A. CRUISE NARRATIVE: SR02 & SR04 A.1 HIGHLIGHTS WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION WOCE section designation SR02 & SR04 Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 06AQANTVIII_2 Chief Scientist/affiliation Eberhard Fahrbach/AWI* Dates 1989.SEP.06 - 1989.OCT.30 Ship RV Polarstern Ports of call Puerto Madryn, Argentina Cape Town, S. Africa Number of stations 88 52° 38'S Geographic boundaries 59° 45' 7° 53'E 71° 04'S Floats and drifters deployed 14 buoys (2 Argos arrays) Moorings deployed or recovered 7 current meter moorings; Contributing Authors none cited * Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung Postfach 12 01 61 o Columbusstrasse o D-27515 Bremerhaven o Germany phone: 49-471-4831-501 o fax: 49-471-4831-149 or -425 e-mail: efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de A.2 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME AND METHODS The physical oceanography programme was primarily concerned with a detailed quantitative description of the Weddell Gyre circulation and of the Atlantic part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Additionally, measurements were carried out to derive the vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and salt under the sea ice cover. PARAMETERS The physical data are supplemented by oxygen, nutrient and stable isotope measurements (Carbon-13 and Oxygen-18) as well as by samples for tritium, Helium-3 and Helium-4 analyses. A.3 SUMMARY AND ITINERARY The Winter Weddell Gyre Study 1989 (WWGS'89) was a joint research project of the German vessel Polarstern and the USSR vessel Akademik Fedorov to investigate the oceanic circulation of the Weddell Sea at the end of the Austral winter. This operation was the first of a total of four similar campaigns by which the mass, heat, salt and sea ice transports of the Weddell Gyre and the water mass modification in the southerly Weddell Basin will be quantitatively determined. The oceanic core programme is complemented by detailed studies of sea ice dynamics, air- sea ice - water interactions, sea ice remote sensing, sea ice biota as well as the temporal and regional variations of the phyto- and zooplankton development in the Weddell Gyre regime. FIGURE 1: Cruise tracks of "Polarstern" (full lines and crosses) and of "Akademik Fedorov" (dashed lines) during WWGS '89 The recent cruises have supported measurements along four transects perpendi- cular to the oceanic circulation of the Weddell Sea as portrayed in Fig.1. The zonal most southerly and the meridional most easterly track lines provide hydro- graphic sections across the entire gyre system while the two others cover the northwesterly part of the eastward branch of the flow. The scientific field work in 1989 was primarily directed towards o the determination of the baroclinic mass, heat and salt transports by the Weddell Gyre circulation o the estimation of the water mass modification in the inner Weddell Basin o the detection of oceanic mesoscale features caused by orographic forcing of Maud Rise o the quantitative description of the concentration, thickness, physical and chemical properties as well as of the biota of sea ice o the derivation of the oceanic and atmospheric kinematic and thermodynamic forcing on sea ice o the analyses of the regional distribution of phyto- and zooplankton under the given availability of nutrients and the observed physical environmental conditions o ground truth measurements and special microwave studies to improve satellite passive and active microwave remote sensing techniques for sea ice observations o the detection of the ozone concentration of the atmospheric column within the polar vortex during the transition from winter to spring. The 118 scientists and technicians participating in the cruises of Polarstern (56) and Akademik Fedorov (62) came from universities and research institutes of the Federal Republic of Germany, the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and Canada. The various subprogrammes on both ships were carried out jointly by multina- tional groups. A close cooperation between the ships during the campaign was established through daily radio conferences of the chief scientists and repre- sentatives of the different research groups. Polarstern departed from the port of Puerto Madryn, Argentina , on 6 September 1989 with 42 ship's crew, 56 scientists and technicians on board. The scientific observational programme commenced at latitude 54°S with daily radiosonde laun- ches and XBT casts with 15 nm spacing. The first complete hydrographic vertical profile (CTD and rosette water sampler) was taken at 58°S on 10 September 1989. The ship encountered the ice edge at about 61°53'S latitude near King George Island one day later. During the morning of 11 September a helicopter flight was carried out to the Chilean Antarctic station Teniente Marsh in order to collect a radiometer pro- vided by NASA which had to be installed on board the ship. Meanwhile Polarstern was steaming towards the Bransfteld Strait to reduce the flight distance. When the helicopter was on board again the ship moved back to the edge of the inner marginal ice zone at 62°S/57°W to start a detailed hydrographic and biological survey across the Bransfteld Strait (see Fig. 1). The full observational pro- gramme started on 12 September 1989 with the subsequent work of the various disciplines: o CTD profiles combined with water sampling (rosette of 24 Niskin bottles) from the sea surface to the ocean bottom on a horizontal grid of 30 nm width. The density of the hydrographic stations was significantly higher only over the continental shelf breaks on the western and eastern boundaries of the Weddell Basin. It was coarser (60 nm) on the meridional section from the Georg-von- Neumayer Station to the inner side of the marginal ice zone near 5°E. During the passage of the northern ice edge regime the 30 nm distance was chosen again for the CTD network. o Deployment of seven current meter moorings to complement the hydrographic measurements along the zonal transect and recording of Doppler sonar profiles of the currents in the upper 200 m of the water column at most of the oceanographic stations within the ice belt. o Measurements of the turbulent vertical momentum and heat fluxes above and below ice floes at 3 extended ice stations, located in the western and eastern coastal current regimes and in the central Weddell Sea. The atmospheric fluxes were additionally recorded during most of the ship's stops at a mast on ice floes and/or at a boom extending the ship's bow crane. The data of both instruments were generally in good agreement. o Monitoring of the atmospheric surface pressure field and the movement (deformation) of the sea ice with the aid of two Argos buoy arrays, one in western branch and one in the center of the Weddell Gyre. The western network consisted of 8 and the central one of 6 buoys. In both cases the two inner stations were additionally equipped with sensors for air temperature and wind velocity as well as with thermistor strings through the ice and through the water layer down to 250 m depth. The buoy systems are supposed to continue their operations during several months. o Sea ice work to detect ice thickness, snow cover, bottom and top topography of ice floes along the ship's track line by drilling holes through the ice. Additionally ice cores were taken to determine the texture, physical and chemical properties of the sea ice. Strain measurements were executed to study the mechanical forces on the ice. Finally the small scale ice concentration, floe size distribution and top morphology was obtained by aerial photography, line scan camera data and video observations during helicopter flights. o Active and passive microwave measurements from the ship together with ground truth data of the relevant snow and ice properties to improve actual and in near future available satellite observations. Visible and infrared AVHRR data of the entire Weddell Sea area have been recorded to derive the large scale ice concentration and ice motion. o The regional and vertical distribution of the sea ice biota in relation to the texture and to the physical and chemical properties of the ice. Special emphasis was put on a detailed taxonomy of the sea ice species. o Concentrations of nutrients, phyto- and zooplankton from the rosette water samples as well as from multinet and bongonet hauls, respectively o Ozone concentration and aerosol content of the atmosphere with optical methods. The above indicated work was carried out either from the ship and from ice floes or with the aid of two helicopters of the type BO-105. The cruise track and the station grid was primarily based on the requirements of the programmes in physi- cal, chemical and biological oceanography. Nevertheless, all other projects could more or less smoothly adjust to the predetermined itinerary. On her way through the pack ice Polarstern met different navigational condi- tions. The western side of the Weddell Sea was mainly occupied by large ice floes older than one year, as expected. But the concentration was mostly less than 90 % so that the ship could keep the average speed above 5 knots by moving through suitable leads of open water. Ramming was necessary at a few occasions only. In the central and eastern part of the Weddell Basin first year ice with concentrations of more than 90 % was predominant and the ships progress was somewhat reduced. The most unfavourable ice conditions were encountered near the east coast where northeasterly winds led to a remarkable compression particu- larly in the neighbourhood of grounded icebergs. Here Polarstern was caught twice in a shear zone of pack ice and she was forced along a distinct shear line which marked the front of the immobile ice trapped by the icebergs. Similar conditions were met in front of the Atka Bay near the German station Georg-von- Neumayer (GvN). On the meridional transect to the north the ice concentration stayed above 90 % from the coast to the transition from the inner to the outer marginal ice zone. The floe sizes and the ice thickness on this leg were largest southwest of Maud Rise. The most surprising finding was an extremely wide marginal ice zone cover- ing a latitudinal belt of about 350 km with its most northerly ice band at 53°44'S / 07°18'E . The total mean speed of Polarstern through the ice finally amounts to the relatively high value of 6.25 knots when station time is excluded. Since this result was much better than envisaged the working time at stations could be extended by roughly 25%. A.4 DRIFTING BUOYS The two surface buoy arrays on Fig. 2 were deployed partly by the ship and partly by helicopters. Two of the three longer ice stations (2 to 4 days) were located within each of these buoy networks so that all programmes can later profit from the detailed information on the atmospheric forcing and on the mesoscale ice deformation. The third long ice station was set up in the eastern coastal current north of GvN. FIGURE 2: Deployment positions of the Argos surface buoy arrays DEPLOYMENT POSITIONS OF THE ARGOS SURFACE BUOY ARRAYS On the transect from the Antarctic peninsula to Kapp Norwegia two clusters of drifting buoys were deployed on ice floes. The two central buoys of each cluster carried thermistor cables in the water (250m) and the ice (2.2m) and complete meteorological package, the other buoys only air pressure and temperature sensors. A.5 CURRENT METER MOORINGS The zonal hydrographic cross-section was complemented by 7 current meter bottom moorings (see Fig. 3). Two moorings are located each in the western and eastern boundary currents and three were deployed in the interior gyre regime. All 24 current meters are Aanderaa RCM 8 instruments which have been located according to Table 1. When these instruments will have been recovered at the end of 1990 the data shall be used for first estimates of the total mass transport within the Weddell Gyre. FIGURE 3: Deep sea moorings along the "Polarstern section across the Weddell Gyre TABLE 1: Mooring deployment during WWGS '89 Mooring Latitude Date Water Depth Instrument Longitude Time (m,corr.) Type Depth ----------------------------------------------------------------- AWI 206 63 29.6'S 13.09.89 927 AVTP 229 52 07.4'W 11.13 HDW-S 349 AVT 876 AWI 207 63 45.8'S 14.09.89 2461 AVTPC 263 50 54.3'W 10.39 AVTPC 952 AVT 2162 AVT 2410 AWI 208 65 36.3'S 24.09.89 4742 AVTPC 288 36 29.9'W 18.30 AVTPC 1037 HDW-S 1090 AVT 2610 HDW-S 4122 AVT 4631 AWI 209 66 36.8'S 01.10.89 4836 AVTPC 293 27 07.4'W 10.28 AVTPC 993 AVT 2653 AVT 4725 AWI 210 69 38.9'S 05.10.89 4728 AVTPC 289 15 44.5'W 21.11 AVTPC 988 AVT 2547 AVT 4617 AWI 211 70 29.5'S 07.10.89 2364 AVTPC 247 13 07.0'W 00.13 AVTPC 856 AVT 2066 AVT 2313 AWI 212 70 59.2'S 08.10.89 1050 AVTPC 309 11 49.4'W 16.55 AVT 999 AVTPC: Aandreaa current meter with temp, pressure and conductivity sensor HWD-S: HDW-sediment trap A.6 TURBULENT AND PROFILE MEASUREMENTS UNDER THE ICE Three ice stations of two to three days duration were utilized to measure the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and to a limited extent salt across the oceanic boundary layer, with a new turbulence system. Additionally, three to five Aanderaa current meters were moored under the ice to detect the vertical current profiles between 0.2m and 6m depth. An acoustic current meter and a CTD were also applied to measure vertical profiles of the currents and of the density stratification. THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT (ACC) Measurements across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) were taken with the aid of XTB and ADCP profiles. These data will help to better identify mesoscale structures within the ACC which have been observed by satellite altimeter measurements and which also appear in recent eddy resolving model simulations. A.7 MAJOR PROBLEMS AND GOALS NOT ACHIEVED (Response from the Chief Scientist concerning the CTD DQE) This was an Antarctic winter cruise and all kind offers for software are of little help when sensors or water in bottles freeze. We have tried since 1986 to prevent freezing, but only in 1990 did we achieve a somewhat satisfying system. However, for oxygen we did not find a solution at all and therefore there are no CTDOXY values. As for the ANT VIII data our sensor protection was still not reliable and we had freezing problems as well as those fromour protection system. Therefore the data of that cruise required a particularly intensive correction. But even now we still have more problems with the CTDs than warm water oceanographers and therefore need special procedures. We hoped to experiences some improvement by using the FSI CTD but it seems as if we just exchanged one set of problems for another. A.8 OTHER INCIDENTS OF NOTE A short convenient break of the research work occurred during a stop of Polar- stern at Atka Bay on 10 and 11 October to unload some equipment for the GvN Station. This opportunity was taken by many participants to visit the station and to contact the wintering team. At the end of the unloading procedure the GvN crew was invited on the ship for a farewell party. A second social event took place during the intercomparison meeting with the Akademik Fedorov west of Maud Rise on 17 and 18 October. The meeting of the personnel of both ships was accompanied by meteorological, oceanographic and biological intercomparisons of instruments and sampling techniques. During a reception on the Akademik Fedorov it was agreed among the participants that 'the successful cooperation in the Antarctic should be extended to the Arctic in order to support the ongoing international global climate research activities. A.9 LIST OF CRUISE PARTICIPANTS Name Institute Name Institute --------------- --------- ------------- --------- Augstein, E. AWI Lytle, V. CRREL Bathmann, U. AWI Lyeleev, M. AARI Beyer, K. AWI Mahler, G. HSW Bredemeier, M. IfBG Mahnke, P. AWI Carbonell, M. C. 0SU Makarov, R. 90 Casarini, M. P. SPRI Meyer, G. AWI Claffey, K. CRELL Möhrke, H. HSW Comiso, J. GSFC Nikolaev, V. IfB; Crane, D. SPRI Nöthig, E.-M. AWI Dittmer, K.-P. DWID Ochsenhirt, W.-T. IDWD Eicken, H. AWI Olf, J. IMH Engelbart, D. MH Reisemann, M. AWI Fahl, Kirsten AWI Rohardt, G. AWI Fahrbach, E. AWI Ross, A. 0SU Frieden, W. IMH Schenk,C. AWI Fromme, J.-P. AWI Schröder, M. AWI Garrity, C. AES SchOtt, E. UNIB Gerdes, A. RB Surkow, R. IMH St. Germain, K. UNIM Viehoff, Th. AWI Gradinger, R. AWI Vogeler, A. AWI Hehl, 0. IMH Wadharns, P. SPRI Helmes, L. AWI Weissenberger, J. AWI Helwig, A. HSW Wicke, A. UNIB Heusel, R. UNIK Wieser, Th. UNIK Ibrahim, J. HSW Witte, H. AWI Jennings, J. 0SU Wisotzki, A. UNIB Lange, M. AWI Wolf-Gladrow, D. AWI Lemke, P. MPI, HH Yurganov, L. AARI PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS Address Number of participants __________________________________________________________ FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AWI Alfred Wegener Institut 37 für Polar- und Meeresforschung Postfach 12 01 61 2850 Bremerhaven DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst 3 Bernhard-Nocht Straße 76 2000 Hamburg 4 HSW Helicopter Service Wasserthal GmbH 4 Kätnerweg 43 2000 Hamburg 65 IfBG Georg-August-Universität 2 Forstwissenschaftlicher Fachbereich Institut für Bioklimatologie Büsgenweg 1 3400 Göttingen IMH Institut für Meteorologie und 5 Klimatologie der Universität Hannover Herrenhäuserstraße 2 3000 Hannover l MPIfM Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie 1 Bundesstraße 55 2000 Hamburg 13 RB Radio Bremen 1 Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 2800 Bremen RUB Ruhr-Universität Bochum 1 Fakultät für Chemie Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 1 UniversitätsstraBe 150 4630 Bochum 1 UNIB Universität Bremen 5 Bibliothekstraße 2800 Bremen UNIK Universität Konstanz 2 Limnologisches Institut Mainaustraße 212 7750 Konstanz Address Number of participants __________________________________________________________ CANADA AES AES/Cress Microwave Group 1 Petrie 014-York University 4700 Keele Street North York, Ontario Canada M3J 1 P3 __________________________________________________________ UNITED KINGDOM SPRI Scott Polar Research Institute 3 Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1 ER __________________________________________________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CRREL US Army Cold Regions Research 2 and Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755 GSFC NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center 1 Lboratory for Oceans, Code 61 Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771 OSU Oregon State University 3 College of Oceanography Oceanography Admin. Bld. 104 Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503 UNIM University of Massachusetts 1 Amherst, MA 01003 Address Number of participants __________________________________________________________ RUSSIA & THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES AARI Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute 2 38 Berin Street 19226 Leningrad IFB Institute for Botany 1 Academy of Sciences 2 Popov Street 197022 Leningrad IFO Institute of Fishery and Oceanography 1 17 a Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya 107140 Moskau SHIP'S CREW Title Name Title Name ------------------ ----------- ------------------ ----------------- Kapitan Jonas Stewardess Lieboner 1. Off izier Gerber Stewardess Hoppe Naut. Off izier Schiel Steward/Stewardess Rusdam 1. Offizier Ladung Fahje Steward/Stewardess Gollmann Naut. Off izier Baumhoer 2. Steward Chi-Chun, Chang Arzt Dr. Reimers 2. Steward Yiu-Sin, Chau Ltd. Ingenieur Schulz Wdscher Tzyh-Shyang, Shyu 1. Ingenieur Erreth Bootsmann Schwarz 2. Ingenieur Delff Zimmermann Kassubeck 2. Ingenieur Simon Matrose Meis Torres Elektriker Erdmann Matrose Martinez Elektroniker Thonhauser Matrose Willbrecht Elektroniker Hoops Matrose Novo Lovreira Elektroniker Both Matrose Prol Otero Elektroniker Muhle Matrose Pereira Portela Funkoffizier Butz Lagerhalter Barth Funkoffizier MOller Maschinenwart Jordan Koch Klasaen Maschinenwart Fritz Kochsmat Klauck Maschinenwart Heurich Kochsmaat Kröger Maschinenwart Buchas 1. Steward Peschke Maschinenwart Reimann Krankenschwester/ B. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS B.1 NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY B.2 ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER The ADCP was applied when the ship stopped on stations within the pack ice and from the roving ship in open waters. The data quality of these measurements is still uncertain since special evaluation procedures have to be carried out after the cruise. B.3 THERMOSALINOGRAPH AND UNDERWAY DISSOLVES OXYGEN, FLUOROMETER, ETC The thermosalinograph has recorded surface values of water temperature and salinity during 1500 h. For about 150 hours, i.e. 10% of the recording period, the sensor was blocked by ice, so that the data are erroneous. The thermosalinograph was continuously calibrated against CTD-temperatures and salinities of the water samples. The corrected data are accurate to 0.1 K in temperature and to 0.1 10*3. B.4 XBT AND XCTD Ship-borne measurements were taken with the aid of CTD sondes, expendable bathythermographs (XBTs), a rosette water sampler, and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and a thermosalinograph. Seven deep sea current meter moorings have been deployed on the track line from the Antarctic Peninsula to Kapp Norwegia. B.5 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER AND AIR-SEA EXCHANGES The meteorological work concentrated on the heat and momentum exchanges between ocean and atmosphere and on the determination of the sea ice motion. For this purpose micrometeorological and turbulence measurements were carried out both at the ship's boom and on ice floes in the vicinity of Polarstern. Additionally, aerological soundings were performed, and helicopter flights with a laser altimeter provided data on the surface topography. Atmospheric and oceanic surface values as well as the drift velocity of sea ice were determined with the aid of two arrays of Argos buoys. The first array was centered at 64.4°S, 45.7°W, the second at 66.7°S, 29.4°W Both of them consisted of two highly instrumented central buoys separated (at the beginning) by approximately 130 km and of six (first array) or four (second array) simpler ones surrounding the centre stations. The distance between the outer and the central buoys was between 80 and 140 km. The peripheral buoys provided air pressure and position only. The central buoys measured additionally the air temperature in two heights, the wind velocity and the vertical temperature profiles through the ice and in the oceanic upper layer down to 250 m depth. The drift of the first buoy array from 25.9. to 22.10.89 is displayed on Fig. 6. The starting point is indicated by the buoy number at the western end of the tracks. All buoys move eastward with slight undulations caused by the passages of low pressure systems. The vertical turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum were derived from wind and temperature fluctuations, measured with sonic devices at the ship's boom and at a 5 m high mast on ice floes during station periods. A comparison of the fluxes measured at the two locations showed no significant differences when the wind direction was +60' from the bow (Fig. 7). Two 3-day ice stations in the centers of the buoy arrays will be used to compare the bulk aerodynamic flux method with the sonic eddy correlation technique to provide information on the reliability of the heat and momentum fluxes derived from the drifting buoy measurements. Since the turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum are supposed to vary with floe size distribution and surface roughness, helicopter flights with a laser altimeter have been performed to collect information on the surface topography. In addition to the turbulent transports, the downward shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes as well as the radiation surface temperature have been recorded to complement the surface information on the energy balance. Upper air soundings were performed routinely 4 times per day. One sounding per day was transmitted into the GTS, in order to improve the input data of numerical models and of objective analysis products. Intensified measurements have been carried out at Polarstern, Akademik Fedorov and the Georg von Neumayer Station from 20 September to 4 October when the three stations formed a reasonable triangle for special analyses of large scale advection. Examples of the Polarstern measurements are shown in the Figs. 8-10. FIGURE 6: Drift of Argos surface buoys from 25 September to 22 October 1989 FIGURE 7: Turbulent fluxes of momentum (a) and of sensible heat (b) measured at the ship's boom (dashed line) and at a mast on an ice flow (full line) FIGURE 8: Sequence of atmospheric temperature soundings before (dashed), during (long-short dashed) and after (full) the passage of a cold front FIGURE 9: Vertical distribution of the zonal wind component during a 4-day period FIGURE 10: Vertical distribution of the meridional wind component during a 4-day period B.6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY (IFBG, IMH, MPIFM, AARI) ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND AIR TURBIDITY Measurements of the total content of ozone in the atmospheric column, concentrations of ozone in surface layer and turbidity of the whole atmosphere at different wavelengths of the visible spectral range have been carried out to study the spring decrease of atmospheric ozone in Antarctica and its influence on physical quantities of the lower atmosphere. A similar set of data was obtained simultaneously on board the Akademik Fedorov. The total ozone has been determined with the aid of a filter ozone photometer M- 124. Concentrations of tropospheric ozone have been measured by a solid state chemiluminescent analyzer. Atmospheric spectral turbidity has been observed with a sunphotometer. The performance of the instruments was tested on the transect of the ship from Bremerhaven to Puerto Madryn. The measurements of total ozone started on 8 September 1989, at 49 °S latitude. In this latitudinal regional increased ozone levels were previously observed, especially during the period of depleted ozone in the central Antarctic. In consistency with these results an abrupt decrease of ozone was obvious on the passage from 49°S to 59°S (see Table 3.2). During the remaining observational period (11 September to 16 October) large fluctuations of the total ozone concentration (from 166 DU to 320 DU) were detected . These fluctuations appear to be closely correlated with the temperature of the stratosphere. Reduced ozone is coupled with the cold air of the circumpolar stratospheric vortex. Comparing our values with measurements of the two preceding years at the Soviet station Novolazarevskaya we find that the conditions 1989 are rather similar to those of 1987 when the lowest values of total ozone were found over Antarctica. The ozone of the surface layer was measured during the entire expedition. Unfortunately a standard ozone generator, used for calibration did not work satisfactorily so that our data are of qualitative nature only. According to these measurements one can determine a few different levels of ozone which more or less characterize different air masses. In moderate latitudes ozone concentrations are higher than 30 ppb with small variations. In the subpolar latitudinal belt (south of 64°S), the variations of tropospheric ozone became larger reflecting the transition zone of air masses. The measurements of spectral atmospheric transparency have been carried out during sunny days. Preliminary results show that the aerosol optical thickness varied around typical values for late winter in the Antarctic. For the final analyses the data of both ships and of coastal stations from the Weddell Sea area will be combined in order to delineate the late winter ozone variations of the year 1989. TABLE 3.2: Daily averages of the ozone concentration in the atmospheric column. Total Date ozone N Observational (1989) Latitude Longitude (DU) conditions ------ -------- --------- ----- -- ------------- SEPTEMBER 08 49.41S 62.14 W 340 17 2 10 59.30S 59.14 W 204 26 3 11 62.06S 56.43 W 220 23 2,3 12 63.20S 52.59 W 284 27 3 13 63.29S 51.43 W 290 34 1,3 14 63.45S 50.45 W 253 56 1,2 15 64.07S 47.58 W 238 19 3 16 64.37S 44.13 W 296 48 1,2 17 64.36S 44.15 W 320 09 2 18 64.41S 44.00 W 308 10 2 19 64.44S 43.46 W 274 07 3 20 64.36S 43.35 W 237 07 1,2 22 65.25S 40.36 W 223 11 2,3 23 65.40S 38.46 W 196 03 2,3 24 65.36S 36.30 W 166 25 1,2 26 66.36S 31.34 W 220 35 1,2 27 66.53S 29.13 W 220 13 3 28 66.51S 27.39 W 269 33 1,2 30 66.44S 27.17 W 231 36 1,2 OCTOBER 01 66.37S 27.08 W 243 32 1,2 02 67.17S 24.31 W 213 31 1,2 03 67.47S 21.15 W 210 29 3 04 68.35S 18.12 W 194 04 3 05 69.38S 15.43 W 208 20 3 06 70.21S 13.25 W 173 04 3 09 70.39S 10.11 W 185 04 3 10 70.20S 10.07 W 196 11 2 11 70.30S 08.09 W 183 24 1,2 12 69.45S 08.08 W 178 08 3 13 68.58S 07.57 W 206 18 3 14 68.55S 08.12 W 168 17 1,2 ------------------------------------------ Observational Conditions: 1: direct sun 2: clear zenith 3: cloudy zenith N = number of individual measurements, DU = Dobson Units REACTIVE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER WATER AND SEA ICE The gaseous atmospheric nitrogen compounds HN03 and NH3 as well as atmospheric aerosols, were sampled in order to determine their concentrations close to the sea and ice surfaces. Samples of precipitation and surface snow on ice floes were also collected to undergo chemical analyses for major ionic constituents. These measurements will provide a first orientation for the investigation of Nitrogen dynamics of the boundary layer over the open water and ice in the Southern Ocean and the Weddell Sea. Gaseous HN03 and NH3 were adsorbed and enriched on filters, which will be analyzed by ion chromatography. The filter systems for air sampling were installed on the observation deck of Polarstern (24 m above sea level). Filterpacks were attached to a boom of 2 m length fixed horizontally to the rail and pointing towards the bow of the ship. Air samples were taken by two air pumps which were controlled by a vane-switch allowing only air from ± 450 relative to the bow of the ship to be filtered in order to minimize contamination. HN03 and NH3 were absorbed and enriched by two filter systems, each of which consisted of a PTFE-filter (0.45 um pore size) followed by three gas absorption filters. This arrangement allows for separation of aerosol and gas phases of the sampled air and to control the absorption quality. HN03 was absorbed by nylon filters, while NH3 was collected on cellulose filters impregnated with 0.05 NH3PO4. According to the very low concentrations which can be expected in the Antarctic atmosphere, high volumes had to be filtered by sampling periods of at least 24 hours. 168 filter samples during 21 sampling episodes (most of them on the Wed- dell Sea transect) were obtained. Additionally, nine samples of precipitation and 83 surface snow samples from ice floes were collected. Chemical analyses will be carried out in the home laboratory. The results will be interpreted in the context of surface water chemistry and meteorological data. C. HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS THE LARGE SCALE HYDROGRAPHY OF THE WEDDELL GYRE The aim of the large scale hydrography was to estimate the oceanic transports of mass, heat and salt associated with the Weddell Gyre circulation. Of particular interest is the southern part of the gyre, where an extensive water mass trans- formation is assumed to occur which determines the formation of Weddell Sea Bottom Water. The Polarstern data set is portrayed by two hydrographic sections (see Fig. 1) across the Weddell Gyre. The first one describes the transect from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula to Kapp Norwegia (Fig. 4). It comprises 46 CTD profiles from the sea surface to the ocean bottom with a station distance of 20 to 60 km. The second one runs from the Atka Bay to the Mid-Ocean Ridge con- sisting of 31 stations with spacings from 14 to 125 km. With the exception of the marginal ice zone all profiles reached to the ocean bottom. The meridional temperature cross section is presented in Fig. 5. The physical data are supple- mented by oxygen, nutrient and stable isotope measurements (Carbon-13 and Oxygen-18) as well as by samples for Tritium, Helium-3 and Helium-4 analyses. FIGURE 4: Potential temperature distribution on the zonal section of "Polarstern". Numbers on the top line indicate hydrographic stations 150-188 FIGURE 5: Potential temperature distribution on the meridional section of "Polarstern". Numbers on the top line indicate hydrographic stations 190-222 C.1 NUTRIENTS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN (OSU) The inorganic nutrient and dissolved oxygen determinations were carried out in support of the hydrographic programme. Additionally, water samples were collect- ed for filtration and post-cruise determination of biogenic particulate silica. Nutrient measurements were also made on approximately 300 subsamples from ice cores and brine in support of algal culturing experiments. The dissolved nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate, silicic acid, nitrite, and ammonium) were measured in samples from the rosette bottles at all station loca- tions. The nutrient samples were analyzed with the aid of a continuous flow analyzer (an ALPKEM RFA model 300) using the chemical methods recommended by the manufacturer except for some modifications in the analyses of ammonium and phos- phate. In most cases these analyses were performed immediately after each hydrocast and were completed within 2-3 hours after the cast. The analysis of dissolved oxygen concentration was made by the familiar Carpenter-Winkler method, but the actual titrations were carried out with a radiometer autotitrator. The method used is a dead-stop end-point amperometric titration in which a polarizing potential is applied across the electrodes, and the end-point potential is selected to correspond closely to the visual endpoint. This method was used successfully already during former cruises. Biogenic particulate silica, the amorphous silica contained in phytoplankton frustules, will be determined in the home laboratory after the cruise. Seawater samples were collected from nearly half of the CTD casts and filtered through 0.6 micron polycarbonate membrane filters. These filters are subsequently sub- jected to a hot, basic digestion which dissolves the particulate silica. After neutralization, the resulting solution can be analyzed for silicic acid. A total of nearly 600 such samples was obtained at stations throughout the cruise; about half of which were concentrated in the transits through the ice edge at the beginning and ending of the cruise. It is anticipated that the good spatial resolution in the marginal ice zones will complement similar sections made during other seasons, and provide an improved understanding of the seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass in the Weddell Sea. There were no serious technical problems during the cruise, so that the chemical data set should be of high standard once routine quality control has been completed. As was the case in Austral winter 1986, the surface mixed layer was found to be nearly vertically homogeneous in oxygen and nutrient concentrations. The under- saturation of dissolved oxygen tended to increase southeastwards on the main transect from the Antarctic Peninsula to Kapp Norwegia. This observation might be related to the amount of entrained Warm Deep Water (WDW) and thus to the heat flux from the water to sea ice and to the atmosphere. Both oxygen and silicic acid concentrations in the VVDW are inversely correlated with tempera-ture. Because the gradients of phosphate and nitrate across the pycnocline are less strong than those of dissolved oxygen and silicic acid, they are less use-ful for entrainment calculations. Comparison with Austral summer data should allow to determine the increase in mixed layer nutrient concentrations. We expect to extend our earlier estimates of net annual phytoplankton productivity by using the summer/winter differences in mixed layer nutrients. At the northwestern end of the transect, extremely cold and "fresh" Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) was found with potential temperatures of less than -1.O°C. In this very cold WSBW, the concentration of dissolved oxygen seems to be inversely proportional to the temperature while the unusually low silicic acid concentrations were directly proportional to temperature. Farther along the transect, in the mid-gyre, the variability in the silicic acid content of the WSBW and WDW increased, but the classical Antarctic Bottom Water (potential temperature from -0.1 to -0.4°C) did not exhibit this variability. The highest WSBW silicic acid concentrations were found at the southern end of the long transect, were the variability was much less. The data of the northward transect are not yet available. The analyses of nutrient concentrations in ice core subsamples revealed con- siderable variability. Ammonium concentrations were usually much higher than in the underlying surface waters, and often higher than any normal seawater ammon- ium levels. Phosphate also exhibited greater variability than did the other nutrients, perhaps because it is microbially remineralized directly as phos- phate, while the nitrogen species undergo a series of oxidations before ending up in nitrate. The nutrient concentrations were obviously not correlated with the structure or texture of the ice. During the rendezvous of Polarstern and Akademik Fedorov, samples were exchanged between the ships for analyses. The preliminary results of those determinations show an encouraging agreement. Oxygen and phosphate values were very similar. Only in the deep water silicic acid measurements was a significant disagreement. The Fedorov values were about 4-5 micromole per liter higher than the measure- ments onboard Polarstern. By prior arrangement, duplicate samples from six hydrographic stations had been collected and frozen during the Fedorov's cruise. These samples were analyzed onboard Polarstern after the two ships met for further comparison of the data in order to resolve any discrepancies. C.2 CTD A total of 115 CTD-profiles were taken with two NB Mark IIIb profiles. The instruments have been calibrated at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography before the cruise, and they will be recalibrated afterwards. Any temporal changes of the temperature sensors during the cruise have been detected by electronic, and mercury reversing thermometers. Due to some nonlinearities in the time variations of the CTD sensors, the final accuracy of the data will amount to 5x10-3 K. The calibration of the CTD salinity data is achieved on the basis of salinity analyses from 1441 water samples which were measured with a Guildline Autosal 8400B. The CTD readings and the bottle values were fitted for each profile individually. The mean deviation of the applied corrections from the bottle data amounts 1.4 +/- 0.5x10*6. The accuracy of the bottle data was determined by a cross-check of 233 multiple samples at the same depth level resulting in a RMS error of 1.5x10-6. Adding the both errors, the corrected salinities will be accurate to +/-3x10*6. CTD MEASUREMENTS DURING AQANTVIII_2 INSTRUMENT: NEIL BROWN CTD, MARK IIIB, Sn: 1069, BJ: 1984 CTD temperature sensor: Rosemount Platinum Thermometer resolution: 0.0005 deg C accuracy: +/- 0.005 deg C CTD pressure sensor: Paine Model resolution: 0.1 dbar accuracy: +/- 6.5 dbar CTD conductivity sensor: EG&G NBIS resolution: 0.001 mmho accuracy: +/- 0.005 mmho Software: EGLG Oceansoft MkIII/SCTD Acquisition Version 2.01 CTD postprocessing Version 1.12 Time lag: 0.13 s PRESSURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS al = -5.36104 a2 = 3.37749E-3 a3 = -5.39422E-6 a4 = 2.77279E-9 a5 = -5.14917E-13 a6 = 3.19093E-17 dp = al +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4 +a6*p**5 p = p + dp no post-cruise calibration for the calibration data are the same TEMPERATURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS t < 0 al = 2.36822E-3 a2 = 8.97448E-4 dt = al +a2*t t >= 0 al = 3.98859E-3 a2 = -3.72724E-4 a3 = 5.13898E-6 a4 = 2.01451E-7 dt = al +a2*t +a3*t**2 +a4*t**3 t = t + dt no post-cruise calibration of station 119 to 157, the calibration data are the same then there was an offset in the temperature calibration data (a mistake in the handling of the heater of the CTD after station 157) the offset is: t < 0 + 0.0054 ; t >= 0 + 0.006 THE POST-CRUISE CALIBRATION DATA STATION 158 TO 189 t < 0 : t = t + 0.0054 t >= 0 : t = t + 0.006 correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples (conductivity of the salinometer data) evaluation of the coefficients of each station CD = (CONDUCTIVITY SALINOMETER - CONDUCTIVITY CTD) * 1000 CD = A+B*pres+C*pres**2+D*pres**3+E*pres**4 station nbr. A B C D E ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11901 0.26489E+01 -0.12100E-01 0.10080E-03 -0.17599E-06 0.83084E-10 12901 0.95785E+00 -0.44826E-02 -0.24573E-04 0.50631E-07 -0.29500E-10 13401 -0.51364E+00 0.14605E-01 -0.51233E-04 0.73303E-07 -0.41039E-10 13801 -0.49001E+01 -0.33401E-02 0.17835E-04 -0.27326E-07 0.96256E-11 14101 0.10000E+01 0.55778E+00 -0.12717E-01 0.85457E-04 -0.17023E-06 14801 0.70402E-01 -0.48393E-01 0.87590E-03 -0.32856E-05 0.34951E-08 14901 -0.23983E+01 0.15051E-01 -0.27738E-04 0.11497E-07 -0.67334E-13 15001 -0.36856E+00 0.75274E-02 -0.22502E-04 0.12276E-07 -0.23921E-11 15101 0.26018E+01 -0.55187E-02 -0.42926E-05 0.14427E-08 -0.97049E-13 15201 -0.17166E+01 -0.86125E-02 0.84628E-05 -0.61916E-08 0.11884E-11 15301 0.27424E+01 0.64724E-03 -0.86694E-05 0.26282E-08 -0.29206E-12 15401 -0.35431E+01 0.24909E-02 -0.11729E-04 0.37914E-08 -0.38643E-12 15501 0.18313E+01 -0.10993E-0l 0.29221E-05 -0.12851E-08 0.16776E-12 15601 -0.33567E+01 -0.70345E-03 -0.70259E-05 0.20197E-08 -0.17722E-12 15701 0.32617E+00 0.44204E-03 -0.83863E-05 0.24405E-08 -0.22072E-12 15822 -0.26549E+01 -0.14053E-02 -0.36725E-05 0.41660E-09 0.20305E-13 15901 0.11476E+01 0.36484E-02 -0.80040E-05 0.19328E-08 -0.14914E-12 16001 -0.94296E+00 -0.33745E-02 -0.20970E-05 0.32876E-09 -0.12832E-13 16101 -0.38763E+01 0.19952E-02 -0.64797E-05 0.13988E-08 -0.87705E-13 16201 -0.24615E+00 -0.34274E-02 -0.33533E-05 0.61184E-09 -0.17788E-13 16301 -0.77448E+00 -0.15079E-02 -0.49513E-05 0.13047E-08 -0.11188E-12 16501 -0.36180E+01 0.88287E-02 -0.13471E-04 0.36728E-08 -0.32403E-12 16601 -0.24511E+01 0.16624E-02 -0.76632E-05 0.20041E-08 -0.16818E-12 16701 -0.24511E+01 0.16624E-02 -0.76632E-05 0.20041E-08 -0.16818E-12 16901 -0.58604E+01 0.29932E-02 -0.76714E-05 0.17793E-08 -0.12896E-12 17001 -0.48139E+01 0.25932E-02 -0.89125E-05 0.25237E-08 -0.22862E-12 17101 -0.48139E+01 0.25932E-02 -0.89125E-05 0.25237E-08 -0.22862E-12 17201 -0.36518E+01 -0.57060E-02 -0.98774E-06 -0.23763E-09 0.75877E-13 17301 -0.36518E+01 -0.57060E-02 -0.98774E-06 -0.23763E-09 0.75877E-13 17401 -0.33822E+01 -0.10843E-01 0.20754E-05 -0.84227E-09 0.11065E-12 17701 -0.53706E+01 -0.26876E-02 -0.41563E-05 0.80420E-09 -0.30720E-13 17801 0.51671E+00 -0.78134E-02 -0.15454E-05 0.50059E-09 -0.40489E-13 17901 -0.58760E+01 0.11643E-01 -0.14037E-04 0.31817E-08 -0.22414E-12 18001 -0.20344E+01 -0.11085E-01 0.16952E-05 -0.60963E-09 0.81916E-13 18101 -0.36668E+01 -0.13028E-02 -0.42558E-05 0.80916E-09 -0.38480E-13 18201 -0.48117E+01 0.36716E-02 -0.96794E-05 0.26367E-08 -0.22510E-12 18401 -0.40123E+01 -0.93511E-02 0.58159E-05 -0.31870E-08 0.34597E-12 18601 -0.83793E+01 0.63841E-02 -0.81239E-05 -0.33479E-08 0.24838E-11 correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 3 stations 18501 -0.55476E+01 0.36760E-02 -0.15761E-04 0.10041E-07 -0.23323E-ll 18901 -0.71793E+01 0.34575E-01 -0.18262E-03 0.20987E-06 -0.71818E-10 correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 5 stations 16401 -0.10333E+01 -0.39789E-02 -0.30427E-05 0.61439E-09 -0.28918E-13 16801 -0.45231E+01 -0.31205E-02 -0.24881E-05 0.41575E-09 -0.12775E-13 17501 -0.43311E+01 -0.36720E-02 -0.26480E-05 0.31709E-09 0.11953E-13 17601 -0.34968E+01 -0.40969E-02 -0.27559E-05 0.46347E-09 -0.11181E-13 18301 -0.37957E+01 -0.60158E-02 -0.96544E-06 0.65585E-10 0.17700E-13 18701 -0.57358E+01 -0.18285E-03 -0.21311E-04 0.20695E-07 -0.56833E-11 18801 -0.57358E+01 -0.18285E-03 -0.21311E-04 0.20695E-07 -0.56833E-11 correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 9 stations 12401 -0.13437E+01 0.16738E-01 -0.59865E-04 0.74693E-07 -0.35673E-10 13701 -0.13437E+01 0.16738E-01 -0.59865E-04 0.74693E-07 -0.35673E-10 13901 -0.10412E+01 0.38252E-02 -0.40983E-04 0.74626E-07 -0.43285E-10 14001 -0.10854E+01 0.30601E-02 -0.38106E-04 0.74531E-07 -0.45168E-10 14201 -0.16933E+01 0.36672E-01 -0.16119E-03 0.20167E-06 -0.83491E-10 14301 -0.76443E+00 0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04 0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12 14401 -0.76443E+00 0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04 0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12 14501 -0.76443E+00 0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04 0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12 14601 -0.76443E+00 0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04 0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12 14701 -0.76443E+00 0.13991E-01 -0.26504E-04 0.17822E-07 -0.56562E-12 CTD Measurements during AQANTVIII_2 Instrument: Neil Brown CTD, Mark IIIB, Sn: 1123, BJ: 1984 CTD temperature sensor: Rosemount Platinum Thermometer resolution: 0.0005 deg C accuracy: +/- 0.005 deg C CTD pressure sensor: Paine Model resolution: 0.1 dbar accuracy: +/- 6.5 dbar CTD conductivity sensor: EG&G NBIS resolution: 0.001 mmho accuracy: +/- 0.005 mmho Software : EG&G Oceansoft MkIII/SCTD Acquisition Version 2.01 CTD postprocessing Version 1.12 Time lag : 0.15 8 PRESSURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS al = -6.39481 a2 = 1.47747E-2 a3 = -1.53703E-5 a4 = 5.67588E-9 a5 = -8.97597E-13 a6 = 5.12516E-17 dp = al +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4 +a6*p**5 p = p + dp TEMPERATURE PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS al = 6.40438E-3 a2 = 1.39362E-4 a3 = -1.72346E-4 a4 = 1.13669E-5 a5 = -2.16557E-7 dt = al +a2*t +a3*t**2 +a4*t**3 +a5*t**4 t = t + dt no post-cruise calibration for the calibration data are the same correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples evaluation of the coefficients with the running mean of 5 stations station nbr. A B C D E --------------------------------------------------------------------- 19201 0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02 0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08 0.53460E-12 19301 0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02 0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08 0.53460E-12 19401 0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02 0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08 0.53460E-12 19501 0.21016E+02 -0.85613E-02 0.89466E-05 -0.38066E-08 0.53460E-12 19701 0.20819E+02 -0.78373E-02 0.73628E-05 -0.28280E-08 0.36932E-12 19801 0.20528E+02 -0.87531E-02 0.77197E-05 -0.25710E-08 0.28331E-12 19901 0.19899E+02 -0.70755E-02 0.57684E-05 -0.17908E-08 0.18210E-12 20001 0.20114E+02 -0.45067E-02 0.30407E-05 -0.92389E-09 0.98674E-13 20101 0.20182E+02 -0.47537E-02 0.27874E-05 -0.69931E-09 0.63106E-13 20201 0.19457E+02 -0.17041E-02 0.13341E-06 0.12162E-09 -0.22397E-13 20301 0.19457E+02 -0.26634E-02 0.68603E-06 0.16645E-10 -0.16442E-13 20401 0.18789E+02 -0.24788E-02 0.72984E-06 -0.21136E-10 -0.11217E-13 20501 0.18457E+02 -0.32326E-02 0.16001E-05 -0.29042E-09 0.13308E-13 20601 0.18012E+02 -0.23984E-02 0.14500E-05 -0.39956E-09 0.36018E-13 20701 0.17721E+02 -0.30646E-02 0.18502E-05 -0.49363E-09 0.44527E-13 20801 0.17521E+02 -0.31284E-02 0.23777E-05 -0.75501E-09 0.76373E-13 20901 0.17898E+02 -0.33772E-02 0.23224E-05 -0.66040E-09 0.60876E-13 21001 0.17540E+02 -0.30990E-02 0.22935E-05 -0.69230E-09 0.67029E-13 21101 0.17637E+02 -0.39212E-02 0.27944E-05 -0.79787E-09 0.73811E-13 21201 0.17816E+02 -0.36911E-02 0.25327E-05 -0.70142E-09 0.62867E-13 21301 0.18066E+02 -0.32509E-02 0.19970E-05 -0.53160E-09 0.47490E-13 21401 0.18566E+02 -0.41001E-02 0.27505E-05 -0.80996E-09 0.78737E-13 21501 0.19137E+02 -0.38559E-02 0.19027E-05 -0.47603E-09 0.41168E-13 21601 0.19710E+02 -0.43751E-02 0.21908E-05 -0.56683E-09 0.53041E-13 21701 0.20660E+02 -0.69416E-02 0.35972E-05 -0.81763E-09 0.64650E-13 21801 0.19602E+02 0.18601E-03 -0.59247E-05 0.32556E-08 -0.47806E-12 21901 0.19632E+02 0.23606E-03 -0.47596E-05 0.24419E-08 -0.34287E-12 22001 0.19276E+02 0.36775E-02 -0.90849E-05 0.43123E-08 -0.60601E-12 22101 0.18744E+02 0.44870E-02 -0.94841E-05 0.43825E-08 -0.60857E-12 22201 0.18744E+02 0.44870E-02 -0.94841E-05 0.43825E-08 -0.60857E-12 22301 0.18744E+02 0.44870E-02 -0.94841E-05 0.43825E-08 -0.60857E-12 dc = A+B*pres+C*pres**2+D*pres**3+E*pres**4 C(ctd) = C(ctd) + dc/1000. CTD-Files column 5 : number = -9 :== unknown data , it was not possible to restore this data The CTD-temperature is IPTS-68 The CTD conductivity sensors of CTD-1069 and CTD-1123 were very sensitive to pressure so that the accuracy was less then +/- 0.005 mmho. During the whole expedition there were many problems with the stepping motor. So the coordination in the *.SEA file between CTD-data and bottle data are questionable. Station 198 bottle 18 - 24 and station 213 bottle 18 - 23 are closed during coming up without a stop (there was ice press). D. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS E. REFERENCES UNESCO, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 44. UNESCO, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. UNESCO memorgraph By JPOTS editorial panel. F. WHPO SUMMARY Several data files are associated with this report. They are the ANTVIII.sum, ANTVIII.hyd, ANTVIII.csl and *.wct files. The ANTVIII.sum file contains a summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent information regarding each hydrographic station. The ANTVIII.hyd file contains the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station. The *.wct files are zipped into one file called ANTVIII.wct.zip. The ANTVIII.csl file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels. The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values were derived for the ANTVIII.csl file: Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels. using the following binomial filter- t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1 When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering. Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the UNESCO publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4. Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the interval. The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential temperature. Equations and Fortran routines are described in UNESCO publication 44. Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level and the two closes values. Equations and Fortran routines are described in UNESCO publication 44. Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local acceleration of gravity. Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990). Equations and Fortran routines are described in UNESCO publication 44. Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest. Equations and Fortran routines are described in UNESCO publication 44. Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94. G. DATA QUALITY EVALUATION G.1 NUTRIENT AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN DATA QUALITY EVALUATION: (J.C. Jennings) 8 May 1995 The following is a summary of quality observations made during the DQE analysis of the ANTVIII nutrient and dissolved oxygen data. They are based on an internal comparison between groups of stations except as noted below. OVERALL IMPRESSIONS: The nutrient and dissolved oxygen data from the pre - WOCE ANTVIII section appear to be of high quality; particularly the oxygen, silicate and nitrate data. Phosphate data is generally good, but there is relatively more spread in the phosphate / theta plots than in the nitrate / theta plots for the same station groups. Due to the presence of very "fresh" Weddell Sea Bottom Water at some of the stations and older bottom water inflowing from the Enderby Basin at others, there is a large concentration range in the near bottom silicate values. This real variability in the silicate concentrations makes it more difficult to assess the precision of these measurements, but for station groups exhibiting a "tight" silicate / theta relationship in the Circumpolar Deep Water, the relative precision seems to be Û 1% of the maximum concentrations. There were very few samples which appear compromised by leaking hydro bottles. We have identified several stations where we felt that all of the phosphate or nitrate data was too high or low when compared to nearby stations and should be considered questionable. We assigned "Q2" data flags of "3" to these observations. The data originator has assigned flags of "4" (bad data) to all nitrite concentrations which have values < 0. We recommend changing most of these flags to "2" (acceptable data) because the < 0 values are the result of uncertainty in the determination of zero. With deep water nitrite concentrations generally expected to be at or near zero, very small changes in detector sensitivity and/or in the reagent blank and refraction corrections which are part of the calculation of nutrient concentrations can result in the calculation of a negative concentration for a given sample. The result of analyzing large numbers of samples with undetectable nitrite concentrations should be a statistical spread of the calculated concentrations about a mean value of 0.0 which reflects the precision of the analysis at the detection limit. We also made comparisons of the ANTVIII nutrient and dissolved oxygen data with data from three other Weddell Sea cruises. Groups of 5 - 10 stations within latitude ranges of 2 - 5 degrees were compared using plots of properties versus theta and pressure with emphasis on the deep water column where biological activity should be minimal. A summary of these comparisons is given in a separate document (WSEAHIST.WP for WordPerfect format or WSEAHIST.TXT for the same material in ASCII text). INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS: Comments referring to specific bottles include the pressures to the nearest whole decibar. STATION 150: Btl 3 @ 1398 db: High phosphate. Flag assigned: 3 STATION 151: Btl 1 @ 2482 db: Phosphate looks too high, no corresponding changes in nitrate or oxygen. Flag assigned: 3 STATION 152: Btl 1 @ 2995 db: High phosphate. Flag assigned: 3 Btl 16 @ 993 db: Both nitrate and phosphate look high. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 154: Btls 2 @ 4100 through 10 @ 597 db: All phosphate values seem too high. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 157: Btl 22 @ 98 db: All nutrients seem too high for the mixed layer. Oxygen is low. Flags assigned: 3 All bottles: Nitrate is low. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 159: Btl 1 @ 4734 db: Phosphate is too high. Flag assigned: 3 STATION 161: Btl 13 @ 398 db: phosphate seems a bit low; no corresponding drop in nitrate. Flag assigned: 3 STATION 163: Btl 5 @ 4616 db: Nitrate looks too high. Flag assigned: 3 STATION 164: All btls: Phosphate seems too high by about 0.05 relative to other stations. No similar increase in nitrate or drop in oxygen. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 168: Btl 6 @ 3504 db: All nutrients look too high and oxygen is low. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 184: All btls: Nitrate seems too high. Phosphate and silicate drop and oxygen increases as cruise track approaches cont. shelf, but nitrate goes up at this station. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 187: Btl 2 @ 1127 db: Phosphate looks a bit too high. Flag assigned: 3 STATION 195: Btls 1 - 6, 8, and 9 (2402 - 999 db): Phosphate is low relative to adjacent stations. No similar change in nitrate or oxygen. Flags assigned: 3 STATION 207: Btls 1 - 5 (5303 - 3498 db) and 8 - 10 (1996 - 999 db): All phosphate seems too high. No increase in nitrate or decrease in oxygen at this station. Flags assigned: 3 G.2 CTD DATA QUALITY EVALUATION FOR ANTVIII (Bob Millard/WHOI) December 12, 1994 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON CTD DATA CALIBRATION METHODS AND DOCUMENTATION: PRESSURE: A 5th order (fourth power) calibration was applied to the pressure. I wonder if the 4th power coefficient contributes to the reduction of variance between CTD and deadweight tester. Such a high order polynomial isn't consistent with our experience at WHOI with the Mark III stainless steel pressure sensor. We have found that a 4th order (3rd power) set of calibration coefficients provides a fit consistent with the deadweight tester pressure values. CONDUCTIVITY: It seems that an extraordinary effort was applied to the CTD conductivity calibrations to get the CTD to match the water sample salinities. The CTD conductivity was laborious calibrated to the water sample conductivities (salinities) on a station by station bases rather than developing CTD conductivity calibration coefficients from the water sample salinities over a group of stations perhaps with some provision for removing a systematic conductivity drift between stations. See the brief description of WHOI's conductivity fitting procedure below which provides for a linear drift of the CTD conductivity calibration. The CTD conductivity usually drifts towards lower values with time because of conductivity cell fouling. The station by station conductivity calibration may have been necessary to rectify CTD data collected with an errant CTD conductivity sensor that misbehaved or otherwise began to fail in an unpredictable manner. The CTD data documentation report doesn't mention any hardware problems but needs to if this is the case. A failing sensor may be explanation for applying a 5th order polynomial correction on a station by station bases in order to bring the CTD in alignment with the water sample salinities. This procedure has no bases in the behavior of the conductivity sensor and reduces the CTD conductivity correction to a curve fitting exercise. I wonder which conductivity/pressure terms are significant and/or necessary to correct the station dependent and vertical dependence of the CTD conductivity? Is there any reason to expect the vertical dependence to be varying from station to station (such as a failing conductivity cell). Many of the pressure coefficients of a station alternate signs suggesting they are tending to cancel out each other. Was the CTD conductivity corrected for the Alumuna cells deformation with temperature and pressure as shown in equation (1) below? Were these corrections found to be inadequate? I certainly would not recommend this polynomial conductivity correction versus pressure as a normal practice. The basic conductance to conductivity correction is: C = G*(1+alpha*(T-T0)+beta(P-P0)) (1) G = CTD conductance alpha = -6.5 E-6 beta = 1.5 E-8 T0 = 2.8 C (or some other temperature) P0 = 3000. dbars (or some other pressure) At WHOI we fit the conductance G of the CTD to water sample conductivities C as shown in equation 1 above. We model the variations of the CTD (G) as follows to minimize (C-G)**2 with respect to A, B and if necessary C: G = A + B * g + C * g * s where "g" is the measured CTD conductance and "s" is a linear station dependence. This model successfully describes most of our Mark III CTD observed conductivity drift. To date running the CTD into the bottom has been a primary reason for discontinuities in conductivity calibration. GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE WATER SAMPLE/CTD DATA FILE COMPARISONS: Two histograms of the difference of the CTD and water sample salinities (Ds = Sctd-Sws), edited to remove difference greater than .01 psu, are given in figures 1a and 1b. The first histogram in figure 1a, contains salinity differences at all observations levels while the second has only differences for depths greater than 900 meters. The average salinity difference for all pressure levels is -0.0005 psu with a standard deviation of .0036 psu. For depths below 900 decibars, the average salinity difference increases to .001 psu while the scatter is reduced slightly to .003 psu. The scatter of salinity is reasonable. Examining the salinity differences by station with the two cruise legs. The cruise is divided in to two legs. A plot of the salinity differences at all pressures is shown versus station number for Leg 1 in figure 2. The mean difference is nearly zero (Ds=-.0004 psu). The stations after 155 cluster around the zero line while earlier stations are in a different water mass and shallow as their absence on figure 3 suggests. The plot of CTD salinities below 900 decibars for leg 1 are saltier than the water samples by Ds = +.002 psu as indicated on figure 2. The leg 1 salinity differences also shows a somewhat larger scatter than those of leg 2. Looking at the leg 1 salinity differences versus pressure given on figure 3, we observe a pressure dependent deviation between the CTD and WS salts with the CTD salinity overestimated (to salty) at a depth of 1000 decibars but the difference decrease to near zero below 4000 decibars. The pressure dependent variation is of the same sense and magnitude the correction provided by the "Beta" term in equation 1. The mean salinity difference for all pressure levels is nearly zero on both legs For leg 1 Ds = -0.0004 psu, see figure 4, while on leg 2 Ds = -0.0002 psu, see figure 7. Although the up profile CTD salinity data of leg 1 has systematic differences with the water sample salts, the 2 decibar down profile CTD salinity data seem to match the water sample data very well as shown in the overplot of water sample salinity with the down profile CTD data for stations 157-159 (figures 5) and for stations 177-179 (figures 6). Note the connected curves in fig. 5 & 6 are from the down profile 2 decibar data. There apparently is a down/up salinity difference in the down versus up profile CTD salinity data which suggests a hysterisis in one of the CTD variables (C, T , or P) required to calculate salinity but there isn't any mention of these in the data calibration documentation. The CTD salinities from ANTVIII leg 2 (stations 188 through 222) appear to be well calibrated in both the water sample file and the 2 dbar individual station files as the plot of Ds versus station number at all depths and below 900 decibars as shown in figures 7 and 8. The salinity differences below 900 decibars are slightly fresher than the water samples by Ds = -0.00075 psu, as indicated on figure 8. As mentioned earlier, the scatter of salinity differences between CTD and water samples appears to be smaller on leg than on leg 1 throughout the water column and both below 900 decibars. The vertical dependence of the water sample file CTD salinities isn't apparent on leg 2 as figure 10 indicates. A check of stations 207 through 209's down profile CTD salinities shows the 2 decibar data given in figure 10 to be well matched to the up water sample salinities and also there appears to be no hysteresis between down and up profile CTD salts. THE QUALITY CONTROL OF THE CTD AND WATER SAMPLE SALINITIES IN THE WATER SAMPLE FILE: As already noted, the CTD salinity in the water sample file for stations 119 through 189 of leg 1 appear to be to salty at intermediate depths. The water sample salinities identified as questionable in the Quality word are the same as those I identify either as missing or with an absolute salinity difference (Sctd-Sws) greater than of equal to 0.01 psu. This is a reasonable method for flagging questionable water sample salinities which I arrived at independently. The only problem with this technique is that there is a systematic error in the up CTD salinity for stations 119 through 189 in this file as figures 5, 6 and 7 indicate so that some of the salty water samples at intermediate pressures may not be flagged correctly. The water sample file ANTVIII.QC2 has quality flags for the bottle (carried from the original DQE), CTD and water sample salinity. Where the water sample is flagged missing this is carried to the output and the CTD salt is flagged as questionable but when the difference of the CTD and water sample salinity are less than the questionable threshold of 0.01 psu then both salinities are flagged as good. This is a departure from the original DQE flagging scheme in which all salinities were marked as questionable. The individual 2 decibar CTD profiles were averaged into a mean profile that excluded the frontal zone stations of leg 1 from stations 149 to 153. There were no oxygen measurements from the CTD. The individual stations were then compared to 5 times the standard deviation of the CTD measurements at each pressure level. The data of each station was also checked in the vertical against a stability parameter edit criteria of -1.0 E-4. This corresponds to a salinity decrease with increasing pressure of roughly .015 psu. All of the 2 decibar observations of the cruise fell within these data edit criteria as the table I below shows. SUMMARY: The 2 decibar CTD profile data looks to be free of spurious data points and the salinities are well matched to the water sample data. The water sample salinity data of leg 1 and leg 2 appear to be well quality controlled. The CTD salinities of leg 1 (119-189) appear to be systematically saltier than the water samples at intermediate depths. This bias may have effected the water sample quality control of the leg 1 water sample salts slightly. A discussion of the instrumental problems leading to the station by station correction of the CTD conductivity with a pressure dependent polynomial is suggested as an addendum to the calibration documentation unless this a standard data processing procedure. It is recommended that the CTD conductivity correction on a station by station basis, particularly with the inclusion of a polynomial dependence on pressure, not be used as a standard part of the data processing procedure. I would encourage modifying the CTD data processing system to incorporate a conductivity fitting procedure with an optional linear station dependent conductivity slope change. I can supply a copy of the Fortran code for formatting and fitting CTD/water sample conductivity (salinity) data. TABLE I LEG 1 ANTVIII ____.WCT files File name Pmax E_Tot T_err S_err O2_err E_err Sd_fact E_Min ------------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- --------- AN01D124.WCT 1022.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D129.WCT 1022.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D134.WCT 1016.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D137.WCT 692.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D138.WCT 1000.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D139.WCT 420.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D141.WCT 184.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D142.WCT 180.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D144.WCT 210.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D145.WCT 436.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D146.WCT 496.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D147.WCT 1000.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D148.WCT 462.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D149.WCT 1474.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 File name Pmax E_Tot T_err S_err O2_err E_err Sd_fact E_Min ------------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- --------- AN01D149.WCT 1474.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D151.WCT 2482.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D152.WCT 2998.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D153.WCT 3530.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 File name Pmax E_Tot T_err S_err O2_err E_err Sd_fact E_Min ------------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- --------- AN01D154.WCT 4136.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D155.WCT 4418.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D156.WCT 4530.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D157.WCT 4614.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D158.WCT 4682.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D159.WCT 4734.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D161.WCT 4750.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D162.WCT 4618.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D163.WCT 4724.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D164.WCT 4820.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D165.WCT 4788.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D166.WCT 4774.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D167.WCT 4788.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D168.WCT 4796.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D169.WCT 4784.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D170.WCT 4800.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D171.WCT 4914.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D172.WCT 4880.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D173.WCT 4902.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D174.WCT 4928.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D175.WCT 4956.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D176.WCT 4980.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D177.WCT 4960.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D178.WCT 4860.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D179.WCT 4848.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D180.WCT 4818.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D181.WCT 4814.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D183.WCT 2948.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D184.WCT 2428.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D185.WCT 2136.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D186.WCT 1806.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D187.WCT 1180.0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D188.WCT 386.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D189.WCT 502.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 LEG 2 ANTVIII ____.WCT files File name Pmax E_Tot T_err S_err O2_err E_err Sd_fact E_Min ------------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- --------- AN01D192.WCT 466.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D193.WCT 1164.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D194.WCT 2080.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D196.WCT 2404.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D197.WCT 3130.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D198.WCT 3660.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D199.WCT 3270.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D200.WCT 4016.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D201.WCT 4346.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D202.WCT 4918.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D203.WCT 4858.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D204.WCT 5088.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D205.WCT 5230.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D206.WCT 5302.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D207.WCT 5402.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D208.WCT 5440.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D209.WCT 5478.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D210.WCT 5088.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D211.WCT 2228.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D212.WCT 5256.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D213.WCT 4466.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D214.WCT 1018.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D215.WCT 4546.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D216.WCT 1030.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D217.WCT 3152.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D218.WCT 1020.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D219.WCT 3218.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D220.WCT 1034.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D221.WCT 3442.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D222.WCT 1008.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 AN01D223.WCT 1020.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 -0.10E-03 QUALITY CONTROL OF WATER SAMPLE DATA: There were 127 questionable salinity observations identified. This doesn't include those water sample salinities that are missing. It is noted that the PI Quality word flags all CTD salinities as questionable. Edit criteria for flagging questionable salinities for the DQE quality word is Ds = |SC-Sws| > .01 psu. The station / bottle values below were marked as questionable in the DQE quality word location. All missing bottles were carried across from the Quality word of the PI. The PI's quality word flag for the CTD salinity was marked throughout the water sample data file as questionable (i.e. "3"). In the DQE quality word, when the salinity edit criteria (Ds = |SC-Sws| < .01 psu) was satisfied then both the CTD and water sample salinity were given a quality word value of "2" (i.e. marked as good). Sta btl P Theta Sws Oxws Ds QC Sc,Sws --- --- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -- 119 16 79.7 -0.4443 33.9090 346.300 -0.0117 33 119 13 99.5 -0.4130 34.0190 -9.000 -0.1145 33 119 12 145.3 0.0608 34.0420 312.500 -0.0440 33 119 10 196.8 1.0454 34.2420 254.500 -0.0133 33 119 8 296.7 1.7456 34.4170 203.600 -0.0128 33 124 2 1021.1 1.5255 34.7740 187.500 -0.0570 33 129 12 149.3 0.0756 34.0640 300.800 -0.0211 33 129 10 197.9 1.0843 34.2890 238.600 -0.0196 33 134 6 498.7 1.8683 34.6550 176.900 0.0242 33 137 10 199.5 -0.9988 34.2470 309.000 -0.0114 33 137 2 700.6 0.1737 34.5340 239.200 0.0302 33 138 24 8.9 -1.6659 34.0840 337.600 -0.0118 33 138 18 38.7 -1.6735 34.1500 333.100 -0.0221 33 138 10 146.4 -1.6718 34.3040 316.000 -0.0381 33 138 8 254.2 -0.8008 34.4420 279.200 -0.0132 33 139 12 150.1 -1.7300 34.4500 314.400 -0.0149 33 140 8 148.3 -1.8968 34.5880 323.700 -0.0260 34 143 20 39.6 -1.9005 34.5910 326.300 -0.0118 34 145 23 9.3 -1.8701 34.5850 304.200 -0.1381 34 145 5 250.0 -1.7663 34.5280 305.100 -0.0120 33 146 9 149.9 -1.4172 34.5060 280.500 -0.0228 33 146 8 200.7 -1.1268 34.5840 248.200 -0.0511 33 146 1 496.1 -1.1563 34.5570 273.300 0.0396 33 Sta btl P Theta Sws Oxws Ds QC Sc,Sws --- --- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -- 147 8 499.1 0.2419 34.6420 225.600 0.0113 33 147 1 949.2 -0.9883 34.6090 274.500 0.0184 34 149 9 397.1 0.3562 34.6710 213.500 -0.0218 33 149 4 1297.7 -0.6148 34.6430 248.800 -0.0102 34 152 19 97.6 -1.8258 34.4420 285.900 0.0120 33 152 9 2750.7 -0.6852 34.6560 235.100 -0.0106 33 152 6 2899.5 -1.0688 34.6180 -9.000 0.0137 34 157 22 97.9 -1.7618 34.6380 209.100 -0.1710 34 159 18 500.6 0.2742 34.6780 195.500 0.0105 33 160 23 47.9 -1.8595 34.4880 297.300 -0.0309 34 160 22 73.3 -1.8590 34.4930 297.000 -0.0354 34 160 21 97.8 -1.8465 34.5100 297.000 -0.0513 34 164 15 127.6 -1.7991 34.6800 -9.000 -0.1864 34 164 9 498.9 0.2723 34.6730 -9.000 0.0110 33 164 7 1004.5 0.0195 34.6620 -9.000 0.0142 33 167 14 1497.9 -0.1135 34.6610 218.400 0.0105 33 168 10 499.9 0.3251 34.6570 -9.000 0.0273 34 168 2 4782.4 -0.9166 34.6500 250.500 -0.0107 33 169 22 98.2 -1.7995 34.6890 293.700 -0.1936 34 170 21 97.8 -0.7486 34.6000 231.600 0.0132 33 171 16 97.1 -1.8015 34.5100 298.200 -0.0157 33 171 10 495.6 0.3611 34.6760 193.800 0.0126 33 172 21 147.3 -1.7836 34.5210 292.200 -0.0139 33 173 24 10.4 -1.8608 34.4420 291.900 0.0227 33 173 20 221.0 0.5032 34.6740 193.700 0.0111 33 174 14 277.2 0.5217 34.4860 192.300 0.2005 34 174 10 996.4 0.1469 34.6600 205.300 0.0186 34 175 24 10.5 -1.8578 34.4790 300.500 0.0120 33 Sta btl P Theta Sws Oxws Ds QC Sc,Sws --- --- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -- 177 15 1243.7 0.0695 34.6540 210.400 0.0241 34 179 14 1244.4 0.1417 34.6770 208.500 0.0109 33 180 21 118.5 -0.6622 34.6240 215.600 0.0164 34 180 13 1496.0 0.0257 34.6620 214.000 0.0116 34 181 20 49.8 -1.5724 34.4710 -9.000 0.0128 33 181 18 68.8 -1.3808 34.6870 -9.000 -0.1941 34 181 12 497.0 0.6925 34.6890 -9.000 0.0121 34 182 19 298.0 0.7649 34.6790 204.500 0.0136 33 182 18 298.0 0.7669 34.6810 205.200 0.0106 33 183 10 997.9 0.2578 34.6530 212.900 0.0252 34 185 17 141.8 -1.7874 34.4800 287.400 -0.0217 34 187 22 18.9 -1.8710 34.3590 323.000 0.0375 34 187 10 398.7 -1.8676 34.3790 324.300 0.0164 34 192 17 18.8 -1.8714 34.4630 323.100 -0.1029 33 192 12 39.0 -1.8678 34.4470 323.900 -0.0852 33 192 11 59.1 -1.8642 34.4490 324.900 -0.0827 33 192 10 79.9 -1.8636 34.4210 323.900 -0.0513 33 192 9 100.2 -1.8640 34.4520 323.700 -0.0816 33 192 8 147.3 -1.8640 34.4500 323.700 -0.0792 33 192 7 200.5 -1.8632 34.4570 324.100 -0.0825 33 192 3 400.4 -1.8252 34.3930 316.900 -0.0104 33 Sta btl P Theta Sws Oxws Ds QC Sc,Sws --- --- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -- 193 17 19.2 -1.8695 34.5830 323.300 -0.1778 34 193 12 80.1 -1.8626 34.5760 322.700 -0.1740 34 193 11 200.3 -1.8293 34.5670 320.800 -0.1577 34 193 10 336.0 -1.6919 34.5530 303.300 -0.1307 34 193 9 370.6 -1.6259 34.5860 304.200 -0.1397 34 193 8 504.6 -0.3771 34.6550 250.200 -0.1016 34 193 7 599.9 0.0597 34.7050 233.500 -0.1030 34 193 6 700.7 0.2496 34.7330 224.800 -0.1115 34 193 5 801.3 0.3766 34.7550 218.500 -0.1167 34 193 4 905.7 0.5089 34.7720 213.300 -0.1100 34 193 3 1051.5 0.4153 34.7770 212.400 -0.1040 34 193 2 1110.2 0.3862 34.7710 212.700 -0.0992 34 193 1 1160.8 0.3673 34.7780 213.500 -0.1049 34 194 16 181.7 -1.7419 34.4310 306.000 -0.0103 34 194 14 300.3 -1.3327 34.4850 285.700 -0.0136 34 194 13 380.8 -0.8067 34.5430 257.800 -0.0158 34 194 6 1401.1 0.1748 34.7830 216.200 -0.1137 34 194 5 1599.4 0.1020 34.7760 217.900 -0.1078 34 194 4 1800.4 0.0492 34.7790 218.700 -0.1118 34 194 3 1969.3 0.0071 34.7760 220.300 -0.1105 34 194 2 2027.9 -0.0089 34.7780 220.300 -0.1118 34 194 1 2076.5 -0.0231 34.7750 221.100 -0.1091 34 195 14 201.6 0.1107 34.4720 227.700 0.1524 34 195 13 320.6 0.3471 34.4790 220.200 0.1682 34 195 12 441.3 0.3746 34.6290 219.500 0.0258 34 195 10 539.0 0.4894 34.6570 213.600 0.0136 34 197 24 19.3 -1.8015 34.4720 285.700 0.0119 34 197 21 39.6 -1.7999 34.4950 285.600 -0.0114 34 Sta btl P Theta Sws Oxws Ds QC Sc,Sws --- --- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -- 197 19 79.0 -1.7396 34.5190 276.200 -0.0317 34 197 18 96.8 -1.3992 34.6010 237.100 -0.0890 34 197 16 249.6 0.5957 34.6840 207.500 -0.0204 34 198 1 3655.5 -0.4181 34.4810 236.300 0.1735 34 200 21 41.1 -1.7899 34.4890 286.700 -0.0104 33 201 14 268.0 0.4192 34.6880 202.100 -0.0316 34 202 20 80.0 -1.4477 34.4770 285.100 -0.0191 33 202 19 100.8 0.4403 34.6100 214.300 0.0146 33 203 22 21.0 -1.7865 34.3650 301.600 0.0203 34 203 10 1501.4 0.0717 34.6550 213.400 0.0175 34 205 18 134.5 -1.5729 34.4300 280.700 -0.0425 33 206 16 172.2 -1.2302 34.5190 244.300 -0.0874 33 207 19 99.9 -1.5641 34.3600 -9.000 -0.0660 33 207 18 124.4 0.3384 34.5950 -9.000 -0.0102 33 208 23 21.7 -1.8335 34.3930 327.600 -0.1186 33 208 21 61.8 -1.8223 34.3980 328.100 -0.1230 33 208 19 102.3 -1.6612 34.4040 281.000 -0.1165 33 210 4 4004.1 -0.7401 34.6360 247.300 0.0103 34 215 19 100.3 -1.7261 34.2800 320.600 -0.0129 33 218 16 150.7 -0.4464 34.4000 265.700 -0.0685 33 219 17 151.3 -1.1037 34.2770 299.700 -0.0206 33 220 14 151.0 -1.4244 34.2170 316.700 -0.0272 33 G.2.1 RESPONSE FROM THE CHIEF SCIENTIST TO CTD This was an Antarctic winter cruise and all kind offers for software are of little help when sensors or water in bottles freeze. We have tried since 1986 to prevent freezing, bug only in 1990 did we achieve a somewhat satisfying system. However, for oxygen we did not find a solution at all and therefore there are no CTDOXY values. As for the ANT VIII data our sensor protection was still not reliable and we had freezing problems as well as those fromour protection system. Therefore the data of that cruise required a particularly intensive correction. But even now we still have more problems with the CTDs than warm water oceanographers and therefore need special procedures. WE hoped to experiences some improvement by using the FSI CTD but it seems as if we just exchange one set of problems for another. WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- ---------- --------- ----------------------------------------------- 07/30/99 Bartolacci SUM Data Update I've replaced the sr04 (06AQANTVIII_2) sumfile with the most recently found version from the WHOI data directory. It has two line numbers included in it, SR04 and SR02, and also has beginning, bottom and ending event codes included in it where the current, online version does not. In short, the new sumfile is more complete, and does not need reformatting. 05/03/01 Uribe BTL Website Updated Exchange File Added Bottle file has been converted to exchange format and linked online. Bottle file indicated cast 22 for station 158, however sumfile indicated it was cast 2. Bottle file was modified in order to properly convert to exchange code. 07/11/01 Uribe CTD Website Updated Exchange File Added CTD have been converted to exchange format and put online. 05/17/02 Tibbetts DOC Website Updated txt versions online New txt doc online 03/05/03 Kappa DOC Doc Update Final PDF/TXT Reports Compiled New text and pdf versions of the cruise documentation have been assembled. PDF version includes figures provided by the chief scientist and the ctd data quality evaluator; as well as links from text to the table of contents, figures and tables. In addition to the new pdf file, online documentation has the following changes: o Greatly expanded discussion of the scientific program o Nutrients report o Bottle data DQE report o CTD report o Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler report o Thermosalinograph report o dissolved oxygen report o XBT and XCTD report o Meteorological observations report o Atmospheric chemistry report o List of cruise participants o List of ship's crew o Major Problems and Goals not achieved o Other Incidents of Note o Report on buoys o Report on moorings