A. CRUISE NARRATIVE: P17N A.1. HIGHLIGHTS WHP Cruise Summary Information WOCE section designation P17N Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 325021_1 Chief Scientist/affiliation David Musgrave/UA* Dates 1993.MAY.15 - 1993.JUN.26 Ship RV THOMAS THOMPSON Ports of call San Francisco, California Sitka, Alaska Number of stations 202 57°19.91'N Geographic boundaries of the stations 159°06.06'W 123°49.54'W 34°34.89'N Floats and drifters deployed 8 surface drifters Moorings deployed or recovered none Contributing Authors M. Aoyama R.M. Key P.D. Quay University of Alaska € Fairbanks, AK € phone: 907-474-7837 € fax: 907-474-7204 E-mail: musgave@ims.alaska.edu A.2 CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION A.2.a STATIONS OCCUPIED Stations were numbered consecutively from the beginning of the cruise. 202 CTD/36 bottle rosette stations, 47 with LADCP: 1. 127 WOCE stations (1-99,121-148), 33 with LADCP (Figures 1, 2, 3 & 4) 2. 21 coastal stations into Alaska Peninsula (100-120), 0 with LADCP 3. 39 Sitka Sound stations (149-187), 0 with LADCP 4. 16 Sitka Eddy stations (188-203), 14 with LADCP 10 Large volume sampling (Gerard barrel) stations A.2.c FLOATS AND DRIFTERS DEPLOYED 8 surface drifters were deployed for Rick Thomson (IOS) A.2.d MOORINGS DEPLOYED OR RECOVERED A.3 LIST OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS (Table 1) Name Parameter Institution ------------------------------------------------------------- Rana Fine CFC RSMAS Teresa Chereskin ADCP, LADCP SIO Wilf Gardner Transmissometer TAMU Catherine Goyet Carbon Dioxide WHOI Charles Keeling Carbon Dioxide SIO Robert Key Large Volume Carbon-14 Princeton Radium-228 John Lupton Helium-3 NOAA/PMEL Dave Musgrave CTD-hydrography IMS-UAF Tom Royer CTD-hydrography IMS-UAF Paul Quay AMS Carbon-14 UW Jim Swift CTD-hydrography and SIO-ODF nutrients support Zafir Top Helium-3, Tritium RSMAS Rick Thomson Surface Drifters IOS/BC ------------------------------------------------------------ DISPOSITION OF DATA: Please contact the individual investigators listed above. We are following the US WHP data policy, by which all preliminary results are immediately available to all US WOCE investigators funded for Pacific basin projects, with proprietary rights for two years for usage and publication of the data given to the individual investigator responsible for each particular measurement. Any use of publication of these data without permission from the principal investigator responsible for that measurement is in violation of this agreement. Collaborative work is encouraged. A.4 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME AND METHODS The R/V Thompson departed San Francisco for cruise 21 (leg 01) on 15-May-1993 (Figure 1). This was the first WOCE hydrographic cruise on the R/V Thompson. P17N was supported by the National Science Foundation's Ocean Science Division. The Ocean Data Facility of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (ODF/SIO) provided the basic technical support for this cruise. Because of their sea-going experience with the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP) and their prior support of JGOFS activities on the R/V Thompson, we had very few problems with equipment. The worst problem seemed to be occasional malfunctioning of the General Oceanics pylon. We had extremely good weather (for the Northeast Pacific) and were delayed only two times: due to weather for about 24 hours at station 72 and for about 8 hours at a non-WOCE station (194). We had three weather days planned and gained additional days due to a cruising speed of slightly greater than 10 knots. The additional days were spent on hydrographic work on the Alaska Peninsula shelf, in Sitka Sound and offshore of Sitka. All WOCE stations were to the bottom and included a rosette/CTD cast. Basic station spacing in the open ocean was 30 nm, with higher resolution in regions of steep topography (off Pt. Arena, California, over the Mendicino ``Ridge'', over the Aleutian Trench, and at the shelf break into Sitka). The Alaska Peninsula and Sitka Sound stations were to the bottom (generally less than 200 m) and the Sitka Eddy stations were to the bottom or 1000m or 2000 m. Sampling was done with a 36-place General Oceanics pylon on a rosette frame with 10-liter bottles and a CTD (SIO/ODF CTD \#1), transmissometer, altimeter, and pinger. The CTD data stream consisted of elapsed time, pressure, two temperature channels, conductivity, oxygen, altimeter and transmissometer signals. All WOCE profiles were full water column depth. Water samples were collected for analyses of salt, oxygen, silica, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite on all stations and of CFC-11, CFC-12, helium-3, helium-4, tritum, AMS C14, total CO2 and total alkalinity on selected stations. A Lowered Acoutic Doppler Current Profiler was mounted to the rosette frame which was specially made so that no bottles needed to be removed. The LADCP was mounted only for stations near steep bathymetry. It's pressure case was rated to 5500 dbar so at station 87 at the crossing of the deepest part of the Aleutian Trench (6000 m), the LADCP was dismounted and then remounted for a second cast. The time to mount or dismount the LADCP was about one-half hour since the rosette needed to be partially dismantled. Large volume sampling was made with 270 liter Gerard barrels for analyses of C14 Ra(228), salinity, oxygen, and nutrients on 10 stations. We had very good weather for all the Large Volume Stations and had no problems with pretrips (wire speeds of 30 meters/minute for downcasts). The time for the LVS's was greater than that alloted for in the cruise plan. However, the time gained by cruise speeds greater than 10 knots more than made up for the lost time on the LVS's. A.5 MAJOR PROBLEMS AND GOALS NOT ACHIEVED No major problems were encountered on the cruise. The wind speed and direction of the IMET system failed early in the cruise. The shipboard underway system did not log data until station 10 due to a software error. The GO pylon had major problems in firing bottles, however all misfirings were detectable and the console operator was able to compensate for the misfires. A.6 OTHER INCIDENTS OF NOTE A.7 LIST OF CRUISE PARTICIPANTS (TABLE 2) Name Instutition Responsibility ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Dave Musgrave UAF Chief Scientist 2 Tom Royer UAF Co-Chief Scientist 3 Robert T. Williams STS/ODF Data/Marine Tech, WLdr,Oxygen 4 Carl Mattson STS/ODF Electronics Specialist 5 Dave Muus STS/ODF Data/Marine Tech, WLdr 6 Dave Nelson STS/ODF/URI Marine Tech 7 Stacey Morgan STS/ODF Oxygen/Nutrients 8 Dennis Guffy STS/ODF/TAMU Nutrients 9 Laura Goepfert STS/ODF Marine Tech/Salt 10 Marie-Claude Beaupre STS/ODF Nutrients/Oxygen 11 Craig Hallman STS/ODF Marine Tech/Salt 12 Teri Chereskin SIO ADCP,LADCP 13 Rich Rotter Princeton Large Volume extractions 14 Georges Paradis PMEL Helium sampling 15 Chris Heuer RSMAS Helium/tritium sampling 16 Emma Bradshaw RSMAS CFC 17 Kevin Maillet RSMAS CFC 18 Maren Tracy WHOI CO2 19 Bob Adams WHOI CO2 20 Aaron Smith WHOI CO2 21 Rolf Sonnerup UW AMS 14C 22 Steve Sweet UAF Watch Stander 23 Heather Hunt UAF Watch Stander Table 3: Insitutuions ------------------------------------------------------------- NOAA/PMEL NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115-0700 SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California of San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093 TAMU Texas A&M University Department of Oceanography College Station, TX 77843 WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Woods Hole, Ma 02543 Princeton Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08540 RSMAS Rosential School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami, FL UAF University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK UW University of Washington School of Oceanography Seattle, WA 98195 B. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS B.1 NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY Navigation data and underway bathymetry was acquired from the ship's Bathy 2000 system via RS-232. It was logged automatically at one-minute intervals by one of the Sun Sparcstations to provide a time-series of underway position, course, speed and bathymetry data. These data were used for all station positions, PDR depths, and for bathymetry on vertical sections. B.2 ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (ADCP) An ADCP was run while underway. B.3 THERMOSALINOGRAPH AND UNDERWAY DISSOLVED OXYGEN, ETC pCO was collected while underway. B.4 XBT AND XCTD B.5 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Thompson's IMET system collected (surface water temperature and conductivity, meterological parameters, GPS navigation, ship's speed and heading) and bathymetry from the shipboard PDR. The IMET's wind speed and direction sensor malfunctioned early in the cruise. B.6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Captain Gomes, the crew of the R/V Thompson and the scientific personnel for making this a pleasant and scientifically successful cruise. REFERENCES Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 44. Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. Unesco memorgraph By JPOTS editorial panel. C. HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS (Ocean Data Facility) 1995 DEC 19 1. DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS BASIC HYDROGRAPHY PROGRAM The basic hydrography program consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) measurements made from bottles taken on CTD/rosette casts plus pressure, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen from CTD profiles. 202 CTD/Rosette casts were made, usually to within 10 meters of the bottom. Of these 202 casts, there were a total of 128 WOCE casts. 10 Large Volume stations were occupied with two casts per station. On the WOCE stations, 4343 bottles were tripped resulting in 4319 usable bottles. No major problems were encountered during any phase of the operation. The resulting data set met and in many cases exceeded WHP specifications. The distribution of samples is illustrated in figures 1.0.0, 1.0.1 and 1.0.2. (See PDF file for all figures) Figure 1.0.0: Sample distribution, stations 001-028 Figure 1.0.1: Sample distribution stations 028-099 Figure 1.0.2: Sample distribution, stations 121-155 1.1. WATER SAMPLING PACKAGE Hydrographic (rosette) casts were performed with a new design of the rosette system consisting of a 36-bottle ODF-designed rosette frame, a 36-place pylon (General Oceanics 1016) and 36 10-liter Bullister-style PVC bottles. The frame worked well and held the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) without sacrificing any of the 36 samplers. The G.O. pylon had operating problems which could usually be overcome by the operator through the diagnostics routine. The Bullister-style samplers worked well, but had fragile end-cap edges and tight valves. Recommendations for modifications were made and have since been implemented. Underwater electronic components consisted of an ODF-modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF #1) and associated sensors, SeaTech transmissometer provided by Texas A&M University (TAMU), RDI LADCP, Benthos altimeter and Benthos pinger. The CTD was mounted horizontally along the bottom of the rosette frame, with the transmissometer, dissolved oxygen and secondary PRT sensors deployed alongside. The LADCP was mounted vertically in the frame inside the bottle rings. The Benthos altimeter provided distance-above- bottom in the CTD data stream. The Benthos pinger was monitored during a cast with a precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's laboratory. The rosette system was suspended from a three-conductor electro-mechanical (EM) cable. Power to the CTD and pylon was provided through the cable from the ship. Separate conductors were used for the CTD and pylon signals. Each rosette cast was performed to within 10 meters of the bottom, unless the bottom returns from both the pinger and altimeter were extremely poor. Bottles on the rosette were each identified with a unique serial number. Usually these numbers corresponded to the reverse of the pylon tripping sequence, 1-36, with the first bottle tripped being bottle #36 (deepest bottle). Bottle replacements were necessary, and the replacement bottles were numbered 37 and 38. Averages of CTD data corresponding to the time of bottle closure were associated with the bottle data during a cast. Pressure, depth, temperature, salinity, density and nominally-corrected oxygen were immediately available to facilitate examination and quality control of the bottle data as the sampling and laboratory analyses progressed. The deck watch prepared the rosette approximately 45 minutes prior to a cast. All valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation. The bottles were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked. Upon arrival on station, time, position and bottom depth were logged and the deployment begun. The rosette was moved into position under a projecting boom from the rosette room using an air-powered cart on tracks. Two stabilizing tag lines were threaded through rings on the frame. CTD sensor covers were removed and the pinger turned on. Once the CTD acquisition and control system in the ship's laboratory had been initiated by the console operator and the CTD and pylon had passed their diagnostics, the winch operator raised the package and extended the boom over the side of the ship. The package was then quickly lowered into the water, the tag lines removed and the console operator notified by radio that the rosette was at the surface. Recovering the package at the end of deployment was essentially the reverse of the launching. Two tag lines connected to air tuggers and terminating in large snap hooks were manipulated on long poles by the deck watch to snag recovery rings on the rosette frame. The package was then lifted out of the water under tension from the tag lines, the boom retracted, and the rosette lowered onto the cart. Sensor covers were replaced, the pinger turned off and the cart with the rosette moved into the rosette room for sampling. A detailed examination of the bottles and rosette would occur before samples were taken, and any extraordinary situations or circumstances were noted on the sample log for the cast. Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings were changed as necessary and bottle maintenance performed each day to insure proper closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or replaced. Large Volume Sampling (LVS) [Key91] was also performed on this expedition. These casts were carried out with ~270-liter stainless steel Gerard barrels on which were mounted 5-liter bottles with deep-sea reversing thermometers (DSRTs). Samples for salinity, silicate and 14C were obtained from the Gerard barrels; samples for salinity and silicate were drawn from piggyback Niskin-style bottles. The salinity and silicate samples from each piggyback bottle were used for comparison with the Gerard barrel salinity and silicate to verify the integrity of the Gerard sample. 1.2. UNDERWATER ELECTRONICS PACKAGES CTD data were collected with a modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF CTD #1). This instrument provided pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved O2 channels, and additionally measured a second temperature (FSI temperature sensor) as a calibration check. Other data channels included elapsed-time, an altimeter, several power supply voltages and a transmissometer. The instrument supplied a standard 15-byte NBIS-format data stream at a data rate of 25 fps. Modifications to the instrument included a revised dissolved O2 sensor mounting; ODF-designed sensor interfaces for the FSI PRT and the SeaTech transmissometer; implementation of 8-bit and 16-bit multiplexer channels; an elapsed-time channel; instrument id in the polarity byte and power supply voltages channels. The O2 sensor was deployed in an ODF-designed pressure-compensated holder assembly mounted separately on the rosette frame and connected to the CTD by an underwater cable. The transmissometer interface was designed and built by ODF using an off-the-shelf 12-bit A/D converter. Although the secondary temperature sensor was located within 1 meter of the CTD conductivity sensor, it was not sufficiently close to calculate coherent salinities. It was used as a secondary temperature calibration reference rather than as a redundant sensor, with the intent of eliminating the use of mercury or electronic DSRTs as calibration checks. Standard CTD maintenance procedures included soaking the conductivity sensor in deionized water and placing a cap on the O2 sensor between casts to maintain sensor stability, and protecting the CTD from exposure to direct sunlight or wind to maintain an equilibrated internal temperature. The General Oceanics 1016 36-place pylon was used in conjunction with the General Oceanics pylon deck unit. There were numerous tripping problems caused by the G.O. pylon/deck unit combination. Usually these could be resolved by the console operator via the pylon diagnostics routine. The pylon emitted a confirmation message containing its current notion of bottle trip position, which was an aid in sorting out mis-trips. A further consequence of Using the G.O. pylon and deck unit also contributed to the magnitude of the variance of salinity differences. The pylon would take a variable amount of time to trip a bottle after the trip had been initiated. The time varied from 5 seconds to over 30 seconds. The acquisition software began averaging data corresponding to the rosette trip as soon as the trip was initiated, ending when the trip confirmed. Consequently, CTD rosette trip data used for the differences contained variable-length averages. 1.3. NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY DATA ACQUISITION Navigation data and underway bathymetry was acquired from the ship's Bathy 2000 system via RS-232. It was logged automatically at one-minute intervals by one of the Sun Sparcstations to provide a time-series of underway position, course, speed and bathymetry data. These data were used for all station positions, PDR depths, and for bathymetry on vertical sections [Cart80]. 1.4. CTD DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND CONTROL SYSTEM The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system consisted of a Sun SPARCstation 2 computer workstation, ODF-built CTD deck unit, General Oceanics pylon deck unit, CTD and pylon power supplies, and a VCR recorder for real-time analog backup recording of the sea-cable signal. The Sun system consisted of a color display with trackball and keyboard (the CTD console), 18 RS-232 ports, 2.5 GB disk and 8 mm cartridge tape. One other Sun SPARCstation 2 system was networked to the data acquisition system, as well as to the rest of the networked computers aboard the Thompson. These systems were available for real-time CTD data display as well as for providing hydrographic data management and backup. Each Sun SPARCstation was equipped with a printer and an 8-color drum plotter. The CTD FSK signal was demodulated and converted to a 9600 baud RS-232C binary data stream by the CTD deck unit. This data stream was fed to the Sun SPARCstation. The pylon deck unit was connected to the data acquisition system through a serial port, allowing the data acquisition system to initiate and confirm bottle trips. A bitmapped color display provided interactive graphical display and control of the CTD rosette sampling system, including real-time raw and processed data, navigation, winch and rosette trip displays. The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system was prepared by the console watch a few minutes before each deployment. A console operations log was maintained for each deployment, containing a record of every attempt to trip a bottle as well as any pertinent comments. Most CTD console control functions, including starting the data acquisition, were performed by pointing and clicking a trackball cursor on the display at icons representing functions to perform. The system then presented the operator with short dialog prompts with automatically-generated choices that could either be accepted as default or overridden. The operator was instructed to turn on the CTD and pylon power supplies, then to examine a real-time CTD data display on the screen for stable voltages from the underwater unit. Once this was accomplished, the data acquisition and processing was begun and a time and position automatically associated with the beginning of the cast. A backup analog recording of the CTD signal was made on a VCR tape, which was started at the same time as the data acquisition. A rosette trip display and pylon control window then popped up, giving visual confirmation that the pylon was initializing properly. Various plots and displays were initiated. When all was ready, the console operator informed the deck watch by radio. Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette and informed the console operator that the rosette was at the surface (also confirmed by the computer displays), the console operator provided the winch operator with a target depth (wire-out) and lowering rate (normally 60 meters/minute for this package). The package would then begin its descent. The console operator examined the processed CTD data during descent via interactive plot windows on the display, which could also be run at other workstations on the network. Additionally, the operator decided where to trip bottles on the up-cast, noting this on the console log. The PDR was monitored to insure the bottom depth was known at all times. The watch leader assisted the console operator when the package was ~400 meters above the bottom, and verify the range to the bottom using the distance between the bottom reflection and pinger signal displayed on the PDR. Between 300 to 60 meters above the bottom, depending on bottom conditions, the altimeter typically began signaling a bottom return on the console. The winch and altimeter displays allowed the watch leader to refine the target depth relayed to the winch operator and safely approach to within 10 meters of the bottom. Bottles were tripped by pointing the console trackball cursor at a graphic firing control and clicking a button. The data acquisition system responded with the CTD rosette trip data and a pylon confirmation message in a window. All tripping attempts were noted on the console log. The console operator then directed the winch operator to the next bottle stop. The console operator was also responsible for generating the sample log for the cast. After the last bottle was tripped, the console operator directed the deck watch to bring the rosette on deck. Once on deck, the console operator terminated the data acquisition and turned off the CTD, pylon and VCR recording. The VCR tape was filed. Usually the console operator also brought the sample log to the rosette room and served as the sample cop. 1.5. CTD LABORATORY CALIBRATION PROCEDURES Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure and temperature sensors were used to generate tables of corrections applied by the CTD data acquisition and processing software at sea. These laboratory calibrations were also performed post-cruise. Pressure and temperature calibrations were performed on CTD #1 at the ODF Calibration Facility (La Jolla). The pre-cruise calibration was done in May 1993 before the start of the expediton, and the post-cruise calibration was done in October 1993. The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled water bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gauge pressure reference. Calibration curves were measured at 0.01, 11.74 and 31.22 deg.C to 2 maximum loading pressures (2775 and 6080 db) pre-cruise, and at 1.62 and 32.13 deg.C to 2 maximum loading pressures (1400 and 6080 db) post-cruise. Figure 1.5.0 summarizes the laboratory pressure calibration performed in May 1993 and Figure 1.5.1 summarizes the pressure calibrations done in October 1993. Figure 1.5.0: Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, May 1993. Figure 1.5.1: Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, October 1993. Additionally, dynamic thermal-response step tests were conducted on the pressure transducer to calibrate dynamic thermal effects. CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to an NBIS ATB-1250 resistance bridge and Rosemount standard PRT in a temperature-controlled bath. The primary CTD temperature was offset by ~1.5 deg.C to avoid the 0-point discontinuity inherent in the internal digitizing circuitry. Figures 1.5.3-1.5.4 summarize the laboratory calibrations performed on the primary PRT. These laboratory temperature calibrations are referenced to the ITS-90 standard. Calibration coefficients were converted to the IPTS-68 standard because calculated parameters, including salinity and density, are currently defined in terms of that standard. FIGURE 1.5.3: Temperature calibration for ODF CTD #1, May 1993. FIGURE 1.5.4: Temperature calibration for ODF CTD #1, October 1993. 1.6. CTD CALIBRATION PROCEDURES This cruise was the first of 2 consecutive Pacific Ocean cruises for this CTD. Transfer standards and redundant sensors were used as calibration checks while at sea. An FSI secondary pressure reference was used as a pressure calibration transfer standard. An FSI PRT sensor was deployed as a second temperature channel and compared with the primary PRT channel on most casts. The secondary PRT sensor did not exhibit any appreciable drift during these expeditions. There was a constant offset maintained between the 2 PRTs throughout this leg. Figure 1.6.0 summarizes the comparison between the primary and secondary PRT channels. The response times of the sensors were first matched, then the temperatures compared for a series of standard depths from each CTD down-cast. FIGURE 1.6.0: Comparison between the primary and secondary PRT channels. CTD conductivity and dissolved O2 were calibrated to in-situ check samples collected during each rosette cast. Based on the stability of the conductivity calibration, there were no significant shifts in the CTD pressure or temperature. CTD PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE The final pressure and temperature calibrations were determined during post-cruise processing. Over 6000 db, there was a 1.5 db slope change between the pre- and post-cruise cold "deep" pressure laboratory calibrations, as well as an ~1.5 db offset between the 2 sets of pressure calibrations (pre- and post). After analyzing these 2 sets of calibrations, a decision was made to generate new tables of corrections based on averaging the data from both sets of pressure calibrations. These new corrections, generated by this new averaged calibration, were then reapplied to the data set for the cruise. Another reason to reapply the corrections to the block-averaged data was because the pressure model used had been further refined to more accurately apply the thermal shock correction. Figure 1.6.1 summarizes the average of the pre/post laboratory pressure calibrations. FIGURE 1.6.1: Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, averaged May/Oct 1993. The primary temperature sensor (Rosemount Model 171BJ Serial No. 14304) laboratory calibration shows essentially the same curve pre- and post- cruise, with at most a .0004 deg.C shift in the range of 10-27 deg.C; colder and warmer than that range, the curves are essentially identical. It was therefore decided to stay with the pre-cruise PRT #1 correction for this data set. The secondary temperature sensor (FSI Model OTM-D212 Serial No. 1320) laboratory calibrations pre- and post-cruise showed some differences, but the same temperature ranges were not measured and these FSI sensors show a greater amount of variability. There did not appear to be any major shift, perhaps an ~1 millidegree shift in the range of 1-20 deg.C. CONDUCTIVITY The CTD rosette trip pressure and temperature were used with the bottle salinity to calculate a bottle conductivity. Differences between the bottle and CTD conductivities were then used to derive a conductivity correction as a linear function of conductivity. Cast-by-cast comparisons had shown only minor conductivity sensor offset shifts, and no sensor slope changes. Conductivity differences were fit to CTD conductivity for all casts to determine the mean conductivity slope. The mean conductivity slope correction is summarized in figure 1.6.1. FIGURE 1.6.1: Mean conductivity slope correction. The mean conductivity slope (-0.000523123 mmhos/cm) was used for all casts. Residual CTD #1 conductivity offset values were calculated after applying the conductivity slopes. The conductivity offsets were determined for each cast from the deepest bottle conductivities and then fit as a function of station number by groups. Smoothed offsets were applied to CTD conductivities in 5 station groups: 001-056, 057-067, 068-097, 098-189 and 190-202. The conductivity sensor was cleaned after stations 056 and 067. Stations 098-120 were shallow (maxp less than 600 db) and stations 146-189 were also shallow (mostly less than 200 db) so the smoothed conductivity offset determined from the deep group of stations 122-145 was applied to all these shallow casts. The group of stations 190-202 were mid-range, varying between 1010 and 2700 db. Figure 1.6.2 summarizes the final applied conductivity offsets by station number. Figure 1.6.2: CTD conductivity offsets by station number. Figures 1.6.3, 1.6.4 and 1.6.5 summarize the residual differences between bottle and CTD salinities after applying the conductivity correction. FIGURE 1.6.3: Salinity residual differences vs pressure (after correction). FIGURE 1.6.4: Salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction). FIGURE 1.6.5: Deep salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction). The CTD conductivity calibration represents a best estimate of the conductivity field throughout the water column. Note that the CTD calibration was not fit from the bottle conductivities cast-by-cast. Also, Some offsets were manually re-adjusted to account for discontinuous shifts in the conductivity transducer response, or to insure a consistent deep T-S relationship from station to station. The conductivity cell on this CTD proved extremely stable as demonstrated by the constant calibration slope and offsets that could easily be fit by station groups. 3 from the mean residual in Figures 1.6.4 and 1.6.5, or +/-0.004 PSU for all salinities and +/-0.001 PSU for deep salinities represents the limit of repeatability of the bottle salinities (Autosal, rosette, operators and samplers). This limit agrees with station overlays of deep T-S. Within a cast (a single salinometer run), the precision of bottle salinities appears to exceed 0.001 PSU. The precision of the CTD salinities appears to exceed 0.0005 PSU. CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN There are a number of problems with the response characteristics of the Sensormedics O2 sensor used in the NBIS Mark III CTD, the major ones being a secondary thermal response and a sensitivity to profiling velocity. Because of these problems, CTD rosette trip data cannot be directly calibrated to O2 check samples. Instead, down-cast CTD O2 data are derived by matching the up-cast rosette trips along isopycnal surfaces. The differences between CTD O2 data modeled from these derived values and check samples are then minimized using a non-linear least-squares fitting procedure. Figures 1.6.6 and 1.6.7 show the residual differences between the corrected CTD O2 and the bottle O2 (ml/l) for each station. FIGURE 1.6.6: O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction). FIGURE 1.6.7: O2 residual differences (>3000db). Note that the mean of the differences is not zero, because the O2 values are weighted by pressure before fitting. The standard deviations of 0.05 ml/l for all oxygens and 0.03 ml/l for deep oxygens are only intended as metrics of the goodness of the fits. ODF makes no claims regarding the precision or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data. The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation follows Brown and Morrison [Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85]. ODF does not use a digitized O2 sensor temperature to model the secondary thermal response but instead models membrane and sensor temperatures by low-pass filtering the PRT temperature. In-situ pressure and temperature are filtered to match the sensor response. Time-constants for the pressure response p, and two temperature responses Ts and Tf are fitting parameters. The sensor current, or Oc, gradient is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc differences. This term attempts to correct for reduction of species other than O2 at the cathode. The time-constant for this filter, og, is a fitting parameter. Oxygen partial-pressure is then calculated: Opp=[c1Oc+c2]fsat(S,T,P)e(c3Pl+c4Tf+c5Ts+c6___) (1.6.0) where: Opp = Dissolved O2 partial-pressure in atmospheres (atm); Oc = Sensor current (amps); fsat(S,T,P) = O2 saturation partial-pressure at S,T,P (atm); S = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs); T = Temperature at O2 response-time (deg.C); P = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars); Pl = Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars); Tf = Fast low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C); Ts = Slow low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C); ___ = Sensor current gradient (amps/secs). 1.7. CTD DATA PROCESSING ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running under the Unix operating system. The initial CTD processing program (ctdba) is used either in real-time or with existing raw data sets to: o Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign the data to logical channels; o Filter specific channels according to specified filtering criteria; o Apply sensor or instrument-specific response-correction models; o Provide periodic averages of the channels corresponding to the output time-series interval; and o Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format. Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard-format time-series, they can be manipulated in a number of various ways. Channels can be additionally filtered. The time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to form longer time-series. A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-series, or a different interval time-series. For temperature, conductivity and oxygen, calibration corrections to the series are maintained in separate files and are applied whenever the data are accessed. The pressure calibration corrections are applied during reduction of the data to time-series. ODF data acquisition software acquired and processed the CTD data in real- time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and reporting during a cast. The 25 hz data from the CTD were filtered, response-corrected and averaged to a 2 hz (0.5 seconds) time-series. Sensor correction and calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature, conductivity and O2. Rosette trip data were extracted from this time-series in response to trip initiation and confirmation signals. The calibrated 2 hz time-series data were stored on disk (as were the 25 hz raw data) and were available in real-time for reporting and graphical display. At the end of the cast, various consistency and calibration checks were performed, and a 2.0 db pressure-series of the down-cast was generated and subsequently used for reports and plots. CTD plots generated automatically at the completion of deployment were checked daily for potential problems. The two PRT temperature sensors were inter-calibrated and checked for sensor drift. The CTD conductivity sensor was monitored by comparing CTD values to check-sample conductivities and by deep T-S comparisons with adjacent stations. The CTD dissolved O2 sensor was calibrated to check-sample data. A few casts exhibited conductivity offsets due to biological or particulate artifacts. Sometimes casts are subject to noise in 1 or more channels. In these cases the 2 hz time-series were additionally filtered, using a spike- removal filter that replaced points exceeding a specified multiple of the standard deviation least-squares polynomial fit of specified order of segments of the data. The filtered points were replaced by the filtering polynomial value. Density inversions can appear in high-gradient regions. Detailed examination of the raw data shows significant mixing occurring in these areas because of ship roll. In order to minimize these inversions, a ship- roll filter was applied to most casts during pressure-sequencing to disallow pressure reversals. Pressure intervals with no time-series data can optionally be filled by double-parabolic interpolation. When the down-cast CTD data have excessive noise, gaps or offsets, the up- cast data are used instead. CTD data from down- and up-casts are not mixed together in the pressure-series data because they do not represent identical water columns (due to ship movement, wire angles, etc.). TABLE 1.7.0 provides a list of CTD casts requiring special attention. Cast | Problem/Comment | Solution -------|----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------ 007/01 | CTD O2 offset 2993 db | offset. 011/01 | Salt offset 650-658 db | offset. 022/01 | Retermination after cast | | 024/01 | Power outage down-cast | filtered-CTD O2 questionable 4902 | | db to bottom. 027/01 | Power outage down-cast | filtered-CTD O2 questionable 5214 | | db to bottom. 042/01 | 2.9 min pause @ 3098 db-possible feature there in | no action. | both dn/up & all parameters | 044/01 | Salt offset 3070-3186 db | offset. 047/01 | Salt offset 1852-4046 db | offset. 057/01 | Cond cell cleaned after cast; shift in cond offset | 059/01 | Salt offset 1918-1945 db | offset. 060/01 | CTD O2 feature ~3500 db both dn/up | no action. 066/01 | No surface bottle O2 | no action. 068/01 | Cond cell cleaned after cast; shift in cond offset | 070/01 | Salt offset 1525-1588 db/power outage down-cast | offset/filtered & offset. 073/01 | CTD O2 bad top 130 db; retermination after cast | no action. 080/01 | Numerous salt offsets due to biological matter | filtered/chopped off bottom 112 db. 087/02 | Salt offset 1670-2008 db/no discrete O2 | offset/used CTD O2 fit from 087/01. 091/01 | 1.8 min pause @ 3980 db | no action-CTD O2 questionable | | 3978-3988 db. 092/01 | 0.46 min pause @ 3570 db | no action-CTD O2 questionable | | 3568-3584 db. 093/01 | CTD O2 feature ~2800 db both dn/up | no action. 120/01 | CTD hit bottom; no apparent cond sensor shift | 123/01 | Salt offset 1206-1366 db | offset. 188/01 | Cast maxp < 200 db - CTD O2 bad top 40 db | no action. 190/02 | Numerous down-cast cond drop-outs | up-cast used. 195/01 | Impossible to get CTD O2 to fit | blanked out CTD O2 data. 196/01 | Salt offset 38-46 db | filtered. Table 1.7.0 Tabulation of atypical CTD casts. 1.8. BOTTLE SAMPLING At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the bottles in the following order: o CFCs; o Helium; o Oxygen; o Total CO2; o Alkalinity; o AMS C14; o Tritium; o Nutrients; o Salinity. The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the cast. This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted about the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and insure that sampling progressed in proper drawing order. Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve before opening the air vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log. Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the bottle. The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles. Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were distributed to their respective laboratories for analysis. Oxygen, nutrients and salinity analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to Sun SPARCStations for centralized data analysis. The analyst for a specific property was responsible for insuring that their results updated the cruise database. 1.9. BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING The first stage of bottle data processing consisted of verifying and validating individual samples, and checking the sample log (the sample inventory) for consistency. At this stage, bottle tripping problems were usually resolved, sometimes resulting in changes to the pressure, temperature and other CTD properties associated with the bottle. Note that the rosette bottle number was the primary identification for all samples taken from the bottle, as well as for the CTD data associated with the bottle. All CTD trips were retained (whether confirmed or not), so resolving bottle tripping problems simply consisted of assigning the right rosette bottle number to the right CTD trip level. Diagnostic comments from the sample log were then translated into preliminary WOCE quality codes, together with appropriate comments. Each code indicating a potential problem was investigated. The second stage of processing began once all the samples for a cast had been accounted for. All samples for bottles suspected of leaking were checked to see if the property was consistent with the profile for the cast, with adjacent stations, and where applicable, with the CTD data. All comments from the analysts were examined and turned into appropriate WHP water sample codes. Oxygen flask numbers were verified, as each flask is individually calibrated and significantly affects the calculated O2 concentration. The third stage of processing continued throughout the cruise and until the data set is considered "final". Various property-property plots and vertical sections were examined for both consistency within a cast and consistency with adjacent stations. In conjunction with this process the analysts would review and sometimes revise their data as additional calibration or diagnostic results became available. Assignment of a WHP water sample code to an anomalous sample value was typically achieved through consensus, usually also involving one of the chief scientists. WHP water bottle quality flags were assigned with the following additional interpretations: 3 | An air leak large enough to produce an observable | effect on a sample is identified by a code of 3 on the | bottle and a code of 4 on the oxygen. (Small air | leaks may have no observable effect, or may only | affect gas samples.) 4 | Bottles tripped at other than the intended depth were | assigned a code of 4. There may be no problems with | the associated water sample data. WHP water sample quality flags were assigned using the following criteria: 1 | The sample for this measurement was drawn from a | bottle, but the results of the analysis were not (yet) | received. 2 | Acceptable measurement. 3 | Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the | station profile or adjacent station comparisons (or | possibly CTD data comparisons). No notes from the | analyst indicated a problem. The data could be | correct, but are open to interpretation. 4 | Bad measurement. Does not fit the station profile, | adjacent stations or CTD data. There were analytical | notes indicating a problem, but data values were | reported. Sampling and analytical errors were also | coded as 4. 5 | Not reported. There should always be a reason | associated with a code of 5, usually that the sample | was lost, contaminated or rendered unusable. 9 | The sample for this measurement was not drawn. WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDSAL (CTD salinity) parameter as follows: 2 | Acceptable measurement. 3 | Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the | bottle data, or there was a CTD conductivity | calibration shift during the cast. 4 | Bad measurement. The CTD data were determined to be | unusable for calculating a salinity. 8 | The CTD salinity was derived from the CTD down cast, | matched on an isopycnal surface. WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDOXY (CTD oxygen) parameter as follows: 2 | Acceptable measurement. 4 | Bad measurement. The CTD data were determined to be | unusable for calculating a dissolved oxygen | concentration. 5 | Not reported. The CTD data could not be reported. 9 | Not sampled. No operational dissolved oxygen sensor | was present on this cast. Note that all CTDOXY values were derived from the down cast data, matched to the upcast along isopycnal surfaces. If the CTD salinity was footnoted as bad or questionable, the CTD oxygen is blank. Table 1.9.0 and 1.9.1 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of times each WHP sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic property: Rosette Samples Stations 1-99, 121-148 -----------|-------------|-------------------------------------------- | Reported | WHP Quality Codes | levels | 1 2 3 4 5 9 -----------|-------------|-------------------------------------------- Bottle | 4343 | 0 4090 14 228 0 11 CTD Salt | 4343 | 0 4258 0 85 0 0 CTD Oxy | 4260 | 0 4227 33 0 0 83 Salinity | 4324 | 0 4264 12 48 6 13 Oxygen | 4292 | 0 4272 1 19 4 47 Silicate | 4293 | 0 4238 40 15 0 50 Nitrate | 4293 | 0 4272 6 15 0 50 Nitrite | 4006 | 0 3992 0 14 287 50 Phosphate | 4293 | 0 4201 5 87 0 50 Table 1.9.0 Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments. Large Volume Samples Stations 10,28,39,48,58,68,78,86,132,141 --------------|-----------|------------------------------------------- | Reported | WHP Quality Codes | levels | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 --------------|-----------|------------------------------------------- Bottle | 360 | 0 353 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 Salinity | 358 | 0 345 12 1 0 0 0 0 2 Silicate | 358 | 0 320 37 1 0 0 0 0 2 Nitrate | 358 | 0 0 0 358 0 0 0 0 2 Nitrite | 322 | 0 0 0 322 36 0 0 0 2 Phophate | 358 | 0 0 0 358 0 0 0 0 2 Pressure | 360 | 0 360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Temperature | 352 | 0 348 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 TABLE 1.9.1 Frequency of WHP LVS quality flag assignments. Additionally, all WHP water bottle/sample quality code comments are presented in Appendices C and D. 1.10. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURES All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulations on the rosette casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at the time the bottle was closed on the rosette, then correcting the data based on CTD laboratory calibrations. LVS pressures and temperatures were calculated from deep-sea reversing thermometer (DSRT) readings. Each DSRT rack normally held 2 protected (temperature) thermometers and 1 unprotected (pressure) thermometer. Thermometers were read by two people, each attempting to read a precision equal to one tenth of the thermometer etching interval. Thus, a thermometer etched at 0.05 degree intervals would be read to the nearest 0.005 degrees. Each temperature value reported on the LVS cast is therefore calculated from the average of four readings, provided both protected thermometers function normally. The pressure is verified by comparison with the calculation of pressure determined by wireout. The pressure from the thermometer is fitted by a polynomial equation which incorporates the wireout and wire angle. Calibration of the thermometers are performed in ODF's calibration facility depending on the age of the thermometer and within two years of the expedition. The temperatures are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. 1.11. SALINITY ANALYSIS Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate bottles after 3 rinses, and were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. As loose inserts were found, they were replaced to ensure a continued airtight seal. Salinity was determined after a box of samples had equilibrated to laboratory temperature, usually within 8-12 hours of collection. The draw time and equilibration time, as well as per-sample analysis time and temperature were logged. Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers (55-654 and 57-396) were used to measure salinities. These were located in a temperature-controlled laboratory. The salinometers were modified by ODF and contained interfaces for computer-aided measurement. A computer (PC) prompted the analyst for control functions (changing sample, flushing) while it made continuous measurements and logged results. The salinometer cell was flushed until successive readings met software criteria for consistency, then two successive measurements were made and averaged for a final result. The salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-122, using at least one fresh vial per cast. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used. PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was then calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity ratios, and the results merged with the cruise database. Salinometer 55-654 was used on stations 001, 002 and 013-202. Salinometer 57-396 was used on stations 003-012. 4324 salinity measurements were made from the rosette stations; 358 measurements were made from the large volume stations. 376 vials of standard water were used. The temperature stability of the laboratory used to make the measurements was acceptable (usually within 4 deg.C of the salinometer bath temperature). There were no substantial problems noted with the analyses. The salinities were used to calibrate the CTD conductivity sensor. 1.12. OXYGEN ANALYSIS Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette sampler was brought on board and after CFC and helium were drawn. Nominal 125 ml volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed twice with minimal agitation, then filled via a drawing tube, and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask volumes. The sample temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. Draw temperatures were very useful in detecting possible bad trips even as samples were being drawn. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice to assure thorough dispersion of the MnO(OH)2 precipitate. They were shaken once immediately after drawing, and then again after 20 minutes. The samples were analyzed within 4-36 hours of collection. Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an SIO-designed automated oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365 nm wavelength ultra-violet light. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret. ODF uses a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter [Carp65] with modifications by Culberson et. al [Culb91], but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (approximately 0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (50 gm/l). Standard solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were run at the beginning of each session of analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations. Several standards were made up during the cruise and compared to assure that the results were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a weighing error. Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined to account for oxidizing or reducing materials in the reagents. The auto-titrator generally performed very well. The samples were titrated and the data logged by the PC control software. The data were then used to update the cruise database on the Sun SPARCstations. Thiosulfate normalities and blanks, calculated from each standardization and corrected to 20 deg.C, were plotted versus time and were reviewed for possible problems. New thiosulfate normalities were recalculated after the blanks had been smoothed. These normalities were then smoothed, and the oxygen data were recalculated. Oxygens were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram using the in-situ temperature. Ideally, for whole-bottle titrations, the conversion temperature should be the temperature of the water issuing from the bottle spigot. The sample temperatures were measured at the time the samples were drawn from the bottle, but were not used in the conversion from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram because the software was not available. Aberrant drawing temperatures provided an additional flag indicating that a bottle may not have tripped properly. Measured sample temperatures from mid-deep water samples were about 4-7 deg.C warmer than in-situ temperature. Had the conversion with the measured sample temperature been made, converted oxygen values would be about 0.08% higher for a 6 deg.C warming (or about 0.2 uM/Kg for a 250 uM/Kg sample). Oxygen flasks were calibrated gravimetrically with degassed deionized water (DIW) to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory. This is done once before using flasks for the first time and periodically thereafter when a suspect bottle volume is detected. All volumetric glassware used in preparing standards is calibrated as well as the 10 ml Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution. Iodate standards are pre-weighed in ODF's chemistry laboratory to a nominal weight of 0.44xx grams and exact normality calculated at sea. Potassium iodate (KIO3) is obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and is reported by the supplier to be > 99.4% pure. All other reagents are "reagent grade" and are tested for levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use. 4292 oxygen measurements from the rosette stations were made. Oxygens were not drawn from the large volume stations. No major problems were encountered with the analyses. The oxygen data were used to calibrate the CTD dissolved O2 sensor. 1.13. NUTRIENT ANALYSIS Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, narrow mouth, screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three times before filling. Standardizations were performed at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (one cast, usually 36 samples) with a set of an intermediate concentration standard prepared for each run from secondary standards. These secondary standards were in turn prepared aboard ship by dilution from dry, pre-weighed primary standards. Sets of 5-6 different concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to determine the deviation from linearity as a function of concentration for each nutrient. Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed on an ODF-modified 4 channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one hour of the cast. Occasionally some samples were refrigerated at 2 to 6 deg.C for a maximum of 4 hours. The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Atla71], [Hage72], [Gord92]. During the first part of the expedition, all peaks were logged manually. Later during the expedition, software was developed and implemented to interpret the colorimeter output from each of the four channels which were digitized and logged automatically by computer (PC), then split into absorbence peaks. All the runs were manually verified. Silicate is analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67]. Ammonium molybdate is added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid which is then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric acid is also added to impede PO4 contamination. The sample is passed through a 15 mm flowcell and the absorbence measured at 820nm. ODF's methodology is known to be non- linear at high silicate concentrations (>120 uM); a correction for this non-linearity is applied in ODF's software. Modifications of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] techniques for nitrate and nitrite analysis are also used. The seawater sample for nitrate analysis is passed through a cadmium column where the nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Sulfanilamide is introduced, reacting with the nitrite, then N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride which couples to form a red azo dye. The reaction product is then passed through a 15 mm flowcell and the absorbence measured at 540 nm. The same technique is employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column is not present, and a 50 mm flowcell is used. Phosphate is analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms [Bern67] technique. Ammonium molybdate is added to the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The reaction product is heated to ~55 deg.C to enhance color development, then passed through a 50 mm flowcell and the absorbence measured at 820 nm. Nutrients reported in micromoles per kilogram were converted from micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm pressure, in-situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25 deg.C. Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, is obtained from Fluka Chemical Company and Fisher Scientific and is reported by the suppliers to be >98% pure. Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate (KH2PO4) are obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reports purities of 99.999%, 97%, and 99.999%, respectively. 4293 nutrient analyses from the rosette stations were performed. 358 nutrient analyses were performed on the large volume stations. However, these data should only be used as a check of the integrity of the Gerard barrels. The nitrate, phosphate and nitrite are coded "4", bad measurement, as an assurance that these samples will not be used for any other purpose. No major problems were encountered with the measurements. Some concern was expressed in the comparison with historical silicate data. The Chemistry Department at ODF has compared the batch of sodium fluorosilicate (silicate standard) that was sent on the P17N WOCE leg with silicate standards from three other manufacturers, as well as a different lot of silicate standard from the same manufacturer. Our findings indicate that the silicate standard used on the P17N WOCE leg was 0.6% lower than the mean silicate standard value in this comparison. REFERENCES Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., "The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea Research, 14, pp. 381-389 (1967). Atlas, E. L., Hager, S. W., Gordon, L. I., and Park, P. K., "A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer(R) in Seawater Nutrient Analyses Revised," Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, p. 49, Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography (1971). Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer," Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967). Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity, temperature and depth microprofiler," Technical Report No. 78-23, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1978). Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 (1965). Carter, D. J. T., "Computerised Version of Echo-sounding Correction Tables (Third Edition)," Marine Information and Advisory Service, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey. GU8 5UB. U.K. (1980). Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and Zemlyak, F., "A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug 1991). Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem Oc. (1992). Hager, S. W., Atlas, E. L., Gordon, L. D., Mantyla, A. W., and Park, P. K., "A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and silicate," Limnology and Oceanography, 17, pp. 931-937 (1972). Key, R. M., Muus, D., and Wells, J., "Zen and the art of Gerard barrel maintenance," WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report (1991). Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques at WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference and Workshop, p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982). Owens, W. B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985). UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978," UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, p. 144 (1981). APPENDIX A WOCE93-P17N: CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary PRT Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c1 c0 001/03 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00907 002/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00912 003/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00917 004/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00922 005/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00927 006/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00932 007/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00857 008/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00862 009/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00867 010/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00952 011/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00957 012/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00962 013/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00967 014/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00972 015/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00976 016/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00981 017/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00986 018/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00991 019/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00996 020/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01001 021/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01006 022/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01011 023/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01016 024/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01021 025/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01026 026/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01031 027/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01036 028/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01041 029/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01046 030/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01051 031/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01055 032/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01060 033/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01065 034/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01070 035/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01075 036/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01080 037/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01085 038/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01090 039/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01095 040/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01100 041/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01105 042/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01110 043/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01115 044/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01120 045/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01125 046/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00927 047/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01135 048/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01139 049/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01144 050/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01149 051/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01154 052/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01159 053/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01136 054/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01169 055/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01174 056/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01566 057/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 058/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 PRT Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c1 c0 059/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 060/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 061/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 062/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 063/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 064/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 065/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 066/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 067/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00894 068/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00525 069/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00546 070/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00825 071/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00588 072/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00608 073/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00629 074/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00650 075/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00671 076/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00692 077/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00712 078/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00733 079/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00754 080/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00775 081/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00796 082/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00816 083/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00837 084/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00858 085/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00879 086/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00900 087/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00920 087/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00920 088/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00941 089/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00962 090/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.00983 091/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01004 092/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01024 093/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01241 094/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01066 095/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01087 096/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01107 097/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01128 098/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 099/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 100/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 101/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 102/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 103/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 104/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 105/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 106/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 107/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 108/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 109/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 110/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 111/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 112/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 113/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 114/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 115/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 116/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 117/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 118/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 119/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 120/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 PRT Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c1 c0 121/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 122/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 123/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 124/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01317 125/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01272 126/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 127/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 128/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 129/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 130/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 131/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 132/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 133/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 134/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 135/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 136/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 137/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 138/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 139/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 140/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 141/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 142/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 143/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 144/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 145/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 146/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 147/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 148/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 149/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 150/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 151/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 152/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 153/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 154/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 155/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 156/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 157/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 158/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 159/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 160/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 161/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 162/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 163/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 164/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 165/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 166/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 167/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 168/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 169/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 170/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 171/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 172/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 173/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 174/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 175/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 176/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 177/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 178/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 179/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 180/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 181/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 182/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 183/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 PRT Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c1 c0 184/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 185/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 186/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 187/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 188/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 189/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01192 190/02 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01047 191/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01107 192/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01167 193/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01227 194/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01287 195/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01348 196/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01408 197/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01468 198/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01688 199/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01588 200/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01649 201/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01709 202/01 .30 2.18412e-05 -8.71039e-04 -1.48286 -5.23123e-04 0.01644 APPENDIX B Summary of WOCE93-P17N CTD Oxygen Time Constants ------------------------------------------------ | Temperature | Press. | O2 Grad. | |Fast(tauTF) | Slow(tauTS) | (tauP) | (tauOG) | |------------|-------------|--------|----------| | 30.0 | 400.0 | 20.0 | 16.0 | ------------------------------------------------ WOCE93-P17N CTD Oxygen: O2 Conversion Equation Coefficients (refer to Equation 1.6.0) Sta/ Slope Offset Pcoeff TFcoeff TScoeff OGcoeff Cast (c1) (c2) (c3) (c4) (c5) (c6) 001/03 8.08249e-04 -6.40076e-02 2.14888e-03 2.58743e-02 -1.55938e-02 2.05659e-05 002/01 1.07127e-03 -5.68647e-05 3.11544e-04 1.60808e-02 -3.80496e-02 9.39401e-05 003/01 1.67981e-03 -1.28845e-02 2.19669e-04 1.00291e-02 -6.50135e-02 1.05950e-05 004/01 1.15206e-03 -1.73482e-03 1.84306e-04 -4.47063e-02 1.38952e-02 6.82363e-05 005/01 1.60405e-03 -4.74993e-03 1.08628e-04 -3.28119e-02 -2.57445e-02 7.32340e-05 006/01 1.70132e-03 -5.62372e-03 8.97631e-05 2.59637e-02 -7.50146e-02 2.60283e-03 007/01 1.89991e-03 -7.96628e-03 7.98685e-05 -8.38819e-02 -9.03464e-03 2.02129e-04 008/01 1.56450e-03 -1.00155e-02 1.33926e-04 3.15094e-03 -5.53780e-02 1.05236e-04 009/01 1.52302e-03 -6.59903e-03 1.37411e-04 -4.33830e-03 -4.46238e-02 4.45869e-05 010/02 1.65349e-03 -1.33980e-02 1.26108e-04 -1.79467e-02 -4.33929e-02 6.91769e-06 011/01 1.63332e-03 -1.14215e-02 1.22893e-04 1.65771e-02 -6.50816e-02 -1.74424e-05 012/01 1.55696e-03 -9.20419e-03 1.34399e-04 1.34453e-02 -6.14498e-02 -2.18871e-03 013/01 1.55009e-03 -8.96027e-03 1.34753e-04 3.43486e-03 -4.89174e-02 -2.07161e-05 014/01 1.56340e-03 -1.91777e-03 1.26549e-04 -2.76802e-03 -3.99920e-02 -3.01478e-05 015/01 1.39836e-03 4.48094e-03 1.45196e-04 6.58001e-03 -4.21878e-02 -1.00579e-05 016/01 1.43503e-03 1.72736e-03 1.42737e-04 2.03293e-02 -5.84193e-02 -2.72655e-05 017/01 1.44359e-03 -2.52103e-04 1.44564e-04 -4.15755e-03 -3.67312e-02 -1.37264e-05 018/01 1.55175e-03 1.19302e-05 1.28592e-04 1.02470e-02 -5.25375e-02 -1.56899e-05 019/01 1.39516e-03 2.96698e-03 1.46016e-04 8.24101e-03 -4.28389e-02 -1.75933e-05 020/01 1.41227e-03 1.28869e-03 1.45409e-04 1.78737e-02 -5.36906e-02 -8.34299e-06 021/01 1.45612e-03 -4.30351e-04 1.41819e-04 -9.08392e-04 -3.85096e-02 -4.98133e-06 022/01 1.41528e-03 2.30624e-03 1.43606e-04 9.15856e-03 -4.33953e-02 1.20347e-05 023/01 1.42724e-03 3.01431e-03 1.42925e-04 5.99364e-03 -4.12835e-02 3.31005e-05 024/01 1.62697e-03 2.54566e-03 1.17444e-04 -1.93279e-03 -4.14709e-02 -1.20491e-05 025/01 1.40066e-03 9.76925e-04 1.47337e-04 1.21487e-02 -4.65371e-02 -7.68688e-06 026/01 1.48965e-03 3.52237e-03 1.33053e-04 9.05780e-03 -4.71598e-02 2.69666e-06 027/01 1.46932e-03 1.72108e-03 1.36755e-04 5.39400e-03 -4.38037e-02 2.36329e-05 028/02 1.47725e-03 3.33692e-04 1.38579e-04 -4.36826e-04 -3.95995e-02 6.92293e-05 029/01 1.48691e-03 5.69853e-04 1.37699e-04 2.18083e-03 -4.11417e-02 3.77819e-04 030/01 1.50189e-03 -1.99759e-03 1.36658e-04 -4.34406e-03 -3.54488e-02 3.36092e-06 031/01 1.44227e-03 -6.96868e-04 1.42609e-04 1.97990e-02 -5.46878e-02 -2.00396e-05 032/01 1.52533e-03 2.55718e-04 1.31322e-04 2.68116e-02 -6.38338e-02 2.90037e-05 033/01 1.46261e-03 2.80720e-03 1.37339e-04 1.48312e-02 -5.16318e-02 3.86006e-05 034/01 1.42664e-03 9.80097e-04 1.43465e-04 -1.17286e-03 -3.69689e-02 2.53383e-06 035/01 1.44567e-03 1.16777e-03 1.42394e-04 2.17071e-02 -5.98951e-02 -2.24789e-05 036/01 1.58496e-03 4.14128e-03 1.21112e-04 6.11612e-02 -1.06795e-01 -2.17558e-06 037/01 1.52797e-03 -2.00049e-03 1.35571e-04 -8.19798e-03 -3.97432e-02 5.60934e-05 038/01 1.47803e-03 1.65652e-04 1.36726e-04 6.31856e-03 -4.64918e-02 -5.93265e-06 039/02 1.47945e-03 7.94537e-06 1.38166e-04 2.17784e-03 -4.34670e-02 7.81198e-06 040/01 1.47109e-03 -1.79635e-03 1.41663e-04 7.48094e-03 -4.86065e-02 -1.40771e-05 041/01 1.47071e-03 -1.45422e-03 1.43499e-04 2.54808e-02 -6.68503e-02 -3.81862e-05 042/01 1.39117e-03 -1.58515e-04 1.55600e-04 2.04201e-02 -5.14260e-02 -1.25502e-06 043/01 1.55805e-03 6.72145e-03 1.14973e-04 1.19677e-02 -5.42077e-02 4.10889e-06 Sta/ Slope Offset Pcoeff TFcoeff TScoeff OGcoeff Cast (c1) (c2) (c3) (c4) (c5) (c6) 044/01 1.38342e-03 -6.71452e-04 1.54513e-04 1.08952e-02 -4.56573e-02 -1.12276e-05 045/01 1.34574e-03 -6.23142e-04 1.60751e-04 -1.38979e-02 -1.93505e-02 -9.63846e-06 046/01 1.40539e-03 9.28910e-04 1.48065e-04 2.19372e-02 -5.37551e-02 -4.53752e-05 047/01 1.42687e-03 1.25969e-03 1.46974e-04 1.18470e-02 -4.64536e-02 2.65292e-05 048/02 1.38312e-03 1.02774e-03 1.54533e-04 1.88749e-02 -5.45223e-02 -1.35825e-05 049/01 1.46340e-03 5.16205e-03 1.36857e-04 -1.14775e-03 -4.01270e-02 2.47830e-07 050/01 1.43880e-03 6.07636e-03 1.39465e-04 1.63194e-02 -5.58422e-02 -3.81429e-05 051/01 1.47830e-03 1.01043e-03 1.40580e-04 9.40733e-03 -5.44683e-02 -3.12150e-05 052/01 1.43307e-03 1.00991e-03 1.44459e-04 1.35293e-02 -5.38582e-02 -3.46634e-05 053/01 1.52507e-03 -9.53142e-04 1.32391e-04 2.46826e-02 -6.91162e-02 -4.41765e-05 054/01 1.45393e-03 6.72339e-03 1.36978e-04 3.72207e-02 -7.62022e-02 -3.59719e-05 055/01 1.47689e-03 3.10573e-03 1.35091e-04 1.66772e-02 -5.88435e-02 -5.21160e-06 056/01 1.48631e-03 2.22681e-03 1.34947e-04 3.35874e-02 -7.62168e-02 -3.47811e-05 057/02 1.38435e-03 7.84251e-03 1.44911e-04 2.49900e-02 -6.12988e-02 -1.16616e-05 058/02 1.62875e-03 -8.72551e-04 1.20427e-04 2.38463e-02 -8.06760e-02 -6.65128e-05 059/01 1.46640e-03 8.48804e-04 1.38953e-04 3.85820e-02 -7.88613e-02 -3.04070e-05 060/01 1.54975e-03 3.83312e-03 1.26589e-04 3.54479e-02 -7.90420e-02 -1.67068e-05 061/01 1.55314e-03 2.94371e-03 1.26207e-04 3.18457e-02 -7.65876e-02 -2.58869e-05 062/02 1.39049e-03 3.57359e-03 1.49993e-04 -1.28702e-02 -3.05422e-02 1.39450e-05 063/01 1.64386e-03 2.55320e-03 1.16372e-04 4.21452e-02 -9.37279e-02 -5.57016e-05 064/01 1.53404e-03 3.61145e-03 1.29246e-04 -1.52727e-03 -4.57307e-02 -1.64014e-05 065/01 1.41155e-03 1.32094e-03 1.45988e-04 2.58938e-02 -6.22222e-02 -6.12525e-06 066/01 1.48561e-03 4.66548e-04 1.39693e-04 -6.04798e-03 -4.40219e-02 8.03343e-05 067/01 1.58518e-03 1.46296e-03 1.24625e-04 2.91277e-02 -8.07744e-02 -2.13405e-05 068/02 1.39818e-03 1.87451e-03 1.48898e-04 -8.31480e-03 -3.48424e-02 -1.82338e-06 069/01 1.68179e-03 9.81732e-05 1.17460e-04 3.12916e-02 -9.57879e-02 -4.29382e-06 070/01 1.71991e-03 1.27787e-02 1.01335e-04 -4.79902e-03 -5.80875e-02 1.44197e-05 071/01 1.40506e-03 2.19643e-03 1.48742e-04 -6.33120e-04 -4.57440e-02 -1.58956e-05 072/01 1.50390e-03 -3.31856e-04 1.37915e-04 3.05159e-03 -5.47834e-02 5.71624e-07 073/01 1.68135e-03 9.30561e-03 1.52799e-04 -3.71046e-01 1.79616e-01 8.84298e-04 074/01 1.49505e-03 1.58314e-03 1.40436e-04 -3.37244e-03 -5.35345e-02 -4.05708e-06 075/01 1.48214e-03 7.06264e-04 1.43229e-04 1.80966e-03 -6.22202e-02 -4.59910e-05 076/01 1.43118e-03 5.10642e-03 1.44017e-04 -8.25999e-03 -4.09775e-02 -4.34529e-07 077/01 1.38522e-03 6.05709e-03 1.46795e-04 -3.72838e-03 -3.76986e-02 -3.96067e-05 078/02 1.68323e-03 -4.44644e-03 1.23583e-04 -1.31166e-03 -7.82426e-02 -1.50763e-05 079/01 1.49198e-03 4.88965e-03 1.35594e-04 7.04801e-02 -1.23021e-01 -3.53750e-05 080/01 1.61879e-03 -3.45542e-04 1.27344e-04 2.82449e-02 -9.98537e-02 -2.79902e-05 081/01 1.41651e-03 6.40519e-03 1.42678e-04 7.71225e-02 -1.19913e-01 -2.88168e-05 082/01 1.57927e-03 1.00646e-02 1.22418e-04 6.46037e-02 -1.27086e-01 1.10433e-05 083/01 1.53671e-03 4.04597e-03 1.36531e-04 4.57579e-02 -1.15757e-01 3.87946e-05 084/01 1.56659e-03 1.32654e-03 1.31960e-04 -6.64047e-03 -5.75114e-02 -1.01171e-05 085/01 1.62253e-03 4.72606e-04 1.23617e-04 5.00856e-02 -1.14334e-01 -7.22586e-06 086/02 1.54570e-03 -4.54788e-03 1.37703e-04 3.83908e-03 -6.92528e-02 2.30986e-05 087/01 1.49623e-03 7.45157e-03 1.33338e-04 2.91205e-02 -8.04186e-02 -1.65387e-06 087/02 1.49623e-03 7.45157e-03 1.33338e-04 2.91205e-02 -8.04186e-02 -1.65387e-06 088/01 1.51326e-03 -4.62779e-03 1.39521e-04 1.91182e-02 -7.38301e-02 7.49944e-05 089/01 1.51833e-03 -2.23605e-03 1.36236e-04 -9.55286e-03 -4.59941e-02 1.24566e-03 090/01 1.33851e-03 7.28159e-03 1.50475e-04 2.42343e-02 -5.60314e-02 6.23109e-05 091/01 1.39995e-03 6.62175e-03 1.44223e-04 1.49109e-02 -5.15956e-02 3.05412e-05 092/01 1.17994e-03 5.81480e-03 1.81230e-04 2.11278e-02 -3.41154e-02 1.00067e-04 093/01 1.20235e-03 3.23575e-03 1.94670e-04 9.08327e-02 -1.05979e-01 2.40186e-06 094/01 7.26702e-04 5.79481e-03 3.33202e-04 1.60709e-02 3.25142e-02 2.24224e-05 095/01 9.72866e-04 2.53468e-03 2.78680e-04 3.12486e-02 -2.28419e-02 -9.47967e-06 096/01 1.12660e-03 1.52622e-03 2.36632e-04 -5.21582e-03 -8.70255e-03 -6.46160e-06 097/01 9.11864e-04 -9.83649e-03 8.29806e-04 1.16155e-02 5.17479e-03 -1.63913e-06 098/01 7.37485e-04 1.54821e-03 7.02487e-04 1.08206e-02 3.23053e-02 6.15701e-05 099/01 4.62936e-04 -4.64534e-02 2.20503e-03 3.48825e-02 7.31513e-02 -2.78937e-05 121/01 1.52452e-03 4.37773e-04 1.32762e-04 6.75907e-02 -1.25932e-01 -3.22286e-05 Sta/ Slope Offset Pcoeff TFcoeff TScoeff OGcoeff Cast (c1) (c2) (c3) (c4) (c5) (c6) 122/01 1.49661e-03 4.20465e-03 1.29996e-04 8.37335e-02 -1.25576e-01 -5.20607e-05 123/01 1.53711e-03 -1.82531e-03 1.33446e-04 2.28559e-03 -5.56371e-02 4.47570e-06 124/01 1.47129e-03 -4.94488e-03 1.44073e-04 2.79503e-02 -7.60030e-02 -2.14490e-05 125/01 1.49764e-03 5.84991e-03 1.30787e-04 1.58664e-02 -6.10576e-02 1.04223e-04 126/01 1.55294e-03 -9.92309e-03 1.40080e-04 4.93630e-03 -7.35055e-02 1.51939e-05 127/01 1.46482e-03 1.57159e-03 1.37795e-04 4.22539e-02 -8.60623e-02 -5.37647e-05 128/01 1.35260e-03 -7.07638e-03 1.74427e-04 1.22078e-02 -6.02338e-02 1.00445e-05 129/01 1.62571e-03 -6.12452e-03 1.22267e-04 5.24868e-03 -6.87738e-02 -1.82067e-05 130/01 1.42837e-03 2.02694e-03 1.47077e-04 -1.02766e-03 -4.62502e-02 3.81534e-05 131/01 1.31304e-03 -9.40718e-04 1.69007e-04 1.08360e-02 -4.56653e-02 1.53044e-05 132/02 1.49242e-03 -1.08839e-02 1.43320e-04 4.01473e-02 -8.71190e-02 -4.01181e-05 133/01 1.41655e-03 -2.55611e-03 1.50538e-04 3.12334e-02 -7.21314e-02 -2.74546e-05 134/01 1.60644e-03 -4.70651e-03 1.22375e-04 8.96500e-03 -6.48104e-02 -5.96979e-06 135/01 1.50888e-03 -6.25451e-03 1.38627e-04 7.77918e-03 -5.72083e-02 -1.68687e-05 136/01 1.20595e-03 5.88210e-03 1.79267e-04 -1.20234e-02 -1.65762e-02 4.31541e-05 137/01 1.23144e-03 4.18087e-03 1.76495e-04 1.02956e-02 -3.51235e-02 -2.75787e-05 138/01 1.60733e-03 -2.24807e-03 1.21539e-04 -6.92771e-03 -5.66909e-02 2.16705e-05 139/01 1.44330e-03 -2.29646e-05 1.44519e-04 1.79498e-02 -6.01069e-02 -1.81917e-05 140/01 1.31737e-03 -8.02100e-04 1.67207e-04 8.79017e-03 -4.18855e-02 -2.71284e-05 141/02 1.38742e-03 -2.03718e-03 1.54653e-04 1.97025e-02 -5.80731e-02 -3.75762e-06 142/01 1.35897e-03 -6.68678e-03 1.65889e-04 1.92085e-03 -4.30092e-02 1.37756e-05 143/01 1.26289e-03 2.34998e-03 1.87015e-04 -2.58844e-02 -8.46360e-03 1.02403e-04 144/01 1.01973e-03 4.58694e-03 2.69356e-04 -2.68893e-02 8.47161e-03 7.49903e-05 145/01 1.40856e-03 -1.12580e-03 1.82455e-04 -4.81375e-03 -3.91051e-02 2.67259e-05 146/01 1.00011e-03 -7.26369e-03 5.31017e-04 -2.28122e-02 5.30475e-03 5.44317e-05 147/01 2.61426e-03 1.12753e-01 -1.31664e-03 5.24554e-03 -8.96052e-02 -1.87331e-05 148/01 4.33342e-03 4.23867e-01 -2.16556e-03 5.93505e-03 -1.32612e-01 9.07801e-06 188/01 4.68362e-03 4.32891e-01 -3.53223e-03 -1.08147e-01 -6.34708e-02 1.86758e-04 189/01 5.14719e-04 -1.36832e-02 1.28591e-03 -1.48095e-02 5.00234e-02 2.63096e-05 190/02 1.42946e-03 1.70582e-03 1.05035e-04 2.81890e-04 -2.46893e-02 -2.18368e-05 191/01 1.28114e-03 -1.60529e-02 2.05266e-04 -1.33111e-03 -3.24322e-02 3.81289e-05 192/01 1.49733e-03 -2.39870e-02 1.42402e-04 8.48266e-03 -5.05112e-02 6.67075e-05 193/01 1.24753e-03 -1.69402e-02 1.92302e-04 -4.51785e-03 -2.47189e-02 -3.70810e-06 194/01 1.55748e-03 -1.18999e-02 -4.24017e-05 -2.07235e-02 -3.11347e-02 9.74563e-05 195/01 196/01 1.10358e-03 -8.77145e-03 2.52811e-04 -3.01090e-03 -2.06438e-02 -1.22407e-05 197/01 1.02058e-03 -7.85941e-03 2.75341e-04 5.35448e-03 -1.36687e-02 -5.53547e-05 198/01 1.05803e-03 -3.65090e-03 2.55797e-04 -1.49696e-02 -3.54866e-03 3.68105e-06 199/01 1.07034e-03 -4.13163e-03 2.35075e-04 -7.02755e-03 -8.24126e-03 -1.71616e-05 200/01 1.27718e-03 -5.94235e-03 1.76546e-04 2.62068e-03 -3.28459e-02 -1.05277e-05 201/01 1.13142e-03 -1.62351e-02 2.51330e-04 -1.02596e-02 -2.32896e-02 -1.10488e-05 202/01 1.25020e-03 -1.22677e-02 1.97310e-04 -4.45355e-03 -2.37119e-02 -3.56398e-05 APPENDIX C Quality Comments Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from WOCE P17N. Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients). Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this report. Units stated in these comments are milliliters per liter for oxygen and micromoles per liter for Silicate, Nitrate, and Phosphate, unless otherwise noted. The first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR). STATION 001 332 Salinity drawn but not run. Started with bath temp 18 C and air went up to 19 C. Note on Salinometer Log "Air temp change, could not read, quit 5" (5 is salt bottle nbr for sample 332. Remaining 4 samples run later after bath temp stabilized at 21 C. Footnote salinity lost. STATION 002 125 Delta-S .017 low at 103db. 4 Autosal runs for agreement. Spike on salinity up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 136 Sample log: "Air Leak" Delta-S .000 at 542db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 003 117 Delta-S .03 low at 28db. Calc ok. High gradient. Wrong suppression setting, used 1.90159 vs 1.80159. CTD salinity also a little noisy, footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salinity agrees with Station 002, bottle salinity is acceptable. 118 SiO3 appears ~3.0 high, same value as level below. Calc & peak ok. Other parameters have normal gradient. Similar feature next station. Footnote SiO3 questionable, let PI decide. 136 Sample log: "Air leak again. Changed lanyard last time." Adjusted air vent o-ring after this station, ok. Delta-S .0007 at 1014db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 004 124 Original salinity data sheet(PC printout) has bottle sampler numbers confused starting after 23. Salt bottle 24 drawn from bottle 24 per Sample Log but no Autosal run shown for salt bottle 24. Assume Sample log order correct & bottle 24 salt not run. Footnote salinity lost. 128 Delta-S .005 low at 509db. Calc ok. Other water samples ok. No notes on Sample Log. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. 136 Delta-S .055 low at 1419db. Calc ok. Sil also low with good peak and calc. Other water samples look ok but could be leaking bottle and O2, NO3 & PO4 accidentally give reasonable values. No notes on Sample Log. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. STATION 005 111-122 Sample log: "On O2 Nis22 found MnCl2 on 2ml" O2s from surface to 356db (111-122) look ok compared to CTDO and adjacent stations. Oxygen is acceptable. STATION 006 108 Delta-S .03 low at 30db. Calc ok assuming read at wrong suppression setting (1.81621 entered, assume should be 1.91621). Two bottles tripped at 30db and all water samples indicate bottle 8 closed higher than bottle 9. High gradient so probably ok. Salinity is acceptable. STATION 007 102 Delta-S .03 high at 1db. Autosal run ok but sample nbr and salt bottle nbr both recorded as 1 vs. 2. Sample log has salt bottle nbr 2. High gradient & down not same as up. Footnote salinity questionable. 127 Delta-S .003 high at 1623db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No notes. Other water samples ok. CTD salinity also a little noisy, footnote CTD salinity bad. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. STATION 008 102 Delta-S .015 high at 30db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD T & S spikes on up trace. Other water samples ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 103 Sample log: "Did not close - bottom lanyard hungup." No water samples. 131 Delta-S .003 high at 2422db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other water samples ok. No notes. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. 132 Delta-S .004 high at 2628db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other water samples ok. No notes. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. STATION 009 109 Delta-S .014 high at 207db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No notes. Other water samples ok. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. 132 Bottle salt drawn but not run. No note on salinity data sheet. Possible Autosal problem and ran out of sample before getting good readings; salinity lost. 133 Delta-S .006 high at 3123db. Calc ok, only 2 tries for agreement. Other water samples ok. No notes. Footnote salinity bad just too far off, other data are acceptable. 136 PO4 .05 high at 3647db. n:p ratio low. Calc ok & peak fair but definitely high. No recorder trace problem between 135 and 136. There was an air bubble that the analyst found and corrected. The problem with this value could be an air bubble that was undetected and uncorrectable. Footnote PO4 questionable. STATION 010 229 Delta-S .002 high at 2336db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No notes. Other water samples ok. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. 232 Delta-S .002 high at 2951db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No notes. Other water samples ok. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. STATION 011 106 Sample log: "Did not trip" Pylon problem per ConOps. Assigned bottle 6 the surface pressure just for the CTD data. 101-106 Data indicates bottle 5 tripped at level intended for bottle 6 and all remaining bottles above tripped one level lower than intended. No water samples at surface level. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. 103 Delta-S .05 low at 82db. Calc ok. High gradient & inversion. Other water samples ok. Bottle salinity acceptable. 104 Wrong suppression setting, used 1.90410 vs 1.80410. Delta-S .005 high at 108db. Bottle salinity acceptable. 105 Delta-S .02 low at 132db. Wrong suppression setting, used 1.90521 vs 1.80521. High gradient & down trace not same as up. Other water samples ok. Bottle salinity acceptable. 107 Bottle O2 appears 1.0 high at 158db. Calc & titration ok. No notes. Delta-S .005 high and nutrients also ok. Down & up CTDO traces show no O2 inversion this level. Footnote oxygen questionable. 117 Sample log: "Air leak" Delta-S .0015 high at 612db. Other water samples also ok. 135 Delta-S .007 high at 4082db. Calc ok but 4 tries to get agreement. Other water samples ok. Possibly salt crystal contamination when sample bottle opened. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 012 102 Delta-S .016 high at 31db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient & inversion. Uptrace CTD T & S spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 107 Delta-S .13 high at 158db. All water samples indicate deeper water. Possibly bottom end cap closed early. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. 134 Delta-S .003 high at 3970db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 35 salt one level below. Possible dupe draw or run. Other water samples ok. Footnote bottle salinity bad. STATION 013 103 Delta-S .014 low at 53db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Down & up T differ. Small uptrace CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salinity is acceptable. STATION 014 105 Sample log: "Odd temp reading. Closed early?" Delta-S .5 high at 108db. All water samples indicate deeper water. Possibly bottom end cap closed early. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. 129 Delta-S .003 high at 2901db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity questionable. STATION 015 103 Delta-S .012 high at 58db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient. Down differs from up. Uptrace CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle Salinity acceptable. STATION 016 Cast 1 Pylon tripping problems. Note on ConOps for bottle 28 at 2877db:"Reset to 8 for tripping" Note on ConOps for bottle 29 at 3082db:"FF32 ? ! <--31 may have tripped here" No confirmation first 2 tries at 108db level. Data indicates no sample at intended bottle 28 level (2852.6db) and bottles 28 thru 7 tripped one level higher than intended. Data indicates bottles 5 thru 3 tripped two levels higher than intended. No samples from bottles 1, 2, & 6. CTD trip data bottles 1 through 28 reassigned appropriately. 101-102 ConOps note: "Open when rosette came on deck." 106 ConOps note: "Open when rosette came on deck." 134 Delta-S .03 low at 4341db. Calc ok. All water samples indicate leaking bottle. No notes on Sample Log. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. 135 Delta-S .003 low at 4600db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Bottle salinity acceptable. STATION 017 123 Delta-S .003 low at 1962db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Other water samples ok. Normal gradient. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. 126 Delta-S .003 low at 2584db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Other water samples ok. Normal gradient. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable. STATION 018 124 Sample log:"Lanyard from bottle 25 caught in top end cap bottle 24." Delta-S .013 low at 2031db. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. 131 Delta-S .004 high at 3569db. 3 Autosal runs with 2nd & 3rd equal. Same value as bottle 32 salt at level below. Other water samples have normal gradient. Possible dupe draw. Footnote salinity bad. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. 134 Sample log:"Lanyard from bottle 35 caught in top end cap bottle 34." Delta-S .008 low at 4341db. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. STATION 019 102 Pylon problem reported per Console Operations log. This should have tripped at 25db, but tripped at 58db. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. However, samples are acceptable after reassignment of pressure. 103 Sample log: "Did not close" Pylon problem per ConOps. bottle 2 closed at intended bottle 3 level (58db) and no sample at bottle 2 intended level (25db). Did not report this level since the CTD information was from the same pressure as bottle 2. 109 Delta-S .011 low at 182db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 124 Sample log:"Air leak. Lanyard from bottle 25 in top end cap bottle 24. O2 only drawn. Footnote bottle leaking and o2 bad. ODF recommends deletion of water samples. 129 Sample log: "Bottom lanyard hung up on sleeve" No samples. STATION 021 109 Delta-S .021 low at 222db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD T spike on up trace. CTD spike on up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 121 Delta-S .04 high at 1231db. Other water samples indicate deeper water. Probably bottom end cap closed early. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. 130 Delta-S .003 low at 3546db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 31 at level below. Other water samples ok. Possible dupe draw. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 023 Cast 1 This cast tripped in different order to get bottle freon blanks for bottles normally used near surface. Bottle 13 was first bottle tripped (deepest) and bottle 14 was last bottle tripped (surface). All PO4 appear about .05 low on Stations 23 & 24. Low nutrient sea water of questionable quality used these two stations only. Footnote PO4 bad. 118 Delta-S .015 high at 107db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike. Inversion, high gradient. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 121 Delta-S .015 low at 183db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S & T spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 125 Delta-S .05 high at 360db. Calc ok & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Value different from 25 on Sta21, last time this salinity bottle used. Normal CTD T & S traces. Possible rinsing problem. Footnote salinity bad. 137 Sample log: "Leaking from bottom end cap after air vent open" Delta-S .000 at 1320db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 024 Cast 1 All PO4 appear about .05 low on Stations 23 & 24. Low nutrient sea water of questionable quality used these two stations only. Footnote PO4 bad. 103 Delta-S .018 low at 60db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Inversion. CTD S spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 118 Sample log: "Salt (bottle) 18 has chip" Delta-S .000 at 1015db. Salinity is acceptable. 136 CTD Processor: "Power outage on down cast - CTD O2 "questionable" 4902 db to bottom (quality coding as "3")." STATION 025 108 Delta-S .012 high at 184db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD T & S spikes on up trace. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 126 Silicate 1.0 low at 2689db. Calc & peak ok. Other samples including nitrate & phosphate have normal gradient. Footnote SiO3 questionable. STATION 026 119 Delta-S .115 high at 911db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 119 on Sta 24, last time this salt bottle used. Assume drawing error. Footnote salinity bad. 121 Delta-S .033 high at 1316db. Other water samples ok. bottle 22 salt value .034 low so most likely salt samples swapped. Used salt bottle 22 for sample 121. After corrections made, data is acceptable. 122 Delta-S .034 low at 1521db. Oxygen ok. bottle 21 salt value .033 high so most likely salt samples swapped. Nutrient values same as bottle 21, other parameters have normal gradient so assume dupe draw from 21. Nutrients in sample tube for 23 match gradient for bottle 22 level better than bottle 23 level. Used salt bottle 21 for sample 122. Used nutrients from tube 23 for bottle 22. After corrections made, data is acceptable. 123 Nutrients from tube 23 match bottle 22 level. See 122 above. Assume no nutrients drawn from bottle 23. STATION 027 Cast 1 Pylon malfunction problems this station. Bottle levels determined by data values, comparing bottle salts & oxygens with CTD values and all data with adjacent stations. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. Samples are acceptable after pressure assignment corrected. 107 Not tripped. No water samples. Assigned bottle 7 the deepest pressure just for the CTD data. See Cast 1 tripping comment. CTD Processor: "power outage on down cast - CTD O2 "questionable" 5214 db to bottom." 125 Delta-S .014 high at 2444db. Calc & Autosal run ok. O2, NO3 & PO4 samples ok. No notes. Footnote salinity bad. 137 Delta-S .002 low at 4341db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 32 at level above. Nutrients are also same value as bottle 32 but oxygen has normal gradient. Peaks ok. CTD and adjacent stations have normal gradient this level. Possibly dupe draws from bottle 32 and no salt or nutrients from bottle 37. Same person drew salts and nutrients this station. Footnote salinity bad. 138 Delta-S .09 low at 5113db. All water samples appear to be from about 1900db. Does not fit trip sequence of other bottles. Assume bottle 38 had an independent lanyard hangup or trip problem. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. STATION 028 225 Delta-S .02 low at 2750db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 125 on Station 18, which was the last time this salt box was used. Assume drawing error. Footnote salinity bad. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. 231 Delta-S .2 low at 4216db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water sample also from higher level. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. STATION 029 126 Delta-S .007 high at 2697db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 127 below. Other water samples ok. Assume 126 salt drawn from bottle 27. Footnote salinity bad. 130 Delta-S .013 low at 3642db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 130 on Station 26, last time this salt box used. Other water samples ok. Assume drawing error. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 030 104 Delta-S .036 high at 72db. 4 Autosal run to get agreement. High gradient. Down differs from up. CTD S spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Salinity is acceptable. 117 Delta-S .006 low at 1068db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other water samples look ok. Salinity is acceptable. 121 Delta-S .005 low at 1879db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other water samples look ok. Salinity is acceptable. STATION 031 106 Nutrient data sheet: "Sample cup empty" Ok on sample log. Sample tube apparently turned up but not filled. STATION 032 105 Delta-S .012 low at 96db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Small CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 112 Sample log: "Spigot collar loose" Delta-S .002 low at 369db. Other water samples also ok. 127 Delta-S .002 high at 2851db. 3 Autosal runs for agreement. Normal gradient. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 033 109 Delta-S .014 low at 233db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Small CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 131 Silicate appears 2.0 high at 3923db. Same value as level above. Calc & peak ok. Delta-S .003 low. Calc & Autosal run ok. O2, PO4 & NO3 appear to have normal gradient but all have higher and lower values in water column above so slight leak possible. No notes on sample log. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 137 Delta-S .003 low at 4439db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal tries. Other water samples ok. Same value as 132 at level above. Possible dupe draw from bottle 32. No notes. Footnote salinity bad. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. STATION 034 121 Delta-S .003 low at 1770db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Smooth CTD traces this level. Footnote salinity questionable. 136 Delta-S .004 low at 5339db. Calc ok. 3 tries for Autosal. Other water samples ok. Smooth CTD traces. Footnote salinity bad. 138 Delta-S .003 low at 5045db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Smooth CTD traces. Footnote salinity questionable. STATION 035 132 Silicate appears 2.0 low at 3695db. Calc ok but peak poor. Other water samples ok. Footnote SiO3 questionable. STATION 036 103 Delta-S .021 high at 57db. 3 Autosal runs to get agreement. High gradient. CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salinity agrees with adjoining stations, shows the same feature. 106 Delta-S .017 low at 132db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient. CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 126 Delta-S .003 high at 2187db. 4 Autosal runs to get agreement. Other water samples ok. Possible salt crystal contamination. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 038 Cast 1 All 36 trips indicated ok but surface bottle still open when ready to bring on board. Had to recycle pylon power to redo 36th trip (bottle 1). Data indicate no bottle at 4930db, deepest intended level and both bottles 1 & 2 closed at surface. All bottle data indicate bottles were closed one level higher than intended. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. Adjusted CTD trip data. STATION 039 Cast 2 All silicate values appear 2 uM/L high. Apparent base line problem at start of AA run. sil look high compared to 038 & 040 plus 039 Gerard silicates but 036 & 037 sil look reasonably close. Footnote silicate questionable. STATION 040 129 Delta-S .006 high at 2621db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal tries for agreement. Same value as 130. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw from bottle 30. Footnote salinity bad. 134 Delta-S .003 low at 2621db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as 137, one level above. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw from bottle 37. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 041 112 Delta-S .054 high at 359db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 11 above. Other water samples have normal gradient. CTD S had no gradient between bottle 11 and bottle 12 levels. Large S spike on up trace. Bottle S ok. Large spike in CTD uptrace giving an erroneous salinity difference. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 132 Delta-S .0024 low at 2747db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal CTD gradient. Other water samples ok. Leave for now. 137 Delta-S .0027 high at 2952db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal CTD gradient. Other water samples ok. Leave for now. STATION 042 Cast 1 Nitrite not run because of colorimeter problem. Only 3 colorimeters available starting this station. Footnote NO2 lost. 108 PO4 appears high on pot temp-po4 plot, same value as level above. NO3 appears high on pot temp-no3 plot. same value as level above. SIL appears high on pot temp-sil plot, same value as level above. Salinity has normal gradient. Oxygen is close to level above but CTDO is also close these levels. Possible dupe draw of nutrients from bottle 7. Footnote PO4, NO3, and SiO3 bad. 109 Delta-S .017 low at 109db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike on up trace this level. bottle S ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 043 Cast 1 Nitrite not run because of colorimeter problem. Only 3 colorimeters available starting last station. Footnote NO2 lost. 113 Sample log: "Air leak". Delta-S .0015 low at 308db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 044 Cast 1 Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 104 Delta-S .1 high at 80db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as Sta 41 sample 104, last time this salt bottle used. Assume no salt drawn this station. Footnote salinity bad, analyst should have noticed that salinity sample was very low. 117 Salinity was scheduled to be drawn, but analyses was not performed. Footnote salinity lost. STATION 045 Cast 1 Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 105 Delta-S .028 low at 107db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 106 Delta-S .040 low at 132db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 132db looks slightly high compared to surrounding stations." Oxygen appears 0.7 high, reviewed data vs. pressure, potemp, and silicate. No sampling or analytical notes indicating a problem. Other data are acceptable. Footnote oxygen bad. No CTDO reported since CTD salinity is coded bad. 107 Delta-S .011 low at 158db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 108 Delta-S .014 low at 183db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 111 CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 309.1 db looks slightly high compared to surrounding stations." Oxygen appears 0.25 high. Footnote oxygen bad. 118 PO4 appears .08 high at 813db. Calc ok, peak poor but definitely high. Value is similar to PO4 max on most neighboring stations but NO3 doesn't match. Footnote PO4 questionable. 123 Delta-S .005 low at 1576db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Slight bump on CTD S up trace. Leave for now. Gradient, salinity is slightly low compared with adjoining stations. Footnote salinity questionable. STATION 046 Cast 1 Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. Cast 1 Data indicate no sample at deepest intended level and all bottles closed one level above intended level. Bottle 2 is surface bottle. Footnote bottle (2-32,37,34,38,36) did not trip as scheduled. Profile appears to be acceptable at correctly reassigned pressures. 101 Sample log: "Did not close, no sample. Found ramp arm at 35 ready to trip position 36 (bottle 1) when preparing for next station." No notes on ConOps. Assigned bottle 1 the deepest pressure just for the CTD data. See Cast 1 tripping comment. Footnote bottle no samples drawn. 105 Delta-S .018 low at 80db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T spike on CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 106 Delta-S .022 high at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T spike on CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 107 Delta-S .014 high at 132db. 4 Autosal runs for agreement. T spike on CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 108 Delta-S .020 high at 157db. 3 Autosal runs for agreement. T spike on CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 047 Cast 1 Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 121-123 PO4 appears .05 high (863, 964 and 1167 db, respectively). Calc ok & peak fair. Similar problem at same general level on previous two stations. Footnote PO4 questionable. STATION 048 Cast 2 Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 234 Flask broken before titration. No bottle oxygen. STATION 049 Cast 1 Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 130 Sample log: "Leaking from bottom after air vent opened." Delta-S .000 at 2798db. Other water samples also ok. 137 Delta-S .004 high at 3462db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Possible draw or run error with salt bottle 33 drawn from 34 instead of 37 and salt bottle 34 drawn from 35 instead of 34. Corrected raw data file to reflect actual sample drawing order. Salinity was not drawn from this bottle. 134 Delta-S .003 high at 3719db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Possible draw or run error with salt bottle 33 drawn from 34 instead of 37 and salt bottle 34 drawn from 35 instead of 34. After correcting raw data file, salinity agreement acceptable. STATION 050 Cast 1 Tripped with 25 at bottom and 26 at top for freon bottle blank check. 137 Sample log: "bottom stopper leaked after air vent opened. Reseated ok." Delta-S .004 low at 182db. Other water samples also ok. 104 Delta-S .006 low at 408db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as 3 at level above. Other water samples show normal gradient. Possible dupe draw or run. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 051 132 Delta-S .003 high at 3312db. Calc ok, 3 tries on Autosal. Other water samples ok. No notes, no obvious sampling error. Footnote salinity questionable. Feature could be real. STATION 053 108 Delta-S at 181db is -0.0571, salinity is 33.413. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. STATION 054 109 Delta-S at 208db is -0.0313, salinity is 33.638. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 114 Sample log: "Lanyard caught in top end cap. Air leak. Delta-S .002 high at 409db. Other water samples also look ok. Oxygen and salinity agree with adjoining stations, bottle okay. STATION 056 Cast 1 All 36 trips indicated ok but surface bottle still open when ready to bring on board. Conops note:"trouble - took couple of tries" Data indicate no bottle at 4446db, deepest intended level, and both bottles 1 & 2 closed at surface. All bottle data indicate bottles were closed one level higher than intended. Adjusted CTD trip data and all samples are acceptable, unless noted otherwise. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. 119 Sample log: "O-ring out of groove, air leak. Delta-S .025 low at 966db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs for agreement. Other water samples also seem to be from higher in water column. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. STATION 057 Cast 1 CTD salinity trace noisy, brought back aboard, cleaned bio matter off conductivity cell, and sent down as cast 2 for complete cast with samples. Delta-Ss closer to those earlier in leg than more recent stations. 205 Delta-S at 109db is -0.0451, salinity is 33.042. Changing waters. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 058 228 Sample log: "C14 drawn after helium, before O2" Bottle oxy at 2542db looks good compared to CTDO and rest of bottle oxy profile. Oxygen is acceptable. STATION 059 105 Salinity data sheet: "Bottle 5 exploded, no data" 107 Ship's power failure during oxygen titration. Footnote oxygen lost. STATION 060 Cast 1 Bottles tripped for freon bottle blank check. bottle 13 is deepest level and bottle 14 is surface. 114 Sample log: "Air leak, lanyard caught in top end cap. Delta-S .000 at surface. Oxygen and salinity agree with adjoining stations, bottle okay. 118 Salinity value from Salt bottle 18 matches CTD salt from bottle 20. Assume drawing error. Footnote salinity bad, ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. 120 Salinity value from Salt bottle 20 matches CTD salt from bottle 18. Assume drawing error. Footnote salinity bad, ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. STATION 062 221 Delta-S .003 low at 1523db. Calc ok but 5 Autosal runs to get agreement. Other water samples ok. Suspect salt crystal. Footnote salinity bad. 229 Delta-S .004 low at 2925db. Calc ok but 4 Autosal runs to get agreement. Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 063 115-120 Nitrate appears 1.5 uM/L low. PO4 had problem this area and was rerun but nothing out of ordinary re NO3. These bottles were also slightly lower than adjacent stations on previous cast (062/02) then go back to normal on next station (064/01). Footnote NO3 questionable. STATION 064 136 Delta-S .01 low at 4747db. Calc & Autosal run ok All water samples indicate bottle 36 closed higher in water column. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. STATION 065 105 Sample log: "O-ring not seated, air leak." Delta-S .02 low at 107db. High gradient. Other water also look ok for high gradient. STATION 066 Cast 1 All bottles closed when brought to surface for surface sample. Data indicate bottles 4 & 5 both closed at 108db. Footnote bottles 1 through 5 did not trip as scheduled. 101-105 See Cast 1 bottle comment. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. STATION 067 Cast 1 Bottle 1 still open after trip 36 confirmed. Data indicates no sample at deepest intended level and all bottles closed one level higher than intended with both bottles 1 & 2 closed at surface. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. 116 Delta-S 1.3 low at 611db. All water samples indicate bottle 16 closed at surface. O2 draw temp low so probably closed when rosette first entered water. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. 124 O2 appears 0.3 high at 2033db. Calc & titration look ok. No notes. Value goes much better with level below (125). Possible drawing or running error. Footnote oxygen bad. 125 O2 appears 1.3 high at 2134db. Comment on O2 data sheet: "chk, air delivered (3) 0.35152" Footnote oxygen bad. STATION 068 206 Delta-S at 132db is -0.0437, salinity is 33.207. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 209 Dissolved oxygen appears 3.7 high at 208db. Nutrients ok. Delta-S .000. Oxygen value higher than max this station. Titration problem?, no notes. Footnote oxygen bad. STATION 071 121-123 Delta-Ss .004 high at 1469-1928db. Reruns indicate original bottle salts wrong but too much scatter to use rerun data. Footnote salinity bad. 132 Delta-S .003 low at 3847db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 31 at level above. Possible dupe draw or run. Rerun indicates original bottle salt run in error. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 072 128 Delta-S .013 high at 2802db. Other water samples also indicate deeper than intended. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples. 137 Delta-S .003 low at 4090db. Other water samples ok. Same value as bottle 32 at level above. Possible dupe draw or run. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 073 101-105 CTD Processor: "CTD O2 "questionable" 0 - 130 db." STATION 075 105 Delta-S at 110db is -0.0324, salinity is 33.250. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 076 106 Delta-S at 132db is 0.083, salinity is 33.272. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 117 Titration problem. No dissolved oxygen. Other samples ok. Footnote oxygen lost. 130 Sample log: "Cap broken away from spring and chipped. Bottom cap hooked to bottle 31 btm lanyard." Lanyard from bottom end cap to spring missing. No water samples. STATION 077 Cast 1 Tripped bottle 25 at bottom, bottle 26 at top for freon bottle blank check. 137 Sample log: "leaking from bottom seal" Assume leaking from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Delta-S .000 at 185db. Other water samples also look ok. 108 O-ring out of groove on bottom end cap. No water samples. STATION 078 223 Sample log: "No sample (Bottom lanyard got caught)." STATION 080 Cast 1 Delta-Ss all .005 to .007 high. Slime on CTD sensors. All water samples look ok. 120 Delta-S at 1120db is 0.0066, salinity is 34.432. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 121 Delta-S at 1324db is 0.0089, salinity is 34.485. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 122 Delta-S at 1526db is 0.0081, salinity is 34.519. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 123 Delta-S at 1731db is 0.0059, salinity is 34.550. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 124 Delta-S at 1935db is 0.0065, salinity is 34.576. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 125 Delta-S at 2138db is 0.007, salinity is 34.597. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 126 Delta-S at 2342db is 0.0054, salinity is 34.613. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 127 Delta-S at 2546db is 0.0074, salinity is 34.630. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 128 Delta-S at 2752db is 0.0069, salinity is 34.643. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 129 Delta-S at 2957db is 0.0076, salinity is 34.652. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 130 Delta-S at 3213db is 0.007, salinity is 34.661. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 131 Delta-S at 3471db is 0.0082, salinity is 34.669. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 132 Delta-S at 3727db is 0.0079, salinity is 34.675. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 137 Delta-S at 3983db is 0.0088, salinity is 34.680. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 134 Delta-S at 4292db is 0.0088, salinity is 34.682. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 138 Delta-S at 4550db is 0.0086, salinity is 34.685. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 136 Delta-S at 4713db is 0.0095, salinity is 34.686. See Cast 1 salinity comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 4713.3 db (bottle 36) looks slightly high compared to surrounding stations (ok if look at theta/O2)." No CTDO reported since CTD salinity is coded bad. STATION 081 134 Delta-S .006 high at 4239db. Calc ok but 4 Autosal runs to get agreement. 4th run .00003 higher than 3rd. Other water samples ok. Assume salt crystal from cap fell in sample. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 083 117 Sample log: "Air leak, top end cap reseated, ok. Delta-S .001 low at 809db. Other water samples also ok. 121 Delta-S .03 high at 1525db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 22 salt at level below. Reran both salt bottles, got same results so probably dupe draw not dupe run. Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity bad. 137 Sample log: "Dripping from bottom end cap after air vent opened." Delta-S .000 at 3820db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 084 107 Delta-S at 158db is 0.0643, salinity is 33.546. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 085 105 Delta-S at 107db is 0.0591, salinity is 33.086. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 106 Delta-S at 132db is 0.039, salinity is 33.651. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 086 205 Delta-S at 108db is -0.0545, salinity is 33.049. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 209 Sample log: "Air valve not closed." Delta-S .021 high at 210db. 6 Autosal runs to get agreement. Small salinity spike on CTD up trace. Down CTD T & S differ from up values. Other water samples look ok in high gradient area. Footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 087 103 Delta-S at 58db is -0.0289, salinity is 32.581. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. Cast 2 Repeat cast with LADCP to 5500db only. Salinities were only samples drawn. CTD Processor: "No discrete oxygens - use fit from 087/01)." Footnote CTD O2 questionable. STATION 088 106 Delta-S at 132db is 0.0544, salinity is 33.510. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 134 Sample log: stopcock found fully opened" Delta-S .000 at 5011db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 089 107 Sample log: "Bottom lanyard unhooked" Delta-S .010 high at 158db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples also look ok at high gradient and differing up & down CTD T & S traces. STATION 090 104 Sample log: "Air vent open." Delta-S .001 high at 82db. Other water samples also look ok. 111 Delta-S .07 low at 283db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 10 at level above. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw or run. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. Footnote salinity bad. 137 Sample log: "Leaking from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Top cap reseated." Delta-S .001 high at 3954db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 091 101 Delta-S .02 low at 3db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Bottle salt looks ok. Spike on CTD up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 117 Delta-S .09 high at 561db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Bottle salt looks ok. Spike on CTD up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 137 Sample log: "Leaked from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, ok." Delta-S .000 at 3365db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 092 106 Delta-S .08 high at 131db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. High gradient and CTD up trace spike at this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salt and other water samples look ok. 108 Delta-S .04 high at 181db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 9 at level below. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw or run. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. Footnote salinity bad. 137 Sample log: "Leaked from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, ok." Delta-S .000 at 2954db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 093 103 Delta-S at 55db is 0.0335, salinity is 32.634. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. STATION 094 114 Delta-S .04 high at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Bottle salt looks ok. CTD up-trace spike this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 095 137 Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, ok." Delta-S .000 at 1311db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 096 138 Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, ok." Delta-S .002 low at 1365db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples appear ok. Normal CTD gradient. STATION 097 121 Delta-S .04 low at 155db. Calc & Autosal run ok. All water samples ok. CTD S spike on up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. 127 Sample log: "Did not close, bottom lanyard hangup." No water samples. 137 Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, ok." Delta-S .001 low at 711db. Other water samples also ok. STATION 098 107 Sample log: "Bottom lanyard unhooked" Delta-S .017 high at 155db. Calc & autosal run ok. Other water samples also ok in high gradient area. 109 Delta-S .09 low at 205db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Bottle salt looks ok. CTD S up trace spike this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 099 101 Delta-S .05 low at 3db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 122 137 Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, ok." Delta-S .000 at 3777db. Other water samples also ok. Replaced bottle 37 with bottle 33 after this cast. STATION 123 117 No bottle oxygen. Titration problem. Footnote oxygen not reported. 132 Delta-S .002 low at 3571db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Same sampler had low salinity on next station. Had been ok on prior stations. Footnote salinity questionable, not within accuracy of measurement. STATION 124 105 Delta-S at 107db is -0.0374, salinity is 33.557. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 128 Delta-S 0.006 low at 2751db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Rerun is .006 higher indicating problem was with original Autosal run. Footnote salinity questionable. 132 Delta-S 0.003 low at 3695db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. Rerun is .001 higher indicating original Autosal run was ok. Delta-S this sampler was 0.002 low on previous station. Had been ok on prior stations. Bottle 32 salinities ok subsequent stations. Footnote salinity questionable. STATION 125 101 All surface data differ from adjacent stations, temp & oxygen high and salinity and nutrients low. Calc ok. Spring bloom? CTD Processor: "Surface discrete O2 (2.7 db, bottle 01) looks high compared to surrounding stations." Footnote CTD O2 questionable. STATION 126 105 Delta-S at 106db is -0.036, salinity is 33.120. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 106 Delta-S at 132db is -0.0424, salinity is 33.381. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 124-129 CTD Processor: "Discrete (& thus also CTD) O2's don't look like surrounding stations from about 1700 to 3000 db (looks ok if look at theta/O2)." Footnote CTD O2 questionable. STATION 127 112 Bottle oxygen appears high compared to CTDO down trace but look good compared to up trace. CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 363.5 db (bottle 12) looks high compared to surrounding stations, although looks just fine if look at CTD O2 up trace." Footnote CTD O2 questionable. STATION 130 109 Sample log: "Air leak, vent not tight." Delta-S .00 at 206db. Other water samples also look ok. 117 Sample log: "Air leak, top cap cracked." Delta-S .003 low at 610db. Other water samples look ok. Down & up traces differ somewhat this level. STATION 131 Cast 1 Tripped bottle 17 at bottom, bottle 18 at top, for freon bottle blank check. STATION 132 218 Delta-S .04 high at 812db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Same value as bottle 19 at level below. Assume dupe draw or run. Salt box used for subsequent station so rerun not possible. Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 136 122 Delta-S .003 high at 912db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples look ok at O2 min & PO4 max. Normal CTD gradient up and down. Footnote salinity questionable. STATION 137 Cast 1 Pylon program problem, no bottle closed at 611db, all remaining bottles closed one level higher than intended. Two bottles open at surface, both tripped and sampled. Footnote bottles 1 through 18 did not trip as scheduled. 107 Delta-S at 131db is -0.0269, salinity is 33.234. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 108 Delta-S at 155db is 0.0113. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 138 105 Delta-S at 106db is -0.0293, salinity is 32.722. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 139 101-102,104-117 CTD Processor: "Discrete (& thus also CTD) O2's don't look like surrounding stations for top 800 db (looks ok if look at theta/O2)." Footnote CTD O2 questionable. 103 Delta-S at 55db is -0.0513, salinity is 32.261. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. See 101 CTD Processor comment. No CTD Oxygen since CTD salinity is coded bad. STATION 140 106 Delta-S at 130db is 0.0464, salinity is 32.980. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 127 Sample log: "Did not close, lanyard is too tight." Bottom lanyard hung-up, no water sample. Not adjusted after LADCP installation. STATION 141 206 Delta-S at 131db is 0.0441, salinity is 33.126. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 207 Delta-S at 156db is 0.0327, salinity is 33.387. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 227 Delta-S .003 high at 1523db. Calc ok but 5 Autosal runs to get agreement. Other water samples ok, & normal CTD S trace down and up. Assume salt crystal from cap in sample. Footnote salinity bad. STATION 142 103 Sample log: "Lower end cap leaking when air vent opened." Delta-S .004 high at 56db. Other water samples also look ok. 108 Delta-S at 182db is 0.0302, salinity is 33.427. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. STATION 143 108 Delta-S at 180db is 0.0321, salinity is 32.908. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 109 Delta-S at 206db is 0.0315, salinity is 33.209. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 110 Delta-S at 231db is 0.0337, salinity is 33.435. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. STATION 144 102 Delta-S at 29db is 0.0269, salinity is 32.222. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 105 Delta-S .06 low at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike this level, footnote CTD salinity bad.. 106 Delta-S at 130db is -0.0295, salinity is 32.705. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 107 Delta-S at 158db is -0.0304, salinity is 33.041. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. 117 Sample log: "Air leak, chip from top cap caught under o- ring." Delta-S .00 at 408db. Other water samples also look ok. STATION 146 117 PO4 0.5 high at 2db. NO3 9.0 high at 2db. SiO3 3.0 high at 2db. Same value as bottle 20 3 levels below. Rerun confirms, assume bad draw. Other water samples okay. Footnote nutrients bad. STATION 147 127 Delta-S at 154db is -0.0656, salinity is 32.755. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. 136 Salinity was drawn per Sample Log sheet, however, sample was not run. Other salinity samples are reasonable, suspect that this salinity was not just analyzed. Footnote salinity lost. STATION 148 129 Delta-S at 28db is -0.0267, salinity is 31.935. Footnote CTD salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable. APPENDIX D LVS QUALITY COMMENTS (ODF) Remarks for missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from WOCE P17N Large Volume Samples. Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity and silicate data from piggyback and Gerard with CTD cast data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients). Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this report. Units stated in these comments are micromoles per liter for Silicate unless otherwise noted. The first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR). PB refers to the bottle that is attached to the Gerard. STATION 010 142 Sample log: "Not closed. Trip arm missed Push Rod." No samples, no temperature. Gerard (82) appears to be okay. 143 SiO3 appears 2.0 low at 3251db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) appears to be okay. 144 SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3404db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. Gerard silicate with 44 closer to normal. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) appears to be okay. 182 PB 42, Gerard appears to be okay. No temperature. 183 SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3252db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, Gerard appears to be okay. 347 Gerard (89) leaked, see Gerard comments. NO3 & PO4 are high. PI to decide barrel intergrity. 389 Delta PB-Gerard Salinity = .021 at 2727db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other levels this cast and to rosette cast this station. However Gerard nutrients look ok and PB (47) NO3 & PO4 look high? Nutrient sample numbers were incorrectly assigned. After correction, no3 high by 1.4, and PO4 high by .08. SiO3 low by .2, which is within the accuracy of the measurement. Footnote salinity and nutrients all except SiO3 questionable, and bottle leaking. PI to decide barrel integrity. STATION 028 147 Delta PB-Gerard salt .835 low at 4787db. Nutrients also indicate PB tripped near surface. Therm rack ok. Gerard 89 salinity & nutrients look good. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 4787db is -0.835, salinity is 33.851. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. Gerard (89) is okay. 183 Sample Log: "Air leak. Loose fitting at bottom." Delta PB- Ger salt .0001. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay. 193 Sample Log: "Very slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0005. Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay. 347 PB failed to trip. Trip rod not down far enough to release lanyards. Gerard 89 salt & nutrients look good. No samples, no temperature. Gerard is okay. 382 Sample Log: "Top valve loose." Delta PB-Ger salt .0008. Nutrients also match well. PB 42. Gerard is okay. 383 Sample Log: "Significant air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0002. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay. 389 No temperature see PB 47 comment. Gerard is okay. 393 Sample Log: "Slow air leak". Delta PB-Ger salt .0005. Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay. STATION 039 141 Gerard (81) is reasonable, PI may want to double-check. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3464db is 0.0031, salinity is 34.669. See 181 comments Gerard is questionable. Gerard (81). 142 Temp appears .03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. PB water samples appear deeper than Gerards, while temp is shallower. Apparent rack posttrip. NO3 is .2 high, which is within the specs of the measurement. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3641db is 0.0065, salinity is 34.673. See 182 comments, Gerard (82), footnote temperature questionable. 144 Temp appears .03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. Footnote temperature questionable. Gerard (84) is okay. 181 Sample log: "Air Vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = .003 at 3464db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. NO3 same, PO4 indicates Gerard has shallower water but most PO4 comparisons have higher Gerard values than PBs. Suspect bottle okay, salinity difference is not that unreasonable. PI will have to make final determination on this sample. PB 41. 182 Sample log:"Air vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = .0065 at 3641db. Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrient differences inconclusive. Footnote bottle leaking, salinity and temperature questionable. See PB 142 temperature comment. PI will have to make final determination on this sample. PB (42). 183 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0016 at 3818db. Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients reasonable. PB (43). 184 Delta PB-Ger salt .0006 at 3996db. Nutrients reasonable. Footnote temperature questionable, see PB 144 temperature comment. 341 Gerard (93) is okay. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = .0004 at 2727db. Nutrients also ok. PB 44. Gerard is okay. 393 Sample log:"Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = .0006 at 3294db. Nutrients also ok. PB 41. Gerard is okay. STATION 048 141 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3024db is 0.003, salinity is 34.659. Gerard (81) indicates a slight leak. 142 Sample log: "Slight air leak. Reseated top, ok" Gerard (82). 145 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3534db is 0.002, salinity is 34.670. See Gerard (85) SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 146 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (87) is okay. 147 Sample log: "Light air leak. Reseated top, ok." Delta PB- Ger salt .001 at 3838db. Nutrients also look ok. Gerard (89) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 148 Gerard (90) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 149 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (93) is okay. 181 Sample log: "Air vent loose. Went down tight per DM & RR." Delta PB-Ger .003 at 3024db. Nutrients look reasonably close. Very slight sample leak if any. Footnote Gerard leaking, but data acceptable, let PI make final decision. PB 41. 182 Sample log: "Air vent just barely tight. No air leak." Delta PB-Ger .001 at 3151db. Nutrients also ok. PB 42. 185 Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .002 at 3534db. PO4 & SIL also indicate very slight leak. PB 45. Gerard is probably okay, but PI should double check. Footnote bottle leaking. SiO is ~-0.2 low compared to rosette cast, do not suspect a problem with the Gerard barrel, but rather the SiO3 analysis. From this sample to the deepest there appears to be a ~-0.2 offset. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 187 Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 3686db. Nutrients also look ok. PB 46. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 189 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 47. 190 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 48. 193 Sample log: "V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 4144db. Nutrients also look ok, taking into account SiO3 problem. PB 49. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Cast 3 PB sample numbers for salinity were not filled in. Wrote in numbers 1-9. Salinities appear to be okay. Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 341 PO4 appears .04 low at 1911db compared to Gerard and rosette profile. Calc & peak ok. Used 2nd of 2 samples from 41 to account for large jump from SSW to deep nutrient values. Other nutrients and salt ok. PO4 is questionable. Gerard (81) is okay. 385 Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt .0002 at 2420db. Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 45. 390 Delta PB-Ger salt .004 at 2800db. Calc & autosal runs ok. Excellent agreement between nutrients. PB salt matches rosette salt better than Gerard salt. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard is okay. PB 48. 393 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0004 at 2924db. Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 49. STATION 058 141 Sample log: "Air leak, reseated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 3148db. Nutrients from PB also okay, although Gerard PO4 is .04 high. Gerard (81) is okay. 142 DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) is okay. 181 PO4 .04 high at 3148db compared to rest of Gerard PO4 profile and about .02 high compared to rosette profile this level. Delta PB-Ger salt .001 and other nutrients ok. PB 41. 182 No temperature see PB 42 comment. Gerard is okay. 342 DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) is okay. 382 No temperature, see PB 42 comment, Gerard is okay. 383 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0007 at 2217db. Nutrients also ok. PB 43, gerard is okay. 384 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger .0003 at 2342db. Nutrients also ok. PB 44, Gerard is okay. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger .0003 at 2468db. Nutrients also ok. PB 45, Gerard is okay. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salinity = .005 at 2975db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients all agree well. PB salt higher and Gerard salt lower than rosette salinity this level. PB 49, Gerard is probably okay, let PI decide. STATION 068 141 Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard (81) is okay. 146 Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Gerard (87) is okay. 149 Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Suspect Gerard (93) is okay. 181 Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 41. 187 Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable, not within specification of measurement. PB 46, Gerard is okay. 193 Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 49. 341 Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB seems low. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (81) is okay. 343 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2220db is -0.0021, salinity is 34.599. Gerard (83) is okay. 381 Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB seem low. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. PB 41, Gerard is okay. 383 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger S =-.002. Gerard salt matches profile & rosette salts better than PB. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. Gerard is okay, PB 43. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=-.001. Nutrients also agree. PB 45. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=.001. Nutrients also agree. PB 46. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S =.000. Nutrients also agree. PB 49. STATION 078 185 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0001 at 4192db. NO3 & SIL also ok. Gerard PO4 .04 high but Gerard PO4s are usually high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45. 187 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0009 at 4370db. Nutrients also ok. PB 46. 193 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = -.0009 at 4903db. Nutrients also ok. PB 49. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0007 at 2415db. NO3 & Sil also ok. Gerard PO4 .03 high but Gerard PO4s are usually high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0003 at 2592db. Gerard nutrients also ok. PB NO3 & SIL a little low this level (346) PB 46. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at 3133db. Nutrients also ok. PB 49. STATION 086 Cast 1 PB sample numbers for nuts and salinity were not filled in. Wrote in numbers 1-9. Samples appear to be okay. 145 Delta-S(PB-g) at 4812db is 0.0027, salinity is 34.688. Suspect Gerard (85) is okay. 148 PO4 .08 high at 5428db. Calc & peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt = -.0004, other nutrients and Gerard PO4 ok. Assume PO4 contamination PB 48. Gerard (90) is okay. 183 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0009 at 4299db. Nutrients also ok. PB 43. 185 Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0027 at 4812db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other salts this station. However, nutrients have reasonably good agreement this level. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 45. 187 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at 5018db. Nutrients also ok. PB 46. 346 Suspect Gerard (87) is okay. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2900db is 0.0023, salinity is 34.655. Footnote salinity questionable. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at 2722db. Nutrients also ok. PB 45. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0023 at 2900db. Nutrients look ok. Difficult to tell which salt looks better because of gradient. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 46. STATION 132 146 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3759db is 0.002, salinity is 34.677. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable. 147 PO4 .08 high at 3912db. Peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt .001 and other nutrients ok. Gerard PO4 looks good. Assume PO4 contamination in PB 47. Gerard (89) is acceptable. 347 Sample log: "Air leak, reseated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 2569db. Nutrients also ok. Gerard (89) is acceptable. 389 PB 47. Gerard samples are acceptable. STATION 141 Cast 1 Silicate has a problem, other water properties ok. All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Nothing obvious in data. AA controller did not sample third end SW but final SW adjusted based on difference between 2nd & 3rd SW on adjacent station. 141 All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Gerard (81) is acceptable. 142 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (82) is acceptable. 143 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) is acceptable. 144 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) is acceptable. 145 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (85) is acceptable. 146 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable. 147 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is acceptable. 148 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) is acceptable. 149 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Delta- S PB-Gerard at 3338db is 0.002, salinity is 34.672. Gerard (93) is acceptable. 181 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 41, Gerard is okay. 182 Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .002 at 2466db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Gerard salt appears slightly low. Nutrients agree well. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 42. Gerard is acceptable. 183 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, Gerard is okay. 184 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 44, Gerard is okay. 185 Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 2724db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 45. Gerard is acceptable. 187 Sample log: "Moderate air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0014 at 2876db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 46. Gerard is acceptable. 189 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard is okay. 190 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard is okay. 193 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard is okay. Cast 3 Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 1 nutrient comments. 347 Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is okay. 348 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) is acceptable. 349 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (93) is acceptable. 389 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard is okay. 390 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard is okay. 393 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard is okay. D. P17N FINAL REPORT FOR LARGE VOLUME SAMPLES (Robert M. Key) July 11, 1996 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION WOCE section P17N (expedition designation Voyage TTO21; Expocode 325021/1) was carried out aboard R/V Thomas G. Thompson during the period May 15 - June 26, 1993. The cruise began at San Francisco, CA and ended at Sitka, AK. David Musgrave of Univ. of Alaska was chief scientist. This report covers details of data collection and analysis for the large volume Gerard samples. The reader is referred to the final cruise report prepared by Musgrave (1995) as the primary source for cruise information. Portions of this report were taken from the SIO-ODF data report. Ten large volume (LV) stations were occupied on this leg. The cruise plan called for 2 Gerard casts of 9 barrels each at each LV station. The planned sampling density was 1 station every 5° of latitude (~300nmi). Each station included at least one deep cast (2500db to the bottom), and an intermediate (1200db to 2500db) cast. There were no Gerard barrel mistrips on this cruise which were apparent at the end of the cast. The purpose of these casts was to collect samples for 14C analysis. 14C coverage for the upper water column was done via small volume AMS sampling from the Rosette. AMS sampling was carried out jointly by P. Quay (U. Washington) and R. Key (Princeton U.). All LV casts for P17N were done using the starboard A-frame and standard procedures (Key, 1991). Table 1 summarizes the LV sampling and Figure 1 shows the LV station locations. TABLE 1. LV Sampling Summary Station Cast North West No. Ger. Latitude Longitude Samples ------- ---- -------- --------- ------- 10 1 38.234 124.982 9 3 38.243 124.973 9 28 1 34.602 134.978 9 3 34.591 134.988 9 39 1 39.613 134.997 9 3 39.603 135.000 9 48 1 41.666 135.990 9 3 41.665 136.013 9 58 1 44.959 141.228 9 3 44.951 141.225 9 68 1 48.214 146.687 9 3 48.222 146.698 9 78 1 51.478 152.508 9 3 51.488 152.533 9 86 1 53.981 157.365 9 3 53.987 157.362 9 132 1 54.835 146.730 9 3 54.839 146.718 9 141 1 56.215 139.182 9 3 56.211 139.192 9 7 20 Totals 180 Each Gerard barrel was equipped with a piggyback 5 liter Niskin bottle which, in turn, had a full set of high precision reversing thermometers to determine sampling pressure as well as temperature. Both Gerard and Niskin were sampled for salinity and nutrients, but not oxygen. Additionally, each Gerard was sampled for radiocarbon. The salinity and nutrient samples from the piggyback bottle were used for comparison with the Gerard barrel values to verify the integrity of the Gerard sample. As samples were collected, the information was recorded on a sample log sheet. Any abnormalities with sampler or sample collection were also noted. These notes are listed in the appendix. The discrete hydrographic data were entered into the shipboard data system and processed as the analyses were completed. The bottle data were brought to a usable, though not final, state at sea. ODF data checking procedures included verification that the sample was assigned to the correct depth. The salinity and nutrient data were compared by ODF with those from adjacent stations and with the Rosette cast data from the same station. Any comments regarding the water samples were investigated. The raw data computer files were also checked for entry errors. 2.0 PERSONNEL LV sampling for this cruise was under the direction of the principal investigator, Robert M. Key (Princeton). All LV 14C extractions at sea were done by Rich Rotter (Princeton). Deck work and reading thermometers was done by the SIO CTD group with assistance from many of the scientific party. Salinities and nutrients were analyzed by ODF/SIO personnel. 14C analyses were done at Minze Stuiver's laboratory (U. Washington). Key collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned quality control flags to the 14C, rechecked the flags assigned by ODF and submitted the data files to the WOCE office (7/96). 3.0 RESULTS This data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release. In this data set Gerard samples can be differentiated from Niskin samples by the bottle number. Niskin bottle numbers are in the range 41-49 while Gerards are in the range 81-93. 3.1 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE Pressure and temperature for the LV casts are determined by reversing thermometers mounted on the piggyback Niskin bottle. Each bottle was equipped with the standard set of 2 protected and 1 unprotected thermometer. Each temperature value reported on the LV casts was calculated from the average of four readings, provided both protected thermometers functioned normally. The temperatures are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. All thermometers, calibrations and calculations were provided by SIO-ODF. Reported temperatures for samples in the thermocline are believed to be accurate to 0.01°C and for deep samples 0.005°C. Pressures were calculated using standard techniques combining wire out with unprotected thermometer data. In cases where the thermometers failed, pressures were estimated by thermometer data from adjacent bottles combined with wire out data. Because of the inherent error in pressure calculations and the finite flushing time required for the Gerard barrels, the assigned pressures have an un-certainty of approximately 10 dB. The pressures recorded in the data set for each Gerard-Niskin pair generally differ by approximately 0.5 dB with the Gerard pressure being the greater. This is because the Niskin is hung near the upper end of the Gerard. Figure 2 shows potential temperature vs. pressure for the LV casts. The agreement between the Gerard and Rosette casts was excellent for almost all data. 3.2 SALINITY Salinity samples were collected from each Gerard barrel and each piggyback Niskin bottle. Analyses were performed by the same personnel who ran the salt samples collected from the Rosette bottles so the analytical precision should be the same for LV salts and Rosette salt samples. When both Gerard and Niskin trip properly, the difference between the two salt measurements should be within the range 0.000 - 0.003 on the PSU scale. Somewhat larger differences can occur if the sea state is very calm and the cast is not "yoyo'ed" once the terminal wire out is reached. This difference is due to the flushing time required for the Gerard barrels and the degree of difference is a function of the salinity gradient where the sample was collected. In addition to providing primary hydrographic data for the LV casts, measured salinity values help confirm that the barrels closed at the desired depth. For the area covered by this leg, deep nutrient values (especially silicate) are as useful for trip confirmation as salt measurements due to the very low salt gradients. Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate bottles after 3 rinses, and were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. As loose inserts were found, they were replaced to ensure a continued airtight seal. Salinity was determined after a box of samples had equilibrated to laboratory temperature, usually within 8-12 hours of collection. The draw time and equilibration time, as well as per-sample analysis time and temperature were logged. A single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer located in a temperature controlled laboratory was used to measure salinities. The salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-122, using at least one fresh vial per cast. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used. PSS-78 salinity (UNESCO 1981) was then calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity ratios, and the results merged with the cruise database. Figure 3 shows potential temperature vs. salinity for the Gerard casts. For comparison the CTD/Rosette data for the same stations and pressure range are plotted as connected small filled squares. In general the agreement between the Gerard-piggyback Niskin pairs is excellent as is agreement between the LV and CTD/Rosette casts. 3.3 NUTRIENTS Nutrient samples were collected from Gerard casts. LV nutrients were measured along with Rosette nutrients so the analytical precision for Gerard samples should be the same as Rosette samples. Nutrients collected from LV casts are frequently subject to systematic offsets from samples taken from Rosette bottles. For this reason it is recommended that these data be viewed only as a means of checking sample integrity (i.e. trip confirmation). The Rosette-Gerard discrepancy is frequently less for silicate than for other nutrients. Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, narrow mouth, screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three times before filling. Standardizations were performed with solutions prepared aboard ship from pre-weighed chemicals; these solutions were used as working standards before and after each cast to correct for instrumental drift during analysis. Sets of 4-6 different concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to determine the linearity of colorimeter response and the resulting correction factors. Nutrient analyses were performed on an ODF-modified 4 channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one hour of the cast. Occasionally some samples were refrigerated at 2 to 6( °C for a maximum of 4 hours. The methods used are described by Gordon et al. (1992), Atlas et al. (1971), and Hager et al. (1972). All peaks were logged manually, and all the runs were re-read to check for possible reading errors. Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. (1967). ODF''s methodology is known to be non-linear at high silicate concentrations (>120 µM); a correction for this non-linearity was applied. Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967) technique. Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Fluka Chemical Company and Fischer Scientific and is reported by the suppliers to be >98% pure. Primary standards for phosphate, KH2PO4 , were obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reports purity of 99.999%. Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at zero pressure, in-situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25 °C. 258 silicate analyses were performed. No major problems were encountered with the measurements. Figure 4 shows the LV cast silicate values plotted against potential temperature. The Rosette cast measurements from the same stations and depth range are overlain as small filled connected squares. In general the agreement is acceptable, however, the offset for some casts is larger than some other WOCE cruises in the Pacific. The difference between most Gerard - Niskin pairs is less than half the systematic LV - Rosette offset. 3.4 14C All Gerard samples deemed to be "OK" on initial inspection were extracted for 14C analysis using the technique described by Key (1991). The extracted 14CO2/NaOH samples were returned to the Ocean Tracer Lab at Princeton and subsequently shipped to Stuiver's lab in Seattle. Both 13C and 14C measurements are performed on the same CO2 gas extracted from the large volume samples. The standard for the 14C measurements is the NBS oxalic acid standard for radiocarbon dating. R-value is the ratio between the measured specific activity of the sample CO2 to that of CO2 prepared from the standard, the latter number corrected to a DELC13 value of -19o/oo and age corrected from today to AD1950 all according to the international agreement. DELC14 is the deviation in o/oo from unity, of the activity ratio, isotope corrected to a sample DELC13value of -25o/oo. For further information of these calculations and procedures see Broecker and Olson (1981), Stuiver and Robinson (1974) and Stuiver (1980). Östlund's lab reports a precision of 4o/oo for each measurement based on a long term average of counting statistics. Stuiver reports individual errors for each measurement based on counting statistics. Of the 180 Gerard samples collected, 14C has been reported on 174 (97%). This exceeds the rate funded for this work (80%). Existing 14C data for the area sampled on this cruise is limited to the LV samples collected along P16N on NOAA cruise CGC-91/2. Comparison of these data sets indicates that they are in agreement to the precision of the measurements. 4.0 DATA SUMMARY Figures 5-7 summarize the large volume 14C data collected on this leg. All DELC14 measurements with a quality flag value of 2 are included in each figure. Figure 5 shows the DELC14 values plotted as a function of pressure. One sigma error bars are shown. The most noticeable characteristic is the strong minimum centered at 2500dB for all stations. Figure 6 shows DELC14 values with 1sigma error bars plotted against measured Gerard barrel silicate values. This figure differs significantly from similar plots for other cruises. …The backward check mark shape which is characteristic for most of the Pacific Ocean is totally absent. …The DELC14 - silicate correlation, particularly between pressures of 1000dB and the pressure of the silicate maximum, is much weaker than for most of the Pacific, having an R2 of 0.5 (light line in Figure 6) compared to values generally around 0.9. Additionally the intercept for the least squares line is much higher than previously calculated for other areas (-4o/oo compared to ~-60 to -70o/oo). The least squares line differs significantly in both slope and intercept from the relationship suggested by Broecker, et al. (1995) for the global ocean based on the GEOSECS/TTO/SAVE data sets (heavy line in Figure 6). The sense of that difference is the same, however, as seen with other WOCE Pacific data sets. …For the same DELC14 values, the corresponding silicate concentrations are significantly higher than for other regions of the Pacific. This was not unexpected given that the Northeast Pacific is a known strong source region for silicate (Talley and Joyce, 1992) Figure 7 is a coarse resolution machine contoured section of the 14C distribution in the deep and bottom waters for P17N stations 10, 39, 48, 58, 68, 78 and 86. The minimum at approximately 2500dB increases in intensity to the east and south. This trend was originally defined by the P16N section, but is amplified by this new data. The "youngest" waters are found against the Alaskan slope with the bottom waters being younger than the mid depth waters. 4.1 QUALITY CONTROL FLAG ASSIGNMENT Quality flag values were assigned to all bottles and all measurements using the code defined in Tables 0.1 and 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 sections 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 respectively. In this report the only bottle flag values used were 2, 3, 4 and 9. For the measurement flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 9 were assigned. The interpretation of measurement flag 9 is unambiguous, however the choice between values 2, 3 or 4 is involves some interpretation. For this data set, the salt and silicate values were checked by plotting them over the same parameters taken from the Rosette at the same station. Points which were clearly outliers were flagged "4". Points which were somewhat outside the envelop of the other points were flagged "3". In cases where the entire cast seemed to be shifted to higher or lower concentrations, but the values formed a smooth profile, the data was flagged as "2". All nitrate and phosphate data were flagged "4" and were used only to help define other questionable data. Once the silicate and salt data had been flagged, these results were considered in flagging the 14C data. There is very little overlap between this data set and any existing 14C data, so that type of comparison was impractical. In general the lack of other data for comparison led to a more lenient grading on the 14C data. When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered. My opinion is that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded. When flagging 14C data, the measurement error was taken into consideration. That is, approximately one-third of the 14C measurements are expected to deviate from the true value by more than the measurement precision of ~4o/oo. No measured values have been removed from this data set. When using this data set, it is advised that the nutrient data (with the exception of silicate) only be considered as a tool for judging the quality of the 14C data. A summary of all flags is provided in Table 2. Note that there may be some errors between assignment of flag value 5 (not reported) and flag value 9 (no sample collected). ODF notes concerning flag assignments are given in the appendix TABLE 2. P17N LV Quality Code Summary Reported | WHP Quality Codes Levels | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ---------| - --- -- --- - - - - --- BTLNBR 360 | 0 353 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 SALNTY 358 | 0 345 11 2 0 0 0 0 2 SILCAT 358 | 0 320 34 4 0 0 0 0 2 NITRAT 358 | 0 0 0 358 0 0 0 0 2 NITRIT 322 | 0 0 0 322 0 0 0 0 2 PHSPHT 358 | 0 0 0 358 0 0 0 0 2 REVPRS 360 | 0 360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 REVTMP 352 | 0 346 6 0 8 0 0 0 0 DELC14 180 | 0 166 7 1 6 0 0 0 180 5.0 REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland, The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea Research, 14, 381-389, 1967. Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon and P. K. Park, A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer in Seawater Nutrient Analyses; Revised. Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22. Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography. 49 pp., 1971. Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer, Technicon Symposia, Volume I, 385-389, 1967. Brewer, P. G. and G. T. F. Wong, The determination and distribution of iodate in South Atlantic waters, Journal of Marine Research, 32, 1:25- 36, 1974. Broecker, W.S., and E.A. Olson, Lamont radiocarbon measurements VIII, Radiocarbon, 3, 176-274, 1961. Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland, W. Smethie, T.-H. Peng and G. Östlund, Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995. Bryden, H. L., New polynomials for thermal expansion, adiabatic temperature gradient, Deep-Sea Research, 20, 401-408, 1973. Carpenter, J. H., The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method, Limnology and Oceanography, 10, 141-143, 1965. Carter, D. J. T., (Third Edition), Echo-Sounding Correction Tables, Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton Somerset, 1980. Chen, C.-T. and F. J. Millero, Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures, Journal Acoustical Society of America, 62(5), 1129-1135, 1977. Culberson, C. H., Williams, R. T., et al, August, A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater, WHP Office Report WHPO 91-2, 1991. Fofonoff, N. P., Computation of potential temperature of seawater for an arbitrary reference pressure, Deep-Sea Research, 24, 489-491, 1977. Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. Millard, Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, UNESCO Report No. 44, 15-24, 1983. Gordon, L. I., Jennings, Joe C. Jr., Ross, Andrew A., Krest, James M., A suggested protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem. Oc. Grp. Tech. Rpt. 92-1, 1992. Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. D. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K. Park, A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and silicate, Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 931-937, 1972. Key, R.M., Radiocarbon, in: WOCE Hydrographic Operations and Methods Manual, WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report, 1991. Key, R.M., D. Muus and J. Wells, Zen and the art of Gerard barrel maintenance, WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report, 1991. Lewis, E. L., The practical salinity scale 1978 and its antecedents, IEEE Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-5, 3-8, 1980. Mantyla, A. W., 1982-1983. Private correspondence. Millero, F. J., C.-T. Chen, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, A new high pressure equation of state for seawater, Deep-Sea Research, 27A, 255- 264, 1980. Östlund, G., WOCE Radiocarbon (Miami), Tritium Laboratory Data Release #94-11, 1994. Östlund, G., WOCE Radiocarbon (Miami) Remaining Sample Analyses, Tritium Laboratory Data Release #95-39, 1995. Saunders, P. M., Practical conversion of pressure to depth, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11, 573-574, 1981. Stuiver, M., and S.W. Robinson, University of Washington GEOSECS North Atlantic carbon-14 results, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23, 87-90, 1974. Stuiver, M., Workshop on 14C data reporting, Radiocarbon, 3, 964-966, 1980. Stuiver, M., WOCE Radiocarbon (Seattle), Quaternary Isotope Laboratory Data Report, 1994. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1942. Talley, L.D. and T.M. Joyce, The double silica maximum in the North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480, 1992. UNESCO, Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978, UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, 144 p., 1981. 5.1 APPENDICES 5.1a. FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1: P17N large volume station locations. Figure 2: Potential temperature from all Gerard casts. Figure 3: Theta vs. salinity for LV casts. CTD/Rosette data from the same stations and pressure range is overlain as small filled connected squares. Figure 4: Silicate vs. potential temperature for LV casts. Rosette smeasurements from the same stations and depth ranges are shown sas small filled connected squares. Figure 5: LV delta 14C vs. pressure for Gerard samples. Vertical bars sindicate 1sigma standard deviations. Figure 6: DELC14 vs. silicate for LV samples. The shape of the scatter splot is significantly different than the backwards check mark swhich is typical of regions further to the south in the Pacific. sAdditionally, the correlation between the two parameters is suncharacteristically weak. The light straight line is the least squares fit to this data and the heavy line is the relationship suggested by Broecker, et al. (1995) to be representative of the global correlation for pre-bomb values. Figure 7: DELC14 section for LV samples collected along P17N from sCalifornia (right side) to the Aleutians. 5.1.b LVS QUALITY COMMENTS (R. KEY) Remarks for missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from WOCE P17N Large Volume Samples. Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity and silicate data from piggyback and Gerard with CTD cast data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients). Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this report. Units stated in these comments are micromoles per liter for Silicate unless otherwise noted. The first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR). PB refers to the bottle that is attached to the Gerard. The comments in normal type are exactly as taken from the ODF data report. Values in italics were added by the author and cover changes and additions. STATION 010 142 Sample log: "Not closed. Trip arm missed Push Rod." No samples, no temperature. Gerard (82) appears to be okay. 143 SiO3 appears 2.0 low at 3251db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) appears to be okay. Silicate flag changed to 4. 144 SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3404db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. Gerard silicate with 44 closer to normal. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) appears to be okay.m Silicate flag changed to 4. 181 14C high vs. pressure and inconsistent with section, flag 4. 182 PB 42, Gerard appears to be okay. No temperature. 183 SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3252db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, Gerard appears to be okay. Silicate flag changed to 4. 184 Note from Stuiver re analysis: Cap swollen, flag 3. 190 Note from Stuiver re analysis: "Sample Na2CO2 sample" Flag 3. 347 Gerard (89) leaked, see Gerard comments. NO3 & PO4 are high. PI to decide barrel integrity. 389 Delta PB-Gerard Salinity =.021 at 2727db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other levels this cast and to rosette cast this station. However Gerard nutrients look ok and PB (47) NO3 & PO4 look high? Nutrient sample numbers were incorrectly assigned. After correction, no3 high by 1.4, and PO4 high by.08. SiO3 low by.2, which is within the accuracy of the measurement. Footnote salinity and nutrients all except SiO3 questionable, and bottle leaking. PI to decide barrel integrity. Salt flag changed to 4. STATION 028 147 Delta PB-Gerard salt.835 low at 4787db. Nutrients also indicate PB tripped near surface. Term rack ok. Gerard 89 salinity & nutrients look good. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 4787db is - 0.835, salinity is 33.851. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. Gerard (89) is okay. 183 Sample Log: "Air leak. Loose fitting at bottom." Delta PB- Ger salt 0.0001. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay. 193 Sample Log: "Very slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0005. Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay. C-14 low vs. pressure and inconsistent with section, flag 3. 347 PB failed to trip. Trip rod not down far enough to release lanyards. Gerard 89 salt & nutrients look good. No samples, no temperature. Gerard is okay. 382 Sample Log: "Top valve loose." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0008. Nutrients also match well. PB 42. Gerard is okay. 383 Sample Log: "Significant air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0002. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay. 389 No temperature see PB 47 comment. Gerard is okay. 393 Sample Log: "Slow air leak". Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0005. Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay. STATION 039 141 Gerard (81) is reasonable, PI may want to double-check. Delta-S PB- Gerard at 3464db is 0.0031, salinity is 34.669. See 181 comments Gerard is questionable. Gerard (81). 142 Temp. appears 0.03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. PB water samples appear deeper than Gerards, while temp is shallower. Apparent rack posttrip. NO3 is 0.2 high, which is within the specs of the measurement. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3641db is 0.0065, salinity is 34.673. See 182 comments, Gerard (82), footnote temperature questionable. 144 Temp appears 0.03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. Footnote temperature questionable. Gerard (84) is okay. 181 Sample log: "Air Vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.003 at 3464db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. NO3 same, PO4 indicates Gerard has shallower water but most PO4 comparisons have higher Gerard values than B.S. Suspect bottle okay, salinity difference is not that unreasonable. PI will have to make final determination on this sample. PB 41. 182 Sample log: "ger vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0065 at 3641db. Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrient differences inconclusive. Footnote bottle leaking, salinity and temperature questionable. See PB 142 temperature comment. PI will have to make final determination on this sample. PB (42). 183 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0016 at 3818db. Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients reasonable. PB (43). 184 Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0006 at 3996db. Nutrients reasonable. Footnote temperature questionable, see PB 144 temperature comment. 341 Gerard (93) is okay. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0004 at 2727db. Nutrients also ok. PB 44. Gerard is okay. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0006 at 3294db. Nutrients also ok. PB 41. Gerard is okay. STATION 048 141 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3024db is 0.003, salinity is 34.659. Gerard (81) indicates a slight leak. 142 Sample log: "Slight air leak. Re-seated top, ok" Gerard (82). 145 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3534db is 0.002, salinity is 34.670. See Gerard (85) SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 146 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (87) is okay. 147 Sample log: "Light air leak. Re-seated top, ok." Delta PB- Ger salt =0.001 at 3838db. Nutrients also look ok. Gerard (89) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 148 Gerard (90) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 149 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (93) is okay. 181 Sample log: "Air vent loose. Went down tight per DM & RR." Delta PB-Ger 0.003 at 3024db. Nutrients look reasonably close. Very slight sample leak if any. Footnote Gerard leaking, but data acceptable, let PI make final decision. PB 41. 182 Sample log: "Air vent just barely tight. No air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.001 at 3151db. Nutrients also ok. PB 42. 185 Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB- Ger salt 0.002 at 3534db. PO4 & SIL also indicate very slight leak. PB 45. Gerard is probably okay, but PI should double check. Footnote bottle leaking. SIL is ~-0.2 low compared to rosette cast, do not suspect a problem with the Gerard barrel, but rather the SiO3 analysis. From this sample to the deepest there appears to be a ~-0.2 offset. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 187 Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB- Ger salt.001 at 3686db. Nutrients also look ok. PB 46. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 189 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 47. 190 Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 48. 193 Sample log: "V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 4144db. Nutrients also look ok, taking into account SiO3 problem. PB 49. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Cast 3 PB sample numbers for salinity were not filled in. Wrote in numbers 1-9. Salinities appear to be okay. Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost. 341 PO4 appears 0.04 low at 1911db compared to Gerard and rosette profile. Calc & peak ok. Used 2nd of 2 samples from 41 to account for large jump from SSW to deep nutrient values. Other nutrients and salt ok. PO4 is questionable. Gerard (81) is okay. 385 Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt 0.0002 at 2420db. Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 45. 390 Delta PB-Ger salt 0.004 at 2800db. Calc & autosal runs ok. Excellent agreement between nutrients. PB salt matches rosette salt better than Gerard salt. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard is okay. PB 48. 393 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0004 at 2924db. Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 49. STATION 058 141 Sample log: "Air leak, re-seated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 3148db. Nutrients from PB also okay, although Gerard PO4 is 0.04 high. Gerard (81) is okay. 142 DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) is okay. 181 PO4 0.04 high at 3148db compared to rest of Gerard PO4 profile and about 0.02 high compared to rosette profile this level. Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 and other nutrients ok. PB 41. 182 No temperature see PB 42 comment. Gerard is okay. 342 DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) is okay. 382 No temperature, see PB 42 comment, Gerard is okay. 383 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0007 at 2217db. Nutrients also ok. PB 43, gerard is okay. 384 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.0003 at 2342db. Nutrients also ok. PB 44, Gerard is okay. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.0003 at 2468db. Nutrients also ok. PB 45, Gerard is okay. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salinity = 0.005 at 2975db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients all agree well. PB salt higher and Gerard salt lower than rosette salinity this level. PB 49, Gerard is probably okay, let PI decide. STATION 068 141 Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard (81) is okay. 143 Temperature low by 0.02 flag 3 also for accompanying Gerard. 146 Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Gerard (87) is okay. 149 Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Suspect Gerard (93) is okay. 181 Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 41. 187 Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable, not within specification of measurement. PB 46, Gerard is okay. 193 Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 49. C-14 low vs. pressure and Si, flag 3. 341 Delta PB-Ger Salt difference -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB seems low. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (81) is okay. 343 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2220db is -0.0021, salinity is 34.599. Gerard (83) is okay. 381 Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB seem low. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. PB 41, Gerard is okay. 383 Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger S =-.002. Gerard salt matches profile & rosette salts better than PB. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. Gerard is okay, PB 43. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=-.001. Nutrients also agree. PB 45. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=.001. Nutrients also agree. PB 46. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S =.000. Nutrients also agree. PB 49. STATION 078 185 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0001 at 4192db. NO3 & SIL also ok. Gerard PO4 0.04 high but Gerard PO4s are usually high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45. 187 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0009 at 4370db. Nutrients also ok. PB 46. 193 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = -.0009 at 4903db. Nutrients also ok. PB 49. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0007 at 2415db. NO3 & Sil also ok. Gerard PO4 0.03 high but Gerard PO4s are usually high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45. High vs. P, flag 3. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0003 at 2592db. Gerard nutrients also ok. PB NO3 & SIL a little low this level (346) PB 46. 393 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 3133db. Nutrients also ok. PB 49. STATION 086 Cast 1 PB sample numbers for nuts and salinity were not filled in. Wrote in numbers 1-9. Samples appear to be okay. 145 Delta-S(PB-g) at 4812db is 0.0027, salinity is 34.688. Suspect Gerard (85) is okay. 148 PO4 0.08 high at 5428db. Calc & peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt = - .0004, other nutrients and Gerard PO4 ok. Assume PO4 contamination PB 48. Gerard (90) is okay. 183 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0009 at 4299db. Nutrients also ok. PB 43. 185 Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0027 at 4812db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other salts this station. However, nutrients have reasonably good agreement this level. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 45. 187 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 5018db. Nutrients also ok. PB 46. 346 Suspect Gerard (87) is okay. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2900db is 0.0023, salinity is 34.655. Footnote salinity questionable. 385 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 2722db. Nutrients also ok. PB 45. 387 Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0023 at 2900db. Nutrients look ok. Difficult to tell which salt looks better because of gradient. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 46. STATION 132 146 Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3759db is 0.002, salinity is 34.677. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable. 147 PO4 0.08 high at 3912db. Peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 and other nutrients ok. Gerard PO4 looks good. Assume PO4 contamination in PB 47. Gerard (89) is acceptable. 347 Sample log: "Air leak, re-seated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 2569db. Nutrients also ok. Gerard (89) is acceptable. 389 PB 47. Gerard samples are acceptable. STATION 141 Cast 1 Silicate has a problem, other water properties ok. All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Nothing obvious in data. AA controller did not sample third end SW but final SW adjusted based on difference between 2nd & 3rd SW on adjacent station. 141 All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Gerard (81) is acceptable. 142 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (82) is acceptable. 143 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) is acceptable. 144 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) is acceptable. 145 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (85) is acceptable. 146 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable. 147 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is acceptable. 148 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) is acceptable. 149 See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Delta- S PB- Gerard at 3338db is 0.002, salinity is 34.672. Gerard (93) is acceptable. 181 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 41, Gerard is okay. 182 Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.002 at 2466db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Gerard salt appears slightly low. Nutrients agree well. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 42. Gerard is acceptable. 183 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, Gerard is okay. 184 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 44, Gerard is okay. 185 Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 2724db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 45. Gerard is acceptable. 187 Sample log: "Moderate air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0014 at 2876db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 46. Gerard is acceptable. 189 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard is okay. Note from Stuiver re analysis: "Leaky cap", flag C-14 as 3. 190 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard is okay. 193 See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard is okay. Cast 3 Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 1 nutrient comments. 347 Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is okay. 348 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) is acceptable. 349 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (93) is acceptable. 389 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard is okay. 390 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard is okay. 393 See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard is okay. E. P17N FINAL REPORT FOR AMS 14C SAMPLES (Robert M. Key & Paul D. Quay) February 18, 1998 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION WOCE cruise P17N was carried out aboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. The WHPO designation for this cruise was 325021/1. David L. Musgrave was the chief scientist. The cruise departed San Francisco, CA on May 15, 1993 and ended on June 26, 1993 at Sitka, AK. The cruise made a NE to SW section from San Francisco to approximately 35°N x 135°W. From there the track went north to approximately 41°N then angled north-westward to Dutch Harbor, AK. The final portion of the track went from approximately 53°N x 155°W trending north-northeast toward Sitka, AK. The reader is referred to cruise documentation provided by the chief scientists as the primary source for cruise information. This report covers details of the small volume radiocarbon samples. The AMS station locations are summarized in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1. A total of 539 AMS DELC14 samples were collected at 23 stations. In addition to the AMS samples, large volume Gerard samples were also collected on this cruise. TABLE 1. AMS Station Locations Max. Bottom Sample Sample Station Date Latitude Longitude Depth (m) Pressure Extraction ------- ------- -------- --------- --------- -------- ---------- 6 16/5/93 38.627 -124.061 2534 2566 NOSAMS 10 18/5/93 38.230 -124.981 3872 3948 NOSAMS 13 18/5/93 37.504 -126.643 4520 4601 U. Wash. 28 23/5/93 34.585 -135.000 5192 5301 U. Wash. 31 24/5/93 36.000 -135.001 5121 5204 U. Wash. 34 24/5/93 37.499 -135.010 5244 5357 U. Wash. 39 26/5/93 39.618 -135.002 4738 4837 NOSAMS 45 27/5/93 40.503 -135.003 4241 4326 U. Wash. 48 28/5/93 41.653 -136.999 3992 4051 NOSAMS 51 29/5/93 42.637 -137.528 4160 4207 U. Wash. 58 31/5/93 44.956 -141.234 4413 4488 U. Wash. 64 2/6/93 46.897 -144.429 4677 4765 U. Wash. 68 3/6/93 48.214 -146.688 4662 4748 U. Wash. 74 6/6/93 50.179 -150.155 4679 4769 U. Wash. 78 8/6/93 51.491 -152.543 4622 4722 U. Wash. 83 9/6/93 53.130 -155.633 4499 4579 U. Wash. 95 13/6/93 54.488 -158.298 1857 1887 NOSAMS 97 13/6/93 54.567 -158.442 1063 1085 NOSAMS 127 16/6/93 54.060 -150.818 4445 4383 U. Wash. 138 19/6/93 55.781 -141.616 3254 3320 U. Wash. 141 20/6/93 56.216 -139.167 3327 3367 NOSAMS 144 21/6/93 56.677 -136.593 2091 2091 U. Wash. 146 21/6/93 56.778 -136.037 1057 1052 NOSAMS The large volume results were reported previously by Key, 1996(b). 2.0 PERSONNEL 14C sampling for this cruise was carried out by R. Rotter from the Ocean Tracer Lab at Princeton University and R. Sonnerup from the Univ. of Washington. Sample extraction and _13C analyses were performed by either NOSAMS (National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) or P. Quay's group at the U. Washington as indicated in the last column of Table 1. 14C analyses were performed at NOSAMS. Salinity, oxygen and nutrients were analyzed by Scripps ODF. R. Key collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned quality control flags to the 14C results and submitted the data files to the WOCE office (2/98). R. Key and P. Quay are the PIs for the 14C data. 3.0 RESULTS This 14C data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release. The DELC14 results reported here are, under WOCE guidelines, considered proprietary for two years after publication of the preliminary data report (Dec. 1999) or until publication, whichever comes first. 3.1 HYDROGRAPHY Hydrography from this leg has been submitted to the WOCE office by the chief scientist and described in the hydrographic report which is available via the web address (http://diu.cms.udel.edu/woce/data/reports/pacific/p17_n_93_musgrave. sum). 3.2 14C The DELC14 values reported here were originally distributed in a data report (NOSAMS, December 31, 1997). That report included preliminary results which had not been through the WOCE quality control procedures. All of the AMS samples from this cruise have been measured. Replicate measurements were made on 13 water samples. These replicate analyses are tabulated in Table 2. The table shows the error weighted mean and uncertainty for each set of replicates. Uncertainty is defined here as the larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard deviation of the mean. For these replicates, the simple average of the normal standard deviations for the replicates is 3.9o/oo (equal weighting for each replicate set). This precision is typical for the time frame over which these samples were measured (Jul. 1995 - Dec. 1997). Note that the errors given for individual measurements in the final data report (with the exception of the replicates) include only counting errors, and errors due to blanks and backgrounds. The uncertainty obtained for replicate analyses is an estimate of the true error which includes errors due to sample collection, sample degassing, etc. For a detailed discussion of this see Key (1996). TABLE 2. Summary of Replicate Analyses Sta-Cast-Bottle DELC14 Err E.W.Mean (a) Uncertainty (b) --------------- ------ ---- ------------ --------------- 6-1-14 21.81 3.18 24.18 4.48 28.15 4.12 31-1-1 27.14 6.36 35.76 15.34 48.83 7.83 45-1-15 -89.58 3.29 -90.29 2.44 -91.16 3.65 68-2-19 -190.39 4.62 -191.54 2.76 -192.18 3.44 83-1-8 -87.46 3.02 -91.50 5.03 -94.58 2.64 95-1-14 29.49 4.79 30.01 2.84 30.29 3.53 95-1-16 -14.12 3.05 -15.60 2.54 -17.72 3.64 127-1-2 21.65 3.75 25.43 3.93 27.21 2.57 127-1-20 -213.18 2.81 -214.03 2.03 -214.95 2.93 138-1-17 -134.76 3.27 -134.85 2.26 -134.92 3.12 138-1-28 -241.60 2.91 -245.72 8.41 -253.49 4.00 141-2-29 -229.80 3.03 -230.57 1.85 -231.02 2.33 146-1-34 -162.13 3.46 -167.64 2.10 -170.84 2.64 ---------------------------------------------------- a. Error weighted mean reported with data set b. Larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard deviation of the mean. A check on the long term reproducibility of the measurements is possible by comparing data from this cruise with 2 previous WOCE cruises in the same area. Figure 2 A compares data from P17N with the NOAA test cruise CGC91/1 (Key, et al., 1996). The comparison is for the section along 135°W between 34° and 42°N. Figure 2 B compares data from P17N with P16N. The comparison is for data bounded by the box 48°-55°N and 153°- 151°W (Key, et al., 1996). For the data shown, the comparison is very good. The only apparent difference is very near the surface where real seasonal differences in either DELC14 concentration or water structure could cause the offset. In each figure the measurements are shown with 2sigma error bars. 4.0 QUALITY CONTROL FLAG ASSIGNMENT Quality flag values were assigned to all DELC14 measurements using the code defined in Table 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 section 4.5.2. (Joyce, et al., 1994). Measurement flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have been assigned. The choice between values 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) involves some interpretation. When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered. My subjective opinion is that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded. When flagging 14C data, the measurement error was taken into consideration. That is, approximately one-third of the 14C measurements are expected to deviate from the true value by more than the measurement precision (~3.9o/oo). No measured values have been removed from this data set, therefore a flag value of 5 implies that the sample was totally lost somewhere between collection and analysis. Table 3 summarizes the quality control flags assigned to this data set. For a detailed description of the flagging procedure see Key, et al. (1996). TABLE 3. Summary of Assigned Quality Control Flags Flag Number ---- ------ 2 504 3 7 4 1 5 14 6 13 5.0 DATA SUMMARY Figures 3-10 summarize the DELC14 data collected on this leg. Only DELC14 measurements with a quality flag value of 2 ("good") or 6 ("replicate") are included in each figure. Figure 3 shows the DELC14 values with 2sigma error bars plotted as a function of pressure. The mid depth DELC14 minimum which normally occurs around 2200 to 2400 meters in the Pacific is very weak in this data set primarily because the deep and bottom water values are low relative to the rest of the Pacific. Figure 4 shows the DELC14 values plotted against silicate. The straight line shown in the figure is the least squares regression relationship derived by Broecker et al. (1995) based on the GEOSECS global data set. According to their analysis, this line (DELC14 = -70 - Si) represents the relationship between naturally occurring radiocarbon and silicate for most of the ocean. They interpret deviations in DELC14 above this line to be due to input of bomb-produced radiocarbon, however, they note that the interpretation can be problematic at high latitudes. Samples collected from shallower depths at these stations show an upward trend with decreasing silicate values reflecting the addition of bomb produced 14C. The DELC14 values for the silicate concentration range 0-120 µmol/kg fall above Broecker's global pre-bomb trend. With most of the Pacific data sets, the silicate - DELC14 trend doubles back on itself with the deep and bottom water values having a somewhat steeper slope than the waters from the thermocline (down to approximately 2500m). This doubling back is absent from the P17N data (Key, 1996b). Even more unusual is the fact that DELC14 trend for shallow and thermocline waters is approximately straight. Except for the southern ocean, all other regions of the Pacific have a DELC14 - silicate trend in the upper water column which markedly curves upward. The reason for the unusual shape is currently under investigation. Another way to visualize the 14C - silicate correlation is as a section. Figure 5 shows DELC14 as contour lines in silicate - latitude space for samples collected at depths between 500 and 2500 meters. In this space, shallow waters are toward the bottom of the figure. The 500 meter cutoff was selected to eliminate those samples having a very large bomb produced 14C component. The 2500 meter cutoff was selected because this is the approximate depth of the DELC14 minimum. For reference the 1000 meter depth contour is also shown (heavy line). For this data set, Broecker's hypothesis works reasonably well. The DELC14 isolines are reasonably horizontal and the spacing of the isolines for contours which fall below the depth of bomb-radiocarbon contamination are more or less equal. The upward curvature of the isolines with increasing latitude is consistent with the addition of "extra" silicate at depth as reported by Talley and Joyce (1992) for this region. The presence of bomb produced radiocarbon in the shallower waters is indicated by the relatively close spacing of the isolines for these waters. Figures 6-8 show DELC14 contoured along the three sections of the cruise track. The "A" portion shows the upper 1.5 kilometers of the section and "B" the remainder of the water column. These figures include both AMS (Key, 1996b) and large volume (Stuiver, et al.1996) results. The data were gridded using the "loess" methods described in Chambers et al. (1983), Chambers and Hastie (1991), Cleveland (1979) and Cleveland and Devlin (1988). Figure 9 A-C shows the same data as Figure 6-8A except the section is plotted in potential density (sigma theta) - latitude space. For this region of the Pacific, the maximum DELC14 concentration was always found at or very near the surface. Two features occur in each section (Fig. 6-8). First, in the upper water column the isolines show curvature near North America and second, the mid depth minimum is never occurs against the continent. These patterns are consistent with previous WOCE data sets and with the circulation described by Warren and Owens (1988). These patterns are also reflected in Figure 10 which shows 3 objective maps (Sarmiento, et al., 1982) of the DELC14 distribution using all available data. In Figure 10A the distribution is on the sigma theta = 26.1 surface. This surface is very near the sea surface, but has no substantial outcrop in the region shown (Levitus winter data). Unlike maps for the South Pacific, the values in this region decrease poleward implying no substantial horizontal source for bomb- produced radiocarbon in the region. Figure 10B shows the distribution on the 2300m depth surface which is the approximate depth of the DELC14 minimum. While the data are relatively sparse, the concentrations clearly increase southward. This result is the opposite of what is predicted by numerical model results (e.g. Toggweiler et al, 1989) which always predict the minimum will be against the continent along the northern boundary. The 2300m bathymetry is also shown on this map. Figure 10C shows the near bottom DELC14 distribution for stations where the water depth was at least 3500m. This map shows higher values (younger) along the Alaskan coast which is consistent with inflow via the Aleutian Current from the west. The second high in the southeast portion of the map has not been investigated at this point. As in the B portion of the figure, the minimum near-bottom values are clearly in the central portion of the region, not against the continental boundary. 5.1 REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland and W. Smethie, Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995. Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J., 1991, Statistical Models in S, Wadsworth & Brooks, Cole Computer Science Series, Pacific Grove, CA, 608pp. Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P.A., 1983, Graphical Methods for Data Analysis, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Cleveland, W.S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots, J. Amer. Statistical Assoc., 74, 829-836. Cleveland, W.S. and S.J. Devlin, 1988, Locally-weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting, J. Am. Statist. Assoc, 83:596-610. Joyce, T., and Corry, C., eds., Corry, C., Dessier, A., Dickson, A., Joyce, T., Kenny, M., Key, R., Legler, D., Millard, R., Onken, R., Saunders, P., Stalcup, M., contrib., Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting, WHPO Pub. 90-1 Rev. 2, 145pp., 1994. Key, R.M., WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 415-423, 1996. Key, R.M. P17N Final Report for large volume samples, Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report 96-11, 21pp, July, 1996(b). Key, R.M., P.D. Quay and NOSAMS, WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results; P6, P16 & P17, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 425-518, 1996. NOSAMS, National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility Data Report #97-129, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, 1997. Sarmiento, J.L., J. Willebrand and S. Hellerman, Objective analysis of tritium observations in the Atlantic Ocean during 1971-74, Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report 82-1, 19pp, July, 1982. Stuiver, M., G. Östlund, R.M. Key and P.J. Reimer, Large-volume WOCE radiocarbon sampling in the Pacific Ocean, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 519- 561, 1996 Talley, L.D. and t.M. Joyce, The double silica maximum in the North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480, 1992. Toggweiler, J.R., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan, Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution world ocean model 1. Steady state prebomb distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 94(6), 8217-8242, 1989. Warren, B.A. and B Owens, Deep currents in the central subarctic Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Ocean., 18, 529-551, 1988 Wessel, P. and W.H.F. Smith, Free software helps map and display data, EOS Trans. AGU, 72(441), 445-446, 1991. Wessel, P. and W.H.F. Smith, New version of the generic mapping tools released, EOS Trans. AGU, 76, 329, 1995. 5.2 FIGURE LEGENDS: Figure 1: AMS 14C station locations for WOCE P17N (map by GMT, Wessel and Smith, 1991,1995). Figure 2: Data comparison for overlap regions of the cruises indicated. Data are shown with 2sigma error bars. Other than very near the surface where real seasonal differences may exist, the data appear to agree to within the estimated uncertainty. Figure 3: DELC14 results for P17N stations shown with 2_ error bars. Only those measurements having a quality control flag value of 2 or 6 are plotted. Figure 4: DELC14 as a function of silicate for P17N AMS samples. The straight line shows the relationship proposed by Broecker, et al., 1995 (DELC14 = -70 - Si with radiocarbon in o/oo and silicate in µmol/kg). Figure 5: Section of 14C contours along latitude in silicate space for the 500- 2500m depth range. Note that for this section, "shallow" is toward the bottom. The 1000m depth contour is added for orientation (heavier line between -220 and -200 DELC14 contours). Figure 6: DELC14 sections for WOCE P17N from San Francisco southwest to approximately 34°Nx135°W. The section in shown in two parts to allow more detail. In B. any existing large volume data is included to maximize the data density. See text for gridding method. The bottom topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations on which DELC14 was measured. Figure 7: DELC14 sections for WOCE P17N from 34°Nx135°W north to approximately 41°Nx135°W then northwestward to Dutch Harbor, AK. The section in shown in two parts to allow more detail. In B. any existing large volume data is included to maximize the data density. See text for gridding method. The bottom topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations on which DELC14 was measured. Figure 8: DELC14 sections for WOCE P17N from 53°Nx156°W east northeastward to Sitka, AK. The section in shown in two parts to allow more detail. In B. any existing large volume data is included to maximize the data density. See text for gridding method. The bottom topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations on which DELC14 was measured Figure 9: DELC14 along WOCE section P17N plotted in potential density (sigma theta) - latitude space. Figure 10: A. DELC14 distribution on the sigma theta =26.1. B. Distribution on the 2300m surface near the DELC14 minimum. C. Near-bottom DELC14 distribution for stations having bottom depth of at least 3500m. F. WHPO SUMMARY STATIONs number 100 to 120 are non_WOCE stations. They are represented in the sum file to show the cruise was continious. The data will not be avialable in WOCE format. Several data files are associated with this report. They are the P17n.sum, 325021_1.hyd, 325021_1.csl and *.wct files. The 325021_1.sum file contains a summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent information regarding each hydrographic station. The 325021_1.hyd file contains the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station. The *.wct files are zipped into one file called 325021_1wct.zip. The P17n.csl file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels. The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values were derived for the 325021_1.csl file: Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels. using the following binomial filter- t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1 When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering. Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4. Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the interval. The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential temperature. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level and the two closes values. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local acceleration of gravity. Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990). Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest. Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44. Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94. G. DQE EVAULATIONS G.1 CTD DATA QUALITY EVALUATION OF WOCE P17N (Micho Aoyama) 8 APRIL 1996 GENERAL: The data quality of WOCE P17N CTD data (EXPOCODE: 325021_1) and the CTD salinity and oxygen found in dot sea file are examined. The individual 2 dbar profiles were observed in temperature, salinity and oxygen by comparing the profiles obtained at the nearby stations. The CTD salinity and oxygen calibrations are examined using the water sample data file p17n.mka. DQE used the original water sample data flagged "2" only for the DQE work. 1. DETAILS CTD PROFILES: The temperature and salinity profiles generally look good. Since the data originator has done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their data, CTD data flagged "2-good" has a pretty good quality. Although the data originator has solved some CTD salinity offset problems well, DQE would like to complain of CTD conductivity offsets adapted by the data originator as described in the next section. 2. EVALUATION OF CTD CALIBRATIONS TO WATER SAMPLES SALINITY CALIBRATION: The onboard calibration for salinity looks good in general. Standard deviation of Ds, Ds = CTD salinity in dot sea file - bottle salinity, is 0.00467 psu for all data and 0.00112 pss for deeper than 2000 dbar, respectively. The histogram of Ds for all depths shows a symmetric distribution (fig. 1). Since the larger difference are shallower layers, larger Ds disappeared in the histogram of Ds for deeper than 2000 dbar (fig. 2). DQE, however, observed the non-symmetric distribution of Ds in deep salinity fit. DQE observed that Ds vs. pressure plot shows a small bias of ca. -0.001 psu in the deeper than 2000 dbar, while it shows a small bias of 0.001 psu in the shallower than 1500 dbar (fig. 3). DQE also observed that the Ds in deep salinity fit shows a larger discontinuity at several stations as shown in fig 4 considering the accuracy and precision of CTD salinity for the WOCE one time survey standards for CTD measurements . The magnitude of the discontinuity and the stations are summarized in table 1 together with the problems recorded in table 1.7.0 in the cruise report; TABLE 1: Summary of Ds offset larger than 0.002 psu. stations Ds offset related comment in cruise report --------------------------- -------------- -------------------------------- a) between stn. 11 and 12 ca. 0.004 psu sal. offset at stn. 11 b) between stn. 24 and 25 ca. 0.002 psu power outage at stn. 24 c) between stn. 26 and 27 ca. -0.002 psu power outage at stn. 27 d) between stn. 45 and 47 ca. -0.003 psu sal. offset at stn. 47 e) between stn. 47 and 48 ca. 0.002 psu sal. offset at stn. 47 f) between stn. 55 and 56 ca. 0.003 psu no problem recorded g) between stn. 79 and 81 ca. -0.002 psu sal. offset at stn. 80 h) between stn. 121 and 122 ca. -0.003 psu no problem recorded i) between stn. 126 and 128 ca. 0.003 psu no problem recorded j) between stn. 131 and 133 ca. -0.002 psu no problem recorded k) between stn. 135 and 136 ca. -0.002 psu no problem recorded note: DQE marked a) through k) in fig. 4 (see PDF). DQE thinks that something might have occurred to the conductivity sensor at the stations listed in above table . For an example, DQE thinks that the smoothed offset for the station group 068-097 is not in good fit. Then, Ds for stations 068-097 has a clear trend from -0.001 psu to 0.001 psu between 068 and 079, thereafter Ds for stations 080-097 shows clear trend from -0.001 psu to 0.001 psu again. DQE think this can be explained by the wrong estimation of the slope of the CTD conductivity offset due to the unsuitable station grouping. If the data originator will divide this station group of 068-097 into 2 station groups of 068- 079 and 080-097 and apply new CTD conductivity offsets to CTD conductivities in new 2 station groups, the trend of Ds will be expected to be smaller remarkably. DQE suggests that the CTD conductivity offsets should be applied to CTD conductivity in more station groups taking into account the Ds trend as shown in fig. 4. DQE also suggests additional calibration for decreasing the pressure dependency of Ds will improve the quality of CTD salinity. OXYGEN CALIBRATION: Standard deviation of Dox, Dox = CTD oxygen in dot sea file - bottle oxygen, is 4.49 umol/kg for all depths and the standard deviation of Dox is 0.89 umol/kg for deeper than 200 dbar. These confirms the good oxygen calibration work. DQE observed no significant station dependency of Dox. DQE observes "weak pressure dependency" of Dox in fig. 5. Although the range of dependency is ca. 1 u mol/kg, if PI of CTDO could correct this tendency, the quality of CTD oxygen data will be further improved. The following are some specific problems that should be looked at: Stn. 70 at 4262-4848 dbar and 4150-4172 dbar: CTD salinity looks shifted 0.002 higher. Suggest flag "3" Stn. 138 at 3126 dbar and 3128 dbar: CTD oxygen spikes are observed. Suggest flag "3" G.2 DATA QUALITY EVALUATION OF WOCE P17N HYDROGRAPHIC DATA (Michio AOYAMA) 10 April 1996 The data quality of the hydrographic data of the WOCE P17N cruise (EXPOCODE: 325021/1) are examined.The data files for this DQE work was P17N.sum and P17N.mka ( this P17N.mka file is created for DQE, then it has a new column of quality 2 word) provided by WHPO. GENERAL: The station spacing was less than 30 nautical miles and the sampling layer spacing was kept ca. 250 dbar in the deeper layers during this P17N cruise. The ctd lowering were made to within 2 -19 meters to the sea bottom. Since the data originators have done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their data, hydrographic data flagged "2-good" has a pretty good quality. This high density and high quality data will improve our knowledge on the eastern North Pacific following the update of Pacific Ocean deep water data set. DQE used the data flagged "2" by data originator for this DQE work. DQE examined 6 profiles, 6 property vs. theta plots, and 2 property vs. property plots as listed below: …salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate,nitrite and phosphate profiles …salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate,nitrite and phosphate vs. theta plot …nitrate vs. phosphate plot …salinity vs. silicate plot SALINITY: Bottle salinity profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. salinity plots also looks reasonable. DQE thinks that the flags of the bottle salinity data are reliable. OXYGEN: Bottle oxygen profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. oxygen plots also looks reasonable. DQE thinks that the flags of the bottle oxygen data are reliable. NUTRIENTS: Since nutrient PI has done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their data, the profiles of silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate looks pretty well. Nitrate vs. phosphate plot and silicate vs. salinity plot also look pretty reasonable. (The data originator was concerned in the comparison with historical silica data in the cruise report. DQE also observes a larger difference between P17N silica and P1 silica data at the crossing. However, a verification of overall traceability among the WOCE cruises and historical data might depend a further work in the near future.) The following are some specific problems that should be looked at: STNNBR XX/CASTNO X/SAMPNO XX at XXXX dbar: 9/1/36 at 3646 dbar: Silicate concentration looks higher. Suggest flag "3". 44/1/36 at 4207 dbar: Bottle salinity looks higher. Suggest flag "3". 56/1/24 at 1926 dbar: Bottle salinity looks lower. Suggest flag "3". 56/1/27 at 2220 dbar: Bottle salinity looks lower. Suggest flag "3". 78/2/36 at 4703 dbar: Bottle salinity looks lower. Suggest flag "3". INPUT FILE: pl7n.mka THE DATE TODAY IS: 8-APR-96 STNNBR CASTNO SAMPNO CTDPRS SALNTY OXYGEN SILCAT NITRAT NITRIT PHSPHT QUALT1 QUALT2 ******* ****** ******* ****** ****** ****** 9 1 36 3645.9 178.93 ~~2~~~ ~~3~~~ 44 1 36 4206.5 34.6815 2~~~~~ 3~~~~~ 56 1 24 1926.4 34.5764 2~~~~~ 3~~~~~ 56 1 27 2220.3 34.6096 2~~~~~ 3~~~~~ 78 2 36 4703.2 34.6819 2~~~~~ 3~~~~~ G.3. Final CFC Data Quality Evaluation (DQE) Comments on P17N. (David Wisegarver) Dec 2000 During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number of samples were given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial QUALT1 flags assigned by the PI. After discussion, the PI concurred with the DQE assigned flags and updated the QUAL1 flags for these samples. The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale (Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on a common calibration scale. For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC PI for this section: R. Fine, rfine@rsmas.miami.edu or David Wisegarver (wise@pmel.noaa.gov). Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc. ******************************************************************** Prinn, R.G., R.F. Weiss, P.J. Fraser, P.G. Simmonds, D.M. Cunnold, F.N. Alyea, S.O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B.R. Miller, J. Huang, R.H.J. Wang, D.E. Hartley, C. Harth, L.P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P.M. Midgley, and A. McCulloch, A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000. ******************************************************************** DATA PROCESSING NOTES Date Contact Data Type Data Status Summary -------- -------------- -------------- ------------------------------- 12/19/95 Musgrave DOC Final ODF Data Report submitted 03/29/96 Aydin He/Tr Submitted for DQE 04/10/96 Aoyama CTD/S/O DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO 05/23/96 Stuiver C13/C14 Submitted updated data files Rcd File from Stuiver (P.J. Reimer) with new values calculated with corrected c13 values. Based on Notes from Reimer with mailing: The c14 flags for following, at least, should be marked 3 or 4: Cruise P17N Station Cast Bottle Reason 10 1 84 Cap swollen 10 1 90 Sample Na2CO2 sample 141 1 89 Leaky cap These sample flags for c14 initialized at 3 QC LV C-14 data 10-1-81 HI vs P and on section mark 4 28-1-93 lo vs P and on section mark 3 68-1-93 lo vs P,Si mark 3 78-3-85 hi vs P mark 3 06/14/96 Dunworth-Baker He/Tr Data Merged into HYD File 07/10/96 Musgrave CTD/S/O DQE Report sent to PI 07/11/96 Key DELC14lv DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO 04/29/97 Aydin TRITUM Submitted for DQE 02/18/98 Key DELC14 DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO 03/10/98 Key DELC14 proprietary; Release 12/99 11/23/98 Musgrave CTD/NUTs Website Updated Status changed to Public 11/24/98 Diggs BTL Public except CFCs/Tr/HE Dr. Musgrave has changed the status of the bottle nutrients and ctd files to 'PUBLIC'. I have stripped out the following parameters and made the files (the new stripped files w/o CFC-11 CFC-12 TRITUM DELHE3 HELIUM TRITER DELHER HELIER) available on our website. 01/11/99 Bullister CTD Status changed to Public on website 10/25/99 Talley SUM Data Update Maggie Cook at WHOI alerted me to very small errors in the headers in the sum files for p17n and p17e - the LATITUDE and LONGITUDE labels are 1 column too far to the left. I have fixed them and put them in the incoming for the WHPO. I also changed the date stamp on them, but if you think these changes are too minor, change those back. 01/29/99 Kozyr ALKALI/TCO2 Final Data Submitted 04/13/99 Musgrave SUM Update needed; acoustic depths wrong? Our console logs show That the deepest pressure that a bottle was tripped was at 3743 db (before correcting for the deck reading which was about 18). The Uncorrected acoustic depth was 3543 m, which is close to the value at the beginning of the cast: 3532 m. The CTD cast file for st 92 shows a maximum pressure of 3722 db. There is a note on the console log that the down time was recorded a little late (the bottom bottle was tripped at 1620 and the downtime was recorded as 1625). Maybe they recorded the acoustic depths wrong. It looks like the acoustic depth is wrong. The max wire out was 3648 m. We would have to back to the PDR log to and see what the acoustic depth was at 1620 on 13June93. 04/14/99 Talley SUM column alignment corrected I placed an edited version of p17nsu.txt in my ftp area on whpo. There was a column misalignment and mising information on lines 343 (station 92), picked up by Maggie Cook at WHOI. I corresponded with Dave Musgrave about it. Here is his answer. I inserted -9 in the two columns for which there is no information for station 92. I realigned the max wire out and max press columns. 04/16/99 Bartolacci SUM HYD file Updated as per Talley changes I've replaced the p17n .sum file with Lynne's updated version (see below for changes made). I have also edited the file to change all slashes in expocodes to underscores, and I have edited the table to reflect the updated file. 04/29/99 Bartolocci DELC13 Data and/or Status info requested from Paul Quay 10/08/99 Evans DELHE3 Data Update 10/20/99 Willey CFCs Final Data Submitted This is a follow-up to last month's message requesting that all of our Pacific and Indian Ocean CFCs be made accessible to the public. Our cruises are; (Pacific) P17C, P1716S, P06E, P19C, P17N, P21E, and (Indian) I09N, I05W/I04, I07N, I10. I just ftp'd updated/final CFC data for our WOCE Pacific cruises; p17c, p1716s, p6e, p19c, p17n, p21e. There are 2 files for each cruise. The file with the extension '.sea' is the hydro file (from your website) with our final CFC values merged in. The file with the '.dat' extension is a file with stn, cast, samp, cfcs and cfc quality bytes. 02/04/00 Kozyr ALKALI/TCARBN Final Data Submitted 04/14/00 Key DELC14 Data are Public As of 3/2000 the 2 year clock expired on the last of the Pacific Ocean C14 data (P10). All Pacific Ocean WOCE C-14 data should be made public. 04/19/00 Bartolacci DELC14 Reformatting needed Data are at WHPO, not in WOCE format (RAW), therefore not merged. 05/17/00 Muus SUM Update needed; Error found Found another p17n .SUM error. Station 48 Cast 2 BO longitude should be 135 degrees instead of 136 degrees. BE and EN are ok. 325021_1 P17N 48 2 ROS 052893 2025 BE 41 39.36 N 136 0.34 W 325021_1 P17N 48 2 ROS 052893 2146 BO 41 39.19 N 136 59.91 W 325021_1 P17N 48 2 ROS 052893 2318 EN 41 39.11 N 135 59.63 W 05/17/00 Muus SUM Update needed; Error found While working with P17N for a Jim Swift project I found an error in the .SUM file. Station 35 BE and BO latitude should be 37 degrees instead of 38 degrees. EN is ok. The ODF woce .SUM file in the ODF p17n cruise directory is ok. 325021_1 P17N 34 1 ROS 052493 2215 BE 37 30.01 N 135 0.05 W 325021_1 P17N 34 1 ROS 052493 2356 BO 37 29.95 N 135 0.63 W 325021_1 P17N 34 1 ROS 052593 0204 EN 37 29.67 N 135 1.59 W 325021_1 P17N 35 1 ROS 052593 0507 BE 38 59.99 N 135 0.03 W 325021_1 P17N 35 1 ROS 052593 0633 BO 38 59.83 N 135 0.04 W 325021_1 P17N 35 1 ROS 052593 0816 EN 37 59.86 N 135 0.25 W 325021_1 P17N 36 1 ROS 052593 1113 BE 38 29.50 N 134 59.99 W 325021_1 P17N 36 1 ROS 052593 1246 BO 38 29.93 N 135 0.70 W 325021_1 P17N 36 1 ROS 052593 1423 EN 38 29.73 N 135 0.46 W 06/05/00 Muus SUM Data Update Errors corrected A corrected version of p17nsu.txt is now in /usr/export/ftp/pub/WHPO/MUUS with the corrections described in my two May 17 emails. 06/06/00 Bartolacci SUM corrected sum file now OnLine I've replaced the p17n sumfile with Dave Muus' corrected version. 06/21/00 Bartolacci helium/delhe3 not yet merged into btl file 08/29/00 Anfuso HELIUM/DELHE3 Data Merged into OnLine File Merged helium and delhe3 data and data flags into BTL file. Merging comments are in original subdir 1999.10.08_P17N_HE_LUPTON- EVANS (below): p17nwoce.csv.txt : renamed this helium data file to p17nhel.dat,2000.08.29 SRA. p17nhel_edt.dat : this is the helium data file, I edited the header and replaced the comma delimited data values w/ spaces. Also, replaced missing molal[He] values w/ -9.0000 (formerly white space) on sta/cst/btl: 22/1/20; 28/2/24; 37/1/37; 54/1/29; 56/1/36; 62/2/25,27; 67/1/38; 77/1/23; 127/1/25; 137/1/23; 26,31,32; 143/1/24 mrgsea: successfully merged %deltaHe and molal[He] data columns and associated flags into bottle data file (.../p17n/p17nhy.txt). Run time formats: %deltaHe= a7, i5, a6, f9.2, i5; molal[He]=a7, i5, a6, 16x, f8.4, i5 2000.08.29 SRA ..../original/p17nhy_rplcd_2000.08.29.txt: this is the former p17nhy.txt file. 08/30/00 Uribe tcarbn/alkali need to be merged into HYD file Moved from ftp-incoming to p17n original directory, the following files: p17n_sum.txt, p17nhy.txt, changes. These all refer to cfc merging completed by DMN. P17ncarb.txt contains carbon and alkalinity data that still need merging into bottle file. 09/20/00 Anfuso CFCs Re-merged into OnLine HYD file Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly He/Trt). Reconstrucing bottle data file. Using hyd data from /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir. Remerged cfc data from (cfc-11, cfc-12) ...original/1999.10.20_P17N_CFC_FINE_WILLEY/FINE_ WILLEY_CFS_19991020_ p17n_cfcs.dat file. NOTE: this data is an updated cfc data set from Fine's group (per README notes in 1999.10.20_P17N_CFC_FINE_WILLEY dir). This updated data set was never merged into the previous p17nhy.txt file. In the updated data set, there are 3 samples that are not present that were present in the original data set. sta/cst/samp Notes: ------------ ---------------------- 16/1/4 niskin bottle flag = 4 19/1/5 ? 67/1/6 niskin bottle flag = 4 These problems are not further investigated. 09/20/00 Anfuso HELIUM/TRITUM Re-merged into OnLine HYD file Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly He/Trt). Reconstrucing bottle data file. Using hyd data from /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file …All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir. …Remerged tritium/helium data (tritum, helium, delhe3, triter, helier, delher, c14err). There are 3 existing files containing tritium data. 2 of theses files came with the data set from WHOI WHPO; they are p17trt.raw and p17n.trt. The data values and data formats are different (all for the same samples) in these 2 files. It was assumed that p17n.trt contained the most up-to-date data for the period when these files were submitted to WHOI WHPO. The data flags were confusing and incorrect; they could not be correlate with the data (e.g. which flags where associated with which parameters). Correspondence with Jane Dunworth Baker at WHOI confirmed there were problems with the data flags. Data was merged into the bottle file with SIOWHPO revised data flags: missing data was flagged '9', all other values submitted were assumed to be OK and flagged '2'. The third existing data file contained tritium data and was from Z. TOP (1997). This is assumed to be the most up-to-date version of all tritium data for the P17N leg. The data file contained no cast values or data flags. Cast values were generated according to the sample log sheet maintained by ODF (P17N) for tritium samples taken during this expedition. Flags were generated as stated above (2 for any reported data, missing data flagged as 9). …Remerged LUPTON-EVANS helium data and flags. This data was already reformatted in the *LUPTON-EVANS dir. 09/20/00 Anfuso TCARBN/ALKALI Re-merged into OnLine HYD file Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly He/Trt). Reconstrucing bottle data file. Using hyd data from /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir. Merged KOZYR tcarbn/alkali data. This data was already formatted; substituted -999.0 for -999.9 when data was missing. 09/21/00 Anfuso C14 Remerged delc14 Data added to website C14 data and data flags into original hyd data file. These bottle data had to be remerged due to problems with data flags in the originally merged bottle data file. Complete documentation regarding remerge is in original subdir 2000.09.16_P17N_REMERGE. 12/11/00 Uribe DOC Submitted txt version online 2000.12.11 KJU File contained here is a CRUISE SUMMARY and NOT sumfile. Documentation is online. 2000.10.11 KJU Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper cruise. All of them are sum files. Received 1997 August 15th. 01/26/01 Huynh DOC Website Updated w/ pdf & txt versions DOC Has LVS and SVC14 rpts, Appendices A-D, DQE rpts both CTD and bottle data, and data status notes. 02/06/01 Stuart DELC13 Submitted 02/08/01 Kappa DOC Replace CTD report w/ ODF report 06/19/01 Swift CTDTMP Update Needed An oceanographically-insignificant error in CTDTMP data for this cruise has been found (ca. -0.00024*T - 0.00036 degC). A data update is forthcoming. In the interim the corrected data files can be obtained from: ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData/woce/crs 06/20/01 Johnson CTD Data Processing error corrected revised data available by ftp ODF has discovered a small error in the algorithm used to convert ITS90 temperature calibration data to IPTS68. This error affects reported Mark III CTD temperature data for most cruises that occurred in 1992-1999. A complete list of affected data sets appears below. ODF temperature calibrations are reported on the ITS90 temperature scale. ODF internally maintains these calibrations for CTD data processing on the IPTS68 scale. The error involved converting ITS90 calibrations to IPTS68. The amount of error is close to linear with temperature: approximately -0.00024 degC/degC, with a -0.00036 degC offset at 0 degC. Previously reported data were low by 0.00756 degC at 30 degC, decreasing to 0.00036 degC low at 0 degC. Data reported as ITS90 were also affected by a similar amount. CTD conductivity calibrations have been recalculated to account for the temperature change. Reported CTD salinity and oxygen data were not significantly affected. Revised final data sets have been prepared and will be available soon from ODF (ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData). The data will eventually be updated on the whpo.ucsd.edu website as well. IPTS68 temperatures are reported for PCM11 and Antarktis X/5, as originally submitted to their chief scientists. ITS90 temperatures are reported for all other cruises. Changes in the final data vs. previous release (other than temperature and negligible differences in salinity/oxygen): S04P: 694/03 CTD data were not reported, but CTD values were reported with the bottle data. No conductivity correction was applied to these values in the original .sea file. This release uses the same conductivity correction as the two nearest casts to correct salinity. AO94: Eight CTD casts were fit for ctdoxy (previously uncalibrated) and resubmitted to the P.I. since the original release. The WHP- format bottle file was not regenerated. The CTDOXY for the following stations should be significantly different than the original .sea file values: 009/01 013/02 017/01 018/01 026/04 033/01 036/01 036/02 I09N: The 243/01 original CTD data file was not rewritten after updating the ctdoxy fit. This release uses the correct ctdoxy data for the .ctd file. The original .sea file was written after the update occurred, so the ctdoxy values reported with bottle data should be minimally different. ====================================================================== DATA SETS AFFECTED: WOCE Final Data - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE: WOCE Section ID P.I. Cruise Dates ------------------------------------------------------------ S04P (Koshlyakov/Richman) Feb.-Apr. 1992 P14C (Roemmich) Sept. 1992 PCM11 (Rudnick) Sept. 1992 P16A/P17A (JUNO1) (Reid) Oct.-Nov. 1992 P17E/P19S (JUNO2) (Swift) Dec. 1992 - Jan. 1993 P19C (Talley) Feb.-Apr. 1993 P17N (Musgrave) May-June 1993 P14N (Roden) July-Aug. 1993 P31 (Roemmich) Jan.-Feb. 1994 A15/AR15 (Smethie) Apr.-May 1994 I09N (Gordon) Jan.-Mar. 1995 I08N/I05E (Talley) Mar.-Apr. 1995 I03 (Nowlin) Apr.-June 1995 I04/I05W/I07C (Toole) June-July 1995 I07N (Olson) July-Aug. 1995 I10 (Bray/Sprintall) Nov. 1995 ICM03 (Whitworth) Jan.-Feb. 1997 non-WOCE Final Data - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE: Cruise Name P.I. Cruise Dates ------------------------------------------------------------ Antarktis X/5 (Peterson) Aug.-Sept. 1992 Arctic Ocean 94 (Swift) July-Sept. 1994 Preliminary Data - WILL BE CORRECTED FOR FINAL RELEASE ONLY NOT YET AVAILABLE: Cruise Name P.I. Cruise Dates ------------------------------------------------------------ WOCE-S04I (Whitworth) May-July 1996 Arctic Ocean 97 (Swift) Sept.-Oct. 1997 HNRO7 (Talley) June-July 1999 KH36 (Talley) July-Sept. 1999 "Final" Data from cruise dates prior to 1992, or cruises which did not use NBIS CTDs, are NOT AFFECTED. post-1991 Preliminary Data NOT AFFECTED: Cruise Name P.I. Cruise Dates ------------------------------------------------------------ Arctic Ocean 96 (Swift) July-Sept. 1996 WOCE-A24 (ACCE) (Talley) May-July 1997 XP99 (Talley) Aug.-Sept. 1999 KH38 (Talley) Feb.-Mar. 2000 XP00 (Talley) June-July 2000 06/22/01 Uribe CTD/BTL Website Updated; Exchange File Added CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online. The Bottle File has the following parameters: CFC-11, CFC-12 The Bottle File contains: CastNumber StationNumber BottleNumber SampleNumber WISEGARVER, DAVID would like the data PUBLIC, and would like the following done to the data: MERGE CFC DATA Additional notes: CFC DATA ON SIO98 SCALE 11/16/01 Bartolacci CFCs Data Ready to be Merged I have placed the updated CFC data file sent by Wisegarver into the P17N original directory in a subdirectory called 2001.07.09_P17N_CFC_UPDT_WISEGARVER This directory contains data, documentation and readme files. data are ready for merging 02/08/02 Uribe CTD Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added CTD has been converted to exchange using latest code and put online. 04/23/02 Key LV data Submitted Attached are copies of files for P17N_LV. I've included various details which may not be worth saving on your end. The files contain both Gerard and piggyback Niskin data. If you run into a flag value of "0" in the first listed file, it indicates that the value was somehow estimated rather than being measured (generally interpolation using Rosette data as basis) P17N.LV: the sum+hydro file I use with all flags, etc. Note that the c13 in this (and all other LV files) is not research quality. It is only adequate for fractionation correction to the C14 samples. LV.bottle.notes.odf: what you'd expect 3250211.sum: old copy of sum file with LV info included 3250211.lvs: original hyd file I got from Jim's guys. This is one of the LV cruises I was not on, so I can't supply info from memory. With respect to file P17N.LV, notes from my records follow: Oxygen not measured, but add empty columns for O2 and aou for compatibility. Check ODF QC flags Changes: 10-1-43 sif to 4 10-1-44 sif to 4 10-1-83 sif to 4 10-3-89 sif to 4 68-1-43 tf flag 3 Corrected sum file for Station 28 cast 3 Latitude degrees should have been 34, not 35 as recorded. 04/30/02 Anderson DELC14/DELC13 website update Merged DELC14, C14ERR, DELC13, and C13ERR values I got from Bob Key into p17n_lvs.txt file that was on the whpo web site in: ...onetime/pacific/p17/p17n/original. 05/15/02 Muus BTL/SUM Website Updated Data merged into online file (ctdtmp, ctdsal, theta, delc13 Merged ODF revised temperature data and delc13 into web bottle file. Corrected SUM file. Notes on P17N merging May 15, 2002 D.Muus 1. Corrected CRUISE DATES in first line of bottle file from "052684 TO 062693" to "051593 TO 062693" Corrected DATES in first line of SUMMARY file from "051693-062293" to "051593-062693" 2. Changed "TRITIUM" to "TRITUM" in bottle file header. 3. Merged P17N DELC13 from: /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/pacific/p17/original/ 20010206_C13_P17_STUART.email into bottle file (p17nhy.txt 20000921WHPOSIOSRA) Only sample reference in C13 data file is station, cast and niskin. SAMPNO appears same as BTLNBR in bottle file so no apparent problem. 4. Merged revised ODF bottle data from: /usr/export/ftp/pub/HydroData/woce/p17n/p17nhyd.zip into bottle file resulting from #3 above. 5. Changed QUALT2 from mostly "1"s and "9"s to same as QUALT1. Then changed QUALT2 flags in following samples from 2 to 3 per DQE: Sta 9 Ca 1 Smp 36 silicate 44 1 36 salinity 56 1 24 " 56 1 27 " 78 2 36 " This had already been done on 20000921WHPOSIOSRA in amongst the "1"s. 6. SUMMARY file from web fails woce format to exchange format conversion because of missing times in Station 92, Cast 1, BO and 99, 1, BO and missing WOCE SECT in Stations 100-120 and 149-202. Added missing times from ODF SUMMARY file in p17nhyd.zip. Added missing WOCE SECT for non-woce stations from description in ODF SUMMARY file. Stations 100-120 shelf 149-187 sound 188-202 eddy ODF SUMMARY file fails sumchk. Data columns not lined up with headers. Bottom depths somewhat uncertain Longitude North Latitude West Bottom Depth web odf odf _pdr_log Sta Ca Date Time web_____ odf_____ web______ odf______ "cor" unc unc cor 19 1 052093 1316 36 3.00 36 2.62 129 53.80 129 55.15 4957 4957 4957 4964 20 1 052093 1935 35 47.90 35 47.92 130 27.69 130 27.72 4975 4975 4976 4983 21 1 052193 0210 35 32.61 35 32.62 130 59.91 130 59.91 5064 5063 5064 5074 198 1 062593 0502 56 39.39 56 39.39 139 59.52 139 59.92 3524 3524 3525 3501 199 1 062593 0842 56 34.65 56 34.65 140 26.43 140 26.43 3579 3579 3579 3555 200 1 062593 1236 56 29.96 56 29.96 140 51.80 140 51.80 3591 3591 3591 3567 Changed header in web SUMMARY file from "COR CDEPTH" to "UNC DEPTH" Other blank spaces in web SUMMARY file filled in with values from ODF file: Sta Ca Code 1 1 BO: #BTLS PAR : 0 0 l 2 BO: #BTLS PAR : 0 0 34 1 BO: WIRE OUT : 5235 57 1 BO: MAX PRES : 3788 58 3 MR: HT ABV BTM : 9 59 1 BO: WIRE OUT : 4500 84 1 EN: UNC BTM : 4659 92 1 BO: TIME : 1621 " " ": UNC BTM : 3541 " " ": HT ABV BTM : 9 99 1 BO: TIME : 1155 " " ": UNC BTM : 223 131 1 BE: UNC BTM : 3539 Other changes made where web SUMMARY file differs from ODF SUMMARY file. Used original ODF data to determine which value to use. Kept web SUMMARY file value if no supporting evidence for change: Sta Ca Code 10 2 BO: UNC BTM : 3896 vs. 3855 (3855 is WIRE OUT) 25 1 BE: UNC BTM : 5077 vs. 5038 26 1 BE: UNC BTM : 4272 vs. 4233 27 1 BE: UNC BTM : 5238 vs. 5301 " " BO: UNC BTM : 5250 vs. 5301 " " EN: UNC BTM : 5263 vs. 5301 29 1 EN: UNC BTM : 5211 vs. 5103 33 1 BE: UNC BTM : 5037 vs. 5079 36 1 BE: UNC BTM : 4447 vs. 4319 38 1 BE: UNC BTM : 5003 vs. 5097 39 2 EN: LONG. DEG : 135 vs. 134 42 1 BE: UNC BTM : 3176 vs. 3331 48 2 BO: UNC BTM : 4021 vs. 3021 61 1 BE: UNC BTM : 4579 vs. 4638 " " BO: UNC BTM : 4583 vs. 4683 " " EN: UNC BTM : 4583 vs. 4683 68 3 BE: CAST TYPE : LVS vs. ROS " " MR: " " : LVS vs. ROS " " EN: " " : LVS vs. ROS 75 1 BO: HT ABV BTM: 8 vs. 89 80 1 BO: UNC BTM : 4677 vs. 4773 " " EN: UNC BTM : 4679 vs. 4780 82 1 EN: LONG. DEG : 155 vs. 154 91 1 BE: TIME : 1126 vs. 1105 " " ": UNC BTM : 4048 vs. 3916 92 1 BO: MAX PRES : 3722 vs. 3743 96 2 DE: TIME : 0710 vs. 0810 99 1 BO: MAX PRES : 198 vs. 216 190 1 BO: HT ABV BTM: blank vs. 8 (cast aborted about 1075m above bottom) 190 2 BE: CASTNO : moved 1 column to right justify 190 2 BO: CASTNO : moved 1 column to right justify 190 2 EN: CASTNO : moved 1 column to right justify 7. Made new exchange file for Bottle data. 8. Checked new bottle file with Java Ocean Atlas. 05/31/02 Escher BTL Update Needed; file missing stations In the "hy" file, stations 100 to 120 are missing. They are in the sum file, and the sum file indicates there should be bottle data for 1-6 ( ie silcat, oxygen, nitrit...). 06/01/02 Anderson TCARBN Website Updated Changed QUALT1 flags for TCARBN on station 34. 06/07/02 Kozyr TCARBN Update needed Bob and Chris also think that P17N Station 34, all of the TCO2 values deeper than 800dB (except the deepest at 5338.7 dB), flagged 3. 06/07/02 Talley TCARBN Update Requested by L Talley We're plotting P17 for the WHP atlas now. On the total carbon plot, station 34 on P17N seems to be quite high compared with surrounding stations. Can you take a look at it and let me know if what we see is correct? (It's the station at about 37N, 12200 km.) 06/11/02 Anderson TCARBN Website Updated; QUALT1 flags updated Changed QUALT1 flags for TCARBN on station 34 per Lynne Talley 06/11/02 Talley TCARBN Update Needed TCARBN flags will be changed. We'll delete the values from the section and check on the flags in general on that station. Just looked and they are not flagged on the WHPO version. We will change the flags to 3 and repost on the WHP website. 06/11/02 Anderson BTL Website Updated; QUALT flags changed Changed QUALT1 and QUALT2 flags for TCARBN on station 34 for depths deeper than 800db, except for the deepest at 5338.7db to 3, per e-mail from LynneTalley, Alex Kozyr, Bob Key, and Chris Sabine. 06/12/02 Anderson CTD Website Updated; Headers corrected Sharon Escher noted that files 10001.WCT through 12001.WCT had 5 in the last character of all headers. I corrected this. On further investigation I noted that files 14901.WCT through 18701.WCT had the same problem. I corrected those files 06/13/02 Anderson CTD Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added Made new exchange file for the ctd data. Had to make a temporary change to the .sum file, stas. 100-120 had shelf for WOCE SECT, stas. 149-187 had sound for WOCE SECT, and stas. 188-202 had eddy for WOCE SECT. Changed these to P17N only for the purpose of making the exchange file. 06/28/02 Anderson DELC14 Data Merged/Update needed File needs to be linked to web site, see note: Merges DELC14, C14ERR, DELC13, and C13ERR values I got from Bob Key into p17n_lvs.txt file that was in p17n/original. This file needs to be linked to the web site. 06/28/02 Uribe LV data Website Updated; LVS data added Large volume samples data has been linked to website. 06/28/02 Anderson LVS Update Needed File needs to be linked to web site, see note: Merges DELC14, C14ERR, DELC13, and C13ERR values I got from Bob Key into p17n_lvs.txt file that was in p17n/original. This file needs to be linked to the web site. 08/13/02 Muus CTD Website Updated Corrected temps/reformatted files/made exchange files Made new CTD zip file from revised ODF files with corrected temperatures. Changed file names from sss0c.ctd to p17n.0sss.c.wct to conform to woce format. (sss=station, c=cast) Made new CTD exchange format zip file using modified sumfile to keep all stations in chronological order. (WOCE SECT: shelf, sound & eddy changed to P17N.) Checked new CTD exchange files with Java Ocean Atlas. 09/30/02 Bartolacci BTL Website Updated Merged missing non-WOCE data (stations 100-120, 149-202) into btl file Merged missing Non-WOCE station data (stations 100-120, 149-202) into current bottle file. Recreated exchange, netCDF and inventory files. Notes: I have merged the Non-WOCE stations for P17N into the current online file. 325021_1.xtr- New stations file obtained from odf. Contains stations 100-120, 149-202. Because these stations only contained S/O, nutrients and a Q1 word, appropriate missing values were added to columns of missing parameters before stations were merged into online bottle file. Q1 word was also copied to Q2 word and added missing value flags added prior to merging. Ran wocecvt with no errors. Copied p17nhy_edt.txt to parent directory and renamed p17nhy.txt. Recreated exchange, netCDF, and inventory files. Moved all previous versions of these files to original directory and RCS'd the action. 09/30/02 Swift BTL Update Needed Sts. 100-120 and 149-203 missing data because of non-WHP status. I have reviewed the ODF sample log sheets for a random selection of stations in the intervals 100-120 and 149-203 from the cruise in question and can see that at the least S, O2, and nutrients were done, and I uncovered some CFCs and even one AMS 14C station. So there are, somewhere (at ODF presumably, and perhaps at NODC) bottle data for every one of the stations occupied during the cruise that covered P17N. But a decision was made somewhere along the line to leave the non- WHP stations out of the WHPO data file. For one thing, as you note, the non-WHP stations from that cruise did not receive full quality control. This is going to get into one of those data gray areas. My own preference would be to archive the complete cruise, and simply note in the documentation that stations 100-120 and 149-203 are not WOCE stations. I do not like to see data lost. For the non- WOCE stations we can put in whatever the quality code is that means no quality code was assigned, right? I have copied this to Dave Musgrave, Rana Fine, and Kristin Sanborn to see what words of wisdom they choose to impart. 10/16/02 Uribe SUM/CTD Website updated SUM converted to WOCE, CTD checked with no problems Sumfile was converted to WOCE format with the best of our abilities from the French language version that was submitted. Sumfile data was checked in JOA using the newly formatted CTDs and no problems were apparent. CTD were converted to exchange, netcdf and inventory file are now online. 10/16/02 Anderson BTL Website Updated As noted by Sharon Escher, the second line of the headers was an extra line, only an * in column 1. I deleted that line. The exchange file does not appear to have been affected by this extra line, so I did not make a new exchange file. 01/13/02 Kappa DOC Website Updated; docs expanded Compiled new doc files with David Wisegarver's CFC report, expanded Data Processing Notes, figures provided by the PI, WHPO and PI cruise tracks.