If symbols do not display correctly change your browser character encoding to unicode CRUISE REPORT: A10 (Updated SEP 2013) HIGHLIGHTS CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION WOCE Section Designation A10 Expedition designation (ExpoCodes) 33RO20110926 Chief Scientists Molly Baringer/AOML Alison Macdonald/WHOI Dates Mon Sep 26, 2011 - Sat Oct 31, 2011 Ship RONALD H. BROWN Ports of call Cape Town, South Africa - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 27° 35.9868' S Geographic Boundaries 47° 56.9232' W 14° 56.9514' E 30° 1.0788' S Stations 120 Floats and drifters deployed 15 Argo floats, 10 surface drifters Moorings deployed or recovered 0 Recent Contact Information: Dr. Molly O. BARINGER • Physical Oceanography Division NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway • Miami, FL 33149 phone: 305-361-4345 • fax: 305-361-4413 • email: Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov Alison M Macdonald • Research Specialist • Physical Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 266 Woods Hole Rd. • MS# 21 • Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050 phone: +1 508 289 3507 • email: amacdonald@whoi.edu CLIVAR/Carbon A10 NOAAS Ronald H. Brown 28 August 2011 - 31 October 2011 Cape Town, South Africa - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Chief Scientist: Dr. Molly O'Neil Baringer National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, AOML Co-Chief Scientist: Dr. Alison Macdonald Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Preliminary Cruise Report CTD Data Submitted by: Kristene E. McTaggart Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Seattle, WA Preliminary Bottle Data Submitted by: Alejandro D. Quintero Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic Data Facility Scripps Institution of Oceanography/UC San Diego La Jolla, CA Introduction CLIVAR/Carbon A10 in the South Atlantic on NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown was completed successfully during the period 28 August 2011-31 October 2011. This cruise is part of a decadal series of repeat hydrography sections jointly funded by NOAA-OGP and NSF-OCE as part of the U.S. CLIVARICO2/hydrography/tracer program (http://ushydro.ucsd.edu). The goal of the effort is to occupy a set of hydrographic transects over the global ocean with full, high-quality water column measurements to study physical and chemical changes over time. The 2011 A10 expedition began in Cape Town, South Africa and ended in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Various academic institutions and NOAA research laboratories participated on the cruise. The A10 section ran nominally A10ng the 30°S from approximately 17°W to 48°W, repeating the section previously occupied in 1992 and 2003. A total of 120 full water column CTD/02/LADCP/rosette casts were completed A10ng the A10 transect with nominal - 30 nautical mile (nm) spacing, with closer spacing near boundaries. Approximately 2,800 water samples were collected on these casts for analyses of a variety of parameters, including salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbons, (CFCs), SF6, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, pH, carbon isotopes (14C), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), density, phytoplankton, tritium, 180 and helium. Underway data collection included upper-ocean current measurements from the shipboard ADCP, surface oceanographic (temperature, salinity, PCO2) and meteorological parameters from the ship's underway systems, bathymetric data and atmospheric measurements of CO2. CFCs, SF6 and ozone. Data from this cruise are available from CCHDO, under Atlantic Ocean Datasets: http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/dataaccess/showcmise?ExpoCode=33R020100308 Acknowledgements The successful completion of the cruise relied on dedicated assistance from many individuals both on shore and on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown as well as throught CLIVAR. Funded investigators in the project and members of the CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography/CO2 program were instrumental in planning and executing the cruise. The participants in the cruise showed dedication and camaraderie during their 36 days at sea and unusual delay of the start of the cruise. Officers and crew of the Ronald H. Brown exhibited a high degree of professionalism and assistance to accomplish the mission and to make us feel at home during the voyage. Chief Survey Technician Jonathan Shannahoff and Electronics Technician Jeff Hill contributed to the success of this cruise through their able deck handling, stewardship of shipboard scientific gear and troubleshooting experience. The US Repeat Hydrography I CO2 Program is sponsored by NOAA's Office of Climate Observation. In particular, we wish to thank program managers David Legler (NOAA), Eric Itsweire (NSF/OCE), for their moral and financial support in the effort. Clearance was requested and granted from the sovereign nations of Namibia and Brazil for research conducted in their territorial waters. The collaboration in the research effort is greatly appreciated. Background The CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program focuses on the need to monitor inventories of CO2. tracers, heat and freshwater and their transports in the ocean. Earlier programs under WOCE and JGOFS provided a baseline observational field for these parameters. The new measurements reveal much about the changing patterns on decadal scales. The program serves as a backbone to the assessment of changes in the ocean's biogeochemical cycle in response to natural and/or man-induced activity. Global changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, that can have significant impact on climate, can be followed through these long-term measurements. The CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program provides a robust observational framework to monitor these long-term trends. These measurements are in support of: • Model calibration and testing • Carbon system studies • Heat and freshwater storage and flux studies • Deep and shallow water mass and ventilation studies • Calibration of autonomous sensors This program follows the invasion of anthropogenic CO2 and transient tracers into intermediate and deep water on decadal timescales and determines the variability of the inorganic carbon system, and its relationship to biological and physical processes. More details on the program can be found at the website: http://ushydro.ucsd.edu. Specific information about this cruise can be found at: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/A10. The informal "blog" that recounted some to the cruise highlights can be found at: http://clivar- A10.blogspot.coml CLIVAR/Carbon AN Participating Institutions Abbreviation Institution ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------- AOML Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory - NOAA CPO Climate Program Office - NOAA FSU Florida State University FURG Universidade Federal do Rio Grande LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory/Columbia University PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory - NOAA RSMAS Rosentstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science/University of Miami SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography/University of California at San Diego UCSB University of California Santa Barbara UCI University of California Irvine U Hawaii University of Hawaii at Manoa UW-Madison University of Wisconsin at Madison WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Principal Programs of CLIVAR/Carbon A10 Analysis Inst. PI email -------------------------- --------- --------------- ------------------------- CTDO NOAA/PMEL Gregory Johnson Gregory.CJohnson@noaa.gov NOAA/AOML Molly Baringer Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov ADCP/Lowered ADCP U Hawaii Jules Hummon hummon@hawaii.edu Salinity NOAA/AOML Molly Baringer Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov Total CO2 (DIC) NOAA/PMEL Richard Feely Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov NOAA/AOML Rik Wanninkhof Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov UW & Discrete pCO2 NOAA/AOML Rik Wanninkhof Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov Nutrients NOAA/AOML Jia-Zhong Zhang Jia-Zhong.Zhang@noaa.gov NOAA/PMEL Calvin Mordy Calvin.W.Mordy@noaa.gov Dissolved O2 NOAA/AOML Molly Baringer Molly.Baringer@noaa.gov RSMAS Chris Langdon clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu Total Alkalinity/pH RSMAS Frank Millero fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu Chlorofluorocarbons NOAA/PMEL John Bullister John.L.Bullister@noaa.gov (CFCs)/SF6 3He/Tritium/18O LDEO Peter Schlosser peters@ldeo.columbia.edu WHOI William Jenkins wjenkins@whoi.edu DOC/TDN UCSB Craig Carlson carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu 14C Scripps Alan Foreman aforeman@ucsd.edu UCI Alysha Coppola acoppola@uci.edu SIO James Swift jswift@ucsd.edu Data Management SIO Knstin Sanborn ksanborn@ucsd.edu Argo Float & Meteorlogical NOAA/PMEL Gregory Johnson Gregory.CJohnson@noaa.gov Sensor deoployments Drifter Deployment NOAA/AOML Shaun Dolk Shaun.Dolk@noaa.gov Underway surface ocean, NOAA Ship personnel meteorological and bathymetry data Scientific Personnel CLIVAR/Carbon A10 Duties Name Inst. email --------------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------------- Chief Scientist Molly Baringer AOML molly.baringer@noaa.gov Co-Chief Scientist Alison Macdonald WHOI amacdonald@whoi.edu Data Management Alex Quintero Scripps alquintero@ucsd.edu CTD Processing Kristy McTaggert PMEL kristy.mctaggart@hotmail.com CTD/Salinity/LADCP/ET Kyle Seaton AOML/CIMAS kyle.seaton@noaa.gov CTD/Salinity/LADCP/ET Andrew Stefanick AOML andrew.stefanick@noaa.gov CTD Watch James Hooper AOML hooper@ocean.fsu.edu CTD Watch/ACDP/LADCP Elizabeth Simons FSU egs07d@my.fsu.edu Dissolved O2 George Berberian AOML/CIMAS george.berberian@noaa.gov Dissolved O2 Chris Langdon RSMAS clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu Nutrients Peter Proctor PMEL peter.proctor@noaa.gov Nutrients Charles Fischer AOML charles.fischer@noaa.gov Total CO2 (DIC) Charles Featherstone AOML charles.featherstone@noaa.gov Total CO2 (DIC) Robert Castle AOML robert.castle@noaa.gov CFCs/SF6 David Wisegarver PMEL david.wisegarver@noaa.gov CFCs/SF6 Darren Pilcher UW-Madison djpilcher@wisc.edu CFCs/SF6/14C Alan Foreman Scripps aforeman@ucsd.edu Total Alkalinity/pH Jen Aicher RSMAS jenaicher@gmail.com Total Alkalinity/pH Tammy Laberge-MacDonald RSMAS tlaberge@rsmas.miami.edu Total Alkalinity/pH Carmen Rodriguez RSMAS crodriguez@rsmas.miami.edu Total Alkalinity/pH Valentina Caccia RSMAS valecaccia@yahoo.com Helium/Tritium/18O Anthony Dachille LDEO dachille@ldeo.columbia.edu DOC/14C Alysha Coppola UCI acoppola@uci.edu HPLC/Phytoplankton Luciano Costa de FURG lclazevedo@gmail.com Lacerda Azevedo Brazilian Observer Marina Midori MdB MdBmarinamidori@smm.mil.br Measurement Program Summary After a 29-day delay, NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown departed Cape Town, South Africa on 26 September 2011 at approximately 1400 UTC and arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 31 October 2011. A total of 120 stations were occupied during the A10 cruise. A total of three test casts (Sta. 998, 997 and 996) were occupied on the transit from Cape Town to the eastern end of the A10 section, which was run from east to west. Data from a total 121 CTD/02/LADCP/rosette casts (including 1 reoccupation at station 035) were collected. Fifteen Argo floats and ten surface drifters were also deployed. CTD/02 data, LADCP data, and water samples (up to 24) were collected on most rosette casts. In most cases each cast came to within 10 meters of the bottom (see Appendix). A 24 position, 10-11 liter bottle rosette frame was used on this cruise (NOAA/AOML's yellow frame). Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient samples were collected and analyzed from essentially all of the water samples collected. Water samples were also measured for CFCs, SF6, total CO2 (DIC), total alkalinity, and pH on most of the samples. Additional samples were collected for 'He, tritium, 14C, Black Carbon, phytoplankton and DOC. The CTD rosstte/water sampler collected a total of 2,816 water sample measurements during the cruise. The distribution of the bottle samples during the course of the cruise can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. A10 Hydrographic Measurements Program The distribution of bottle samples is illustrated in Figures 1-2 below. Figure 1: A10 Sample distribution, stations 1-55. Figure 2: A10 Sample distribution, stations 55-120. CO2/CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Program 2011 Reoccupation of WOCE Section A10 NOAA ship RONALD H. BROWN Cape Town, South Africa - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil September 26 - October 31, 2011 Chief Scientist: Molly Baringer, AOML Co-Chief Scientist: Alison MacDonald, WHOI Data Manager: Alex Quintero, Scripps CTD Quality Control/Processing: Kristy McTaggart, PMEL CTD Watchstanders: Elizabeth Simons, FSU and James Hooper, Scripps Sample Salinity Analysts: Kyle Seaton, CIMAS and Andy Stefanick, AOML Sample Oxygen Analysts: Chris Langdon, RSMAS and George Berberian, AOML LADCP Technician: Elizabeth Simons, FSU for Sarah Eggleston, UH Survey Technicians: Jonathan Shannahoff and Laurie Roy Ship's Electronics Technician: Jeff Hill Summary This cruise was a reoccupation of a longitudinal section nominally along 30S (WOCE Section A10, occupied in 2003 and 1993). Operations included CTDO/LADCP/rosette casts nominally at half-degree spacing. Underway data collected included upper-ocean currents from the shipboard ADCP, surface oceanographic and meteorological parameters from the ship's underway systems, and bathymetric data. Ancillary operations included surface drifter deployments and Argo float deployments. NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown first departed Cape Town, South Africa on August 28, 2011 at 1000 UTC. A successful test cast to 462 meters was completed on August 30. After three days at sea, the ship returned to Cape Town on August 31 at 0700 UTC for repairs to the port thruster. After a 12-day delay, the ship was underway again on September 13 at 1200 UTC for sea trials, which were unsuccessful, so the ship returned to Cape Town for another 12-day delay. Finally, the ship departed on September 26, 2011 at 1000 UTC to begin the cruise after successful sea trials and a successful test cast to 400 meters. The cruise ended in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on October 31, 2011. A total of 120 stations were occupied during A10 and 122 CTDO/LADCP/rosette casts were collected, including a designated black carbon cast at station 35 and a second cast at station 51 after a winch failure. Fifteen Argo floats and ten surface drifters were deployed. CTDO data, LADCP data, and water samples (up to 24) were collected on most casts, in most cases to within 10 meters of the bottom. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient samples were analyzed for up to 24 water samples from each cast of the principal CTDO/LADCP/rosette program. Water samples were also measured for CFCs, pCO2, Total CO2 (DIC), Total Alkalinity, and pH. Additional samples were collected for 3He, Tritium, 13C/14C, DOC, DON, and POC. CTD Underwater Package Sea-Bird instrumentation was mounted in a 24-position aluminum frame provided by AOML with 24 10- and 11-liter Niskin bottles and AOML 24-position carousel s/n nnn. Sea-Bird sensors initially on the 24-position frame included AOML's 9plus CTD s/n 1035 and PMEL's TCO sensors: primary TCO s/n 03P-4569, 04C-3157, 43- 0313 with 05T-1211; and secondary TCO s/n 03P-4341, 04C-2887, 43-1890 with 05T- 5416. Also mounted on the underwater package were an RDI Workhorse 150 kHz LACDP, Simrad altimeter, Wetlabs FLRTD fluorometer s/n 2125, and Benthos pinger s/n 1006. A few changes were made to the underwater package as the cruise progressed, most notably the addition of an internally recording reference temperature sensor (SBE35RT s/n 72) prior to station 58 through the end of the cruise. CTD Data Acquisition The CTD data acquisition system consisted of an SBE-11plus (V2) deck unit s/n 111660 and a networked Dell Optiplex 755 PC workstation running Windows XP Professional. SBE Seasave v.7.21d software was used for data acquisition and to close bottles on the rosette. Real-time digital data were backed up by the Data Manager, and post-cast raw data files were archived on a thumb drive as well as on Survey and PMEL networked PCs. No real-time data were lost during this cruise. CTD deployments were initiated by Survey after the Bridge advised that the ship was on station. The computer console operator maintained a CTD Cast log recording position and depth information at the surface, depth, and end of each cast; a record of every attempt to close a bottle, and any pertinent comments. After the underwater package entered the water, the winch operator would lower it to a minimum of 10 meters and hold. The CTD pumps are configured with a 60- second startup delay, and were usually on by this time. The console operator checked the CTD data for reasonable values, waited an additional 60 seconds for sensors to stabilize, instructed the winch operator to bring the package to the surface, paused for 10 seconds, and descended to a target depth. The profiling rate was nominally 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min deeper than 200 m. These rates could vary depending on sea cable tension and the sea state. The console watch monitored the progress of the deployment and quality of the CTD data through interactive graphics and operational displays. Additionally, the watch created a sample log for the cast that would later be used to record the correspondence between rosette bottles and analytical samples taken. The altimeter channel, CTD pressure, wire-out, and bathymetric depth were all monitored to determine the distance of the package from the bottom, usually allowing a safe approach to within 10 meters. The pinger was not turned on for the majority of casts owing to interference with the bathymetric depth. Bottles were closed on the upcast via software, and were tripped 30 seconds after stopping at a bottle depth to allow the rosette wake to dissipate and the bottles to flush. The winch operator was instructed to proceed to the next bottle stop 10-20 seconds after closing bottles to ensure that stable CTD and reference temperature data were associated with the trip. Near the surface, Survey directed the winch to stop the rosette just beneath the surface. After the surface bottle was closed, the package was recovered. Once on deck, the console operator terminated data acquisition, turned off the deck unit, and assisted with rosette sampling. At the end of each cast, primary and secondary CTDO sensors were flushed with a solution of dilute Triton-X in de-ionized water using syringes fitted with Tygon tubing. The syringes were left attached to the temperature duct between casts, with the temperature and conductivity sensors immersed in the rinsing solution, to guard against airborne contaminants. Acquisition Problems The CTD was initially terminated on the aft .322 three-conductor winch cable. A 400-dbar test cast was fully successful. At station 1, cast 1 was bio-fouled during deployment, especially the secondary TCO sensors, and the cast was aborted at 170 dbar. After the sensors were flushed repeatedly, cast 2 was acquired successfully. Single modulo errors started at station 3 and increased to a few by station 10. After a brake failure on the aft winch during station 10, the package was moved to the forward .322 three-conducting winch cable for two stations while it was repaired. At station 9, cast 1 was bio-fouled at 20 dbar and aborted at 220 dbar. During recovery the package was dropped less than a foot onto the deck/platform. During cast 2, the primary conductivity was obviously bad and the secondary temperature was very noisy. The cast was aborted at 600 dbar and these two sensors were replaced with s/n 2882 and s/n 4193. It's possible that the secondary conductivity cell was damaged at this time when the TC duct was stressed at an angle because during cast 3, the secondary conductivity was very noisy. First, the secondary pump was replaced with s/n 5855 prior to station 10; and then the secondary conductivity was replaced with s/n 3858 prior to station 11 on the forward winch. Modulo errors increased from 4 to 16 on the aft winch at stations 13-17. Processed data had to be edited for spikes and bad data gaps in any one of the TCO data channels, including pressure. While the aft winch was reterminated, stations 18-19 were done on the forward winch. In addition to modulo errors, there were also "unsupported modem messages". The upcast at station 19 was done in two parts after cycling power on the deck unit and reinitializing software when bottle trips were no longer being confirmed. Troubleshooting resulted in replacing the CTD prior to station 21. A few modulo errors persisted occasionally on the aft termination but were accompanied by spikes and bad data gaps. The aft winch developed controller problems after station 45 and was removed from service at station 51. The forward winch was reterminated prior to station 51 and used for the remainder of the cruise in spite of level wind issues. Prior to station 32, secondary oxygen sensor s/n 1890 was replaced because it had drifted too far from its calibration (over 15 umol/kg). Prior to station 36, secondary oxygen sensor s/n 664 was replaced because its behavior was suspect. Secondary oxygen data from s/n 2085 went bad for stations 102-103 and the sensor was replaced prior to station 104 with s/n 2040. CTD DATA PROCESSING The reduction of profile data began with a standard suite of processing modules using Sea-Bird Data Processing Version 7.21d software in the following order: DATCNV converts raw data into engineering units and creates a .ROS bottle file. Both down and up casts were processed for scan, elapsed time(s), pressure, t0, t1, c0, c1, oxvo1, oxvo2, ox1 and ox2. Optical sensor data were converted to voltages and also carried through the processing stream. MARKSCAN was used to skip over scans acquired on deck and while priming the system under water. ALIGNCTD aligns temperature, conductivity, and oxygen measurements in time relative to pressure to ensure that derived parameters are made using measurements from the same parcel of water. Primary and secondary conductivity were automatically advanced in the V2 deck unit by 0.073 seconds. No further alignment was warranted. It was not necessary to align temperature or oxygen. BOTTLESUM averages burst data over an 8-second interval (± 4 seconds of the confirm bit) and derives both primary and secondary salinity, potential temperature, and potential density anomaly. Primary and secondary oxygen were derived in DATCNV and averaged in BOTTLESUM, as recommended recently by Sea- Bird. WILDEDIT makes two passes through the data in 100 scan bins. The first pass flags points greater than 2 standard deviations; the second pass removes points greater than 20 standard deviations from the mean with the flagged points excluded. Data were kept within 100 standard deviations of the mean (i.e. all data). FILTER applies a low pass filter to pressure with a time constant of 0.15 seconds. In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the filter is first run forward through the file and then run backwards through the file. CELLTM uses a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass effects from measured conductivity. In areas with steep temperature gradients the thermal mass correction is on the order of 0.005 PSS-78. In other areas the correction is negligible. Nominal values of 0.03 and 7.0 s were used for the thermal anomaly amplitude (α) and the thermal anomaly time constant (β-1), respectively, as suggested by Sea-Bird. LOOPEDIT removes scans associated with pressure slowdowns and reversals. If the CTD velocity is less than 0.25 m s-1 or the pressure is not greater than the previous maximum scan, the scan is omitted. DERIVE uses 1-dbar averaged pressure, temperature, and conductivity to compute primary and secondary salinity, as well as more accurate oxygen values. BINAVG averages the data into 1-dbar bins. Each bin is centered on an integer pressure value, e.g. the 1-dbar bin averages scans where pressure is between 0.5 dbar and 1.5 dbar. There is no surface bin. The number of points averaged in each bin is included in the data file. STRIP removes oxygen that was derived in DATCNV. TRANS converts the binary data file to ASCII format. Package slowdowns and reversals owing to ship roll can move mixed water in tow to in front of the CTD sensors and create artificial density inversions and other artifacts. In addition to Seasoft module LOOPEDIT, MATLAB program deloop.m computes values of density locally referenced between every 1 dbar of pressure to compute the square of the buoyancy frequency, N2, and linearly interpolates temperature, conductivity, and oxygen voltage over those records where N2 is less than or equal to -1 x 10-5 s-2. Fourteen profiles failed the criteria in the top 4-10 dbars. These data were retained by program deloop_post.m and were flagged as questionable in the final WOCE formatted files. Program calctd.m reads the delooped data files and applies preliminary calibrations to temperature, conductivity, and oxygen; and computes calibrated salinity. Pressure Calibration Pressure calibrations for the CTD instruments used during this cruise were pre- cruise. No additional adjustments were applied. On deck pressure readings prior to each cast were examined and remained within 1 dbar of calibration. Differences between first and last submerged pressures for each cast were also examined and the residual pressure offsets were less than 1 dbar. Temperature Calibration A viscous heating correction of -0.0006 C was applied at sea as recommended by Sea-Bird. Post-cruise laboratory calibrations showed only slight changes in sensor behavior, including the SBE 35 reference temperature sensor. Therefore it was not necessary to apply a drift correction to the data. Conductivity Calibration Seasoft module BOTTLESUM creates a sample file for each cast. These files were appended using program sbecal.f. Program addsal.f matched sample salinities to CTD salinities by station/sample number. Each of the two primary conductivity sensors used were a single calibration grouping. For conductivity sensor s/n 3157, program calcop0.m (a constant conductivity offset, a linear pressure-dependent correction to conductivity, and a constant conductivity slope produced the best fit to sample data from stations 1-8 for this primary sensor: number of points used 143 total number of points 157 % of points used in fit 91.08 fit standard deviation 0.001534 fit bias -0.00043480266 fit co pressure fudge -2.2145704e-007 min fit slope 1.0000712 max fit slope 1.0000712 For conductivity sensor s/n 2882, program calcos1.m (a constant conductivity offset, and a 1st order polynomial conductivity slope as a function of station number) produced the best fit to sample data from stations 11-120 for this primary sensor: number of points used 2218 total number of points 2552 % of points used in fit 86.91 fit standard deviation 0.001157 fit bias 0.0011332164 min fit slope 0.99996306 max fit slope 0.99999932 Conductivity calibrations were applied to profile data using program calctd.m and to burst data using calclo.m. CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against station number (Figure 3) and pressure (Figure 4) allow a visual assessment of the success of the fits. Figure 3: CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against station number Figure 4: CTD-bottle conductivity differences plotted against station pressure. Oxygen Calibration A hybrid of the Owens-Millard (1985) and Murphy-Larson (revised 2010) oxygen sensor modeling equations was used to calibrate the SBE-43 oxygen sensor data from this cruise. The equation has the form Ox=Soc*(V+Voff+Tau*exp(DI*P+D2*T).*dVdt).*Os.*exp(Tcor*T).*exp(Pcor*P./(273.15+T)); Where Ox is the CTD oxygen (in µmol/kg), V is the measured oxygen voltage (in volts), dVdt is the temporal gradient of the oxygen voltage (in volts/s estimated by running linear fits made over 5 seconds), P is the CTD pressure (in dbar), T is the CTD temperature (in °C), and Os is the oxygen saturation computed from the CTD data following Garcia & Gordon (1992). Oxygen sensor hysteresis was improved by matching upcast bottle oxygen data to downcast CTD data by potential density anomalies referenced to the closest 1000-dbar interval using program match_sgn.m. We used the values provided by SBE for each sensor for the constants D1 (1.9263e-4) and D2 (-4.6480e-2) to model the pressure and temperature dependence of the response time for the sensor. For each group of stations fit we determined values of Soc (sometimes station dependent), Voff, Tau, Tcor, and Pcor by minimizing the residuals between the bottle oxygen and CTD oxygen. W represents fitting switches. If the switches are set to 0,0 the fit is a regular L2 (least squares) norm for the entire group. If the switches are set to 1,0 the fit is a regular L2 norm for the entire group but with a slope that is a linear function of station number. If the switches are set to 2,0 the program first fits the entire group, then goes back and fits a slope and bias to individual stations, keeping the other parameters at the group values. If the switches are set to 0,1 the fit is a regular L2 norma for the entire group but it is weighted by the nominal oxygen bottle spacing, thus fitting the deep portion of the water column better. Program addoxy.f matched bottle sample oxygen values to CTD oxygen values by station/sample number. Program run_oxygen_cal_ml.m was used to determine calibration coefficients for eight station groupings determined by visual inspection: Stns Soc Range Voff Tau Tcor Pcor Points Used StdDev W ------ ------------- ------- ----- ------- ------ ------------ ------ --- 1-15 0.4791-0.4853 -0.4718 7.230 0.0012 0.0398 324 92.3% 1.2012 1,0 16-61 0.4913-0.4963 -0.4706 8.395 0.0006 0.0391 1056 91.7% 1.6782 2,0 26 0.4769 -0.4588 4.826 0.0019 0.0422 21 100.0% 0.6601 0,0 54 0.4806 -0.4530 3.182 0.0019 0.0410 19 100.0% 0.4934 0,0 62-73 0.4971 -0.4699 8.730 -0.0001 0.0387 286 92.7% 1.0725 0,1 74-89 0.4838 -0.4504 8.698 0.0014 0.0389 377 94.4% 0.6334 0,0 90-97 0.4887-0.4850 -0.4583 8.330 0.0012 0.0392 191 99.5% 0.6356 1,0 98-120 0.4820 -0.4538 7.344 0.0014 0.0392 465 92.7% 0.6447 0,0 Oxygen calibration coefficients were applied to profile data using program calctd.m, and to burst data using calclo.m. Primary sensor CTD - bottle oxygen differences plotted against station number (Figure 5) and pressure (Figure 6) allow a visual assessment of the success of the fits. Figure 5: Primary sensor CTD - bottle oxygen differences plotted against station number Figure 6: Primary sensor CTD - bottle oxygen differences plotted against pressure Despiking Less than 8% of the profiles had to be despiked owing to electrical termination problems. Single point spikes were interpolated by hand. Salinity and oxygen were interpolated over larger ranges using program select_interp_ranges.m and apply_interp_sal_ox.m. Interpolated records are indicated with WOCE quality flags of 6. BOTTLE SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING Water Sampling The NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown has two Markey DESH-5 winches. The Aft winch was used for stations 13-17, 20-45 and 49-51. The Forward winch was used for all other stations, including the second (successful) cast of station 51. Most rosette casts were lowered to within 8-20 meters of the bottom, using both the altimeter to determine distance. Details of these bottom approaches can be found in the Appendix. Rather than close the bottles at the same (standard) depths at each station, sampling plans were designed to stagger the vertical levels in rotation throughout the depths on each station throughout A10. The goal was to provide better coverage and spatial patterns for later gridding of the various data sets. Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings were changed and lanyards repaired as necessary. Bottle maintenance was performed each day to insure proper closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or replaced as needed (see Appendix). The 24-place SBE32 carousel had few problems other than occasional issues with releasing individual bottle lanyards, causing mis-tripped bottles on a number of casts. Bottle Sampling At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the bottles in the following order: • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • 3He • O2 • pH • Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) • Total Alkalinity (TAlk) • 14C, Black Carbon • Density • Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) • 18O • Tritium • Nutrients • Salinity • Phytophlankton The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle position (1-24) from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the cast. This log also included any comments or anomA10us conditions noted about the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and insure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order. Normal sampling practice included opening the spigot and then the air vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log. Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the draw temperature from the bottle. The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles. Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were distributed for analysis. On-board analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to the data processing computer for centralized data management. Bottle Data Processing Shipboard CTDO data were re-processed automatically at the end of each deployment using SIO/ODF CTD processing software v.5.1.5-4. The raw CTDO data and bottle trips acquired by SBE SeaSave on the Windows XP workstation were copied onto the Linux database and web server system. Pre-cruise calibration data were applied to CTD Pressure, Temperature and Conductivity sensor data, then the data were processed to a 0.5-second time series. A 2-decibar down-cast pressure series was created from the time series; CTDO data from downcasts were matched A10ng isopycnals to upcast trips and extracted, then fit to bottle °2 data at trips. The pressure series data were used by the web service for interactive plots, sections and on-board CTDO data distribution; the 0.5 second time series data were also available for distribution through the web service. CTDO data at bottle trips were extracted and added to the bottle database to use for CTD Pressure, Temperature and Salinity data in the preliminary bottle files. Downcast CTDO data, matched to upcast bottle trips A10ng isopycnals, were used for preliminary bottle file CTDO data. When final CTDO data are submitted, the NOAA!PMEL final PTSO data will replace the preliminary SIO/ODF CTD data in the bottle files. Water samples collected and properties analyzed shipboard were managed centrally in a relational database (PostgreSQL-8.1.1 8-2_el5_4.1) run on a Linux system. A web service (OpenACS-5.3.2-3 and AOLServer-4.5.1-1) front-end provided ship-wide access to CTD and water sample data. Web-based facilities included on-demand arbitrary property-property plots and vertical sections as well as data uploads and downloads. The Sample Log information (and any diagnostic comments) were entered into the database once sampling was completed. Quality flags associated with sampled properties were set to indicate that the property had been sampled, and sample container identifications were noted where applicable (e.g., oxygen flask number). Analytical results were provided on a regular basis by the various analytical groups and incorporated into the database. These results included a quality code associated with each measured value and followed the coding scheme developed for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Programme (WHP) [Joyc94]. Various consistency checks and detailed examination of the data continued throughout the cruise. A summary of Bottle Data Quality Codes and sampling comments are included in the Appendix. 1. SALINITY Equipment and Techniques A single Guildline Autosal, model 8400B salinometer (SIN 60843), located in salinity analysis room, was used for all salinity measurements. The salinometer readings were logged on a computer using Ocean Scientific International's logging hardware and software. The Autosal's water bath temperature was set to 24°C, which the Autosal is designed to automatically maintain. The laboratory's temperature was also set and maintained to just below 24°C, to help further stabilize reading values and improve accuracy. As an additional safeguard, the Autosal was powered using the ship's clean power to prevent any electrical noise issues. Salinity analyses were performed after samples had equilibrated to laboratory temperature, usually at least 24 hours after collection. The salinometer was standardized for each group of samples analyzed (usually 2 casts and up to 50 samples) using two bottles of standard seawater: one at the beginning and end of each set of measurements. The salinometer output was logged to a computer file. The software prompted the analyst to flush the instrument's cell and change samples when appropriate. For each sample, the salinometer cell was initially flushed at least 3 times before a set of conductivity ratio readings were taken. Standards IAPSO Standard Seawater Batch P-152 was used to standardize all casts. Sampling and Data Processing The salinity samples were collected in 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate bottles that had been rinsed at least three times with sample water prior to filling. The bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. Prior to sample collection, inserts were inspected for proper fit and loose inserts replaced to insure an airtight seal. Laboratory temperature was also monitored electronically throughout the cruise. P55-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity ratios. The offset between the initial standard seawater value and its reference value was applied to each sample. Then the difference (if any) between the initial and final vials of standard seawater was applied to each sample as a linear function of elapsed run time. The corrected salinity data was then incorporated into the cruise database. When duplicate measurements were deemed to have been collected and run properly, they were averaged and submitted with a quality flag of 6. On A10, 2749 salinity measurements were taken and approximately 120 vials of standard seawater (SSW) were used. A duplicate sample was drawn from each cast to determine total analytical precision. 2. OXYGEN ANALYSIS Equipment and Techniques Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an automated titrator using amperometric end-point detection [Lang 10]. Sample titration , data logging, and graphical display were performed with a PC running a Lab View program written by Ulises Rivero of AOML. Lab temperature was maintained at 18.5- 22.51C. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a 2 ml Gilmont syringe driven with a stepper motor controlled by the titrator. Tests in the lab were performed to confirm that the precision and accuracy of the volume dispensed were comparable or superior to the Dosimat 665. The whole-bottle titration technique of Carpenter [Carp6S], with modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb9 1], was used. Four replicate 10 ml iodate standards were run every 3-4 days. The reagent blank determined as the difference between V1 and V2. the volumes of thiosulfate required to titrate 1 -ml aliquots of the iodate standard, was determined five times during the cruise. This method was found during pre- cruise testing to produce a more reproducible blank value than the value determined as the intercept of a standard curve. The temperaturecorrected molarity of the thiosulfate titrant was determined as given by C. Langdon [Lang 10]. Sampling and Data Processing Dissolved oxygen samples were drawn from Niskin bottles into calibrated 125-150 ml iodine titration flasks using silicon tubing to avoid contamination of DOC and CDOM samples. Latex gloves were worn during sample collection for the same reason. Bottles were rinsed three times and filled from the bottom, overflowing three volumes while taking care not to entrain any bubbles. The draw temperature was taken using a digital thermometer with a flexible thermistor probe that was inserted into the flask while the sample was being drawn during the overflow period. The draw temperatures were used to calculate umol/kg concentrations, and provide a diagnostic check of Niskin bottle integrity. 1 ml of MnCl2 and 1 ml of NaOH/NaI were added immediately after drawing the sample was concluded using a ThermoScientific REPIPET II. The flasks were then stoppered and shaken well. Deionized water (DIW) was added to the neck of each flask to create a water seal. 24 samples plus two duplicates were drawn from each station. The total number of samples collected from the rosette was 2,730. The samples were stored in the lab in plastic totes at room temperature for 1.5 hours before analysis. The data were incorporated into the cruise database shortly after analysis. Thiosulfate normality was calculated at the laboratory temperature for each run. Volumetric Calibration The dispenser used for the standard solution (SOCOREX Calibrex 520) and the burette were calibrated gravimetrically just before the cruise. Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized water at AOML. The correction for buoyancy was applied. Flask volumes were corrected to the draw temperature. Duplicate Samples A total of 232 sets of duplicates were run, two for each station. The average standard deviation of all sets was 0.2 umol/kg. Problems Eight oxygen flasks were removed and replaced with different flasks during the cruise, after it was noted that the stoppers did not fit tightly. The following flasks were replaced 6, 7, 9, 14, 47, 49, 54. 3. NUTRIENTS Sampling Nutrient samples were collected from the Niskin bottles in acid-washed sample bottles after at least three seawater rinses. Sample analysis typically began within 1 hour of sample collection after the samples had warmed to room temperature while kept in the dark. Nutrients were analyzed with a continuous flow analyzer (CFA) using the standard analysis protocols for the WOCE hydrographic program as set forth in the manual by L.I. Gordon, et al. [Gord94] Analytical Methods Over the entire A10 transect, 2749 samples were taken at discrete depths and analyzed for phosphate (PO3), nitrate (NO), nitrite (NO) and orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Nitrite was determined by diazotizing the sample with sulfanilamide and coupling with N-i naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo dye. The color produced was measured at 540 nm. Samples for nitrate analysis were passed through a cadmium column, which reduced nitrate to nitrite, and the resulting nitrite concentration (i.e. the sum of nitrate + nitrite which is signified as N + N) was then determined as described above. Nitrate concentrations were determined from the difference of N + N and nitrite. Phosphate was determined by reacting the sample with molybdic acid at a temperature of 55°C to form phosphomolybdic acid. This complex was subsequently reduced with hydrazine, and the absorbance of the resulting phosphomolybdous acid was measured at 820 nm. Silicic acid was analyzed by reacting the sample with molybdate in an acidic solution to form molybdosilicic acid. The molybdosilicic acid was then reduced with SnC12 to form molybdenum blue. The absorbance of the molybdenum blue was measured at 820 nm. A typical analytical run consisted of distilled water blanks, standard blanks, working standards, a standard from the previous run, CRM standards, samples, replicates, working standards, and standard and distilled water blanks. Replicates were usually run for 4-7 Niskin bottles from each cast, at varying depths, plus any samples with questionable peaks. The standard deviation of the deep replicates was used to estimate the overall precision of the method, which was <1% full scale. Standardization A mixed stock standard consisting of silicic acid, phosphate and nitrate was prepared by dissolving high purity standard materials (KNO3, KH2PO4 and Na2SiF6) in deionized water using a two step dilution for phosphate and nitrate. This standard was stored at room temperature. A nitrite stock standard was prepared about every 10 days by dissolving NaNO2 in distilled water, and this standard was stored in the refrigerator. Working standards were freshly made at each station by diluting the stock solutions in low nutrient seawater. Mixed standards were verified against commercial standards purchased from Ocean Scientific. Additionally, a standard comparison was done with CRM standards from The General Environmental Technos Co. LTD of Osaka, Japan. These were run as part of an evaluation of the standards to test their feasibility for use as a universal nutrient standard. Problems There were no significant problems encountered on this cruise with either the equipment, reagents or the ships systems. On a recent CLIVAR cruise, (A13.5) problems were encountered with using the ship's water for the preparation of the Imidazole buffer. On this cruise, water directly from the ship's evaporation system was subsequently run through a Millipore MilliQTM system to obtain water of very high purity. This water was used to prepare all primary and secondary mixed standards and reagents and no problems were noted. 4. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC) AND SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) MEASUREMENTS PI: John Bullister Analysts: David Wisegarver Alan Foreman Darren Pilcher Sampling A PMEL analytical system (Bullister and Wisegarver, 2008) was used for CFC-11, CFC-12 and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) analyses on the CLIVAR A10 expedition. Approximately 2300 samples of dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 ('CFC/SF6') were analyzed. The system was modified to include analyses of dissolved carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The nitrous oxide measurements are considered exploratory and are not included in this report. The carbon tetrachloride measurements are also considered exploratory, but are included in the data report. Because of analytical problems, all of the reported CCl4 concentrations are given either WOCE quality flags of '3' (questionable) or '4' (bad). In general, the analytical system for CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 performed well on the cruise. Typical dissolved SF6 concentrations in modern surface water are ~1-2 fmol kg-1 seawater (1 fmol= femtomole = 10-15 moles), approximately 1000 times lower than dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations. The limits of detection for SF6 were approximately 0.02 fmol kg-1. SF6 measurements in seawater remain extremely challenging. Improvements in the analytical sensitivity to this compound at low concentrations are essential to make these measurements more routine on future CLIVAR cruises Water samples were collected in bottles designed with a modified end-cap to minimize the contact of the water sample with the end-cap O-rings after closing. Stainless steel springs covered with a nylon powder coat were substituted for the internal elastic tubing provided with standard Niskin bottles. When taken, water samples collected for dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 analysis were the first samples drawn from the bottles. Care was taken to coordinate the sampling of CFC/SF6 with other samples to minimize the time between the initial opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. Samples easily impacted by gas exchange (dissolved oxygen, 3He, DIC and pH) were collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each bottle. To minimize contact with air, the CFC/SF6 samples were drawn directly through the stopcocks of the bottles into 250 ml precision glass syringes equipped with three-way plastic stopcocks. To minimize degassing and possible bubble formation, the syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface seawater held at ~10OC until ~20 minutes before being analyzed. At that time, the syringe was place in a bath of surface seawater heated to ~30oC. For atmospheric sampling, a ~75 m length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run from the CFC van located on the fantail to the bow of the ship. A flow of air was drawn through this line into the main laboratory using an Air Cadet pump. The air was compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at ~1.5 atm. using a backpressure regulator. A tee allowed a flow of ~100 ml min-1 of the compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves of the CFC/SF6 analytical systems, while the bulk flow of the air (>7 l min-1) was vented through the back-pressure regulator. Air samples were analyzed only when the relative wind direction was within 60 degrees of the bow of the ship to reduce the possibility of shipboard contamination. Analysis of bow air was performed at ~10 locations along the cruise track. At each location, at least five air measurements were made to increase the precision of the measurements Analysis Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in air samples, seawater, and gas standards were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography (EC-GC) using techniques modified from those described by Bullister and Weiss (1988) and Bullister and Wisegarver (2008), as outlined below. For seawater analyses, water was transferred from a glass syringe to a glass-sparging chamber (volume ~200 ml). The dissolved gases in the seawater sample were extracted by passing a supply of CFC/SF6 free purge gas through the sparging chamber for a period of 6 minutes at ~150 ml min-1. Water vapor was removed from the purge gas during passage through an 18 cm long, 3/8" diameter glass tube packed with the desiccant magnesium perchlorate. The sample gases were concentrated on a cold- trap consisting of a 1/16" OD stainless steel tube with a 2.5 cm section packed tightly with Porapak Q (60-80 mesh), a 15 cm section packed with Carboxen 1000 and a 2.5 cm section packed with MS5A. A Neslab Cryocool CC-100 was used to cool the trap to ~-65°C. After 6 minutes of purging, the trap was isolated, and it was heated electrically to ~175°C. Once the trap was hot, the gases were injected onto a series of precolumns and columns. There were three main analytical columns, one for SF6 and CFC-12, one for CFC-11 and CCL4 and the last for N2O. The injection began with all of the gases passing through the first precolumn (PC1, ~45 cm of 1/8" O.D. stainless steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil B, held at 80°C). The first precolumn (PC1) had several purposes. The first was to separate N2O, SF6 and CFC-12 from CFC-11 so that these gases could pass on to the second precolumn (PC2) without any CFC-11. Secondly, the PC1 separated CFC-11 and CCL4 from later peaks, so chromatograms could be kept moderately short. Once CCL4 had passed through the PC1 and onto the analytical column(180 cm 1/8" OD stainless steel tubing packed with Porasil B, 80-100 mesh, held at 80°C), PC1 was backflushed to remove the unwanted peaks. While CFC-11 and CCL4 were passing through PC1, N2O, SF6 and CFC-12 were passing through the PC2 (5 cm of 1/8" O.D. stainless steel tubing packed with MS5A, 120°C). SF6 and CFC-12 pass through PC2 relatively quickly leaving N2O which was then diverted to its analytical column (2 m , Hayesep B, 120°C, ECD temperature of 330° C) with a flow of Argon- Methane (95:5). Subsequent to passing through PC2, SF6 and CFC-12 were separated on an analytical column (180 cm 1/8" OD stainless steel tubing packed with MS5A, 60-80 mesh plus 60 cm of 1/8" OD stainless steel tubing packed with Porasil B, 80-100 mesh, held at 80°C, ECD temperature at 340°C). The analytical column for N2O and the second pre-column were held in a Shimadzu GC8 gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (ECD) held at 330oC. The other two columns and the first precolumn were in another Shimadzu GC8 gas chromatograph with ECD (340o C). The outflow from the column for CFC-11 and CCL4 was directed to a Shimadzu Mini2 gas chromatograph (no column) with the ECD held at 250°C. The analytical system was calibrated frequently using a standard gas of known CFC/SF6 composition. Gas sample loops of known volume were thoroughly flushed with standard gas and injected into the system. The temperature and pressure was recorded so that the amount of gas injected could be calculated. The procedures used to transfer the standard gas to the trap, pre-column, main chromatographic column, and ECD were similar to those used for analyzing water samples. Four sizes of gas sample loops were used. Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be made to allow the system to be calibrated over a relatively wide range of concentrations. Air samples and system blanks (injections of loops of CFC/SF6 free gas) were injected and analyzed in a similar manner. The typical analysis time for seawater, air, standard or blank samples was ~11 minutes. Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in air were calibrated relative to PMEL standard cylinder PMEL-72584. Concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in seawater were calibrated relative to PMEL standard cylinder PMEL-72611. CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations are reported on the SIO93 scale (Cunnold et al., 2000) and SF6 concentrations are reported relative SIO 2005 scale. Concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically in the parts per trillion (ppt) range. The mean air concentrations measured on the A10 cruise were: CFC-11: 240.0 ppt (+-0.7%) CFC-12: 524.1 ppt (+-1.1%) SF6: 7.2 ppt (+-2.5%) Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in units of picomoles per kilogram seawater (pmol kg-1) and SF6 concentrations in fmol kg-1. CFC/SF6 concentrations in air and seawater samples were determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas from a working standard (PMEL cylinder 72611) into the analytical instrument. The response of the detector to the range of moles of CFC/SF6 passing through the detector remained relatively constant during the cruise. Full-range calibration curves were run at intervals of 4-5 days during the cruise. Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more frequently (at intervals of ~90 minutes) to monitor short-term changes in detector sensitivity. The purging efficiency was estimated by re-purging a high-concentration water sample and measuring this residual signal. At a flow rate of 150 cc min-1 for 6 minutes, the purging efficiency for CFC/SF6 gases was > 98.9%. The purging efficiency for N2O was ~88%. Reported concentrations are corrected for these efficiencies. On some oceanographic expeditions, estimates of seawater CFC sampling blanks can be made by analyzing samples collected in areas thought to be essentially free of CFCs at the time of sampling. None of the deep water along the A10 section was thought to be completely free on CFCs in 2011. Based on the low and relatively uniform concentrations of CFC-11 (~0.005 +-0.002 pmol kg-1), CFC-12 (~0.004 +- 0.002 pmol kg-1) and SF6 (~0 fmol kg-1) measured in seawater samples between 2500 m and 3500 m depth along the A10 section east of about 5oE, we believe the CFC-11 and CFC-12 sampling blanks to be < 0.002 pmol kg-1 and the SF6 sampling blank to be < 0.01 fmol kg-1 No corrections for these low level sampling blanks have been applied to the reported CFC-11, CFC-11 and SF6 seawater concentrations. On this expedition, based on the analysis of more than 150 pairs of duplicate samples, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation) of about 0.2% or 0.002 pmol kg-1 (whichever is greater) for both dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 measurements. The estimated precision for SF6 was 2% or 0.02 fmol kg-1, (whichever is greater). Overall accuracy of the measurements (a function of the absolute accuracy of the calibration gases, volumetric calibrations of the sample gas loops and purge chamber, errors in fits to the calibration curves and other factors) is estimated to be about 2% or 0.004 pmol kg-1 for CFC11 and CFC- 12 and 4% or 0.04 fmol kg-1 for SF6). Analysis Problems A small number of water samples had anomalously high CFC/SF6 concentrations relative to adjacent samples. In most cases*, these samples occurred sporadically during the cruise and were not clearly associated with other features in the water column (e.g., anomalous dissolved oxygen, salinity, or temperature features). This suggests that these samples were probably contaminated with CFCs/SF6 during the sampling or analysis processes. Measured concentrations for these anomalous samples are included in the data file, but are given WOCE quality flag values of either 3 (questionable measurement) or 4 (bad measurement. The following number of samples were given flags of 3: CFC-11: 6 CFC-12: 6 SF6: 9 CCl4: 1898 The following number of samples were given flags of 4: CFC-11: 18 CFC-12: 19 SF6: 15 CCl4: 4446 A quality flag of 5 was assigned to samples which were drawn from the rosette but never analyzed due to a variety of reasons (e.g., leaking stopcock, plunger jammed in syringe barrel, analytical malfunction, etc.). * A large number of samples in the deep (>3000 m) Brazil Basin west of ~10oW had anomalously high SF6 concentrations relative to the CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations. These high SF6 concentrations are thought to be due to earlier deliberate deep SF6 tracer release experiments in this region (Rye et al., 2012). References Bullister, J.L., and R.F. Weiss, 1988: Determination of CC13F and CC12F2 in seawater and air. Deep-Sea Res., v. 25, pp. 839-853. Bullister, J.L., and D.P. Wisegarver (2008): The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon- 12 in seawater. Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 1063-1074. Prinn, R.G., R.F. Weiss, P.J. Fraser, P.G. Simmonds, D.M. Cunnold, F.N. Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B.R. Miller, J. Huang, R.H.J. Wang, D.E. Hartley, C. Harth, L.P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P.M. Midgley, and A. McCulloch, 2000: A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. J. Geophys. Res., v. 105, pp. 17,751-17,792. Rye, C.D., Messias, M-J, Ledwell, J.R., Watson, A.J., Brousseau, A., and King, B.A., 2012: Diapycnal diffusivities from a tracer release experiment in the deep sea, integrated over 13 years. GRL Vol 39, L04603. Doi:10.1029/2011GL050294, 2012. 5. pH Sampling Samples were collected in 50m1 borosilicate glass syringes rinsing 2 times and equilibriated to 25°C before analysis. Three duplicates were collected from each station: one from the bottom, one at the O2 minimum, and one at the surface. All data should be considered preliminary. Analysis pH (umol/kg H2O) on the seawater scale was measured using a Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer according to the methods outlined by Clayton and Byrne [C1ay93] A RTE17 water bath maintained spectrophotometric cell temperature at 25.0°C. A 10cm flow through cell was filled automatically using a Kloehn 6v syringe pump. The sulfonephthalein indicator m-cresol purple (mCP) was also injected automatically by the Kloehn 6v syringe pump into the spectrophotometric cells, and the absorbance of light was measured at three different wavelengths (434 nm, 578 nm, 730 nm). The ratios of absorbances at the different wavelengths were input and used to calculate pH on the total and seawater scales, incorporating temperature and salinity into the equations. The equations of Dickson and Millero [Dick87] , Dickson and Riley [Dick79] , and Dickson [Dick9O] were used to convert pH from total to seawater scales. Salinity data were obtained from the conductivity sensor on the CTD and were later corroborated by shipboard measurements. Temperature of the samples was measured immediately after spectrophotometric measurements using a Guildline 9540 digital platinum resistance thermometer. Reagents The mCP indicator dye was a concentrated solution of 2.0 mM with an R = 1.61350. Standardization The precision of the data can be accessed from measurements of duplicate samples, certified reference material (CRM) Batch 96 and 112 (Dr. Andrew Dickson, UCSD) and TRIS buffers. CRMs were measured every odd station and TRIS buffers were measured every station. The mean and standard deviation for the CRMs was 7.8687 ± 0.0075 (Batch 96; n=18) and 7.8626 ± 0.0104 (Batch 112; n=29). Data Processing Addition of the indicator affects the pH of the sample, and the degree to which pH is affected is a function of the pH difference between the seawater and indicator. Therefore, a correction is applied for each batch of dye. To obtain this correction factor, all samples throughout the cruise were measured after two consecutive additions of mCP. From these two measurements, a change in absorbance ratio per mL of mCP indicator is calculated. R was calculated using the absorbance ratio (Rm) measured after the initial indicator addition from: R = Rm + (0.00173 + 0.000382 Rm) Vind (1) R = Rm + (0.00254 + 0.000571 Rm) Vind (2) where V is the volume of mCP used. Clayton and Byrne [Clay93] calibrated the mCP indicator using TRIS buffers [Rame77] and the equations of Dickson [Dick93]. These equations are used to calculate pH, the total scale in units of moles per kilogram of solution. Problems Communication problems were noticed between the pH instrument and the analysis program at station 26. These problems persisted until station 28 when it was decided to replace the Kloehn and re-program the pH instrument. Samples were not analyzed from stations 28 through 33 for pH while the instrument and communications were being repaired. At station 34 the pH instrument communication with the analysis program was repaired and pH sampling resumed. 6. TOTAL ALKALINITY Sampling The sampling scheme was full casts (24 Niskins) on all stations. When this was not possible, half-casts were taken and alkalinity was sampled according to the DIC scheme. All casts had 3 duplicate samples drawn; one from the near the bottom, the oxygen minimum, and surface Niskin. Samples were drawn from Niskin bottles into 500 ml borosilicate flasks using silicone tubing that fit over the petcock to avoid contamination of DOC samples. Bottles were rinsed a minimum of two times and filled from the bottom, overflowing half of a volume while taking care not to entrain any bubbles. Approximately 15 ml of water was withdrawn from the flask by arresting the sample flow and removing the sampling tube, thus creating a small expansion volume and reproducible headspace. The sample bottles were sealed at a ground glass joint with a glass stopper. The samples were thermostated at 25°C before analysis. Analysis The total alkalinity of seawater (TAlk) was evaluated from the proton balance at the alkalinity equivalence point, pHequiv = 4.5 at 25°C and zero ionic strength in one kilogram of sample. The method utilizes a multi-point hydrochloric acid titration of seawater according to the definition of total alkalinity [Dick81]. The potentiometric titrations of seawater not only give values of TAlk but also those of DIC and pH, respectively, from the volume of acid added at the first end point and the initial EMF, E0. Two titration systems, A and B were used for TAlk analysis. Each of them consists of a Metrohm 665 Dosimat titrator, an Orion 720A pH meter and a custom designed plexiglass water-jacketed titration cell [Mill93]. Both the seawater sample and acid titrant were temperature equilibrated to a constant temperature of 25±0.1°C with a water bath (Neslab, model RTE-10). The water-jacketed cell is similar to the cells used by Bradshaw and Brewer [Brad88] except a larger volume (approx. 200 ml) is employed to increase the precision. Each cell has a fill and drain valve which increases the reproducibility of the volume of sample contained in the cell. A typical titration recorded the EMF after the readings became stable (deviation less than 0.09 mV) and then enough acid was added to change the voltage a pre-assigned increment (13 mV). A full titration (25 points) takes about 15-20 minutes. The electrodes used to measure the EMF of the sample during a titration consisted of a ROSS glass pH electrode (Orion, model 810100) and a double junction Ag, AgCl reference electrode (Orion, model 900200). Reagents A single 50-1 batch of 0.25 m HCI acid was prepared in 0.45 m NaC1 by dilution of concentrated HCl, AR Select, Mallinckrodt, to yield a total ionic strength similar to seawater of salinity 35.0 (I = 0.7 M). The acid was standardized by a coulometric technique [Mari68] [Tayl59] , and verified with alkalinity titrations on seawater of known alkalinity. The calibrated molarity of the acid used was 0.24178 ±0.0001 M HCl. The acid was stored in 500-ml glass bottles sealed with Apiezon(r) L grease for use at sea. Standardization The volumes of the cells used were determined to ±0.03 ml during the initial set up by multiple titrations using seawater of known total alkalinity and CRM. Calibrations of the burette of the Dosimat with water at 25°C indicate that the systems deliver 3.000 ml (the approximate value for a titration of 200 ml of seawater) to a precision of ±0.0004 ml, resulting in an error of ±0.3 umol/kg in TAlk. The reproducibility and precision of measurements are checked using low nutrient surface seawater and Certified Reference Material (Dr. Andrew Dickson, Marine Physical Laboratory, La Jolla, California), Batch 96 and 112. CRMs were utilized in order to account for instrument drift and to maintain measurement precision. Duplicate analyses provide additional quality assurance and were taken from the same Niskin bottle. Duplicates were either both measured on system A, both on system B, or one each on A and B. Data Processing An integrated program controls the titration, data collection, and the calculation of the carbonate parameters (TAlk, pH, and DIC). The program is patterned after those developed by Dickson [Dick81], Johans son and Wedborg [Joha82], and U.S. Department of Energy [DOE94]. The program uses a Levenberg- Marquardt nonlinear leastsquares algorithm to calculate the TAlk, DIC, and pH from the potentiometric titration data. Problems No major problems occurred throughout the cruise. During a rough storm that occured near station 88, the rocking of the ship caused the lid of cell A to come out of alignment. New cell volumes were calibrated for both cells. 7. DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) Sampling Samples were drawn from Niskin bottles into cleaned, precombusted 300-nt Pyrex bottles using silicon tubing. Bottles were rinsed once and filled from the bottom, overflowing half a volume. Care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. The tube was pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-mL (2%) headspace, and 0.122 mL of 50% saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative. The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease, and were stored in a 20°C water bath for a minimum of 20 minutes to bring them to temperature prior to analysis. On this cruise more than 2300 samples were analyzed for discrete DIC. Full profiles were completed at almost every station. Replicate samples were taken from the surface, oxygen minimum, and bottom bottles. The replicate samples were interspersed throughout the station analysis for quality assurance and integrity of the coulometer cell solutions. Analysis The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container modified for use as a shipboard laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (PMEL-1 and PMEL-2) used simultaneously on the cruise. Each system consisted of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA (Single Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) inlet system developed by Ken Johnson et al. [John8S] [John87] [John92] of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). In the coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen to the seawater sample. The evolved CO2 gas is carried into the titration cell of the coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. These are subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH-. CO2 is thus measured by integrating the total charge required to achieve this. The coulometers were each calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2 (99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops [Wilk93]. The instruments were calibrated at the beginning of each station with two sets of the gas loop injections. Secondary standards were run throughout the cruise (at least one per station) on each analytical system. These standards are Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), consisting of poisoned, filtered, and UV irradiated seawater supplied by Dr. A. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Their accuracy is determined shoreside manometrically. DIC data reported to the database have been corrected to the batch 98 CRM value. Problems While both systems worked very well during the cruise, they both had unusually high blanks. Normally the blank is less than 30, but we were forced to run them with blanks in the 40-70 range. The beginning of the cruise was delayed for 4 weeks because of engine problems that required shipment of parts from the U.S. and during this time extensive tests were performed to determine the cause of the high blanks. No leaks or sources of CO2 could be found to account for the problem. The most likely cause was the use of 2 year old anode solution. By the time all other causes were eliminated, there was not enough time to order new solution and have it shipped to Cape Town. Since the high blanks were not caused by leaks in the system, the values computed should be accurate. Comparison of the deep water values (below 2000 meters) with those obtained on the 2003 A10 cruise do not show a significant difference, however they will require a careful post-cruise quality control check. Other problems were relatively minor. The water bath failed during the extended Cape Town in-port, but the spare worked reliably for the duration of the cruise. Communication errors between the instruments and their controlling laptop computers occurred several times. Also several solenoid valves failed and had to be replaced. A total of 2393 samples were analyzed for discrete dissolved inorganic carbon. The total dissolved inorganic carbon data reported to the database directly from the ship are to be considered preliminary until a more thorough quality assurance can be completed shore side. 8. DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) DOC and TDN samples were taken from every Niskin bottle at approximately every other station. 1380 samples were taken from 61 stations in total. Samples from depths shallower than 500 m were filtered through GF/F filters using in-line filtration. Samples from deeper depths were not filtered. High density polyethylene 60 ml sample bottles were 10% HCl cleaned and Mili-Q water rinsed. Filters were combusted at 450°C overnight. Filter holders were 10% HCl cleaned and Mili-Q water rinsed. Samples were introduced into the sample bottles by a pre-cleaned silicone tubing. Bottles were rinsed by sample for 3 times before filling. 40-50 ml of water were taken for each sample. Samples were kept frozen in the ship's freezer room. Frozen samples were shipped back for laboratory analysis. 9. RADIOCARBON 14C Radiocarbon in DIC A total of 40 samples were collected in 250 ml air-tight glass bottles. Using silicone tubing, the flasks were rinsed well with the water from the Niskin bottle. While keeping the tubing near the bottom of the flask, the flask was filled and allowed to overflow to flush its full volume. Once the sample was taken, a small amount (30 cc) of water was removed to create a headspace and 0.2ml of 50% saturated mercuric chloride solution was added. This was the same supply and volume of mercuric chloride solution used for the DIC samples. After all samples were collected from a station, the caps are re-tightened as they reach room temperature. The filled bottles are stored inside the ship's laboratory prior to being loaded into a container and shipped back to the United States for analysis. Radiocarbon in DOC A total of 43 samples were collected in 1 liter Boston round bottles. Samples from depths shallower than 400m were filtered through previously combusted GF/F filters. Samples from deeper depths were not filtered. The bottles and caps were rinsed 3 times with about 50 ml each of water from the Niskin bottle. The bottle was filled to about 85% full and capped using a piece of Teflon sheet between bottle top and the cap. The filled bottles were stored inside the PI's freezer (-20°C) at an angle. All samples will shipped back to the United States for analysis. Radiocarbon in Black Carbon in DOC A total of 56 samples were collected in 1 gallon glass bottles. At 73°W and 35°W, 25 L were collected at the surface and approximately 50L were collected at depth. Deep samples at the Mid Atlantic Ridge were also collected. Samples from depths shallower than 400 m were filtered through previously combusted GF/F filters. Samples from deeper depths were not filtered. The bottles and caps were rinsed 3 times with about 100 ml each of water from the Niskin bottle. The bottle was filled to about 85% full and capped using a piece of Teflon sheet between the bottle top and the cap. The filled bottles were frozen at an angle inside the PI's freezer (-20°C). All samples will shipped back to the United States for analysis. 10. DENSITY Density samples were taken at five stations during the cruise, sampling the full cast (Stations 17, 43, 61, 81, 105). The samples were drawn into 125 mL HDPE bottles rinsing twice before filling. These samples will be analyzed for density using an Anton-Parr vibrating densitometer and re-analyzed for salinity (to account for any evaporation) back in Miami. 11. TRITIUM, HELIUM and 18O Helium samples were taken from designated Niskins in 90 cc 316 type stainless steel gas tight vessels with valves. The samples were then extracted into aluminum silicate glass storage vessels within 24 hours using the at sea gas extraction system. The helium samples are to be shipped to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Nobel Gas Lab for mass spectrometric measurements. A corresponding one-liter water sample was collected from the same Niskin as the helium sample in a preprocessed glass bottle for degassing back at the shore based laboratory and subsequent tritum determination by 'He in-growth method. 18 samples were collected and shipped to LDEO for analysis. During A10, 18 stations were sampled, collecting 347 samples for tritium, 424 samples for helium and 290 samples for 18 analysis. No duplicate samples were taken. 12. PHYTOPLANKTON Phytoplankton pigments by HPLC On CLIVAR/Carbon A10, at least three water samples were collected on each station: one at the surface, one at the chlorphyll maximum (determined by the fluorometer profile on the CTD package), and one at the base of this fluorescence peak. In order to better characterize fluorometer profiles at the top of the water column, samples from 5 depths (0, 50, 100, 150, 200m) were collected from approximately every 12th station. The water samples (1.5-3 L) were filtered onto Whatman GF/F filters (nominal pore size 0.7 um and 25 mm diameter), under vacuum pressure (< 5" Hg). When complete, the filters were immediately stored in liquid nitrogen. These frozen samples were then shipped to shore for analysis. The phytoplankton pigments will be determined by HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). This technique allows one to distinguish the main pigments that characterize different phytoplankton groups. The pigments are identified by comparison between their retention peaks and absorption characteristics in the HPLC using known standards. Radiance/Irradiance Profiler At every daytime station in which there were favorable weather and sea conditions, bio-optical data were measured using a Satlantic Radiance/Irradiance Profiler. This system, which was deployed off the stem, is equipped with Hyperspectral Ocean Colour Radiometer (HyperOCR) sensors as well as auxiliary sensors for measuring pressure, tilt, temperature and condutivity. The HyperOCT sensors measure radiance and irradiance profiles on 256 channels with wavelength from 350 to 800nm. The data are downloaded in real-time to a computer running SatView, Satlantic's data logging and display program. The profiler was operated on two different modes: Free-Fall Mode and Surface Mode. Free-Fall Mode For the Free-Fall Mode, the profiler was sent about 20 meters away from the ship (to avoid the ship's shadow) before being allowed to freely sink down to 30 meters. During this free fall, profiles were made measuring upwelling radiance (Lu) and downwelling irradiance (Ed). The ratio Lu/Ed is used to calculate the Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). The Rrs is a measurement used to estimate the substances present in the water (e.g. chlorophyll). This procedure consisted of two casts, one with the pressure tare done on deck and the other with the pressure tare done on the sea surface. Surface Mode For the Surface Mode, the system was equipped with a flotation collar and inverted such that it becomes an upwelling irradiance sensor. Downwelling irradiance (Ed) measurements were made by a separate surface reference sensor, which was set on the top of a van on the fantail. In this mode the profiler measured the surface upwelling irradiance (Eu) and the upwelling radiance (Lu) for 10 minutes. The Irradiance reflectance was calculated by the ratio Eu/Ed which is similar to Rts. Those measurements were also used to calculate the Q Factor (Eu/Lu) which was then used to calculate the Normalized upwelling radiance (Lwn). '.RE DEPLOYMENTS SVP Drifter Deployments A total of ten SVP drifters, provided by the Global Drifter Program, were deployed during the cruise. The deployment procedure involved removing the start up magnet and then the plastic packaging before deployment. The drifters were deployed after the completion of the CTD station closest to the target deployment location. Once the ship was re-positioned and began steaming at approximately one knot, the drifter was thrown off the fantail of the ship. The time and position of each drifter deployment was recorded and transmitted via e- mail to the Drifter Center at AOML(Shaun.Dolk@noaa.gov). The following table shows the location of each SYP deployment made on CLIVAR/Carbon A10. Deployment # Latitude Longitude Station ------------ -------- --------- ------- 1 -29.75 9.03 13 2 -29.75 5.58 19 3 -29.35 2.83 24 4 -30 -0.03 32 5 -30 -3.36 38 6 -30 -15.19 56 7 -30.0167 -18.24 60 8 -30 -21.27 64 9 -30 -24.29 68 10 -30 -27.73 73 ARGO FLOAT DEPLOYMENTS Fifteen ARGO profiling CTD floats were launched during this cruise at the request of the WHOI and AOML ARGO groups. These floats are part of the Argo array, a global network of over 3000 profiling floats. The floats are designed to sink to a depth of about 1000m. They then drift freely at depth for about ten days, before sinking to 2000m and then immediately rising to the surface, collecting CTD data as they rise. Conductivity (salinity), temperature, and pressure are measured and recorded at about 73 levels during each float ascent. At the surface, before the next dive begins, the acquired data is transmitted to shore via satellite, A10ng with a location estimate taken while the float sits at the surface. The typical life time of the floats in the water is about four years. All Argo float data is made publicly available on the web in real- time at http://www.usgodae.org/argo/argo.html. All floats were checked on the ship and started at least a day before deployment, by passing a magnet over the 'reset' area on the float. Each float's startup time was logged. When in position, each float was then launched by carefully lowering it into the water using a hand-held line strung through the supplied deployment straps. Each float was deployed in the protective box the float shipped with. Deployments were done after the completion of the CTD station nearest to the requested deployment location, immediately after the ship had turned, and begun its course to the next station and had reached a speed of approximately one knot. All fifteen floats were deployed successfully. A sixteenth float was not deployed because it failed on startup. The following table shows the location of each Argo Float deployment made on CLIVAR/Carbon A10. Deployment # Latitude Longitude Station ------------ -------- --------- ------- 1 -29.75 5.58 19 2 -29.35 2.83 24 3 -30 -0.03 32 4 -30 -3.36 38 5 -30 -7.38 45 6 -30 -10.26 50 7 -30 -12.56 54 8 -30 -19 61 9 -30 -21.27 64 10 -30 -24.29 68 11 -30 -27.04 72 12 -30 -29.82 76 13 -30 -33.62 83 14 -30 -37.15 90 15 -30 -39.83 98 REFERENCES Brad88. Bradshaw, A. L. and Brewer, V G., "High precision measurements of alkalinity and total carbon dioxide in seawater by potentiometric titration, 1: Presence of unknown protolyte(s)?," Mar. Chem., 23, pp. 69-86 (1988). Bu1188. Bullister, J. L. and Weiss, R. F., "Determination of CC 13F and CC 12F2 seawater and air' Deep-Sea Res., 25, pp. 839-853 (1988). Bu1108. Bullister, J. L. and Wisegarver, D. P., "he shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-1 1 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater;' Deep-Sea Res., 55, pp. 1063-1074 (2008). Carp65. Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 (1965). C1ay93. Clayton, T. D. and Byrne, R. H., "Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: Total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m- cresol purple and at-sea results," Deep-Sea Res., 40, pp. 2315-2329 (1993). Culb9l. Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and Zemlyak, F., "A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug. 1991). Dick8l. Dickson, A. G., "An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total CO2 from titration data," Deep- Sea Res., Part A, 28, pp. 609-623 (1981). Dick9O. Dickson, A. G., "Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K' Deep-Sea Res., Part A, 37, 5, pp. 755-766 (1990). Dick93. Dickson, A. 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APPENDIX Cast Bottom Data For each station/cast the following table shows the following information for the bottom of each cast, respectively: • Station/Cast Number • GMT Date and Time • Latitude and Longitude • Bathymetric Depth (meters) • Distance Above Bottom (via Altimeter reading, meters) • Calculated Depht using CTD data (meters) • CTD Pressure (decibars) A '-999' for any of these values indicates an instrument error in which no data was given. Table 12.1 A10 Cast bottom data Bathy CTD CTD SSS/CC Date & Time Latitute & Longitude Depth DAB Depth Pres ------ ------------------- ------------ ------------ ----- ---- ------ ------- 001/02 2011-09-28 06:04:38 28 30.7650 S 14 56.9514 E 174 9.8 170 171.2 002/01 2011-09-28 09:19:41 28 42.9558 S 14 27.9870 E 263 9.8 256.3 258.3 003/01 2011-09-28 11:40:54 28 49.0176 S 14 11.0178 E -999 8 964 973.2 004/01 2011-09-28 14:35:24 28 55.0140 S 13 58.0488 E 1738 10.5 1727.8 1747.7 005/01 2011-09-28 18:44:03 29 3.9282 S 13 32.9532 E 2175 11.7 2435.8 2468.3 006/01 2011-09-28 23:49:10 29 16.0218 S 13 3.0984 E 3139 14.8 3116.3 3163 007/01 2011-09-29 05:51:58 29 29.9964 S 12 28.4958 E 3640 9.4 3626.9 3685.6 008/01 2011-09-29 11:58:20 29 43.9902 S 11 54.0288 E 3968 10.1 3956.8 4023.7 009/03 2011-09-29 19:42:51 29 45.0858 S 11 19.5390 E 4144 8.8 4137.2 4208.9 010/01 2011-09-30 01:49:48 29 45.0366 S 10 45.0162 E 4371 8.9 4373.3 4451.6 011/01 2011-09-30 13:37:38 29 45.0060 S 10 10.4604 E 4844 10.5 4829.6 4921.4 012/01 2011-09-30 20:07:58 29 44.9832 S 9 35.9934 E -999 10.1 4906.2 5000.3 013/01 2011-10-01 04:55:30 29 45.0342 S 9 1.5330 E -999 9.6 4979.9 5076.2 014/01 2011-10-01 11:12:46 29 45.0210 S 8 27.0342 E 5007 11.2 5018.6 5116.1 015/01 2011-10-01 17:22:36 29 45.0492 S 7 52.5138 E 4932 10.6 4947.4 5042.6 016/01 2011-10-01 23:35:55 29 45.0330 S 7 18.0504 E -999 9.6 5112.1 5212.4 017/01 2011-10-02 05:54:31 29 44.0754 S 6 43.4784 E -999 7.6 5057.6 5156.3 018/01 2011-10-02 13:29:52 29 45.0030 S 6 9.0030 E 5099 10 5110.4 5210.9 019/01 2011-10-02 21:34:18 29 45.0264 S 5 34.5276 E 5068 10.2 5083.7 5183.3 020/01 2011-10-03 06:43:43 29 44.9670 S 5 0.0348 E 5059 10 5068.2 5167.4 021/01 2011-10-03 13:11:50 29 45.0030 S 4 25.4982 E 4985 10.1 4997.5 5094.3 022/01 2011-10-03 19:32:39 29 38.0760 S 3 51.0522 E 4993 10.9 5005.9 5103 023/01 2011-10-04 01:41:56 29 28.0116 S 3 18.0276 E 4694 10.3 4711 4799.2 024/01 2011-10-04 07:29:21 29 21.2280 S 2 50.3646 E 4256 9.9 4261.8 4337 025/01 2011-10-04 11:44:18 29 23.0334 S 2 41.9958 E 2859 10.9 2877.8 2918.9 026/01 2011-10-04 15:04:45 29 24.0114 S 2 36.9774 E 1795 9.8 1785.6 1806.2 027/01 2011-10-04 18:31:10 29 26.0502 S 2 26.0262 E -999 10.6 2781 2820.1 028/01 2011-10-04 23:01:17 29 31.9842 S 1 58.0284 E 2425 9.6 2469.3 2502.2 029/01 2011-10-05 03:19:18 29 35.9808 S 1 41.5260 E 3648 9 3640.4 3699.2 030/01 2011-10-05 08:57:42 29 43.9938 S 1 6.9444 E 3695 9.9 3686.3 3746.2 031/01 2011-10-05 14:16:51 29 52.0038 S 0 32.5164 E 2963 12.3 2953.3 2996.1 032/01 2011-10-05 19:44:51 30 0.0270 S 0 1.9674 W 4088 10.7 4103 4173.7 033/01 2011-10-06 01:08:42 30 1.0194 S 0 28.9962 W 4690 9.2 4703.8 4791.5 034/01 2011-10-06 06:56:37 30 1.0260 S 1 3.5268 W 3905 9 4067.9 4137.7 035/01 2011-10-06 12:15:25 29 59.9994 S 1 37.9830 W 4576 1686 2881.6 2922.8 035/02 2011-10-06 16:21:34 29 59.4492 S 1 39.1668 W 4539 10.7 4557.3 4640.8 036/01 2011-10-06 22:40:32 29 59.9814 S 2 12.5220 W 4391 10 4473.7 4554.7 037/01 2011-10-07 04:29:57 30 0.0138 S 2 46.9686 W 4267 9.7 4271.4 4346.7 038/01 2011-10-07 10:23:51 30 0.0204 S 3 21.5154 W 4573 9.8 4582 4666.2 039/01 2011-10-07 16:19:16 29 59.9940 S 3 56.0232 W 4226 9.4 4200.9 4274.2 040/01 2011-10-07 22:14:22 30 0.0534 S 4 30.5358 W 4363 10.7 4372.9 4451 041/01 2011-10-08 04:03:31 29 59.7894 S 5 5.0586 W 4138 9.8 4138.7 4210.2 042/01 2011-10-08 09:57:15 30 0.0150 S 5 39.6066 W 4329 10.3 4337.1 4414.1 043/01 2011-10-08 16:15:55 30 0.1848 S 6 14.6604 W -999 10.3 4591.4 4675.6 044/01 2011-10-08 22:30:34 30 1.0788 S 6 48.5142 W 4058 10.1 4064 4133.5 045/01 2011-10-09 04:38:22 30 0.1218 S 7 22.8294 W 3916 27 3773.7 3835.7 046/01 2011-10-09 18:35:20 29 59.9718 S 7 57.5028 W 4125 9.6 4069.3 4139.1 047/01 2011-10-10 03:47:21 30 1.0122 S 8 31.8690 W 4071 9.3 4016.2 4084.6 048/01 2011-10-10 12:05:22 30 1.0428 S 9 6.5778 W 3794 9.9 3762.2 3824 049/01 2011-10-10 19:54:43 29 59.9346 S 9 41.0442 W 3905 14 3918.2 3984.1 050/01 2011-10-11 01:45:14 29 59.9970 S 10 15.4554 W 3838 9.4 3787.2 3849.7 051/02 2011-10-12 14:30:54 30 0.0066 S 11 7.0530 W 3577 11 3535.2 3591.4 052/01 2011-10-12 22:26:34 30 0.0120 S 11 57.6804 W -999 14.7 3593.5 3651.1 053/01 2011-10-13 06:32:05 30 0.0024 S 12 48.8040 W 3295 9.8 3251.7 3301.1 054/01 2011-10-13 14:22:26 30 0.0018 S 13 39.8148 W 2310 20 2281.4 2310.6 055/01 2011-10-13 21:32:41 30 0.0540 S 14 25.5870 W 3060 10.7 3138 3184.8 056/01 2011-10-14 04:59:41 30 0.0252 S 15 11.3028 W 3420 10 3467.7 3522.2 057/01 2011-10-14 13:11:34 29 59.9910 S 15 57.0180 W 4003 10.4 3957.5 4024.4 058/01 2011-10-14 20:14:33 29 59.9574 S 16 42.7566 W 3604 7.8 3530.2 3586.1 059/01 2011-10-15 03:23:24 29 59.9982 S 17 28.4778 W 4190 10 4134.6 4206.1 060/01 2011-10-15 11:10:45 30 1.0080 S 18 14.1786 W 4389 9.6 4333.3 4410.4 061/01 2011-10-15 17:54:45 29 59.9766 S 18 59.9646 W 3918 9.5 3809.6 3872.5 062/01 2011-10-16 01:29:08 30 0.0234 S 19 45.2292 W 4378 10.1 4403.8 4482.8 063/01 2011-10-16 08:31:45 30 0.0546 S 20 30.5838 W 4507 10.4 4570.4 4654.2 064/01 2011-10-16 16:56:47 29 59.9892 S 21 15.8094 W 4752 9.9 4689.3 4776.6 065/01 2011-10-17 01:15:27 29 59.9922 S 22 1.2966 W 4746 12.2 4704.8 4792.5 066/01 2011-10-17 09:02:15 30 0.0054 S 22 46.6740 W 4655 9.8 4584.3 4668.5 067/01 2011-10-17 17:44:07 29 59.9850 S 23 31.9260 W 4945 10.2 4921.3 5015.8 068/01 2011-10-18 01:13:29 30 1.0086 S 24 17.3148 W -999 10.1 4819.9 4911.2 069/01 2011-10-18 08:54:44 30 1.0170 S 24 58.6452 W 5715 9.5 5638.5 5756.4 070/01 2011-10-18 18:47:03 29 59.9076 S 25 39.6342 W 4843 9.4 4803.3 4894.1 071/01 2011-10-19 02:08:01 29 59.8968 S 26 21.0594 W 4824 9.2 4764.2 4853.9 072/01 2011-10-19 09:26:36 30 0.0762 S 27 2.3418 W 4650 9.6 4670.7 4757.6 073/01 2011-10-19 17:01:58 29 59.9016 S 27 43.7364 W 4423 9.5 4377.7 4456 074/01 2011-10-19 23:31:20 29 59.9868 S 28 25.5096 W 3747 10.7 3718.5 3779.1 075/01 2011-10-20 06:04:35 30 0.2262 S 28 59.1636 W 3188 8.4 3149 3195.9 076/01 2011-10-20 11:54:06 30 0.0036 S 29 29.9406 W 2262 10.5 2235.7 2264 077/01 2011-10-20 16:45:49 30 0.0330 S 29 49.1346 W 3296 9.4 3261.5 3311 078/01 2011-10-20 22:40:04 30 0.0192 S 30 10.1184 W 3838 9.9 3787.3 3849.6 079/01 2011-10-21 04:36:41 29 59.9820 S 30 44.5152 W 4053 9.4 4000 4067.9 080/01 2011-10-21 10:55:18 29 59.9898 S 31 19.0116 W -999 10.1 4055 4124.4 081/01 2011-10-21 16:37:01 29 59.9952 S 31 53.5050 W 3984 10.1 3930.8 3996.8 082/01 2011-10-21 22:06:42 29 58.9794 S 32 27.9834 W 3764 9.8 3714.1 3774.5 083/01 2011-10-22 03:32:24 30 0.0060 S 33 2.4924 W 3521 9.8 3477.5 3532 084/01 2011-10-22 08:43:35 29 59.9748 S 33 37.0416 W 2953 10.5 2929 2971 085/01 2011-10-22 12:36:46 30 0.0366 S 33 58.0422 W 2205 9.4 2181 2208.2 086/01 2011-10-22 16:05:52 30 0.1362 S 34 20.7492 W 1419 10.6 1401.2 1415.8 087/01 2011-10-22 20:10:45 30 0.0066 S 34 55.0458 W 1881 10.3 1856.3 1878 088/01 2011-10-23 00:30:17 30 0.0612 S 35 29.5266 W 2246 11.7 2249.1 2277.6 089/01 2011-10-23 04:52:18 29 59.1246 S 36 3.9090 W 1700 8.6 1716 1735.4 090/01 2011-10-23 09:03:26 30 0.1662 S 36 32.0370 W 1858 9.2 1833.2 1854.5 091/01 2011-10-23 13:57:35 29 59.9886 S 37 8.7252 W 2289 9.4 2274.1 2303 092/01 2011-10-23 18:58:28 29 59.9994 S 37 28.0194 W 2848 10.2 2824.3 2864.1 093/01 2011-10-24 00:09:23 30 0.0330 S 37 33.9798 W 3524 10.5 3485.9 3540.7 094/01 2011-10-24 05:16:13 30 0.0174 S 38 0.9864 W 3916 9.1 3856.8 3920.8 095/01 2011-10-24 11:21:36 30 0.0114 S 38 29.9958 W 4255 10 4202.7 4276.1 096/01 2011-10-24 19:29:08 30 1.0104 S 38 54.9912 W 4300 9.7 4232.7 4306.9 097/01 2011-10-25 00:52:17 30 0.0018 S 39 23.0226 W 4934 10.1 4846 4938.2 098/01 2011-10-25 06:21:53 30 0.0078 S 39 31.9956 W 4020 9.5 3960 4026.8 099/01 2011-10-25 11:16:40 30 0.0084 S 39 49.9674 W 3364 12.1 3310.9 3361.6 100/01 2011-10-25 16:46:54 29 53.0244 S 40 21.8736 W 4268 10.3 4201.4 4274.7 101/01 2011-10-25 22:42:51 29 47.0082 S 40 39.0774 W 3735 11.3 3681.2 3740.8 102/01 2011-10-26 04:43:49 29 38.1030 S 41 7.2132 W 3809 9.4 3757.2 3818.7 103/01 2011-10-26 11:42:58 29 29.2314 S 41 35.4204 W 3774 135.6 3712.6 3773 104/01 2011-10-26 21:38:18 29 20.7240 S 42 2.8140 W 2539 12.5 3842 3905.7 105/01 2011-10-27 07:01:17 29 11.3184 S 42 31.9950 W 4068 10.3 3995.8 4063.5 106/01 2011-10-27 12:32:20 29 2.4216 S 43 0.2424 W 4073 9.6 3999.9 4067.8 107/01 2011-10-27 18:00:08 28 53.4852 S 43 28.5498 W -999 11.1 3936.5 4002.7 108/01 2011-10-27 23:44:03 28 44.6058 S 43 56.7444 W 3834 10.3 3763.7 3825.5 109/01 2011-10-28 05:07:41 28 35.7000 S 44 24.9912 W 3715 9.2 3649.4 3708.3 110/01 2011-10-28 10:18:45 28 26.7864 S 44 53.2254 W 3511 9.8 3454.3 3508.5 111/01 2011-10-28 15:33:17 28 17.8320 S 45 21.4986 W 3135 10.8 3082.4 3127.8 112/01 2011-10-28 20:18:41 28 8.9094 S 45 49.7262 W 2753 10.7 2710 2747.4 113/01 2011-10-29 01:02:12 28 0.0042 S 46 18.0162 W 2266 10.3 2223.9 2251.8 114/01 2011-10-29 05:50:40 27 56.9964 S 46 28.0032 W -999 10.1 1742.7 1762.3 115/01 2011-10-29 10:13:41 27 55.0182 S 46 39.0426 W 1307 9.1 1285.6 1298.5 116/01 2011-10-29 13:38:46 27 52.0098 S 46 50.0628 W -999 9.6 777.8 784.4 117/01 2011-10-29 15:58:05 27 48.0360 S 47 5.9814 W 501 10.5 486.6 490.3 118/01 2011-10-29 18:02:28 27 44.0028 S 47 22.8090 W 177 10.8 174.1 175.2 119/01 2011-10-29 20:01:51 27 40.1676 S 47 40.1256 W 117 10.7 122.1 122.8 120/01 2011-10-29 22:03:50 27 35.9868 S 47 56.9232 W 92 10.7 94.1 94.7 BOTTLE DATA QUALITY CODE SUMMARY AND COMMENTS This section contains WOCE quality codes [Joyc94] used during this cruise, and remarks regarding bottle data. Table 12.2: A10 Water Sample Quality Code Summary Property 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total ---------------- ---- ---- ---- -- ---- --- = - --- ----- Bottle 0 2764 11 13 0 0 0 0 28 2816 blackc 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 CFC-11 0 2297 2 10 19 0 0 0 6 2334 CFC-12 0 2296 3 10 19 0 0 0 6 2334 Cd4 0 775 1525 9 19 0 0 0 6 2334 SF6 0 2279 14 16 19 0 0 0 6 2334 3He 424 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 424 Ammonium 0 0 0 0 2749 0 0 0 0 2749 o18o16 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 290 02 0 2728 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2730 ph 0 2420 53 29 81 0 0 0 1 2584 pigments 378 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 378 DIC 0 1816 30 8 14 253 0 0 272 2393 Total Alkalinity 0 2364 161 23 52 0 0 0 7 2607 DOC 1380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1380 TDN 1380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1380 Tritium 347 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 347 Nitrate 0 2733 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 2749 Nitrite 0 2733 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 2749 Phosphate 0 2733 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 2749 Silicic Acid 0 2733 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 2749 Salinity 0 2558 33 5 37 114 0 0 2 2749 Quality evaluation of data included comparison of bottle salinity and bottle oxygen data with CTDO data using plots of differences; and review of various property plots and vertical sections of the station profiles and adjoining stations. Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of investigations into bottle problems and anomA10us sample values are included in this report. Sample number in this table is the cast number times 100 plus the bottle position number. Table 12.3: A10 Bottle Quality Codes and Comments Station Sample Quality /Cast Number Property Code Comment ------- ------ -------- ------- ---------------------------------------- 1/2 205 Bottle 2 Spigot ring snapped. Samples acceptable. 1/2 205 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 2/1 107 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 2/1 108 Bottle 2 Small leak on 8 at stopcock. 2/1 108 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 3/1 112 Bottle 2 Niskin 12 slightly dripping at stopcock. 4/1 112 Bottle 2 Still leaking. Replace seals. 5/1 108 Bottle 2 Stopcock dripping. 8/1 108 Bottle 3 Vent valve open. 8/1 109 Bottle 9 Bumped open niskin on recovery. Skipped. Stn/ Samp Qual Cast # Property Code Comment ----- --- -------- ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9/3 312 Bottle 2 Slow leak. 10/1 101 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 102 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 103 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 104 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 105 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 106 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 107 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 108 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 109 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 110 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 111 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 112 Bottle 2 Water possibly leaked in during a 40m slip of winch. Samples acceptable. 10/1 113 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 114 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 115 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 116 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 117 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 118 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 119 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 120 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 121 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 122 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 123 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 10/1 124 Bottle 2 Bottle tripped on the fly. Oxygen as well as salinity and nutrients are acceptable. 11/1 106 Bottle 2 Stop cock on 6 was pushed in. 11/1 119 Salinity 2 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 11/1 120 Salinity 2 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 12/1 120 Bottle 2 Dripping leak. 13/1 123 Bottle 2 Leaky bottle. 15/1 119 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 15/1 120 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 15/1 124 Bottle 3 Lanyard caught in bottom. Serious leak. 16/1 108 Bottle 2 Niskni dripping slowly. 16/1 120 Bottle 2 Slight leak. 17/1 105 Bottle 2 Slight leak after first use. 17/1 123 Bottle 2 Dripping on recovery. 18/1 105 Bottle 2 Leaking nozzle. 18/1 112 Bottle 2 Leaking nozzle. 19/1 115 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 115 Salinity 4 Likely mistrip. O2 values also consistent with mistrip. 19/1 116 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 116 Salinity 4 Likely mistrip. O2 values also consistent with mistrip. 19/1 117 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 118 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 119 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 120 Bottle 2 eaking 19/1 121 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 122 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 19/1 123 Bottle 2 Valve not closed. 19/1 124 Bottle 4 Lost communication. Fired bottles manually. Depths uncertain. 20/1 122 Bottle 4 Niskin 22 didn't fire. Skipped and fired 23 instead. 22 and 23 likely have the same water. 20/1 122 Salinity 3 Same value as 23. Consistent with being tripped with 23. 20/1 123 Bottle 4 Niskin 22 didn't fire. Skipped and fired 23 instead. 22 and 23 likely have the same water. 20/1 124 Bottle 4 Closed at 20db instead of at surface. 21/1 124 Salinity 5 Sample not reported. 26/1 111 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 26/1 116 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 26/1 117 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 27/1 106 Salinity 5 Sample not reported. 27/1 124 Salinity 5 Sample not reported. 28/1 103 Bottle 2 Slightly dripping. 28/1 105 Bottle 2 Stopcock is loose. 28/1 113 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 28/1 114 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 28/1 115 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 28/1 119 Bottle 3 Valve is open. 29/1 109 Bottle 9 Lanyard caught in bottom lid. Major leak. No samples taken. 30/1 120 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 31/1 118 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 33/1 120 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 35/2 212 Bottle 3 Drip. Serious leaking. 36/1 112 Bottle 3 ripping 37/1 112 Bottle 2 ripping 37/1 123 Bottle 2 ripping 38/1 110 Bottle 9 Lanyard caught in bottom endcap. 39/1 111 O2 4 Both 02,Salt values are way off profile. 39/1 111 Salinity 4 Both O2 ,S alt values are way off profile. 41/1 121 Salinity 3 Salt high vs CTDS. 42/1 116 Salinity 3 Samples 16,17 seem to have been interchanged. Switched back. 42/1 117 Salinity 3 Samples 16,17 seem to have been interchanged. Switched back. 42/1 122 Bottle 3 Lanyard caught. Leaking. 42/1 123 Bottle 2 Small drip but stopped. 43/1 113 Bottle 2 Sea snot. 43/1 114 Salinity 3 Questionable value. 43/1 123 Bottle 2 Top vent open slightly. 44/1 122 Bottle 9 Lanyard caught in bottom endcap. 45/1 104 Bottle 3 Valve not closed. 45/1 106 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 107 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 108 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 109 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 110 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 111 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 112 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 113 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 114 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 115 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 116 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 117 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 118 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 45/1 119 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been drawn from previous niskin (eg-5 on 4). Fixed. 46/1 123 Bottle 2 Valve not closed. 48/1 118 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 48/1 119 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 48/1 120 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 48/1 121 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 49/1 103 Bottle 2 arm 51/2 203 TAlk 4 small bubble in cell 52/1 116 O2 4 Value looks to be off by half. Analytical or sampling problems are likely 52/1 118 TAlk 3 cell slow to close 53/1 118 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 53/1 119 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 53/1 120 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 54/1 122 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 55/1 117 Bottle 2 Valve not closed. 55/1 118 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 55/1 119 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 55/1 120 Salinity 3 Salt low vs CTDS. High gradient zone. 55/1 124 Bottle 3 Lanyard caught in bottom cap. 55/1 124 O2 5 Oxygen not reported. 56/1 111 Bottle 4 Unusually warm. Suspected leak or mistrip. 56/1 111 Salinity 4 Likely drawn from niskin 9. 56/1 112 Bottle 3 Lanyard form Niskin 11 caught in cap. 56/1 123 Bottle 3 Valve open. 58/1 121 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 58/1 122 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 58/1 122 TAlk 4 bubble in cell 60/1 101 TAlk 3 unreliable titrations for station 60/1 117 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 60/1 118 Salinity 3 Samples seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 61/1 117 Salinity 4 Likely drawn from niskin 18. O2 doesn't have similar error so misdraw likely. 62/1 121 Bottle 2 Valve not tight. 69/1 117 Salinity 4 Sample or analysis error likely. 71/1 115 Salinity 3 Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 71/1 116 Salinity 3 Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 71/1 119 Salinity 3 Samples 19,20 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 71/1 120 Salinity 3 Samples 19,20 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 72/1 115 Salinity 3 Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 72/1 116 Salinity 3 Samples 15,16 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 73/1 114 Salinity 3 Samples 14,15 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 73/1 115 Salinity 3 Samples 14,15 seem to have been interchanged. Switched. 74/1 118 Bottle 9 Lanyard from niskin 17 caught in 18's bottom cap. 83/1 109 Bottle 3 Vent valve open. 93/1 103 Bottle 9 Vent valve open. 93/1 118 Salinity 4 Likely drawn from niskin 19. 96/1 124 Bottle 3 Lanyard caught in bottom end cap. Removed and reseated cap. 97/1 123 Bottle 4 Accidentally fired at same depth as Niskin 22. 99/1 124 Bottle 3 Lanyard from 23 caught in bottom endcap. 101/1 113 Salinity 3 Samples likely interchanged. Switched. 101/1 114 Salinity 3 Samples likely interchanged. Switched. 107/1 115 Bottle 2 Sea snot on nozzle. 108/1 124 Salinity 4 Draw or analysis error likely. 109/1 110 Salinity 3 Likely drawn from Niskin 11. Switched. 109/1 111 Salinity 3 Likely drawn from Niskin 12. Switched. 109/1 112 Salinity 3 Likely drawn from Niskin 10. Switched. 113/1 122 Bottle 2 ripping References Joyc94. Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91 ., pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, Rev. 2). CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES DATE PERSON DATA TYPE ACTION SUMMARY ---------- ------------ --------- --------------- ------------------------ 2011-09-26 S Diggs Expocode Website Updated Changed due to delayed cruise departure Original Expocode changed from 33RO20110827 to 33RO20110926 to reflect new port departure date. From the official website: "PLEASE NOTE: The Ronald H. Brown will be docked in Cape Town, South Africa in the "Victoria Basin". Due to engine problems, the Ronald H. Brown returned to Cape Town, South Africa for repairs." 2011-11-02 A Quintero BTL Submitted Preliminary data and documentation Initial submission of data and documentation. 2011-11-02 C Berys BTL Website Updated PRELIMINARY, available in the 'Updates' section 2011-11-16 A Quintero BTL Submitted stns 1-120 2011-11-17 C Berys BTL Website Updated PRELIMINARY, available in the 'Updates' section This file is now online in Updates (replacing previous version) 2011-12-07 C Berys BTL Website Updated Exchange, NetCDF files online - PRELIMINARY SUBMISSION a10_hy1.csv submitted by Alex Quintero on 2011-11-16 containing preliminary bottle data formatted and put online. The file contains the following parameters (* with flag column): CTDPRS CTDTMP CTDSAL* SALNTY* SALTREF* CTDOXY* OXYGEN* SILCAT* NITRAT* NITRIT* PHSPHT* CFC-11* CFC-12* CCL4* TCARBN* ALKALI* PCO2* PCO2TMP PH_TOT* PH_TMP SF6* DOC* TDN* TRITUM* HELIUM* DELO18* BLACKC* PIGMENTS* SIG0 The following parameters were removed from the submission file and not included: DEPTH SIGMA-1 SIGMA-2 SIGMA-3 SIGMA-4 The following changes were made to the submission file: Expocode changed from 33RO20110828 to 33RO20110926 CTDPRS units changed from "DBARS" to "DBAR" PCO2 units changed from "" to "UATM" PCO2TMP units changed from "DEG_C" to "DEG C" PH_TMP units changed from "DEG_C" to "DEG C" SIGMA-THETA changed to SIG0, added units "KG/M^3" OXY_18 changed to DELO18, added units "/MILLE" NOTE: SALTREF and PIGMENTS added to parameters table FORMATTED FILE NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs) WOCE bottle not created without accompanying SUM file Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems Working directory: /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2011.12.06_odf_cberys DATE PERSON DATA TYPE ACTION SUMMARY ---------- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------------------------ 2012-03-14 A Quintero CTD Submitted PRELIMINARY DATA 2012-03-18 A Quintero CTD Submitted to go online - resubmission 2012-03-27 C Berys CTD Website Updated Available under 'Files as received' File 031412.zip containing CTD data, submitted by Alex Quintero on 2012-03-18, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. EDIT: no longer available, awaiting update 2012-04-16 J Kappa CrsRpt Website Updated New PDF version online I just added a new pdf version of the cruise report for a10_2011 to the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory. It includes the bottle data report submitted by Alex Quintero and the ctd report submitted by Kristene McTaggart, as well as the usual CCHDO summaries and data processing notes. This report will appear online following the next update script run. The text version will follow. 2012-04-27 K McTaggart CTD/BTL/CR Submitted Updates to go online - Final CTDO profiles in Exchange format. - Calibrated CTDO discrete data and sample salinity flags to overwrite cruise bottle file. - Updated documentation file. Figures 1-4 were submitted previously and are not included here. 2012-05-01 C Berys CTD/BTL/CR Website Updated Available under 'Files as received' File a10_all_ct1.zip containing CTDO data, submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27, available under 'Files as received',unprocessed by CCHDO. File a10_allo_f.sea containing CTDO discrete data and sample salinity flags, submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. File a10_report_kem.doc containing cruise documentation, submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27, available under 'Files as received', unprocessed by CCHDO. 2012-05-08 J Kappa CrsRpt Website Updated New PDF and Text versions online I just added two new files to the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory: a10_33RO20110926_do.pdf a10_33RO20110926_do.txt Changes include updates submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27. The pdf version is already online. The text file will appear online following the next update script run. 2012-06-15 C Berys BTL Website Updated woce btl file online The WOCE bottle file for A10 33RO20110926 is online now. This is not an update or the pending CTDO merge, just added the WOCE format bottle file (but there is still no SUM file). 2012-06-18 A Quintero BTL/SUM Submitted to go online 2012-06-22 C Berys BTL/SUM Website Updated Exchange, NetCDF, WOCE files online 2012-06-22 A10 2011 ExpoCode 33RO20110926 merge notes - SUM, CTD parameters C Berys SUBMISSION - SUM a10.sum submitted by Alex Quintero on 2012-06-18 File passed sumchk and was renamed SUBMISSION - BTL a10_allo_f.sea submitted by Kristy McTaggart on 2012-04-27 containing CTD parameters merged into online file using merge_exchange_bot.rb (J Fields) The following parameters were updated: TIME CTDTMP CTDPRS CTDSAL CTDOXY SALNTY SALNTY_FLAG_W OXYGEN The following parameters were added: CTDRAW THETA The following parameters were included in the merge but had no changes: OXYGEN_FLAG_W CTDSAL_FLAG_W CTDOXY_FLAG_W The following changes were made to the submission file: changed to Exchange format ORIGINAL The following changes were made to the original Exchange Bottle file: none MERGED FILE All comment lines from original file copied back in following merge NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs) WOCE bottle file created using exchange_to_wocebot.rb (J Fields) Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA working directory /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2012.06.22_CTDO-btl_cberys 2012-06-27 C Berys BTL Website Updated PH_TOT and PH_TMP corrected 2012-06-27 A10 2011 ExpoCode 33RO20110926 notes - PH_TOT C Berys PH_TOT and PH_TMP corrected in Exchange bottle file (details below) NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs) WOCE bottle file created using exchange_to_wocebot.rb (J Fields) Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems working directory /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2012.06.27_ph-fix_cberys PH_TOT changed from 999.0000 to -999.0000 and PH_TMP changed from 999.00 to -999.00 STNNBR,CASTNO,SAMPNO 27, 1, 24 28, 1, 24 28, 1, 20 28, 1, 17 28, 1, 13 28, 1, 8 28, 1, 5 28, 1, 1 29, 1, 24 29, 1, 23 29, 1, 21 29, 1, 19 29, 1, 17 29, 1, 15 29, 1, 13 29, 1, 11 29, 1, 7 29, 1, 5 29, 1, 3 29, 1, 1 30, 1, 24 30, 1, 23 30, 1, 22 30, 1, 21 30, 1, 19 30, 1, 17 30, 1, 15 30, 1, 13 30, 1, 12 30, 1, 11 30, 1, 9 30, 1, 6 30, 1, 3 30, 1, 1 31, 1, 23 31, 1, 21 31, 1, 19 31, 1, 17 31, 1, 15 31, 1, 13 31, 1, 11 31, 1, 9 31, 1, 7 31, 1, 5 31, 1, 3 31, 1, 1 32, 1, 24 32, 1, 21 32, 1, 17 32, 1, 14 32, 1, 11 32, 1, 6 32, 1, 1 34, 1, 6 34, 1, 5 34, 1, 4 50, 1, 19 2012-08-13 E Wisegarver NUTs Submitted phosphate flagged bad There was some contamination in the phosphate from stations 64-112. All phosphate data points in that range were flagged bad. 2012-08-23 Staff, CCHDO NUTS Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. A10 Nutrient Data.csv 2012-08-24 J Kappa CrsRpt Website update PI corrected, DPNs updated New Text and PDF versions of the cruise report include the following changes: • PI for TALK & pH changed from A. Dickson to Frank Millero • Data processing notes updated 2013-02-19 C. Carlson DOC/TDN Status Update end of March submission The DOC are complete and DON are still being run. They should be done by the end of March and will submit both then [to CDIAC]. 2013-02-21 A. Kozyr TCO2/ALK/pH Submitted Final data to go online These are the final TCARBN data received at CDIAC from Rik Wanninkhof on 02/21/2013 and the final pH and ALKALI data received from Millero on 02/18/2013. Please, merge these data and let me know when you're done. 2013-02-26 Staff, CCHDO TCO2/ALK/pH Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. a10_33RO20110926_Final_TCARBN_ALKALI_PH_hy1.cs 2013-07-02 A. Kozyr DOC/TDN Submitted final data, to go online The DOC and TDN final data were submitted by Craig Carlson on June 21, 2013. Please, merge the data. 2013-07-02 Staff, CCHDO DOC/TDN Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. a10_33RO20110926_hy1_Final_DOC_TDN.csv 2013-07-08 C. Langdon CTDO2 Submitted final data, to go online Final Qc'd discrete oxygen data. Includes data flagged by comparisons to CTD O2 by Kristy McTaggert and more recently by Bob Key. 2013-07-15 A. Quintero BTL Submitted Updates to btl serial #s, depths Changes: 1) Added bottle serial numbers column. 2) Changed 'depth' column to be ocean depth at station instead of the depth at which the bottle was tripped. NOTE: Any updates from other participants, since the end of A10, supersedes any data in this file, including any CTD data. 2013-07-19 Staff, CCHDO OXYGEN Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. a10_oxy_final_07Jul13.txt 2013-08-21 Staff, CCHDO BTL Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. a10_hy1.csv 2013-08-23 J. Bullister CFCs Submitted to go online Attached are revised CFC, carbon tetrachloride and SF6 data from A10_2011, along with a revised CFC data report. Please replace existing data/files at CCHDO with these. 2013-08-28 Staff, CCHDO CFC,CCL4,SF6 Website Update Available under 'Files as received' The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', unprocessed by the CCHDO. a10_2011_cfc_data_sent_to_CCHDO_22aug2013.txt a10_2011_CFC_cruise_report_sent_to_CCHDO_22aug2013.doc 2013-09-11 C. Berys CTD Website Update Exchange, netCDF, and WOCE files online ============================= 33RO20110926 processing - CTD ============================= 2013-09-11 C Berys .. contents:: :depth: 2 Submission ========== =============== ================ ========== ========= === filename submitted by date data type id =============== ================ ========== ========= === a10_all_ct1.zip Kristy McTaggart 2012-04-27 CTD 804 =============== ================ ========== ========= === Parameters ---------- a10_all_ct1.zip ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - CTDPRS [1]_ - CTDTMP [1]_ - CTDSAL [1]_ - CTDOXY [1]_ - FLUORM .. [1] parameter has quality flag column Process ======= Changes ------- a10_all_ct1.zip ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - renamed csv files and zip Conversion ---------- =========================== ======================== ======================= file converted from software =========================== ======================== ======================= a10_33RO20110926_nc_hyd.zip a10_33RO20110926_hy1.csv hydro 0.8.0-35-g14712e2 =========================== ======================== ======================= All converted files opened in JOA with no apparent problems. Directories =========== :working directory: /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/original/2013.09.11_CTD_CBG :cruise directory: /data/co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926 Updated Files Manifest ====================== - a10_33RO20110926_nc_ctd.zip - a10_33RO20110926_ct1.zip 2013-09-24 J. Kappa CrsRpt Website Update New PDF file online, updated CFC report I just added one updated file to the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory: a10_33RO20110926_do.pdf Changes include an updated CFC report submitted by John Bullister on 2013-08-23 and expanded Data Processing Notes. Previous online pdf doc renamed and moved to "original" dir. The online text version of this report will be similarly updated shortly. 2013-09-25 J. Kappa CrsRpt Website Update New TXT file online, updated CFC report I just added one updated file to the co2clivar/atlantic/a10/a10_33RO20110926/ directory: a10_33RO20110926_do.txt Changes include an updated CFC report submitted by John Bullister on 2013-08-23 and expanded Data Processing Notes. Previous online txt doc renamed and moved to "original" dir.