02.67'S   1020    2014-12-13   48     --    6857 Hz;
227-13                  000°05.37'E           16:37                     24bit

AWI      SV1057   5165   64°00.32'S    970    2014-12-17   48     --    6857 Hz;
229-11                  000°00.22'W           10:45                     24b1t

AWI      SV1058   4472   66°30.71'S    973    2014-12-19   48   13:10;  6857 Hz;
231-11                  000°01.51W            17:32             daily   24b1t

AWI      SV1059   3360   68°58.89'S    999    2014-12-23   48     --    6857 Hz;
232-12                  000°05.00'W           09:20                     24b1t


AWI      SV1061   2900   69°00.34'S    998    2015-01-16   48   12:40;  6857 Hz;
244-04                  006°58.95'W           13:57             daily   24b1t

AWI2     SV1055   5209   63°54.94'S   1001    2015-01-20   48   12:30;  6857 Hz;
29-12                   000°00.17'W           11:15             daily   24bt; Start:
                                                                        01.01.2016
                                                                        12:00


Change in hardware setup of the PALAOA observatory

Since 2005, PALAOA ('Perennial Acoustic Observatory in the Antarctic Ocean) 
is located on the Ekström Ice Shelf (70°31'S, 8°13'W) and collects 
continuous underwater recordings from a coastal Antarctic environment using 
a hydrophone deployed at ca. 160 m depths.

During the supply of the Neumayer Station III from 28 Dec 2014 until 31 Dec 
2014, an aluminum box, containing an acoustic recorder, was installed at 
the position of the former PALAOA container. It was recessed into the snow 
and is covered with a wooden board and some snow. The box (80cm x 60cm x 
60cm) includes a Reson input module EC6073 for the active hydrophone (Reson 
TC4032) and a SonoVault electronics module, similar to those used in the 
moored recorders. For power supply, four 90 Ah, 12V batteries were 
included, two connected in row for each, the active hydrophone and the 
recording electronics. Storage capacity is 4.4 TB (35 x 128 GB SDXC). With 
a sampling rate of 80 kHz at 24bit and a file size of 600s the PALAOA 
system is expected to run up to 6 months. Servicing will be provided by the 
overwintering team of Neumayer III at intervals of 4-6 months.


Preliminary technical results

Four acoustic recorders deployed during ANT-XXIX/2 in 2012 were recovered 
during PS89, in addition to one recorder already recovered during the 
previous leg, PS88. One SonoVault recorder deployed during ANT-XXVII/2 in 
2010 could not be recovered. Further, the recovery of the moorings in the 
central Weddell Sea had to be postponed to a later cruise due to the 
alteration in the destination port of the cruise.

Neither the recovered recorders nor the mooring frames exhibited signs of 
corrosion. The zinc anodes however were heavily corroded and their residue 
had in parts clustered near the hydrophone, possibly impeding sound 
reception from some directions.

All of the recorders were functional during at least parts of the 
deployment period with recording periods ranging between 7 and 11 months, 
resulting in cumulative acoustic recordings of more than 42 months (Fig. 
3.1.4.2).

However, all SonoVaults had ceased recording prior to recovery. The cause 
of these failures is yet undetermined. Battery voltage was reduced with 
respect to new batteries in all of the recovered recorders (Table 3.1.4.3). 
However, it was still sufficient to theoretically maintain functionality of 
the recorders which work with a supply voltage range from 7V-33V (Hardware 
Rev. 3.3). As mentioned before, communication directly after deployment was 
not possible in any of the recorders. To check the clock drift, the 
hardware and to post-calibrate the hardware in combination with the 
hydrophone, a new battery was connected to the hardware. In Table 3.1.4.3 
an overview on the hard and software conditions of the recovered recorders 
is given. The time drift of the real-time-clock, which is powered 
independently by a lithium cell embedded on the electronics module, was 
determined.

A post calibration of each recovered recorder was performed to ensure the 
correct calculation of signal levels after recovery. The procedure was the 
same as for the calibration, but with only the gain setting used during the 
deployment period. All recordings were stored and signal levels were noted.

In general, the SonoVault recordings were of good quality. SV1010 and 
SV1011 contained pronounced low-frequency noise within the frequency range 
from 3 to 20 Hz which was likely caused by the electronics itself. Such 
low-frequent noise occurred throughout the recordings without a clear 
pattern and may therefore not be related to transitions between SDHC cards 
or modules during data storage. Regularly pulsed electronic noise, as 
observed in an earlier generation of the recorders, were detected in SV1011 
and SV1009. In SV1011, the pulsed noise was only evident a few days before 
the recorder stopped operating, therefore, its occurrence may be caused by 
battery voltage related issues. However, for SV1009, the presence of the 
electronic noise pulses was not confined to the end of the recording 
period. The recordings of SV0001 contained electronic noise throughout the 
entire operational period and no sounds seem to have been recorded. The 
cause of failed recording in SV0001 have yet to be determined.


Tab. 3.1.4.3: Overview of hardware and firmware versions as well as 
              post-recovery conditions of the SonoVault recorders recovered 
              during PS88 and PS89.

         Device            Hardware Version   Firmware Version                      Condition
------------------------  ------------------ ------------------  ------------------------------------------------
                                                                 remaining                 Real-time
                  Elec-                                           Battery      Commu-        clock*
         Device  tronics   Analog  Recording  Analog  Recording   Voltage     nication       drift 
Mooring    SN      SN     Frontend  Modules  Frontend  Modules     in V      established    in ms/d    Comments
-------  ------  -------  -------- --------- -------- ---------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------
AWI      SN1019  E11019   Rev 3.3   Rev. 1.5  V3.11   V3.11      destroyed  not possible       --      a), b), c)
247-03
                       
AWI      SV1025  E11025   Rev.3.3   Rev.1.5   V3.11   V3.11_N1     13.8     Only with new    +61.47    a), b)
227-12                                                                      power source
                       
AWI      SV1010  E11039   Rev.3.3   Rev.1.2   V3.11   V3.11_A      14.6     Only with new   -376,49    a), b)
229-10                                                                      power source
                       
AWI      SV1009  E11041   Rev.3.3   Rev.1.2   V3.11   V3.11_A      9.88     Only with new    -51.31    a), b)
230-8                                                                       power source
                      
AWI      SV1011  E11043   Rev.3.3   Rev.1.2   V3.11   V3.l1_A      9.87     Only with new   +234.79    a), b)
232-11                                                                      power source

AWI      SV0001  E11035   Rev.3.3   Rev.1.2   V3.11   V3.11_A    destroyed  not possible       --      a), b), c)
244-03
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         a) mechanical condition good; 
                         b) no communication established directly after recovery; 
                         c) electronics damaged, batteries burned out, SD cards readable


Preliminary scientific results

For the five acoustic recorders retrieved during PS88 and PS89, long-term 
spectrograms over the entire recording period were calculated using MATLAB™ 
(Fig. 3.1.4.3).

These long-term spectrogram (totalling approx. 39,000 hours of recordings) 
provided the basis for a preliminary analysis of the acoustic recorders to 
investigate data quality of the recordings as well to determine the 
presence of distinct acoustic events (e.g., temporally dominant frequency 
bands, repetitive loud events, etc.) during the recording period (Fig. 
3.1.4.3).

Visual and aural inspection of single files (i.e., 10 minute files) was 
conducted using Raven Lite 1.0 in order to provide more detailed 
information on the acoustic presence of different marine mammals. To this 
end, the selection of single files was largely balanced across the 
operational period of the respective recorder. For each recorder, the 
audible marine mammal species were depicted in preliminary biodiversity 
maps (Fig. 3.1.4.4) to obtain a first overview of spatial differences in 
species composition.

All recorders deployed in the Southern Ocean recorded vocalizations of 
leopard seals, as well as choruses of Antarctic blue whales and fin whales, 
respectively (Fig. 3.1.4.4). Antarctic minke whales were acoustically 
present on all recorders except for the northernmost SonoVault at 59°S 
(Fig. 3.1.4.4). In contrast, humpback whale calls were recorded at all 
locations except for the southernmost recording site (Fig. 3.1.4.4). Calls 
of Ross seals and crabeater seals were only detected at the recorder that 
was moored closest to the Antarctic continent at 68°S (Fig. 3.1.4.4).

The SonoVault that was deployed on the northern edge of the Walvis Ridge in 
the Southern Angola Basin off Namibia recorded Antarctic blue whale chorus 
and humpback whale calls (Fig. 3.1.4.5). Furthermore, during most of the 
7.5 months recording period, airgun signals and broadband noise, presumably 
originating from distant ships, were discernible.

We like to emphasize that these results base on a first very coarse 
screening of the passive acoustic data and that it cannot be excluded that 
the maps presented here do not reflect the full local marine mammal 
biodiversity.


Fig. 3.1.4.3: Long term spectrograms of recorders retrieved during PS89 and 
              PS88 (SVIOI9). Periods highlighted in grey indicate records 
              stored on SD cards unreadable as yet

Fig. 3.1.4.4: Preliminary results on acoustic presence of marine mammal 
              species in passive acoustic data recorded by Sono Vaults that 
              were recovered during PS89.

Fig. 3.1.4.5: Preliminary results on acoustic presence of marine mammal 
              species in passive acoustic data recorded by Sono Vault 
              deployed at the northern edge of Walvis Ridge off Namibia.



Data management

All passive acoustic data will be transferred to the AWI silo and made 
accessible through the Pangaea database. P.I.: Ilse van Opzeeland.



3.1.5  Transport variations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Olaf Boebel(1), Ioana Ivanciu(2),                 (1)AWI
Gerd Rohard(1), Matthias Monsees(1)               (2)HAFRO
not on board: Andreas Macrander(3)                (3)IfM-GEOMAR



Grant No: AWI-PS89_01

Objectives

Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) deliver bottom pressure, bottom 
temperature and travel times of sound signals from the bottom to the 
sea-surface, effectively providing a measure of average temperature of the 
water column and sea surface height (SSH). C-PIES additionally provide 
local current speed 50 m above the bottom by an acoustic DCS current meter. 
These data are used to evaluate variations of both barotropic and 
baroclinic geostrophic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) 
as part of the AWI programme to observe the decadal variability of the ACC. 
The PIES are placed along the GoodHope section between South Africa and 
Antarctica (Fig. 3.1.5.1), which in large parts coincides with ground track 
# 133 of the Jason (previously TOPEX/Poseidon) satellite mission to allow 
direct comparison with altimetry SSH. PIES-to-PIES distances are chosen to 
resolve the major oceanic fronts of this region.


Work at sea

During PS89, 13 of 14 PIES were recovered successfully, while one PIES (ANT 
10 at 49°S) was not released due to severe weather jeopardizing its 
successful recovery. However, its Posidonia transponder was acoustically 
contacted and its position confirmed.

All PIES were acoustically released by a mobile EG&G 8011A deck unit 
connected to a hydrophone lowered over the side of the vessel. Release 
commands were repeated 3-5 times with 2 minutes spacing to ensure that the 
PIES is not blocked during its own measurement schedule, and to re-trigger 
release execution after possible resets. Due to the high underwater noise 
level of Polarstern, acknowledge pings of the PIES were never detected with 
the exception of the shallowest position ANTI 5-1. All PIES moorings 
featured an Ixsea ET861 Transponder, which was used to establish the 
underwater location and aid the recovery with the ship's Posidonia device 
(see section 3.1.1, Operational results - The Posidonia positioning 
system). Contrary to previous experiences (see Appendices A.5 & 6 in 
Fahrbach et al. 2011) the positions obtained via Posidonia proved robust to 
within -30° under the sea surface. Monitoring the PIES/transponders ascent, 
the ship was positioned for the PIES to surface at a bearing of 15° and 2 
cables distance from the bow, allowing a speedy recovery, mostly by use of 
the ship's zodiac.


Tab. 3.1.5.1: Deployment and revolver information on the GoodHope PIES 
              array.

             Deployment                                    Recovery
             --------------------------------------------  -------------------------------------------------------------
PIES SN      Mooring   Date        Position    Deployment  Mooring     Release     Position    Time offset    Recovery
DCS SN       ID        time        (GPS)       CTD         ID          date        Depth                      CTD
Posidonia    Station   (UTC)       Depth                   Station     Release     (Posi-
SN           book                  (DWS)                   book        time (UTC)  donia)
-----------  --------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  -------------  -----------
PIES #058    ANT 3-3   30.11.2010  37°5.84'S   PS77/013-1  ANT 3-3     04.12.2014  37°5.90'S   PIES:09:45:12  PS89/001-1
no DCS       PS77/     06:31       12°45.23'E              PS89/001-2  07:08       12°45.56'E  GMT  09:47:20
ET861 #637   013-3                 4904 m                                          4983 m
  
C-PIES #184  ANT 4-3   05.12.2011  39°13.07'S  PS79/035-3  ANT 4-2     05.12.2014  39°13.67'S  PIES 13:32:48  PS89/002-I
DCS #752     PS79/     12:07       11°20.04'E              PS89/002-2  01:20       11°20.05'E  GMT  13:34:00
ET861 #726   035-2                 5122                                            5076 m
  
C-PIES#182   ANT 5-3   02.12.2010  41°9.77'S   PS77/015-1  ANT 5-3     05.12.2014  41°9.87'S   PIES 20:47:00  PS89/003-1
no DCS       PS77/     08:05       9°55.31'E               PS89/003-2  18:32       9°55.61'E   GMT  20:48:00
ET861 #469   015-3                 4624 m                                          4605 m
  
PIES #069    ANT 6-1   02.12.2010  42°58.80'S  PS77/016-2  ANT 6-1     06.12.2014  42°58.46'S  unavailable    PS89/004-2
no DCS       PS77/     22:17       8°30.15'E               PS89/004-3  11:23       8°30.67'E
ET861 #384   016-1                 3930 m                                          3882 m
  
C-PIES #181  ANT 7-4   03.12.2010  44°39.73'S  PS77/017-3  ANT 7-4     07.12.2014  44°39.46'S  PIES 06:18:48  PS89/005-I
DCS #750     PS77/     18:37       7°5.15'E                PS89/005-2  04:00       7°5.60'E    GMT  06:18:30
ET861 #639   017-2                 4593 m                                          4540 m
  
C-PIES #183  ANT 8-1   04.12.2010  46°12.97'S  PS77/018-2  ANT 8-1     07.12.2014  46°12.91'S  PIES 20:28:56  PS89/006-I
DCS #751     PS77/     14:55       5°40.23'E               PS89/006-2  18:24       5°40.51'E   GMT  20:29:40
ET861 #616   018-1                 4786 m                                          4767 m
  
C-PIES #251  Ant 9-3   05.12.2010  47°39.87'S  PS77/019-3  ANT 9-3     08.12.2014  47°40.34'S  PIES 11:12:32  PS89/007-I
DCS #26      PS77/     10:20       4°15.22'E               PS89/007-2  08:31       4°15.03'E   GMT  11:17:10
ET861 #602   019-2                 4541 m                                          4504 m
  
C-PIES #250  ANT 10-2* 06.12.2010  49°0.77'S   PS77/020-3  recovery    recovery    recovery    recovery       recovery
DCS #031     PS77/     03:58       2°50.05'E               pending     pending     pending     pending        pending
ET861#617    020-2                 4056m
  
C-PIES #249  ANT 11-4  07.12.2010  50°15.45'S  PS77/021-2  ANT 11-4    09.12.2014  50°15.40'S  PIES 16:54:01  PS89/009-I
DCS #24      PS77/     00:13       1°25.18'E               PS89/009-2  15:11       1°25.48'E   GMT  16:59:00
ET861 #385   021-3                 3901 m                                          3842 m
  
PIES #062    ANT 12-1  07.12.2010  51°25.15'S  PS77/022-2  ANT 12-1    10.12.2014  51°25.37'S  PIES 02:47:03  PS89/010-2
no DCS       PS77/     10:52       0°0.24'E                PS89/0I0-I  01:08       0°0.63'E    GMT  02:48:10
ET861#612    022-1                 2713m                                           2638m
  
C-PIES #252  ANT 13-3  08.12.2010  53°31.22'S  PS77/026-3  ANT 13-1    10.12.2014  53°31.35'S  PIES 20:21:12  PS89/012-2
DCS #32      PS77/     11:23       0°0.13'E                PS89/012-1  18:53       0°0.36'E    GMT  20:26:00
ET861 #391   026-2                 2642 m                                          2570 m
  
PIES #191    ANT 14-1  10.12.2010  56°55.71'S  PS77/034-2  ANT 14-1    12.12.2014  56°55.65'S  PIES 11:12:51  PS89/016-I
no DCS       PS77      04:15       0°0.01'W                PS89/016-2  08:43       0°0.36 E    GMT  11:15:00
ET861 #638   /034-1                3673 m                                          3714 m
  
PIES #189    ANT 15-2  11.12.2010  59°2.37'S   PS77/042-2  ANT 15-2    13.12.2014  59°2.27'S   PIES 14:12:52  PS89/020-2
no DCS       PS77/     18:51       0°5.29'E                PS89/020-3  11:48       0°5.86'E    GMT  14:14:15
ET861 #614   042-2                 4647 m                                          4594 m
  
PIES #125    ANT 17-1  14.12.2010  64°0.70'S   PS77/053-2  ANT 17-1    17.12.2014  64°0.55'S   PIES 14:55:02  PS89/027-I
no DCS       PS77/     23:45       0°2.72'W                PS89/027-4  12:50       0°3.03'W    GMT  14:57:00
ET861 #601   053-1                 5201 m                                          5164 m

* PIES auto-release date: 06.04.2017 12:00 UTC	            REL code: REL 58
GMT+16s=GPS
Remarks
  ANT 4-3  - Only three years of record
  ANT 6-1  - Connection through thin wire broken, PIES took approximately    
             3 h to release; no response on "switch on" - PIES opened, 
             memory card removed.
  ANT 10-2 - Recovery not possible due to bad weather



Fig. 3.1.5.1: Location of PIES recoveries during PS89 (white dots) 
              including Jason satellite ground tracks (black line, track 
              133 marked red) and climatologic locations of major ocean 
              fronts (cyan dots). PIES ANT 10-2 (red dot) was not 
              recovered.



Preliminary results

Data was downloaded from the PIES directly after recovery via R5232 
terminal communication and saved to the ship's network drive. Data was 
processed according to GSO Technical Report No. 2007-02 (Fig. 3.1.5.2, Fig. 
3.1.5.3). Travel time data was derived according to the quartile period, 
pressure was detided and de-drifted and temperature was offsetted by 
minimizing temperature differences between initial and final PIES data and 
CTD bottom temperature measurements (Table 3.1.5.2).

All recovered PIES recovered operated flawlessly over the entire deployment 
period of 3 - 4 years (Table 3.1.5.3). Pressure accuracy and drift is 
within accepted range of the sensor; also acoustic travel time yields 
plausible results at most instruments.


Fig. 3.1.5.2: ANT 3-3 hourly values of raw pressure data, fitted tides, 
              detided pressure data, and detided and de-drifted pressure 
              data (top to bottom).

Fig. 3.1.5.3: ANT 3-3 travel time, pressure and temperature data after 
              processing. The red dots at the start and end of the 
              temperature time series indicate the CTD's bottom 
              temperatures.


Tab. 3.1.5.2: Temperature offsets between recovered PIES and deep CTD 
              bottom temperatures

      Deployment                              Recovery
PIES  --------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------------
ID    Bottom  CTD     CTD          CTD        Bottom  CTD     CTD          CTD        PIES
Stn    T(°C)  Pres.   Date &       Position    T(°C)  Pres.   Date &       Position   Pres.
book          (dbar)  Time                            (dbar)  Time                    (dbar)
----  ------  ------  -----------  ---------  ------  ------  -----------  ---------  ------
ANT   1.0263  4933    30-Nov-2010  37.0957 S   1.1279  4904   04-Dec-2014  37.1028'S   5176
3-3                   03:38:00     12.7702 E                  04:57:00     12.7603 E

ANT                                            1.0207  5226   05-Dec-2014  39.2277'S   5258
4-3                                                           00:56:00     11.3338 E

ANT   0.9921  4778    02-Dec-2010  41.1247 S   1.0258  4702   05-Dec-2014  41.1647'S   4750
5-3                   05:07:00      9.9623 E                  18:12:00      9.9267 E
  
ANT   1.2557  3968    03-Dec-2010  42.9823 S   1.2055  3969   06-Dec-2014  42.9798'S   3986
6-1                   00:04:00      8.5013 E                  10:59:00      8.5058 E

ANT   0.8495  4654    03-Dec-2010  44.6693 S   0.7508  4655   07-Dec-2014  44.6578'S   4679
7-4                   20:36:00      7.0920 E                  03:44:00      7.0923 E

ANT   0.8419  4889    04-Dec-2010  46.2195 S   0.8067  4877   07-Dec-2014  46.2150'S   4901
8-1                   16:55:00      5.6831 E                  18:04:00      5.6750 E

ANT   0.7160  4604    05-Dec-2010  47.6605 S   0.8031  4587   08-Dec-2014  47.6713'S   4623
9-3                   12:26:00      4.2555 E                  07:43:00      4.2537 E

ANT   0.6060  3889    06-Dec-2010  50.2602 S   0.6343  3902   09-Dec-2014  50.2550'S   3948
11-4                  22:28:00      1.4440 E                  14:51:00      1.4255 E

ANT   0.5443  2698    07-Dec-2010  51.4195'S   0.5348  2678   10-Dec-2014  51.4218'S   2717
12-1                  12:28:00      0.0055 E                  03:41:00      0.0097 E

ANT   0.3843  2619    08-Dec-2010  53.5200'S   0.4067  2596   10-Dec-2014  53.5243'S   2645
13-3                  12:57:00      0.0008 W                  21:21:00      0.0030 E

ANT  -0.2869  3696    10-Dec-2010  56.9330 S  -0.2796  3670   12-Dec-2014  56.9270'S   3686
14-1                  06:04:00      0.0030 W                  08:11:00      0.0058 E

ANT  -0.4026  4677    11-Dec-2010  59.0387 S  -0.4029  4683   13-Dec-2014  59.0373'S   4701
15-2                  20:48:00      0.1057 E                  11:25:00      0.0938 E

ANT  -0.3957  5267    15-Dec-2010  64.0405 S  -0.3848  5271   16-Dec-2014  64.0263'S   5291
17-1                  02:01:00      0.0030 W                  11:06:00      0.0173 E



Tab. 3.1.5.3: Overview of data quality from recovered PIES

PIES ID 
Station   C-option     Duration      Data quality      Comment       Depth
 book
--------  --------  --------------  --------------  -------------  -----------
ANT 3-3                 4 years        all good
ANT 4-3     yes         3 years        all good
ANT 5-3                 4 years        all good
ANT 6-1                3.5 years    TT gap in 2012
ANT 7-4     yes         4 years        all good
ANT 8-1     yes         4 years        all good
ANT 9-3     yes         4 years        all good     warming 0.1°C   4624 dbar
ANT 10-              not recovered
ANT 11-4    yes         4 years        all good
ANT 12-1                4 years        all good
ANT 13-3    yes         4 years        all good     warming 0.02°C  2645 dbar
ANT 14-1                4 years        all good
ANT 15-2                4 years        all good
ANT 17-1                4 years        all good     warming 0.02°C  5291 dbar



Data management

PIES data will be validated and made available through the Pangaea database 
at AWI within one year of this cruise. P.I.: Olaf Boebel (AWI) and Andreas 
Macrander (HAFRO)



References

Fahrbach E (ed), 2011. The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern' 
    to the Antarctic in 2010/11 (ANT-XXVII2), hdl:10013/epic.38039.



3.1.6  Sound levels as received by whale during a ship's passage
       Karolin Thomisch, Stefanie Spiesecke, Katharina	                  AWI
       Lefering, Matthias Monsees, Rainer Graupner,
       Olaf Boebel;

       not on board: Ilse van Opzeeland

Grant No: AWI-PS89_01


Objectives

To minimize risks of collisions between marine mammals and approaching 
ships, it is important to understand the acoustic perception of an 
approaching ship from the whale's perspective. As received levels, and 
their variation with aspect and distance, differ significantly from source 
level corrected sound fields commonly presented in reports describing a 
ships acoustic characteristics, and are furthermore difficult to 
back-calculate from such data for the frequencies and distances of concern, 
this project aimed for records of received levels in a close-encounter like 
situation with shallow hydrophone depths, mimicking the location of whale 
close to the surface.


Work at sea

To obtain sound levels under such conditions, a hydrophone was deployed 
twice at shallow depths from a zodiac and received sound levels were 
measured while RV Polarstern passed nearby. The experiment proceeded as 
follows:

The zodiac was launched on station and positioned nearby, stopping the 
zodiac's engine. A passive acoustic recorder (ICListen SN U1212, 
manufactured by OceanSonics, Canada), attached to a rope by cable ties, was 
lowered to 10 m depth, using an anchor weight about 5 kg. The recorder 
recorded continuously at 512 kHz, 24 bit. After launch of the zodiac, 
Polarstern resumed cruising speed (10 kn) and steamed to approximately 1 nm 
distance from the zodiac where she performed a Williamson turn, heading 
back onto her track without reduction of speed, subsequently passing the 
zodiac on a straight track and at a relatively constant speed of 10 knots 
at a PCA (point of closest approach) of about 0.1 nm (180 m).

The acoustic measurements were conducted at 56°55,32'S, 0°0,86'E (12th 
December 2014) and at 59°2,50' S, 0°6,33' E (13th December 2014). Periods 
during which RV Polarstern passed by the hydrophone position in a straight 
line at constant speed lasted for 8 and 7 minutes, respectively (Table 
3.1.6.1). Start and end times of these periods were extracted from the 
station book records of Polarstern via DAVIS-Ship ("DShip").

Geographic positions and heading angle of Polarstern during these "sound 
profile periods" were downloaded from DAVIS-Ship with a temporal resolution 
of 1 s. Geographic positions of Polarstern were recorded midships, 
representing the position of the scientific navigation platform MINS 
(serving as reference location on RV Polarstern). Geographic positions of 
the hydrophone were recorded every 10 seconds using a GPS device (GPSmap 
62stc, by Garmin) which was located on the zodiac. Potential drift of the 
hydrophone due to vertical current shear (resulting in divergent positions 
of zodiac and hydrophone) was considered negligible due to the shallow 
deployment depth/short rope length of the hydrophone.


Tab. 3.1.6.1: Acoustic measurements of RV Polarstern sound emissions during 
              PS89

Date         Station     Latitude   Longitude  Profile start  Profile end
               ID                                  (UTC)         (UTC)
----------  ----------  ----------  ---------  -------------  -----------
12.12.2014  PS89 017-1  56°55,32'S  0°0,86 E      10:33          10:41
13.12.2014  PS89 020-4  59°2,50'S   0°6,33 E      13:45          13:52



Fig. 3.1.6.1: Tracks of Polarstern (grey) with relevant recordings periods 
              marked in blue. Drift of zodiac in red. Positions of both at 
              end of relevant recording period are marked by a black 
              triangle.


Preliminary results

GPS positions of the hydrophone during the sound profile periods were 
interpolated to 1-second resolution for ship-hydrophone distance and 
bearing calculations. Acoustic records during the sound profile period were 
high-pass filter with a Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of 40 
Hz in order to prevent low-frequency noise originating from wave action 
influencing the analysis. Amplitudes of instantaneous received sound levels 
(SPL(rms)) were calculated for 2-second long intervals for each second over 
the entire frequency range (i.e., 40 - 256,000 Hz). Ambient noise levels, 
representative for the acoustic environment conditions during sound 
profiles for each of the two days were calculated as SPLrms over the entire 
frequency range using the three to five minutes prior to the start time of 
the sound profile. Listening to these segments confirmed that no ship noise 
was audible but only the slapping of small waves onto the zodiac.

Received sound levels were correlated with distance between ship and 
hydrophone positions as well as with the angle between the ship's track and 
the hydrophone position at each time step.

The analysis exhibits that the noise floor differed by about 4 dBrms re 
IpPa between the two events (Fig. 3.1.6.2). It shows a linear increase of 
sound pressure levels with distance of about 5-6 dB per cable (1/10 nm or 
186m), peaking at a level of about 123-125 dB at the time of CPA. The 
decrease of the sound pressure level occurs at a lesser rate of about 3-4 
dB per cable.


Fig. 3.1.6.2: Received broad band sound pressure levels (dB(SPL) re 1µPa) 
              as a function of Polarstern's distance from the CPA (closest 
              point of the approach). Values less than zero represent the 
              approach towards, values greater zero the departure from the 
              CPA.


Data management

Data will be stored in the AWI's permanently storage facility. Data will be 
made available after publication on basis of individual agreement.



3.2  Sea ice physics

3.2.1  Sea ice mass and energy budgets in the Weddell Sea

       Marcel Nicolaus(1), Sandra Schwegmann(1),      (1)AWI
       Stefanie Arndt(1), Martin Schiller(1), Thomas  (2)DLR
       Hollands(1), Johannes Kainz(1),                (3)FMI
       not on board: Thomas Busche(2), Wolfgang
       Dierking(1), Bin Cheng(3)


Grant No: AWI-PS89_02


The sea ice physics programme during this cruise was a main contribution to 
the Sea Ice Physics and Ecology Study (SIPES). SIPES was designed as an 
inter-disciplinary field study focusing on the inter-connection of sea ice 
physics, sea ice biology, biological oceanography, and top predator 
ecology. To achieve this, the sea ice physics programme performed sea ice 
thickness surveys, under-ice investigations with a remotely operated 
vehicle, deployments of autonomous stations (buoys), along-track ice 
observations from the bridge, and measurements of physical properties of 
the sea ice and its snow cover during ice stations. An overview of all 
stations, flights, and deployments is given in Fig. 3.2.1.1 and Table 
3.2.1.1. The programme continued previous studies of Antarctic sea ice with 
a focus on three main topics:

1) Sea ice thickness and snow depth surveys were performed in order to 
describe the state of sea ice coverage on different temporal and spatial 
scales in the observation area. We obtained data from in-situ measurements, 
surface transects, airborne measurements (EM-Bird), and through the 
deployment of autonomous platforms (buoys). All together, the data obtained 
during the cruise will contribute to improve sea ice mass balance studies 
from autonomous insitu techniques (buoys), remote sensing products (e.g. 
CryoSat, SMOS), as well as numerical models (e.g. FESOM).

2) The interaction of solar short-wave radiation and sea ice was studied to 
enable better estimates of heat fluxes through the ice cover into the upper 
ocean. With this, we aim to better quantify relationships between physical 
properties of sea ice and its associated ecosystem. Spectral radiation 
fluxes through sea ice were mapped using radiometers mounted on a remotely 
operated vehicle (ROV), allowing insights into the spatial variability of 
sea-ice and light conditions on floe scales.

3) Snow and surface conditions of sea ice were studied to improve our 
ability to interpret SAR data from satellites in order to gain additional 
knowledge about sea ice deformation and dynamical properties. From the 
combination of in-situ measurements with coordinated satellite data 
retrievals we aim to directly match both scales of observations.


Fig. 3.2.1.1: Overview of all activities of the sea ice physics part of 
              SIPES during PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). The inset (top left) enlarges 
              the Neumayer/Atka Bay region. The three bottom panels show 
              the sea ice concentration from AMSR2 for the three given 
              dates during the expedition. Not shown here: Hourly 
              observations of sea ice conditions along the cruise track 
              between 13 December 2014 (60.4°S, 0.0°E) and 17 January 2015 
              (68.0°S, 3.25°W).


Tab. 3.2.1.1: Table of all ship stations and helicopter flights with 
              contributions of the sea ice physics part of SIPES during 
              PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). Chapter numbers refer to sub-chapters with 
              additional information, tables, and figures with respect to 
              single methods. Abbreviations: Long.: Geographic Longitude; 
              Lat.: Geographic Latitude; GEM: Ground Electro Magnetics with 
              GEM-2; SDMP: Snow Depth with Magna Probe, SIT: Sea Ice 
              Thickness drilling; SPIT: Snow Pit; ROV: Remotely Operated 
              Vehicle; BUOY: Buoy deployment

  Date     Long.   Lat.    Station ID  EM-Bird  GEM  SDMP  SIT  SPIT  ROV  BUOY
--------  ------  -------  ----------  -------  ---  ----  ---  ----  ---  ----
12.12.14   0.100  -57.400  PS89/H007    Test
12.12.14   0.200  -57.400  PS89/H008    Test
18.12.14  -0.800  -65.900  PS89/H015    Test
18.12.14  -0.800  -65.900  PS89/H016    YES
19.12.14  -0.015  -66.513  PS89/H020    YES
19.12.14  -0.015  -66.513  PS89/030-5                YES   YES  YES
20.12.14   0.104  -67.588  PS89/032-1           YES  YES   YES  YES   YES  YES
22.12.14  -0.075  -69.015  PS89/035-1           YES  YES   YES  YES   YES
24.12.14  -4.000  -69.800  PS89/H046    YES 
27.12.14  -7.957  -70.527  PS89/H058    YES
27.12.14  -7.957  -70.527  PS89/040-1           YES  YES   YES  YES   YES  YES
28.12.14  -8.065  -70.533  PS89/040-2           YES  
31.12.14  -8.065  -70.533  PS89/040-5           YES  
03.01.15  -8.289  -70.438  PS89/044-1                                      YES
03.01.15  -8.289  -70.438  PS89/H080                                       YES
03.01.15  -8.065  -70.533  PS89/045-1                                      YES
04.01.15  -7.641  -70.558  PS89/046-1           YES  YES   YES  YES   YES
09.01.15  -8.732  -70.515  PS89/050-1                                 YES
11.01.15  -8.732  -70.515  PS89/058-1           YES  
17.01.15  -3.600  -68.200  PS89/H111                                       YES
17.01.15  -3.600  -68.200  PS89/H112    YES 


Tab. 3.2.1.2: Pangaea labels as used for sea ice physics measurements. The 
              list is a continuation from Polarstern expedition ARK-XXVII/3 
              (IceArc). Devices / methods in italics were used during this 
              expedition.

PANGAEA label  Description
-------------  ------------------------------------------------------------
Ship based
  ICEOBS       Ice Observations from ship bridge (along track)
  OPT          Optical measurements (spectral, type Ramses) - Crows nest

Helicopter based
  AEM          Airborne EM Ice Thickness Profiler (EM-Bird)

Ice station (ICE)
  ALB          Albedo measurements
  AWS          Automatic Weather Station
  CTD          CTD (from ice floe)
  EMI          Electromagnetic Induction Ice Thickness Profiler (EM3I MkII)
  GEM          Ground EM (GEM-2)
  OLA          Optical L-Arm measurements
  OPT          Optical measurements (spectral, type Ramses)
  ROV          ROV
  SDMP         Snow Depth measured with Magna Probe
  SIC          Sea Ice Corer
  SIT          Sea Ice Thickness Drill (Thickness/Freeboard/Snowdepth)
  SPIT         Snow Pit

Buoys
  BUOY-IMB     Ice Mass Balance Buoy
  BUOY-SNOW    Snow Depth Buoy
  BUOY-SVP     Surface Velocity Profiler

Ice Cores
  CORE-ARC     Archive core
  CORE-DEN     Parameters: Density
  CORE-DNA     Parameters: DNA
  CORE-LSI     Parameters: Lipid Stable Isotope Analyses
  CORE-MEl     Parameters: Meiofauna
  CORE-OPT     Parameters: Bio-optical
  CORE-RNA     Parameters: RNA
  CORE-SAL     Parameters: Salinity, Chlorophyll-a
  CORE-TEX     Parameters: Temperature, Texture



3.2.1.1  Airborne Sea Ice Surveys

Objectives

The sea-ice thickness distribution in the Weddell Sea is poorly 
investigated and only few observational data exist so far. Over the last 
decades, most information has only been obtained from upward-looking sonars 
and few Polarstern cruises during summer and winter conditions. Satellite 
data of sea-ice thickness is currently limited to the ICESat period 
(2003-2009), but there exist programmes to evaluate sea-ice thickness 
retrievals from CryoSat-2 and thin ice thickness by SMOS. Hence, one of the 
objectives of the sea ice thickness surveys during PS89 (ANT-XXX/2) was to 
obtain validation data for satellite retrieval algorithms of Antarctic 
sea-ice thickness, in particular expanding the data from the winter 
campaigns in 2013. In addition, airborne and ground based sea-ice thickness 
measurements are conducted at the same time and location in order to obtain 
information on the local (ground), regional (airborne) and large scales 
(satellites) variability from data with different spatial resolutions. 
Those data aim to reveal the derivation of statistical sea-ice thickness 
parameter that arises by the comparisons of data from different sensors.


Work at sea

We used the airborne multi-frequency electromagnetic (AEM) induction 
sounding system MAiSIE (Multi Sensor Airborne Sea Ice Explorer) to measure 
total (sea ice + snow) thickness by helicopter surveys. The 4 m long 
instrument, the EM-Bird, is towed on a 20 m long cable underneath the 
helicopter and measures the sea-ice thickness in a height of 10-15 m above 
the surface. Integrated in the EM-Bird system is a laser altimeter, which 
measures the distance to the surface. Beside its role for sea ice thickness 
calculation, the laser data allow the calculation of surface roughness and 
accordingly ridge density and distribution. For the first 4 measurement 
flights, a KTI9 infrared thermometer was additionally integrated in the 
EM-Bird. The KTI9 measures the surface temperature in the footprint of the 
EM signal. These surface temperatures may be used to better discriminate 
between thin sea ice and open water (e.g. leads, cracks between floes). In 
addition, it provides reference data for comparisons with passive 
remote-sensing data products, which use brightness temperatures to analyse 
surface processes and patterns. Before the last flight, the KTI9 was 
exchanged with nadir-looking photo camera (Canon EOS SD Mk II). The camera 
was installed to document the sea-ice conditions along the flight tracks. 
However, due to an installation fault, no useful images were recorded.


Preliminary results

In total, we performed 5 survey and 3 test flights with a total length of 
1,200 km. Flight operations were significantly hampered by weather 
conditions with low clouds and low contrast during most times of the 
cruise. Therefore, flights are spaced by several days and scattered along 
the cruise track (see Fig. 3.2.1.1 and Table 3.2.1.1.1). We found 
predominantly first-year sea ice during the surveys with total thicknesses 
between 1 m and 6 m on average, depending on the location. Fig. 3.2.1.1.1 
shows the thickness distribution for each flight. For the survey in the 
beginning and at the end of the expedition (18 and 19 December 2014 and 19 
January 2015), each close to the sea-ice edge, the modal total sea ice 
thickness was 0.8 and 0.9 m. Closer to the coast /ice-shelf edge, it 
increased to a mode of 1.8 m. The fast-ice in the Atka Bay was much thicker 
than the drifting pack ice. Modal fast ice thickness was 6.1 m, but the 
measurements were certainly impacted by the platelet ice below the sea ice. 
These effects will be studied in detail in during post-processing of these 
data. It may be expected that an inverse modelling under consideration of 
the different EM frequencies will give new insights into the role of 
platelet ice for sea ice close to ice shelves.


Fig. 3.2.1.1.1: Total ice thickness distribution for the AEM surveys during 
                PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). All flight tracks are shown in Fig. 
                3.2.1.1.


Tab. 3.2.1.1.1: List of airborne sea-ice thickness surveys during 
                Polarstern cruise PS89 (ANT-XXX/2).

    Label                   Device                  Date      Length (km)
-------------  --------------------------------  ----------  --------------
PS89/1007-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    12/12/2014  - ,test flight
PS89/1008-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    12/12/2014  - ,test flight
PS89/1015-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    18/12/2014  - ,test flight
PS89/1016-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    18/12/2014       295.2
PS89/1020-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    19/12/2014       283.1
PS89/1046-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    24/12/2014       277.2
PS89/H058-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, KT19    27/12/2014       153.2
PS89/1112-AEM  EM-Bird, Laser altimeter, Camera  17/01/2015       185.3



Data management

The sea-ice thickness and surface temperature data will be released 
following final processing after the cruise or depending on the completion 
of competing obligations (e.g. PhD projects), upon publication as soon as 
the data are available and quality-assessed. Data submission will be to the 
PANGAEA database and international databases like the Sea Ice Thickness 
Climate Data Record (Sea Ice CDR).


3.2.1.2  Thickness profiles (snow and sea ice) during ice stations

Objectives

The thickness of Antarctic sea ice and its snow cover is one of the most 
important parameters in terms of total mass and energy balance, but sea-ice 
thickness datasets are sparse. In addition, there are rarely data sets that 
combine high-resolution thickness information and high spatial coverage. 
This issue can be overcome by the combination of ground-based (instrument: 
GEM2) and airborne (instrument: EM-Bird) measurements. This combination 
aims also to estimate the influence of the different footprints of these 
instruments on the total (sea ice + snow) thickness distribution. For the 
validation of this advanced measurement method, drill hole measurements at 
particular sites shall reveal the actual sea-ice thickness. Those holes 
have also the function to reveal the sea ice-freeboard relation, which is 
needed for the calculation of sea-ice thicknesses from remotely sensed 
sea-ice freeboard.

However, the sea ice mass distribution and in particular the energy balance 
depends also on the snow depth distribution. Therefore, snow depths and 
sea-ice thicknesses were measured concurrently during GEM-transects. 
Information about the snow depth along the GEM-2 transects will determine 
the state of the snow depth distribution but will also help to determine 
the pure sea-ice thickness from GEM-2 data. For this purpose, snow depth 
measurements with the Magna Probe followed the same track as the GEM-2 
measurements.


Work at sea

We used the ground-based multi-frequency electromagnetic device GEM-2 to 
measure the total (sea ice + snow) thickness. The measurement principle is 
similar to that of the EM-Bird. The device was mounted in a modified 
plastic sled for thickness transects and pulled over the snow surface 
either by hand or, for two long transects in the Atka Bay, by a skidoo. 
During the hand-held GEM-2 thickness surveys, we simultaneously operated a 
Magna Probe (Snow Hydro, Fairbanks, USA) in order to obtain the snow-depth 
distribution along the survey track. These measurements were taken every 2 
to 5 steps on the track. The GEM-2 was calibrated several times on 
different sea-ice thicknesses with the help of a wooden ladder. For 
validation reasons, bore holes were drilled with 5cm-diameter augers along 
the ROV-grid (see Chapter 3.2.1.4) and at the calibration sites. Those data 
will also be used in order to determine the sea ice-freeboard relation.


Fig. 3.2.1.2.1: Total ice thickness from GEM-2 skidoo-surveys across the 
                Atka Bay (data compiled from 28.12. and 31.12.2014 
                surveys). The background shows a TerraSAR-X scene and the 
                EM-Bird survey from 27.12.2014.



Preliminary results

In total, we performed 4 calibrations, 5 hand-held and 2 skidoo-based 
GEM-surveys. The surveys amount to about 73 km of profile data. 4 of the 5 
hand-held GEM-surveys were combined with Magna Probe snow depth 
measurements on the same track. This was not done for station PS891058-1 as 
snow did not exist at the measuring site (due to strong snow drift events 
before). In addition, snow depth measurements were also performed at ice 
station PS891030-5. Total sea ice thicknesses ranged from 0.4 m to 5 m with 
mean (modal) values between 0.9 and 2.9 m (0.5 and 2.9 m). The mean (modal) 
snow depth ranged from 22.9 cm to 49.5 cm. Fig. 3.2.1.2.1 shows the sea ice 
thickness distribution from preliminary results for the skidoo transects 
across the Atka Bay. In addition, the image shows the flights transect from 
the EM-Bird across the Atka Bay and a TerraSAR-X scene, which describes the 
ice conditions below the GEM-transect. Since the GEM and the AEM surveys 
are more or less on top of each other and both cover a large part of the 
bay, they are very suitable for the inter-comparison of data from the 
different sensors. Also the impact of the platelet ice on the signals of 
both methods can be evaluated by those data.


Tab. 3.2.1.2.1: Ground-based sea ice-thickness and snow depth measurements 
                using different instrumentation (see also Table 3.2.1.2): 
                SIT: sea thickness drillings with augers, GEM: total 
                thickness with GEM-2, SDMP: snow depth with Magna Probe.

             Date         Label        Length (km)  # Measurements
          ----------  ---------------  -----------  --------------
          19/12/2014  PS89/030-5-SIT       -              11
                      PS89/030-5-SDMP     0.47           199
          20/12/2014  PS89/032-1-SIT       -              11
                      PS89/032-1-GEM      1.96            -
                      PS89/032-1-GEM   Calibration        -
                      PS89/032-1-SDMP     1.96          1230
          22/12/2014  PS89/035-1-SIT       -              11
                      PS89/035-1-GEM      2.24            -
                      PS89/035-1-GEM   Calibration        -
                      PS89/035-1-SDMP     2.24          1482
          27/12/2014  PS89/040-1-SIT       -               2
                      PS89/040-1-GEM      2.77            -
                      PS89/040-1-GEM   Calibration        -
                      PS89/040-1-SDMP     2.77          1185
          28/12/2014  PS89/040-2-GEM     22.10            -
          31/12/2014  PS89/040-5-GEM     37.10            -
          04/01/2015  PS89/046-1-SIT       -              10
                      PS89/046-1-GEM      3.03            -
                      PS89/046-1-GEM   Calibration        -
                      PS89/046-1-SDMP     3.03          1055
          11/01/2015  PS89/058-1-GEM      4.03            -


Data management

The sea-ice thickness, snow depth and freeboard data will be released 
following final processing after the cruise or depending on the completion 
of competing obligations (e.g. PhD projects), upon publication as soon as 
the data are available and quality-assessed. Data submission will be to the 
PANGAEA database.


3.2.1.3 Physical properties of (snow and sea ice) during ice stations

Objectives

Snow stratigraphy and physical snow properties are highly variable even on 
small horizontal scales. These spatial and temporal variations in the snow 
pack characteristics (e.g. temperature, density, salinity, stratigraphy) 
have a crucial impact on the (optical) properties of the sea ice cover 
below. Therefore, the snow pack on the different ice station during PS89 
(ANT-XXX/2) is characterized in detail. Furthermore, the data will be used 
as ground truth for the interpretation of radar backscatter satellite 
imagery.

Physical properties of sea ice (salinity, temperature, texture) are a 
backbone data set in sea ice research since the early days. During this 
expedition, we continue the tradition of sea ice sampling by coring to 
obtain this basic information. This will help to interpret (in particular) 
the optical measurements (see Chapter 3.2.1.4) and build a strong link to 
the biological part of the SIPES project (Chapter 3.3.1).

Work at sea

All work on physical properties of snow and sea ice was performed during 
the ice stations (ICE). All sea ice cores were obtained by the sea ice 
biology group and all information (incl. labels) are summarized in Chapter 
3.3.1. Also all optical measurements (Chapter 3.2.1.4) were performed 
during these stations. In order to relate all activities during, in 
particular on drifting sea ice, a local coordinate system (in meters) was 
established. All measurement sites on the floe were recorded with GPS and 
corrected for sea ice drift. The resulting station maps and x/y coordinates 
may be used to localize measurements relative to each other, while only one 
geographic coordinate (latitude, longitude) is recorded for each ice 
station (Table 3.2.1.1 and Figs. 3.2.1.3.2 to 3.2.1.3.6). Weather 
conditions during each ice station are available through the Polarstern 
meteorological station.

The physical snow parameters as well as the snow stratigraphy were obtained 
from snow pits. These were taken once per ice station at a representative 
location of the floe. The measurements were taken on the undisturbed shaded 
working wall of the snow pit. At first, the temperature was measured every 
2 cm from the top (snow-air interface) to the bottom (snowice interface) 
with a hand-held thermometer (Testo 110). In a next step the different 
layers in the snow pack and its stratigraphic parameters were described. 
For each layer the snow grain size and type (e.g. rounded crystals, 
facetted crystals, depth hoar) is determined by the magnifying glass and a 
1-to-3-mm grid card. In addition, every layer was characterized by its 
hardness with the following categories: fist (F), 4 fingers (4f), 1 finger 
(1f), pencil (p), and knife (k). Afterwards, the density of each layer was 
measured volumetrically by removing a tube of snow from each layer (tube 
weight: 615 g, tube volume: 500 ml) and weighting it with a spring scale. 
Additional density measurements were performed with a Snow Fork (Toikka, 
Finland). Snow Fork measurements were performed twice every 2 cm from the 
top to the bottom. In addition to the density, the Snow Fork measures 
liquid water content (in Vol.%) through the dielectrical properties of the 
snow pack. Due to technical issues, the snow fork was only used for 
stations PS89/040-1, PS89/046-1, and PS89/050-1. Even at these stations the 
measurements worked only for the top part of the snow pack. In addition, 
salinity samples were taken from the top and bottom snow layer and were 
melted (and measured) on the ship (not for all stations, see Table 
3.2.1.3.1).


Preliminary results

Table 3.2.1.3.1 gives an overview about the sampled snow pits during PS89 
(ANT-XXX/2). In total 5 snow pits were sampled with a mean snow thickness 
of 30.4 ± 21.1 cm.

Satellite image coverage could be achieved for four of the five sampled 
stations (not for station PS89/035-1). This data is expected to increase 
our understanding of which snow properties influence the X-band radar 
backscatter and therefore, to validate recent data products (Paul et al., 
2014). Beside, the acquired snow pit data is expected to contribute to the 
results of the entire SIPES working group on board of Polarstern.

Fig. 3.2.1.3.1 shows an example of the snow pit at station PS89/040-1 (27 
12 2014). The 61 cm thick snow pack contained 7 different layers with the 
variety of snow grain types from small (0.5 to 1 mm) rounded crystals (RC) 
in the top (layer B) down to big (3 to 4 mm) well-developed depth hoar 
crystals (DH) (layer G) in the bottom. This obvious development of several 
layers in the snow pack is also shown in the strong temperature gradient 
from -1°C (top) to -3.2°C (bottom).


Tab. 3.2.1.3.1: Snow pits during PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). Possible measurements 
                for each snow pit are temperature (T), volumetric density 
                (D), stratigraphy (Str), Snow Fork density and liquid water 
                content (Sf), and salinity (S). Measurements were performed 
                in all layers (X), top (t) or bottom (b) layers only, or 
                not at all (0). Abbreviation: zs: Snow depth.

        Label              Location          zs (cm)  T  D  Str  SF   S
   ---------------  -----------------------  -------  -  -  ---  --  ---
   PS89/030-5-SPIT    Next to L-Arm site       45     X  X   X   O
   PS89/032-1-SPIT  Next toL-Arm/Coringsite    22     X  X   X   O    O
   PS89/035-1-SPIT      Next toROVgrid          8     X  X   X   X    O
   PS89/040-1-SPIT  On GEM calibration site    61     X  X   X   X   t,b
   PS89/046-1-SPIT  On GEM calibration site    42     X  X   X   X   t,b


Fig. 3.2.1.3.1: Example of a snow pit analysis from Station PS89/040-1 (27. 
                12.2014). Temperature measurements are marked in red,  
                density measurements with the tube in blue (linked by  
                straight lines), density measurements with the Snow Fork in  
                blue, and liquid water content measurements in green. The  
                grey bars indicate the vertical dimension of each layer and  
                its hardness. The stratigraphy for each layer is given in  
                the following sequence (example layer A): Layer label (A),  
                grain size (2), grain type (FC(IIIA1)).

Fig. 3.2.1.3.2: Map of Station PS89/032-1 (20.12.2014). Markers (M) numbers  
                refer to the orientation points for the ROV work. Position  
                (P) numbers refer to surface markings for orientation, but  
                without marker under sea ice.

Fig. 3.2.1.3.3: Map of Station PS89/035-1 (22.12.2014). Markers (M) numbers  
                refer to the orientation points for the ROV work. Position  
                (P) numbers refer to surface markings for orientation, but  
                without marker under sea ice.

Fig. 3.2.1.3.4: Map of Station PS89/040-1 (27.12.2014). Markers (M) numbers  
                refer to the orientation points for the ROV work. Position  
                (P) numbers refer to surface markings for orientation, but  
                without marker under sea ice.

Fig. 3.2.1.3.5: Map of Station PS89/046-1 (04.01.2015). Markers (M) numbers  
                refer to the orientation points for the ROV work. Position  
                (P) numbers refer to surface markings for orientation, but  
                without marker under sea ice.

Fig. 3.2.1.3.6: Map of Station PS89/050-1 (09.01.2015) and PS89/058-1  
                (11.01.2015). Markers (M) numbers refer to the orientation  
                points for the ROV work. Position (P) numbers refer to  
                surface markings for orientation, but without marker under  
                sea ice.


Data management

Data will be delivered to PANGAEA within two years after the cruise.



3.2.1.4  Optical properties of sea ice

Objectives

The amount of solar light transmitted through snow and sea ice plays a 
major role for the energy budget of ice-covered seas. In addition, the 
horizontal and vertical distribution of light under sea ice impacts 
biological processes and biogeochemical fluxes in the sea ice and the 
uppermost ocean. Due to their different absorption spectra, snow, sea ice, 
seawater, biota, sediments, and impurities affect the spectral composition 
of the light in its way from the atmosphere into the ocean. Especially the 
all-year snow-covered surface of Antarctic sea ice plays a crucial role for 
the amount of transmitted energy. To describe the influence of different 
sea ice surface properties (thin/thick snow layer, bare ice), we have 
performed comprehensive measurements of optical radiation under Antarctic 
sea ice with different surface layer characteristics during PS89 
(ANT-XXX/2).


Work at sea

We measured spectral irradiance and radiance in the wavelength range from 
350 to 920 nm with 3.3 nm resolution (mostly visible light) with Ramses 
spectral radiometers (Trios GmbH, Rastede, Germany). One irradiance sensor 
was installed above the ice as reference for incoming solar radiation, on 
radiance and one irradiance sensor were mounted on the ROV (Fig. 
3.2.1.4.1). Radiance measurements (7° field of view) are best suited for 
studying the spatial variability of optical properties of sea ice. 
Irradiance measurements (cosine receptor) are best suited for studying the 
energy budget at the measured point, integrating all incident energy (from 
above) at this point. The optical measurements were done by operating our 
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV, Ocean Modules V8ii, Atvidaberg, Sweden), 
called Sin, successfully during all 5 ice stations (Fig. 3.2.1.4.4 and 
Table 3.2.1.4.1).

The ROV system consisted of a surface unit (incl. power supply, control 
unit, monitor), a 200m long tether cable, and the ROV itself. The ROV is 
controlled and moved by eight thrusters (allowing diving speed of up to 1.0 
m/s). The speed varied during different profiles and was also depending on 
under-ice currents. The ROV was equipped with one upward-looking VGA video 
camera and one forward-looking HD camera (Fig. 3.2.1.4.1). Both cameras 
were used for navigation, orientation, and documentation of the dives. All 
video signals were recorded for the entire diving time. An altimeter (DST 
Micron Echosounder, Tritech, Aberdeen, UK) and a sonar (Micron DST MK2, 
Tritech, Aberdeen, UK) were mounted to support navigation and measure the 
distances to obstacles and markers (see below). The altimeter was 
particularly used to measure the distance between the radiometers (ROV) and 
the sea ice. Due to technical issues, the altimeter data were only recorded 
for the last station. Furthermore, an Ultra-Short-Base-Line positioning 
system (USBL, Tritech Micron Nay, Aberdeen, UK) was installed next to the 
ROV control hut through a 15cm-diameter hole (made with a sea ice corer). 
The transponder was installed on a solid pole right beneath the sea ice to 
generate a floe-fixed coordinate system for the moving vehicle. In 
addition, a modular logger system to measure water properties: salinity, 
temperature, and oxygen content. Finally, the ROV measured and recorded its 
depth, heading, roll, pitch, and turns constantly. Both cameras and all 
navigation features are displayed on the 4 screens in the ROV control hut 
(Fig. 3.2.1.4.3). The power supply for the ROV and its entire system was 
covered by the two coupled 3-kW generators.

From the radiometers on the ROV, we obtained horizontal transects and 
vertical profiles of under-ice irradiance and radiance. All data were 
directly recorded via an interface box into a PC running the sensors' 
software MSDA_xe. An additional reference irradiance sensor (type SAMIP) 
was mounted on a tripod on the sea-ice surface measuring incident solar 
radiation. All sensors were triggered in "burst mode" in intervals of 2 to 
10 s, depending on light conditions under the ice.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.1: Photograph of the ROV (left) and a close-up of the sensor 
                side on top. The tether in the background contains the 
                power line and allows for the communication between the 
                vehicle and the ROV control hut (see Fig. 3.2.1.4.2).


All electronics were set up in our new ROV control hut (Fig. 3.2.1.4.2). 
The hut measured 3.03 x 2.02 x 2.123 m and weighed 680 kg including the 
ROV, the tether, all electronics, and a basic set of tools and accessories. 
The hut was stored on Polarstern's A-deck and lifted by crane either 
directly onto the sea ice or onto the helicopter deck, from where it was 
picked up by helicopter and transported onto the sea ice. This operation 
would have allowed ROV stations in up to 10 nm from the ship. Heavy 
additional equipment (e.g. generators, wooden boards, corer, augers, ice 
station tools) amounted to another 600 kg (incl. two Nansen sleds). This 
equipment was lifted by crane onto the ice and transported by snow scooter, 
if necessary.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.2: Photograph of the ROV operating site. The big picture shows 
                the ROV control hut with the tether on the right and the 
                reference incoming radiance sensor in the back (next to the 
                penguins). The upper small picture shows the set-up in the 
                control hut with the four operating monitors in the back 
                and the chief pilot in the front. The lower small picture 
                gives an impression of the launch operation of the ROV


Three persons operated the ROV: one pilot controlling the ROV, one co-pilot 
controlling the optical sensors and documenting the dive, and one person 
outside the hut, mostly handling the tether. The ROV was launched over the 
floe edge, except for station PS89-035-1, when a 1.5m*1.5m hole was sawn 
into the ice to launch the ROV. After an initial system check and test 
dive, the profiles (grid) were marked with numbered, red-white colored 
poles, hanging under the ice through drill holes. Sea-ice thickness, snow 
depth, and freeboard were measured at each hole. Additional measurements of 
total sea-ice thickness as well as snow depth were performed by GEM and 
Magna Probe transects above the selected grid (see Section 3.2.1.2). For 
station PS89-035, snow and ice thickness measurements were just done on the 
grid poles; GEM and Magna Probe transect around the ROV grid only. In 
addition, most optical measurements were co-located with physical, 
biological, and biogeochemical sampling of sea ice and water (see Chapter 
3.2.2).

For the first three ice stations (PS89-032-1, PS89-035-1, PS89-040-1) we 
managed to operate the ROV in the marked 50m*50m (one marker every lOm) 
grid. Due to bad light conditions and strong currents, orientation and 
navigation was much more difficult afterwards. Hence, no similar regular 
grid could be achieved for station PS89-046-1 and PS89-050-1. Standard 
profiles were dived in a constant depth (per profile) between 2 and 4m 
depth, depending on the under-ice topography. Depth profiles (down to 20 to 
70m) were performed by following a long line hanging under the ice. At 
station PS89-046-1, an additional snow-removal experiment was performed. 
After initial measurements, the snow was removed over an area of approx. 
3m*1 Om to measure the difference in light transmittance between 
snow-covered ice and bare ice.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.3: Overview of the four operation screens. Upper left: Front 
                camera. Upper right: Upward-looking camera. Lower left: 
                Positioning system based on USBL. Lower right: Sonar signal 
                and distance between ROV and sea ice (top right corner)


Tab. 3.2.1.4.1: Sea ice and snow conditions of all ROV stations. Mean sea 
                ice thickness and snow depth are calculated from 
                corresponding GEM and Magna Probe transects along the ROV 
                grid (except for PS89-035-1-ROV). Abbreviations: zi: ice 
                thickness; zs: snow depth; Plat: Platelett ice.

     Label           Profile lines       zi (mean)  zs (mean)          Comment
--------------  -----------------------  ---------  ---------  -------------------------
PS89-032-1-ROV    2 x 50m (grid lines      0.9 m     0.26 m     ROV shut-down at 76m =>
                         only)                                    end of measurements

PS89-035-1-ROV    9 x 50m (in ROV grid,   (0.6 m)   (0.05 m)      Launch through hole
                    incl. grid lines)                             Power-tube failure;
                   2 lines to the ice                             Measurements after 
                     edge/brash ice                                      repair

PS89-040-1-ROV    4 x 50m (1 grid line,     2.8 m    0.51 m    One thruster broke during
                    3 parallel lines)     (+ Plat.)                  measurements; 
                   5 x 50m to the ice                             repair on the floe
                  edge (parallel lines)

PS89-046-1-ROV        Random lines;        1.2 m     0.35 m        Bad orientation
                  Repeated lines under   (+ Plat.)              Snow removal (3m*l0m)
                     snow-free area                            Tangle with marker pole

PS89-050-1-ROV           1 x 50m           2.2 m      Drift        Strong currents
                   (1 grid line only)    (+ Plat.)    snow         Bad orientation
                                                                 Strong pitch & roll


In addition to the ROV-based radiation measurements, two other types of 
spectral radiation data were recorded:

1) One irradiance sensor was mounted on the crow's nest, next to the 
   meteorological station's radiation sensor (Label: PS89/OPT). This sensor 
   recorded incident solar irradiance spectra from 04.12.2014 08:40 to 
   22.01.2015 19:00 in 5 min intervals (raster). In addition, this sensor 
   was used as surface reference during SUIT hauls (Section 3.2.2). During 
   these times it was set to burst mode. A total of 155.432 spectra was 
   recorded during the expedition.

2) The ROV sensors were set up for inter-comparison measurements on the 
   "Peildeck" of Polarstern. These measurements may be used, also in 
   combination with the crow's nest sensor, to analyze differences between 
   the sensors. Those differences were found in previous applications, in 
   particular under low solar elevation angles.


Preliminary results

ROV measurements under the ice were performed during 5 ice stations. 
Depending on visibility and orientation 500 to 1,000 under-ice spectra were 
recorded per sensor and station. These spectra may be directly related to 
their position under the ice and along selected transects or depth 
profiles. Additional spectra were recorded during dives outside the grid or 
during general orientation and video dives. These may be included for 
statistical analyses of under-ice light conditions. Stations PS89-032-1, 
PS89-035-1, and PS89-040-1 resulted in the best data sets, covering the 
entire 50m*50m grid.

During the cruise, all radiation measurements (spectra) were processed from 
measured raw data to calibrated fluxes. However, results from sensor 
inter-comparisons were not applied yet. For the final data analysis and 
discussion only profile lines are taken into account. Profile lines are 
defined as (approx.) straight parallel or perpendicular lines in the marked 
grid (Fig. 3.2.1.4.4) in a constant depth between 2 and 5 m.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.4: Overview of the ROV site for the five ice stations during 
                PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). Left hand: Sketch of the ROV measurement  
                site; right hand: Pictures of the station and its  
                surrounding. The red dots (M) are related to the marker  
                poles hanging under the ice. The light red dots visualize  
                the 10-meter distances in the grid. Position (P) numbers  
                refer to surface markings for orientation (no marker under  
                the ice). The orange dots (A) are related to additional  
                reference attention points to build the grid in which the  
                ROV were moving.


Stations PS89-032-1 and PS89-035-1 were performed on drifting sea ice 
(between 67.5 and 69°S on the Greenwich Meridian); while PS89-040-1, 
PS89-046-1, and PS89-050-1 were performed under land-fast sea ice (in the 
area of Atka Bay). The fast ice area was characterized by an additional 
layer of platelet ice beneath. Thickness and extent of the platelet layer 
were highly variable.

Light regimes differed strongly between moving sea ice, resulting in a mean 
transmittance of approx. 1% (Fig. 3.2.1.4.5), and fast ice with a varying 
platelet ice layer beneath, resulting in a mean transmittance of approx. 
0.01%. But there was no strong dependency of the surface properties, 
because the snow cover was optically thick on all stations. Instead, the 
size of the floe and the associated boarder effect has a strong impact on 
the vertical and horizontal light distribution beneath the sea ice.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.5: Preliminary results of the example station PS89/032-1 
                (20.12.2014). (a) Left: Spatial distribution of the  
                transmittance with the scale in fraction. Upper right:  
                Location of the station. Lower right: Normalized histogram  
                of the transmittance. (b) Spatial distribution of ice  
                thickness (+snow) measured with GEM. (c) Spatial  
                distribution of snow depth measured with magna probe. All  
                maps contain the marker points of the ROV grid (M) and all  
                other points of interest at the station.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.6 shows selected spectra of the spectral irradiance under sea 
ice and spectral transmittance of different ice types, as measured at 
station PS891035-l (22.12.2014). The transmittance spectra (Fig. 
3.2.1.4.6b) show an increased absorption in the range of photosynthetically 
active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm). This indicates high biological 
activity (photosynthesis) in sea ice and the water right under the ice. 
Hence, transmitted fluxes are reduced compared to bare sea ice. The maxima 
of the transmittance spectra are shifted towards longer wavelength.

Beyond the optical properties of sea ice, the ROV transects revealed the 
distribution of platelet ice under land-fast sea ice. The video recordings 
may be used for further insights into underice sea ice conditions, as well 
as for documentation and video-footage of the dives. Finally, the strong 
link between the ROV and SUIT (Section 3.2.2) sensors and approaches has to 
be highlighted, covering sea ice conditions on different scales.


Fig. 3.2.1.4.6: Preliminary results (spectra) of station PS89/035- 1  
                (22.12.2014). (a) Spectral irradiance under sea ice. (b)  
                Spectral transmittance of snow and sea ice. In both figures  
                spectra beneath different surface characteristics (or/and  
                different depths) are shown: Level ice (diving depth: 2.5 m, 
                blue), level ice (diving depth: 10 m, orange), old pressure  
                ridge (diving depth: 5 m, yellow), snow free sea ice  
                (diving depth: 2.5 m, purple), brash ice (2.5 m, green).


Data management

All ROV data will be released following final processing after the cruise. 
The processed data will be submitted to the PANGAEA database.


3.2.1.5  Deployments of autonomous ice tethered platforms (buoys)


Objectives

The investigation of physical sea-ice and snow parameters during station 
work can only give a snap-shot of the sea ice conditions. In order to 
obtain also information about the seasonal and inter-annual variability and 
evolution of the observed ice floes, we deploy autonomous ice tethered 
platforms (buoys), which measure the sea ice and snow characteristics also 
beyond the cruise. For that, we use different kinds of buoys. With ice 
mass-balance buoys (IMBs), the sea ice growth can be derived. Snow depth 
buoys measure the snow accumulation over the course of the year, and with 
surface velocity profilers (SVPs) we derive the sea-ice drift. In addition, 
buoys are partly equipped with air or body temperature and sea level 
pressure sensors. Combing the data from all these buoys, we will be able to 
better understand sea-ice processes and feedback mechanisms. Analyzing the 
drift of several buoys in the same region, deformation and dynamical 
processes of the pack ice may be derived.

Beyond the immediate value for our work, all SVP and snow buoys report 
their position together with measurements of surface temperature and 
atmospheric pressure directly into the Global Telecommunication System 
(GTS). Thus, these data may directly be used for weather prediction and 
numerical model applications.


Work at sea

In total, we deployed 6 SVP buoys and 3 sets of Snow Depth Buoys and IMBs 
in the eastern Weddell Sea (Fig. 3.2.1.5.1). For the SVPs we used the 
helicopter. During the first flight we could build up an array out of three 
buoys, each about 18 km apart from the ship. The other three buoys could 
not be deployed within an array and will be used for the sea-ice drift 
calculations only. The Snow Depth Buoy-IMB sets were deployed during 
sea-ice stations, two in the drift ice zone and one set on the fast ice in 
the Atka Bay. The fast-ice buoys are expected to break out of the bay and 
will be released to the drift ice zone by the end of austral summer. 
Sea-ice thickness, snow depth, and general sea-ice properties were noted 
down during deployment.


Fig. 3.2.1.5.1: a) Snow depth buoy combined with an IMB (yellow Pelicase),  
                b) SVP buoy


Preliminary results

The SVP buoys will serve information on the sea-ice drift velocity and its 
seasonal behavior. Data will be transmitted as long as batteries will work. 
In case the sea ice doesn't survive the summer season, the SVPs will pass 
over to the sea and will measure ocean currents, as they are able to swim. 
Fig. 3.2.1.5.2 shows the drift velocities from the first three deployed SVP 
buoys over the measurement period from 03.01. - 24.01.2015. Although the 
buoys were originally deployed only few km apart from each other, their 
drift pattern varies already. Buoy PS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-1 drifted only very 
slowly, mostly with velocities less than 0.05 m/s. The total travelled 
distance of this buoy was 47 km in 21 days. PS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-2 velocities 
show a stronger variability. The travelled distance for the 3 week period 
was 200 km for that buoy. PS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-3 shows the highest drift 
velocities and highest variability for the drift. Accordingly, it travelled 
also the longest distance with 270 km for the three week period. Over the 
next months, the buoys will record further data from which we will 
calculate the sea-ice drift and deformation variability over the Weddell 
basin.

The snow depth buoys measure the snow accumulation at four spots by sonar 
sensors. Together with the IMBs, information on the snow depth changes, 
sea-ice growth and eventually estimates of flooding processes can be 
expected from the data. Fig. 3.2.1.5.2 shows an example for snow 
accumulation for the period 20.12.2014 to 24.02.2015. Due to the short 
time, there are barely any changes visible yet, neither in the snow depths 
nor in the meteorological data. Sea-ice growth data from the IMBs will be 
only processed after the cruise. Then, data will also be combined with 
findings of former deployments during ANT-XXIX/6 and ANT-XXIX/9 and will 
help to understand the temporal and spatial variability of snow 
accumulation, sea-ice growth and eventually help to better understand 
flooding of Antarctic sea ice.


Fig. 3.2.1.5.2: Drift velocities of SVP a) PS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-1, b)  
                PS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-2 and c) PS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-3. The  
                figure demonstrates the spatial variability of drift  
                velocities.

Fig. 3.2.1.5.3: Snow depth evolution combined with information on  
                meteorological conditions for snow depth buoy 2014S19,  
                deployed on 03.01.2014.



Tab. 3.2.1.5.1: List and initial positions of all deployed buoys during 
                PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). Buoy names are identical to their name in 
                www.meereisportal.de, where all data and buoy information 
                is available in real time, and how the buoys report into 
                international networks.

             Label         Latitude  Longitude    Name        Date
     --------------------  --------  ---------  ---------  ----------
     PS89/032-1-BUOY-SNOW  -67.5772    0.1153   2014S17    20/12/2014
     PS89/032-1-BUOY-IMB   -67.5772    0.1153   2014T3     20/12/2014
     PS89/045-1-BUOY-SNOW  -70.4380   -8.2890   2015S18    03/01/2015
     PS89/040-1-BUOY-IMB   -70.5274   -7.9584   2014FMI12  27/12/2014
     PS89/044-1-BUOY-SNOW  -70.5270   -7.9590   2015S19    03/01/2015
     FS89/044-1-BUOY-IMB   -70.4380   -8.2890   2014FMI16  03/01/2015
     FS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-1  -70.4272   -8.2762   2015F1     03/01/2015
     FS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-2  -70.3314   -8.5850   2015P2     03/01/2015
     FS89/H080-BUOY-SVP-3  -70.3186   -8.3763   2015P3     03/01/2015
     FS89/H101-BUOY-SVP-1  -70.3558   -9.0408   2015P4     13/01/2015
     FS89/H101-BUOY-SVP-2  -70.6083   -9.1917   2015P5     13/01/2015
     FS89/H111-BUOY-SVP    -68.4940   -4.4888   2015P6     17/01/2015


Data management

All buoy positions and raw data are available in near real time through the 
sea-ice portal www.meereisportal.de. After the end of their lifetime (end 
of transmission of data) all data will be finally processed and made 
available in PANGAEA. All SVP and snow buoys report their position and 
atmospheric pressure directly into the Global Telecommunication System 
(GTS). Furthermore, all data are exchanged with international partners 
through the International Program for Antarctic Buoys.


3.2.1.6  Along track observations of sea ice conditions

Objectives

Over the last three decades, ship-based visual observations of the state of 
the sea ice and its snow cover have been performed over all seasons and 
serve the best-available observational data set of Antarctic sea ice. The 
recordings follow the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) 
Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) protocol and include 
information on sea-ice concentration, sea-ice thickness and snow depth as 
well as sea-ice type, surface topography and floe size. Those data are 
combined with information about meteorological conditions like air 
temperature, wind speed and cloud coverage. This protocol is a useful 
method to obtain a broad range of characterization and documentation of 
different sea-ice states and specific features during the cruise.


Work at sea

Every full hour during steaming, the sea-ice observations were carried out 
by trained scientists. The observations follow the ASPeCt protocol (Worby, 
1999), with a newly developed software following the ASPeCt standard and 
being provided on a notebook on the ship's bridge. For every observation, 
pictures were taken in three different directions.

Date, time and position of the observation were obtained from the DSHIP 
system, along with standard meteorological data (current sea temperature, 
air temperature, true wind speed, true wind direction, visibility). The 
characterization of the ice conditions were then estimated by taking the 
average between observations to port side, ahead and to starboard side. Ice 
thicknesses of tilted floes were estimated by observing a stick attached to 
the ships starboard side.


Preliminary results

We performed hourly sea-ice observations as soon as we passed the first sea 
ice on 13 December 2014 at 60°22.0'S and 0°5.0'E. The ship left the sea-ice 
zone on 17 January 2015 at 68°01.0'S and 3°16.3'W. Over the 35 days, we did 
214 individual observations. Sea-ice observations were skipped when the 
ship was stopped, for example at CTD stations and as long as we stayed in 
front of the shelf ice close to Neumayer III. The mean sea-ice 
concentration was calculated as 65.3% and the level sea-ice thickness to 
0.9 m, which is comparable to the mode of EM-Bird measurements in the pack 
ice zone (see Chapter 3.2.1.1). Fig. 3.2.1.6.2 shows the variation of the 
sea-ice concentration and the sea-ice thickness along the cruise track. The 
sea-ice concentration varied between fully covered and open water in the 
polynya close to the shelf ice edge. Sea-ice thicknesses of up to 3 m were 
observed, but mostly it was between 0.7 m and 1.2 m on average.


Fig. 3.2.1.6.1: Example for pictures made to the portside, ahead and 
                starboard showing different sea ice and weather conditions.

Fig. 3.2.1.6.2: Total sea-ice concentration and total level sea-ice 
                thickness out of ASPeCt observations over travelled 
                distance within the sea ice zone.


Data management

The visual sea-ice observations will be post-processed after the cruise and 
will be published together with the taken pictures in PANGAEA within two 
months after the cruise.


References

Worby AP (1999) Observing operating in the Antarctic sea ice: A practical 
    guide for conducting sea ice observations from vessels operating in the 
    Antarctic pack ice.



3.2.1.7  Retrieval of satellite remote sensing data

Objectives

One goal of this part was to improve our ability to interpret synthetic 
aperture radar (SAR) images of sea ice in order to gain additional 
knowledge about ice type composition and dynamical properties. From the 
combination of in-situ field measurements with coordinated satellite data 
acquisitions we aim to directly match both scales of observations. Based on 
the

ASPeCt-Ship observations, additional photographic documentation and 
coordinate satellite acquisitions over field sites we plan to investigate 
the influence that ice properties might have on the received radar signal 
both for X-Band (TerraSAR-X) as well as for C-Band (Sentinel-1).

A second goal was the coordinated acquisitions of TerraSAR-X images over 
buoy arrays deployed during the cruise to compare drift patterns of single 
buoys and the relative changes of distances between buoys with ice drift 
and deformation retrieved from a satellite image time series. This will 
help to validate the drift algorithms and contribute to the analysis of sea 
ice dynamics and deformation for larger areas at high spatial resolution.


Work at sea

During the cruise we acquired 12 TerraSAR-X scenes in total. Some of them 
were acquired for the purpose of ship navigation to further investigate the 
potential of Near-Real-Time data for supporting navigation of research 
vessels in the Polar Regions. The other images were acquired as 
complementary data source for stations or over the fast ice within one or 
two days. The acquired data is listed in Table 3.2.1.7.1.


Tab. 3.2.1.7.1: Acquired TerraSAR-X Images during PS89 (ANT-XXX/2)

    Start Date/Time          End Date/Time       Sensor     Polari-       Comment
                                                  Mode      zation
----------------------  ----------------------  ---------  ----------  --------------
2014-12-10 19:55:44,44  10.12.2014 19:55:59,59  ScanSAR    Single HH   Test scene
2014-12-19 04:31:08,08  19.12.2014 04:31:27,27  ScanSAR    Single HH   Polarstern
2014-12-20 04:14:24,24  20.12.2014 04:14:33,33  Stripmap   Single HH   Ice station
2014-12-21 03:57:37,37  21.12.2014 03:57:51,51  ScanSAR    Single HH   Ice conditions
2014-12-25 20:21:34,34  25.12.2014 20:21:41,41  Stripmap   Dual HH/VV  Fast ice
2014-12-26 04:06:59,59  26.12.2014 04:07:06,06  Stripmap   Single HH   Fast ice
2015-01-01 03:58:31,31  01.01.2015 03:58:32,32  Spotlight  Single HH   Fast ice
2015-01-10 04:32:01,01  10.01.2015 04:32:15,15  ScanSAR    Single HH   Fast ice
2015-01-10 04:32:19,19  10.01.2015 04:32:36,36  ScanSAR    Single HH   Ice conditions
2015-01-14 20:55:38,38  14.01.2015 20:55:51,51  ScanSAR    Single HH   TSX+S-1
2015-01-15 20:38:39,39  15.01.2015 20:38:48,48  Stripmap   Single HH   No Polarstern
2015-01-17 20:04:32,32  17.01.2015 20:04:46,46  ScanSAR    Single HH   Polarstern


The long stay at Atka Bay allowed us to acquire data in three different 
imaging modes in these regions, which are supplemented by the respective 
operationally acquired Sentinel-1 images in this area. For this purpose ESA 
provided us with the respective orbit plans for our cruise track. The long 
stay at Atka Bay might provide interesting possibilities for comparisons of 
different image products and detailed comparisons between C- and X- band. A 
list of acquired Sentinel-1 data is shown in Table 3.2.1.7.2.

The Sentinel-1 data were received using the Polarview portal for 
low-resolution images providing a general overview (resolution 375 x 375 m) 
and for special cases as processed jpeg2000 data from the EOS group at the 
AWI In preparation to the cargo operations at Neumayer III, Sentinel-1 
images were provided for the AWI logistics.

In contrast to the original plan we did not track the deployed buoy array. 
The adaption of the cruise plan and the lack of suitable ice conditions 
close to the adapted cruise track prevented the deployment of full buoy 
arrays suitable for studies of deformation. Since we had to return to Cape 
Town after directly after leaving the Atka Bay without crossing the Weddell 
Sea, we ordered fewer images than originally granted by DLR.


Data management

The TerraSAR-X data acquired during the cruise belongs to DLR. It will be 
available after the retention period via the electronic data catalogue of 
the DLR based on scientific proposals. The Sentinel-1 data acquired over 
Polarstern has been acquired by the European Space Agency (ESA) and is 
freely available for download from their Sentinel-1 Scientific Data Hub 
SciHub (https://scihub.esa.int/) without any retention period since the day 
of acquisition.


Tab. 3.2.1.7.2: Acquired Sentinel-1 Images during PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). All 
                scenes were acquired in extra wide swath (EWS) mode with 
                single HH polarization, and Polarstern was in the scene 
                during acquisition.

                     Start Date/Time   End Date/Time
                     ----------------  ----------------
                     17.12.2014 19:59  17.12.2014 20:03
                     19.12.2014 19:44  19.12.2014 19:47
                     20.12.2014 20:23  20.12.2014 20:28
                     22.12.2014 20:07  22.12.2014 20:11
                     25.12.2014 20:31  25.12.2014 20:36
                     26.12.2014 21:12  26.12.2014 21:17
                     28.12.2014 20:56  28.12.2014 21:01
                     30.12.2014 20:40  30.12.2014 20:44
                     31.12.2014 21:20  31.12.2014 21:25
                     02.01.2015 21:04  02.01.2015 21:07
                     04.01.2015 20:48  04.01.2015 20:50
                     07.01.2015 21:12  07.01.2015 21:15
                     09.01.2015 20:56  09.01.2015 20:58
                     11.01.2015 20:40  11.01.2015 20:42
                     12.01.2015 21:21  12.01.2015 21:23
                     14.01.2015 21:04  14.01.2015 21:07
                     16.01.2015 20:48  16.01.2015 20:50



3.3  Biology

3.3.1  Sea ice ecology, pelagic food web and top predator studies

       Hauke Flores(1,2), Jan Andries van Franeker(3),  (1)AWI
       Anton Van de Putte(4), Giulia Castellani(1),     (2)UHH
       Fokje Schaafsma(3), Julia Ehrlich (2),           (3)IMARES
       Martina Vortkamp(1), André Meijboom(3),          (4)RBINS
       Bram Feij(5), Michiel van Dorssen(6)             (5)NIOZ
                                                        (6)van Dorssen 
                                                           Metaalbewerking

Grant No: AWI-PS89_02


Objectives

Sea ice ecology, pelagic food web and top predator studies during PS89 were 
a main contribution to the Sea Ice Physics and Ecology Study (SIPES). SIPES 
was designed as an inter-disciplinary field study focussing on the 
inter-connection of sea ice physics, sea ice biology, biological 
oceanography and top predator ecology. Pelagic food webs in the Antarctic 
sea ice zone can depend significantly on carbon produced by ice-associated 
microalgae. Future changes in Antarctic sea ice habitats will affect sea 
ice primary production and habitat structure, with unknown consequences for 
Antarctic ecosystems. Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and other species 
feeding in the ice-water interface layer may play a key role in 
transferring carbon from sea ice into the pelagic food web, up to the 
trophic level of birds and mammals (Flores et al. 2011, 2012). To better 
understand potential impacts of changing sea ice habitats for Antarctic 
ecosystems, the HGF Young Investigators Group Iceflux in cooperation with 
IMARES (Iceflux-NL), aim to quantify the trophic carbon flux from sea ice 
into the underice community and investigate the importance of sea ice in 
the support of living resources. This should be achieved by 1) quantitative 
sampling of the in-ice, under-ice and pelagic community in relation to 
environmental parameters; 2) using molecular and isotopic biomarkers to 
trace sea ice-derived carbon in pelagic food webs; 3) applying sea 
ice-ocean models to project the flux of sea ice-derived carbon into the 
under-ice community in space and time, and 4) studying the diet of sea 
ice-associated organisms.

In the Southern Ocean, the exploitation of marine living resources and the 
conservation of ecosystem health are tightly linked to each other in the 
management framework of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic 
Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is 
important in this context, both as a major fisheries resource, and as a key 
carbon source for Antarctic fishes, birds, and mammals. Similar to 
Antarctic krill, several abundant endothermic top predators have been shown 
to concentrate in pack-ice habitats in spite of low water column 
productivity (van Franeker et al. 1997). Investigations on the association 
of krill and other key species with under-ice habitats were complemented by 
systematic top predator censuses in order to develop robust statements on 
the impact of changing sea ice habitats on polar marine resources and 
conservation objectives.

The evolutionary processes supported by gene flow and genetic selection 
interact with ecological processes as they overlap temporally to some 
extent. While gene flow has the tendency to homogenise populations, 
selective pressure may lead to population differentiation over evolutionary 
time scales. Throughout the life history of marine organisms dispersal and 
connectivity play crucial roles in short and long term survival, fitness 
and evolution. Connectivity and dispersal are the result of interacting 
environmental limitations and dispersal capacity, which is influenced by 
physical and biological processes. The physical processes relate to 
hydrodynamics (barriers such as the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), transport 
routes (through deep-water formation) and geographical features (e.g., 
shallow land bridge of the Scotia Arc (Arntz et al. 2005; Ingels et al. 
2006)). Biological processes include behavior, life-history traits, trophic 
niche, size and other basic biological characteristics. The Southern Ocean 
forms a unique environment to study evolutionary patterns over different 
time scales. During this expedition fish and amphipods samples for 
molecular analysis were collected. These samples were used for Barcoding 
(species identification) and phylogeographic and population genetic work at 
RBINS.


Work at sea

SUIT sampling

A Surface and Under-Ice Trawl (SUIT: van Franeker et al. 2009) was used to 
sample the pelagic fauna down to 2 m under the ice and in open surface 
waters. The SUIT had two nets, one 0.3 mm mesh plankton net and a 7 mm mesh 
shrimp net. During SUIT tows, data from the physical environment were 
recorded using a bio-environmental sensor array, e.g. water temperature, 
salinity, ice thickness, and multi-spectral light transmission. Seven SUIT 
deployments were completed along the 0° meridian from open waters into the 
closed pack-ice. Six hauls directed at the investigation of the vertical 
distribution of zooplankton in open waters were conducted near Atka Bay. On 
the return trajectory from Atka Bay to Cape Town, another 5 hauls were 
completed in the marginal ice zone and the open Ocean (see appendix Table 
3.3.1A1). An overview of the sampling locations is given in Fig. 3.3.1.1. 
Macrofauna samples from the SUIT shrimp net were sorted to the lowest 
possible taxonomic level. The catch was entirely preserved frozen (-20°C 
/-80°C), on ethanol (70%/100%), or on 4% formaldehyde/seawater solution, 
depending on analytical objectives. In euphausiids, the composition of size 
and sexual maturity stages was determined 48 hrs after initial preservation 
in formaldehyde solution.


Pelagic sampling

A Multiple opening Rectangular Midwater Trawl (M-RMT) was used to sample 
the pelagic community. During sampling, sampling depth, water temperature 
and salinity were recorded with a CTD probe attached to the bridle of the 
net. The standard sampling strata in offshore waters were 800-200 m, 200-50 
m, and 50 m to surface. In the coastal waters near Atka Bay, sampling was 
conducted over the strata 200-100 m, 100-50 m, and 50 m to surface. We 
conducted 15 depth-stratified hauls with the M-RMT, each sampling 3 
distinct depth layers. Five hauls were conducted between 57°S and 66°S on 
the 0° meridian (Station 18-30), 5 hauls were conducted near Atka Bay 
(Station 40-59), and 5 hauls were completed after leaving Atka Bay (Station 
66-80; (Fig. 3.3.1.1)). The catch was sorted by depth stratum and taxon, 
and size measurements on euphausiids and fish larvae were performed in the 
analogous procedure described above for SUIT sampling.

Polarstern's EK6O echosounder recorded the distribution of acoustic targets 
continuously during sailing. Our sampling frequencies were 38 kHz, 70 kHz, 
120 kHz, and 200 kHz. During station work, the EK6O was switched off to 
minimize potential risks for marine mammals approaching the ship. All EK6O 
data were backed up on the ship's mass storage server.

For biomarker analysis, Particulate Organic Matter (POM) was collected from 
filtered seawater obtained from the CTD rosette. Chlorophyll samples were 
filtered from CTD rosette water samples to calibrate fluorometers built in 
the ship's CTD, Polarstern's ferry box, and the SUIT's CTD (Table 3.3.1.1).


Fig. 3.3.1.1: Overview of stations sampled by the biological sampling of 
              SIPES during PS89. The dashed white line indicates the 
              position of the ice edge at the beginning of the sampling 
              period; the position of the ice edge at the end of the 
              sampling is indicated by a continuous white line. The cruise 
              track is shown as a light-grey line. 



Table 3.3.1.1: Summary of CTD casts performed and water samples collected. 
               ferry: water sample from inflow of the ship's FerryBox 
system

                                                                                              Chl
   Date       Time      Station               Gear             Position   Position   Depth    max        Sampled 
                                                                 Lat        Lon       [m]    depth       depths 
                                                                                              [m]          [m]
----------  --------  -----------  -------------------------  ----------  ---------  ------  -----  ------------------
07.12.2014  18:04:00  PS89/0006-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  46°12.90'S  5°40.50'E  4831.2   60    15,24,60,100
08.12.2014  07:43:00  PS89/0007-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  47°40.28'S  4°15.22'E  4540.5   50    15,25,50,100
09.12.2014  14:51:00  PS89/0009-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  50°15.30'S  1°25.53'E  3892.5   75    15,50,75,100,ferry
10.12.2014  11:48:00  PS89/0011-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  52°28.72'S  0°0.06'W   2597.6   80    35,50,80,100
11.12.2014  15:13:00  PS89/0014-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  54°59.99'S  0°0.02'W   1704.9   50    25,50,75,100,ferry
12.12.2014  23:17:00  PS89/0019-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  58°0.08'S   0°0.12'E   4528.3   25    15,25,50,100,ferry
14.12.2014  16:50:00  PS89/0023-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  60°59.86'S  0°0.38'W   5393.2   45    15,45,50,100,ferry
16.12.2014  00:14:00  PS89/0026-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  62°59.37'S  0°0.36'E   5310.9   40    9,40,60,100,ferry
19.12.2014  02:05:00  PS89/0030-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  66°27.71'S  0°1.49'W   4500.2   30    15,30,50,100,ferry
21.12.2014  02:49:00  PS89/0033-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  68°0.03'S   0°1.26'W   4512.9   40    5,40,75,120,ferry
22.12.2014  12:15:00  PS89/0035-1  CTD/ice                    69°0.14'S   0°4.03'E            50
22.12.2014  23:23:00  PS89/0036-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  69°0.61'S   0°1.62'W   3369.4   25    15,25,50,100,ferry
27.12.2014  11:00:00  PS89/0040-1  CTD/ice                    70°5.27'S   7°57.52'W           50
29.12.2014  11:00:00  PS89/0040-3  CTD/ice                    70°5.34'S   8°4.54'W            50
30.12.2014  10:50:00  PS89/0040-4  CTD/ice                    70°5.27'S   7°57.52'W           50
03.01.2015  00:24:00  PS89/0042-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  70°34.46'S  9°3.33'W    467     20    15,20,50,100,ferry
03.01.2015  05:17:00  PS89/0040-11 CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.40'S  7°57.72'W   232     60    15,30,60,100,ferry
04.01.2015  10:00:00  PS89/0046-1  CTD/ice                    70°5.59'S   7°38.56'W           50
07.01.2015  22:17:00  PS89/0049-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.31'S  8°45.46'W   156     20    20,ferry
08.01.2015  04:14:00  PS89/0049-7  CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.29'S  8°45.44'W   153     10    10,ferry
08.01.2015  09:12:00  PS89/0049-12 CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.38'S  8°45.58'W   179.2   25    25
09.01.2015  21:06:00  PS89/0052-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.39'S  8°45.58'W   168     30    30,ferry
10.01.2015  00:09:00  PS89/0052-4  CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.32'S  8°45.42'W   155     15    15,ferry
10.01.2015  04:12:00  PS89/0052-8  CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.32'S  8°45.48'W   157     15    15,ferry
10.01.2015  08:04:00  PS89/0052-12 CTD/rosette water sampler  70°31.38'S  8°45.49'W   163     50    50,ferry
11.01.2014  19:11:00  PS89/0058-1  CTD/ice                    70°30.80'S  8°43.93'W           50
16.01.2015  10:55:00  PS89/0066-2  CTD/rosette water sampler  69°0.31'S   6°59.19'W  2948.8   50    15,25,50,100,ferry
20.01.2015  07:41:00  PS89/0080-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  63°55.07'S  0°0.44'E   5210.2   25    15,25,50,100,ferry
21.01.2015  10:48:00  PS89/0081-1  CTD/rosette water sampler  61°0.02'S   0°0.13'E   5384.6   15    15,25,50,100,ferry



Tab. 3.3.1.2: Parameters of SUIT and M-RMT stations. SUIT under ice = 
              stations where SUIT was trawled partly or entirely under ice;
              EcoRegion = broad biogeographical region: OW = open waters 
              north of the ice edge; SIZ = Sea ice zone; Atka = shelf 
              waters near Atka Bay

STATION      HAUL  GEAR   POSlat   POSlon  STRT_TRAWL   END-TRAWL  SUIT   Eco           Comment
                                                                   under  Re-
                                                                   ice    gion
-----------  ----  -----  -------  ------  ----------  ----------  -----  ----  ----------------------------
PS89/0022-1    1   SUIT   -60.384  0.093   14.12.2014  14.12.2014   NO    OW    1st SUIT station of survey; 
                                                08:48       09:18               cable length only estimated 
                                                                                visually

PS89/0024-2    2   SUIT   -61.985  0.030   15.12.2014  15.12.2014   YES   SIZ   Problem with oxenauge of  
                                                09:47       10:17               weight, weight has been
                                                                                pulled up between waypoint 
                                                                                011 and 012. Brown discolour-
                                                                                ation of ice visible.

PS89/0027-6    3   SUIT   -64.110  -0.046  17.12.2014  17.12.2014   NO    SIZ 
                                                17:52       18:22

PS89/0029-1    4   SUIT   -65.948  -0.040  18.12.2014  18.12.2014   YES   SIZ 
                                                09:28       09:58

PS89/0030-4   'S   SUIT   -66.492  0.048   19.12.2014  19.12.2014   YES   SIZ 
                                                14:09       14:49

PS89/0037-2    6   SUIT   -68.977  -0.091  23.12.2014  23.12.2014   YES   SIZ   Got stuck, hauled in after 
                                                11:07       11:17               short time

PS89/0038-1    7   SUIT   -69.017  -0.818  23.12.2014  23.12.2014   YES   SIZ   SUIT lost due to broken cable 
                                                17:41       17:54               at 17:54,recovered, 1 cod end 
                                                                                lost

PS89/0053-2    8   SUIT   -70.541  -8.941  10.01.2015  10.01.2015   NO    Atka  Large open water 'puddle' near 
                                                10:53       11:33               ice shelf. Surrounding ice . 
                                                                                approx 2-3 thick but not close 
                                                                                to trawl.

PS89/0053-3    9   SUIT   -70.538  -8.901  10.01.2015  10.01.2015   NO    Atka  Large open water 'puddle' near 
                                                23:08       23:39               ice shelf. Surrounding ice 
                                                                                approx. 2-3 thick but not close 
                                                                                to trawl.

PS89/0059-1   10   SUIT   -70.534  -8.819  12.01.2015  12.01.2015   NO    Atka  trawl in our puddle near ice 
                                                01:12       01:42               shelf. Surrounding ice approx. 
                                                                                2-3 thick approx. 300 m away.

PS89/0059-3   11   SUIT   -70.518  -8.790  12.01.2015  12.01.2015   NO    Atka  trawl in our puddle near ice 
                                                08:16       08:32               shelf. Surrounding seaice 
                                                                                approx. 2-3 thick.

PS89/0059-4   12   SUIT   -70.516  -8.806  12.01.2015  12.01.2015   NO    Atka  trawl in our puddle near ice 
                                                12:42       13:11               shelf. Surrounding sea ice 
                                                                                approx. 2-3 thick.

PS89/0059-5   13   SUIT   -70.531  -8.790  12.01.2015  12.01.2015   NO    Atka  trawl in our puddle near ice 
                                                20:06       20:41               shelf. Surrounding sea ice 
                                                                                approx. 2-3 thick.

PS89/0062-1   14   SUIT   -69.462  -1.461  15.01.2015  15.01.2015   YES   SIZ   10-20cm snow. Note that ice 
                                                15:35       16:11               conditions change from waypoint 
                                                                                115 onwards.

PS89/0066-5   15   SUIT   -69.027  -6.812  16.01.2015  16.01.2015   NO    OW
                                                17:27       17:57

PS89/0070-2   16   SUIT   -68.259  -3.925  17.01.2015  17.01.2015   YES   SIZ   Lot of brown discolouration on 
                                                14:07       14:41               underside of ice. Peak weight 
                                                                                on cable: 44 tons. 10-20 cm snow.

PS89/0071-1   17   SUIT   -68.203  -3.689  17.01.2015  17.01.2015   YES   SIZ   Lot of loose ice in between 
                                                16:36       17:06               floes, occasionally small open 
                                                                                water leads. Note change in cable 
                                                                                length.

PS89/0080-4   18   SUIT   -63.814  -0.009  20.01.2015  20.01.2015   NO    OW    Last SUIT station!
                                                14:48       15:21

PS89/0018-1        M-RMT  -57.44     0.11  12-12-2014  12-12-2014   NO    OW
                                                15:45       16:44

PS89/0025-1        M-RMT  -62.35    -0.04  15-12-2014  15-12-2014   NO    SIZ
                                                14:42       15:12

PS89/0027-5        M-RMT  -64.04    -0.07  17-12-2014  17-12-2014   NO    SIZ
                                                15:42       16:19

PS89/0029-3        M-RMT  -66.02     0.05  18-12-2014  18-12-2014   YES   SIZ
                                                14:43       15:19

PS89/0030-2        M-RMT  -66.45    -0.06  19-12-2014  19-12-2014   YES   SIZ   Voltage 316, current 0,02,
                                                04:36       05:08

PS89/0040-2        M-RMT  -70.53    -7.89  27-12-2014  27-12-2014   NO    Atka  next to iceedge, Neumayer
                                                11:29       11:35

PS89/0043-1        M-RMT  -70.46    -8.31  03-01-2015  03-01-2015   NO    Atka
                                                13:46       13:51

PS89/0053-1        M-RMT  -70.54    -8.91  10-01-2015  10-01-2015   NO    Atka
                                                09:20       09:26

PS89/0059-2        M-RMT  -70.53    -8.81  12-01-2015  12-01-2015   NO    Atka
                                                03:02       03:06

PS89/0059-6        M-RMT  -70.53    -8.78  12-01-2015  12-01-2015   NO    Atka
                                                23:15       23:19

PS89/0062-2        M-RMT  -69.47    -10.44 15-01-2015  15-01-2015   YES   SIZ   Bucket between the nets, all RMT 
                                                17:49       18:19               8 nets not complete open, RMTI0k

PS89/0066-4        M-RMT  -69.02    -6.94  16-01-2015  16-01-2015   NO    OW
                                                15:33       16:08

PS89/0070-1        M-RMT  -68.25    -3.95  17-01-2015  17-01-2015   YES   SIZ   Net 3 didn*t released (not in the 
                                                11:43       12:13               water and not on deck)

PS89/0079-1        M-RMT  -65.83     0.05  19-01-2015  19-01-2015   NO    OW    net not released
                                                11:01       11:37

PS89/0080-3        M-RMT  -63.89     0     20-01-2015  20-01-2015   NO    OW    net 1 open in to the water, it 
                                               12:08        13:36               fished from 0- 800 and  from 
                                                                                800- 200m depth



Sea ice work

Our sea ice work was conducted in close collaboration with the AWI sea ice 
physics group (M. Nicolaus & S. Schwegmann). A total of 8 sea ice stations 
were sampled during PS89, of which 2 were completed during the southward 
passage on the 0° meridian (Table 3.3.1.1). The majority of stations (6) 
focused on the landfast ice of the Atka Bay (Fig. 3.3.1.1). Depending on 
time availability and weather conditions, the following sampling procedure 
was completed during sea ice stations:

  a) We conducted measurements of the under-ice light field using a RAMSES 
     sea ice well away from the drilling hole. At each L-arm site, a 
     bio-optical core was taken straight above one RAMSES measurement 
     point. Additional bio-optical cores were sampled above RAMSES 
     measurement points along ROV transects of the sea ice physics group.

  b) Various ice cores were taken for analysis of physical, biogeochemical 
     and biological properties: Archive, texture, salinity and chlorophyll 
     a content, particulate organic matter (POM) for biomarker analysis, 
     sea ice infauna, and DNA (eukaryote microbial communities). At each 
     coring site, snow depth, ice thickness and freeboard were noted.

  c) We lowered a CTD probe equipped with a fluorometer through a coring 
     hole down to 50 m depth, thus obtaining vertical profiles of 
     temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a content in the upper 50 m 
     under the sea ice.

  d) We collected under-ice waterforthe analysis of the phytoplankton and 
     microzooplankton composition and DNA sequencing with a handheld 
     Kemmerer water sampler lowered to approximately 1 m under the ice.

  e) At several ice stations in the Atka Bay, an in-situ pump was used to 
     sample zooplankton from the platelet ice layer under the coastal 
     fast-ice.

  f) In collaboration with Melchior Gonzales-Davila and Magdalena 
     Santana-Casiano we collected additional water samples for carbonate 
     studies at depths of 20 m, 15 m, 10 m,7 m,5 m,3 m, and l m under the 
     ice.

Archive and texture cores were stored in the ship's -20°C storage room and 
transported back to AWI Retained sections of all other cores were carefully 
melted at 4°C in the ship's temperature-controlled laboratory container. In 
bio-optical cores, the bottom 10 cm were separated from the rest of the 
core, and both retained sections were processed for chlorophyll a content 
in order to determine the relationship of ice algal biomass with the 
under-ice spectral light properties. Additionally, subsamples from the 
melted bio-optical core sections were taken for pigment analysis (HPLC), 
POM, and microscopic analysis. Ice cores for salinity and chlorophyll a 
content were cut in 10 cm pieces to construct vertical profiles of these 
parameters. In cores for POM, sea ice infauna and DNA analysis, 10 cm 
sections from the bottom, the top and the inner part of the core were 
retained for sample collection. 200 ml filtered sea water per cm core 
section were added to melting sections of sea ice infauna cores. Filters 
for POM and pigment analysis obtained from melted ice core sections and 
water samples were frozen at -80°C. Microscopy samples from bio-optical 
cores, under-ice microzooplankton and sea ice infauna were stored at 2°C on 
4% formaldehyde/seawater solution.


Tab. 3.3.1.3: List of the ice stations sampled, and number of ice cores 
              taken at each sampling site. For each ice station it is 
              specified if there have been conducted under ice radiation 
              mesurements (L-arm), under-ice water sampling, under-ice 
              zooplankton sampling by using a self-constructed pump (Pump), 
              water column sampling for CO2 and pH measurements (CO2 
              samples) and under-ice CTD profiles. Ice stations 32-1 and 
              35-1 were sampled on drifting sea ice floes, whereas stations 
              40-1 to 58-1 were sampled on fast ice in Atka Bay

    Stn   Position      Date      N° of  L-arm  Water  Pump  CO2    CTD
     N°                           cores         Samp.        Samp.
    ----  ----------  ----------  -----  -----  -----  ----  -----  ---
    32-1  67°34.66'S  20.12.2014    14    YES    NO     NO    NO    NO
           0° 8.86'E
    35-1  69°0.82'S   22.12.2014    11    YES    YES    NO    YES   YES
           0°4.03'E
    40-1  70°31.60'S  27.12.2014     8    YES    NO     NO    NO    YES
           7°57.52'W
    40-3  70°32.03'S  29.12.2014     2    NO     YES    YES   YES   YES
           8° 4.54'W
    40-4  70°31.60'S  30.12.2014     0    NO     YES    YES   YES   YES
           7°57.52'W
    40-5  70°31.45'S  31.12.2014     3    YES    NO     NO    NO    NO
           7°58.83'W
    46-1  70°33.54'S  04.01.2015    10    YES    YES    YES   YES   YES
           7°38.56'W
    58-1  70°30.80'S  11.01.2015     7    NO     NO     YES   NO    YES
           8°43.93W


Tab. 3.3.1.4: List of ice cores taken during PS89, with relative position 
              on the ice floe (see Nicolauset al., this volume), and 
              corresponding spectral, measurement site (Marker)

              Station N°       LABEL       POSITION  MARKER
              ----------  ---------------  --------  ------
                 32-1     PS89/32-1-OPT-1  (-32-20)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-OPT-2  (-23-16)  M37
                          PS89/32-1-OPT-3  (-14-9)   M33
                          PS89/32-1-OPT-4  (-7-4)    M32
                          PS89/32-1-OPT-5  (-41-42)  M31
                          PS89/32-1-LSI-1  (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-LSI-2  (41,42)   L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-DNA    (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-MEI-1  (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-MEI-2  (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-DEN    (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-ARC    (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-TEX    (-41-42)  L-arm
                          PS89/32-1-SAL    (-22,11)  L-arm
                 35-1     PS89/35-1-OPT-1  (-17,23)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-OPT-2  (-22,ii)  M6
                          PS89/35-1-LSI-i  (-22,ii)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-LSI-2  (-22,ii)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-DNA    (-22,ii)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-MEI-1  (-22,11)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-MEI-2  (-22,11)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-DEN    (-22,11)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-ARC    (-22,11)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-TEX    (-22,11)  Coring
                          PS89/35-1-SAL    (-35,13)  Coring
                 40-1     PS89/40-1-BIO-1  (31,9)    Cores+L-arm
                          PS89/40-1-BIO-2  (-35,13)  M30m
                          PS89/40-1-LSI    (-35,13)  Cores+L-arm
                          PS89/40-1-MEI    (-35,13)  Cores+L-arm
                          PS89/40-1-DEN    (-35,13)  Cores+L-arm
                          PS89/40-1-ARC    (-35,13)  Cores+L-arm
                          PS89/40-1-TEX    (-35,13)  Cores+L-arm
                          PS89/40-1-SAL        -     Cores+L-arm
                 40-3     PS89/40-3-MEI-1      -          -
                          PS89/40-3-MEI-2      -          -
                 40-5     PS89/40-5-OPT        -          -
                          PS89/40-5-MEI    (-44-61)       -
                 46-1     PS89/46-1-OPT-1  (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-LSI-1  (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-LSI-2  (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-DNA    (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-MEI-1  (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-MEI-2  (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-SED    (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-ARC    (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-TEX    (-44-61)  L-arm+Cores
                          PS89/46-1-SAL    (41,42)   L-arm+Cores


Top predator censuses

During steaming of the ship, surveys of top predators (all marine birds and 
mammals) were made from open observation posts installed on the 
monkey-deck. Standard band transect survey methods were applied, in time 
blocks of 10 minutes with snapshot methodology for birds in flight, and 
additional line-transect methods for marine mammals. In addition to the 
ship-based surveys, helicopters were used for further band-transect censuses 
in sea ice areas. Flights were conducted at the standard seal survey 
altitude of 300 ft and speeds of 60 to 80 knots. For unbiased sampling, 
surveys followed pre-determined straight transect lines to a maximum of 50 
nautical miles away from the ship, with parallel outward and return tracks 
separated by at least 8 nautical miles. Helicopter counts were made in 
units of approximately 2 to 3 minutes flying time, identified by waypoints 
made on GPS. Bandwidth used in both ship based and aerial surveys was 
mostly 300 m (150 m to both sides of transect line), but was adapted 
according to conditions.

Densities of top predators were calculated from the number of densities of 
birds, seals and whales were then translated into food requirements using 
well established allometric formulas to calculate species-specific daily 
energy requirements. Energy requirements were translated to fresh food 
requirements using an energetic value of 4.5 KJ per gram fresh weight of 
food. For further methodological details see van Franeker et al. (1997). 
Data for the purpose of this cruise report could be analysed only for the 
southward leg to Neumayer III, 2 to 25 December. During this southward leg, 
771 ship-based 10 minute counts were made, representing a survey surface of 
688.6 km2. Due to frequently poor weather conditions, only three helicopter 
surveys were made in the ice areas, with a total of 113 waypoint blocks 
representing a surveyed area of 179.1 km2. Results from ship- and 
helicopter surveys were combined in the analyses, resulting in 884 count 
units representing a surface area of 867.7 km2. On the return voyage to 
Cape Town at least a similar number of ship based observations has been 
made, but no additional helicopter surveys. Flying over denser sea ice was 
not possible due to a technical problem of Polarstern, preventing ship 
support in case of helicopter problems in dense sea ice sectors.

In addition to the at-sea density surveys of marine top predators, we 
conducted an aerial photographic survey of the emperor penguin colony in 
Atka Bay. The colony was not overflown. Instead, side angle photographs 
were taken from helicopter at 1,000 ft altitude, circling the colony at a 
radial distance of about 1,500 m from the concentration of birds. 
Photographs were analysed using the ITAG software produced by Sacha 
Viquerat.


Fig.3.3.1.2: Example of environmental data profiles obtained from the 
             SUIT's sensor array at station 30-4.



Preliminary results


SUIT sampling

SUIT sensors data. From the 18 SUIT hauls, 10 were conducted in open water, 
and 8 were conducted under various types of sea ice, including shattered 
ice floes in the marginal ice zone north of Atka Bay. Bio-environmental 
profiles were obtained from each SUIT haul (Fig. 3.3.1.2). The average ice 
coverage of the under-ice hauls was 90%. Preliminary mean ice draft 
calculated based on pressure measurements of the SUIT's CTD ranged between 
8 cm in the marginal ice zone, and 246 cm in heavy sea ice of the Coastal 
Current (Fig. 3.3.1.3 C).

The surface layer salinity increased towards the south. Near Atka Bay, the 
salinity was highly variable, which was possibly related to tidal currents. 
In a first analysis of surface chlorophyll-a content, a characteristic 
pattern of ice-free regions compared to ice-covered regions could not be 
identified. More insight on the biological productivity of the system, 
however, can be expected as soon as spectral data from the SUIT's RAMSES 
sensor can be related to the chlorophyll a content of sea ice derived from 
our L-arm measurements and associated ice core sampling.

SUIT catch composition. The catch from the 7 mm mesh shrimp net was counted 
and sorted on board. Fig. 3.3.1.3 A & B show an overview of the species 
found in the open water and underice hauls on the incoming and returning 
trajectories to and from Atka bay. In the first open water station, biomass 
was low and dominated by appendicularians. In ice-covered waters the catch 
was dominated by the euphausiids Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura, 
and amphipods of the genus Eusirus. The latter where mainly E. laticarpus 
and E. microps, except in station 80-4, where E. tridentatus was found. In 
general species diversity was low compared to 2007/2008, when the open 
water and under ice surface layer was also investigated in this area 
(Flores et al. 2011). Euphausia superba shows an increased abundance at 
stations with thicker ice (Fig. 3.3.1.3 C). Fig. 3.3.1.3 D shows the mean 
properties of the sea water during trawling.


Fig. 3.3.1.3: SUIT catch, sea ice and under-ice water properties during 
              trawling. A) Catch composition per station in percentage of 
              total abundance. B) Abundance of major taxa at each SUIT 
              station. C) Sea ice properties during SUIT hauls. The 
              percentage of the haul that was conducted under ice is shown 
              in grey bars. White bars represent the average ice draft 
              during the haul. D) Mean surface water properties during each 
              haul.


Near Atka Bay, the surface layer community was sampled over a 24 hour 
period to see if there were differences in the occurrence of macrofauna in 
the surface layer at different times of the day. In general the biomass in 
Atka Bay was very low (Fig. 3.3.1.4). Although also caught in the morning, 
E. superba seemed to be more abundant at night. All other species however 
were coming to the surface only at night time. These species included 
Euphausia crystallorophias, which is a known coastal species, Eusirus spp., 
fish larvae and polychaetes.


Fig. 3.3.1.4: Abundance of major taxa in the 0-2 m surface layer in Atka 
              Bay per time period. The hauls at time periods 10:00 -12:00 
              hour and 22:00 - 24:00 hour were conducted on 101 January, 
              while the others were conducted on the 121. Time periods 
              underlain in grey were not sampled.


The length frequency distribution of E. superba was analysed at the five 
stations completed along the southbound transect on the 0° meridian (Fig. 
3.3.1.5). Three stations were dominated by juveniles with a modal length 
around 20 mm. Stations 24-2 and 38-1 where dominated by sub-adults with 
mean lengths of 31 and 34 mm. This is similar to the length distribution of 
2007/2008 (Flores et al. 2012). The catch from station 38-1 also included 
larval krill (stage furcilia VI). This stage is often found in winter-early 
spring. There are, however, other studies that have found late stage 
furcilia in January and even until May (Marr 1962; Melnikov & Spiridonov 
1996; Daly 2004).


RMT sampling

We completed in total 15 M-RMT hauls, mostly in close proximity to SUIT 
sampling locations (Fig. 3.3.1.1). One haul had to be excluded from 
analysis due to entanglement of the net. At station 79, depth-stratified 
sampling was irregular due to malfunctioning of the release mechanism. 
Technical failure further precluded the analysis of 4 of the 39 remaining 
net samples (Fig. 3.3.1.7, Fig. 3.3.1.8). In this report we present 
preliminary data on macrozooplankton and micronekton collected by the RMT-8 
nets. Data on siphonophores and chaetognaths were not included in this 
preliminary analysis.

Macrozooplankton communities. On the 0° meridian, cumulative 
macrozooplankton abundances in any of the 3 depth layers sampled were below 
25 ind. 1,000 m-3 at stations north of 65°S. The highest M-RMT catch 
abundances of this survey (more than 250 ind. 1000 m-3) were obtained in 
the surface layer at Station 29, south-west of Maud Rise (Fig. 3.3.1.1, 
Fig. 3.3.1.6). South of 62°S, the macrozooplankton species composition was 
dominated by the euphausiid Thysanoessa macrura. Other abundant taxa were 
siphonophores and chaetognaths (both not quantified), pteropods, amphipods 
and fish larvae. Antarctic krill Euphausia superba was surprisingly rare, 
its abundances ranging clearly below 2 ind. 1,000 m-3 in any of the 3 depth 
layers sampled (Fig. 3.3.1.6). The size of T macrura ranged from 7 to 30 
mm, with modes at 9 mm in juveniles, 18 mm in males, and 21 mm infernales 
(Fig. 3.3.1.9A).


Fig. 3.3.1.5: Length frequency and stage distribution of Euphausia superba 
              per station in percentage of numbers of individuals measured

Fig. 3.3.1.6: Taxonomic composition and macrozooplankton abundance in M-RMT 
              catches during the 0° meridian transect towards Neumayer III. 
              The macrozooplankton community was sampled at 3 different 
              depth layers. For figure legend refer to Fig. 3.3.1.8.

Fig. 3.3.1.7: Taxonomic composition and macrozooplankton abundance in M-RMT 
              catches near Atka Bay. The macrozooplankton community was 
              sampled at 3 different depth layers. For figure legend refer 
              to 3.3.1.7. 


Near Atka Bay, the macrozooplankton community was dominated by ice krill 
Euphausia crystallorophias. Peak abundances occurred both in the surface 
layer (Station 43: 45 ind. 1,000 m-3), and in the 100-200 m depth layer 
(Station 59-2: 91 ind. 1000 m-3) (Fig. 3.3.1.7). These 2 stations were also 
the only stations at which low numbers of Antarctic krill were caught. At 
the other 3 stations, cumulated macrozooplankton abundances were well below 
10 ind. 1000 m-3 in any depth stratum (Fig. 3.3.1.7). There was a marked 
difference in the size distribution of E. crystallorophias caught in the 
0-50 m surface layer at Station 43 versus the 100-200 m depth layer at 
Station 59. In the surface layer, the size composition was bimodal, with 
juveniles peaking at 19 mm and females at 30 mm. In the 100-200 m depth 
layer, the size composition was dominated by males, with a mode at 25 mm 
(Fig. 3.3.1.9 C, D). These vertical differences in the size distribution of 
ice krill were in line with similar observations made during PS82 in the 
Filchner region.

After leaving the Atka Bay area, 5 M-RMT stations were completed during the 
northbound transition to and on the 0° meridian. Unfortunately, only 3 of 
those stations were fully suitable for quantitative analysis due to 
technical problems during 2 hauls. Overall macrozooplankton abundances and 
species composition were similar to the catches during the southbound 
transect on the 0° meridian (Fig. 3.3.1.8). Thysanoessa macrura was again 
dominating in terms of abundance, and exhibited a similar size distribution 
(Fig. 3.3.1.8, Fig. 3.3.1.9 B). Station 79 and 80 were conducted at almost 
identical locations to Stations 29 and 27, respectively, during the 
southbound transect at the beginning of the expedition. Interestingly, the 
pattern of low abundances in the northern stations (27/80) versus high 
abundances in the southern stations (29/79) was confirmed during the return 
transect on the 0° meridian (Fig. 3.3.1.6, 3.3.1.8).


Fig. 3.3.1.8: Taxonomic composition and macrozooplankton abundance in M-RMT 
              catches on the northbound leg after leaving the Atka Bay 
              area. The macrozooplankton community was sampled at 3 
              different depth layers.


The vertical distribution of three euphausiid species in open and ice 
covered waters was investigated using SUIT and M-RMT data (Fig. 3.3.1.10). 
E. superba was most abundant in the surface layer under ice. In deeper 
layers, abundances were generally low. T macrura was more abundant in 
deeper waters, especially in the upper 200 meters, with slightly higher 
abundances in ice-covered waters. These results are consistent with the 
results of 2007/2008 (Flores et al. 2012), demonstrating that abundances of 
Antarctic krill in the ice-water interface layer often far exceed 
integrated abundances of the 0-200 m layer. E. ctystallorophias was mostly 
found in low numbers nearAtka bay. The highest abundance of this species 
was caught between 100 and 200 meter depth.


Fig. 3.3.1.9:  Size composition of Thysanoessa macrura in the sea ice zone 
               on the southbound 0° meridian and the northbound leg after 
               leaving the Atka Bay area, and the size composition of 
               Euphausia crystallorophias at different depth layers at 2 
               stations near Atka Bay.

Fig. 3.3.1.10: Comparison of three euphausiid species sampled at different 
               depth strata in open and ice-covered waters. Note the 
               different scales in the Thysanoessa macrura plots. ICE = 
               ice-covered SUIT stations and corresponding M-RMT stations; 
               OW = open water SUIT stations and corresponding M-RMT 
               stations



Larval Fish. 

In oceanic waters, larval stages of Electrona antarctica and Notelepis 
coatsi were caught frequently, while Bathylagus antarcticus larvae were 
caught infrequently. In coastal waters, icefish (Channichthyidae) larvae 
and unidentified Nototheniids were caught occasioanally. Larval stages of 
E. antarctica showed peaks at 13 and 25 mm length (Fig. 3.3.1.11). 
Post-metamorphic and adults stages were also present but without displaying 
a clear pattern. This is likely due to the small number of these stages 
that were caught. N. coatsi covered a wide range from 12 up to 73 mm 
lengths, but most of them were between 28 and 43 mm in size. In coastal 
waters, the icefish and the unidentified Notothen showed similar size 
ranges peaking around 19 and 22 mm, respectively (Fig. 3.3.1.12).


Fig. 3.3.1.11: Length-frequency distribution of the most frequent oceanic 
               fish, Electrona antarctica, Notolepis coatsi and Bathylagus 
               antarcticus caught during PS89 

Fig. 3.3.1.12: Length-frequency distribution of the most frequent coastal  
               fish, Channychtid and Nototheniid fish larvae caught during 
               PS89 


Samples for Gene ticAnalysis. Samples of amphipods, fish and other 
zooplankton were collected for further genetic analysis and will be 
integrated with other on-going efforts to collect samples of fish and 
amphipods around the Southern Ocean in order to perform phylogeographic and 
population genetic analyses (Table 3.3.1.3).


Tab. 3.3.1.3: Overview of samples collected for molecular Analysis

                       100% Ethanol  Frozen -20  Frozen -80°  Total
                       ------------  ----------  -----------  -----
      Amphipods             171                                171
Amphipod sp.                  1                                  1
Cyllopus lucasi               9                                  9
Eusiruslaticarpus            54                                 54
Eusirus microps              10                                 10
Eusirusspp.                  31                                 31
Hyperiella sp.               10                                 10
Hyperoche sp.                 1                                  1
Primno macropa               53                                 53
Themisto gaudichaudii         1                                  1

        Fish                 92          84          46        222
Bathylagus antarcticus        9           3           5         17
Channichthydae spp.           6                                  6
Electrona antarctica         16          25          32         73
Gymnoscophelus nicholsi                   1                      1
Gymnoscophelussp.                         3                      3
Myctophidae spp.                         44                     44
Notolepis coatsi             54           8           9         71
Notothenioid                  1                                  1



Sea ice work

The sampled ice stations presented a very high variability in the majority 
of site parameters (Table 3.3.1.4). Ice thickness varied between ca 70 cm 
in sea ice on the 0° meridian, and more than 3 m in coastal fast ice at 
Atka Bay. The snow conditions were also highly variable, ranging from bare 
ice to more than 1 m snow cover. Thick snow cover was associated with 
negative freeboard (see stations 40-3, 40-5, and 48-1). Fig. 3.3.1.13 shows 
the typical coring grid taken at sites where also under-ice light 
measurements were performed.


Fig. 3.3.1.13: Image of a typical coring grid taken at the L-arm site. The 
               core hole on the right side was used to deploy the sensors 
               attached to a L-arm underneath the ice. The ice cores were 
               taken at the centre of the square in which the light 
               measurements are performed. Picture by André Majboom 
               (IMARES).


Tab. 3.3.1.4: List of mean physical properties of the sampled ice for each 
              sea ice station. The last 2 columns give information on the 
              presence of a surface algae layer in the core holes and on 
              the presence of (or signs of the presence of) platelet ice.

   Stn   H (m)  H(snow)  T (°C)  Salinity  Freeboard  Algae  Platelet
                 (cm)              (psu)      (cm)    Layer    Ice
   ----  -----  -------  ------  --------  ---------  -----  --------
   32-1   1.21     18    -1.73     11.65       6        NO      NO
   35-1   0.73      6    -1.66      9.28       7        NO      NO
   40-1   2.05     17    -2.73      9.04       8       YES     YES
   40-3   3.51    119      -         -       -11        NO     YES
   40-4    -       -       -         -         -        -       -
   40-5   1.93     56    -2.1        -       -14        NO     YES
   46-1   1.12     30    -1.24      10.19     -2        NO      NO
   58-1   2.34      0      -          -       26        NO    Signs


Tab. 3.3.1 lists the number of ice cores taken for the physical, 
biogeochemical and biological analysis. High variability was also seen in 
the vertical profiles of in-ice temperature (Fig. 3.3.1.14) and salinity 
(Fig. 3.3.1.15). The stations in Atka Bay were characterized by the 
presence of platelet ice or by visible indications at the bottom of the ice 
cores that there had been platelet ice which was flushed away by the tidal 
movement of the water, or by the ship's propellers nearby. The only 
exception is station 46-1, where the ice was melting at the bottom, as was 
also evident from the temperature profile in Fig. 3.3.1.14. In general, the 
stations in

Atka Bay appeared to host higher biomass in the ice, visible by a brownish 
layer at the bottom of the cores, compared to the stations taken on ice sea 
floes. Further detailed analysis on sea-ice biogeochemistry and biological 
properties in the laboratory at AWI will give a complete picture on the 
sea-ice biomass.


Tab. 3.3.1.5: List of ice cores taken at each ice station for the analysis 
             of physical (textureTEX, Salinity-SAL, Sediment-SED), 
             biogeochemical and biological analysis (Meiofauna-MEIO, DNA)

               Stn  BIO- LSI  DNA  MEIO  SED  ARC  TEX  SAL
                N°  OPT  
               ---  ---  ---  ---  ----  ---  ---  ---  ---
               32-1  5    2    1    2     1    1    1    1
               35-1  2    2    1    2     1    1    1    1
               40-1  2    1    1    1     1    0    1    1
               40-3  0    0    0    2     0    0    0    0
               40-4  -    -    -    -     -    -    -    -
               40-5  1    0    0    1     0    0    1    0
               46-1  1    2    1    2     1    1    1    1
               58-1  2    2    1    2     0    0    0    0


The CTD profiles (Fig. 3.3.1.16) provided information on the water 
characteristics at the ice stations. The variability in the physical 
properties of the top 50 m of the water column resembled the high 
variability already found in the sea ice physical properties of sea ice. 
The sampling site of Station 40-1 was re-visited 4 days later (Station 
40-4). At Station 40-1, the CTD profile showed a clear stratification in 
the upper about 18 m, where the uncalibrated chlorophyll a content reached 
levels of about 12 mg m-3 (Fig. 3.3.1.16 B). At the same spot four days 
later, no stratification was apparent, and chlorophyll a concentrations 
remained generally below 0.5 Mg m3 (Fig. 3.3.1.16 D). This pronounced 
difference in the vertical structure of the underlying water may have been 
related to the tidal movement of waters. This result highlights the high 
variability of the Atka Bay sea ice system, not only on a spatial scale, 
but also on a temporal scale.

At most stations we performed under-ice light field measurements. The high 
variability of the sampled places offers the possibility to study light 
transmission through ice of different types and thicknesses as well as 
through different snow covers. This will help to parameterize the under-ice 
radiation in relation to different sea-ice physical conditions and, once 
the further analysis on the chlorophyll a will be completed, with different 
biomass content.


Fig. 3.3.1.14: Temperature vertical profiles in the ice for stations 32-1, 
               35-1 (dashed line) on the ice floes and for stations 40-1, 
               40-5 and 46-1 (full line) on the fast ice.

Fig. 3.3.1.15: Salinity vertical profiles in the ice for stations 1, 2 
               (dashed line) on the ice floes and for stations 40-1, 40-5 
               and 46-1 (full line) on the fast ice

Fig. 3.3.1.16: CTD profiles in the 50 m water column under the ice at ice 
               stations



Top predator censuses

Transect census. 

The southward leg of PS89 (ANT-XXX/2) was rather unusual in its pattern of 
food requirements of the top predators. In most earlier transects in this 
region, it was observed that birds, seals and whales had food requirements 
in ice covered waters that were much higher than in the open water further 
north. The background relates to a mix of increased numbers of individuals, 
larger sizes, and species restricted to life in sea ice. In the 
observations on this voyage, this pattern still holds for birds and seals. 
Fig. 3.3.1.17 A shows that flying seabirds, mainly tubenosed species, 
concentrated in the area of the Antarctic Polar Front around 49 to 50°S. 
Near and in the ice, penguins take over, with chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis 
antarctica in the outer zone, and Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae and 
emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri further south. Apart from incidental 
fur seals Arctocephalus gaze/la in open waters, the crabeater seal Lobodon 
carcinophagus dominated in the sea ice. It concentrated in the far south 
but had remarkably low densities in the apparently suitable sea ice between 
59°S and 64°S (Fig. 3.3.1.17 B). The overall picture of food requirements 
of top predators on this voyage (Fig. 3.3.1.17 C) was however dominated by 
larger whale species such as the fin whale Balaenoptera physalus and the 
humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. 

Far north, these were rather incidental but influential observations, but 
just north of the ice edge observations became more regular. Deeper in the 
ice, the usually fairly abundant Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera 
bonaerensis was not seen very frequently. The overall impression of top 
predator abundance in the sea ice was that it was relatively low compared 
to observations on earlier Polarstern cruises, but more detailed 
comparisons must await further analysis, including the data of the 
northward leg in mid-January, when the ice edge was positioned far south 
around 68°S. Data from that return trip have not been analysed yet, but the 
general impression is that abundances were still fairly low in denser sea 
ice. However, in the outer rim of the sea ice and north of it, whales were 
abundant, with both the Antarctic minke whale and several blue whales 
Balaenoptera musculus seen feeding around the ice edge, where also the SUIT 
net made its highest catches of Antarctic krill under the ice. Humpback 
whales were seen frequently over large parts of the zones that had been 
covered by sea ice in December.

Emperor Penguin colony census. 

On December 30, aerial photographs were made of the emperor penguin colony 
in Atka Bay near Neumayer Station III (Fig. 3.3.1.18). Preliminary counts 
of the photos sum up to approximately 3,200 chicks and 500 adults being 
present, with an additional presence of 22 Adélie penguins in adult 
plumage, apparently prospecting for breeding locations, which however are 
unavailable in the area. The number of emperor penguin chicks was much 
lower than made from a similar photo survey on 14 Dec 2007, when nearly 
11,000 chicks and over 1,000 adults were counted. The lower number of 
chicks in the seasonally somewhat later 2014 survey cannot be explained by 
fledging of chicks. Only two fledged chicks were observed near the edge of 
the fast ice in 2014. In 2007, larger numbers of fledglings were seen only 
by mid-January. Reproductive success of Emperor penguin colonies is known 
to be extremely variable and dependent on winter weather, and position of 
the fastice edge during different critical phases of the breeding cycle. 
Undoubtedly, food availability will also vary and may have been low in this 
season or parts of it.


Concluding remarks

Based on the net catches, the area surveyed was characterized by low 
zooplankton abundances compared to earlier expeditions. The mere absence of 
Antarctic krill from pelagic M-RMT samples on the 0° meridian was 
remarkable. However, the well-known patchiness of zooplankton distribution 
in combination with the low number of net hauls accomplished during this 
expedition precludes any large-scale generalisation of this observation. 
Elevated abundances of juvenile Antarctic krill were only encountered in 
the ice-water interface layer, confirming earlier findings from the same 
region suggesting that Antarctic krill is often more abundant under sea ice 
than in the epipelagic layer. Patterns in top predator distribution 
resembled those of zooplankton, with elevated abundances of whales 
associated with relatively high under-ice krill abundances in the marginal 
ice zone on the northbound leg. Sea ice habitat properties evidently had a 
decisive impact on the distribution of animals in the investigation area. 
The high variability of sea ice properties found during our ice station 
work suggests that km-scale measurements of sea ice properties, such as 
those performed with SUIT, can be valuable in capturing this variability at 
more appropriate spatial scales.


Fig. 3.3.1.17: Food requirement of top predators averaged by degree of 
               latitude and in relation to average sea ice cover (884 ship 
               based and aerial counts, 4-25 December 2014, Cape Town to 
               Neumayer, largely following the 0° meridian). A. birds, B. 
               birds and seals, C. birds, seals and whales.

Fig. 3.3.1.18: Overview of the emperor penguin colony on the fast ice in 
               Atka Bay, with Neumayer Station III visible in the back (A). 
               On the right (B), the first of the five aerial photographs 
               used to count the number of chicks and adults in the colony. 
               Based on details on the pictures, the drawn line shows the 
               separation between counts of different photographs.



Data management

Almost all sample processing will be carried out in the home laboratories 
at AWI, IMARES and RBINS. This may take up to three years depending on the 
parameters as well as analytical methods (chemical measurements and species 
identifications and quantifications). As soon as the data are available 
they will be accessible to other cruise participants and research partners 
on request. Metadata will be shared at the earliest convenience; data will 
be published depending on the finalization of PhD theses and publications. 
Metadata will be submitted to PANGAEA, the Antarctic Master Directory 
(including the Southern Ocean Observation System), the Antarctic 
Biodiversity Portal www.Biodiversity.aq, and will be open for external use.



References

Arntz WE, Thatje S, Gerdes D, Gui JIM, Gutt J, Jacob U, Montiel A, Orejas 
    C, Teixido N (2005) The Antarctic-Magellan connection: macrobenthos 
    ecology on the shelf and upper Slope, a progress report. Scientia 
    Marina 69:237-269.

Daly KL (2004) Overwintering growth and development of larval Euphausia 
    superba: an interannual comparison under varying environmental 
    conditions west of the Antarctic Peninsula, Deep-Sea Research Part 
    1151:2139-2168.

Flores H, Van Franeker JA, Siegel V, Haraldsson M, Strass V, Meesters EHWG, 
    Bathmann U, Wolff WJ (2012) The association of Antarctic krill 
    Euphausia superba with the under-ice habitat. PloS one 7:e31775.

Flores H, Van Franeker JA, Cisewski B, Leach H, Van de Putte AP, Meesters 
    EHWG, Bathmann U, Wolff WJ (2011) Macrofauna under sea ice and in the 
    open surface layer of the Lazarev Sea, Southern Ocean. Deep Sea 
    Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58:1948-1961.

Ingels J, Vanhove S, De Mesel I, Vanreusel A (2006) The biodiversity and 
    biogeography of the free-living nematode genera Desmodora and 
    Desmodorella (family Desmodoridae) at both sides of the Scotia Arc. 
    Polar Biology 29:936-949.

van Franeker JA, Bathmann U, Mathot S (1997) Carbon fluxes to Antarctic top 
    predators. Deep-Sea Research 11 44:435-455.

van Franeker JA, Flores H, Van Dorssen M (2009) The Surface and Under Ice 
    Trawl (SUIT), in: Flores, H. (Ed.), Frozen Desert Alive - The Role of 
    Sea Ice for Pelagic Macrofauna and its Predators. PhD thesis. 
    University of Groningen, pp. 181-188.

Marr J (1962) The natural history and geography of the Antarctic krill 
    (Euphausia superba Dana). Discovery Reports 32:37- 444.

Melnikov IA, Spiridonov VA (1996) Antarctic krill under perennial sea ice 
    in the western Weddell Sea. Antarctic Science 8(4):323-329.



3.3.2  Cetaceans in ice
       Sacha Viquerat, Steve Geelhoed, Nicole                ITAW
       Janinhoff, Shannon McKay, Sebastian Müller,
       Hans Verdaat
       not on board: Helena Herr, Ursula Siebert
	
Grant No: AWI-PS89_03
	

Objectives

Our work during this expedition was conducted as part of a project 
investigating the relationship of cetaceans and sea ice, aiming at density 
estimates in sea ice covered areas (,,Modellierungen zu Populationsgrößen 
und räumlicher Verteilung von Zwergwalen im antarktischen Packeis auf der 
Grundlage von See- und luftgestützten Tiersichtungen; Förderkennzeichen 
2811 HSOO2"). Knowledge on the density, distribution and habitat use of 
cetaceans in the Antarctic is comparably limited. Until today it is unknown 
to what extent cetaceans use the ice covered waters, though these waters 
are thought to play an important role in the sea-ice ecosystem and thus to 
contribute largely to biodiversity in this habitat. Knowledge on cetacean 
densities in relation to sea ice concentrations is central for 
understanding impacts of climate change on the Antarctic marine ecosystem 
as well as for Southern Ocean ecosystem management, including the 
conservation and management mandate of the International Whaling Commission 
(IWC). Especially, but not only, data on Antarctic minke whale 
(Balaenoptera bonaerensis) distribution in ice covered areas of Antarctica 
are urgently needed and requested by the IWC, as current abundance 
estimates of cetaceans in Antarctic waters are based on assessments 
conducted up to the marginal ice zone only. Without surveying for whales 
across the ice zone it is almost impossible to estimate their entire 
population sizes (both inside and outside of the ice) and how changes in 
climate and increasing human presence around the Antarctic will impact on 
whale populations in the coming decades.

Aerial surveys are currently the preferred method for obtaining 
quantitative data on cetacean occurrence in pack ice regions. Regional 
estimates of cetacean densities in selected areas of varying sea ice 
concentrations may allow to compare boundaries and magnitudes of abundances 
of cetaceans, both inside and outside of the sea ice region and provide 
valuable information in order to account for potential biases in current 
abundance estimates.

By means of dedicated cetacean sighting surveys, our project aims to 
contribute to base line data on cetacean occurrence and abundance, 
especially of Antarctic minke whales in selected areas of the Antarctic. 
Therefore we conduct aerial as well as ship-based cetacean sighting surveys 
following standard line-transect distance sampling methodology to obtain 
estimates of density for selected cetacean species with a special focus on 
Antarctic minke whales. In addition behavioural observations investigate 
response behaviour of cetaceans towards vessels in Antarctic waters.


Work at sea

We conducted dedicated cetacean sighting surveys, using the crow's nest 
(shipboard survey) and the on-board helicopters (aerial survey) as survey 
platforms. The same general methodology applied during aerial surveys and 
ship based surveys. Priority was given to the aerial surveys, but given the 
size of our team, both survey types could be run in parallel.

In addition to the distance sampling surveys, we conducted a tracking study 
from the crow's nest, i.e. focal follows of detected animal groups with 
high-powered binoculars ("Big Eyes"), noting down their track (angle and 
distance to ship) as long as possible. This is a means to evaluate cetacean 
behaviour, in particular responsive movement by cetaceans towards the ship 
(this being one of our survey platforms).


Aerial Survey

We conducted aerial surveys following standard line-transect distance 
sampling methodology (Buckland et al. 2001) with the two helicopters (BO 
105) provided by HeliService on board of Polarstern between December 17, 
2014 and January 20, 2015. All surveys were planned in an "ad-hoc" manner. 
Track lines were designed in a way that they could be surveyed depending on 
the current position and track of Polarstern as well as on weather 
conditions, aiming to achieve a good coverage of the survey area and 
applying basic principles of good survey design following Buckland et al. 
(2001).

All survey flights were conducted at an altitude of 600 feet and a speed of 
80-90 knots. Two observers were positioned in the back seats of the 
helicopter on the right and left side and observed their side, 
concentrating on the area immediately below the helicopter. A third 
observer was seated in the front left seat of the helicopter next to the 
pilot, observing the area to the front, thus focusing on the transect line. 
The observer seated behind the pilot on the right side of the helicopter 
was also tasked with running the VOR software (Hiby & Lovell 1998) on a 
laptop computer, continuously storing GPS data, data on environmental 
conditions (sea state, cloud cover, glare, ice coverage, sighting 
conditions) and data on all sightings of marine mammals that were relayed 
by the observers.

The following attributes were collected for each sighting: species, 
distance to transect (via declination angle and in case of front 
observations, horizontal angle), group size, group composition, behaviour, 
cue and potential reaction to the helicopter. Inclinometers were used to 
measure the declination angle to each sighting when abeam the helicopter, 
in order to later calculate the distance of the sighting to the transect 
line. Front observations additionally received a horizontal angle, measured 
by the front observer using an angle board, in order to calculate the 
distance to the transect line. The information on a sightings distance to 
the transect line is the crucial point for the estimation of the 
effectively covered strip width.

If a sighting occurred and the species or group size could not be 
determined immediately, the survey was paused in order to approach the 
sighting for closer inspection (closing mode). After identification, the 
helicopter returned to the transect line and the survey was resumed. 
Digital photography was used as an additional identification tool to aid in 
species identification and for Photo-ID purposes of specific cetacean 
species.


Ship based survey

We conducted a ship based survey following standard line-transect distance 
sampling methodology (Buckland et al. 2001) from the crow's nest of 
Polarstern at 29.5 m elevation above the sea surface.

Two observers were positioned on each side of the crow's nest and observed 
the area to the right and to the left respectively, concentrating on the 
area directly in front of the ship up to 90° abeam, using binoculars 
equipped with reticules and an angle board to measure the distance of a 
sighting to the track line. A third observer was seated inside the cabin of 
the crow's nest, using the VOR software (Hiby & Lovell 1998), running on a 
laptop computer, to continuously store GPS data, data on environmental 
conditions (sea state, glare, ice coverage, sighting conditions) and data 
on all sightings of marine mammals that were relayed by the observers.

For each sighting of a marine mammal in the water, the following data were 
collected: species, distance to transect (via horizontal angle and 
declination angle from the horizon), group size, group composition, 
behaviour, cue and any potential reaction to the presence of Polarstern.



Tracking survey

There was no opportunity for a tracking survey due to bad weather 
conditions and ship related problems that drastically changed the course 
track.


Preliminary results

Aerial Surveys

A total of 14 flights were accomplished, resulting in 24 hours of flying 
time. The first flight on the 17th of December served as a calibration 
flight. The survey flights had an average duration of 1 hour and 45 
minutes. We covered a total distance of 2,993.85 km on effort during 13 
survey flights along the ship course. A total number of 24 cetacean 
sightings (Minke spec., fin whales and humpback whales, see Table 3.3.2.1) 
were recorded.


Tab. 3.3.2.1: Summary of cetacean sightings during helicopter surveys on 
              PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). Minke spec. combines Antarctic 
              (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), and dwarf (B. acutorostrata) 
              minke whales.

    Species                                  Number of   Number of
                                             Sightings  Individuals
    ---------------------------------------  ---------  -----------
    Minke spec.                                  7           7
    Fin whale (B. physalus)                      2           4
    Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangllae)     15          18
    Total                                       24          29



Ship based Surveys

We covered a total distance of 855 km during 55 hours on effort in the 
crow's nest and observed a total number of 62 cetacean groups comprising 98 
individuals between December 7, 2014 and January 21, 2015. We detected 51 
individuals of minke whales (pooling Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. 
bonaerensis) in 30 sightings. Worth mentioning are three blue whale (B. 
musculus) detections (Table 3.3.2.2).


Tab. 3.322: Summary of cetacean sightings during crow's nest surveys on 
            board of Polarstern during PS89 (ANT-XXX/2). Minke spec. 
            combines Antarctic (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), and dwarf (B. 
            acutorostrata) minke whales.

  Species                                      Number of   Number of
                                               Sightings  Individuals
  -------------------------------------------  ---------  -----------
  Minke spec.                                     30          51
  Blue whale (Baleanoptera musculus)               3           3
  Fin whale (B. physalus)                         10          16
  Hourglass dolphin (Lagenorhynchus cruciger)      1           8
  Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)         18          20
  Total                                           62          98


Long periods of unfeasible weather conditions and ship related issues 
limited our opportunities to conduct surveys. In spite of these 
circumstances, we were able to collect valuable data from both platforms 
along the zero meridian contributing to the overall datasets of our study 
(Fig. 3.3.2.1). Together with data from previous expeditions, the collected 
data will contribute to our analysis especially of minke whale sea ice 
relationships in areas south of 60° (Fig. 3.3.2.2).


Fig. 3.3.2.1: Cetacean sightings and tracklines covered on effort during 
              crow's nest and helicopter surveys on Polarstern PS89 
              (ANT-XXX/2)

Fig. 3.3.2.2: Cetacean sightings and tracklines in the vicinity of 600 
              south and beyond covered on effort during crow's nest and 
              helicopter surveys on Polarstern PS89 (ANT-XXX/2)



Data management

Publication in scientific journals in the fields of marine biology and 
zoology and presentation on scientific conferences will make the data 
obtained available for science and public. Survey results will be presented 
to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. All 
datasets will be stored in the Antarctic Marine Mammal Survey Database of 
the Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, Büsum, 
Germany. Pictures taken during the survey suitable for photo ID will be 
forwarded to the involved institutes.



Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Captain Wunderlich and the entire crew of Polarstern 
for their neverending support throughout the whole survey.

Our survey would not have been possible without the excellent work, 
patience and support of the helicopter crew, Lars Vaupel, Martin Steffens, 
Fabian Gall and Thomas Heim.

We are grateful to the meteorological office on board, Max Miller and 
Hartmut Sonnabend. Their weather forecasts made it possible to conduct this 
survey in very variable weather conditions.

Our work was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture 
within the project: "Modellierungen zu Populationsgrößen und räumlicher 
Verteilung von Zwergwalen im antarktischen Packeis auf der Grundlage von 
See- und luftgestützten Tiersichtungen (Förderkennzeichen 2811H5002)".



References

Buckland ST, Anderson DR, Burnham KP, Laake JL, Borchers DL, Thomas L 
    (2001) Introduction to distance sampling: estimating abundance of 
    biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hiby AR, Lovell P (1998) Using aircraft in tandem formation to estimate 
    abundance of harbour porpoise. Biometrics 54:1280-1289.




3.4  Geobiosciences

3.4.1  Culture experiments on trace metal incorporation in deep-sea benthic 
       foraminifers from the Southern Ocean

       Erik Wurz(1)                                        (1)AWI
       not on board: Jutta Wollenburg(1)

Grant No: AWI-PS89_04


Objectives

The Antarctic Ocean is one of our most important climate amplifiers: First, 
the production of Antarctic deep water drives the Global Thermohaline 
Conveyer Belt, thus, climate. Second, the Antarctic deep water during 
glacial time was/ disputably still is, the largest marine sink of 
atmospheric CO2. Employment of effective sensitive and in geological sense 
preserverable proxies to obtain precise information on changes in the polar 
deep oceans physical to geochemical properties are essential to assess 
past, modern, and future physical to geochemical changes in bipolar 
deep-waters. In this respect, analyses on trace metal (Mg/Ca, U/Ca, B/Ca) 
ratios recorded in tests of foraminifers to estimate calcification 
temperatures, salinity variations, carbonate ion saturation, pH and 
alkalinity became common methods. However, for the Southern Ocean deep-sea 
benthic foraminifera calibration curves constrained by culture experiments 
are lacking. During this expedition we will retrieve multiple corers from 
1,500 m water depth and transfer the retrieved sediments into 15 different 
aquaria including newly developed high-pressure aquaria. These aquaria will 
in different experimental set-ups be used to cultivate our most trusted 
paleodeep-water recorders at different temperatures and in waters with 
different carbonate chemistries to establish species-specific trace metal 
calibration curves for the Antarctic Ocean.


Work at sea

Since our work is focused on epizooic Cibicides-type foraminifers, 
filter-feeding unilocular animals with maxima abundances in areas of high 
current activities, we will deploy 2-3 multiple cores at exposed sites with 
a water depth around 1,500 m. The retrieved cores will be transferred into 
a cold laboratory running at a site-alike bottom water temperature during 
the cruise. During the last day on board the sediments and overlaying water 
will be transferred into transfer-cores and storage systems. These storage 
systems will be transferred into special cold boxes ensuring a site-alike 
temperature during the flight to Bremerhaven. In Bremerhaven the sediments 
will immediately transferred into the respective aquaria and connected to 
respective supportive sea-water systems.


Preliminary results

Two multiple corers have been deployed successfully at the positions 
69°59,09'S 4°4,54'W and 69°59,26'S 4°4,39'W in a water depth of 2,307 m and 
2,311 m, respectively. Cores have been transferred into a 0°C refrigerated 
cold lab onboard Polarstern. 13 of 15 aquaria could be filled with cores 
from the multiple corers. During the cruise, sediment cores have been 
successfully provided with bottom-layer water from Niskin-bottles combined 
with a CTD and a suspension of Spirulina sp. Algea for food supply. A hose, 
connected to an air pumping device and submerged at the water surface of 
each aquarium ensured water circulation and oxygen supply. With this 
aquaria setup the sediment-associated meiobenthic community has been kept 
alive until the arrival of Polarstern in CapeTown.

 
Data management

This work is part of a bipolar DFG-project on the incorporation of trace 
metals in benthic deepsea foraminifera. The results will be published in 
international journals within approx. 2 years after the expedition.










A.1  TEILNEHMENDE INSTITUTE / PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES

                       Address
---------------------  ----------------------------------------------------
AWI                    Alfred-Wegener-Institut
                       Helm holtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung
                       Am Handelshafen 12
                       27570 Bremerhaven / Germany

DWD                    Deutscher Wetterdienst
                       Seeschifffahrtsberatung
                       Bernhard-Nocht Strasse 76
                       20359 Hamburg / Germany

GEOMAR                 GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
                       Wischhofstr. 1-3
                       24148 Kiel / Germany
                     
HAFRO                  Marine Research Institute
                       Skulagata 4
                       121 Reykjavik / Iceland

Heliservice            HeliService International GmbH, Deutschland
                       Am Luneort 15
                       27572 Bremerhaven / Germany

ITAW                   Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research
                       University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
                       Werftstr. 6
                       25761 Büsum / Germany

IMARES                 IMARES Wageningen UR
                       PO Box 167
                       1790 AD DEN BURG / The Netherlands

IOCAG                  Instituto de Oceanografia y Cambio Global
                       Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
                       Campus Universitario de Tafira
                       Edificio de Ciencias Básicas
                       35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria / Spain
                     
Ludwig-Max.            Ludwig-Max. Univ. München
Univ. München          Professor-Huber-Platz 2
                       80539 München / Germany

Laeisz                 Reederei F. Laeisz (Bremerhaven) GmbH
                       Brückenstrasse 25
                       27568 Bremerhaven / Germany

MBARI                  Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
                       7700 Sandholdt Road
                       Moss Landing, CA 95039 / USA

NIOZ                   Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
                       PO Box 59
                       1790 AB Den Burg
                       Texel / The Netherlands

NOAA/PMEL              NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
                       7600 Sand Point Way NE
                       Seattle, WA 98115 / USA

Oregon State           Oregon State University
                       104 CEOAS Admin Bldg.
                       Corvallis, OR 97331 / USA

Princeton              Princeton University
                       306A Sayre Hall
                       08544 Princeton, NJ / USA

RBINS                  Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
                       Rue Vautier 29
                       Brussels 1000 / Belgium
                     
SIO                    Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                       University of California, San Diego
                       Oceans and Atmosphere Section
                       Physical Oceanography Curricular Group
                       9500 Gilman Drive
                       La Jolla, CA 92093-0230 / USA

SIO-ODF                Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                       University of California, San Diego
                       Ocean Data Facility
                       8855 Biological Grade
                       San Diego, CA 92037 / USA
                     
TU Hamburg-Harburg     TU Hamburg-Harburg
                       Schwarzenbergstraße 95
                       21073 Hamburg, Germany
                     
TU Braunschweig        TU Braunschweig
                       Pockelsstraße 11
                       38106 Braunschweig / Germany
                     
UHH                    Universität Hamburg
                       Biologiezentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Institut
                       Martin-Luther-King Platz 3
                       20146 Hamburg / Germany

U Maine                University of Maine
                       458 Aubert Hall
                       School of Marine Sciences
                       Orono, ME 04469 / USA

U of Strathclyde       U of Strathclyde
                       16 Richmond St
                       Glasgow GI IXQ / United Kingdom
                     
U Washington           University of Washington
                       School of Oceanography
                       Box 355351
                       Seattle, WA 98195 / USA

van Dorssen Metaalbe-  van Dorssen Metaalbewerking
werking                Stoompoort 7-I
                       1792 CT Oudeschild / The Netherland





A.2  FAHRTTEILNEHMER / CRUISE PARTICIPANTS

Name             Vorname/     Institut/              Beruf/
                 First Name   Institute              Profession
---------------  -----------  ---------------------  -------------
Arndt            Stefanie     AWI                    Student
Boebel           Olaf         AWI                    Oceanographer
Castellani       Giulia       AWI                    Physicist
Ehrlich          Julia        UHH                    Student
Feij             Bram         NIOZ                   Captain
Flores           Hauke        AWUI, UHH              Biologist
Gall             Fabian       HeliTransair           Technician
Geelhoed         Steve        ITAW                   Biologist
González-Dávila  Melchor      IOCAG                  Chemist
Graupner         Rainer       AWI                    Technician
Heim             Thomas       HeliTransair           Pilot
Hollands         Thomas       AWI                    Ecologist
Ivanciu          Ioana        GEOMAR                 Student
Janinhoff        Nicole       ITAW                   Biologist
Kainz            Johannes     AWI                    Student
Klebe            Stefanie     AWI                    Technician
Lefering         Katerina     U of Strathclyde       Student
Lemke            Peter        AWI                    Oceanographer
Lerchl           Christoph    Ludwig-Max. Univ.      Student
                              München
McKay            Shannon      ITAW                   Biologist
Meijboom         André        IMARES                 Techniker
Meinhardt        Tim          TU Hamburg-Harburg     Student
Miller           Max          DWD                    Meteorologist
Monsees          Matthias     AWI                    Technician
Müller           Sebastian    ITAW                   Biologist
Nicolaus         Marcel       AWI                    Physicist
Rohardt          Friederike   TU Bergakademie        Student
                              Freiburg
Rohardt          Gerd         AWI                    Oceanographer
Rohde            Jan          TU Braunschweig        Student
Santana-Casiano  Magdalena    IOCAG                  Chemist
Schaafsma        Fokje        IMARES                 Student
Schiller         Martin       AWI                    Technician
Schuller         Daniel       SIO-ODF                Technician
Schwegmann       Sandra       AWI                    Physicist
Sonnabend        Hartmut      DWD                    Technician
Spiesecke        Stefanie     AWI                    Technician
Steffens         Marling      HeliTransair           Technician
Thomisch         Karolin      AWI                    Student
van de Putte     Anton        RBINS                  Biologist
van Dorssen      Michiel      van Dorssen            Techniker
                              Metaalbewerking  
van Franeker     Jan Andries  IMARES                 Biologist
Vaupel           Lars         HeliTransair           Pilot
Verdaat          Hans         ITAW                   Biologist
Viquerat         Sacha        ITAW                   Biologist
Vortkamp         Martina      AWI                    Technician
Wurz             Eric         AWI                    Student
Zanowski         Hannah       Princetown University  Student
Zwicker          Sarah        AWI                    Student





A.3  SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW

    Name                   Rank
    ---------------------  ---------
 1  Wunderlich, Thomas     Master
 2  Spielke, Steffen       1st Offc.
 3  Ziemann, Olaf          Ch.Eng.
 4  Kentges, Felix         2nd Offc.
 5  Lauber, Felix          2nd Offc.
 6  Stolze, Henrik         2nd Offc.
 7  Spilok, Norbert        Doctor
 8  Hofmann, Jörg          Comm.Offc
 9  Schnürch, Helmut       2nd Eng.
10  Westphal, Henning      2nd Eng.
11  Rusch, Torben          3rd Eng.
12  Brehme, Andreas        Elec.Eng.
13  Dimmler, Werner        ELO
14  Feiertag, Thomas       ELO
15  Ganter, Armin          ELO
16  Winter, Andreas        ELO
17  Schröter, Rene         Boatsw.
18  Neisner, Winfried      Carpenter
19  Burzan, Gerd-Ekkeh.    A.B.
20  Clasen, Nils           A.B.
21  Gladow, Lothar         A.B.
22  Hartwig-Lab., Andreas  A.B.
23  Kretzschmar, Uwe       A.B.
24  Müller, Steffen        A.B.
25  Schröder, Horst        A.B.
26  Schröder, Norbert      A.B.
27  Sedlak, Andreas        A.B.
28  Beth, Detlef           Storek.
29  Dinse, Horst           Mot-man
30  Fritz, Günter          Mot-man
31  Krösche, Eckard        Mot-man
32  Plehn, Markus          Mot-man
33  Watzel, Bernhard       Mot-man
34  Meißner, Jörg          Cook
35  Tupy, Mario            Cooksmate
36  Völske, Thomas         Cooksmate
37  Luoto, Eija            1.Stwdess
38  Westphal, Kerstin      Stwdss/N.
39  Chen, Quan Lun         2.Steward
40  Hischke, Peggy         2.Stwdess
41  Hu, Guo Yong           2.Steward
42  Mack, Ulrich           2.Steward
43  Wartenberg, Irma       2.Stwdess
44  Ruan, Hui Guang        Laundrym.





A.4  STATIONSLISTE / STATION LIST PS89

Station     Date       Time      Gear    Action         Position    Position     Water
                                                        Lat         Lon          depth (m)
----------  ---------- --------  ------  -------------  ----------  -----------  ---------
PS89/1-1    04.12.2014 04:57:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     37°6.17'S   12°45.62 E   4890.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/1-2    04.12.2014 07:07:01  PIES    on ground/     37°5.77'S   12°45.23'E   4993.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/2-1    05.12.2014 00:56:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     39°13.66'S  11°20.03 E   5128.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/2-2    05.12.2014 03:41:00  PIES    on ground/     39°13.68'S  11°20.21 E   5128.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/2-3    05.12.2014 03:49:01  SOCCOM  on ground/     39°13.74'S  11°20.28 E   5130.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/3-1    05.12.2014 18:12:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     41° 9.88'S   9°55.60'E   4610.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/3-2    05.12.2014 18:32:01  PIES    on ground/     41° 9.88'S   9°55.60'E   4621.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/4-1    06.12.2014 09:05:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     42°58.54'S   8°30.56'E   3928.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/4-2    06.12.2014 10:59:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     42°58.79'S   8°30.35'E   3930.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/4-3    06.12.2014 11:20:00  PIES    on ground/     42°58.81'S   8°30.31 E   3932.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/5-1    07.12.2014 03:44:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     44°39.47'S   7°5.54 E    4585.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/5-2    07.12.2014 04:22:00  PIES    on ground/     44°39.48'S   7°5.57'E    4590.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/5-3    07.12.2014 05:54:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     44°39.52'S   7°5.58'E    4595.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/6-1    07.12.2014 18:04:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     48°12.90'S   5°40.50'E   4831.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/6-2    07.12.2014 18:36:00  PIES    on ground/     46°12.9l'S   5°40.51'E   4800.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/7-1    08.12.2014 07:43:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     47°40.28'S   4°15.22'E   4540.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/7-2    08.12.2014 08:30:00  PIES    on ground/     47°40.26'S   4°15.13'E   4538.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/8-1    08.12.2014 23:19:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     49°2.12'S    2°51.60'E   4218.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/8-2    09.12.2014 01:02:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     49°3.18'S    2°52.10'E   4248.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/9-1    09.12.2014 14:51:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     50°15.30'S   1°25.53'E   3892.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/9-2    09.12.2014 15:23:01  PIES    on ground/     50°15.40'S   1°25.47'E   3895.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/10-1   10.12.2014 02:23:00  PIES    on ground/     51°25.35'S   0°0.92'E    2709.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/10-2   10.12.2014 03:41:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     51°25.31'S   0°0.58'E    2683.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/11-1   10.12.2014 11:48:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     52°28.72'S   0°0.06'W    2597.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/12-1   10.12.2014 19:07:00  PIES    on ground/     53°31.35'S   0°0.36'E    2640.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/12-2   10.12.2014 21:21:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     53°31.46'S   0°0.18'E    2647.1
                                         max depth 
PS89/12-3   10.12.2014 22:34:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     53°30.96'S   0°0.20'E    2644.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/13-1   11.12.2014 08:19:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     54°15.26'S   0°0.12'W    2733.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/14-1   11.12.2014 15:13:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     54°59.99'S   0°0.02'W    1704.9
                                         max depth 
PS89/15-1   11.12.2014 23:38:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     55°59.96'S   0°0.16'E    3685.1
                                         max depth 
PS89/15-2   12.12.2014 01:17:59  FLOAT   on ground/     56°0.30S     0°0.17'W    3860.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/16-1   12.12.2014 08:11:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     56°55.62'S   0°0.35'E    3646.3
                                         max depth 
PS89/16-2   12.12.2014 08:42:00  PIES    on ground/     56°55.63'S   0°0.36'E    3646.3
                                         max depth 
PS89/17-1   12.12.2014 10:32:00  HYDRO   on ground/     56°55.19'S   0°1.02'E    3600.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/17-1   12.12.2014 10:33:00  HYDRO   profile start  56°55.32'S   0°0.86'E    3593.7
PS89/17-1   12.12.2014 10:41:00  HYDRO   profile end    56°56.48'S   0°0.24'W    3702.5
PS89/16-3   12.12.2014 11:00:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     56°56.83'S   0°0.30'W    3764.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/18-1   12.12.2014 15:23:00  RMT     profile start  57°26.66'S   0°4.77'E    3838.0
PS89/18-1   12.12.2014 17:30:01  RMT     profile end    57°24.39'S   0°14.55'E   4508.4
PS89/19-1   12.12.2014 23:17:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     58°0.08'S    0°0.12'E    4528.3
                                         max depth 
PS89/20-1   13.12.2014 07:15:00  MOR     on ground/     59°2.60'S    0°4.90 E    4647.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/20-2   13.12.2014 11:25:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     59°2.24'S    0°5.63 E    4639.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/20-3   13.12.2014 11:47:00  PIES    on ground/     59°2.25'S    0°5.76 E    4637.8
                                         max depth 
PS89/20-4   13.12.2014 13:45:00  HYDRO   profile start  59°2.50'S    0°6.33 E    4633.2
PS89/20-4   13.12.2014 13:52:00  HYDRO   profile end    59°1.46S     0°5.0l'E    4614.0
PS89/20-5   13.12.2014 16:38:00  MOR     on ground/     59°2.67'S    0°5.37'E    4645.9
                                         max depth 
PS89/20-6   13.12.2014 17:25:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     59°3.37'S    0°4.60'E    4660.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/20-7   13.12.2014 18:23:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     59°334'S     0°4.43'E    4661.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/21-1   14.12.2014 03:20:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     59°59.09'S   0°0.08'E    5374.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/21-2   14.12.2014 05:05:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     59°59.01'S   0°0.03'E    5373.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/22-1   14.12.2014 08:48:00  SUIT    profile start  60°22.91'S   0°5.75'E    5374.2
PS89/22-1   14.12.2014 09:18:00  SUIT    profile end    60°22.63'S   0°8.15'E    5375.8
PS89/23-1   14.12.2014 16:50:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     60°59.86'S   0°0.38'W    5393.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/23-2   14.12.2014 19:32:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     61° 0.38S    0°0.70'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/23-3   14.12.2014 20:29:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     61° 0.15S    0°0.44'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/24-1   15.12.2014 07:11:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     61°59.58'S   0°0.84'E    5368.1
                                         max depth 
PS89/24-2   15.12.2014 09:47:00  SUIT    profile start  61°59.30'S   0°1.08'E    5368.8
PS89/24-2   15.12.2014 10:17:00  SUIT    profile end    61°59.31S    0°1.02'W    5367.4
PS89/25-1   15.12.2014 14:43:00  RMT     profile start  62°21.24S    0°2.60'W    5357.0
PS89/25-1   15.12.2014 15:40:00  RMT     profile end    62°23.54'S   0°2.89'W    5353.5
PS89/25-2   15.12.2014 16:30:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     62°23.98'S   0°2.52'W    5353.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/25-3   15.12.2014 17:28:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     62°24.09'S   0°1.89'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/26-1   16.12.2014 00:14:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     62°59.37'S   0°0.36'E    5310.9
                                         max depth 
PS89/27-1   16.12.2014 11:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     64°1.58S     0°1.04'W    5192.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/27-2   16.12.2014 18:27:00  MOR     on ground/     63°59.57'S   0°2.34'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/27-3   17.12.2014 11:43:59  MOR     on ground/     64°0.31S     0°0.22'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/27-4   17.12.2014 14:38:00  PIES    on ground/     64°0.99's    0°3.47'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/27-5   17.12.2014 15:42:00  RMT     profile start  64°2.54'S    0°4.35'W    5194.5
PS89/27-5   17.12.2014 16:42:00  RMT     profile end    64°5.24S     0°3.47'W    5190.5
PS89/27-6   17.12.2014 17:53:00  SUIT    profile start  64°7.06'S    0°2.29'W
PS89/27-6   17.12.2014 18:22:00  SUIT    profile end    64°8.10S     0°0.95'W    5185.5
PS89/28-1   18.12.2014 01:24:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     65°0.02'S    0°0.02'E    3735.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/28-2   18.12.2014 02:59:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     64°59.68'S   0°0.09'E    3780.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/29-1   18.12.2014 09:28:01  SUIT    profile start  65°57.18'S   0°2.15'W    3575.6
PS89/29-1   18.12.2014 09:58:00  SUIT    profile end    65°58.37'S   0°2.75'W    3576.9
PS89/29-2   18.12.2014 11:21:00  MOR     on ground/     68°1.84'S    0°3.00'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/29-3   18.12.2014 14:52:00  RMT     profile start  68°1.26'S    0°2.76'E    3671.0
PS89/29-3   18.12.2014 15:50:00  RMT     profile end    68°3.56'S    0°2.80'E    3567.1
PS89/29-4   18.12.2014 18:25:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     68°1.89'S    0°2.87'E    3614.9
                                         max depth 
PS89/30-1   19.12.2014 02:05:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     68°27.71'S   0°1.49'W    4500.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/30-2   19.12.2014 04:36:00  RMT     profile start  68°26.76'S   0°3.36'W    4377.4
PS89/30-2   19.12.2014 05:39:00  RMT     profile end    68°27.66'S   0°9.30'W    4312.5
PS89/30-3   19.12.2014 09:24:00  MOR     on ground/     68°30.68'S   0°0.68'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/30-4   19.12.2014 14:09:00  SUIT    profile start  68°29.48'S   0°2.12'E
PS89/30-4   19.12.2014 14:50:00  SUIT    profile end    68°29.41'S   0°2.61'W
PS89/30-6   19.12.2014 17:59:00  MOR     on ground/     68°30.41'S   0°0.66'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/30-5   19.12.2014 18:01:00  ICE     on ground/     68°30.41'S   0°0.66'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/31-1   20.12.2014 00:52:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     68°58.75'S   0°0.23W     4709.8
                                         max depth 
PS89/31-2   20.12.2014 02:46:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     68°58.73'S   0°0.74W     4700.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/32-2   20.12.2014 12:09:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     67°34.81'S   0°8.34'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/32-3   20.12.2014 12:55:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     67°34.62'S   0°8.70'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/32-4   20.12.2014 15:23:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     67°34.18'S   0°8.47'E    4153.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/32-1   20.12.2014 20:00:00  ICE     on ground/     67°34.76'S   0°6.31 E
                                         max depth 
PS89/33-1   21.12.2014 02:49:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     68°0.03'S    0°1.26'W    4512.9
                                         max depth 
PS89/34-1   21.12.2014 21:52:00  MOR     on ground/     68°59.70'S   0°6.15'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/35-2   22.12.2014 17:19:59  MOR     on ground/     69°0.19'S    0°2.43'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/35-1   22.12.2014 20:00:00  ICE     on ground/     69°0.17'S    0°1.57'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/36-1   22.12.2014 23:23:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     69°0.61'S    0°1.62'W    3369.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/37-1   23.12.2014 09:52:01  MOR     on ground/     68°58.89'S   0°5.00'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/37-2   23.12.2014 11:16:00  SUIT    profile end    68°58.72'S   0°4.34'W    3408.4
PS89/38-1   23.12.2014 17:42:00  SUIT    profile start  69°1.30'S    0°50.06'W   2939.2
PS89/38-1   23.12.2014 17:55:02  SUIT    profile end    69°1.60'S    0°51.15'W   2945.5
PS89/39-1   24.12.2014 14:21:00  MUC     on ground/     69°59.09'S   4°4.54'W    2309.8
                                         max depth 
PS89/39-2   24.12.2014 16:26:00  MUC     on ground/     69°59.26'S   4°4.39'W    2315.1
                                         max depth 
PS89/41-1   27.12.2014 11:29:01  RMT     profile start  70°31.61'S   7°53.15'W    255.9
PS89/41-1   27.12.2014 11:49:00  RMT     profile end    70°31.17'S   7°55.12'W    245.8
PS89/40-1   27.12.2014 19:50:00  ICE     on ground/     70°31.58'S   7°57.44'W    240.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-2   28.12.2014 10:30:00  ICE     on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°3.91'W     217.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-3   29.12.2014 10:54:00  ICE     on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°4.32'W     214.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-4   31.12.2014 10:11:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°4.32'W     201.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-5   31.12.2014 11:14:00  ICE     on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°4.33'W     201.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-6   31.12.2014 11:34:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°4.33'W     205.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-7   31.12.2014 12:54:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°4.33'W     203.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-8   01.01.2015 13:43:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.99'S   8°4.31'W     201.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-9   01.01.2015 14:47:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.99'S   8°4.31'W     202.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-10  01.01.2015 15:38:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.99'S   8°4.31'W     202.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/42-1   03.01.2015 00:24:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°34.46'S   9°3.33'W     467.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/40-11  03.01.2015 05:17:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.40'S   7°57.72'W    232.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/43-1   03.01.2015 13:50:00  RMT     profile start  70°27.47'S   8°18.76'W    355.0
PS89/43-1   03.01.2015 14:19:00  RMT     profile end    70°27.09'S   8°15.92'W    395.6
PS89/44-1   03.01.2015 18:20:00  ICE     on ground/     70°26.27'S   8°17.34'W    437.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/45-1   03.01.2015 20:12:00  ICE     on ground/     70°31.58'S   7°57.80'W    239.8
                                         max depth 
PS89/46-1   04.01.2015 08:04:00  ICE     on ground/     70°33.49'S   7°38.44'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/47-1   05.01.2015 08:51:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°22.52'S   8°8.23'W     759.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/48-1   07.01.2015 14:13:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.96'S   8°50.79'W    363.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/48-2   07.01.2015 15:10:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.98'S   8°50.76'W    361.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/48-3   07.01.2015 16:54:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°32.03'S   8°50.60'W    360.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/48-4   07.01.2015 17:51:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°32.21'S   8°50.48'W    358.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-1   07.01.2015 22:17:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.46'W    156.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-2   07.01.2015 23:10:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.45'W    156.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-3   08.01.2015 00:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.28'S   8°45.29'W    154.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-4   08.01.2015 01:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.25'S   8°45.33'W    151.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-5   08.01.2015 02:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.46'W    155.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-6   08.01.2015 03:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.52'W    158.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-7   08.01.2015 04:14:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.29'S   8°45.44'W    153.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-8   08.01.2015 05:22:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.55'W    171.9
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-9   08.01.2015 06:22:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.35'S   8°45.52'W    174.1
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-10  08.01.2015 07:16:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.34'S   8°45.55'W    174.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-11  08.01.2015 08:10:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.39'S   8°45.53'W    177.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/49-12  08.01.2015 09:12:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.38'S   8°45.58'W    179.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/50-1   09.01.2015 10:35:00  ICE     on ground/     70°30.87'S   8°43.89'W     99.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/51-1   09.01.2015 17:03:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°30.62'S   8°51.75'W    420.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/51-2   09.01.2015 18:18:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.10'S   8°51.31'W    395.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/51-3   09.01.2015 19:25:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°31.43'S   8°51.18'W    388.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-1   09.01.2015 21:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.39'S   8°45.58'W    168.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-2   09.01.2015 22:04:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.40'S   8°45.56'W    168.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-3   09.01.2015 23:04:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.39'S   8°45.48'W    164.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-4   10.01.2015 00:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.42'W    155.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-5   10.01.2015 01:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.50'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-6   10.01.2015 02:08:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.38'W    154.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-7   10.01.2015 03:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.39'W    154.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-8   10.01.2015 04:12:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.48'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-9   10.01.2015 05:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.35'S   8°45.38'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-10  10.01.2015 06:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.38'S   8°45.39'W    159.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-11  10.01.2015 07:10:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.40'S   8°45.44'W    162.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/52-12  10.01.2015 08:04:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.38'S   8°45.49'W    163.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/53-1   10.01.2015 09:21:00  RMT     profile start  70°32.31'S   8°55.03'W    434.0
PS89/53-1   10.01.2015 09:37:00  RMT     profile end    70°32.20'S   8°53.27'W    426.0
PS89/53-2   10.01.2015 10:53:01  SUIT    profile start  70°32.38'S   8°55.75'W    437.0
PS89/53-2   10.01.2015 11:33:00  SUIT    profile end    70°32.10'S   8°51.25'W    387.3
PS89/54-1   10.01.2015 13:11:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.50'W    168.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/54-2   10.01.2015 14:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.47'W    166.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/54-3   10.01.2015 15:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.29'S   8°45.45'W    163.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/55-1   10.01.2015 15:54:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°30.25'S   8°51.69'W    440.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/55-2   10.01.2015 16:52:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°30.39'S   8°51.40'W    436.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/55-3   10.01.2015 17:40:00  SOSO-C  on ground/     70°30.64'S   8°51.29'W    420.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/56-1   10.01.2015 19:08:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.35'S   8°45.45'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/56-2   10.01.2015 20:02:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.36'S   8°45.43'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/56-3   10.01.2015 21:04:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.34'S   8°45.45'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/56-4   10.01.2015 22:04:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.37'S   8°45.36'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/53-3   10.01.2015 23:08:01  SUIT    profile start  70°32.19'S   8°53.23'W    439.3
PS89/53-3   10.01.2015 23:38:00  SUIT    profile end    70°31.94'S   8°49.50'W    353.4
PS89/57-1   11.01.2015 01:08:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.28'S   8°45.47'W    164.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-2   11.01.2015 02:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.29'S   8°45.51'W    166.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-3   11.01.2015 03:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.30'S   8°45.50'W    167.1
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-4   11.01.2015 04:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.28'S   8°45.45'W    164.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-5   11.01.2015 05:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.36'S   8°45.42'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-6   11.01.2015 07:06:59  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.30'S   8°45.42'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-7   11.01.2015 08:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.46'W    156.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-8   11.01.2015 09:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.51'W    158.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-9   11.01.2015 10:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.35'S   8°45.53'W    161.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-10  11.01.2015 11:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.34'S   8°45.43'W    157.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-11  11.01.2015 12:11:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.34'S   8°45.40'W    156.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-12  11.01.2015 13:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.47'W    155.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-13  11.01.2015 14:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.26'S   8°45.50'W    152.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-14  11.01.2015 16:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.30'S   8°45.53'W    156.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-15  11.01.2015 17:08:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.30'S   8°45.51'W    156.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/58-1   11.01.2015 17:59:00  ICE     on ground/     70°30.87'S   8°43.90'W     99.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-16  11.01.2015 19:10:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.30'S   8°45.49'W    154.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-17  11.01.2015 20:09:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.31'S   8°45.47'W    155.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-18  11.01.2015 21:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.32'S   8°45.51'W    158.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-19  11.01.2015 22:07:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.33'S   8°45.56'W    161.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-20  11.01.2015 23:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.35'S   8°45.48'W    159.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/57-21  12.01.2015 00:06:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     70°31.35'S   8°45.49'W    159.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/59-1   12.01.2015 01:12:00  SUIT    profile start  70°31.89'S   8°48.63'W    304.0
PS89/59-1   12.01.2015 01:42:00  SUIT    profile end    70°30.88'S   8°46.64'W    167.0
PS89/59-2   12.01.2015 03:02:00  RMT     profile start  70°32.07'S   8°48.57'W    310.0
PS89/59-2   12.01.2015 03:20:00  RMT     profile end    70°31.61'S   8°47.03'W    286.0
PS89/59-3   12.01.2015 08:16:01  SUIT    profile start  70°30.89'S   8°47.06'W    220.0
PS89/59-3   12.01.2015 08:31:00  SUIT    profile end    70°30.55'S   8°46.03'W    116.0
PS89/59-4   12.01.2015 12:42:00  SUIT    profile start  70°30.87'S   8°47.80'W    267.0
PS89/59-4   12.01.2015 13:11:00  SUIT    profile end    70°30.39'S   8°45.54'W    117.4
PS89/59-5   12.01.2015 20:06:01  SUIT    profile start  70°31.56'S   8°47.01'W    302.5
PS89/59-5   12.01.2015 20:41:00  SUIT    profile end    70°30.28'S   8°45.02'W    130.7
PS89/59-6   12.01.2015 23:15:01  RMT     profile start  70°32.11'S   8°46.70'W    317.5
PS89/59-6   12.01.2015 23:27:00  RMT     profile end    70°31.78'S   8°46.10'W    245.6
PS89/60-1   15.01.2015 11:40:59  FLOAT   on ground/     69°46.55'S  10°6.49'W    1860.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/61-1   15.01.2015 13:55:59  FLOAT   on ground/     69°29.99'S  10°32.49'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/62-1   15.01.2015 15:36:00  SUIT    profile start  69°27.59'S  10°27.09'W   3772.9
PS89/62-1   15.01.2015 16:11:00  SUIT    profile end    69°26.87'S  10°23.60'W   3648.5
PS89/62-2   15.01.2015 17:49:01  RMT     profile start  69°28.09'S  10°26.54'W   3790.0
PS89/62-2   15.01.2015 18:46:00  RMT     profile end    69°27.03'S  10°20.91'W   3621.9
PS89/63-1   15.01.2015 21:01:59  FLOAT   on ground/     69°13.66'S  10°20.37'W   3977.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/64-1   15.01.2015 22:39:59  FLOAT   on ground/     69°0.05'S   10°18.39'W   4513.7
                                         max depth 
PS89/65-1   16.01.2015 04:18:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°59.99'S   7°59.94'W   3544.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/66-1   16.01.2015 07:28:00  MOR     on ground/     69°0.39'S    8°59.43'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/66-2   16.01.2015 10:55:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     69°0.31'S    8°59.19'W   2948.8
                                         max depth 
PS89/66-3   16.01.2015 14:20:00  MOR     on ground/     69°0.34'S    8°58.95'W   2946.2
                                         max depth 
PS89/66-4   16.01.2015 15:33:01  RMT     profile start  69°0.91's    8°56.13'W   2870.9
PS89/66-4   16.01.2015 16:33:01  RMT     profile end    69°1.44'S    8°49.98'W   2806.1
PS89/66-5   16.01.2015 17:27:01  SUIT    profile start  69°1.76'S    6°47.97'W   2804.7
PS89/66-5   16.01.2015 17:57:00  SUIT    profile end    69°2.34'S    8°45.18'W   2792.5
PS89/67-1   16.01.2015 20:01:00  MUC     on ground/     69°2.31'S    8°35.95'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/68-1   16.01.2015 23:42:59  FLOAT   on ground/     69°0.24'S    5°45.97'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/69-1   17.01.2015 03:03:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°39.92'S   5°5.12'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/70-1   17.01.2015 11:44:01  RMT     profile start  68°15.07'S   3°56.83'W   4094.8
PS89/70-1   17.01.2015 12:45:00  RMT     profile end    68°15.48'S   4°3.23'W    4084.8
PS89/70-2   17.01.2015 14:07:00  SUIT    profile start  68°15.48'S   3°56.07'W   4086.8
PS89/70-2   17.01.2015 14:42:00  SUIT    profile end    68°15.35'S   4°0.08'W    4091.8
PS89/70-3   17.01.2015 15:03:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°15.20'S   4°0.40'W    4093.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/71-1   17.01.2015 16:35:01  SUIT    profile start  68°12.21'S   3°42.05'W   4124.7
PS89/71-1   17.01.2015 17:06:00  SUIT    profile end    68°12.29'S   3°45.56'W   4130.9
PS89/72-1   17.01.2015 22:08:59  FLOAT   on ground/     67°59.92'S   3°14.33'W   4214.4
                                         max depth 
PS89/73-1   18.01.2015 04:18:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     67°39.99'S   1°45.17'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/73-2   18.01.2015 06:11:59  FLOAT   on ground/     67°39.96'S   1°45.36'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/73-3   18.01.2015 06:16:59  FLOAT   on ground/     67°39.91'S   1°45.11'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/74-1   18.01.2015 09:35:59  FLOAT   on ground/     67°20.14'S   0°56.37'W
                                         max depth 
PS89/75-1   18.01.2015 13:52:59  FLOAT   on ground/     67°0.17'S    0°0.84'W    4500.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/76-1   18.01.2015 20:23:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°39.89'S   0°0.56'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/77-1   19.01.2015 00:36:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°20.17'S   0°0.02'W    4022.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/78-1   19.01.2015 05:45:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     68°2.13'S    0°0.80'E    3642.3
                                         max depth 
PS89/78-2   19.01.2015 07:39:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°1.50'S    0°2.03'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/78-3   19.01.2015 07:46:59  FLOAT   on ground/     68°1.29'S    0°2.34'E    3677.8
                                         max depth 
PS89/79-1   19.01.2015 10:16:00  RMT     profile start  65°51.44'S   0°2.05'E    3613.2
PS89/79-1   19.01.2015 11:45:00  RMT     profile end    65°47.99'S   0°3.34'E    3654.7
PS89/80-1   20.01.2015 07:41:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     63°55.07'S   0°0.44'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/80-2   20.01.2015 11:39:00  MOR     on ground/     63°54.94'S   0°0.17'E
                                         max depth 
PS89/80-3   20.01.2015 12:10:00  RMT     profile start  63°53.64'S   0°0.15'E    5208.0
PS89/80-3   20.01.2015 14:05:00  RMT     profile end    63°49.49'S   0°0.61'W    5216.3
PS89/80-4   20.01.2015 14:49:00  SUIT    profile start  63°48.59'S   0°0.49'W    5218.2
PS89/80-4   20.01.2015 15:22:00  SUIT    profile end    63°47.51'S   0°0.12'W    5220.3
PS89/81-1   21.01.2015 12:34:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     61°0.09'S    0°0.14'W    5384.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/81-2   21.01.2015 14:38:59  SOCCOM  on ground/     61°0.12'S    0°0.08'W    5384.0
                                         max depth 
PS89/82-1   27.01.2015 14:01:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     49°0.02'S   12°56.05'E   4120.5
                                         max depth 
PS89/82-2   27.01.2015 15:40:00  CTD/RO  on ground/     49°0.00'S   12°55.95'E   4120.6
                                         max depth 
PS89/82-3   27.01.2015 17:08:59  FLOAT   on ground/     49°0.07'S   12°56.09'E   4124.3
                                         max depth 




Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung

(ISSN 1866-3192) werden beginnend mit dem Band 569 (2008) als 
Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben. Ein Verzeichnis aller Bände ein-
schließlich der Druckausgaben (ISSN 1618-3193, Band 377-568, von 2000 bis 
2008) sowie der früheren Berichte zur Polarforschung (ISSN 0176-5027, Band 
1-376, von 1981 bis 2000) befindet sich im electronic Publication Informa-
tion Center (ePIC) des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts, Helmholtz-Zentrum für 
Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI); see http://epic.awide. Durch Auswahl 
"Reports on Polar- and Marine Research" (via "browse"/"type") wird eine 
Liste der Publikationen, sortiert nach Bandnummer, innerhalb der 
absteigenden chronologischen Reihenfolge der Jahrgänge mit Verweis auf das 
jeweilige pdf-Symbol zum Herunterladen angezeigt.


The Reports on Polar and Marine Research

(ISSN 1866-3192) are available as open access publications since 2008. A 
table of all volumes including the printed issues (ISSN 1618-3193, Vol. 
1-376, from 2000 until 2008), as well as the earlier Reports on Polar 
Research (ISSN 01765027, Vol. 1-376, from 1981 until 2000) is provided by 
the electronic Publication Information Center (ePIC) of the Alfred Wegener 
Institute, Helm holtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI); see URL 
http://epic.awi.de. To generate a list of all Reports, use the URL 
http://epic.awi.de and select "browse"/ "type" to browse "Reports on Polar 
and Marine Research". A chronological list in declining order will be 
presented, and pdficons displayed for downloading.





Zuletzt erschienene Ausgaben:

Recently published issues:



689 (2015) The Expedition PS89 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the 
Weddell Sea in 2014/2015, edited by Olaf Boebel

688 (2015) The Expedition PS87 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the 
Arctic Ocean in 2014, edited by Rüdiger Stein

687 (2015) The Expedition PS85 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the 
Fram Strait in 2014, edited by Ingo Schewe

686 (2015) Russian-German Cooperation CARBOPERM: Field campaigns to 
Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island in 2014, edited by Georg Schwamborn and 
Sebastian Wetterich

685 (2015) The Expedition PS86 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the 
Arctic Ocean in 2014, edited by Antje Boetius

684 (2015) Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition 
Lena 2012, edited by Thomas Opel

683 (2014) The Expedition PS83 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the 
Atlantic Ocean in 2014, edited by Hartwig Deneke

682 (2014) Handschriftliche Bemerkungen in Alfred Wegeners Exemplar von: 
Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, 1. Auflage 1915, herausgegeben 
von Reinhard A. Krause

681 (2014) Und sie bewegen sich doch ... Alfred Wegener (1880 - 1930): 100 
Jahre Theorie der Kontinentverschiebung - eine Reflexion, von Reinhard A. 
Krause

680 (2014) The Expedition PS82 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the 
southern Weddell Sea in 2013/2014, edited by Rainer Knust and Michael 
Schröder

679 (2014) The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to the 
Antarctic in 2013 (ANT-XXIX/6), edited by Peter Lemke







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UND MEERESFORSCHUNG


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HELMHOLTZ
 GEMEINSCHAFT




CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES


• File Merge CCHDO Staff
  PS89_phys_oce.tab (download) #c0dce 
  Date: 2016-01-08 
  Current Status: merged
• File Online CCHDO Staff
  PS89_phys_oce.tab (download) #c0dce 
  Date: 2016-01-07 
  Current Status: merged
• File Submission SE
  PS89_phys_oce.tab (download) #c0dce 
  Date: 2016-01-07 
  Current Status: merged 
  Notes
  File downloaded from Pangaea.   Ship: Polar Stern   aliases:PS89, A12, 
  ,ANT-XXX/2   Expocode: 06AQ20141202 PIs :  Rohardt, Gerd  System Message: 
  Submitter requests file be attached to cruise 1198 

• CTD exchange and netcdf formats online SEE 
  Date: 2016-01-07 
  Data Type: CTD 
  Action: WEBSITE Update 
  Note: 
  A12 2014 06AQ20141202 processing - CTD/merge - CTDPRS,CTDTMP,CTDSAL,CTDOXY,XMISS,FLUOR,CTDNOBS
  2016-01-07
  SEE 


  Submission

  filename           submitted by        date       id 
  -----------------  ------------------  ---------- ----- 
  PS89_phys_oce.tab  SEE (From Pangaea)  2016-01-07 12055 
      NOTES:  		
            - Downloaded from Pangaea. 		
            - This is preliminary file.  


  Changes 
  -------  

  PS89_phys_oce.tab 	
      - reformatted from Alfred Wegener Institute Pangaea format to Exchange format. 	
      - Changed parameter name Attenuation to XMISS, kept units as 'ARBITRARY'. 	
      - Changed CTDSAL units from PSU to PSS-78. 	
      - Added flags to all parameters except CTDNOBS: 		
            _FLAG_W = 2 for CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL   	
            _FLAG_W = 1 for CTDOXY, FLURO, XMISS   	
      - Converted CTDOXY from UMOL/L to UMOL/KG. 	
      - changed blank values to -999 


  COMMENTS ADDED 
  -------------- 
  Added relevant comments from original data set.  

  Comments added during reformatting to Exchange: 
  DATE: YYYYMMDD; unknown time-zone reference;  unknown positon in water column during cast 
  TIME: HHMM; unknown time-zone reference;  unknown positon in water column during cast 
  LATITUDE: degrees_North, unknown position in water column during cast 
  LONGITUDE: degrees_East, unknown position in water column during cast 
  DEPTH: meters 
  CTDSAL parameter units changed from the submitted PSU to PSS-78.  Data values remain unchanged 
    Attenuation parameter name changed from the submitted Attenuation to the Exchange XMISS. Data 
    values remain unchanged 
  CTDOXY not calibrated, CCHDO assigned CTDOXY_FLAGS_W=1 
  Flags were not included in original data,  CCHDO added flags as per Bob Key 
  Data precision preserved as submitted 
  Converted CTDOXY from UMOL/L to UMOL/KG using the following:
     gsw.rho:  Calculates in-situ density from Absolute Salinity and Conservative
     Temperature, using the computationally-efficient 48-term expression for
     density in terms of SA, CT and p (McDougall et al., 2011).
     TEOS-10, gsw.rho(SA,CT,0) used for conversion     Exchange values rounded to 4 decimal places.
     Python equation used:
         oxy_dens0umolpkg = float(CTDOXYumolpL) / (gsw.rho(SA,CT,np.zeros(CTDOXYumolpL.size))/1000.)   


  Conversion 
  ----------  
  file                           converted from              software                
  ------------------------------ --------------------------- ----------------------- 
  06AQ20141202_nc_ctd.zip        06AQ20141202_ct1.zip        hydro 0.8.2-47-g3c55cd3   


  Updated Files Manifest 
  ----------------------  

  file                            stamp             
  ------------------------------- ----------------- 
  06AQ20141202_ct1.zip            20160107CCHSIOSEE 
  06AQ20141202_nc_ctd.zip         20160107CCHSIOSEE  

  :Updated parameters: CTDPRS,CTDTMP,CTDSAL,CTDOXY,XMISS,FLUOR,CTDNOBS  

  opened in JOA with no apparent problems:
      06AQ20141202_ct1.zip
      06AQ20141202_nc_ctd.zip  

  opened in ODV with no apparent problems:
      06AQ20141202_ct1.zip
			
• File Merge CCHDO Staff
  06AQ20141202_do.pdf (download) #8cc1c 
  Date: 2015-10-29 
  Current Status: dataset

• Cruise Report Online Jerry Kappa 
  Date: 2015-10-29 
  Data Type: CrsRpt 
  Action: Website Update 
  Note: 
  The final pdf version of the cruise report is ready to go online.  It 
  contains all of the PI-provided data reports, linked table of contents 
  and linked figures, tables, sections and chapters.   					

• File Submission Jerry Kappa
  06AQ20141202_do.pdf (download) #8cc1c 
  Date: 2015-10-28 
  Current Status: dataset 
  Notes
  The final pdf version of the cruise report is ready to go online.  It 
  contains all of the PI-provided data reports, linked table of contents 
  and linked figures, tables, sections and chapters.  

  System Message: 
  Submitter requests file be attached to cruise 1198 

• File Online CCHDO Staff
  06AQ20141202.exc.csv (download) #6302a 
Date: 2015-10-01 
Current Status: unprocessed

• File Submission Robert M. Key
  06AQ20141202.exc.csv (download) #6302a 
  Date: 2015-10-01 
  Current Status: unprocessed 
  Notes
  Data grouping for this is SOCCOM. References to PANGAEA must be retained, 
  particularly with the CTD data. Sharon probably has nc versions of these 
  CTD data. Please hold the CTD data until I have talked to Sharon once 
  more. All other data can go on-line. We need to talk via phone about the 
  documentation files and issuance of DOI(s). At some point we may 
  eventually get the carbon data mentioned in the bottle file header.   

  System Message: Submitter requests file be attached to cruise 1198 

• Available under 'Data As Received' Robert Key 
  Date: 2015-10-01 
  Data Type: Bottle 
  Action: Website Update 
  Note: 
  06AQ20141202.exc.csv available as received, submitted 2015-10-01 by 
  Robert Key