CRUISE REPORT HUDSON 94008 LABRADOR SEA WOCE LINE AR7/W MAY 24 - JUNE 12, 1994 A. CRUISE NARRATIVE 1. Highlights WOCE Designation: AR7W Atlantic Repeat Hydrographic Section 7 West, Labrador to Greenland JGOFS Labrador Sea biological program. Cruise Designation: 94008 Ship: C.S.S. Hudson Agency: Bedford Institute of Oceanography Box 1006 Dartmouth N.S. B2Y-4A2 Canada Chief Scientist: John R. N. Lazier Fax 902 426 7827 Omnet Bedford.inst Internet j_lazier@bionet.bio.dfo.ca Ports of Call: Dartmouth to Sydney N.S. Dates: May 24 to June 12 1994 2. Cruise Summary Information 2.1 Station Positions The positions of the observations, ie. CTD stations, CTD plus rosette water samples stations, biological stations, XBT releases and a mooring are shown in Fig. 1. The WOCE AR7/W line (see Fig. 2) runs between South Wolf Island Labrador and Cape Desolation Greenland, however, heavy ice prevented us from completing the stations over the Labrador shelf. A second CTD line was run off the North East Newfoundland shelf to capture some of the inflows and outflows of the Labrador Sea but heavy weather stopped work before completion of the 4 easternmost stations. The biological sampling took place along these sections and at various positions enroute with a concentration of sampling over the upper Labrador continental slope in the vicinity of Hamilton Bank. 2.2 Sampling Accomplished At the 35 CTD stations a Seabird CTD was used to obtain temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen profiles for the full depth of the water column and at 28 of these positions a water sampling rosette acquired up to twenty 8 litre samples for analyses of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, carbon tetrachloride, total carbonate, alkalinity, halocarbons, tritium and helium. For the order of sample drawing, see Appendix 1. At the 18 biological stations, samples were obtained with vertical net tows to 100 metres, submersible pumps to 100 m depth, rosette water bottles for analyses of chlorophyll, phytoplankton, zooplankton, phytoplankton pigments and growth rates. A mooring was placed in 3500 m of water at 56° 45.2' N 52° 27.3' W. It suspends 6 Seacat temperature/conductivity recorders, 6 Aanderaa current meters, 1 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 1 WOTAN and 1 CTD with a device for measuring the total partial pressure of dissolved gas in the water. The mooring will be recovered in 1995. No floats or drifters were released during the cruise however 19 XBTs were launched in the West Greenland Current. 3. List of Principal Investigators for All Measurements Name Responsibility Affiliation David Farmer WOTAN & dissolved gas IOS Bob Gershey CFC, O2, alkalinity, BDR CO2, nutrients Erica Head Zooplankton BIO Owen Hertzman Delta PCO2 Dal. U. Ed Horne Biological Probe BIO John Lazier CTD, salinity, mooring BIO Vivian Lutz Phytoplankton pigments BIO Bob Moore Natural Halocarbons Dal. U Peter Rhines Mooring U. W. Peter Schlosser Tritium, Helium LDEO Martin Visbeck ADCP MIT Steve Calvert Nutrient Uptake UBC Institute Abbreviations and Addresses BIO Bedford Institute of Oceanography Box 1006 Dartmouth N.S., B2Y-4A2, Canada BDR BDR Research Ltd. Box 652, Sta. 'M' Halifax, N.S. B3J-2T3, Canada LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA U.W. University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA Dal.U.Dalhousie University Halifax N.S. Canada MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA IOS Institute of Ocean Sciences Sidney BC UBC University of British Columbia Electronic Addresses S. Calvert calvert@unixg.ubc.ca D. Farmer dfm@ios.bc.ca R. Gershey rgershey@fox.nstn.ns.ca E. Head erica@sfnet.dfo.ca O. Hertzman hertzman@open.dal.ca E. Horne e_horne@bionet.bio.dfo.ca J. Lazier j_lazier@bionet.bio.dfo.ca V. Lutz vlutz@ac.dal.ca B. Moore rmoore@ac.dal.ca P. Rhines rhines@killer.ocean.washington.edu P. Schlosser peters@ldeo.columbia.edu M. Visbeck visbeck@plume.mit.edu 4. Scientific Program and Methods 4.1 Physical-Chemical Program One of the important objectives of the annual occupation of the WOCE AR7/W line is to monitor the properties of the water masses in the region, especially the Labrador Sea Water, which is renewed by deep convection in winter to as much as 2300 m. The data along the AR7/W line from 1993 showed the convected water to be colder, denser and deeper than previously observed which led us to believe convection had been unusually vigorous during the winter of 1992/1993. The salinity of the convected water was higher in 1993 than in 1992 and this too seems to have been an indication of vigorous convection penetrating into deeper layers of higher salinity water. The extreme convection appears to have been caused by a series of abnormally cold winters culminating in the very severe winter of 1992/93. Salinity, temperature, and _1.5 profiles from 1994 (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6) indicate that the layer of convected water is colder but fresher than in 1993. The density (_1.5) however appears to have remained about the same as in 1993. In Fig. 3, the convected water is indicated by the region of nearly homogeneous water between 500 and 2300 m. The solid curves from 1993 stations 19-22 show the salinity to be nearly constant through this interval but the dotted curves from this year's stations 32-35, obtained at the same positions, show the water to be slightly fresher at most positions. Also, the profiles appear to have more structure than in 1993. The temperature profiles in Fig. 4 also show the nearly homogeneous layer between 500 and 2300 m and the temperature is slightly but noticeably less in 1994. We conclude that convection took place during the winter of 1993-94 but that it was not as vigorous as during the previous winter. The difference is probably due to the fact that the recent winter was not as cold as the 1992-93 winter. Such a difference is suggested in the winter monthly air temperatures over southern Baffin Island at Iqaluit. They were abnormally cold, by up to 10 °C, from October 1992 to March 1993 and from November to December 1993 but they were near normal from January to March 1994. The _-S curves in Fig. 6 again illustrate the changes between 1993 and 1994 and highlight the differences in the Labrador Sea Water in the range 2.65-2.80 °C and 34.82-34.84. The _1.5 curves in Fig. 5 contrast with the temperature and salinity curves by showing very little difference between the two years. This difference between the changes in density profiles and the other properties results from either the convection process itself or the restratification following convection. However we do not yet understand these processes well enough to explain how the changes in the distributions occur. We do not know, for example, if the deep convection is a predominantly isopycnal process or a diapycnal one. However, the data from this cruise and the previous ones are providing important clues and we anticipate that the data from the mooring and the future cruises will provide a much fuller understanding of the ventilation of the intermediate waters of the North Atlantic. 4.2 Biological - Primary Production Programme Water samples for primary production estimates were collected using the Biological Pump or from the surface using a bucket. A total of 13 profiles was completed. The new Seabird CTD package was used on the Pump for the first time. This package included a Seatech fluorometer and a quantum sensor. All sensors worked well. An unexpected problem quickly became apparent when the "D" cells powering the CTD expired after less than 2 hours. The manufacturer of the CTD had claimed that the batteries would last more than 4 hours at 0 degrees. This resulted in many more battery changes than anticipated. There were some mechanical problems with the HIAB crane used to deploy the Pump. At the first station the drive shaft for the hydraulic pump snapped when the Pump was still in the water. The pump had to be recovered by hand. This problem was overcome by moving a 20 HP pumping unit from the quarterdeck and hooking it up to the HIAB. At the end of the cruise the Hiab was used to deploy the Zodiac from the top of the container. The oil seal in the bending arm ruptured. A total of 52 PI experiments were completed. Biomass ranged from less than 1mg to greater than 12mg chlorophyll per cubic metre. First estimates of assimilation numbers showed low values- range 1 to 2. Samples for inorganic nutrient estimates were collected at all sampled depths. These will be analyzed at BIO. Surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll were monitored continuously in the forward lab. Data from this indicated that there were large geographical areas on the banks and NE Newfoundland shelf where surface chlorophyll values were greater than 10 mg per cubic metre. 4.2.1 Optics The Optics and turbulence programme was dealt a severe blow on this voyage when the BUD probe used to collect this data was lost on its second deployment. When the accident occurred the winch was holding the instrument at the rail of the ship. When the winch operator moved the winch control to lift the instrument a few inches the instrument began to freefall. By the time the winch began to take up line there were several metres of slack wire and when it fetched up the wire broke. The wire was new but was not supposed to ever experience this kind of snap load. The instrument had two safety mechanisms but both failed. This was probably due to the instrument hitting the side of the ship when it fell and breaking one of the glass lenses for the spectrometers. Then when the ballast weights were dropped the instrument would not have enough buoyancy to reach the surface. 4.2.2 Bacterial Production Tritiated thymidine and leucine were used to determine the rate of bacterial production at 12 locations along the cruise track (see table). Samples were taken from the shallow (Biological) CTD cast at each location from the surface down to the 1% of surface light level, usually 7-8 depths. The light intensity profile for the water column was obtained from the Seabird CTD mounted on the pump. A rough simulation of the light intensity of each of the selected depths was made using various mesh sizes of nickle screen covering clear plexiglass incubation tubes in a surface seawater cooled bath, open to natural sunlight but with a blue transparent plexiglass bonnet over the tubes. The light intensity inside each tube had been measured previously using a 4 pi light meter. Some applications from 1 depth were incubated at 3 light intensities to check for the effect of light on the experiment. The effect of temperature had already been tested. Water samples were preserved with formalin and will be stained with Dapi dye for microscopic enumeration of bacteria. Samples were also preserved with 10% paraformaldehyde and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for flow cytometric counts. As part of the tritium experiments, one "isotope dilution" experiment was performed on June 1 to test the effects of spiking the seawater with thymidine or leucine. Eight different concentrations of the untritiated compound was added to replicates of the same seawater to see how uptake of the normal amount of the tritiated chemical was affected. A final aspect of the tritium procedure concerning grazing in the sample vessels during incubation was tested using a "seawater dilution" experiment. This compared the uptake of thymidine or leucine over a 24 hour period between raw seawater and seawater diluted to 1 in 10 with 0.2 micron filtered seawater (the filtered seawater from the same sample). This experiment was done on water obtained from the pump on June 5/94. Table 1 Date CTD# Lat Lon Experiment May 26 2 46° 48.18'N 52° 29.85'W Depth Profile Expt May 27 3 50° 51.63'N 51° 27.80'W " May 29 6 58° 09.90'N 50° 56.05'W " May 30 27 60° 21.62'N 48° 29.76'W Bill's Flow Cytometer Sample only May 30 27/2 60° 23.80'N 48° 36.36'W Depth Profile Expt May 31 33/1 59° 03.33'N 49° 55.41'W " Jun 1/94 15:05 57° 23.54'N 51° 45.39'W Isotope Pump Dilution Expt Jun 1 37/1 57° 23.54'N 51° 45.39'W Depth Profile Expt Jun 2 41/1 56° 19.52'N 52° 52.34'W " Jun 3 46/1 55° 36.57'N 53° 36.22'W " Jun 4 48/1 55° 24.98'N 53° 47.47'W Flow Cytometer Samples Jun 4 48/2 55° 24.65'N 53° 47.98'W Depth Profile Expt Jun 5 54/1 54° 52.86'N 53° 51.57'W " Jun 5 14:15 54° 52.86'N 53° 51.57'W Seawater Pump Dilution Expt Jun 6 60/1 54° 53.15'N 52° 56.60'W Depth Profile Expt Jun 8 65/1 51° 49.45'N 48° 38.30'W " 4.3 Biological - Zooplankton Program Erica Head, Leslie Harris, Jesus Cabal 4.3.1 Determination of Zooplankton Biomass Vertical tows were made between 100 m and the surface using both 200 mm and 100 mm mesh plankton nets. Biomass sampling stations were as follows:- Date Latitude Longitude dd.mm.yy 25.05.94 45° 15' N 59° 05' W 26.05.94 46° 48' N 52° 29' W 27.05.94 50° 52' N 51° 27' W 29.05.94 58° 09' N 50° 56' W 30.05.94 60° 24' N 48° 36' W 31.05.94 59° 03' N 49° 56' W 01.06.94 57° 23' N 51° 47' W 02.06.94 56° 19' N 52° 54' W 03.06.94 55° 37' N 53° 38' W 04.06.94 55° 26' N 53° 47' W 05.06.94 54° 52' N 53° 52' W 06.06.94 54° 53' N 52° 57' W 08.06.94 51° 48' N 48° 35' W 4.3.2 Feeding Experiments with Copepods Grazing on Phytoplankton Two types of feeding experiments were carried out: one in which the kinetics of digestion of chlorophyll a (from ingested phytoplankton) by copepods was followed over a 7 h period and one in which the effect of food concentration and changes in food concentration on chlorophyll a digestion by copepods were examined over 4 consecutive 12h feeding periods. Six of the first type and three of the second type were carried out. Experiments were also carried out to see if the digestive products of chlorophyll a (phaeopigments) found in copepod guts were further degraded during egestion of faecal pellets (3 experiments) or lost from egested faecal pellets by leakage (1 experiment). 4.3.3 Egg Production by Copepods Egg production rates were measured in 8 experiments, in which female Calanus finmarchicus were fed with seawater from the depth of the chlorophyll maximum for periods of three days. As the concentration of chlorophyll (phytoplankton) varied from day-to-day, these experiments should demonstrate the effect of food concentration on egg production rate. Four experiments were also carried out to see if experimentally determined egg production rates are affected by cannibalism (i.e. females eating their own eggs). In situ egg production rates will also be assessed by comparing the number of eggs in the water column with the number of female copepods and egg hatching rates (which were determined experimentally on several occasions). The estimates of abundances of eggs and females will be obtained from the 100 and 200 mm mesh biomass tows. On two occasions 100 l water samples were taken from 8 depths using the biological pump and the eggs screened off (100 mm mesh) to examine the distribution of eggs with depth in the 0-100 m range. 4.3.4 Additional Experiments (not part of the main zooplankton program) a) Genetic population structure of Calanus finmarchicus Samples were collected at all but the last station, which will be sent to Ann Bucklin at the University of New Hampshire, for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA. These will show if Calanus finmarchicus is genetically homogeneous throughout the sampling area, or if (for example) there are different populations associated with the Greenland and Labrador Currents. b) Isotopic fractionation of nitrogen (14N and 15N) by copepods Three experiments were run in which copepods were allowed to excrete metabolised nitrogen (ammonia) and defecate unmetabolised nitrogen (faecal pellets). These experiments were carried out in conjunction with Dr. N. Wasser and M. Soon, who will analyse the material collected to see if copepods excrete N15 depleted ammonia nitrogen and defecate N15 enriched particulate material (as is assumed in current geochemical thinking). 4.4 Biological - Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen and Carbon N. Waser and M. Soon This work is part of a broader study of carbon and nitrogen recycling and export zone in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans,in the context of the Canadian Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The objectives of this cruise are, (1) to study the variations of the natural isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and particulate organic matter and, (2) to study nitrate, ammonium and carbon dioxide uptake rates using labelled nitrogen and carbon substrates. 4.4.1 Natural 15N/14N ratios of particulate organic matter Large water samples were collected daily from the biological pump and filtered on board for the determination of natural 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios of suspended particulate organic matter. Plankton samples were collected from 20 mm and 200 mm mesh-size nets. Material from both tows was preserved for species identification. The rest of the material was kept frozen for isotopic analyses. All the isotopic analyses will be done by mass spectrometry in the laboratory at the University of British Columbia (Prof. Steve Calvert). 4.4.2 Natural 15N/14N ratios of nitrate Water samples were collected daily from the shallow CTD cast (0-300m) and occasionally from a deep cast (0-bottom) for the determination of natural 15N/14N ratios in NO3. Some of the samples were processed on board by a vacuum-stripping method. Nitrate present in the sample was reduced to NH4 by an alloy of Al, Cu and Zn. The ammonium evolved was stripped with N2, under vacuum, and adsorbed onto an ion exchange resin (zeolite). The15N/14N ratios of the NH4 extracted on zeolite will be determined in the laboratory. 4.4.3 Ammonium excretion by zooplankton Experiments were pursued with E. Head and L. Harris to determine 15N/14N ratios of NH4 excreted by a natural population of zooplankton. Plankton was collected from a 200 mm mesh-size net and incubated in filtered surface seawater (0.2 mm) for 3 and 24 hrs. The faecal pellets and zooplankton were kept for the determination of 15N/14N ratios. NH4 were measured on board at time 0, 3 and 24 hrs by the manual colorimetric method. Water samples were taken after 3 and 24 hrs for the determination of 15N/14N ratios of the NH4 excreted by zooplankton during the incubations. Ammonium was extracted on zeolite on board. The isotopic analyses will be done in the laboratory. 4.4.4 Nitrate, ammonium and CO2 uptake rates Water samples for nutrients and Chl a measurements were collected from the shallow CTD cast daily. NH4 was measured on board by the manual colorimetric method. NO3 were determined by P. Clement on board on the autoanalyser. Chl a were measured on board by A. MacDonald. H13CO2, 15NO3and 15NH4 tracers were added to water samples collected at 5 depths from the shallow CTD. The samples were incubated in the afternoon for about 4 hours on deck. The samples will be analyzed for POC, PON and 15N and 13C labelled PON and POC by emission mass spectrometry by G. Harrison. The carbon and nitrogen utilization rates will be calculated. 4.3 Distribution of CTDs and Bottle Positions Fig. 7 shows a cross section of the AR7W line with the CTDs as vertical lines and the bottle positions as circles. The 7 CTDs without rosette samples were added to increase the horizontal resolution in the boundary current over the Labrador shelf and slope. The sample identity numbers minus 140000 for the deep CTD/rosette stations on the two sections are given in Figs. 8 and 9. Note that the bottles with samples numbered 291 and 292 were tripped together at the depth indicated by the dot between numbers 290 and 293. Also, no samples were drawn from the bottle with sample ID 140544. 5. Major Problems and Goals not Achieved Heavy ice over the Labrador shelf prevented completion of the innermost 6 stations over the Labrador shelf and the recovery of the ADCP moored on the west side of Hamilton Bank in 1993. High winds and seas prematurely terminated the CTD line off the NE Newfoundland shelf. 6. Other Incidents of Note A major component of the biological program is a new instrument under development which is capable of measuring to 500 m the vertical structure of temperature and conductivity to 1 cm scales; florescence to 10 cm scales and light spectra both up and down to 1 m scales. This is the "BUD Probe" for Biological-Up-Down-Probe and obtains data while falling freely at the end of a loose conducting-cable/tether. Sadly, however, the instrument was lost on recovery due to a malfunction in the recovery winch. 7. List of Cruise Participants Name Responsibility Affiliation Anning, Jeff Productivity BSB/BIO Breger, Dee Tritium/Helium LDEO Cabal, Jesus Zooplankton BSB/BIO Carson, Bruce CTD tech/watchkeeper/salts PCS/BIO Clement, Pierre Nutrients/Oxygens PCS/BIO Dickie, Paul Bacteria BSB/BIO Dunphy, Paul Computers/software/watchkeeper PCS/BIO Gershey, Bob CFC/Alkalinity/Carbonate BDR Res. Fraser, Brian Electronics tech (BUD probe) BSB/BIO Harris, Leslie Zooplankton BSB/BIO Head, Erica Zooplankton BSB/BIO Horne, Edward Co-chief scientist BSB/BIO Hingston, Michael CFC/Alkalinity/Carbonate BDR Res. Hu, Zhongyao Natural Halocarbons Dal. U. Irwin, Brian Productivity BSB/BIO Isenor, Anthony Data quality/watchkeeper PCS/BIO Lazier, John Chief Scientist PCS/BIO Lutz, Vivian Phytoplankton Pigments PCS/BIO MacDonald, Al Productivity PCS/BIO Moore, Bob Natural Halocarbons Dal. U. Parsons, Tom Electronics tech (BUD probe) Contract Poliquin, Manon Delta PCO2 Dal. U. Rhines, Peter Advisor/watchkeeper/mooring U. W. Scotney, Murray Mooring/watchkeeper PCS/BIO Soon, Maureen Nutrient Uptake UBC Visbeck, Martin Advisor/ADCP/watchkeeper MIT Waser, Nathalie Nutrient Uptake UBC Zemlyak, Frank CFC/Alkalinity/Carbonate PCS/BIO 5. Underway Measurements During the cruise the following variables were recorded while the ship was underway and stopped on station; - ship's position using a Global Positioning System (GPS), - water velocity profile using a hull mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), - temperature, salinity and chlorophyll of the surface waters using a pump plus CTD and fluorometer, and - CO2 of the air and surface water. Along the CTD lines bathymetry was recorded between stations every 5 minutes when conditions permitted. Nineteen XBTs at 18 stations were launched in the West Greenland Current. B. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS 1. Navigation and Bathymetry Anthony W. Isenor The navigation system onboard CSS Hudson consists of a Trimble Navigation Loran-GPS 10X decoder and AGCNAV. The decoder receives the satellite fixes and decodes the signals to obtain latitude, longitude and time. The decoder signals are about 1 Hz. All navigation data are logged directly to a micro VAX II (see Appendix 2). AGCNAV is a PC based display, and way-point setting software package developed at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre at BIO. The software runs on a PC and graphically indicates ship position, way-points, course, speed, etc. The echo sounder system used for collecting bathymetric data consisted of a Universal Graphic Recorder model UGR-196C-11 connected to a hull mounted 12kHz transducer. The transducer beem width is 15 degrees. The sweep rate of the record was adjusted throughout the course of data collection to aid in identifying the bottom signal. The recorder was also linked to a clock, and thus could indicate 5 minute intervals on the sounder paper. The system was used to collect 5 minute bathymetric soundings during the occupation of AR7W while steaming from Greenland to Labrador. 2. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Murray Scotney The Hudson was equipped with a hull mounted RDI acoustic doppler current profiler. The transducer (serial number 177) had SC ADCP electronics (serial number 271) converted for ship board use. Logging, using Transect software, was started on May 25, 1994 at 2326Z near Cape Race, Newfoundland. The configuration of the equipment results in a bin length of 4 metres and a total of 100 bins. The raw data are stored to disk and backed up every two days. Two days of logging creates about 30 Mbytes of data. The data are also averaged in real-time over 1 minute intervals. ADCP logging was stopped on Jun 12, 1994 at 1035Z. 3. Thermosalinograph John R. N. Lazier A CTD and fluorometer were used to monitor the temperature, salinity and fluorescence (chlorophyll) of the near surface water at all times. 4. XBT and XCTDs Murray Scotney and Anthony W. Isenor An XBT system was used to obtain temperature-depth profiles across the West Greenland Current, along AR7W. The system consisted of a Sippican Ocean Systems Inc. MK9 deck unit (serial number 834003) logging data to a HP85B (serial number 2328A08033) computer. A hand held model LM3 launcher was used to launch T-7 XBTs. All launches occurred during steaming, with ship speeds less than 13 knots. Data were plotted on the HP85B in real-time. Later, the data were transferred to PC using the HP RS232 interface card. A problem with the XBT launcher resulted in a slight inconvenience during the launch procedure. The problem was an electronic failure in a board in the XBT deck unit. The HP85B would not recognize loading of the XBT in the launcher. However, XBTs could be launched by manually grounding pin C on the launcher. Personnel would then proceed out of the lab area and launch the XBT. This procedure resulted in many XBT profiles that were vertically offset towards deeper values. A total of 19 XBTs were dropped during the cruise. These casts are indicated in the Station Summary file (see Appendix 3). Of the 19 profiles, only 10 profiles produced usable data. Upon returning to BIO, these 10 profiles were quality controlled. A vertical adjustment was applied to those profiles suffering from the launching problem noted above. This adjustment brought the temperature data upwards toward the surface. The adjustment amounted to a removal of nonapplicable data records from the beginning of the profile and a recalculation of the depth based on the number of applicable data records and the fact that records are 0.1 seconds apart. The number of records removed at each station is indicated below. Station Number of Removed Records 9 1 14 57 16 181 17 27 22 135 24 53 No XCTD data was collected during this cruise. 5. Meteorological observations John R. N. Lazier Routine reporting of meteorological variables was carried out by the ship's crew. 6. Delta PCO2 Manon Poliquin The Dalhousie University PCO2 system continuously measures PCO2 between continuously pumped seawater and air. The system consists of an LI-COR 6262 differential non-dispersive infrared analyser, an equilibration tank in which air is brought into CO2 equilibrium with seawater and a valving and pumping system to supply atmospheric air, equilibrated air, and standard gases to the analyser. The measurements on board the Hudson were done continuously from May 27, 1994 to June 10, 1994. These data will not be submitted to the WOCE DAC but will be delivered to the JGOFS data centre C. HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS - DESCRIPTIONS, TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS 1. CTD Measurements John R. N. Lazier and Anthony W. Isenor a. Description of the Equipment and technique The CTD measurements are made with a standard SEABIRD model 9Plus CTD (serial number 09P7356-0289) that is equipped with model 3-02/F temperature sensor, model 4-02/0 conductivity sensor, a paroscientific digiquartz model 410K-105 pressure sensor and model 13-02 dissolved oxygen sensor. All but the pressure sensor are mounted in a duct through which a pump pulls sea water. Hence the water flow past the actual sensors is independent of the lowering rate; this simplifies the data processing considerably. The Seabird CTD is mounted vertically within the BIO designed and built CTD/Rosette platform. This platform consists of a central 10 inch diameter aluminum tube which contains at its upper end a space to contain the sea unit for a General Oceanics Model 1015-24 bottle rosette (BIO Rosette #3, serial number 1348) unit and at its bottom end a smaller well that contains a General Oceanics model 6000 12 Khz pinger unit. The space between the central 6 inch diameter pinger well and the 10 inch outer tube is filled with lead and the bottom end of the tube is covered with a fibreglass nose cone that is acoustically transparent. The CTD sea unit is held in a 6 inch diameter aluminum tube that is welded to the central tube. The CTD sensors are held in a heavy aluminum cage of approximately 6 inches in diameter which is welded to the opposite side. Around the mid point and the top of the central column are attached aluminum rings on which 20, 8 litre sampling bottles are attached. The number of bottles was set by the maximum diameter that we felt comfortable handling through the doors of our enclosed winch room on Hudson. The bottles are somewhat protected from damage by a metal band with a diameter a bit larger than the outer diameter of the bottles when they are mounted. This band is situated just below the bottom of the bottles. The rosette bottles are of a BIO design that are now being made and manufactured by Brooke Ocean Technology, a local ocean engineering company. They differ from standard rosette bottles in that their tops and bottoms rotate about a horizontal axis to close. The energy to close the bottles is provided by stretching rubber tubing between the outside edges of the two lids along the outside surface of the bottle. This design has two advantages. First, the tubing is not inside the bottle either before or after the water sample has been captured. Second, the tubing is applied after the bottle is cocked in the rosette tripping mechanism and hence one doesn't have to fight the pull of the tubing when cocking the rosette. b. Sampling Procedure and data processing techniques The CTD was deployed and recovered at a rate of 60 metres/min. The CTD data is recorded onto disk by a 486 computer using SEABIRD SEASOFT Version 4.201 software (see Appendix 2). A screen display of temperature, oxygen and salinity profiles vs pressure are shown as a visual realtime verification of the proper functioning of the unit. The bottles are tripped using the enable and fire buttons on the SEABIRD deck unit. The SEASAVE software marks 72 scans at each bottle trip to identify these scans as occurring at the time the bottle was tripped. At the end of the station, the SEASAVE software is used to create 1 and 2 dbar processed data files, an IGOSS TESAC message and a processed rosette trip file. All the raw and processed data files associated with the station are then transferred via ethernet to the ship's MicroVax computer for archive and subsequent access and distribution to various users on the vessel. The data processing takes the following steps: DATCNV Converts the raw data to physical parameters. SPLIT Splits the data into DOWN and UP cast. WILDEDIT For every block of 12 scans, flags all scans whose pressure, temperature, conductivity and oxygen values differ from the mean by more than 2 standard deviations. Recomputes mean and standard deviation from unflagged data then marks as bad all scans exceeding 4 standard deviations from these new values. FILTER Low pass filter pressure and conductivity channels to time match parameters for salinity computation. Time constant used for conductivity is 0.045 seconds, for pressure 0.150 seconds. LOOPEDIT Marks as bad, all cycles on the down trace for which the vertical velocity of the CTD unit is less than 0.1 metres/sec. ALIGNCTD Aligns the temperature, conductivity and oxygen values relative to the pressure values accounting for the time delays in the system. Time offsets of 0.010 secs for conductivity, 0.000 secs for temperature and 3.000 secs for oxygen are used. CELLTM A recursive filter used to remove the thermal mass effects from the conductivity data. Thermal anomaly amplitude and time constants of 0.0300 and 9.0000 were used. DERIVE Computes oxygen values. BINAVG Averages the down cast into 1 or 2 dbar pressure bins. (Note: The procedure to produce the 2 dbar averages takes about 5% of the total processing time). DERIVE Computes salinity, potential temperature and sigmatheta. The above data processing steps use various specific magnitude or time offset coefficients. These coefficients were examined in detail using the data from Station 2 of this dataset. The analyses concentrated on the time offset relating the temperature and conductivity signals and the magnitude of the Lueck (1990) filter coefficient. The examination concluded that the time offset was appropriate for this dataset. The magnitude of the Lueck filter coefficient could not be properly verified due to excessive TS variability introduced by the frequent upcast stopping of the CTD for bottle trips. c. Calibration Data The CTD calibrations used during this cruise were supplied by Seabird Electronics are are as follows: Conductivity Sensor 041076 (all stations) Conductivity = (afm + bf2 + c + dt)/[10(1-9.57(10-8)p)] where f is the frequency m = 4.1 p is pressure in dbars t is the temperature a = 2.21442246e-5 b = 5.67193159e-1 c = -4.19781901 d = -1.23661793e-4 Temperature Sensor 031376 (All stations) T = 1/{a + b[ln(fo/f)] + c[ln2[fo/f] + d[ln3(fo/f)]} - 273.15 where ln indicates a natural logrithim f is the frequency a = 3.68093833e-3 b = 6.00726775e-4 c = 1.51819564e-5 d = 2.19535579e-6 fo = 6482.31 Pressure Sensor 51403 (All stations) pressure = c (1 - To2/T2) (1 - d[1 - To2/T2]) where T is the pressure period c = c1 + c2 U + c3 U2 d = d1 + d2 U To = T1 + T2 U + T3 U2 + T4 U3 + T5 U4 U is the temperature c1 = -38625.88 psia c2 = 2.78422e-1 psia/deg C c3 = 1.40578e-2 psia/deg C2 d1 = 0.038824 d2 = 0.0 T1 = 30.62824 micro sec T2 = -1.7328e-4 micro sec/deg C T3 = 4.72380e-6 micro sec/deg C2 T4 = 3.33300e-9 micro sec/deg C3 T5 = 0 Oxygen Sensor 130265 (Stations 1 to 6) oxygen = A B C where A = {Soc [oc + Tau d(oc)/dt] + Boc} oc is the current from the oxygen sensor d(oc)/dt is the time derivative of oc Soc = 2.4323 Tau = 2.0 Boc = -0.0397 oc = Mv + b m = 2.4608e-7 b = -4.9216e-10 B = OXYSAT(t,s) t is temperature s is salinity C = e{tcor [T + wt (To-T)] + pcor p} e is natural log base tcor = -0.033 pcor = 1.5e-4 p is the pressure wt = 0.670 To oxygen sensor internal temperature T is the water temperature, where T = kv + c k = 8.9939 c = -6.8210 v is the oxygen temperature sensor voltage signal Oxygen Sensor 130284 (Stations 7 to end) oxygen = A B C where A = {Soc [oc + Tau d(oc)/dt] + Boc} oc is the current from the oxygen sensor d(oc)/dt is the time derivative of oc Soc = 2.5328 Tau = 2.0 Boc = -0.0322 oc = Mv + b m = 2.4528e-7 b = -3.9245e-9 B = OXYSAT(t,s) t is temperature s is salinity C = e{tcor [T + wt (To-T)] + pcor p} e is natural log base tcor = -0.033 pcor = 1.5e-4 p is the pressure wt = 0.670 To oxygen sensor internal temperature T is the water temperature, where T = kv + c k = 8.9625 c = -6.9161 v is the oxygen temperature sensor voltage signal The pre-cruise calibration undertaken at the BIO calibration facility showed the temperature sensor to be reading low by 0.0013 °C and the salinity values to be low by 0.005. Neither of these calibrations have been applied to the data. During the cruise the CTD salinity was monitored by comparing its average reading, on the uptrace, at the locations of the rosette samples with the values from the rosette samples. A plot of the 415 comparisons, Fig. 10, shows the CTD salinities have a pressure dependent offset relative to the rosette bottle salinities. Similar comparisons from the 1992 and 1993 cruises during which Seabird CTDs were used did not show such an offset but in each year a different conductivity cell was used. We have begun communications with the company to find the source of the offset but in the meantime the error has been removed by adding a correction determined by fitting a 3rd order polynomial (thanks to Martin Visbeck) to the differences shown in Fig. 10. The fitted equation is; Offset = -0.004712 - 4.014*10-6*P + 3.216*10-9*P2 - 4.324*10-13*P3 where P is the pressure in decibars. After this correction was applied the distribution of ctd minus bottle salinities was re-evaluated. No pressure dependence could be found and the mean difference was 0. The 1st and 3rd quartile occur at differences of -0.0012 and +0.0012 respectively giving an interquartile range (IQR) of 0.0024. Following last years example we flag the samples which lie beyond 1.5*IQR = 0.0036 from the mean difference. About 14% of the samples fall in this category. The post cruise temperature calibration consisted of an offset of -0.00536 C applied to the CTD temperatures. This offset is based on a comparison of 105 temperatures collected from digital thermometers and corresponding CTD temperatures. The stated offset is the median of the 105 differences between the CTD and thermometer temperatures. Thus, the CTD temperature calibration is: T = T - 0.00536 where T is the CTD temperature in degrees celsius. 2. Salinity Bruce Carson a. Description of Equipment and Technique Salinity samples are analyzed on one of two Guildline Autosal model 8400 salinometers. Samples are drawn in 150 ml medicine bottles. New caps, equipped with plastic liners, are placed on the sample bottles for each use. The salinometer cell is filled and rinsed three times with sample water before readings are recorded. Two readings of the salinometer are recorded for every sample and standardization. If the values are fluctuating, more readings are taken. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique Salinity samples are drawn into 150 ml medicine bottles after three rinses. The bottles are filled up to the shoulders and then capped with new caps with plastic liners. Files for each separate run are prepared. These files consist of various metadata (date, cruise, lab temperature, geographic location, operator, etc.) and sample specific data such as the bath temperature, sample ID number, and average conductivity ratio. A PC based program computes the salinity using average conductivity ratio of the runs and the standard IAPSO formula. Any changes in the salinometer readings between successive standardizations is assumed to have occurred as a linear drift of the instrument. Thus, the program applies a correction to the ratios, which varies linearly with the samples analyzed. The salinity data is then placed in the water sample database. c. Laboratory and Sample Temperatures Full cases of samples are taken from the winch room to the GP lab where they are left for a period of at least 10 hours to equilibrate to laboratory temperature before being analyszed. The baths in these two salinometers were kept at 24oC and 27oC. The salinometer which was just above the current laboratory temperature would be the one that was used for any given run of samples. d. Replicate Analysis Only two duplicate salinity samples were drawn from the rosette bottles this year due partly to a shortage of water and partly to a lack of urgency as the duplicates always show excellent agreement. Duplicate salinity values are given in Table C.1. Table C.1. Salinity Duplicate Measurements Sample ID Number Salinity ---------------- -------- 140691 34.5761 140691 34.5763 140321 34.8801 140321 34.8807 e. Standards Used The salinometer was standardized using IAPSO standard water, Batch P123, prepared on June 10, 1993. Standardization with a new ampoule was carried out at the beginning, middle and end of every 32 bottle case and at intermediate points during a case if instrument drift was suspected. 3. Oxygen Pierre Clement a. Description of Equipment and Technique The automated procedure to follow is based on the method developed by the Physical and Chemical Services Branch (PCS) of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) (Levy et al. 1977). The PCS procedure is a modified Winkler titration from Carritt and Carpenter (1966), using a whole bottle titration. In this method there is no starch indicator and a wetting agent (Wetting Agent A, BDR) is introduced to reduce bubble formation. The full description of the system and method can be found in Jones, et al. (1992). In summary the automated titration system consists of an IBM PC linked to a Brinkmann PC800 colorimeter and a Metrohm 655 Multi-Dosimat Automatic Titrator. The PC talks to the periferrals through a Data Translation, DT2806 and three Data Translation DTX350s. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique The sampling bottles are 125ml Iodine flasks with custom ground stoppers (Levy et al. 1977). The flasks volumes are determined gravimetrically. The matched flasks and stoppers are etched with Identification numbers and entered into the Oxygen program database. In most cases 8 litre Niskin bottles are used to obtain the original sample. Then, the oxygen subsamples are drawn through the bottles spigot with a latex or silicone tube attached so as to introduce the water to the bottom of the flask. Once the flow is started the flask is inverted to ensure that there is no air trapped in the tube, then the tube partially pinched to reduce the flow rate and the flask reoriented and filled to overflowing. The flow is allowed to continue until at least two to three volumes have run through then the flask slowly retracted with continuous low flow to ensure that no air gets trapped in the flask. The flask is then brought to the reagent station and one ml of the Alkaline Iodide and Manganous Chloride Reagents are added and the stoppers carefully inserted, again ensuring that no air gets into the flasks. The flasks are shaken then carried to the lab for analysis. 4. Nutrients Pierre Clement a. Description of Equipment and Technique Nutrient concentrations are determined using a Technicon Autoanalyser II. The chemistries are standard Technicon (Silicate 186-72W, Phosphate 155-71W, Nitrate/Nitrite 158-71W) except for Phosphate which is modified by separating the Ascorbic Acid (4.0 gms/L) from the Mixed Reagent. This alteration is achieved by introducing the modified Mixed Reagent instead of water at the start of the sample stream at 0.23 ml/min. and the Ascorbic Acid is pumped into the stream between the two mixing coils at 0.32 ml/min.. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique Duplicate nutrient subsamples are drawn into 30 ml HDPE (Nalge) wide mouth sample bottles from 8 L Niskins. The bottles are 10% Hcl washed, rinsed once with tap water, three times with Super-Q and oven dried at >100 Degrees F. A sample run includes six Working Standards run at the beginning and end. Duplicate Check Standards are run every 16 samples followed by blanks as a Baseline Check. These Standards are made up in 33 ppt NaCl (VWR,Analar grade) as is the wash water. The Standards are tested against CSK Solution Standards (Sagami Chemical Center, Japan). Analog data is converted to digital, processed and statistics calculated by a Pascal 6.0 in house program (Logger) on a PC. Chart recordings, hard copy and disk copies of the data are kept for reference. c. Replicate Analysis The following nutrient detection limits were applied (all detection limits are in micro moles/litre). All values at or below the detection limits were set to zero. Silicate 0.134 micro moles/litre Phosphate 0.065 micro moles/litre NO2+NO3 0.265 micro moles/litre Duplicate nutrient subsamples were drawn for all deep casts along the AR7/W line. The values for all duplicate subsamples are given in Table C.2. Table C.2 Nutrient Duplicate Measurements Sample ID Number Silicate Phosphate NO2+NO3 ---------------- -------- --------- ------- 140141 11.81 1.12 14.79 140141 11.81 1.12 14.79 140161 10.86 1.17 15.04 140161 10.86 1.17 15.30 140162 10.84 1.18 15.28 140162 10.97 1.16 15.30 140163 10.85 1.17 15.26 140163 10.85 1.17 15.07 140166 10.00 1.17 14.76 140166 10.01 1.15 14.76 140167 10.77 1.17 15.38 140167 10.93 1.17 15.23 140168 10.93 1.16 15.72 140168 10.95 1.17 15.57 140169 11.12 1.16 15.50 140169 11.12 1.18 15.76 140170 11.02 1.17 15.65 140170 11.04 1.17 15.68 140171 10.52 1.14 16.07 140171 10.55 1.15 16.25 140172 10.99 1.17 16.19 140172 11.05 1.17 16.34 140173 10.90 1.17 16.11 140173 10.93 1.16 16.76 140174 11.13 1.15 16.12 140174 11.14 1.17 16.00 140175 11.11 1.19 16.28 140175 11.15 1.16 15.97 140176 11.12 1.19 16.14 140176 11.17 1.16 15.88 140177 11.10 1.17 15.99 140177 11.11 1.18 16.18 140178 11.08 1.15 15.95 140178 11.14 1.16 16.03 140179 11.08 1.16 15.71 140179 11.19 1.14 15.65 140180 11.08 1.16 15.65 140180 11.13 1.16 15.70 140181 9.46 1.17 15.71 140181 9.48 1.15 15.60 140183 9.43 1.16 15.78 140183 9.56 1.16 15.66 140186 8.96 1.12 14.66 140186 8.99 1.11 14.56 140187 8.66 1.04 13.44 140187 8.72 1.04 13.29 140188 8.62 .99 12.61 140188 8.65 1.01 12.52 140190 8.41 .94 11.47 140190 8.49 .95 11.43 140191 8.34 .92 11.40 140191 8.52 .93 11.35 140192 7.73 .74 8.35 140192 7.74 .74 8.56 140194 7.68 .72 8.10 140194 7.70 .72 7.99 140195 7.66 .70 8.02 140195 7.71 .72 7.89 140197 7.72 .77 7.95 140197 7.85 .77 7.96 140198 7.50 .69 7.57 140198 7.73 .70 7.78 140199 7.76 .69 7.73 140199 7.81 .70 7.66 140206 7.24 .94 11.49 140206 7.24 .93 11.53 140207 6.64 .88 10.38 140207 6.68 .88 10.23 140208 6.31 .92 9.55 140208 6.32 .84 9.51 140209 5.76 .78 8.16 140209 5.85 .78 8.21 140210 5.26 .68 6.85 140210 5.32 .70 6.86 140211 3.71 .50 3.44 140211 3.83 .54 3.33 140212 9.36 1.13 15.73 140212 9.77 1.14 15.32 140213 9.41 1.18 15.40 140213 9.43 1.14 15.63 140214 8.35 1.08 14.59 140214 8.43 1.08 14.63 140215 7.85 1.02 13.99 140215 7.95 1.04 14.01 140216 7.83 1.03 13.84 140216 7.86 1.03 13.84 140217 7.27 .95 11.57 140217 7.31 .96 12.13 140218 7.23 .93 11.81 140218 7.27 .94 11.59 140219 7.05 .93 11.49 140219 7.14 .92 11.48 140220 6.92 .90 11.22 140220 7.02 .91 11.21 140221 6.89 .91 11.00 140221 7.13 .93 10.95 140222 6.49 .90 9.89 140222 6.53 .86 9.96 140228 6.92 .92 10.68 140228 6.96 .91 10.66 140230 6.88 .91 10.51 140230 6.91 .92 10.58 140231 6.87 .91 10.45 140231 6.92 .93 10.51 140233 6.82 .92 10.33 140233 6.82 .91 10.31 140234 6.70 .90 10.31 140234 6.70 .90 10.25 140237 6.29 .84 8.92 140237 6.35 .84 8.86 140239 6.05 .80 8.34 140239 6.12 .81 8.22 140240 6.07 .81 8.11 140240 6.10 .77 8.10 140243 5.87 .76 7.78 140243 5.93 .76 7.73 140244 10.45 1.10 13.76 140244 10.45 1.12 13.82 140245 10.39 1.11 13.82 140245 10.47 1.11 13.89 140246 10.52 1.14 13.82 140246 10.53 1.15 13.86 140247 9.96 1.18 14.62 140247 10.11 1.14 15.08 140248 10.81 1.16 14.75 140248 10.97 1.15 15.11 140249 10.77 1.17 15.29 140249 10.87 1.16 15.56 140250 10.33 1.16 15.75 140250 10.80 1.17 15.76 140251 9.97 1.22 15.89 140251 10.04 1.20 16.14 140252 9.99 1.19 15.72 140252 10.08 1.17 15.77 140253 9.65 1.19 15.76 140253 9.67 1.19 15.72 140254 9.55 1.18 15.58 140254 9.60 1.19 15.67 140255 9.34 1.16 15.63 140255 9.63 1.16 15.78 140256 8.92 1.14 15.39 140256 8.98 1.13 15.48 140257 8.53 1.24 15.43 140257 8.56 1.12 15.19 140258 8.30 1.09 14.87 140258 8.36 1.09 15.08 140259 7.60 .98 12.21 140259 7.76 .97 12.26 140260 7.55 .92 11.28 140260 7.63 .95 11.00 140261 7.31 .87 10.10 140261 7.34 .85 9.91 140262 11.18 1.09 14.66 140262 11.26 1.11 14.60 140263 11.42 1.11 14.70 140263 11.45 1.12 14.75 140264 10.33 1.12 14.39 140264 10.40 1.12 14.20 140265 10.60 1.13 14.50 140265 10.65 1.13 14.30 140266 10.90 1.13 14.56 140266 10.91 1.12 14.51 140267 10.73 1.13 14.31 140267 10.73 1.12 14.37 140268 10.46 1.13 14.12 140268 10.57 1.12 14.02 140269 10.55 1.11 14.18 140269 10.57 1.13 14.42 140270 11.18 1.18 14.90 140270 11.23 1.16 14.94 140271 10.32 1.14 14.94 140271 10.48 1.13 14.78 140272 9.85 1.17 15.17 140272 9.87 1.17 15.25 140273 9.56 1.15 15.46 140273 9.74 1.15 15.55 140274 9.25 1.13 15.26 140274 9.48 1.16 15.27 140275 8.84 1.08 14.46 140275 8.84 1.10 14.58 140276 8.34 1.08 13.49 140276 8.43 1.11 13.58 140277 8.04 1.05 12.60 140277 8.06 1.03 12.87 140278 7.97 1.03 12.41 140278 7.99 1.03 12.51 140279 7.90 1.01 12.26 140279 7.96 1.02 12.17 140280 10.71 1.13 14.00 140280 10.75 1.16 13.85 140281 10.70 1.11 13.75 140281 10.73 1.11 13.86 140282 12.11 1.14 14.30 140282 12.36 1.15 14.36 140283 12.09 1.15 14.69 140283 12.12 1.15 14.74 140284 12.05 1.17 14.63 140284 12.06 1.16 14.94 140285 12.30 1.16 15.23 140285 12.41 1.16 15.12 140286 12.01 1.18 15.42 140286 12.02 1.16 15.76 140287 11.60 1.19 15.97 140287 11.68 1.19 15.92 140288 10.78 1.17 15.77 140288 10.85 1.20 15.90 140289 9.88 1.17 15.98 140289 9.95 1.17 15.92 140290 9.98 1.20 16.31 140290 10.02 1.19 16.46 140291 9.80 1.19 16.52 140291 10.04 1.21 16.48 140292 9.71 1.21 16.45 140292 9.80 1.18 16.33 140293 9.78 1.18 16.05 140293 9.78 1.18 16.19 140294 9.65 1.18 16.31 140294 9.68 1.17 16.11 140295 8.84 1.14 15.44 140295 8.93 1.15 15.27 140296 8.66 1.12 14.75 140296 8.67 1.12 14.70 140297 8.37 1.05 13.44 140297 8.45 1.05 13.22 140298 7.88 .97 11.96 140298 7.94 .98 11.99 140299 7.36 .91 10.58 140299 7.39 .89 10.66 140300 10.41 1.08 14.97 140300 10.41 1.11 15.08 140301 10.62 1.09 15.02 140301 10.64 1.07 15.10 140302 11.10 1.11 15.15 140302 11.20 1.13 15.31 140303 11.34 1.15 15.51 140303 11.42 1.14 15.51 140304 11.71 1.15 15.42 140304 11.73 1.14 15.32 140305 12.59 1.19 15.53 140305 12.63 1.19 15.51 140306 11.95 1.16 15.54 140306 12.08 1.17 15.59 140307 11.42 1.19 15.59 140307 11.42 1.19 15.23 140308 11.68 1.20 15.57 140308 11.75 1.21 15.75 140309 11.14 1.21 15.58 140309 11.18 1.21 15.66 140311 9.78 1.21 15.59 140311 9.79 1.22 15.54 140312 9.64 1.23 15.79 140312 9.65 1.21 15.43 140313 9.73 1.22 15.88 140313 9.75 1.23 16.02 140314 9.44 1.22 15.36 140314 9.48 1.21 15.56 140315 9.08 1.20 15.03 140315 9.11 1.19 15.11 140316 8.69 1.16 14.44 140316 8.70 1.15 14.53 140317 8.23 1.09 13.29 140317 8.28 1.10 13.51 140318 7.40 1.00 11.17 140318 7.52 1.00 11.24 140319 5.09 .62 5.52 140319 5.12 .61 5.57 140320 10.14 1.15 13.97 140320 10.22 1.11 14.06 140321 10.23 1.12 14.20 140321 10.39 1.11 14.70 140322 11.61 1.14 15.13 140322 11.66 1.15 15.23 140323 12.57 1.19 15.47 140323 12.62 1.20 15.49 140324 12.42 1.21 15.11 140324 12.46 1.16 15.17 140325 11.70 1.20 15.32 140325 11.78 1.18 15.18 140326 11.15 1.21 15.45 140326 11.30 1.21 15.75 140327 9.96 1.21 15.80 140327 10.01 1.22 15.81 140328 9.62 1.24 15.43 140328 9.64 1.23 15.80 140329 9.46 1.23 15.52 140329 9.65 1.23 15.95 140330 9.52 1.24 16.09 140330 9.58 1.22 16.30 140331 9.46 1.24 15.41 140331 9.52 1.22 15.74 140332 9.31 1.25 15.48 140332 9.36 1.10 15.46 140333 9.34 1.12 15.40 140333 9.37 1.13 15.30 140334 9.17 1.11 15.09 140334 9.26 1.12 15.27 140335 8.91 1.11 14.89 140335 8.92 1.10 15.00 140336 8.44 1.07 14.77 140336 8.64 1.08 14.77 140337 8.29 1.05 14.10 140337 8.40 1.07 13.89 140338 7.42 .82 9.50 140338 7.46 .79 9.57 140339 7.28 .78 9.02 140339 7.37 .78 9.19 140343 9.02 1.11 13.59 140343 9.08 1.09 13.81 140344 8.64 1.01 12.19 140344 8.69 1.02 12.30 140345 8.35 .96 11.33 140345 8.37 .97 11.71 140346 8.34 .96 11.46 140346 8.43 .98 11.77 140347 8.24 .94 11.37 140347 8.31 .95 11.47 140350 8.00 .90 10.31 140350 8.02 .90 10.39 140352 7.83 .85 9.73 140352 7.88 .87 9.86 140355 7.89 .83 9.78 140355 7.91 .84 9.79 140358 7.83 .85 9.71 140358 7.95 .83 9.80 140360 10.23 1.17 13.25 140360 10.28 1.00 13.35 140361 10.76 1.00 13.37 140361 10.86 1.01 13.33 140362 11.56 1.03 13.66 140362 11.59 1.04 13.66 140363 12.69 1.07 14.34 140363 12.70 1.07 14.26 140364 13.21 1.11 14.83 140364 13.42 1.12 14.72 140365 12.51 1.10 14.67 140365 12.60 1.09 14.70 140366 11.65 1.11 14.64 140366 11.66 1.11 14.58 140367 10.88 1.10 14.77 140367 11.00 1.13 15.51 140368 10.06 1.26 15.23 140368 10.12 1.11 15.33 140369 9.51 1.09 15.35 140369 9.55 1.09 15.49 140370 9.41 1.11 15.60 140370 9.43 1.08 15.72 140371 9.53 1.08 15.86 140371 9.55 1.09 15.81 140372 9.46 1.08 15.83 140372 9.61 1.11 15.97 140373 9.48 1.10 15.70 140373 9.49 1.11 15.98 140374 9.32 1.08 15.70 140374 9.38 1.09 15.93 140375 9.33 1.07 15.66 140375 9.41 1.10 15.50 140376 9.11 1.20 15.39 140376 9.12 1.05 15.55 140377 8.71 .99 14.15 140377 8.81 1.01 14.27 140378 7.92 .76 10.32 140378 8.06 .82 10.38 140379 7.75 .73 9.15 140379 7.76 .71 9.23 140380 10.43 1.00 13.87 140380 10.45 1.03 13.88 140381 10.38 .98 13.74 140381 10.47 .99 13.86 140382 11.45 1.02 14.11 140382 11.53 1.01 14.07 140383 13.33 1.05 15.14 140383 13.92 1.08 15.06 140384 12.61 1.05 15.15 140384 12.78 1.20 15.45 140385 12.30 1.06 15.79 140385 12.39 1.06 15.99 140386 11.77 1.08 16.01 140386 11.77 1.08 15.82 140387 10.77 1.06 16.74 140387 10.86 1.08 16.33 140388 9.66 1.06 16.65 140388 9.72 1.06 16.27 140389 9.66 1.07 16.33 140389 9.68 1.06 16.30 140390 9.67 1.06 16.22 140390 9.68 1.04 16.48 140391 9.71 1.07 16.19 140391 9.72 1.10 16.27 140392 9.64 1.21 15.84 140392 9.73 1.06 16.15 140393 9.76 1.09 16.02 140393 9.82 1.07 15.92 140394 9.83 1.06 16.07 140394 9.87 1.10 16.03 140395 9.49 1.07 15.91 140395 9.50 1.06 15.99 140396 9.48 1.08 15.72 140396 9.53 1.08 15.81 140397 9.08 1.00 14.17 140397 9.16 1.02 14.22 140398 8.13 .83 10.57 140398 8.29 .81 10.65 140399 7.64 .69 8.26 140399 7.69 .69 8.32 140400 11.02 1.01 13.95 140400 11.15 1.14 13.74 140401 11.38 .99 13.46 140401 11.45 .98 13.58 140402 11.50 .99 13.62 140402 11.55 1.00 13.70 140403 11.83 1.04 14.55 140403 11.86 1.05 14.31 140404 12.50 1.04 15.02 140404 12.59 1.05 15.34 140405 12.31 1.05 15.83 140405 12.40 1.07 15.73 140406 11.85 1.06 15.95 140406 11.90 1.08 16.18 140407 11.26 1.08 16.63 140407 11.36 1.08 16.57 140408 9.88 1.19 16.48 140408 9.94 1.05 16.64 140409 9.81 1.04 16.61 140409 9.88 1.05 16.56 140410 9.75 1.05 16.48 140410 9.76 1.06 16.45 140411 9.76 1.07 16.50 140411 9.85 1.08 16.85 140412 9.87 1.08 16.94 140412 9.88 1.05 16.88 140413 9.86 1.08 17.10 140413 9.87 1.08 16.98 140414 9.80 1.08 16.98 140414 9.80 1.07 17.00 140415 9.80 1.08 16.36 140415 9.86 1.06 16.82 140416 9.53 1.22 15.96 140416 9.67 1.09 16.59 140417 9.49 1.08 15.81 140417 9.53 1.07 15.52 140418 8.82 .93 12.80 140418 8.84 .92 12.84 140419 7.70 .69 8.39 140419 7.77 .66 8.52 140420 11.48 .98 14.30 140420 11.51 1.03 14.28 140421 11.45 .98 14.08 140421 11.52 .98 14.28 140422 11.45 .98 14.28 140422 11.51 1.00 14.31 140423 11.91 1.06 15.15 140423 12.09 1.06 14.91 140424 12.59 1.20 15.34 140424 12.60 1.04 15.40 140425 12.29 1.05 15.42 140425 12.33 1.05 15.59 140426 11.75 1.13 15.64 140426 11.90 1.04 15.65 140427 10.31 1.05 15.72 140427 10.33 1.09 16.06 140428 9.64 1.03 16.22 140428 9.79 1.09 16.46 140429 9.72 1.06 16.49 140429 9.73 1.04 16.24 140430 9.69 1.06 16.52 140430 9.87 1.09 16.65 140431 9.53 1.08 16.25 140431 9.66 1.06 16.41 140432 9.51 1.20 15.41 140432 9.58 1.07 15.85 140433 9.55 1.06 15.65 140433 9.67 1.08 16.07 140434 9.66 1.01 16.31 140434 9.68 1.00 16.31 140435 9.34 .99 15.67 140435 9.46 1.00 15.89 140436 8.97 .98 15.30 140436 9.01 .97 15.35 140437 8.90 .93 13.89 140437 8.94 .94 13.86 140438 7.40 .55 7.86 140438 7.41 .60 7.92 140439 7.51 .67 7.75 140439 7.52 .67 7.70 140444 8.48 1.05 14.63 140444 8.51 1.07 14.65 140447 7.57 .74 9.95 140447 7.77 .76 10.09 140448 7.58 .76 10.04 140448 7.64 .77 10.00 140450 7.16 .77 8.59 140450 7.21 .69 8.69 140452 7.17 .67 8.59 140452 7.32 .66 8.56 140455 7.14 .67 8.48 140455 7.32 .67 8.69 140457 7.13 .66 8.53 140457 7.23 .68 8.59 140460 10.91 1.08 13.51 140460 10.93 1.10 13.52 140461 11.62 1.07 13.49 140461 11.68 1.09 14.32 140462 12.90 1.15 14.13 140462 12.93 1.13 13.86 140463 12.74 1.17 14.20 140463 12.77 1.15 14.34 140464 12.10 1.16 14.03 140464 12.12 1.16 14.03 140465 11.55 1.16 14.05 140465 11.69 1.17 14.19 140466 10.54 1.19 14.41 140466 10.54 1.19 14.15 140467 9.62 1.16 14.60 140467 9.64 1.17 14.76 140468 9.51 1.15 15.02 140468 9.53 1.16 15.33 140469 9.45 1.15 15.09 140469 9.54 1.16 15.11 140470 9.42 1.15 15.13 140470 9.48 1.13 15.11 140471 9.52 1.15 14.87 140471 9.54 1.15 14.94 140472 9.42 1.14 15.24 140472 9.49 1.14 15.10 140473 9.43 1.13 15.32 140473 9.52 1.13 15.34 140474 9.42 1.13 15.15 140474 9.67 1.14 15.29 140475 9.23 1.14 15.44 140475 9.39 1.13 15.34 140476 8.82 1.10 14.76 140476 9.00 1.08 14.69 140477 8.57 1.07 14.30 140477 8.59 1.07 14.36 140478 7.27 .75 8.97 140478 7.29 .78 9.08 140479 7.14 .74 8.52 140479 7.17 .75 8.69 140480 10.91 1.05 13.91 140480 10.99 1.05 13.64 140481 11.25 1.05 14.03 140481 11.31 1.05 13.91 140482 12.39 1.08 14.38 140482 13.02 1.09 14.41 140483 12.65 1.12 14.94 140483 12.71 1.12 14.94 140484 12.95 1.10 15.07 140484 13.51 1.10 14.98 140485 9.81 1.11 15.25 140485 9.83 1.12 15.15 140486 12.00 1.13 14.84 140486 12.10 1.13 14.52 140487 11.26 1.15 14.62 140487 12.60 1.29 15.94 140488 9.63 1.14 14.84 140488 9.65 1.14 14.91 140489 9.49 1.15 14.72 140489 9.56 1.14 14.80 140490 9.50 1.14 14.89 140490 10.11 1.16 14.82 140491 9.53 1.14 14.85 140491 9.69 1.12 14.88 140492 9.47 1.15 14.61 140492 9.53 1.14 14.74 140493 9.50 1.13 14.78 140493 9.54 1.13 14.76 140494 9.31 1.15 14.65 140494 9.32 1.13 14.75 140495 9.25 1.14 14.78 140495 9.32 1.15 14.90 140496 9.20 1.14 14.51 140496 9.21 1.15 14.54 140497 8.67 1.10 13.96 140497 8.69 1.11 13.96 140498 7.23 .76 7.41 140498 7.28 .75 7.21 140499 6.76 .67 6.58 140499 7.25 .67 6.62 140506 11.99 1.13 13.84 140506 12.18 1.10 13.79 140507 12.06 1.11 14.22 140507 12.09 1.11 14.33 140508 13.26 1.12 14.49 140508 13.43 1.15 14.33 140509 12.23 1.13 14.31 140509 12.24 1.15 14.28 140510 11.65 1.15 14.20 140510 11.67 1.17 14.25 140511 11.24 1.17 14.77 140511 11.41 1.17 14.43 140512 9.69 1.17 14.92 140512 9.70 1.16 14.83 140513 9.53 1.17 15.52 140513 9.54 1.13 15.35 140514 9.66 1.19 15.81 140514 9.74 1.19 15.62 140515 9.68 1.19 16.04 140515 9.68 1.18 15.64 140517 9.89 1.20 15.73 140517 10.48 1.20 15.78 140518 9.65 1.19 15.99 140518 9.66 1.19 15.63 140519 9.67 1.20 15.72 140519 9.75 1.21 15.71 140520 9.72 1.21 15.82 140520 9.75 1.20 15.79 140521 9.44 1.20 15.31 140521 9.48 1.17 15.40 140522 6.31 .85 9.58 140522 6.37 .87 9.72 140523 5.08 .76 8.37 140523 5.10 .76 8.40 140526 9.18 1.13 14.44 140526 9.28 1.14 14.49 140527 8.87 1.09 13.67 140527 8.90 1.10 13.31 140528 8.66 1.05 12.70 140528 10.28 1.05 12.57 140531 8.69 1.06 12.83 140531 8.72 1.06 12.88 140533 8.56 1.04 12.34 140533 8.68 1.04 12.44 140535 8.48 1.00 11.78 140535 8.51 1.01 11.68 140537 7.79 .93 10.31 140537 7.79 .93 10.32 140539 6.09 .76 7.64 140539 6.18 .77 7.61 140541 6.05 .75 7.76 140541 6.11 .74 7.80 140543 6.06 .76 7.95 140543 6.09 .74 7.91 140545 11.36 1.06 14.19 140545 11.40 1.07 14.11 140546 11.41 1.12 14.12 140546 11.45 1.09 13.89 140547 11.60 1.12 14.36 140547 11.73 1.09 14.25 140548 12.19 1.14 14.86 140548 12.26 1.16 14.85 140549 12.40 1.17 15.46 140549 12.47 1.16 15.09 140550 11.73 1.19 15.44 140550 11.83 1.19 15.29 140551 10.72 1.20 15.98 140551 10.78 1.18 15.69 140552 9.76 1.18 15.43 140552 9.83 1.20 15.58 140553 9.70 1.19 15.80 140553 9.73 1.19 15.52 140554 9.73 1.19 15.63 140554 9.78 1.21 15.84 140555 9.71 1.20 15.67 140555 9.71 1.20 15.68 140556 9.74 1.21 15.70 140556 9.77 1.21 15.63 140557 9.54 1.22 14.03 140557 9.80 1.16 14.70 140558 9.16 1.23 13.82 140558 9.46 1.23 13.68 140559 9.43 1.25 14.22 140559 9.46 1.26 14.00 140560 9.43 1.24 14.44 140560 9.44 1.25 14.54 140561 9.20 1.23 14.55 140561 9.28 1.26 14.50 140562 8.76 1.19 14.12 140562 8.79 1.18 14.04 140563 8.30 1.04 11.42 140563 8.42 1.04 11.28 140564 5.63 .80 8.04 140564 5.68 .82 8.13 140567 11.35 1.09 13.58 140567 11.50 1.16 14.08 140568 11.83 1.21 14.71 140568 11.86 1.24 14.75 140569 12.04 1.24 14.70 140569 12.12 1.23 14.74 140570 10.02 1.25 14.41 140570 10.26 1.25 14.62 140571 10.96 1.25 14.40 140571 11.04 1.24 14.50 140572 10.10 1.26 14.99 140572 10.11 1.27 14.89 140573 9.48 1.24 14.70 140573 10.43 1.25 14.89 140574 9.42 1.26 14.84 140574 9.52 1.26 14.81 140575 9.44 1.22 15.27 140575 9.48 1.17 15.13 140576 9.63 1.25 15.31 140576 9.68 1.24 15.35 140577 9.59 1.26 15.70 140577 9.64 1.25 15.75 140578 10.02 1.28 15.51 140578 10.53 1.28 15.39 140579 9.66 1.26 15.43 140579 9.70 1.26 15.34 140580 9.60 1.27 15.49 140580 9.76 1.28 15.47 140581 8.92 1.24 15.02 140581 8.96 1.24 15.00 140583 7.38 1.07 12.32 140583 7.40 1.08 11.94 140584 6.17 .81 8.37 140584 6.32 .83 8.26 140588 8.36 1.05 14.11 140588 8.40 1.10 14.26 140589 8.10 1.09 13.82 140589 8.15 1.09 13.75 140590 7.95 1.08 13.65 140590 7.98 1.08 13.44 140591 7.59 1.04 12.95 140591 7.62 1.03 12.79 140594 7.48 1.04 12.70 140594 7.59 1.02 12.62 140595 7.02 .95 11.32 140595 7.11 .95 11.34 140599 6.49 .78 8.88 140599 6.51 .79 8.85 140601 6.46 .77 8.82 140601 6.47 .77 8.84 140602 6.44 .76 8.59 140602 6.46 .74 8.50 140604 6.42 .76 8.71 140604 6.64 .77 8.74 140605 11.25 1.13 13.99 140605 11.30 1.15 14.16 140606 11.16 1.15 14.10 140606 11.21 1.14 14.14 140607 11.76 1.17 14.56 140607 11.77 1.15 14.73 140608 12.07 1.28 14.84 140608 12.12 1.18 14.85 140609 11.70 1.21 14.94 140609 11.72 1.19 15.04 140610 11.19 1.23 15.19 140610 11.23 1.21 15.37 140611 10.65 1.22 15.46 140611 10.82 1.22 15.82 140612 10.69 1.22 15.69 140612 10.69 1.22 15.66 140613 9.70 1.20 15.71 140613 9.78 1.19 15.99 140614 9.64 1.21 15.82 140614 9.69 1.21 15.97 140615 9.48 1.21 15.75 140615 9.52 1.21 15.96 140616 9.71 1.20 16.01 140616 9.72 1.20 16.10 140617 9.68 1.22 15.91 140617 9.74 1.23 16.07 140618 9.60 1.22 15.79 140618 9.65 1.22 15.84 140619 9.32 1.22 15.65 140619 9.32 1.21 15.62 140620 8.97 1.20 15.20 140620 10.23 1.19 15.06 140621 8.79 1.18 14.73 140621 8.83 1.17 14.78 140622 7.54 1.07 13.00 140622 7.54 1.09 12.93 140623 6.02 .71 7.40 140623 6.08 .70 7.47 140624 11.21 1.18 13.58 140624 11.36 1.17 13.82 140625 11.31 1.17 13.68 140625 11.36 1.16 13.93 140626 11.44 1.20 13.86 140626 11.51 1.19 13.90 140627 11.69 1.14 16.18 140627 11.71 1.13 16.31 140628 12.01 1.15 16.49 140628 12.06 1.14 16.58 140629 11.60 1.16 16.51 140629 11.63 1.14 16.58 140630 10.92 1.17 16.86 140630 11.01 1.17 16.71 140631 10.18 1.18 17.10 140631 10.30 1.17 17.24 140632 9.54 1.17 17.09 140632 9.72 1.17 17.24 140633 10.05 1.17 17.34 140633 10.06 1.19 17.36 140634 9.93 1.19 17.40 140634 9.97 1.18 17.24 140635 9.80 1.17 17.50 140635 9.95 1.15 17.50 140636 9.73 1.16 17.44 140636 9.79 1.15 17.34 140637 9.39 1.14 17.18 140637 9.55 1.15 17.17 140638 8.82 1.14 16.62 140638 8.82 1.13 16.65 140639 8.28 1.10 15.86 140639 8.77 1.11 15.77 140640 7.28 1.02 14.12 140640 7.29 1.05 14.07 140641 7.53 .77 6.79 140641 7.56 .75 6.91 140646 7.88 1.16 13.45 140646 7.93 1.15 13.54 140647 7.67 1.10 12.99 140647 7.72 1.11 12.94 140649 7.06 1.02 11.72 140649 7.12 1.01 11.80 140651 6.93 1.04 11.43 140651 6.98 1.01 11.49 140652 6.95 1.03 11.47 140652 7.00 1.03 11.62 140654 6.93 1.03 11.38 140654 7.40 1.02 11.45 140656 5.92 .78 7.68 140656 5.95 .78 7.78 140657 5.87 .71 6.42 140657 5.90 .72 6.48 140659 5.89 .72 6.32 140659 5.95 .73 6.37 140661 5.96 .72 6.32 140661 5.97 .72 6.45 140662 11.90 1.18 16.03 140662 11.98 1.17 16.14 140663 11.65 1.17 16.40 140663 11.81 1.15 16.54 140664 11.43 1.18 16.94 140664 11.45 1.17 16.87 140665 11.07 1.18 16.92 140665 11.14 1.18 17.00 140666 10.32 1.18 17.05 140666 10.47 1.22 16.99 140667 10.07 1.21 17.10 140667 10.09 1.21 16.85 140668 9.84 1.21 17.21 140668 9.95 1.20 17.35 140670 9.96 1.20 17.37 140670 10.00 1.20 17.45 140671 9.48 1.20 17.05 140671 9.51 1.21 17.06 140672 8.92 1.16 16.64 140672 9.02 1.17 16.67 140673 8.75 1.15 16.42 140673 8.77 1.15 16.56 140674 8.48 1.12 15.98 140674 8.53 1.13 15.96 140675 8.06 1.08 14.69 140675 8.07 1.09 14.60 140676 5.21 .59 6.97 140676 5.26 .61 7.02 140677 10.13 1.19 16.85 140677 10.18 1.19 17.01 140678 10.27 1.19 17.06 140678 10.29 1.18 17.00 140679 10.06 1.20 16.88 140679 10.12 1.21 17.07 140680 9.78 1.19 16.79 140680 9.87 1.18 17.09 140681 9.18 1.16 16.72 140681 9.31 1.16 16.66 140682 8.53 1.13 15.85 140682 8.62 1.11 15.82 140683 9.12 1.11 15.01 140683 9.14 1.10 15.21 140684 8.57 1.03 12.80 140684 8.63 1.00 12.91 140685 7.85 .98 11.04 140685 7.91 .94 11.14 140686 8.82 .94 9.20 140686 8.83 .96 9.14 140687 10.07 .94 5.79 140687 10.14 .93 5.70 140688 9.14 1.19 15.05 140688 9.24 1.19 15.21 140689 9.12 1.20 15.39 140689 9.12 1.19 15.34 140690 9.09 1.20 15.29 140690 9.22 1.18 15.19 140691 9.62 1.18 14.58 140691 9.80 1.18 14.64 140692 10.37 1.17 13.29 140692 10.40 1.17 13.60 140693 9.42 1.12 11.66 140693 9.49 1.12 11.58 140694 10.21 1.11 9.65 140694 10.35 1.13 9.71 140695 4.77 .74 2.10 140695 4.80 .79 1.99 140702 10.17 1.00 10.85 140702 10.34 1.01 11.00 140704 11.37 1.06 9.90 140704 11.52 1.08 9.89 140705 12.05 1.13 9.62 140705 12.07 1.13 9.58 140706 12.12 1.11 9.15 140706 12.20 1.13 9.26 140707 12.17 1.11 9.11 140707 12.18 1.11 9.00 140709 10.40 1.02 7.11 140709 10.43 1.09 7.07 140710 8.89 .95 5.47 140710 8.91 .95 5.48 140712 7.65 .94 4.72 140712 7.72 .96 5.02 140713 2.82 .64 1.01 140713 2.87 .67 .84 140714 .89 .50 .26 140714 .91 .51 .26 140750 9.36 1.11 14.24 140750 9.46 1.11 14.28 140751 9.87 1.14 14.01 140751 9.96 1.13 13.89 140752 9.18 1.11 13.20 140752 9.23 1.09 13.07 140753 9.14 1.10 12.89 140753 9.18 1.22 12.93 140754 8.32 1.06 11.67 140754 8.41 1.06 11.98 140755 7.77 .99 10.36 140755 7.79 .97 10.52 140758 7.15 .89 8.79 140758 7.16 .90 8.77 140759 6.30 .84 7.64 140759 6.31 .86 7.42 140761 1.24 .44 0.00 140761 1.25 .41 0.00 140763 1.21 .39 0.00 140763 1.22 .37 0.00 140765 1.20 .37 0.00 140765 1.21 .39 0.00 140766 10.85 1.25 16.03 140766 10.86 1.20 16.21 140767 10.39 1.21 15.71 140767 10.44 1.18 15.86 140768 9.70 1.13 14.83 140768 9.77 1.14 14.99 140769 9.43 1.12 14.07 140769 9.51 1.13 14.02 140770 8.83 1.07 12.89 140770 8.90 1.07 12.73 140771 8.93 1.06 11.68 140771 9.14 1.08 11.75 140772 .72 .32 0.00 140772 .76 .38 0.00 140773 9.97 1.20 17.04 140773 10.14 1.23 16.93 140774 9.77 1.27 16.67 140774 9.84 1.19 16.70 140775 9.71 1.21 16.63 140775 9.75 1.20 16.47 140776 9.74 1.21 16.49 140776 9.78 1.21 16.60 140777 9.75 1.23 16.42 140777 9.86 1.22 16.60 140778 8.99 1.19 15.93 140778 9.03 1.18 15.95 140779 8.44 1.09 14.99 140779 8.45 1.11 15.07 140780 8.39 1.06 13.94 140780 8.46 1.05 13.76 140781 .82 .35 .24 140781 1.88 .55 .92 140782 11.66 1.22 16.63 140782 11.82 1.19 16.63 140783 11.65 1.19 16.77 140783 11.66 1.19 16.86 140784 11.45 1.17 16.52 140784 11.51 1.19 16.63 140785 11.41 1.19 16.80 140785 11.43 1.21 17.01 140786 10.87 1.20 16.58 140786 10.92 1.23 16.52 140787 10.13 1.18 16.59 140787 10.13 1.20 16.59 140788 10.03 1.19 16.78 140788 10.10 1.20 16.99 140789 9.95 1.20 16.70 140789 10.03 1.20 16.67 140790 9.64 1.21 17.06 140790 9.68 1.24 16.85 140791 9.58 1.20 17.04 140791 9.60 1.19 16.85 140792 9.46 1.18 16.84 140792 9.47 1.18 17.16 140793 9.15 1.18 16.68 140793 9.19 1.18 16.88 140794 8.76 1.15 16.20 140794 8.79 1.17 15.98 140795 7.09 1.01 13.45 140795 7.21 1.01 13.43 140796 1.01 .49 1.40 140796 1.08 .39 1.70 140797 11.36 1.10 15.39 140797 11.55 1.09 15.63 140798 11.37 1.13 15.38 140798 11.54 1.09 15.43 140799 11.49 1.11 15.44 140799 11.58 1.09 15.39 140800 12.03 1.11 15.75 140800 12.08 1.12 15.72 140801 12.23 1.14 16.11 140801 12.36 1.14 16.04 140802 12.53 1.16 16.30 140802 12.66 1.16 16.18 140803 12.65 1.32 16.57 140803 12.77 1.16 16.40 140804 12.23 1.18 16.69 140804 12.33 1.18 16.68 140805 11.50 1.16 16.89 140805 11.74 1.20 16.90 140806 10.88 1.24 17.11 140806 10.92 1.17 16.80 140807 10.10 1.20 16.82 140807 10.10 1.20 16.81 140808 10.02 1.18 16.95 140808 10.06 1.18 16.90 140809 9.95 1.19 16.85 140809 9.96 1.19 16.95 140810 9.83 1.18 16.91 140810 9.93 1.20 17.05 140811 9.74 1.19 16.98 140811 9.78 1.19 16.97 140812 9.57 1.17 16.71 140812 9.63 1.17 16.80 140813 9.25 1.14 16.26 140813 9.26 1.16 16.13 140814 8.10 1.09 14.02 140814 8.28 1.07 14.05 140815 1.32 .52 3.62 140815 1.35 .52 3.81 140816 1.06 .44 2.83 140816 1.08 .42 2.88 140817 8.92 1.13 15.85 140817 8.96 1.15 15.49 140818 8.63 1.12 15.11 140818 8.66 1.10 14.89 140819 8.39 1.08 14.00 140819 8.44 1.07 13.80 140820 7.93 1.03 12.96 140820 7.93 1.02 12.75 140822 5.47 .88 10.69 140822 5.47 .85 10.56 140823 3.02 .70 8.68 140823 3.04 .74 8.64 140825 3.06 .68 8.71 140825 3.12 .70 8.73 140827 3.33 .71 8.71 140827 3.34 .71 8.77 140828 3.09 .68 8.75 140828 3.10 .68 8.70 140832 3.45 .70 8.79 140832 3.52 .68 8.76 140834 3.77 .69 8.88 140834 3.83 .72 8.98 140836 3.65 .70 8.94 140836 3.71 .70 9.02 140837 12.60 1.12 15.91 140837 12.66 1.10 15.71 140838 12.69 1.17 15.46 140838 12.88 1.13 15.48 140839 13.88 1.16 16.01 140839 13.92 1.15 16.09 140840 15.14 1.17 16.09 140840 15.27 1.18 16.22 140841 15.60 1.22 16.70 140841 15.62 1.17 16.38 140842 14.64 1.19 16.48 140842 14.65 1.19 16.44 140843 14.44 1.21 16.74 140843 14.50 1.21 16.74 140844 13.17 1.21 16.81 140844 13.37 1.22 16.96 140845 12.27 1.25 16.99 140845 12.36 1.23 17.10 140846 10.93 1.26 16.90 140846 10.94 1.23 16.95 140847 10.51 1.22 17.06 140847 10.53 1.23 17.12 140848 10.48 1.24 17.21 140848 10.51 1.24 17.14 140849 10.23 1.24 17.35 140849 10.36 1.24 17.36 140850 10.37 1.24 17.25 140850 10.39 1.24 17.35 140851 10.29 1.26 17.69 140851 10.47 1.23 17.21 140852 9.87 1.25 16.97 140852 9.99 1.24 17.08 140853 8.89 1.18 15.23 140853 8.93 1.17 15.30 140854 8.60 1.12 14.71 140854 8.68 1.07 14.81 140855 4.99 .76 9.11 140855 5.02 .75 9.18 140856 4.94 .75 9.02 140856 4.97 .74 9.05 140857 11.70 1.11 15.32 140857 11.71 1.10 15.42 140858 11.83 1.11 15.46 140858 12.03 1.14 15.44 140859 11.84 1.11 15.44 140859 12.00 1.12 15.16 140860 12.68 1.16 15.66 140860 12.70 1.15 15.68 140861 14.55 1.19 16.20 140861 14.58 1.20 16.23 140862 13.92 1.21 16.54 140862 13.92 1.23 16.33 140863 11.95 1.19 16.09 140863 11.98 1.18 16.33 140864 11.29 1.21 16.58 140864 11.35 1.19 16.38 140865 10.50 1.21 16.61 140865 10.56 1.19 16.72 140866 10.14 1.20 16.46 140866 10.21 1.21 16.69 140867 9.89 1.21 16.43 140867 10.00 1.20 16.47 140868 9.57 1.20 16.06 140868 9.72 1.20 16.35 140869 10.24 1.25 16.76 140869 10.34 1.23 16.98 140870 10.11 1.27 16.80 140870 10.25 1.23 17.04 140871 9.85 1.21 16.63 140871 9.94 1.20 16.74 140872 10.26 1.26 17.13 140872 10.37 1.25 17.15 140873 9.31 1.19 15.85 140873 9.41 1.21 15.94 140874 7.72 1.05 13.73 140874 7.81 1.07 13.83 140875 2.88 .71 7.97 140875 3.00 .72 7.98 140876 1.88 .51 5.44 140876 1.92 .51 5.40 5. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Seawater Bob Gershey a. Description of Equipment and Technique The total dissolved inorganic carbon content of seawater is defined as the total concentration of carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion and unionized species of carbon dioxide. Before analysis, the sample is treated with acid to convert all ionized species to the unionized form, which is then separated from the liquid phase and subsequently measured coulometric titration technique. This involves the reaction of carbon dioxide gas with a dimethysulfoxide solution of ethanoline to produce hydroxyethylcarbamic acid. The acidic solution is titrated with hydroxide ion formed by the electrolytic decomposition of water. The progress of the titration is followed through colorimetric measurement of the absorbance of a Ph indicator dye (thymolphthalein) in the ethanolamine solution. A known volume of seawater is dispensed into a stripping chamber from a pipet of known volume and temperature controlled to within 0.4 °C. It is then acidified with ten percent its volume of an 8% solution of carbon dioxide-free phosphoric acid. The solution in stripped of carbon dioxide gas by bubbling with a stream of nitrogen gas directed through a glass frit. The carrier gas exiting the stripper passes through a magnesium perchlorate trap to remove water vapour and acidic water droplets. The gas stream is then directed into the coulometric titrator where the total amount of carbon dioxide gas is quantified. The coulometer is calibrated in two ways. Calibration using gas loops is accomplished by filling stainless steel sample loops (1.5, 2.5 ml) with 99.995% carbon dioxide gas and injecting these into the coulometer. The temperature and pressure of the gas within the loops must be known to within 0.05 °C and 20 Pa respectively. Standard solutions of sodium carbonate are also used to calibrate the system. These samples are treated in the same manner as a seawater sample. Values are reported in units of umol/kg-1. The overall precision of the analysis should be at least 1.5 umol/kg-1 for samples with concentrations in the range of 1800-2300 umol/kg-1. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique Water samples are initially collected using a Niskin bottle or similar sampler. Samples for analysis of total inorganic carbon must be taken as soon as possible after recovery of the samples to minimize exchange of carbon dioxide gas with the head space in the sampler which will typically result in a loss of carbon dioxide. It is desirable that the samples be drawn before half the sampler is emptied and within ten minutes of recovery. Clean borosilicate glass bottles are rinsed twice with 30 - 50 ml of the sample. The bottle is then filled from the bottom using a length of vinyl tubing attached to the spigot of the sampler. The sample is overflowed by at least a half of the volume of the bottle (typically 250 ml). A head space of 1% is left to allow for expansion without leakage. If samples are not to be analysed within four to five hours, the sample are poisoned with 100 ul/250 ml of 50% saturated mercuric chloride solution. The bottle is tightly sealed and stored preferably at the temperature of collection. c. Replicate Analyses The following carbonate detection limit was applied. All values at or below the detection limit were set to zero. Carbonate 0.6 micro moles/Kg One duplicate sample is typically drawn for each deep CTD cast. Table C.3 lists the duplicate measurements. Table C.3 Carbonate Duplicate Measurements Sample ID Number Total Carbonate ---------------- --------------- 140208 2113.5 140208 2114.4 140214 2154.1 140214 2155.1 140217 2136.5 140217 2136.8 140245 2158.0 140245 2158.2 140249 2157.6 140249 2157.9 140265 2155.4 140265 2164.5 140505 2149.2 140505 2149.5 140548 2152.2 140548 2152.6 140566 2152.8 140566 2153.7 140609 2134.7 140609 2135.6 140627 2150.9 140627 2153.0 140666 2151.8 140666 2152.3 140681 2150.3 140681 2150.5 140768 2135.1 140768 2135.6 140774 2150.8 140774 2151.4 140785 2153.5 140785 2154.2 140839 2157.4 140839 2157.5 140841 2099.4 140841 2157.0 d. Blank Value The blank value of 4.2 micro moles/Kg was subtracted from all data. e. Error Estimates The data presented here has an accuracy of 1.0 micro moles/Kg and a precision of 1.1 micro moles/Kg. 6. Alkalinity Frank Zemlyak a. Description of Equipment and Technique Total alkalinity is determined using the Marine Chemistry automated titration system. Total alkalinity is determined using a potentiometric titration of the sea water sample using hydrochloric acid. Once the sample is connected to the system, the operation proceeds automatically, from the glass reaction vessel being rinsed and filled with the sea water sample, to the final calculations at the conclusion of the titration. When the reaction vessel is filled, the semi-micro combination Ross electrode senses when the sample has come to equilibrium, the initial relative mvolt reading is then logged, at the same time, the cell temperature is also recorded. At this point, a rather large quantity of 0.2N hydrochloric acid, is added to the cell via a Metrohm E-655 Dosimat. The increase in volume is accommodated by the withdrawal, by a stepper motor via an Acme lead screw, of an internal glass piston. This large quantity of acid added titrates the sample beyond the carbonate endpoint, at this point, smaller aliquots (0.040mL) of acid are added until the sample has been titrated to and beyond the second inflection point. With each addition of acid the sample is allowed to come to equilibrium, the mvolt reading is logged. Thus, with these relative changes in the voltage in the cell, the endpoint is calculated by using a modified Gran function. Corrections to the final total alkalinity result are made by using the sample salinity, sample temperature and the nutrients, silicate and phosphate. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique The 500 mlitre samples used for alkalinity analysis are collected from 8 L Niskin bottles in much the same fashion as oxygen samples. The samples were stored in a cold water bath whilst awaiting analysis. 7. CFC's Mike Hingston a. Description of Equipment and Technique The analyses are carried out on two purge and trap systems developed at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. The water samples are injected into the systems directly from the syringes. To ensure proper rinsing, at least two volumes of water is passed through the sample pipette before the actual sample volume. The samples are purged for 4 minutes with ultra high purity nitrogen at a flow rate of 60 ml/min. The components are trapped in Porapak-N trap which is cooled to a temperature of less than 10°C. They are then desorbed by heating the trap up to at least 170°C. The contents of the trap are then passed through a 75m DB-624 megabore column. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique All samples are collected directly from the Niskin bottles using 100 Ml syringes. The syringes are rinsed three times before they are filled. To prevent contamination, the CFC samples are the first samples which are collected from the Niskin bottles. The samples are then stored in a water bath of continuously flowing surface sea water until analysis. Air samples from the winch room are taken periodically to ensure that it has not become contaminated. The analysis of the samples is always completed within 24 hours after they have been drawn. c. Replicate analysis The following CFC detection limits were applied. All values at or below the detection limit were set to zero. CFC-11 0.022 pico moles/Kg CFC-12 0.017 pico moles/Kg CFC-113 0.010 pico moles/Kg Carbon Tetrachloride 0.040 pico moles/Kg Methyl Chloroform 0.017 pico moles/Kg Duplicates are taken at each station, with some of these being run on each system to ensure that the results are comparable. Table C.4 lists the duplicate measurements. Table C.4 CFC Duplicate Measurements Sample ID Number CFC 12 CFC 11 CFC 113 Methyl Chl. Carbon Tet. ---------------- ------ ------ ------- ----------- ----------- 140205 2.724 5.191 .941 16.804 9.954 140205 3.223 5.880 1.151 20.909 12.227 140206 2.097 3.970 .678 10.091 7.428 140206 2.606 4.721 .811 16.654 9.752 140215 2.385 3.911 .659 10.634 6.934 140215 2.449 4.358 .809 15.775 8.961 140251 1.778 2.899 .300 9.113 5.786 140251 1.843 3.283 .473 13.909 7.129 140255 2.086 3.684 .504 14.468 7.737 140255 2.318 3.798 .548 14.609 7.849 140266 1.139 2.208 .183 15.115 4.689 140266 1.285 2.336 .168 10.939 4.588 140272 1.522 3.060 .384 9.132 5.843 140272 2.103 3.581 .428 13.636 7.513 140283 .904 1.982 .228 .608 3.703 140283 1.390 2.259 .320 8.934 5.000 140290 1.672 3.030 .281 9.014 5.376 140290 1.975 3.549 .489 35.129 7.555 140311 1.564 3.245 .391 6.027 5.747 140311 2.038 3.667 .435 17.596 7.837 140327 1.815 3.240 .295 11.921 6.945 140327 1.895 2.944 .228 4.029 5.419 140365 .966 1.414 .107 3.328 2.913 140365 1.299 1.537 .051 6.023 3.963 140370 3.290 3.811 .486 14.412 7.956 140370 5.029 3.413 .238 10.182 6.713 140383 .670 1.603 .122 2.867 2.656 140383 .997 1.803 .110 7.316 4.379 140391 2.263 3.740 .378 14.467 7.865 140391 3.045 3.584 .231 15.428 7.406 140419 2.503 4.510 .495 13.692 8.567 140419 2.814 4.539 .502 12.340 8.156 140424 .953 1.912 .128 7.406 4.463 140424 .974 1.888 .118 7.250 4.435 140434 1.869 3.433 .371 9.329 5.128 140434 1.929 3.794 .498 14.510 7.938 140466 1.369 2.316 .225 6.486 4.377 140466 1.481 2.249 .182 5.496 4.081 140476 1.975 3.596 .597 9.352 4.470 140476 2.109 4.280 .580 16.286 8.842 140481 1.397 2.579 .266 10.704 5.594 140481 2.978 4.849 1.078 14.888 8.096 140488 1.795 3.279 .486 9.606 5.651 140488 1.949 3.640 .458 14.476 7.669 140498 2.670 4.927 .745 18.753 10.531 140498 2.802 4.907 .665 17.772 10.457 140550 .858 1.745 .087 6.745 4.221 140550 1.041 1.706 .069 4.357 3.611 140560 1.788 3.564 .289 14.110 7.576 140560 2.802 3.642 .383 15.158 7.849 140567 1.110 2.215 .199 9.308 5.153 140567 1.267 2.235 .182 1.527 3.902 140612 1.382 2.928 .786 13.092 6.557 140612 1.693 2.996 .255 12.010 6.482 140622 2.275 4.737 .528 9.246 9.024 140622 2.450 4.845 .617 18.508 10.116 140628 .714 1.556 .079 1.481 2.965 140628 .977 1.855 .098 7.210 4.439 140638 1.745 3.542 .407 6.988 6.238 140638 2.356 3.736 .363 8.522 6.488 140664 1.111 2.004 .116 6.869 4.592 140664 1.117 2.037 .121 7.343 4.755 140674 2.237 3.697 .553 4.387 6.061 140674 2.334 4.271 .514 16.245 8.490 140681 1.674 3.422 .539 3.456 4.914 140681 2.184 3.905 .428 14.592 7.562 140695 2.909 5.163 .999 4.035 7.267 140695 3.007 5.883 .935 22.883 12.072 140767 2.170 3.995 .642 15.347 7.877 140767 2.595 3.451 .585 11.244 6.256 140770 2.295 4.040 .733 13.128 6.342 140770 3.159 4.288 .782 12.608 7.891 140777 2.052 3.144 .517 28.808 5.831 140777 2.282 3.099 .469 13.181 5.798 140778 2.101 3.798 .631 14.307 7.417 140778 2.332 3.209 .568 10.906 4.881 140787 1.461 2.559 .368 8.701 3.926 140787 1.648 3.025 .398 11.837 6.434 140809 1.179 2.532 .298 19.237 5.475 140809 1.648 3.240 .429 13.166 6.838 140839 .890 1.579 .178 3.153 2.862 140839 1.050 1.778 .192 6.820 4.230 140860 .943 1.734 .188 1.614 2.348 140860 1.099 1.885 .242 7.742 4.302 140870 1.417 2.711 .342 10.537 5.791 140870 1.648 2.728 .346 10.281 5.690 d. Standards Used Standardization is carried out using gas standards made up at Brookhaven National Laboratories. Standard volumes are corrected for lab temperature and pressure. Results are reported in units of pmol/kg of sea water. Clean air samples are also analyzed with each station, as a check on the standardization. e. Blanks The following CFC blank values were subtracted from all data. CFC-11 0.007 pico moles/Kg CFC-12 0.006 pico moles/Kg CFC-113 0.003 pico moles/Kg Carbon Tetrachloride 0.013 pico moles/Kg Methyl Chloroform 0.005 pico moles/Kg f. Error Estimates The data presented here has precisions as indicated below. Precisions are expressed as a percent of the data value, in pico moles/Kg. CFC-11 4.3% CFC-12 3.9% CFC-113 2.9% Carbon Tetrachloride 3.1% Methyl Chloroform 1.2% 8. Reversing Thermometers Anthony W. Isenor a. Description of Equipment and Technique Sensoren-Instrumente-Systeme digitial reversing thermometers model RTM 4002 were used to verify CTD thermistor readings on most deep stations. The thermometers have a depth range of up to 10000 m. The pressure housing is made of a glass tube closed at the ends by metal stoppers. One end contains the platinum sensor and the other end is the battery compartment. The thermometers were placed on bottles 1 and 3 on the rosette, thus sampling temperature at the deepest and third deepest bottle trips. The thermometers are placed in standard reversing thermometer racks on the Niskin bottles. Before deployment, a magnet is passed over the thermometers to clear the display and place the thermometer in sample mode. A new temperature will then be recorded upon reversal of the thermometer. On three stations, unprotected mercury in glass thermometers were attached to the bottle tripped at the bottom. Only one station resulted in good measurements for pressure calculations. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique The thermometers indicate the temperature reading via a digitial display. The temperature is read and noted on log sheets. The readings are later digitized and calibrations applied using the water sample database system. c. Calibration Data The digitial reversing thermometers were calibrated at BIO in March 1994. These calibrations were considerable different than the most recent previous calibration, performed in 1991. During the cruise, thermometer readings were calibrated using both the 1991 and 1994 calibrations. The resulting temperatures were carefully monitored. A clear improvement in the inter-thermometer comparison was noted when using the 1994 calibrations. All results and CTD calibrations were therefore based on the March 1994 calibrations. The unprotected mercury in glass thermometers were last calibrated in 1989. d. Replicate Analyses Table C.5 lists the duplicate temperatures measurements from the thermometers. Table C.6 lists pressure measurements based on mercury thermometers. Table C.5 Reversing Thermometer Temperature Duplicate Measurements Sample ID Number Reversing Therm. Temp. ---------------- ---------------------- 140101 .248 140101 .251 140101 .254 140103 .193 140103 .205 140103 .206 140161 3.102 140161 3.104 140163 3.097 140163 3.110 140201 -.214 140201 -.209 140203 -.219 140203 -.216 140206 3.047 140206 3.050 140208 1.908 140208 1.910 140212 3.309 140212 3.311 140214 3.994 140214 4.002 140224 3.113 140224 3.114 140226 2.756 140226 2.757 140244 2.330 140244 2.333 140246 2.450 140246 2.456 140262 1.911 140262 1.914 140264 2.165 140264 2.187 140280 1.860 140280 1.864 140282 2.074 140282 2.074 140300 1.561 140300 1.565 140302 1.925 140302 1.926 140320 1.630 140320 1.634 140322 2.005 140322 2.007 140340 3.000 140340 3.002 140342 2.945 140342 2.948 140360 1.580 140360 1.583 140362 1.935 140362 1.937 140380 2.078 140380 2.083 140382 2.060 140382 2.076 140400 1.687 140400 1.690 140402 1.907 140402 1.909 140420 1.673 140420 1.677 140422 1.851 140422 1.852 140462 2.326 140462 2.328 140482 2.122 140482 2.122 140502 2.122 140502 2.122 140506 1.961 140506 1.964 140526 2.884 140526 2.885 140547 1.940 140547 1.942 140565 1.656 140565 1.659 140567 1.972 140567 1.974 140585 1.656 140585 1.659 140587 1.972 140587 1.974 140605 1.635 140605 1.638 140607 2.053 140607 2.056 140624 1.793 140624 1.797 140626 1.934 140626 1.936 140662 2.486 140662 2.490 140664 2.845 140664 2.845 140677 3.350 140677 3.354 140679 3.465 140679 3.466 Table C.6 Reversing Thermometer Pressure Duplicate Measurements Sample ID Number Reversing Therm. Press. ---------------- ----------------------- 140460 129.1 140460 130.1 140460 130.2 140480 140480 3447.4 140480 3479.0 140544 3476.2 140544 3477.8 9. Helium/Tritium Dee Breger Approximately 250 each of He and Tr samples were collected by Dee Breger for Peter Schlosser of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University. Stations sampled were: (station/cast) 5/1, 25/1, 26/1, 27/1, 28/1, 29/1, 30/1, 31/1, 33/2, 35/1, 37/2, 40/1, 42/1, 44/1, 46/2, 48/1, 52/1, 53/1, 61/1, 62/1, 63/1, 64/1, 65/2 and 66/1. a. Description of Equipment and Technique He samples were collected through tygon tubing into copper tubes (40 g capacity) bolted into metal channels for support and protection. Tr samples were collected into one-litre brown glass bottles, via tygon tube up to station 42 and directly from the Niskin spigot thereafter. b. Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique He samples were drawn after CFCs. Delivery was through tygon tubing which was monitored for air bubbles. Better detection of bubbles was effected by directing the light from a headlamp onto the line, and frequently wiping the tygon with laboratory tissue; all detected bubbles were worked out of the line, after which the metal channel holding the copper sample tube was struck several times on both sides with a ratchet in a pattern from the intake end towards the outflow end of the copper tube in order to pass any air bubbles out of the sample tube. Flushing of the copper tube took place during both parts of the bubble-removing procedure. When air removal and flushing were complete, both ends of the copper tube were sealed by tightening the two bolts at each end with a ratchet wrench. GMT time of sampling was routinely noted for each sample. These samples will be shipped to Lamont for analysis. Tritium samples were collected into argon-filled bottles without rinsing or flushing, after all other samples were collected from the rosette. At first a tygon tube was used for delivery but starting at station 42 the tygon tube was eliminated so that the sample was drawn directly into the bottle. The bottle caps were secured with electrical tape at the completion of each station. These samples will be shipped to Lamont for analysis. Replacement watches were handed out to all persons in the scientific party and the winch drivers who normally wore luminous-dial watches, and a sign was posted at each rosette room door to avoid wearing luminous-dial watches inside the room. Due to the doubling up of two scientific programs on this cruise, the replacement watches ran out before one of the winch drivers received one. He routinely removed his own watch before his stations except for the first few times. The possibility of tritium contamination of the rosette room and Niskin spigots arose with the presence on board of a bacterial productivity program that uses tritium in its procedures. Paul Dickie from BIO ran the program, sampling at the rosette during biology stations and processing them in a container on the helicopter deck, near the hangar where the He and Tr sample boxes were stored. Approximately 10 people routinely went back and forth between this container and the rosette room during the cruise and a new sign requesting that these people thoroughly wash their hands on exiting the container was mounted on its door to reinforce the signs already posted. At the beginning of the cruise, swabs were taken and analyzed of random spigots, Breger's and Dickie's hands, to establish a baseline. Swabs were taken of random Niskin spigots on nearly all stations sampled for He and Tr, either before or after the sampling, especially after a biology cast. Several blank swabs were interspersed during the cruise. One swab was taken on the wrist of the winch driver who habitually wore a luminous dial watch and forgot to take it off before driving the winch several times early in the program. Breger did not enter or touch the container housing the bacteriology lab during the cruise. Dickie agreed to drain his Tr only during steaming and not during any stations. At station 42 a surface sample was taken by bucket (from a deck on the opposite side of the ship from the bacteriology container) and left in the rosette room for a day. A Tr sample was taken from this bucket, as was one from the bucket filled with leftover Niskin water that had been stored in the rosette room and used to cure the sampling delivery tubes. Tube-curing water, taken from the surface by bucket, was thereafter stored outside the rosette room and fresh tubes were subsequently routinely used for drawing He after they had cured. 10. Methyl Halides R.M. Moore and Z. Hu Objectives: - To refine estimates of the magnitude of methyl halide fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere. - To provide information on the production mechanisms of these compounds. Results: Water samples, mainly from the upper 300 m of the water column, were collected at ca. 15 stations and analyzed on board for dissolved methyl halides. In addition to these vertical profiles, surface water samples and atmospheric samples were taken . The analytical equipment, being used in the field for the first time, performed satisfactorily and sample collection was accomplished very efficiently. A preliminary interpretation of the results indicates that surface waters in the area studied are not substantially supersaturated in methyl chloride or bromide. This would suggest that current estimates of global ocean-atmosphere fluxes of both compounds based on saturation levels and gas exchange coefficients are likely to be too high. There was no obvious indication of a relationship between chlorophyll levels and the concentrations of methyl chloride and bromide. However, atmospheric methyl chloride and bromide levels in the marine boundary layer were found to be unexpectedly variable, and in the case of methyl bromide, with some values very much higher than the accepted mean tropospheric concentration. In view of the relative invariance of surface water concentrations, these results suggest that both compounds might be produced in the boundary layer rather than being primarily of biogenic origin. This study needs to be followed up with further field measurements using the most highly selective and sensitive procedures offered by gas-chromatography with mass selective detection. D. REFERENCES Carritt, D.E. and J.H. Carpenter. 1966. Comparison and Evaluation of Currently Employed Modifications of the Winkler Method for Determining Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. A NASCO Report, Jour. Mar. Res., 24, 268-318. Jones, E.P., F. Zemlyak and P. Stewart. 1992. Operating Manual for the Bedford Institute of Oceanography Automated Dissolved Oxygen Titration System. Can. Tech. Rep. of Hydrography and Ocean Sci. 138: iv+51p. Levy, E.M., C.C. Cunningham, C.D.W. Conrad and J.D. Moffatt. 1977. The Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Sea Water, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Report Series, BI-R-77-9, August 1977. Lueck, Rolf G. Thermal Inertia of Conductivity Cells: Theory, J. of Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., Vol. 7, pp741-755. F. APPENDICES Appendix 1: Order of Sampling and Estimated Water Volumes Appendix 2: Computer Report, Hudson 94008 Appendix 3: WOCE Station Summary File Appendix 1: Order of Sampling and Estimated Water Volumes The order of samples drawn from the Niskin bottles for all Physical-Chemical casts is indicated below. The approximate volume of water required to draw each sample is also indicated. These values are averages of several measurements. A large spread in some of the measurements was noted. Note that we were using 8 litre Niskin bottles that contain 7.6 litre of usable water. Parameter Required Water (ml) 1. Freons 450 2. Helium 1000 3. Oxygen 750 4. Halocarbons 250 5. Carbonate 500 6. Alkalinity 800 7. Nutrients 150 8. Salinity 250 9. Tritum 1000 Appendix 2: Computer Report, Hudson 94008 Paul M. Dunphy We logged CTD data on a 33 MHz 80486 based micro computer equipped with 4 Mb of RAM and a 210 Mb fixed disk. The operating system was MS-DOS 6.20. We used version 4.201 of SeaBird's SEASOFT logging and processing software. This was a major upgrade from previous years. In addition, we were using a CTD deck unit retrofitted with a NMEA 183 interface. The upgraded software and the automated acquisition of the NMEA navigation resulted in some changes in the format of the data. We made some significant changes to our custom (BIO) software to adapt to this. We also enhanced the processing batch job to create 2 dbar data sets in keeping with WOCE requirements. In previous years, we observed our processing took somewhere between 26% and 30% of real time, depending on the file size. This year we reduced this to about 20% to 22% in spite of the addition of the 2 dbar WOCE data set generation. We attribute this to three things: increased efficiency of the SEASOFT software, upgrading to MS- DOS 6.20 and the enabling of disk caching using DOS's SMARTDRV. Data sets were backed up to the Hudson MicroVAX II using NCSA's FTP software as part of the processing job. This was done immediately after each cast to reduce the risk of data loss. Once daily these data sets were further backed up to Exabyte tape from the VAX's disk system. NMEA 183 navigation data was logged continuously during the voyage on the Hudson MicroVAX II. We used our standard LOGGER program to acquire this data and our PIPE processing software to display it in several labs. This data was also backed up daily to Exabyte tape. In addition, the MS-DOS based program AGCNAV was used to display, but not log, navigation data at various locations throughout the ship. All systems worked well during the entire cruise and there were no significant problems. We did uncover one bug in the SEASOFT program ROSSUM. It occasionally generated erroneous times for the rosette bottle trips. We have informed SeaBird of this. Appendix 3: WOCE Station Summary File R/V HUDSON CRUISE 94008/1 LAZIER DATASET SHIP/CRS WOCE CAST UTC POSITION UNC HT ABOVE WIRE MAX NO. OF EXPOCODE SECT STNNBR CASTNO TYPE DATE TIME CODE LATITUDE LONGITUDE NAV DEPTH BOTTOM OUT PRESS BOTTLES PARAMETERS COMMENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- 18HU94008/1 AR14 1 1 ROS 052594 1331 BE 45 15.08 N 59 06.33 W GPS 126 18HU94008/1 AR14 1 1 ROS 052594 1333 BO 45 15.10 N 59 06.41 W GPS 98 1 90 86 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR14 1 1 ROS 052594 1341 EN 45 15.45 N 59 06.87 W GPS 113 18HU94008/1 AR13 2 1 ROS 052694 1421 BE 46 48.18 N 52 29.66 W GPS 156 18HU94008/1 AR13 2 1 ROS 052694 1430 BO 46 48.28 N 52 29.71 W GPS 156 3 140 143 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR13 2 1 ROS 052694 1459 EN 46 48.61 N 52 29.89 W GPS 158 18HU94008/1 AR13 3 1 ROS 052794 1328 BE 50 51.63 N 51 27.71 W GPS 283 18HU94008/1 AR13 3 1 ROS 052794 1336 BO 50 51.74 N 51 27.88 W GPS 283 9 250 261 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR13 3 1 ROS 052794 1358 EN 50 52.10 N 51 28.25 W GPS 283 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 4 1 MOR 052894 2245 DE 56 45.20 N 52 27.30 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 5 1 ROS 052894 2344 BE 56 44.60 N 52 26.90 W GPS 3533 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 5 1 ROS 052994 0045 BO 56 44.96 N 52 26.42 W GPS 3533 9 3544 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 5 1 ROS 052994 0208 EN 56 45.40 N 52 26.10 W GPS 3533 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 6 1 ROS 052994 1300 BE 58 09.80 N 50 56.11 W GPS 3569 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 6 1 ROS 052994 1308 BO 58 09.90 N 50 56.05 W GPS 300 304 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 6 1 ROS 052994 1331 EN 58 10.16 N 50 55.73 W GPS 3573 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 7 1 XBT 052994 1631 DE 58 32.80 N 50 30.00 W GPS First in a series of XBT drops. Good data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 8 1 XBT 052994 1835 DE 58 51.00 N 50 10.40 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 9 1 XBT 052994 1951 DE 59 03.0 N 49 57.9 W GPS Questionable data due to vertical offset problem. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 10 1 XBT 052994 2117 DE 59 15.20 N 49 44.4 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 11 1 XBT 052994 2250 DE 59 28.4 N 49 30.1 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 11 2 XBT 052994 2305 DE 59 30.5 N 49 27.3 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 12 1 XBT 052994 2345 DE 59 36.3 N 49 19.2 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 13 1 XBT 053094 0039 DE 59 44.3 N 49 10.7 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 14 1 XBT 053094 0130 DE 59 51.4 N 49 02.7 W GPS Questionable data due to vertical offset problem. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 15 1 XBT 053094 0218 DE 59 58.6 N 48 55.6 W GPS Good data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 16 1 XBT 053094 0305 DE 60 05.79 N 48 48.21 W GPS Questionable data due to vertical offset problem. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 17 1 XBT 053094 0345 DE 60 12.2 N 48 40.2 W GPS Questionable data due to vertical offset problem. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 18 1 XBT 053094 0400 DE 60 14.59 N 48 36.94 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 19 1 XBT 053094 0420 DE 60 18.30 N 48 32.2 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 20 1 XBT 053094 0433 DE 60 20.83 N 48 28.9 W GPS Good data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 21 1 XBT 053094 0448 DE 60 23.5 N 48 25.4 W GPS No data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 22 1 XBT 053094 0502 DE 60 25.6 N 48 23.1 W GPS Questionable data due to vertical offset problem. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 23 1 XBT 053094 0524 DE 60 30.0 N 48 17.7 W GPS Good data. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 24 1 XBT 053094 0542 DE 60 33.5 N 48 13.8 W GPS Questionable data due to vertical offset problem. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 25 1 ROS 053094 0548 BE 60 33.91 N 48 13.44 W GPS 127 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 25 1 ROS 053094 0554 BO 60 34.06 N 48 13.45 W GPS 127 2 118 5 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #28 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 25 1 ROS 053094 0604 EN 60 34.06 N 48 13.43 W GPS 127 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 26 1 ROS 053094 0715 BE 60 25.10 N 48 24.15 W GPS 239 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 26 1 ROS 053094 0724 BO 60 25.14 N 48 24.43 W GPS 235 3 223 6 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #27 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 26 1 ROS 053094 0738 EN 60 25.18 N 48 24.93 W GPS 231 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 27 1 ROS 053094 0904 BE 60 21.43 N 48 29.24 W GPS 812 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 27 1 ROS 053094 0921 BO 60 21.62 N 48 29.76 W GPS 737 1 750 11 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #26 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 27 1 ROS 053094 0953 EN 60 21.68 N 48 30.40 W GPS 723 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 27 2 ROS 053094 1248 BE 60 23.72 N 48 36.13 W GPS 906 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 27 2 ROS 053094 1254 BO 60 23.83 N 48 36.36 W GPS 250 253 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 27 2 ROS 053094 1319 EN 60 24.13 N 48 37.19 W GPS 1131 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 28 1 ROS 053094 1433 BE 60 17.65 N 48 33.49 W GPS 2780 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 28 1 ROS 053094 1520 BO 60 17.86 N 48 35.52 W GPS 2780 20 2808 2757 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #25 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 28 1 ROS 053094 1629 EN 60 17.90 N 48 38.09 W GPS 2818 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 29 1 ROS 053094 1822 BE 60 10.48 N 48 40.33 W GPS 2870 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 29 1 ROS 053094 1913 BO 60 10.75 N 48 43.43 W GPS 2916 16 2880 2895 18 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #24 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 29 1 ROS 053094 2029 EN 60 10.70 N 48 46.70 W GPS 2884 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 30 1 ROS 053094 2210 BE 59 59.08 N 48 53.79 W GPS 3034 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 30 1 ROS 053094 2300 BO 59 59.38 N 48 53.76 W GPS 3034 15 3001 3029 20 1- 10,27,28,36 Location #23 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 30 1 ROS 053194 0015 EN 59 59.78 N 48 53.25 W GPS 3006 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 31 1 ROS 053194 0219 BE 59 45.04 N 49 09.48 W GPS 3240 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 31 1 ROS 053194 0313 BO 59 44.79 N 49 08.57 W GPS 3240 2 3226 3245 20 1- 10,24,27,28,36 Location #22 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 31 1 ROS 053194 0431 EN 59 44.51 N 49 07.69 W GPS 3240 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 32 1 ROS 053194 0656 BE 59 28.68 N 49 28.64 W GPS 3418 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 32 1 ROS 053194 0757 BO 59 28.33 N 49 28.74 W GPS 3418 1 3380 3419 20 1-8,27,28,36 Location #21 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 32 1 ROS 053194 0917 EN 59 27.92 N 49 22.66 W GPS 3418 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 33 1 ROS 053194 1333 BE 59 03.35 N 49 55.56 W GPS 3484 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 33 1 ROS 053194 1340 BO 59 03.33 N 49 55.41 W GPS 3484 300 304 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 33 1 ROS 053194 1405 EN 59 03.33 N 49 54.99 W GPS 3484 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 33 2 ROS 053194 1508 BE 59 03.61 N 49 56.71 W GPS 3484 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 33 2 ROS 053194 1611 BO 59 03.50 N 49 56.49 W GPS 3484 18 3429 3483 20 1- 10,24,27,28,36 Location #20 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 33 2 ROS 053194 1733 EN 59 03.56 N 49 55.94 W GPS 3484 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 34 1 ROS 053194 2035 BE 58 38.34 N 50 24.78 W GPS 3549 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 34 1 ROS 053194 2138 BO 58 38.48 N 50 23.49 W GPS 3549 18 3595 3547 20 1-8,27,28,36 Location #19 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 34 1 ROS 053194 2302 EN 58 38.38 N 50 22.23 W GPS 3549 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 35 1 ROS 060194 0211 BE 58 13.17 N 50 52.48 W GPS 3569 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 35 1 ROS 060194 0313 BO 58 13.30 N 50 51.25 W GPS 3571 2 3575 3585 20 1- 10,24,27,28,36 Location #18 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 35 1 ROS 060194 0434 EN 58 13.78 N 50 49.58 W GPS 3569 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 36 1 ROS 060194 0759 BE 57 47.67 N 51 19.96 W GPS 3662 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 36 1 ROS 060194 0902 BO 57 48.20 N 51 18.24 W GPS 3646 2 3640 3657 20 1-8,27,28,36 Location #17 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 36 1 ROS 060194 1027 EN 57 48.79 N 51 16.00 W GPS 3569 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 37 1 ROS 060194 1507 BE 57 23.54 N 51 45.39 W GPS 3549 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 37 1 ROS 060194 1514 BO 57 23.77 N 51 45.23 W GPS 300 295 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 37 1 ROS 060194 1544 EN GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 37 2 ROS 060194 1701 BE 57 22.43 N 51 47.31 W GPS 3549 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 37 2 ROS 060194 1804 BO 57 23.38 N 51 45.52 W GPS 3549 18 3541 3550 20 1- 10,24,27,28,36 Location #16 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 37 2 ROS 060194 1920 EN 57 23.20 N 51 43.31 W GPS 3549 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 38 1 ROS 060194 2315 BE 56 57.40 N 52 14.37 W GPS 3531 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 38 1 ROS 060294 0018 BO 56 58.09 N 52 13.49 W GPS 3531 13 3601 3527 20 1- 8,23,24,27,28,36 Location #15 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 38 1 ROS 060294 0145 EN 56 59.04 N 52 12.30 W GPS 3531 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 39 1 ROS 060294 0331 BE 56 45.93 N 52 26.41 W GPS 3531 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 39 1 ROS 060294 0432 BO 56 45.97 N 52 26.81 W GPS 3531 3 3492 3542 4 2 Revisit Mooring Location 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 39 1 ROS 060294 0530 EN 56 46.29 N 52 27.02 W GPS 3531 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 40 1 ROS 060294 0722 BE 56 32.19 N 52 40.80 W GPS 3512 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 40 1 ROS 060294 0821 BO 56 32.56 N 52 41.38 W GPS 3512 2 3463 3517 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location # 14 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 40 1 ROS 060294 0943 EN 56 32.76 N 52 42.06 W GPS 3503 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 41 1 ROS 060294 1244 BE 56 19.52 N 52 52.48 W GPS 3535 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 41 1 ROS 060294 1250 BO 56 19.52 N 52 52.34 W GPS 300 300 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 41 1 ROS 060294 1313 EN 56 19.43 N 52 51.70 W GPS 3535 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 41 2 ROS 060294 1817 BE 56 19.55 N 52 53.80 W GPS 3531 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 41 2 ROS 060294 1919 BO 56 19.28 N 52 52.43 W GPS 3531 15 3556 3534 1 No water samples. Read thermometers. 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 41 2 ROS 060294 2020 EN 56 19.13 N 52 51.70 W GPS 3531 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 42 1 ROS 060294 2203 BE 56 06.83 N 53 07.00 W GPS 3354 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 42 1 ROS 060294 2301 BO 56 06.65 N 53 06.78 W GPS 3354 16 3285 3336 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #13 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 42 1 ROS 060394 0015 EN 56 05.95 N 53 05.87 W GPS 3354 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 43 1 CTD 060394 0152 BE 55 58.67 N 53 15.02 W GPS 3241 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 43 1 CTD 060394 0250 BO 55 58.27 N 53 13.66 W GPS 3241 20 3402 3238 0 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 43 1 CTD 060394 0342 EN 55 58.45 N 53 12.87 W GPS 3213 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 44 1 ROS 060394 0506 BE 55 50.55 N 53 23.24 W GPS 3137 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 44 1 ROS 060394 0558 BO 55 50.63 N 53 22.40 W GPS 3146 3 3166 3149 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #12 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 44 1 ROS 060394 0711 EN 55 50.72 N 53 21.48 W GPS 3146 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 45 1 CTD 060394 0910 BE 55 42.81 N 53 29.48 W GPS 3043 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 45 1 CTD 060394 1002 BO 55 42.49 N 53 28.48 W GPS 3043 2 3024 3047 0 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 45 1 CTD 060394 1051 EN 55 42.38 N 53 27.79 W GPS 3043 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 46 1 ROS 060394 1254 BE 55 36.59 N 53 36.32 W GPS 2930 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 46 1 ROS 060394 1301 BO 55 36.57 N 53 36.22 W GPS 2930 303 303 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 46 1 ROS 060394 1333 EN 55 36.50 N 53 35.65 W GPS 2930 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 46 2 ROS 060394 1509 BE 55 36.72 N 53 37.66 W GPS 2931 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 46 2 ROS 060394 1600 BO 55 36.43 N 53 36.81 W GPS 2931 17 2937 2928 19 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #11 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 46 2 ROS 060394 1700 EN 55 35.90 N 53 36.26 W GPS 2931 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 47 1 CTD 060394 1811 BE 55 30.84 N 53 43.76 W GPS 2856 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 47 1 CTD 060394 1903 BO 55 30.30 N 53 43.79 W GPS 2846 13 2950 2847 0 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 47 1 CTD 060394 1953 EN 55 30.12 N 53 43.63 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 48 1 ROS 060494 1019 BE 55 25.20 N 53 49.21 W GPS 2709 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 48 1 ROS 060494 1108 BO 55 24.98 N 53 47.47 W GPS 2687 10 2781 2670 18 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #10 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 48 1 ROS 060494 1211 EN 55 24.98 N 53 45.48 W GPS 2733 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 48 2 ROS 060494 1505 BE 55 24.62 N 53 48.22 W GPS 2668 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 48 2 ROS 060494 1512 BO 55 24.65 N 53 47.98 W GPS 300 302 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 48 2 ROS 060494 1537 EN 55 24.66 N 53 47.80 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 49 1 CTD 060494 2006 BE 55 20.62 N 53 54.17 W GPS 2443 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 49 1 CTD 060494 2048 BO 55 20.56 N 53 53.24 W GPS 2462 14 2412 2438 0 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 49 1 CTD 060494 2130 EN 55 20.55 N 56 52.19 W GPS 2471 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 50 1 ROS 060494 2215 BE 55 15.87 N 53 58.86 W GPS 2069 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 50 1 ROS 060494 2253 BO 55 15.92 N 53 57.58 W GPS 2116 14 2099 2077 15 1- 8,23,24,27,28,36 Location #9 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 50 1 ROS 060494 2341 EN 55 16.07 N 53 55.77 W GPS 2162 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 51 1 CTD 060594 0050 BE 55 11.24 N 54 03.31 W GPS 1694 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 51 1 CTD 060594 0117 BO 55 11.18 N 54 02.24 W GPS 1524 12 1591 1545 0 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 51 1 CTD 060594 0144 EN 55 11.20 N 54 01.14 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 52 1 ROS 060594 0232 BE 55 06.53 N 54 08.19 W GPS 962 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 52 1 ROS 060594 0248 BO 55 06.54 N 54 07.96 W GPS 941 5 907 920 11 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #8 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 52 1 ROS 060594 0316 EN 55 06.41 N 54 07.37 W GPS 941 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 53 1 ROS 060594 0559 BE 54 58.43 N 54 12.50 W GPS 447 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 53 1 ROS 060594 0608 BO 54 58.32 N 54 12.14 W GPS 447 5 466 420 8 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 Location #7 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 53 1 ROS 060594 0624 EN 54 58.37 N 54 11.66 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 54 1 ROS 060594 1445 BE 54 52.97 N 53 51.75 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 54 1 ROS 060594 1451 BO 54 52.86 N 53 51.57 W GPS 300 297 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 54 1 ROS 060594 1515 EN 54 52.58 N 53 51.09 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 55 1 ROS 060594 1848 BE 54 32.51 N 53 06.16 W GPS 431 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 55 1 ROS 060594 1856 BO 54 32.50 N 53 06.24 W GPS 300 306 10 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 55 1 ROS 060594 1910 EN 54 32.59 N 53 06.23 W GPS 431 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 56 1 ROS 060594 2023 BE 54 39.18 N 52 54.06 W GPS 502 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 56 1 ROS 060594 2030 BO 54 39.15 N 52 54.09 W GPS 300 308 10 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 56 1 ROS 060594 2041 EN 54 39.18 N 52 54.08 W GPS 502 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 57 1 ROS 060694 0200 BE 55 07.86 N 53 59.67 W GPS 466 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 57 1 ROS 060694 0207 BO 55 07.92 N 53 59.47 W GPS 451 300 302 10 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 57 1 ROS 060694 0220 EN 55 07.89 N 53 58.89 W GPS 455 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 58 1 CTD 060694 0329 BE 55 15.12 N 53 47.66 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 58 1 CTD 060694 0338 BO 55 15.14 N 53 47.58 W GPS 508 0 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 58 1 CTD 060694 0348 EN 55 15.16 N 53 47.56 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 59 1 CTD 060694 0838 BE 54 46.83 N 52 41.86 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 59 1 CTD 060694 0849 BO 54 46.88 N 52 42.00 W GPS 506 0 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 59 1 CTD 060694 0857 EN 54 46.88 N 52 42.08 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 60 1 ROS 060694 1351 BE 54 53.14 N 52 56.58 W GPS 259 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 60 1 ROS 060694 1356 BO 54 53.15 N 52 56.60 W GPS 231 229 20 36 JGOFS Station 18HU94008/1 AR7/W 60 1 ROS 060694 1414 EN 54 53.29 N 52 56.67 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR13 61 1 ROS 060794 2142 BE 51 14.89 N 50 29.91 W GPS 328 18HU94008/1 AR13 61 1 ROS 060794 2149 BO 51 14.89 N 50 29.91 W GPS 328 12 296 302 7 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 18HU94008/1 AR13 61 1 ROS 060794 2201 EN 51 14.91 N 50 29.90 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR13 62 1 ROS 060894 0031 BE 51 15.07 N 49 55.07 W GPS 850 18HU94008/1 AR13 62 1 ROS 060894 0047 BO 51 15.28 N 49 55.15 W GPS 14 885 860 9 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 18HU94008/1 AR13 62 1 ROS 060894 0112 EN 51 15.52 N 49 55.27 W GPS 879 18HU94008/1 AR13 63 1 ROS 060894 0242 BE 51 22.33 N 49 36.89 W GPS 2079 18HU94008/1 AR13 63 1 ROS 060894 0319 BO 51 22.47 N 49 36.84 W GPS 2097 5 2074 2072 15 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 18HU94008/1 AR13 63 1 ROS 060894 0405 EN 51 22.42 N 49 36.62 W GPS 2097 18HU94008/1 AR13 64 1 ROS 060894 0614 BE 51 34.29 N 49 10.74 W GPS 2977 18HU94008/1 AR13 64 1 ROS 060894 0705 BO 51 34.03 N 49 10.71 W GPS 2964 2 2953 2951 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 18HU94008/1 AR13 64 1 ROS 060894 0813 EN 51 33.70 N 49 10.33 W GPS 2964 18HU94008/1 AR13 65 1 ROS 060894 1144 BE 51 49.37 N 48 38.20 W GPS 3512 18HU94008/1 AR13 65 1 ROS 060894 1150 BO 51 49.45 N 48 38.30 W GPS 3512 200 191 20 36 18HU94008/1 AR13 65 1 ROS 060894 1209 EN 51 49.57 N 48 39.12 W GPS 18HU94008/1 AR13 65 2 ROS 060994 0308 BE 51 48.94 N 48 36.86 W GPS 3526 18HU94008/1 AR13 65 2 ROS 060994 0412 BO 51 49.13 N 48 36.57 W GPS 3526 5 3542 3530 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 18HU94008/1 AR13 65 2 ROS 060994 0507 EN 51 49.31 N 48 35.98 W GPS 3526 18HU94008/1 AR13 66 1 ROS 060994 0823 BE 52 06.60 N 47 56.62 W GPS 3792 18HU94008/1 AR13 66 1 ROS 060994 0933 BO 52 07.33 N 47 55.83 W GPS 3792 3 3950 3841 20 1- 10,23,24,27,28,36 18HU94008/1 AR13 66 1 ROS 060994 1034 EN 52 07.86 N 47 55.59 W GPS